[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we were talking about go out to eat. There's also go out for breakfast. It's very common on the weekend to go out for breakfast, okay? It's very common on the weekend to meet people in the morning, usually on a Saturday morning, to have breakfast at a restaurant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like going out for breakfast. Sometimes my brothers and sisters and I will go out for breakfast. Uhm, of course we haven't done that lately, but, uh, yes, when you go out to eat, it can mean any meal of the day, but we also sometimes go out for breakfast. Another common


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The type of meal that you can go out and eat on the weekend is something called brunch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because you tend to sleep in on the weekend, sometimes it's too late to go out for breakfast, but it's too early to go out for lunch. So you go out for brunch. Brunch simply means going to eat in a restaurant


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would probably be at 10 or 11 am, okay? So one of us might eat breakfast when we go out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So another very unique thing that happens in North America and other parts of the world is something called the garage sale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me back up a bit. Sometimes people will have a garage sale on a Saturday morning, so they'll take things that they have, that they own, that they don't want anymore, and they'll put them out on their driveway or on their lawn or in their yard, and they'll put price tags on them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can stop and you can buy things from that person. So this is a very common thing in the summer in Canada. A lot of people will have a garage sale or a yard sale. And we actually have made it a verb as well. You could say, I'm going to go garage sailing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means you're going to go and find garage sales to try and buy things. So let's back up a bit. When you have a garage sale,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means you gather things that you own that you no longer need and you try to sell them in front of your house on a Saturday morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you go garage sailing, or when you go to a garage sale, it means you go to someone's house to buy things that they don't want anymore. When we had really little kids, we often went garage sailing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We often went to garage sales to buy used items, like a used high chair. A high chair is a tall chair that you could put your small child in when you feed them. Uhm, so we often went garage selling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I don't do this anymore, but uh, I know young people still like to have parties, so there are usually parties on the weekend. Uhm, especially if you are a university student or if you're young, uhm, and don't have anything to do, you might go to someone's house because they might be having a party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now they might be having a house party. A house party is where people stand around and talk. Maybe they drink alcoholic beverages. They might be having a dinner party. A dinner party is a little more formal. Older people usually have dinner parties, younger people usually have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A dinner party is where you go to someone's house and you sit down and you have a nice meal while you talk to them. So definitely on the weekend, uh, people will have parties. So you might go to a party. Uhm, let me just check something here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I think I switched to my questions, didn't I? Uhm, let's see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Excellent. So uhm, hey, I do want to say hi to the, uh, 473 people who are watching. Thank you so much for being here on a Friday. I know for some of you it is already the weekend. You could be out having fun. Well, maybe you're in lockdown.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A couple of ways to watch a movie. If you go see a movie or if you go to a movie, it means you're going to a movie theater. So many times when I was young, I would go see a movie on a Saturday night or I would go to a movie. Those are the two most common phrases we use. It means you're leaving your home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're going to a movie theater and you're going to watch a movie as opposed to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I stay home, I might watch a movie. If I leave my house to go to a movie theater, I would say that I'm going to see a movie or that I go to a movie. So you see the difference? So sometimes I'll hear English learners say, I went to the theater, uhm, I like to watch a movie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you stay home, you could say, watch a movie. Now it gets a little trickier because, uhm, you can say, do you want to go watch a movie? But for now, if you want a simple, uh, method here, let's just remember that when you go see a movie or go to a movie, you're going to a theater.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you watch a movie, you are usually staying home to watch the movie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see, uhm, you might go on a trip. It's very common in many places in the world for people to go on a trip. You might go on a short trip. You might go on a long trip. You might go on what's called a day trip. A day trip is when you leave in the morning and you come back in the evening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you might go on a trip, uh, right now, of course, people are not traveling a whole lot. People, not many people are going on trips, but you might go on a trip on the weekend to see relatives, to see friends, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you might go to a game. So, if there are sporting events in your country right now, you might buy a ticket to your favorite sport, to your favorite sporting event, and you might go to a game. Uhm, I don't often go watch games, uhm, but in Canada, the most common games would be soccer,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe not as much as hockey, basketball, and football. So football being the North American version of football. But you might go to a game or


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So notice the difference again. When you go to a game, it means you're going to buy a ticket and you are going to go to a stadium and you are going to watch a game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but when you watch a game at home, sorry, I kinda confused you a bit there by using this phrase. But generally when you say, this weekend I'm going to watch a game, people would think you're staying home and watching it on TV. If you said this weekend I'm going to go to a game,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People know that you're going out to a stadium to watch a game or an arena.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see here. You might visit family. It's very common for people to visit family on the weekend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depending on how far away your family is, you might use the word visit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you might say, I'm going to go on a little trip to visit my family. So my family lives relatively close to us. So I would just say, oh, I'm going to visit my family this weekend. Uhm, but Jen's family lives a little further away. So I might say, oh, we're going to take a little trip to visit Jen's family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might do nothing. You might just do nothing on the weekend. Uhm, often when you say to people, do you have any plans for the weekend? They'll actually say no, I'm just gonna do nothing. I'm just gonna sit at home and relax. I'm going to do nothing this weekend. Uhm, it's a totally normal response, especially


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're really tired and exhausted from work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, sometimes you'll simply say to people, you know what? This weekend, I'm, I'm not planning on doing anything. I'm just going to do nothing. I'm going to just sit around and do nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you might say, I'm just gonna stay home. So do you have any plans for the weekend? Oh, I'm just gonna stay home this weekend. Uh, we don't have any plans. Actually, Jen and I are planning to stay home this weekend. We don't have any plans. Uhm, so if you said to me, Bob, do you have any plans for this weekend? I would say no. Uh, Jen and I are just gonna stay home this weekend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then we have something in English called me time. This is kind of an interesting, uh, description of time. If you say you need some me time, it means you want to spend time just with yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, often after a busy week at school and if I have a really busy Saturday where Jen and me and the kids are doing lots of things, I start to crave, I start to want


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll probably hear this on some television shows or movies. People will say, oh, my life's so busy, I just need some me time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So me time is kind of a informal, almost a slang way of saying you just need time for yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I often need a little bit of me time, especially late in the day on Saturday or Sunday. I always, I just really want some me time. So you might spend time drinking a cup of tea, reading a book, doing something by yourself when you have me time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might binge watch a show. So to binge watch something means to sit down and watch the, you know, episodes of the same television show one after the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you really like the TV show Friends and you sit down and you watch 10 episodes of that TV show in a row, we would say that you are binge watching that show. So people often on the weekends will find a really


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, entertaining television show, and they'll binge watch the show. They'll watch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, more than one episode. They'll watch three or four episodes in a row. And in English we say that they, uhm, oh, this weekend I'm going to binge watch, uhm, this new television series. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's, it's definitely a new word just in the last five or six years. Um, we've started to use that word and then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this is a very informal word, and it's pronounced veg. And it's a short form of vegetable. Uhm, but we sometimes say, oh, I'm just, I'm not doing anything this weekend, I'm just gonna veg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you say you're going to veg, it usually means you're just gonna lay on the couch, maybe watch TV. You aren't going to do anything productive. So if I, if you said to me, Bob, do you have any plans for this weekend? Or do you have any plans for the weekend? I might say, you know what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, in fact, um, Jen's taking the kids to visit her parents and I'm just gonna, I'm just gonna lay around and veg. So when you veg, you, you, you might read a book, but usually it means you just lay on the couch and watch a bunch of TV.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you don't do anything productive at all. So that's the word veg. I like to lay around and veg sometimes on the weekend for sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if you are a parent, if you have children, or if you are older like me, the next few things might be things that you would do on the weekend. You might take the kids to practice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sports are a very big part of Canadian and American life. Okay? Kids around the world often play sports. The same is true in North America. So often people will need to take their kids


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's say, by the way, none of my kids are on any sports teams right now. They don't really exist. They kind of do because of COVID. But normally on a Saturday, a Canadian parent


