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[Assistant] After and before as we've established these, these are time relationships that, you know, refer to something happening.


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[Assistant] After, so when something is completed, uh, say, the bats come out after the sun goes down.


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[Assistant] And before, this occurs prior to some point in time, so it is behind an action, so you can say.


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[Assistant] When we're talking about at, we're talking about a single moment in time. We could say the vampire wakes at 10 p.m.


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[Assistant] There he is, emerging from his coffin. There is the... His... Oh, that's not the sun. The sun would burn a vampire. No, that's a, uhm, that's his little clock.


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[Assistant] Bat clock now. Anyway, okay, uh, bye. Uh, this, this is a really precise end time, but not a very precise beginning time. So you could say something like, this place had better be clean by 3 p.m., buddy.


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[Assistant] If you say something like that, you're not especially concerned that the place might be clean before 3. That would be nice.


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[Assistant] But it's only relevant to you that the cutoff time is at 3 o'clock, so the end is precise, that's the connotation there, but the beginning is not. Four denotes duration, how long something has been going on, so you could say, I've been a chef for 40 years. I haven't, but that would be cool, and difficult. But you know what, this is Khan Academy, you can cook anything.


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[Assistant] In denotes a bounded duration, so it's something that lasts for a specific amount of time, like a limited period. Uh, okay, so let's just say


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[Assistant] So that covers usage like, you know, in March or in the Middle Ages. Both of those things are like set periods. March has a beginning and an end. The Middle Ages have a beginning and an end. It's a bounded duration.


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[Assistant] On has a specific connotation, uhm, it's something that happens on a specific day.


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[Assistant] You could say something like, on the 4th of July, many Americans watch fireworks and eat encased meats. Mind you, not everybody eats hot dogs or likes fireworks, so I said many, not all.


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[Assistant] Sense is kind of like, uh, by, uh, except it's more about the precision of the start point rather than, uh, the end point. So, precise beginning.


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[Assistant] Since 1974 our company has made nothing but toasters. Until is also precise.


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[Assistant] You have until midnight to rescue the ambassador, break the curse, and save Prince Wilbur.


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[Assistant] Alright, so there's a precise ending there. You have until midnight and then you can't rescue the, the ambassador or break the curse or save any princes.


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[Assistant] But what you can do is learn anything. These are some of the most essential time prepositions. David out.


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[Assistant] Hello, Hugo. Your boy is beautiful. How old is Hugo?


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[Assistant] Ten, ah. So, he isn't an old monkey.


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[Assistant] Hello Hugo. Your boy is beautiful. How old is Hugo?


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[Assistant] Ten, ah. So, he isn't an old monkey.


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[Assistant] I'm running, ahhh.


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[Assistant] To flip or mirror an object, you'll need to know which axis you're flipping along.


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[Assistant] So if I want to flip this chair and basically fold it over the red axis, I'm going to right click on it.


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[Assistant] And choose Flip Along Groups Red. And it flips it so that it mirrors itself along the red axis. The same thing goes with the green axis. If I right-click and choose Flip Along Groups Green, it will fold along the green axis. If you accidentally choose the wrong color, you can choose the Undo command under Edit, Undo Flip,


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[Assistant] Command Z or Control Z on a Windows machine. And then you can choose the correct color.


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[Assistant] I often choose the incorrect axis to flip along, especially when I'm zoomed in on something and I can't see the relating axis.


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[Assistant] Another way to flip an object is to use the scale tool. I'm going to preselect this chair.


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[Assistant] I can mirror this by choosing one of the face grips here, click and release, and I can simply type negative one enter.


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[Assistant] And it will mirror itself. The only downside is that it doesn't flip in place. It mirrors itself right next to where it was previously. So if I were to do that again, by hitting the scale tool, choosing this green grip here, and typing negative one, it mirrors itself this way, but it also sets itself right next to where it was.


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[Assistant] Or you can right click, flip along an axis.


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[Assistant] Let's see. Starting with this water bottle. One out of millions of pieces of trash. We did it! This will take forever.


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[Assistant] Bottle me up, baby! I'm hungry for your plastic! As you can see, this is taking forever! Oscar!


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[Assistant] You scoop it into this thing and then shake out the sand and you got a bunch of trash.


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[Assistant] Those little white worms you found earlier are glow worms.


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[Assistant] Hello. I'm going for a run later. It's very important to exercise.


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[Assistant] But how can we exercise in a healthy and safe way? I don't know. Let's find out. Okay.


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[Assistant] Everyone needs to exercise. It's good for our bodies.


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[Assistant] There are lots of things we can do to exercise. We can swim.


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[Assistant] Warm up? Like get hot? Warming up our muscles means that we don't hurt them when we exercise.


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[Assistant] Another thing to remember is to use sun cream.


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[Assistant] When we exercise outside, it's important to protect our skin from the sun.


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[Assistant] When our body gets hot from exercise, we sweat.


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[Assistant] This means our body loses water.


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[Assistant] And so, we need to drink water when we exercise.


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[Assistant] Exercising is lots of fun, but there can be accidents.


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[Assistant] We can protect our body by wearing special clothes.


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[Assistant] To protect our elbows and knees, we wear elbow and knee pads.


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[Assistant] We wear gloves to protect our hands. To protect our head, we wear a helmet.


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[Assistant] And to protect our eyes, we wear goggles.


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[Assistant] When we finish exercising, it's also important to do a cool down.


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[Assistant] Cooling down our muscles means that they won't hurt after we stop exercising.


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[Assistant] Exercise is something we should all do so we can be strong and healthy. I can't wait to go for my run.


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[Assistant] Before I go, I've got two questions for you.


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[Assistant] Before we exercise, what do we need to do so we don't hurt our muscles? Go to the bathroom.


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[Assistant] That's right. We need to warm up. What do we wear on our head to protect it?


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[Assistant] A funny hat. That's right. A helmet.


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[Assistant] Right. I need to get ready for my run. Do you remember what I have to do first? That's right. Warm up.


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[Assistant] Our bones and muscles help us move.


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[Assistant] Before we play a sport or do exercise, it's important that we warm up our muscles so we don't hurt them. Drink water.


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[Assistant] Remember to drink water when you exercise.


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[Assistant] You put on sun cream when you go to the beach.


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[Assistant] Protect your skin from the sun when you're outside.


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[Assistant] It's important to put on sun cream.


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[Assistant] Yes, it's a bit like the way leaves change color in autumn.


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[Assistant] No thank you. I think I'll follow that butterfly.


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[Assistant] What a surprise! And what a great disguise! I want a disguise too! Whee!


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[Assistant] The next time little nut-brown hair visited his new friends, something very exciting was happening.


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[Assistant] Little Women Chapter 1. Presenting Little Women.


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[Assistant] I'm Jo March and I'm here to share with you a little about the story you are going to read.


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[Assistant] As you may know, it is entitled Little Women.


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[Assistant] It's a story about my family. Well, more specifically about me and my three sisters.


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[Assistant] Meg, who is the oldest, Beth, who is a couple of years younger than me, and the baby of the family, Amy.


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[Assistant] Our story is based on the true life story of the author Luisa May Alcott, who also had three sisters.


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[Assistant] In fact, according to Luisa, she did indeed base my character on herself.


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[Assistant] While her real sisters, Anna, Lizzie and May, are depicted by Meg, Beth and Amy respectively.


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[Assistant] The story is said during the American Civil War.


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[Assistant] Father is away at war, not as a soldier but as a chaplain.


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[Assistant] He is a very thoughtful kind man who instills in us, his daughters, a strong sense of morals and family values.


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[Assistant] At one time, father used to be very rich, but now after the war, our family is struggling financially.


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[Assistant] Mother is the most loving, caring person in the world. She is not perfect, but she makes every effort to help us girls learn life's important lessons, as well as treasure the moments we share together as a family.


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[Assistant] My sister Meg is a lovely person who has a strong sense of responsibility and looks after her younger sisters.


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[Assistant] Meg does have her faults though, and one of them is vanity.


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[Assistant] She longs to have fashionable pretty things, as most girls do.


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[Assistant] As I mentioned, the author Luisa and I share many traits.


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[Assistant] I'm not pretty like Meg or gentle like Beth, but I have a very strong personality, as my family will tell you.


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[Assistant] My biggest weak point is my short temper, and I often lose control of it.