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I tend to have to run some errands on Saturdays. So sometimes before my Saturday livestream or after.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I go out and I run errands. Uhm, that means I might get some groceries. I might pick up my mail from the post office. Uhm, I might just go out and do a few things. I might run some errands. So those are the little things you need to do in life. Maybe I need to renew my driver's license. So that is a common thing as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't do this, but many people will wash the car on Saturday morning. Uhm, I don't wash my vehicles. I just wait for it to rain. That's, that's good enough for me. But many people, uh, will wash their car or they'll wash the car, uhm, because they like their car to be clean. In Canada, in the winter,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a lot of salt on the roads to melt the ice and snow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a lot of people like to wash the car on Saturday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we have a warm day in the winter, many people will wash the car to get all of the salt off of it and dirt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you might do yard work. So you might need to mow the lawn. You might need to just clean some things up. You might need to do a little bit of gardening. You might need to, uhm, in the fall we dig plants up so that we can put the bulbs inside for the winter. Uhm, so you might need to do a little bit of yard work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that your yard looks really nice and tidy. Uhm, and then of course you will probably need to do some housework.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know if you clean your whole house every day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or if you're like Jen and I, we do the dishes throughout the week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We keep the house tidy throughout the week and we do laundry most days or every other day. But on the weekend, we do more housework. So we usually vacuum on the weekend. We usually sweep up or mop the kitchen floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So on the weekend, often you will end up doing a lot more housework. You'll do some housework throughout the week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So from Monday to Friday you'll do a little bit of housework, but when the weekend comes you'll probably do a lot more housework.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I don't know if this one might be out of order. You might go to a wedding. Sorry. I usually have my slides in a certain order, but that's fine. This makes sense. Uhm, most weddings in Canada are on the weekend, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Friday night weddings sometimes happen, but the most common day for a wedding in my country is Saturday. So when people get married, they often have a ceremony. That's the religious portion of the wedding in the afternoon on a Saturday, and then they have a reception, which is kind of the party part of the wedding on a Saturday evening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The most common day to get married in Canada I think is Saturday. I think almost every wedding I've ever gone to has been on a Saturday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people do get married on a Sunday. That happens as well. And if people are trying to have a wedding that doesn't cost too much, they might do it on a Saturday evening. They might have a smaller wedding on a Saturday evening. But you might need to go to a wedding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then we talked about this a little bit. Uhm, it's a nice day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might go get groceries. You might go to the mall. You might go to a farmer's market. Earlier, someone mentioned flea markets. A flea market is similar to a farmer's market, but it has more than just fruits and vegetables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so often a Saturday morning or a Sunday morning is a nice time to go, uh, to a farmer's market or to go to a market or to go just to a mall and do some normal shopping. So that is a very common thing to do on a Saturday morning, sometimes on a Sunday morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you are a religious person, you might have worship or services or prayers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you might on a Friday evening or a Saturday or Sunday, depending on your religion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you might go to a temple. You might go to a synagogue. Uhm, people who have religious practices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes have parts of the weekend where they, uh, do those practices. So again, you might go to Friday night prayers. You might go to a church service on a Sunday morning. Uh, you might go to your synagogue on a Saturday. Depending on your religion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, for people to, uh, practice religious activities on the weekend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you might take a class. Uh, you might, uh, be trying to better yourself. You might be trying to learn something new. And so you might take a class. Uhm, usually classes for people my age are at night during the week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But people do sometimes take a class on a Saturday. If you are learning English, you might have an English class on a Saturday morning or a Saturday afternoon. It might be an in-person class or it might be online.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's very common for people who are trying to learn something new. It's very common for them to take a class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, and then this is my last slide of the lesson and then I'll answer questions till the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes people just take a nap. Uh, this is a hammock by the way. I wasn't sure if you had


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I ever learned the word, uhm, but a hammock is kind of a piece of fabric that you attach outside to two trees or inside just to the walls. Uhm, but this person is taking a nap and they are doing the, they are doing it in a hammock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A hammock is a great place to take a nap. I think I should buy a hammock. I think I would like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Laying in a hammock on a Saturday afternoon, taking a nap in the shade of a tree, or reading a book would be really nice to have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well hello and welcome to this English lesson about the season of fall or what we sometimes call autumn. I do have to say though, uhm, I live in the northern hemisphere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when we talk about fall, that's because fall is starting here. I know some of you live in the southern hemisphere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And everything is the opposite, but this particular lesson is about the season of fall. And I think it's going to be very North American. Okay. So as I cover the season of fall or the season of autumn, these are the things that I'm familiar with as someone who lives in Canada.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a lot of these things are quite common with our cousins in the northern United States. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to, uh, learn a little bit about the season of fall today. First of all, this season has two names. The most common name is fall. Okay. So when we talk about, uh, I think September 22nd is the first day of fall this year. Um, in Canada, in my part of Canada, we use the word fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can be tricky for English learners. You can just ignore the N at the end of the word. Don't try to pronounce the M and N together. It's simply autumn, okay? That is exactly how I would say it. Like we're starting to see, uh, the first signs of autumn right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think in the UK, in the United Kingdom and in, like in Britain, they say autumn more, but I'm not 100% sure of it. But we definitely use the word fall quite often when we are talking about this season.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and one of the coolest things about fall is what we refer to as the fall colors. Now you'll notice


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I put a U in the word color because I'm Canadian. If you were learning American English, just take the U out. But fall colors refers to the leaves on the trees turned from green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To all different shades of orange and yellow and red. It's a very beautiful time of year. And we simply refer to it as the fall colors. We'll say, oh, aren't the fall colors beautiful this year? Did you go for a drive down Main Street in this city because the fall colors look amazing there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when we talk about the leaves on the trees turning color, that's also the phrase we use, we refer to it as the fall colors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the biggest things that happens in the fall, actually more the late summer, is that it is back to school time. So a week ago, many schools in Canada opened. Some are still opening this week, but it is definitely fall. One of the first signs of fall is that children go back to school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, this really does happen at the end of the summer, technically, but we kind of view this as one of the first things that happens in the fall. You know that the season of fall is near when you start to see school buses on the road. That is a good sign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That the season of autumn or the season of fall is beginning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another thing that happens quite often at this time of year is people get family photos done. So a family photo is when you hire a photographer and you have a picture taken of your family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People do this at various times of the year, but fall is an especially popular time because it's so beautiful outside and the weather's still warm enough that you can be outside comfortably. So you see this family. The man is wearing a short sleeve shirt. I like him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's what you should be wearing on a fall day. Uhm, but you can see that his, uh, his partner, his wife, is wearing a long sleeve shirt. Uhm, and the children are somewhat dressed warmly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's a beautiful time of year. Oh, by the way, I'm gonna jump back here. One of the reasons I think it's called fall is because the leaves do fall on the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you look on the ground around this couple, as they get their family photo taken, you can see that there are tons of leaves on the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Canada, there are a lot of fall sports that start in the fall. Uhm, this year there are no sports though because of COVID. Uhm, but across North America, depending on where you are,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are different sports that you refer to as fall sports. In Canada, one of the fall sports for us is cross country, okay, where you run long distances. That is a fall sport. I know in some places a fall sport is football. That would be American style football.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But certainly at this time of year, you will see the beginning of fall sports. I wanted to put this here because fall can also mean like to fall over. And as an English learner, if you saw the term fall sports,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might think those are sports where the people fall over, but that's not what it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is played in the season of fall or in the season of autumn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so yes, because the leaves fall off the trees, a very common thing to do at this time of year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a chore that usually kids need to do. If you have children, you usually make them rake the leaves. The rake that you see there is called a leaf rake or a fan rake. It's a special rake that you can use to rake leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't rake leaves at our place because we live out in the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're not too worried about leaves, but if you live in the city in Canada, well I said that weird eh? City. If you live in the city in Canada, you will most likely rake your leaves. You don't want to be the person in your subdivision or in your town


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That doesn't rake your leaves, because then they just blow onto a neighbor's yard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I see Brent in the chat saying, I hate raking the leaves. They're, it's not the funnest thing to do. I have in the past lived in the city and I have raked leaves. Uhm, sometimes I help my sister rake her leaves. I haven't done that for a while though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My sister's probably watching this saying, that's not true. He hasn't helped me rake leaves for like 20 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyways, I don't think my sister watches this. I have helped my sister rake her leaves in the past, but raking leaves is a common activity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the fall. Uhm, and then because a pile of leaves is so much fun, uh, if you have young children, when you rake the leaves into a pile, uh, kids will often jump in the leaves. That's a very common thing to see in the fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, leaves are just really fun to play in. Okay, you can bury yourself in them and jump out. You can jump into the leaves. Even adults sometimes do play in the leaves. Uh, and then let me see here, where are we at? Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then another very common thing to do in the season of fall is to go for a hike.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or to go for a nature walk. Uhm, we usually call it a hike. Uh, or we might just say to go for a walk. But because it's so beautiful outside, and again, the temperature is usually very, very nice. It's usually between


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably around 15 degrees celsius in the fall for most of September and into October.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's also usually sunny, so it's warm enough to go outside with just a jacket on or a long sleeve shirt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and, uh, it's just beautiful. The colors are beautiful. The temperature is beautiful. It's just a beautiful time to be outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was going to say that fall is my second favorite season. I'm not sure though. Winter is my favorite season and then I think spring and fall come in second and then summer is my least favorite, uh, because it's, it's just too hot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me see here. Let's go to, let's do one more slide and I'll go to questions. This is not me. This is not a picture of me from when I was young. I didn't look like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Often in the fall, people will go for a drive. It's very common to go for a drive in the fall because the fall colors, like I mentioned earlier, are so beautiful


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's just nice to go for a drive to see them all. So whether you have a motorcycle or a car, uhm, again because the weather is nice, you will quite often see people who are just out for a drive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you will see people go for a drive. Notice I used two phrases there. Uh, quite common for people to go for a drive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially because certain areas are more beautiful than others. So there might be a certain street that you know where there are a lot of really big trees. So you might go for a drive in the fall to see the fall colors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another thing you'll see in the fall is harvest begins. So this is called a combine. If you watch the lesson on farming, you would know that. In the fall, farmers begin to harvest their crops. Again, a crop is something that you grow in a field.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the fall, in my part of Canada, people start to harvest two crops in particular. They harvest soybeans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are soybeans right here. I'm having trouble pointing. And they harvest corn. Uhm, you might call corn maize in your country, but in my part of Canada we call it, uh, corn. So those are the two main crops that are harvested in the fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, soon you will see many, many harvesters or combine harvesters out in the fields, uh, harvesting the crop. I think I said harvest like seven times there, didn't I? I used it as a noun and a verb. The harvest, it's time to harvest the harvest. That's, English is weird. Uhm, there are many,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fall fairs or festivals in a normal year. This is kind of a weird year because there are no fairs or festivals right now. We simply are not able to have those because of covid but quite often in the fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And normally this starts towards the end of the summer already. We have a lot of outdoor festivals, especially in September and October.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like my, one of my local towns has a fall fair. Another one of my local towns has a food festival.


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[Assistant] But because the weather again is so beautiful, it is a great time to have outdoor events. So there are many, many fall fairs and many, many festivals. Normally there are usually a lot of outdoor concerts.


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[Assistant] When there's no COVID as well. So I miss it because there is a food festival that Jen and I have gone to in the past. Uhm, and there is also sometimes outdoor concerts, but we'll have to wait, uh, till we get through this COVID thing before we can do that again.


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[Assistant] Clearest indicators that fall has arrived is you will start to see pumpkins everywhere. So pumpkins are these gigantic, I guess I would call them vegetables. They might be a fruit. Don't quote me on it, but pumpkins are these big orange


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[Assistant] I was going to say globe or sphere, uhm, that people buy. And, uh, they are used for decorating.


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[Assistant] They are used for baking, uhm, they are used for many, many things in the fall, but certainly you will start to see pumpkins everywhere at this time of year. In about a week or two, you will start to see a lot of pumpkins. So naturally,


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[Assistant] One of the things that people do and people will be doing that, doing this, this fall.


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[Assistant] Did that sound right? They will be doing this is they will visit a pumpkin patch. A pumpkin patch is a farm or an area on a farm where they grow a lot of pumpkins and it's a common


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[Assistant] Uhm, things to do in the fall, especially if you have young children, to take the family to visit a pumpkin patch.


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[Assistant] Uhm, when you're there, you can buy a pumpkin. You can usually buy other things as well, like apples or apple cider. Uhm, but usually, uh, one of the main things, one of the main reasons you go is to buy a pumpkin or two. So pumpkins are definitely a sign that fall or autumn has arrived.


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[Assistant] Another sign is that you'll start to see a lot of things that you can buy that are pumpkin spice flavored. So you can buy pumpkin spice lattes at the coffee shop. You can buy pumpkin spice cake or muffins. Pumpkin spice shows up everywhere. In fact,


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[Assistant] It's getting a little bit crazy now. You can buy so many things that have pumpkin spice as their flavor. I think it all started with pumpkin spice lattes a long time ago. A latte is a coffee based drink with lots of milk in it. And then you can get it so it tastes a little bit like pumpkin. Very popular drink.


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[Assistant] Let's see here. Next one. You will also see more things that are made out of pumpkins, like pumpkin pie. I'll tell you a little story here. When I was in kindergarten, so when you start school in Canada at age five or six, you go to kindergarten.


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[Assistant] I think it's a German word and in kindergarten when I was, I think five or six, we had, um, pumpkin pie one day in the fall and I actually cried. I started crying because I had never had pumpkin pie before and I was afraid to try it because


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[Assistant] If you look at it, it didn't look yummy to me. I was like, ah, I don't want to try that.


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[Assistant] So as a little child, little five year old Bob the Canadian, I cried.


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[Assistant] And the teacher said, why are you crying? And I said, I don't like pumpkin pie. So I didn't need to eat it. So anyways, Lolly Lolly, thanks for the super chat. And Lolly Lolly says, thanks Dave and Todd. Uh, thanks Lolly Lolly for giving them a shout out. Dave and Todd are instrumental in allowing this live stream to happen. So.


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[Assistant] I as well want to say thank you to Dave and Todd for being here. It is quite helpful.


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[Assistant] The other thing you will see a lot of in the fall, uhm, you will see a lot of apples because in our area apples are usually harvested starting at the end of August and throughout the fall.


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[Assistant] That's when apples ripen on the tree. So many, many apple orchards right now are in the process of harvesting apples. Okay. So a place where you grow a lot of apple trees is called an orchard.


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[Assistant] Apples are ripening right now on the tree. They're starting to turn red or some turn yellow depending on the variety. Uh, and now right now farmers who grow apples are in the orchards harvesting apples.


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[Assistant] Uh, probably as we speak, I betcha if you drove around right now, or if you went to an apple orchard, they would probably be harvesting apples right now.


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[Assistant] The other thing is you see a lot of apple cider. So you can buy apple cider year round in Canada. That means you can go to the store at any time of year.


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[Assistant] And you can buy apple cider. Uhm, but it's the most popular when it's very fresh. So fresh, freshly made apple cider is super, super tasty. So right now for the next seven, eight weeks, you can buy fresh apple cider. You can buy it at a farmer's market in the grocery store and it's really, really yummy.


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[Assistant] Back to the lesson. Here we go. So another thing.


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[Assistant] Another thing that happens in the fall is Halloween. So this happens at the end of October.


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[Assistant] Halloween is a time where children, and sometimes adults, these people are not children, they will dress up.


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[Assistant] They will wear a costume, okay? We're not sure there will be Halloween this year because of Covid. Uhm, but normally people will dress up.


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[Assistant] You might go to a costume party if you are an adult.


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[Assistant] But mostly Halloween is for children. Children will dress up. Maybe they'll dress up as Superman. Maybe they'll dress up as Wonder Woman. Maybe they'll dress up as Iron Man. They'll dress up as one of their favorite characters. Maybe someone from a cartoon. And they will go out and do what's called trick or treating.


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[Assistant] So trick or treating is when you take a bag, you dress up in a costume as a child. Adults don't do this.


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[Assistant] And you go from house to house saying trick or treat and the person gives you candy or chocolate. So it's a very popular activity in the fall. There will not be very much trick or treating this year. We probably will not take our kids out trick or treating this year, uh, due to COVID.