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[Assistant] It gets me into many arguments and sometimes causes mishaps.


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[Assistant] But I'm loyal and true to my family and friends. I will do anything for them.


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[Assistant] I'm a bit of a tomboy, which means I act like a boy.


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[Assistant] In fact, I'll admit I sometimes wish I were a boy. This kind of thinking also gets me into trouble.


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[Assistant] Beth is my darling little sister. I have a soft spot for her as she is the most gentle and shy creature you will ever come across.


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[Assistant] Like mother, Beth is very caring and she holds nothing back when it comes to helping others.


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[Assistant] Beth never complains or upsets people, and she would rather do something herself than be a bother to others.


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[Assistant] Finally, there's Amy, the youngest of our clan.


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[Assistant] I suppose Amy and I are the pair of sisters who argue the most.


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[Assistant] When she smiles at you, you forget all your troubles. She is also a very talented artist.


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[Assistant] I wouldn't be surprised if she became a famous painter one day. One of Amy's weaknesses is her selfishness.


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[Assistant] So now you know a little about my family and something about Louisa May Alcott. As I mentioned before, our family lived during the American Civil War.


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[Assistant] Life at that time was quite different from what it is like for you today. For example, look at my clothes.


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[Assistant] Not only did we have to wear these long dresses, but when a woman went out, she was expected to wear gloves and carry a parasol.


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[Assistant] Given that I'm a tomboy, can you imagine how difficult it was for me to wear such things?


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[Assistant] For most women, their purpose in life consisted of finding a marriage made and having children.


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[Assistant] I resisted such notions and got myself into a lot of trouble for it.


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[Assistant] But I, like Louisa, am a firm believer that women should have their independence.


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[Assistant] Another thing you might find unusual is our way of life.


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[Assistant] It was common in our time to have servants and housekeepers.


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[Assistant] My family as well as Louisa Alcott hated the idea of slavery.


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[Assistant] We would never regard our beloved Hannah as a slave. She is trusted and loved and is a great help to our family.


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[Assistant] Something else you may find peculiar is how the young men and women interact.


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[Assistant] In my day, society was much more conservative.


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[Assistant] It was not considered proper for young people to date or go out unless they intended to marry.


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[Assistant] It's true that many married at a young age, though we had strict rules that allowed or did not allow certain behaviors.


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[Assistant] Time is constantly changing and that can't be helped.


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[Assistant] Fashions, manners, customs and traditions change too. Some things, however, are timeless. Learning how to grow up.


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[Assistant] Learning how to deal with family issues. Learning to love and respect others. And of course, most important of all, learning who you are.


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[Assistant] Little Women is a story about just those things.


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[Assistant] Even though it was written more than a hundred years ago, I hope that you will find lessons you can learn from and apply in your life today.


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[Assistant] What dad? I'm on the school football team. That's great Lisa. How often do you play?


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[Assistant] By the time the two friends arrived at the sycamore tree, the warm autumn sun had dried up all the wet leaves. So they spent the rest of the afternoon having fun together, collecting all the pretty autumn colours.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody. Welcome back to American Textbook Reading. I'm Brian Stewart.


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[Assistant] We're on lesson 8 right now. We're talking about why people or who were the first people to come to America. As you may know, America is kind of a young nation. It's a young country. Because for a long, long time when other countries were already established,


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[Assistant] Nobody knew about America. Only the only, well the only people who knew about America were of course the Native Americans. And Europeans didn't know about America yet.


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[Assistant] Who were the people who started coming to America? In this unit, you will discover the first settlers in America were the Pilgrims. So we're going to focus on this group here, the Pilgrims, who were some of the first Europeans to come to America.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at some words. First of all, we need to learn the word sail. To sail means to go or move on water.


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[Assistant] That's where the word came from, to sail. To sail across the ocean is to use these sails to catch the wind and to go across the ocean to sail.


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[Assistant] Okay, land. Land, of course, can mean a couple things. Land as a noun means, you know, an area of the earth that is not water. It's a hard surface of the earth. But land is also a verb. Here, land is used as a verb.


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[Assistant] It means to. So, to arrive. That's a verb, not a noun. I mean, it can be used as a noun, but in this case, we're using it as a verb. To land.


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[Assistant] To land means to arrive somewhere by airplane or boat. Because if you think about it, if you're on a boat, you're on the water. You're on the water, you reach land, you land on land, right? If you're in an airplane, you're in the air. You're not on land. You come back down,


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's interesting. To land means to arrive somewhere by boat or by airplane. When you leave the land and you come back to the land, you land. Okay, settler.


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[Assistant] Make their homes in America the Native Americans did. The Native Americans settled


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[Assistant] America a long, long time ago, but the Europeans then came and it was a new area for them.


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[Assistant] So they were settling the land, uh, for Europeans. So it depends on, you know,


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[Assistant] Who you're looking from, whose perspective you're looking at.


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[Assistant] As to whether you're going to use the word settler or not. This is a picture of two people who are pretending to be settlers. I don't think she's a settler. She's a tourist, right, who came to look at these people and she's taking, uh, she's participating in one of the exhibits at like a, uh, a living museum.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at the next one, which is Pilgrim. That's the group that we are talking about in this lesson. A Pilgrim. You may have heard this word before. A Pilgrim is a person in a group of English newcomers.


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[Assistant] English Newcomers. The first pilgrims were from England and they came to America


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[Assistant] They were on the Mayflower. This is the ship. That's the name of the ship that they were on. They sailed from England to America in 1620.


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[Assistant] They're called pilgrims. Pilgrims are people who seek, uh, religious freedom. Are there


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[Assistant] The pilgrims did not like the Church of England. They didn't agree with it. They wanted to be free to practice their religion without the control of the Church of England


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[Assistant] So they had to leave England. They decided they're going to go to America from England. They sailed on the Mayflower in 1620. They were some of the first settlers


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[Assistant] To come from England to America and create a town or city. A long time ago.


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[Assistant] 1620. A long time before even America was a country. Okay.


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[Assistant] Freedom. I just mentioned that the Pilgrims wanted freedom. They wanted religious freedom. So they left England. Freedom is the right to do whatever you want. Freedom is the right to do whatever you want. They wanted religious freedom. They wanted the right


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[Assistant] Uh, act in their religion or to practice their religion in the way they wanted to. The Church of England told them, no, you can't do that. Said no, we want freedom. So they left England. They were pursuing freedom. They were looking for freedom.


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[Assistant] Now your root can be a straight line or it can be


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[Assistant] You know, if you have time, you want to see some sights, you can go around in a different way, right? A route. A route is a way that someone or something takes to go somewhere.


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[Assistant] So if you're at point A, you want to go to point B, there are many routes you can take. You can go this way and check out a museum if you wanted to.


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[Assistant] You know, I'm just being, uh, a little fun here. Museum, you can go, oh, you want to check out a mountain? You can go this way, right? There's a mountain we can look at up this way.


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[Assistant] Or, you know, there's many routes that you can take between point A to point B. It's a way, any way, that you take, that something or someone takes to get from one place to another place. Of course, the fastest route is always a straight line.


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[Assistant] Okay, search for. If you search for something, it means you try to find something. You try to find something. You're looking for something. You're searching for it. You think it's out there. You don't know. You don't know where it is. But you're trying to find it.


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[Assistant] Remember, be careful because search for does not mean find.


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[Assistant] If you find something, that's the action. Ah!


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[Assistant] I found it. Right? I found it. I found it right here. It's there. Then you find it. Do not say, I am finding my keys. That doesn't make sense. Because when you say you find something, that's the moment that you see it. Aha! I found it. Right? I found it.


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[Assistant] But you do not look around, you are not finding something. You are searching for something. Be careful, I hear a lot of mistakes. A lot of students will say, I am finding my book. No. You are searching for your book. When you see it, then you found it. Okay?


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[Assistant] So don't say I am finding something, that sounds silly. You are searching for something. Okay.


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[Assistant] Now, let's take a look at our chart. We have the pilgrim's journey. We talked about it already a little bit, right? We saw on the, uh, uh, word for pilgrim, we talked about this quite a bit actually.


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[Assistant] The pilgrims from England sailed on the Mayflower in 1620. That's what we saw before. Okay. Why did they do it? The pilgrims wanted freedom of religion. Here is England here.