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[Assistant] Uh, let's see here. Uhm, pumpkin carving. So I mentioned that people buy pumpkins. They do buy pumpkins to eat.


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[Assistant] Although it's probably more common for them to buy pumpkins for decoration. They might simply put the pumpkin outside the front door of their house with some other things that make it look like fall. But they might also do some pumpkin carving. Pumpkin carving is when you clean out the inside of the pumpkin.


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[Assistant] Uh, and you do some carving on the front to make what's called a jack-o-lantern.


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[Assistant] So a jack-o-lantern, uh, is when you take a pumpkin and you carve a face in the front or another design. If you look there, you'll see a cat and on the far one, on the far one, you'll see a bat.


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[Assistant] Uhm, the middle pumpkin there is a more traditional jack-o-lantern. Uhm, but you will carve a pumpkin. You will take everything out of the inside of the pumpkin. Let me go back. So you'll see here, there's a lot of stuff inside, from inside the pumpkin. Then you will carve a design in the front, usually a face.


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[Assistant] And then you will put a candle or a flashlight inside at night and the pumpkin will light up. The jack-o-lantern will light up. So very common thing to do in the fall. We often grow a few pumpkins. I don't think we did this year. And then we do some, um,


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[Assistant] We do some pumpkin carving with our kids sometimes. Some years we do, some years we don't. Uhm, but again, this is also for


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[Assistant] Decorations. So fall decorations are somewhat popular. Not everyone decorates for fall.


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[Assistant] But when you walk up to a house in my part of Canada in the fall, they might have a bale of hay. They might have gourds or pumpkins. I'm failing at pointing. They may put a few things outside the front door of their house.


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[Assistant] To celebrate the season of fall, they'll sometimes have some potted plants as well, and they'll do that just to


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[Assistant] Yeah, celebrate that fall is here and it's nice to kind of decorate a little bit.


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[Assistant] So, there are, uh, a number of different celebrations during the year. In the fall we have what's called Thanksgiving. This is very North American. Uhm, in the month of October in Canada.


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[Assistant] And in the month of November in the United States, we have what's called Thanksgiving. In Canada, Thanksgiving is on a Monday and it's usually the second week of October. Uh, and we get together as a family.


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[Assistant] We have a traditional Thanksgiving meal, usually turkey.


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[Assistant] Potatoes, maybe apple pie and some vegetables. In the United States, Thanksgiving is in November. It's usually the third week of November and it's on a Thursday and they also have a holiday on the Friday.


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[Assistant] So slightly different times, Canadian Thanksgiving in October, American Thanksgiving in November. They also eat the same meal, very much the same meal. They'll get together with family, uh, and they will have turkey,


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[Assistant] And they will have a Thanksgiving dinner. So definitely a very common holiday. Um,


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[Assistant] Sorry, definitely a very common meal for that holiday. Uh, let's see here. Uhm, the other thing that happens in the fall is it's the season where we use the word chilly a lot. So chilly simply means cold. So you can see this person is wearing a sweater and a scarf because it's probably chilly. Chilly simply means


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[Assistant] That you probably should wear a jacket or you probably should wear a sweater. You are most likely going to start wearing shirts like this with long sleeves.


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[Assistant] Because when it starts to get chilly, you just need to dress a little more warmly. Uhm, usually when it's below 10 degrees, if it's around 5 to 10 degrees, we start to say it's chilly outside.


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[Assistant] If it's below zero, we say it's freezing outside, but when it starts to get a little bit cooler, we say it's chilly.


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[Assistant] Frost is beautiful. When you wake up in the morning, all of the grass will be white because it will have, uh, water has frozen on the grass. So we start to have frost in the morning.


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[Assistant] Because we grow flowers, we don't want frost until like October, middle of October, because frost will kill some of our flowers. It'll kill some plants.


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[Assistant] Miroslav is asking, Hello Bob the Canadian, how many postcards do you have? How many do you deliver to your mailbox every day? Uhm, I usually get about five postcards a week. That's about how many I get. So it's really nice. I do appreciate them. Thank you. Uhm, let me see here.


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[Assistant] We also, towards the end of fall, will have our first snowfall. So sometimes in the fall, it doesn't snow. But every once in a while, it will snow in the late fall. So sometimes, towards the end of November, we'll get a little bit of a snowfall.


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[Assistant] Um, and we'll call it the first snowfall and it usually happens in fall. It's usually not a lot of snow.


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[Assistant] You definitely start to wear a jacket, and we do sometimes call it a fall jacket. Depending on the color and the style, a spring jacket is often waterproof.


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[Assistant] The other thing that happens is we have shorter days. So we have already started to notice this, that the days become shorter. In the summer, it is light out from very early in the morning till about 9 or 10 o'clock at night.


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[Assistant] But over the next few months, the days will start to get shorter and shorter.


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[Assistant] By the time we get to the middle of December, it will start to get dark out at five o'clock at night. Okay. So right now the days are a nice length. Um, but you will notice for sure as we go through the season of fall that the days will get much, much shorter.


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[Assistant] The other thing that happens is there is a lot of bird migration, so you'll see birds flying south for the winter. Uhm, geese in particular, one kind of Canadian, uh, the Canadian geese, they do fly south for the winter.


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[Assistant] So you will often look up and you will see birds flying in a V because they are flying south. They are heading south for the winter. They are migrating. Very, very common to see birds migrate in the fall.


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[Assistant] There are some birds that don't leave, but over the next few months, you'll notice it gets quieter outside if you live in this part of Canada, because the birds are starting to head south for the winter. They go to the states. So our birds have what we call, I always jokingly say they have dual citizenship.


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[Assistant] It's starting to get a little cooler outside, so they will wear a long sleeve shirt to stay a little bit warmer.


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[Assistant] And then you will start to see people wearing gloves. So I myself have a couple different pairs of gloves. I have very thin gloves that I start to wear in the fall, especially if I go for a walk, I'll just put on a pair of thin gloves. So thin gloves mean


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[Assistant] Uhm, because it's starting to get a lot colder outside. So generally Canadians have a variety of types of gloves. They have thin gloves for early in the fall and they have thicker gloves for later in the fall.


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[Assistant] Well, hello everyone and welcome to this English lesson where we're going to talk about the yard.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm not gonna say what the yard is, but it has something to do with the outdoors, uhm, and if you live in a house. But we're gonna talk about things you can do in the yard, things you would use in the yard, uh, and just a whole English lesson about the yard.


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[Assistant] When you talk about the yard, you're talking about the area outside of a house. If you live in an apartment, you don't have a yard.


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[Assistant] Usually you have a balcony, but you don't have a yard. If however you live in a house, you will have a yard. Usually you will have a front yard. This is the yard in front of your house. So the area from the street to your house would be called your yard.


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[Assistant] In North America, most houses have a yard. Some have small yards, some have really big yards, but it's fairly normal for a house to have a yard.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I should say that this lesson again is very North American. This is very much a Canadian and American style lesson. I'm going to be talking about things that are common


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[Assistant] But because I am Canadian, this will definitely be very much a North American lesson. So, from your front


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[Assistant] From the front of your house to the road or street, we would call that your front yard. Usually your front yard, if you look at this one, has some sort of sidewalk or path leading to the front door, uhm, but definitely you would have a front yard. Behind your house, you will probably have a backyard.


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[Assistant] A backyard is usually a fairly private area.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it's surrounded by a fence or hedge, which I'll talk about later. A backyard usually is covered in lawn or grass. They're kind of the same thing. I'll explain more in a bit. Uhm, but a backyard is a place that you can use in the warmer times of the year just to enjoy yourself outside. You might sit in the backyard to read a book.


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[Assistant] When you buy a house in Canada or the United States,


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[Assistant] The edges of your place are called the property line. So your backyard would go from your house to your property line. And then you might have a neighbor across the fence.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you might also have what's called a side yard. In order to talk about the areas on each side of your house, you might use the term side yard. So in the side yard, you might have a few things like flower beds or other things.


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[Assistant] Some people don't have a side yard or don't have a very big side yard. Sometimes the houses are so close together, there's not enough room for you to have a side yard. But sometimes if you live in a house on a corner, you might have a front yard, a side yard, and a backyard. That's kinda cool.


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[Assistant] Notice something interesting about these three words. Front yard is two words. Backyard is one word.


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[Assistant] And side yard is two words. I don't know why, that's just the way English is.


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[Assistant] Uhm, as I mentioned before, your, uh, yard will most likely be made up of lawn. So lawn is simply another word for grass.


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[Assistant] So in the backyard or front yard you will probably have a really nice lawn. You might have things like squirrels.


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[Assistant] Grass can come from grass seed or there's something called sod where you buy a roll of grass and you roll it out and then you water it and it grows. I should have made a slide for that but I forgot to, sorry about that.


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[Assistant] When you have a lawn you need to mow it. Okay, so quite often


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[Assistant] On Saturdays, you will hear people mowing their lawn. People will say things like, oh, I need to mow my lawn today. It's time to mow my lawn. Or they'll say, it hasn't rained for weeks and I don't need to mow my lawn right now because it isn't growing.


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[Assistant] Uh, but definitely if you have a lawn, you need to mow your lawn. Uh, and what do you use to mow your lawn? You would use a lawnmower. Uhm, a lawnmower is a device with a motor that you push around and it mows your lawn. It cuts it off at a certain height. Uhm, people in North America,


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[Assistant] Some people in North America are very particular about their lawns.


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[Assistant] They want their lawns to look perfect. So they will often mow their lawn, even if it hasn't grown very much. They just like to keep it really, really neat and really, really tidy.


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[Assistant] I am not one of those people. I have far too large of a property to worry about that. We're just happy if we get the lawn mowed every week. That's enough for us to be happy.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you might use a push mower. Let me make this a little bit bigger for you. So a push mower obviously is called a push mower because you push it, okay? You use, uhm, you pull it to start it. It's a pull start motor and then you push it in order to mow the lawn. Uhm, if you are


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[Assistant] Someone who has a large lawn, you will most likely though have a riding mower. We also call this a lawn tractor or a garden tractor, but a riding mower is a little nicer because you can sit on it and you just drive around while you mow your lawn.


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[Assistant] We mow the vast majority of our lawn with a riding mower because we live on a farm. It's just far too much lawn to mow with a push mower. We do have a push mower, but for the most part we use the riding mower to mow our lawn. Uh, let's see here. Uhm,


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[Assistant] And then we have something called a weed eater. So a weed eater is a, uh, machine that you can use to trim the lawn along your fence or along areas where it's hard to get to with a push mower or riding mower. So people will often weed eat around trees.


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[Assistant] Or the weed eat along the fence. Some people call it a whipper snipper.


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[Assistant] I usually call it a weed eater, but it's a machine with a string and it spins super fast and then you can go along and you can trim or you can weed eat around things. I'm just curious what Brent from American English would call a weed eater, uh, whether he calls it a whippersnipper or a weed eater. There's a few names.


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[Assistant] For this garden tool in English, we call it a weed eater.


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[Assistant] So they will mow their lawn every week. They will fertilize their lawn two or three times a year.


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[Assistant] Fertilizer is something that you put on plants to help them grow. It's, it's like a bag filled with nutrients we would call it. It has nitrogen and phosphate and potassium I think are the three. Uhm, so many people who enjoy having a lush green lawn will fertilize their lawn in the spring and fall.


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[Assistant] And maybe even in the summer they might, uh, they might get a little carried away and, uh, fertilize a little too much. I don't fertilize my lawn.


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[Assistant] I have no reason to fertilize my lawn. It grows well enough without fertilizer, so I do not do that.


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[Assistant] So in your yard, you might have what are called flower beds. So between your lawn and your house, you might have an area where you just have soil and in that area you might grow different plants.


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[Assistant] You might have flowering plants. You might have other plants that don't flower. Uhm, but you might have an area around your house. You can kinda see it here.


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[Assistant] Where you have various plants that you grow just so that you have kind of, uhm,


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[Assistant] Like a wild area. We don't usually have the lawn come right up to the house. We usually have an area where we have a few flower beds.


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[Assistant] As someone mentioned earlier, most backyards in North America will have a fence. People will build a fence around the yard. They will build the fence to have some privacy. In fact, uhm, sorry.


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[Assistant] Just a little itchy there. I know that's kind of weird, but uhm, in fact, we have a certain kind of fence called a privacy fence. If you build a fence and it's higher than most people's eyes, if it's higher than that, we would call it a privacy fence. So if it's a fence you can't see through,


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[Assistant] And it's about my height, we would call it a privacy fence. But most backyards again,


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[Assistant] That you have usually in your backyard where you just keep some things that you don't want to keep in your house. You might keep your lawnmower in your shed. You might keep your shovel and your rake in your shed. I'll talk about those in a little bit.


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[Assistant] Many many people will have a garden shed. In fact, when people buy a house,


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[Assistant] They usually build a fence, and then they usually build a garden shed. Those are two very popular things to have in your yard once you buy a house. Uh, some people, but not everyone,


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[Assistant] We'll have a garden or what we would call a vegetable garden. Not very many people have vegetable gardens anymore. Many people will have flower beds, like I mentioned earlier, around the front of their house, they'll have flower beds or we just call them beds. You know, I'm going to plant this in the bed on the side of the house, but some people still have a large garden. My grandfather,


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[Assistant] I'm not sure if you're aware of how that works. So when you talk about your grandparents, you refer to your grandparents on your mother's side or your grandparents on your father's side. That's how you indicate which set of grandparents you're talking about. So my grandfather on my father's side had a large vegetable garden.


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[Assistant] Uhm, instead of a fence, you might have a hedge around your yard. So a hedge is basically the same as a fence, but it's made out of plants. So you can see here, they have grown plants.


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[Assistant] And those plants act as a barrier between, in this case, the road and the person's yard. Uhm, so instead of a fence, you might actually plant a hedge. Sometimes we call it a hedge rope.


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[Assistant] It takes a few years to grow, but at a certain point you will have a living fence. That might be a nice way to say it. Uhm, you will have a fence that's made out of plants. Let me just check.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna talk about a hedge trimmer a little bit later because you do have to trim a hedge if you have a hedge.


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[Assistant] If you have children, there are a few things you will probably have in your yard because you have children or maybe if you have grandchildren. Uhm, one of the things you might have is a sandbox. So a sandbox is something that's made out of wood.


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[Assistant] And people actually go and buy sand and they fill it with sand. The sand is similar to the sand that you would have at the beach. It's a very fine sand and it's just an area for children to play, usually for really, really young children.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so really young children, uhm, sometimes will have a sandbox in their backyard and they, they'll play in the sandbox.


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[Assistant] And they have a pale, you can see the pale way over there and then they will have just toys that they use in their sandbox. So many.


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[Assistant] Um, because it doesn't look very good. I'll show you in a video sometime our sandbox. If you're lucky and you have a really big tree.


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[Assistant] And your parents are industrious people. They might build you a tree house. My kids never had a tree house. We have lots of large trees, but I never built a tree house for our kids. But a tree house is a small house built in a tree.


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[Assistant] So up off the ground, you build a little tiny house. It's more like a shed, but we do call it a tree house.


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[Assistant] And it's for kids to play in. So if you have large trees and if your mom or dad takes the time, you might have a tree house as a kid. Um, that would be really fun. I feel bad that I never built a tree house for my kids, but.


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[Assistant] I know we have lots of trees, but we don't have a lot of really really big trees on our property. I don't know if you've noticed that in the videos.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you might also have a playhouse. I don't have a slide for this. A playhouse is similar to a shed, but it's designed for kids to play in. It might be like a really small house in the backyard. You might have a small playhouse.


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[Assistant] And you might have what's called a swing. A swing is something that you hang from a large tree.


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[Assistant] And you can sit on it and you can swing back and forth. Sometimes you will have someone push you on the swing. When we took our kids to the playground when they were young, they would go on the swing and then, uh, Jen or I would push them on the swing and they would have a fun time swinging.


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[Assistant] You might have what's called a swing set. Let me make this a bit bigger. So this is a swing. It hangs from a tree.


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[Assistant] But you might also have a swing set. A swing set is something parents can buy that kids can go on. You'll often see swing sets at the park.