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[Assistant] And they sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. Many months. Lots of waves. People get sick. Very difficult to live on a boat. It's always wet. Uh, the boat's always moving like this. Sometimes there's no wind, so people are just sitting around waiting for wind.


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[Assistant] But this is how people traveled a long time ago. It took them many months to come from England.


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[Assistant] So from England to Plymouth, Plymouth Rock, there's a rock there, Plymouth Rock, that they call, it's very famous in American history because that's where the pilgrims came across the Atlantic Ocean. Now let's take a look at a video.


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[Assistant] This video isn't actually the way that the pilgrim sailed. This is the landing of the pilgrim 1620.


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[Assistant] And, uh, you can see the, the Mayflower. I'm sure they did not have these signs and trademark logos on their boat. And look at these guys. These guys are having a good time. They're just laying back, you know, they're, they're kind of lazy. But this is not the way it was. Absolutely not. This is just a fun cartoon, right?


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[Assistant] Like I said, it was very difficult to travel for a long time across, uh, such a long distance over the ocean. Because think about it, you're always moving. It makes your head sick. It makes your stomach sick.


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[Assistant] You're moving for months, right? The food isn't always so good, especially after you've been on the ocean for a long time. You don't have fresh food anymore. You can't go to the store to get fresh food. You only have what you brought with you. So it's a very, very difficult journey.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at our words and match them to our definitions. The words are sail, land, settler, settler,


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[Assistant] To go or move on water, any time you get on a boat and you're moving across the water, what do you call that? Of course you call that to sail. To sail. Number two.


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[Assistant] To arrive somewhere by plane or boat.


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[Assistant] So you leave land and you return to land, of course, land in that case is used as a noun, but we also use it as a verb, that means to land. You're leaving land, the noun, and you're, you know, you're on the water or you're in the air, and you come back to land, the noun, you are landing, verb, to land. Okay, three.


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[Assistant] The right to do whatever you want. The right to do whatever you want. You have the right to do whatever it is that you want to do. You have what? You have freedom. Freedom. Let freedom ring, right? You have freedom to do what you want to do. Okay, number four.


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[Assistant] A person who goes to live in a new area before others. So a person who goes to live in a new area before other people. So one of the first people of a group to go to another area. What do we call these people? These people may be developing a new land.


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[Assistant] They might be going to live there. There's a large group here. Some people go and they're the first people to go and develop or to make homes in that land. We call those people settlers. Settlers.


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[Assistant] Number five, a way that someone or something takes to go somewhere. So a way, a method, a path.


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[Assistant] Right? Uh, not so much a method, but a path. Uh, the way that somebody takes a path or a road could be, uh, a different road. We call that, of course, what do we say? We say that's a route. There are many different routes to get somewhere. Uh, you can go this way, you can go that way. Uh, it's a route. Six.


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[Assistant] A person in a group of English newcomers to America


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[Assistant] Who are on the Mayflower in 1620. So it's a special group. Not all people who came to America were in this group, but this is a special group that were called a certain name because they were seeking, they were looking for, they were searching for religious freedom.


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[Assistant] And what do we call those people? Of course we call them pilgrims. They are pilgrims. Okay.


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[Assistant] Holidays in America, they're very important for America, and Thanksgiving Day has to do with the pilgrims and the settlers who came to America, because there's a story behind this.


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[Assistant] American Indians called Wampanoag. Wampanoag.


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[Assistant] Helped the pilgrims. When the pilgrims came over, like I said before, they were not the first people in America.


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[Assistant] The Indians had settled America a long, long, long time before the Europeans came over.


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[Assistant] So when the Europeans came over, the Pilgrims came to America, the Indians were already there. And the Indians knew how to live in this land because they had been living there for hundreds, thousands of years. Hundreds and


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[Assistant] Maybe thousands of years, not hundreds of thousands, but thousands of years.


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[Assistant] In the fall, the pilgrims had a harvest celebration with them. The pilgrims had a hard time growing food. They didn't know what kinds of crops to plant. They didn't know where to plant. They didn't know how to make crops grow.


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[Assistant] In the new land, especially with the weather and everything else. The Indians taught them to do that. The Indians taught them where to fish, some better ways to fish, how to grow food, how to get their food.


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[Assistant] Without the Indians, the pilgrims might have all died. They had a very difficult time. So, when the pilgrims, uh, in the fall, when the pilgrims got all their food together, they had a harvest celebration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the Indians. They wanted to show the Indians that they were thankful for the help.


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[Assistant] We remember that with a holiday called Thanksgiving Day. So our holiday Thanksgiving Day where we eat a lot of food and we eat turkey and we have corn on the cob and biscuits and butter and cranberry sauce and all those other things that we eat on Thanksgiving Day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have Thanksgiving Day to remember that event when the pilgrims, uh, gave thanks, uh, also to the Indians and also to their God, uh, for the fact that they were able to grow food and be successful in the new land that they were on. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at our quiz here. Look at the picture and fill in the blank to complete the sentence. Here we have a picture here.


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[Assistant] These people are coming off the boat. Yay! Remember, it's really tough on that boat, right? Oh, they want to get back to land. They want the world to stop moving around, right? So they want to get back to land. They're very happy. They found the new land. They can grow fresh food now. They don't have to eat that old biscuits on the boat. Okay, so in 1620,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who were these people? What did we call that group of people? We called them the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims sailed from England to North America on a ship called the Mayflower. Okay, let's take a look at our true false question.


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[Assistant] Number one, sail means to move on water. Sail means to move on water. Is that true? Absolutely, that is true. Whenever you're moving on water, you're sailing. Well, if you're in a boat, of course. If you're swimming, you're swimming. But if you're in a boat and you're moving on the water, you are sailing.


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[Assistant] Two, root means to try to find something. So root means to try to find something. Does that sound right? That's not right. That's false. Not root. What other word did we learn? And actually it was a two-part word. It was a phrasal verb, right? Search for. Search for means to try to find something.


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[Assistant] That's okay, but we have to change the sentence. So the pilgrims didn't like it in England because they couldn't grow corn, right? They wanted to go somewhere to grow corn. That's why they left their homes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, that's crazy. That's not true. That's false. The pilgrims, if they wanted to grow corn,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not to grow a certain kind of food. Okay, so we have to change that. That's false. Okay, so that wraps it up for the vocabulary section. Don't go away. We'll look at the reading passage in just a few minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, welcome back to the reading section. Of course, we're going over Unit 8. We're talking about when people started coming to America, and we're focusing on the Pilgrims as the first, one of the first groups of Europeans who came to America. Let's begin with the reading.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the 17th century, the first settlers started coming to America. One group of the first settlers to land in America was called the Pilgrims.


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[Assistant] So be careful here. The 17th century, I may have pointed this out. Of course, what, uh, what was the year? What was the date? Was it the 1700s?


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[Assistant] It was the sixteen hundreds. Don't get confused. When you see the seventeenth century, always remember minus one.


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[Assistant] And then you have 1600s. In the 1600s, the first settlers, the first people, the first Europeans to settle America started coming to America, especially in the 1620s. One group, because there were many groups, but one group


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of the first settlers to land in America, they were called the Pilgrims. So it's important to notice this one group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because there were other groups. Other groups of settlers came to different places in America. Some of them were successful. Some of them failed. One group completely disappeared. Nobody knows what happened to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so, but one group was called the Pilgrims. They were successful. They prospered and they survived. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Pilgrims, they, right, they refers back to the Pilgrims, they were from England. The Pilgrims had to sail a difficult route from England to America over the Atlantic Ocean. They came to America on a ship called the Mayflower in 1620.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the Pilgrims were from England, that's where they started from.


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[Assistant] The pilgrims had to. Had to means they, it must. They had no choice. They had to do it because that was the only way to get from England to America was to sail across the Atlantic Ocean in a boat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a boat. It was a difficult route. As I said before, it took many months, right? It was very hard to be on a boat, especially a small boat like that with many people, uh, for months at end. And sometimes there's no wind, so you're just sitting there, boring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And there's no fresh food. You have to bring these old biscuits with you that will stay for a long time.


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[Assistant] You eat all the fresh food is gone within a week, right? Then several, many, many more weeks, you have to eat, uh, yakuwa food until you get to America, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, and of course they sailed across or over the Atlantic Ocean. Okay. They came to America on a ship. The ship that they were on was called the Mayflower. When did they come? In 1620. That's the date that they came over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They came to America, again they, pilgrims, they came to America searching for freedom. Why did they come? Of religion. Searching for freedom of religion.


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[Assistant] So let's take a look here again. Pilgrims came to America why? Why did they come? They were searching. This is the reason. Searching. They were searching for freedom of religion. They wanted, uh, to be free in the way that they practiced their religion. They wanted freedom of religion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the pilgrims built a village. They built a town. And they called that town Plymouth. Uh, they called it Plymouth. And there was a big rock nearby. They called Plymouth Rock. So they said that the pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. Sorry, Plymouth Rock. Now, when they got there,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Pilgrims of course were not the first people in the area. American Indians had come a long long time before them. There was a tribe, a group of American Indians.


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[Assistant] Their tribes name was called Wampanoag. There were many American Indian tribes, right? Maybe you've heard of the Mohicans, right? Uh, the Apache, uh, the Comanche, right? These are all different American Indian tribes or Native Americans, uh, who are different groups or tribes. Now this group,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Help the pilgrims, help the pilgrims, them grow food and hunt because the pilgrims when they came to the new land they were not sure about this new land. They didn't know how to live there. The Indians were living there for hundreds and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In some cases for thousands of years before the Europeans came to America. So they knew the land. They knew how to grow food. They knew how to hunt.


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[Assistant] The Pilgrims started a new life in their new home because they built their new home at Plymouth.


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[Assistant] Okay, our reading skill is main idea and details. The main idea is the first settlers in America were the pilgrims. That's our main idea. That's what we're talking about here.


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[Assistant] We have three details to support that main idea. And we have three blanks to fill in. The words we need to use are Atlantic Ocean,


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[Assistant] Freedom and Mayflower. Let's take a look at these. What did they, did they sail over? Did they sail over the Atlantic Ocean? Did they sail in the freedom or did they sail in the Mayflower? They sailed


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the Atlantic Ocean. The Pilgrims sailed a route from England to America in the Atlantic Ocean. So the Atlantic Ocean is where they sailed their route from England to America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They came to America on a ship, on a ship called the what? What was the ship's name? Of course it was the Mayflower. And when was it? In 1620. So they came to America on a ship called the Mayflower in 1620.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over here, the Pilgrims came to America searching for, what were they searching for? Something to do with religion? They were searching for freedom. Freedom of religion. That's why they wanted to come over to America.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at our reading comprehension question.


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[Assistant] American Indians help the pilgrims do what?


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[Assistant] So when the pilgrims came to America, they didn't have any money, right? So they couldn't go to the store and buy food. No, that's not right. There was no place to buy food, right? There weren't any stores at that time. So it wasn't buy food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] American Indians helped the pilgrims grow food, right? A long time ago, if you wanted food, you had to grow it or hunt it. But of course, growing food was, uh, the best way to get food, enough food for a large group of people. So grow food is the answer. Not sell food.


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[Assistant] What is the name of a harvest celebration? Remember that chart we looked at?


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[Assistant] When they gather the harvest, when they gather the food in, uh, to eat, uh, at, in the fall, and they wanted to show thanks, not only to the Pilgrims, uh, not only to the, uh, Native Americans, but also to their God for helping them survive in this new land. Do they call it Pilgrim's Day, Thanksgiving Day, or Plymouth's Day?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They call it Thanksgiving Day. Thanksgiving Day is the name of the harvest celebration and we still celebrate Thanksgiving Day every year. It's the fourth Thursday of November. Okay, let's take a look at number three.


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[Assistant] See, they traveled on a ship called Plymouth.


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[Assistant] Well Frightened went away and saw B is kind of silly, isn't it? They walked from England across an ocean. You can walk on water. Were they all Jesus? They wanted religious freedom. I'm just kidding. No, they can't walk on water. Nobody can walk on water. So that's silly. They didn't walk on water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, they traveled on a ship called Plymouth. No, the name was the Mayflower. So that's wrong. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. Right. That's how they got from England to America. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. Number four.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Built a village called Plymouth and started their new life, or sea, settled England by crossing the Atlantic Ocean.


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[Assistant] Sea sounds kinda funny, doesn't it? After they arrived in America, they settled England, they went back to England by crossing the Atlantic Ocean again? That's very silly.


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[Assistant] They showed the Wampanoag how to grow food and hunt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, it was the other way around. The Wampanoag showed them how to grow food and hunt. So that's not right. Of course, B is our answer. They built a village called Plymouth. They called the village Plymouth and they started their new life. And that's what they did after they arrived in America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at our chart here again. The Pilgrim's Journey. This chart shows the journey that the pilgrims made from England to America.


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[Assistant] Now they started in one place and they wound up in another place. In fact, I just said what they did, right? Didn't I? So if we put in this, where did they come from? They came from England. Where did they land? They landed in Plymouth. That's the name of the place where they landed in America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, across the Atlantic Ocean, their ship's name was called the Mayflower.


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[Assistant] So we can see some notes down here. The pilgrims from England sailed on the Mayflower in 1620.


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[Assistant] The pilgrims wanted freedom of religion, and that's the main reason why the pilgrims came to America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this unit, unit eight is about people start coming to America. It was about just one group of people, one group of European settlers who started to come to America to settle what they thought were new lands. Of course the American, the Native Americans had been there


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, the pilgrims came over, the pilgrims were one of the groups that came over. They left England because they were looking for religious freedom. They came over on the ship called the Mayflower in 1620. It was a very difficult journey. They were very happy to land. Of course, once they, once they landed, the Indians helped them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and they gave thanks by having a harvest celebration and that's why we celebrate Thanksgiving Day every year in America these days. Okay, well that's an interesting story. It's a little bit about history. The early, early, early history of America and a long time actually before America became a nation.


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[Assistant] Well anyways, hope you've learned a lot. As always, we'll see you guys next time. Take care.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone, welcome back to American Textbook Reading. I'm Brian Stewart. Are you ready to go shopping?


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[Assistant] First of all, one of the things we can buy at the market, one of the things that is very good for your health is vegetable. And of course we usually talk about vegetables, right? Because there are many vegetables that are good for us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A vegetable is a plant that people can eat as food.


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[Assistant] So basically, any plant that you can eat as food, we call that as a vegetable. Of course, there is a distinction made from fruits, right? Fruits and vegetables are a little bit different, but usually our definition here, a vegetable is a plant that people can eat as food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, our next word is a verb, to provide. This is what markets do for people. They provide things. Provide means to give someone something. And as we can see, it is a verb, to give.


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[Assistant] To give someone something is to provide them with something.


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[Assistant] So if you provide somebody with something, you are giving them, uh, the, the thing, or you're giving them the chance to buy your thing. Okay? Markets provide many goods for sale. So markets give, uh, many products for sale to customers.


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[Assistant] Our next word is pick out. When you go to the market,


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[Assistant] Wow, there are so many fruits and vegetables, so many different types of food that you need to choose which one you want. You can't get them all, right? Your stomach's not big enough, right? So you want to pick out the ones that you want. Pick out means to choose one.


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[Assistant] Different kind of apples, right? There's green ones, there's red ones, there's big ones, there's small ones.


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[Assistant] When you buy, especially when you buy vegetables or fruit or some type of food that's not packaged, right? It just comes in a, uh, there's a lot of them and you pick out several of them. You have to weigh them because the store needs to know how much to charge you


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do you know? If there's five apples, you have five big apples, maybe five smaller apples are cheaper, right? Of course, the more you buy, the heavier the item you buy, the more it costs. So you need to weigh it. Weigh means to put something on a scale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To see how heavy, how heavy it is. And this is a type of scale.


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[Assistant] Of course the scale that you see at the grocery store is not this type of scale.


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[Assistant] You put it on and there's a little electronic, right? A digital readout. It tells you how much something is. Or sometimes the clerk pushes a button and a little paper comes out


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[Assistant] And that's the price of the goods that you want to buy. That is the price of the cucumbers or the tomatoes or the apples that you want to buy.


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[Assistant] So you need to weigh them first before you go to pay for those goods.


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[Assistant] Okay, also milk, milk is another thing that you can buy at the supermarket or grocery.