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[Assistant] If you go to the park, they'll have really, really big swing sets, but a swing set is similar to a swing. It's something that children can sit on and then they can swing back and forth and they could just enjoy themselves outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some tools. Let's do a few tools and then I will get to some questions. I think I can make these big.


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[Assistant] A shovel is something that a lot of people have. If they need to dig a hole somewhere in their yard, uhm, or if they just need to move some sand or some soil, they will have a shovel. There are many different kinds of shovels. We have this kind of shovel. I think you saw it in the thumbnail.


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[Assistant] You might have a rake. This rake in particular is used quite often to rake leaves. Often in the fall, people living in the city, if they own a house, will need to go outside and rake leaves in Canada. There are a lot of leaves on the ground in the fall and someone needs to rake them up. So notice something interesting here.


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[Assistant] You can shovel with a shovel. So it's a noun and a verb, right? I need to go shovel some dirt.


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[Assistant] I need to shovel some dirt I need to use a shovel


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[Assistant] A hedge trimmer is used to trim a hedge. I think we looked at the hedge a few slides ago. When you have a hedge, which is a living barrier, just let me have a drink here for a sec.


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[Assistant] Sometimes once or twice a year and you would use a hedge trimmer. So you would trim the hedge with a trimmer. A hedge trimmer. This is an electric one. So this one probably runs off batteries. If I was


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[Assistant] Needing to trim a hedge. I would want to use one that ran off batteries. I wouldn't want to use one that was hand powered. Uhm, let me get to the next one. Pruners. If you have small trees.


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[Assistant] Or maybe some fruit trees in your backyard, or if you have flowers that you like to cut to make bouquets, you would have pruners.


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[Assistant] So if you needed to go cut a few flowers, you would use pruners. Um, and it always has an S on the end. It's like scissors. So you use, you would say, where are the pruners? I need to get a pair of pruners. Um, so it works the same as scissors.


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[Assistant] And then you probably will have a watering can if you need to water some plants in your backyard. Maybe you have flower beds and you need to bring water because the plants need to be watered. You would use a watering can to water the plants. Notice I'm trying to use


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[Assistant] We use both terms. A garden hose is a small hose that you can hook up to a tap and then you can turn the tap on and water comes out the other end. Uh, you could hook the garden hose up to a sprinkler


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[Assistant] If you wanted to water your lawn. So uhm, let me back up here. Oh wait, no, I have two more. You might also have gardening gloves. Maybe you don't want to get sore hands when you're working in the flower beds or the garden. So you might have gloves that you wear.


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[Assistant] Generally gardening gloves. These look worn out. These are well worn gardening gloves. Uhm, but you probably would put gardening gloves on if you were to work in the garden. Just so your hands don't get sore or worn. And then you will most likely have


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[Assistant] A wheelbarrow. A wheelbarrow is a one wheeled machine that you can use to move things easily around your yard.


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[Assistant] Shrubs. So I mentioned flower beds. You might grow flowers in your flower beds. You might grow other things like shrubs in your flower beds. Shrubs are like really small trees.


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[Assistant] And they are, they don't grow very big, or you might trim them with a hedge trimmer. But this would be a classic example of what shrubs look like. They are very, very small, woody plants, uhm, that you would grow in your flower beds. You might also grow perennials in your flower beds.


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[Assistant] And flowers every year. So in places like where I live in the summer, they would just grow and bloom. In the winter, they would be under the snow and the next year they would just grow again. That's different than annuals.


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[Assistant] Annuals are flowering plants that you need to start from seed every year. So let me repeat, perennials just come back every year. You don't have to do anything. Uh, and they just bloom and they're beautiful. Annuals, you need to actually start from seed every year in your flower bed and then they will grow. Um, most yards.


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[Assistant] Maybe through your backyard to your garden shed. Maybe it leads from your house to the sidewalk in front of your house, but you will most likely have some kind of walkway.


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[Assistant] You will probably have a bench somewhere. Some of you know that if you watch my other YouTube channel, a lot of times I'm sitting on my bench.


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[Assistant] So, many people will have a bench in their yard. Uhm, you can call it a garden bench. You can just call it a bench.


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[Assistant] If it was in a park, you would call it a park bench.


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[Assistant] But if it's in your yard, you would just call it a bench or a garden bench. Annette says, it's difficult to pronounce perennial. Yeah, let's go back. Perennial. So we grow a lot of perennials. We have many perennials. There you go. And then we have a lot of annuals as well.


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[Assistant] Hopefully that helped in it. Uhm, let me see, I gotta see where I am here in the lesson.


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[Assistant] Uh, some people will have a small pond in their backyard. And you might call it a fish pond. You might just call it a pond. So they will actually use a shovel to dig a hole in the ground.


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[Assistant] And they will create a place that they can fill with water. And then they will put some fish in it. Usually goldfish. That is one of the most popular types of fish. And they will dig the pond deep enough


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[Assistant] So that it doesn't freeze in the winter and then the goldfish can live there year round.


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[Assistant] Something like that they will build, they will build upon. I'm having trouble talking, I don't know why.


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[Assistant] Uhm, some people dry their clothes after they wash their clothes in the washing machine. They will have a machine called a dryer. So they will wash their clothes in the washing machine and then they will throw the clothes in the dryer and then they will dry their clothes. Some people have a clothesline.


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[Assistant] We don't use a clothesline. We actually have what are called drying racks. So we wash our clothes, we hang them on the drying rack and then we put them outside. That's how we dry our clothes.


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[Assistant] Some people might have a pool. We don't have a pool, but as was mentioned earlier in the lesson, pools were a very popular thing to build this past year. Many people built a pool in their backyard because we weren't able to go anywhere for the last 10 months and the summer was really, really hot.


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[Assistant] So some people might have a pool in their backyard.


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[Assistant] Rod says he's taking two weeks off as well. That's a good plan, Rod.


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[Assistant] When I take two weeks off though, I, I just work a little bit less. I don't stop working completely. So, I'm still gonna put out about five videos, but uh, we'll see how that goes.


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[Assistant] If you have little children, really, really small children, you might have a kiddie pool. A kiddie pool is a very, very tiny pool that you just fill up and then kids can play in it and enjoy cooling off a little bit on a hot summer day. If you have a dog,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will most likely have a dog house in your backyard. Uhm, Oscar has a dog house but he never uses it. So a dog house is a small house that you build for your dog so that your dog has a place just to sit in the summer if it gets hot.


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[Assistant] Uh, and to just be outside. So if you have a dog, you will most likely have a dog house outside. I always think it's funny because I built Oscar a really nice dog house. Uh, it's actually an insulated dog house, so it's even warm in the winter.


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[Assistant] Uh, and he never uses it. He's not, he doesn't really like it. He likes being in the real house with us. He doesn't like being in the dog house.


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[Assistant] Let's see here. Uhm, you might have a patio. So again, there's a slight difference between a deck


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[Assistant] So the chairs and table here, we would say we would call that patio furniture and it's just a nice place to sit outside in the summer.


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[Assistant] Many homes in Canada have a patio or they might have a deck. A deck is usually made out of wood and it's usually raised off the ground. So a deck is usually a little bit higher than the


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[Assistant] Uh, and it's usually made out of wood. So those are the two differences.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I think an equal amount of houses in North America have either a patio or a deck. Uhm, and then on the deck, many people will have a barbecue, just a nice place where they can cook some things, uh, where they can, uh, barbecue in the summer and just enjoy being outside.


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[Assistant] Many people will have lawn chairs. A lawn chair is a foldable chair.


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[Assistant] That's easy to take with you when you go places. When we visit family in the summer, we take our lawn chairs because we often sit in the backyard. So it's very common to just have lawn chairs. In our family, Jen and I and all the kids, we each have a lawn chair.


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[Assistant] So when we go to visit Jen's sister, we will put all the lawn chairs in the van. When we get there, we will take our lawn chairs out and we will open them up.


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[Assistant] And then you might have a birdhouse. This birdhouse is a little bit covered in snow.


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[Assistant] Uh, but in your backyard, if you are someone who enjoys wildlife, and in particular if you really like birds, you might have a bird house. A bird house again is


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[Assistant] Uhm, a small house, usually with a hole in it.