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[Assistant] Milk, of course, is a white drink, it's white in color, that we can get from cows, right? Goats and sheep. Did you know that? Of course, normally we drink cow's milk, but you can drink goat milk and sheep milk. Did you ever have goat milk or sheep milk?


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[Assistant] I never drank that. I've always drunk cow milk. That's the most common type of milk.


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[Assistant] In some places where there aren't many cows, you can get milk from goats and you can get milk from sheep and human beings can drink that also. But normally we get milk from cows. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A buyer. What is a buyer? That's you, right? Or that's your mom or dad, right? When you go to the grocery store, if you go with your mom, she is the buyer. If you go by yourself and you buy something, you are the buyer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a buyer is someone who buys something. And she, this woman here is a buyer, she has bought many things, right? She is a very busy buyer, right? Okay, so when you go to the store and you buy something, you can call yourself a buyer. We can also call that person, of course,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at our chart here. How goods come to home? How do these goods come to your home? Well of course we have the goods here, right? These are many products. Different types of products that we can buy. Of course it doesn't matter if they're food, toys, whatever. They are goods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then they are sold in the market. You go to the market to buy those things. Some markets are very big. Sometimes you have small neighborhood, uh, supermarkets, right? A very small market. But markets are many different sizes and shapes and types. But you go to the market to get the goods.


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[Assistant] At the market you meet the seller. The seller is the person who works at the market.


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[Assistant] You're not really just, uh, exchange.


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[Assistant] The seller isn't just giving you the goods, you're giving that person something in exchange as a trade, right? They give you the goods, you give them the money. That's in exchange, okay? So, goods, uh, the buyer gets the goods and the buyer gives the money to the seller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then after the buyer has taken the goods, given the money, then the buyer goes home. And then everybody in the family enjoys the goods. Okay? And that's how goods come to your home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's take a look at our word matching exercise. We need to match the words to the proper definitions. Let's take a look. Our words are vegetable. Vegetable. Provide. Provide.


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[Assistant] Milk. Milk. And buyer. Buyer. Those are our words. How do we match them to the definitions? Let's start with number one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Someone who buys something. That's easy, right? Someone who buys something. If you buy something, they're the person who does it, we just add er to the verb, right?


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[Assistant] This is a pattern that is very common in English, by the way. For example, if you wait, right, wait is a verb. But if your job is to wait on people at a restaurant, you are called a waiter, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you drive a vehicle for a job, right, like a bus, you are a driver, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we see that verb and then we add er or sometimes just are and that makes a person who does that thing. So a person who buys something is a buyer. Very simple and very common pattern we can see in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Number two, a plant. So we're looking for a plant that people can eat as food. We can eat it as food. Where is our plant that we can eat as food? Ah, it's over here, isn't it? That's the vegetable. Vegetable is a plant that we can eat as food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, you should always eat vegetables every day for a healthy body. Because vegetables are very healthy for us. Okay, number three.


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[Assistant] How heavy are these apples? How heavy is this watermelon? Watermelons are very heavy. We need to know how heavy it is so we put it on a scale. What are we doing when we do that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you want to choose one. You have many things in front of you. You want to choose one of those things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? You pick something out. So when you choose from many things, you are picking out one thing from many choices, from many options. So you pick it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Five. To give someone something. If you give someone something, especially if you give someone the choice or you give someone the opportunity to do something, what are you doing? You are providing. You provide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a market provides many goods to its customers, right? They provide, they give those customers many choices, many options to pick something out. They provide many goods to customers.


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[Assistant] Six, a white drink that we can get from cows, goats, and sheep. And this white drink is very good for us. It helps build strong bones and teeth, right? So what is this, uh, product? What is this thing? It is of course milk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you should drink milk every day also because that's very important for us, growing strong and healthy body. It helps build your bones stronger. It also helps have you, uh, it also helps let you have healthy white and strong teeth, which is very important, obviously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at our chart here. Now, when you go to the supermarket and you buy something, there are many ways that you can pay for these goods, right? You're getting the product in exchange you're giving the seller money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So how do you give money to the seller? There's four different ways we can see on this chart. One way is you can have coins, right? If you have a lot of coins, you can give all the coins to the seller, right? Of course the seller may not like that because they have to count all the coins.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have coins and bills. That's really, uh, the most common type of money that we use.


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[Assistant] We can also, and this is very common in America especially, not so common in Korea, but very common in America is you can write a check. Write a check.


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[Assistant] Now what this means is that you have a bank account.


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[Assistant] How much in numbers 1 or 2 and then up you write 225. So you write up here 2.


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[Assistant] 25. Just like that. And underneath on the bottom, you write the whole thing out. You have to write like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 25. I usually do this. 100. So that means 25 cents. And then you go like this so that nobody can add more money at the end, right? That's not good. So you put $2.25, you write it out, and then you sign your name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sign your name at the bottom, right? So you sign your name like this. That's signing my name, right? At the bottom of the check, I give that to the supermarket seller, and they accept that as money, especially if it's a local bank. Let's take a look here. This is somebody who's doing exactly what I just said. As you can see, they've already filled out their check.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They have pay to the order of, that's the name of the person that they're, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Giving the check too. They wrote the number. It's a little bit hard to see. Uh oh, they're rejecting it. Why'd they reject that check? That's terrible. Okay, we'll get to that. But as you can see, they wrote, uh, the numbers out up here. Then they wrote the same number in longhand. One thousand three hundred


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means that they're not going to accept the check. They're going to reject it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hopefully they don't do that. If they reject it, that means they refuse that check. That check cannot be used. But in most cases, stores will accept the check.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I hope that's the case. Okay, but anyway, that's a very common system in America that people use. And they have a book of checks and you can use them as money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One thing that might happen though is if they write a check for too much money, they don't have that much money in the bank account, then it can be rejected and the check will bounce. And that's very bad because you have to pay


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, but that's a very complicated thing. Anyway, the thing is that in America, checks are actually quite common as a form of money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally we have credit card. Now you probably are familiar with credit card. Credit cards are becoming more and more common.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes people at the store will say, how will you pay? Cash or credit? Cash or credit?


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[Assistant] And that means, will you pay with cash, bills or coins or will you pay by credit? And that of course means by credit card. And credit cards are very dangerous because be careful using credit cards. You can spend too much money and forget.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have coins and bills, you know exactly how much money you have. So be careful with credit cards. But these are four different ways that people can spend money or use money to buy goods or services.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's come to this, uh, mini quiz here. We have complete the sentence to best describe the pictures. We have two pictures here.


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[Assistant] This picture here is in a pharmacy. A pharmacy. This is where you go to get drugs that will help you, like medicines, aspirin, uh, things if you have a, uh, a stomach ache, you know, aw, my stomach hurts. So you go to the pharmacy and you can get medicine and it will make you feel better. So this is at a pharmacy. This is a pharmacist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the buyer or customer. She is buying goods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over here, this is a clothing store. Here we have the seller. We have the buyer. She is also buying her goods, right? So, sellers beep, buyers with goods. So whether it's medicine or clothes, sellers are doing what? They're giving. They are


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The opportunity or the chance to buy these goods. So they're providing many goods for the sellers. The sellers can go to the store and buy those goods. So they're providing the sellers with many goods. And we go there and pick out which one we want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we've come to our true-false questions. Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] We can buy fruit and vegetables at a market. Is that true? We can buy fruit and vegetables at a market?


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[Assistant] Of course, that is true, absolutely. We go to a market to buy many types of goods. Usually a market is a food market, right? And usually supermarkets are food markets, but we can just say market too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The most common type of market is a food market where we go to buy our groceries, the food that we need for every week. And of course fruits and vegetables are very important.


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[Assistant] So if we want to buy fruit, we want to buy vegetables, we can go there. By the way, sometimes fruit is used as a non-count noun. We can buy fruit or sometimes you can say fruits as plural. It depends on how you use it. But this is fine. We can buy fruit and vegetables at a market.


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[Assistant] Pick out. To pick out means to choose one from many things. So this sentence says that pick out is a verb. It means to choose. Is that true? If you have many things and you have to make a choice, is it true that you pick out? Is that what it means? Absolutely, that is what it means.


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[Assistant] So that number two is a true sentence. It's exactly true. Pick out means to choose one thing from many others. Number three.


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[Assistant] People who work at the market. People who work where?


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[Assistant] So people who are working at the market, right, they are accepting money and they are giving goods to buyers.