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[Assistant] And the hole is usually the right size for a certain kind of bird. Uhm, and then you might have birds. I didn't make a slide for bird feeder. You might also have a bird feeder in your backyard that birds can come and they can eat bird food. Bird food, bird bird. That's weird. Hey Jen, what do you call bird, bird feed?


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[Assistant] Yeah, I'm not an ex- I'm not an expert, so I had to ask Jen. Uh, if you have a bird feeder, I think you put bird seed in it, but I should check that one. Maybe look it up. I'm obviously not a bird feeder expert, but you might have a small bird feeder that you hang from a tree.


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[Assistant] And uh, you might fill it with bird feed or bird seed. Check that one, cause I'm not 100% sure.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure. I don't think that you really are typical of a neighborhood dog.


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[Assistant] Snoopy is truly a good dog. He is also a loyal friend.


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[Assistant] Therefore, I would like to recommend Old Banana Nose for Neighborhood Dog of the Year.


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[Assistant] Hey Snoopy. Well, what are your plans for today?


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[Assistant] I suppose I'll sleep a little this morning, then this afternoon I'll take a short nap and later on I'll try to get some more sleep.


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[Assistant] Of course, if this had been a real supper, and not ten minutes before, your dish would have been full. But this was only a test.


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[Assistant] And while you're waiting for the bread, I thought you might like some carrots.


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[Assistant] No, Snoopy, I didn't make you a root beer while you're waiting for the carrots.


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[Assistant] He's just taking them on a hike to the summit of Point Lobos to take photos and admire the view, which is apparently- But that's stupid! They're birds! Why don't they just fly?


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[Assistant] I first tried online dating my freshman year of college, which was in 2001, in case you can't see my wrinkle.


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[Assistant] So while online dating has changed a lot in the last 17 years, many of the frustrations remain the same. Because here's what it does well.


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[Assistant] It broadens your pool of potential dates beyond your existing social and professional circles. And here's what it doesn't do well. Literally everything else.


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[Assistant] I'm an action-oriented, overachieving math and theater nerd who ended up with an MBA. So when things aren't working out, I tend to take a step back, apply my business toolkit to figure out why and to fix it. My love life was no exception.


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[Assistant] December before I turned 30, I took myself on a relationship off-site, which means I went camping solo in Maine for a week to do a retro on my track record of mediocre relationships.


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[Assistant] Because the thing was, I knew what I wanted in a partner. Kindness, curiosity, empathy, a sense of purpose. And yet, here's what I chose for online.


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[Assistant] Ivy League degree, six feet or taller, lives within 12 subway stops of me.


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[Assistant] So when I went back online in the spring of 2016, I decided to re-engineer the process through some classic business tools. First, I went to OKCupid, because I wanted to avoid the gamification of swipe-based apps, and also because I wanted a writing sample.


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[Assistant] I had to reference something in my profile, so I know it's not a copy-and-paste situation, and I had to avoid all sexual content. I figured this was a pretty low bar, but it turns out of my 210 inbound messages, only 14 percent cleared that hurdle.


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[Assistant] Next, I wanted to meet in real life as quickly as possible, because the things I cared about I couldn't see online. But the research and my experience shows you only need about 30 seconds with someone to tell if you click. So I invented the zero date.


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[Assistant] Would I like to have dinner with this person? Not, are they the one? Literally, would I like to spend three hours across the table from this person?


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[Assistant] You tell them you have a hard stop. Drinks with girlfriends, a conference call with China, it doesn't matter. They don't know you. The point is one hour. If it's awesome, you schedule a first date. And if it's not awesome, you downshift into entertainer mode and you workshop a few new stories for your next networking event.


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[Assistant] The zero date also gave me a chance to see how they responded to me asking them out. I figured not everyone would dig my moxie, and I was right. Of my 29 qualified leads, only 15 replied to my message, and of those, six scheduled a zero date.


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[Assistant] Plus, this guy had a podcast, I have a podcast, worst-case scenario, we can talk about our podcasts. Then, Chaz sat down next to me. And this kind and empathetic man told great jokes and asked even better questions.


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[Assistant] He was a lawyer and a writer and his eyes twinkled when he laughed and they squeezed tight when I kissed him and at some point in the evening our zero date became a first date. And two years later, we have a washer, dryer and two houseplants together. Now,


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[Assistant] And what we have right now, we saw that the vast majority of the current is carried by, in this, in the case of an NPN by electrons, and in general by the charge carriers determined by the charge, the majority charge carriers in the emitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we saw also that it's a minority charge carrier distribution in the base that determines the general behavior of this device.


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[Assistant] Going to, and we developed, we noticed that there are two inefficiencies, there are really three, but the third one doesn't really matter that much. So, there's one inefficiency which is basically the ratio of the electrons that are injected into the base to the ratio of the holes that are injected back into the emitter from the base, and that's called the emitter injection efficiency.


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[Assistant] And then there's another parameter which is called the base transport factor. Uhm, base.


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[Assistant] Transport factor, alpha t. And we saw that the product of these two really determines the ratio of the collector current to the emitter current. That's basically what the ratio of your collector current to emitter current will be. And in a properly designed transistor, you want this ratio to be as close to one as possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we saw that if you have this ratio, you can also define a base current. You can define the base current from KCL and calculate it in terms of that parameter, which became alpha over 1 minus alpha times IB, which would be the IC. Or simply, this is basically what we call the beta zero. Or, so this is basically the current gain of the transistor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, if you put a certain amount of current in the base, you will get beta times more current if transistor is properly biased, meaning that, uh, in the collector, which basically means that you have, and what's the proper bias of a transistor?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means that this junction, the base emitter junction, is forward biased, and this junction is reverse biased.


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[Assistant] And having two junctions, you can imagine there are four different regions of operation. This is the most useful region of operation for a bipolar transistor. This is the one that most almost all of the analog circuits operate in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, and if you make digital circuits out of this thing, again, most of the times you want to be in this region because of the speed considerations and all this. So anyway, so we have this thing, so now we have to actually think about a model, a circuit model for this. So let's see if we can develop a circuit model based on, uhm, this picture. So what is that circuit model like, looking like?


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[Assistant] Let's think about it. So we have a, when we are forward biasing the transistor in the base emitter, what kind of behavior do we have? What is the base emitter?


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[Assistant] It's a p-n junction diode, right? It's a p-n junction diode. So we can actually think about it as a p-n junction diode. So this is the emitter, and this is the base.


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[Assistant] And then now, this p-n junction diode carries a certain amount of current. We know that the collector current Ic, we wrote it as Is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so that's the general expression, but we have a simplified expression like this that we like, right? So that's the IC, and if you write it as this. Now we know IE, so this is IE, is related to IC through what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Therefore, we can actually define this current to be what we call IE. So we can write this diode as having a current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can write it as IE, being IES, some saturation current, E exponential of, or E, the VBE over VT. If you want to put the minus one here, you can, but it really doesn't matter. So, I'm just gonna drop it out. Uh, well, and this one I can keep, it doesn't matter. Let's keep it. Because we are developing the full model, we just want to make sure that it's correct.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now, and then the other thing is that of course, based on this, you know that Is is gonna be Ies alpha zero, or alpha dc, times Ies. So we know my Ies is gonna be Is divided by alpha.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's what my saturation current for that diode is. Now, one of the questions I always had when I was a kid, when I was playing with transistors,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that, because I was looking at these books, and some of them actually describe the transistor as two back-to-back diodes. Because that's what it looks like, right? You have a, in this case you have an N region, a P region, and an N region. Right? So, you had, it looked like this. Right? Doesn't it? Looks like that. And, I said, oh, that's great, because diodes are, whatever, like, you know, I don't know, one dollar at the time. Let's see. And the transistors are five dollars.


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[Assistant] So what is the difference between two back-to-back diodes and a transistor? Let's go back to this picture. What is the difference? Here. Why didn't it work?


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[Assistant] So what happens, so you're saying that it's not NPN, it's NP, metal in the metal.


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[Assistant] Uh, in the process but, uh, so why would that not work? What would it do?