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[Assistant] Buyers, right? No, they're not. That sounds a little weird. Buyers give goods to buyers, right? People who work at the market are not buyers. That's false. We have to change this word. How can we change that word with a word that we learned, uh,


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[Assistant] Already that we talked about. People who work at the market are not buyers, they are sellers.


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[Assistant] Right? And even though that word was not part of our vocabulary, we looked at that on our chart. And it follows the same pattern I showed to you before. Cell is a verb.


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[Assistant] A person who does that verb is a seller, just like buy is a verb and a person who does that verb is a buyer.


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[Assistant] People who work at the market are not buyers, they are sellers. So number three is false.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that wraps it up for our vocabulary section. Let's take a short break. We'll come back and look at the reading section. Don't go away.


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[Assistant] Welcome back. Let's go over the reading section together. Of course, we're talking about visiting the market and that is what the reading section is about. Our first sentence is,


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[Assistant] The market provides buyers with goods. We have two of our vocabulary words right away, provides buyers with goods.


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[Assistant] So if a buyer wants to get goods, where do they go? They go to the market because the market provides buyers with goods. The market gives goods to the buyers. It gives the buyers opportunities or chances to pick out the goods they want.


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[Assistant] You're at the market with your mom now. You are? Oh, I thought you were studying with me. No, I'm just kidding. We're just imagining, right? Okay, so you're at the market with your mom now. Imagine, right? Don't go there. Don't run away. Go get mom. Let's go to the market. No, don't do that, right? Let's just imagine, okay? So you're at the market with your mom now.


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[Assistant] There are many different vegetables, fruits, and cereals you can find. So vegetable was our vocabulary word. Remember vegetables is one type of plant you can eat.


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[Assistant] They're not like biscuits or anything, but they're made from wheat or they're made from rice and they're baked and they taste good, right? You pour them in a bowl, put milk over them and eat them. Very common.


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[Assistant] So, vegetables, fruits, and cereals, you can find many types of these things. There are many different types of these things at the market that you can find. You can also find juice and milk, right? So you have your food, you also have your drink.


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[Assistant] Uh, of course if you just eat cereal by itself, you have milk there, but maybe you want some orange juice with that, right? So of course you have to put milk into your cereal too.


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[Assistant] These are healthy foods. Healthy foods. And we eat them every day. Absolutely. Most American kids, they'll eat cereal for breakfast every day. They'll put milk in the cereal. They might have orange juice with it.


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[Assistant] And hopefully, they have a fruit with their breakfast. At lunch, they will, mom will pack a lunch for them. Mom usually packs a vegetable, like a carrot or something like that. And maybe a fruit, like an apple or an orange, into the sack lunch, into the lunch that the children carry to school.


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[Assistant] So it's very important to eat these things everyday because they are healthy foods. They're good for you. These are healthy foods. We can eat them everyday. So let's eat them everyday. Okay, your mom looks at her shopping list and picks out some fruit and vegetables.


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[Assistant] Before your mom goes to the store, she makes a list, right? She makes a shopping list. What does she need? So when she goes to the store, there's so many things. She doesn't have to spend much time thinking, well what do we need? She knows what she needs because she looks at the list and she can do her shopping very quickly.


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[Assistant] Okay, she picks out some fruit and vegetables. And here she is, she's picking up some fruit. Looks like she's picking up, or picking out some apples.


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[Assistant] She chooses the best goods after thinking and comparing. So on her list it says get apples. We need six apples. She will look at the different types of fruit of apples. She'll think about it.


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[Assistant] She'll think about which one is cheaper, which one is better quality, which one is better taste, and then she'll pick out the ones that she wants. And that's how she chooses the goods for the family.


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[Assistant] Then the worker. The worker is talking about the person at the supermarket.


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[Assistant] The worker weighs the goods and tells her the price.


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[Assistant] So, mom will give those apples to a worker, somebody who's working there, and you can see them. If you go to a big supermarket, you can see the people working there. They usually have the uniform or an apron for the, uh, store on, and they're standing next to the scale, the weighing machine.


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[Assistant] And so mom will give them the goods, the worker will put them on a scale, and say what the price is.


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[Assistant] And that of course is where she takes all of her goods, she puts them on the counter, and another worker


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[Assistant] Okay, so that is the story of how mom goes to the supermarket and gets the goods, brings them back home. Let's take a look now at our reading skill and we're looking at sequence because basically this is like a story, right? You're imagining you're at the supermarket now with your mom.


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[Assistant] What are the steps that mom does in order, uh, to get those goods and then to be ready to go back home and cook for the family?


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[Assistant] We have three steps. First step, second step, third step. There are blanks in each step. These are the words we use to fill in the blanks. The words are price, pays, picks out, and ways. Remember picks out is like one blank, right? They're together.


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[Assistant] Okay, so what's the first step? Your mom does what with some fruit and vegetables, right? Your mom will


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[Assistant] When she goes to the supermarket, there are many types of fruits and vegetables, or many types of fruit and vegetables. So she has to choose.


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[Assistant] Which ones to buy? She has to choose. She has to pick out, right? Your mom picks out some fruit and vegetables. She chooses the fruit or the vegetables that she wants to buy.


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[Assistant] After she does that, you know, she puts it in a bag, then what does she do? The worker beep.


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[Assistant] So she gives the goods to the worker, right, and the worker puts those goods on a scale to see how heavy they are.


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[Assistant] Right? We need to know how heavy they are to know how much does it cost. So when we put it on a scale to find out how heavy they are, what are we doing? We of course are weighing. So the worker weighs the goods, weighs the goods, and tells her


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[Assistant] Tells her the price. We talked about that. I just said that. We want to know how much it costs. We want to know what is the price.


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[Assistant] The worker will weigh the goods and tell her the price.


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[Assistant] Finally, the last step at the supermarket. Your mom does what? She does what? At the counter. Remember, this is also called the checkout counter.


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[Assistant] What does mom do at the checkout counter? She has to give money, right? When she gives money, what is she doing? She is paying.


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[Assistant] So your mom pays at the counter, at the checkout counter. It's the place, you know, you get all your goods together. Finally, the last stop before you leave the store, you pay for your goods at the counter.


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[Assistant] Then, after she pays, then she will go home and she will cook and we can enjoy a delicious meal. Sounds good, right? And that's how mom gets the food from the market to your home. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's go over our reading comprehension questions. Number one, what does a market provide to buyers? So, in the, from the passage, we remember what does the market provide to buyers? A, B, or C? Well, A is money, B is goods, and C is checks.


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[Assistant] So when we go to a market, do we want the market to give us money?


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[Assistant] No, we're gonna give money to the market. So A is not right, right?


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[Assistant] Do we want checks? See, checks is similar to money. Checks is almost the same as money, right? Do we want the market to give us checks? No, we're not at the market.


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[Assistant] to pay for goods. Remember what I told you? The very common question that a worker at the checkout counter will ask you is cash or


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[Assistant] That's very silly. Okay, B, white drink. Oh, here's a white drink. That's also very silly. How about this one? Credit card. Sure. You can use money or a credit card to pay for goods because you're going to pay with cash, money, or credit card to pay with credit. So you use a credit card


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[Assistant] So you either have the actual bills and coins, which is money, right, uh, that's cash, or you have a piece of plastic that is your credit card. And a third option we talked about, of course, is checks.


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[Assistant] So sometimes you can use a check and this is kind of common in America. Although, uh, you know, it's, it's becoming maybe a little bit less common. Most people will use cash.


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[Assistant] Uh, or credit card. In fact, more and more people are using credit cards instead of cash. So I think credit cards are probably most popular, cash is next popular, and checks are sometimes accepted, but sometimes they're not accepted.


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[Assistant] Especially credit, uh, checks are not accepted if I'm from Florida, one state, and I go to California, and I say, can I use a check? Usually they say no, because the check on my bank is in Florida. It's too far away.


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[Assistant] So either you have to use cash or credit card. These are the two most common types.


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[Assistant] Checks you can use if it's local in your neighborhood. The bank is in your neighborhood and the supermarket is in your neighborhood. Then that you can use a check. Okay, but anyway that's a long explanation for this one. Basically you can use money or a credit card to pay for goods. Okay? You can also use check in certain circumstances. Okay. Number three.