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[Assistant] You don't have a minority carrier charge injection into the collector.


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[Assistant] It should be more than just a diode, right? It should not, I mean, well, we'll talk about that diode later in a sec, in a few seconds, few minutes, but,


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[Assistant] What is the primary operation? What can I model the primary operation?


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[Assistant] A current source, right? So what is controlling it is really this VBE.


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[Assistant] So you could say it's a voltage controlled current source, but you can also express it as a current controlled current source. It's actually simpler to express it because you have the voltage, you have the voltage controlled current here. You can express it either explicitly in terms of VBE, or you can express it in terms of IE. It's simpler to ex-, so, so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a current source, I have a controlled current source, hence the diamond shape, and


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[Assistant] Or I can make it simpler on myself and just write, since I know this is going to be just alpha times IE, I can write it as alpha times IE. IEF. Or let's call it IE. Call it like alpha F. Because this is in the forward


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is the same thing as alpha DC, but I'm using a different terminology here because then we will use it in a slightly different fashion for alpha. So this is the essential large signal model for the transistor when it's in forward active region.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, there are other things that we'll add to it shortly, but if you take this and reorder it, reorganize it, one of the things that you can see, I can redraw it this way, right? So I can basically write it, I can redraw it, let me just do it here. So I can redraw it this way. So if this is my base,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a current source, alpha IE, and this current is IE.


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[Assistant] And this is the, uhm, this is the emitter. I'm sorry. Yes, this is the emitter. And this is the collector. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you agree that I can actually take, replace this current source with a current source from this node to this node from the collector to emitter and one from emitter back to the base of the same value?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This node still, the current injected by this, this current is zero by definition because these two are going in opposite direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This node is still getting the alpha IE that it used to get from this guy, it's now injected by this guy. This node is taken an alpha IE out of it, which is still the same thing that the black current source would have done. So these two, do you agree that these two are equal? By the way, this has a name in network and circuit theory. Some of you may remember. What is, what theorem is this?


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[Assistant] So if I do that then, but now I can look at this combined.


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[Assistant] It's IE minus alpha IE, right? Whatever it is. So it's 1 minus alpha times IE.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which you can easily see is 1 minus alpha over alpha Ic. Now what is the in, what is this quantity? We defined it before. 1 over beta. So this is Ic over beta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these two are equivalent models. They're both large signal models. They're nonlinear models. This one, where basically I


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is IB, and this is IC. This is called the T model, as you can see. It looks like a T. The large signal T model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is called the large signal hybrid pi model. Because if you have an element here, it looks like a Greek pi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're exactly equivalent. They're the same thing. Two ways to analyze the same thing. Now, this is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Transistor, the device model.


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[Assistant] What happens when there's current flow through here? So based on what we've seen so far, we should not expect any, it appears that there shouldn't be any dependence on this voltage for this current. So this IC, it doesn't appear to have any dependence on VCB, at least based on the discussion we've had. Is that true?


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[Assistant] Now let's think about it a little bit more deeply. How about, what's the effect of this voltage? Because we've been talking about this voltage, we know there's an exponential dependence on, of this current on this, uh, so this current depends exponentially on this voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is where the transisting part of the transistor comes from. The good part of the transistor. The useful part of the transistor. Right? But where does the name transistor come from?


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[Assistant] Basically you control the resistance of another terminal by control by another, uhm, terminal. Cross it.


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[Assistant] So anyway, going back to this thing, so let's see what happens when I change VCB. What, what are the things that could change?


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[Assistant] If I change, if I increase this voltage, what would it do?


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[Assistant] So when the width of the depletion region becomes larger, what would happen to the base, to the collector current? What's the impact of that on the collector current?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, red lesser component. So essentially you're making the base narrower, right? Effectively, because your depletion region now instead of being here, it's gonna be here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You make the base narrower, you get more transport, you get lesser combination, the probability of crossing is gonna increase, so you get, your current increases, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your current increases and as a result, what happens is that you go through, you increase the current. So what you get in practice is that if you look at the IC, the collector current, so if you have a plot,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The collector emitter, the collector emitter voltage versus


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For different values of VBE, what you will see is something like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you will see that, so these are for VBE, so this is VBE1, VBE2, greater than VBE1, VBE3, greater than VBE2, so as you increase the VBE, this happens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The collector current is not gonna be, we thought that initially it appeared that it was flat, but it isn't. It changes. This change


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you have a fixed change in the VCE, delta VCE, that corresponds to a larger


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Change in IC for larger currents. So this is delta IC1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why does it increase? Why do you have an increase in amount, the change in the current as the actual current increases? Why do you have it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if I start modulating the base width of the width of the base, if I start modulating, if I change the base width, if I modulate the base width, then I'm going to modulate this current. Now, the more charge I have, the more current I have,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would change the fraction of the current that would make it there, right? So if I go from 80% to 90% by this modulation, now if I start with a smaller current, 80% of a smaller thing is a smaller value. And if I start with a larger value, we get more. So this base width modulation is larger as the current increases. This also has another name. It's called early effect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, now, if you look at this thing, one of the things that you notice, so we said that, okay, so we see that the ratio of the slope


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the value of the current, it's kind of constant. So as the current increases, the slope


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what we can write is that we can say IC over DIC to DVCE, which is like the slope, is a constant to the first order. And this thing is called early voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if you actually plot this quantity, if you actually extrapolate from these things,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All these points more or less intercept at one point, which is negative VA.


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[Assistant] If you have this plot, you can actually find what the early voltage is. An early voltage is a measure of how much of this base-width modulation or early effect you get. Now, do you think it's a good thing or a bad thing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, do you want to have more, do you want a large early voltage or a small early voltage? In other words, do you want your early voltage to be large down here so these lines are flatter or do you want them to be closer here when the lines are more steep?


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[Assistant] There's another way to ask this question. I can turn into a slightly loaded question now. I can ask say, do you think it is better to have more dependence


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[Assistant] On the voltage of the control terminal on its, for the control terminal to have more dependence on its own voltage.


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[Assistant] Or have less dependence on its own voltage, in addition to its dependence on the controlling terminal.


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[Assistant] You want, that's dependence, right? Because you don't want to control, you want to separate, you want to create an isolation between the controlled and the controlling. Right?


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[Assistant] This gives the control a little bit of a controlling, controlling capability. Which if you're engineering something, you don't want.


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[Assistant] We as engineers are control freaks, right? We want to make sure we control everything. And nothing has its mind of its own. We want it to follow our own, kind of like, edicts. Okay, anyway, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So VA, the early voltage, would be, the larger the VA is, the more gain you can get from a stage. More intrinsic gain that stage has. And we'll see why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we get there. So, that's one of the other things to think about. And how do we model this? How do we take this into account in our modeling of the transistor? One of the things we could do is that we can actually modify this expression.


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[Assistant] To our expression for the collector current, if you want to take it into account.


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[Assistant] Counter, I mean to turn the question around, that, well, none of these are exact. There are, like, now by now four layers of approximation that we've gone through.


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[Assistant] We want to take things into account that are not too complicated to make us get stuck in this stuff when you're dealing with like a circuit with 50 transistors or 100 transistors, which we will deal with in this class.


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[Assistant] So, you wanna have a mechanism, a way of thinking about these things that's simple enough, and we will see if it can be simplified even beyond this.


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[Assistant] So you have to be able not to lose too much sleep over some of these approximations, but you have to be mindful of where they came from and when they apply and when they don't. You have to understand that. That's very important. Alright, any other questions?


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[Assistant] So now let's, let's think about it. Let's go back to this early effect and say, look, we saw that early effect is a bad thing, right? This base width modulation is a bad thing.


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[Assistant] But we are engineers. We want to design something. We want to change it.


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[Assistant] Can we improve it? Can we go back to our device and come up with a way of improving


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's designed so that it doesn't show as much early effect or reduce the early effect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you suggest changes? So where is the early effect coming? It's coming from the base width modulation, right? When you change this voltage, this depletion region starts changing, and it changes the width of the base. So how can we avoid that? How can we minimize that?


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[Assistant] Make it, make the width of the depreciation region small compared to the width of the base. That's a good statement. How would you do that?