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[Assistant] After you choose fruit and vegetables, after you chose the fruit and vegetables, what can you do?


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[Assistant] A, B, or C. Let's take a look. A, you can find the price by having them weighed. So in the supermarket, you've, uh, chosen, you've picked out your fruit and vegetables.


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[Assistant] You can find the price by giving them to the worker. The worker will weigh them. Is that true? Yea, that is true. Absolutely. That's what we do.


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[Assistant] The police will come and take you to jail, okay? Do not take the fruit and vegetables home without paying. That's stealing, right? If you do that, that is called stealing.


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[Assistant] Stealing. Okay? So absolutely do not do that. Okay? The answer is A. You can find the price by having them weighed. Okay.


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[Assistant] At a market, your mom will pick out something.


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[Assistant] The best goods after thinking and comparing. B. Fruit and vegetables that weigh the most. C. Goods that she will sell to the seller at the counter. Two of those sound silly. One of them is correct. Of course it's A that's correct.


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[Assistant] At a market, your mom will pick out the best goods after thinking and comparing.


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[Assistant] So even though mom has a list, right, she says the list might say apples. But there are many kinds of apples. She has to think about which apples to buy. She wants to compare the prices, the shape, the size, uh, the quality if they look fresh, if they look old.


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[Assistant] She has to do all that and she has to pick out the best ones. Okay, let's take a look at B for practice.


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[Assistant] Your mom will pick out the fruit and vegetables that weigh the most.


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[Assistant] That doesn't make any sense. Why does she want to get the heaviest ones? Right? Uh, it doesn't mean that they're the best ones, just means that they're the heaviest ones. Well, sometimes you don't want the heaviest ones. Maybe you want smaller ones. So that doesn't make sense. See, goods that she will sell to the seller at the counter? That doesn't make any sense.


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[Assistant] She's not gonna pick up the goods and go sell them at the counter. They're not hers, right? She can't sell them. They're the markets. So that, of course, is not logical. It doesn't make sense. And we saw that A is the best answer there.


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[Assistant] What are all these things? These are all things, objects that we can buy with money. We call these goods, right? These are goods.


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[Assistant] These goods are located in the mar- in where? In the market, right? They are located in the market.


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[Assistant] The market is a place where two types of people come together.


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[Assistant] We have the seller and the buyer. These are two types of people. They meet at the market. Why? Because the seller is going to provide goods to the buyer and the buyer is going to give money to the seller in exchange for the goods. And that's of course is the way the economy works.


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[Assistant] After the buyer has bought the goods from the seller


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[Assistant] She brings them where? She brings them home. So the whole family can enjoy a delicious meal together. And of course a healthy meal. Obviously they have many vegetables and some fruits here as well. So this is going to be a healthy meal that they are going to enjoy together.


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[Assistant] Okay, so our unit was 12, visiting the market. We've talked about some, a little, a few things that we can find at the market, usually food, drinks, you know, food like cereals.


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[Assistant] Common ways to use money, coins, bills, checks and credit card. Of course nowadays it's usually credit card.


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[Assistant] Cash is also very common. Checks are not so common. And remember that they are in America and they are used in America much more often in Korea. I've hardly ever seen a check, somebody writing a check in Korea. I've never seen that.


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[Assistant] I've seen the pre, uh, made checks, the check that's, uh, like a supyo for shipman one. I've seen those, but that's not the same as a check in America. So there are four main types of money that we use in America to pay for our goods.


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[Assistant] But anyway, that wraps up the process of how goods come to home and what you can find at a market and how you can buy healthy food for you and your family. That wraps it up for today. Are you hungry? I'm getting hungry talking about all this food, so go enjoy a healthy snack, okay? I'll see you guys next time. Take care.


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[Assistant] Uh, you'll use a comma in a sort of similar way to how you use it at the beginning. So you'll say something like, with love, comma, Bruce Ben Bacharach.


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[Assistant] Whisper, whisper. What can you do? I'm Whisper. I can talk to you.


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[Assistant] Stay here, out of trouble. I won't be long.


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[Assistant] Listen, your babies need different names.


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[Assistant] Do you think taking revenge is the solution to this problem?


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[Assistant] Your father and I do not want any of our girls to be revengeful.


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[Assistant] We must think with our heads, not react with our hearts.


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[Assistant] Amy dearest, you are the victim of this distressing affair. What do you think should be done?


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[Assistant] Of course, after father returns from the war, he will have the final say in the matter.


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[Assistant] For now however, Amy, you may stay home and do your lessons.


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[Assistant] But you must promise to listen to your sisters and do your work.


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[Assistant] Studying at home will be no different from studying at school. Do you understand?


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[Assistant] Mother made a fresh pot of soup. When I told her about you, she sent it over immediately.


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[Assistant] Oh, you naughty boy, you were spying on us!


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[Assistant] Well, you have my permission to watch this whenever you like.


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[Assistant] He is a sweet, dear boy. You must be proud of him.


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[Assistant] Well, I would love to help you, Mr. Lawrence.


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[Assistant] Where did you get that dress? I want the exact same one.


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[Assistant] For most of a star's life, these two forces are at an uneasy truce. For a star like the Sun, the balance tips in its twilight years. For a brief, glorious moment, it expands, but then blows away its outer layers, leaving behind the gravitationally compressed core.


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[Assistant] In the core of a star, pressure and temperature are high enough that atomic nuclei can get squeezed together and fuse. This releases energy and creates heavier elements.


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[Assistant] Hydrogen fusion makes helium. Helium fusion makes carbon. And each heavier element, in general, takes higher temperatures and pressures to fuse. Lower-mass stars like the Sun stop at carbon.


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[Assistant] Once that builds up in the core, the star's fate is sealed. But if the star has more than about eight times the Sun's mass, it can create temperatures in its core in excess of 500 million degrees Celsius.


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[Assistant] And then carbon will fuse. There are actually a lot of steps in this process.


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[Assistant] But in the end, you get carbon fusing into neon, magnesium, and some sodium. What happens next harkens back to what we found goes on in the Sun's core as it ages. Fuse an element, create a heavier one, then that heavier one builds up until the core contracts and heats up enough to start fusing it. So carbon fusion makes neon, magnesium, and sodium, and those accumulate. The core heats up,


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[Assistant] And when it reaches about a billion degrees, neon will fuse. Neon fusion creates more magnesium as well as some oxygen. These build up in the core. It shrinks, heats up to about 1.5 billion degrees, and then oxygen fuses, creating silicon.


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[Assistant] Then that builds up until the temperature hits about 2-3 billion degrees, whereupon silicon can fuse. Among a pile of other elements, silicon fusion creates iron. And that's trouble. Big, big trouble.


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[Assistant] Once silicon fusion starts, the star is a ticking time bomb. But before we light that fuse, let's take a step back. What's happening to the outer layers of the star?


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[Assistant] What do we see if we're outside, looking back at it? Because the star was born massive, it spent its hydrogen-fusing days as a blue main-sequence star. Stars like this are extremely luminous and can be seen for tremendous distances. Like the Sun, though, a massive star changes when hydrogen fusion stops.


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[Assistant] For example, Betelgeuse in Orion is a red supergiant and one of the brightest stars in the sky, despite being over 600 light-years away. From that distance, you'd need a decent telescope to see the Sun at all. And that's nothing compared to VY Canis Majoris, the largest known star, which is a staggering two


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[Assistant] billion kilometers across. We even have a special term for it.


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[Assistant] A hypergiant. As the core switches back and forth from one fusion reaction to the next, the outer layers respond by contracting and expanding, so a red supergiant can shrink and become a blue supergiant. Rigel, another star in Orion, is a blue supergiant, putting out over 100,000 times as much energy as the Sun. Okay, let's go back to the core.


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[Assistant] Then neon, then carbon, then helium, and finally, hydrogen. You might think massive stars would last longer, because they have more fuel than lower-mass stars. But the cores of these monsters are far hotter, and fuse elements at far higher rates, running out of fuel more quickly. A star like the Sun can happily fuse hydrogen into helium for over 10 billion years.


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[Assistant] The vast majority of a star's life is spent fusing hydrogen.


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[Assistant] The rest happens in the metaphorical blink of an eye. Silicon fuses into a bunch of different elements, including iron. That inert iron builds up in the core, just like all those elements did before. And just like before, the iron core shrinks and heats up. But there's a huge difference here. In all the previous fusion stages, energy is created.


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[Assistant] That energy transforms into heat, and that helps support the soul-crushing amount of stellar mass above the core. But iron is different. When it fuses, it actually sucks up energy instead of creating it. Instead of providing energy for the star, it removes it. This accelerates the shrinking, compressing the core.


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[Assistant] Even worse, at these temperatures and pressures, the iron nuclei suck up electrons that are whizzing around, which are also helping support the core. It's a double whammy.


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[Assistant] Both major means of support for the star are removed in an instant.


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[Assistant] Silicon fusing into iron is happening so fast, this literally takes a fraction of a second once it gets started. The core gets its legs kicked out from under it. It doesn't shrink.


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[Assistant] It collapses. The gravity of the core is so mindbogglingly strong that the outer parts crash down on the inner parts at a significant fraction of the speed of light. This slams down on the central core, collapsing from several hundred kilometers across


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[Assistant] Down to a couple of dozen kilometers across in just a few thousandths of a second. The star is doomed.


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[Assistant] Because all hell is about to break loose. Now, at this point, one of two things can happen. If the star has less than about 20 times the Sun's mass, the core collapse stops when it's still 20 or so kilometers wide. It forms what's called a neutron star, which I'll cover in the next episode. If the star is more massive than this,


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[Assistant] Then the collapse cannot be stopped by any force in the universe. The core collapses


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[Assistant] But for now, what happens when the core collapses and suddenly stops? The core of the star, whether it's a neutron star or a black hole, is now extremely small with terrifyingly strong gravity. It pulls on the star's matter above it. Hard.


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[Assistant] This stuff comes crashing down at a fantastic speed and gets hugely compressed, ferociously heating up. At the same time, two things happen in the core. While this stuff is falling in, a monster shockwave created by the collapse of the core moves outward.


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[Assistant] And slams into the incoming material. The explosive energy is so insane, it slows down that material substantially.


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[Assistant] The second event is that the complicated quantum physics brewing in the core generates vast numbers of subatomic particles called neutrinos. The total energy carried by these little neutrinos is almost beyond reason. In a fraction of a second, they carry away 100 times as much energy as the Sun will produce over its entire lifetime.


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[Assistant] That's an incredible amount of energy! Now, these little beasties are seriously elusive and hate to interact with normal matter. One single neutrino could pass through trillions of kilometers of lead without even noticing. But so many are created in the core collapse, and the material barreling down on the core is so dense that a huge number of them are absorbed.


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[Assistant] This vast wave of neutrinos slams into the oncoming material like a bullet train hitting a slice of warm butter.


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[Assistant] This is called a supernova, and it is one of the most violent and terrifying events the Universe can offer. An entire star tears itself to shreds, and the expanding gas blasts outward at 10% the speed of light.


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[Assistant] The energy released is so huge, they can be seen literally halfway across the Universe. They outshine all the stars in the rest of the galaxy combined. The expanding material called the supernova remnant


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[Assistant] Forms fantastic shapes. The most famous is the Crab Nebula, from a star we saw blow up in the year 1054.


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[Assistant] The tendrils form as the material expands into the gas and dust that surrounded the progenitor star. As remnants expand in age, they become more tenuous. Some have bright rims as they push into material between the stars. Others form complex webs of filaments. I'm often asked if there are any stars near enough to hurt us when they explode. The quick answer is no.


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[Assistant] Even though supernovae are incredibly violent, space is big.


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[Assistant] A supernova would have to be at least as close as a hundred light-years from us before we start feeling any real effects. The nearest star that might explode in this way is Spica in Virgo.


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[Assistant] And it's well over 100 light-years away. I say might explode because it's at the lower mass limit for going supernova. It might not explode at all. Beetlejuice will certainly explode someday, but it's too far away to hurt us.


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[Assistant] We're pretty safe from this particular threat. I'll note that after all this, there is another kind of supernova involving white dwarfs, which we'll cover in our episode about binary stars. Happily, we're probably safe from them too.


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[Assistant] As terrifying and dangerous as supernovae are, there's a very important aspect of them you need to know. Supernovae are capable of great destruction, but they're also critical for our own existence. When the star explodes, the gas gets so hot and is compressed so violently by the blast that it undergoes fusion


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[Assistant] What astronomers call explosive nucleosynthesis, literally creating heavy elements explosively. New elements are produced in quantities that dwarf the Earth's mass. Calcium, phosphorus, nickel, more iron.


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[Assistant] All made in the hellish forge of the supernova heat, and flung outward into the Universe. It takes millennia or longer, but this material mixes with the other gas and dust clouds floating in space. Sometimes these clouds will be actively forming stars. Sometimes the collapse of the cloud to form stars may even be triggered by the supernova slamming into it. Either way,


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[Assistant] The heavy elements created in the supernova will become part of the next generation of stars and planets. Supernovae are how the majority of heavy elements in the Universe are created and scattered.


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[Assistant] The calcium in your bones, the iron in your blood, the phosphorus in your DNA, all created in the heart of the titanic death of a star. That star blew up more than 5 billion years ago, but parts of it go on.


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[Assistant] Today you learned that massive stars fuse heavier elements in their cores than lower-mass stars. This leads to the creation of heavier elements up to iron.


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[Assistant] Iron robs critical energy from the core, causing it to collapse. The shock wave, together with a huge swarm of neutrinos, blasts through the star's outer layers, causing it to explode.


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[Assistant] The resulting supernova creates even more heavy elements, scattering them through space. Also, happily, we're in no danger from a nearby supernova. Crash Course Astronomy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. They have a YouTube channel with great videos. Go, just, just go over there. Check their videos out. They're fantastic. This episode was written by me, Phil Plait.


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[Assistant] So another way to say something like I did not eat the cookie is to say I didn't eat the cookie.


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[Assistant] So you can use an apostrophe to say something like, that's David's cursed skull. Okay.


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[Assistant] Basically means that cursed skull belongs to David. This first sentence, that's David's cursed skull is kind of just an easier way to say that.


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[Assistant] The third use does not happen very often, but apostrophes can occasionally be used to make words plural.


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[Assistant] Yeaah. Right, so there's really only one case where you want to use an apostrophe to make something plural.


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[Assistant] That case is when you're trying to make the plural of a lowercase letter.


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[Assistant] Right, if you didn't have that apostrophe there, it might kinda just look like


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[Assistant] Like, eyes. If you didn't have that apostrophe there, it would probably just look like you're trying to write the word is.


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[Assistant] In the grasslands of Mauritania, a gazelle suffering from tuberculosis takes its last breath. Collapsing near a small pool, the animal's corpse threatens to infect the water.


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[Assistant] But for the desert's cleanup group, this body isn't a problem—it's a feast. Weighing up to 10 kilograms and possessing a wingspan of nearly 3 meters, the lappet-faced vulture is the undisputed king of the carcass.


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[Assistant] This bird's powerful beak and strong neck easily tear through tough hide and muscle tissue, opening entry points for weaker vultures to dig in.


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[Assistant] This colossal competition is too dangerous for the tiny Egyptian vulture. With a wingspan of only 180 centimeters, this vulture migrated to Africa from his family nest in Portugal, using thermal updrafts to stay aloft for hours at a time.


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[Assistant] But upon arrival, he finds himself near the bottom of the pecking order. Fortunately, what he lacks in size he makes up for in intelligence.


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[Assistant] A short distance away, he spots an unguarded ostrich nest full of immense but impenetrable eggs. Using a large rock, he smashes one open for a well-earned meal, though he'll circle back to the gazelle once the larger birds are gone.


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[Assistant] High above the commotion are Rupel's griffon vultures. Soaring at an altitude of over 11,000 meters, these birds fly higher than any other animal.


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[Assistant] At this height, they can't see individual carcasses, but the sight of their fellow vultures guides them to the feeding.


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[Assistant] Their featherless heads help them regulate the sudden rise in temperature as they descend, and keep them clean as they tear into the decaying gazelle.


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[Assistant] The carcass is stripped clean in hours, well before the rotting meat infects the water supply. And the tuberculosis doesn't stand a chance at infecting the vultures.


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[Assistant] In fact, species like the mountain-dwelling bearded vulture have stomachs so acidic they can digest most bones in just 24 hours.