[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we are making a fruit forest, we increase the percentage of fruit bearing trees. It could be a flowering forest, a forest that attracts a lot of birds or bees, or it could simply be a native wild evergreen forest. We collect the seeds and germinate saplings out of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the surface, we spread a thick layer of mulch. So when it's hot outside, the soil stays moist. When it's cold,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Frost formation happens only on the mulch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So soil can still breathe while it's freezing outside. This soil is very soft.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So soft that roots can penetrate into it easily. Rapidly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Initially, the forest doesn't seem like growing, but it's growing under the surface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These roots form a mesh tightly holding the soil. Microbes and fungi live throughout this network of roots. So if some nutrition is not available in vicinity of a tree, these microbes are going to get the nutrition to the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whenever it rains, magically mushrooms appear overnight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this means that soil below has a healthy fungal network.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once these roots are established, forest starts growing on the surface. As the forest grows,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We keep watering it. For next two to three years, we water the forest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want to keep all the water and soil nutrition only for our trees. So we remove the weeds growing on the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As this forest grows, it blocks the sunlight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eventually, the forest becomes so dense that sunlight can't reach the ground anymore. Weeds cannot grow now because they need sunlight as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At this stage, every single drop of water that falls into the forest doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We gradually reduce and eventually stop watering the forest. And even without watering, the forest floor stays moist and sometimes even dark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now when a single leaf falls on this forest floor, it immediately starts decaying. This decayed biomass forms humus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is food for the forest. As the forest grows, more leaves fall on the surface. Means more humus is produced. Means more food so forest can grow still bigger. And this forest keeps growing exponentially.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once established, these forests are going to regenerate themselves again and again, probably forever. In a natural forest like this, no management is the best management. It's a tiny jungle party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the same trees, same species would have been planted independently, it won't grow so fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners. Welcome back to another great lesson at EnglishPod. My name is Marco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool, so we're gonna be working at a construction site today and we're gonna learn a lot of cool vocabulary with different types of tools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so before we get started with this construction dialogue, let's take a look at vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's very popular for houses to have decks and people will put out a table and chairs and maybe have lunch out there or something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The plans that we're talking about are construction plans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How you're gonna build it. Exactly. So we can have floor plans, for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And like a house, right? So it's basically the map for a construction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so there are a lot of people building the deck. They have to build it fast. They've only got one day. So it's a really big challenge, huh?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So we saw some really interesting tools that they were using, so why don't we look at that first in language takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we all know about hammers and nails, right? Right, so the nails are what you put in the wood. Exactly. Now this is an advanced tool so you don't have to use a hammer. It's kind of hard to explain so why don't we listen to the sound this tool makes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it actually uses compressed air to push nails really fast into the wood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a very popular type of wood that you use in construction. A two by four is basically two inches by four inches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's the most popular and common type of wood that you would use for construction, a 2x4. You'll hear it all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a saw we understand is something you use to cut wood. But you have many types of saws. You have a band saw, you have a circular saw, and this one makes this sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so if you want to sand usually a piece of wood, you want to use paper covered in sand to make it very smooth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A sander is basically a machine that has this sandpaper on it and will do the hard work for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so this is a tool that all carpenters have, and it's basically a tool that has a little bit of water in it, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so that's a level every carpenter has it, and also a measuring tape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's a very convenient ruler because it can roll up and you can measure something that is maybe 6 feet or 3 meters long and you can extend it and when you're done measuring you can put it back and just put it in your pocket.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when the contractor started giving them instructions, he said, I need everyone to give 110% today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you give 110%, you are basically trying very hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so it's not only 100%, it's 110, more than what's needed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So as they were talking about the instructions, one of the guys said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is an interesting phrase, rule of thumb. What does that mean exactly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and so she can be proud of her work and say this is a job well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, good. So why don't we listen to this dialogue again for the last time and then we'll come back and talk about construction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So an interesting aspect of North American culture is projects like this, right? Building a deck or maybe adding a room to your house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so it could be a tree house, it could be a deck, it could even maybe be adding another room to the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so basically there are these big stores where you can get anything from paint to wood to tools. Huge amount of, uh, material so you can do it yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so that's all the time we have for today, but let us know what you think and tell us if you are into doing handy work like this, like maybe building a tree house or building a deck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we're gonna be on the road, but we're gonna encounter a little bit of, uh, car problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's happened to everyone. You're on the road or maybe you're coming back from work. You get a flat tire or something happens to your car, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna take a look at two words, uhm, they're kind of strange, uh, I don't know, kind of difficult to understand, so that's what we're gonna explain them. Uhm, the first one is spew, to spew.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shoot out. Shoot out from, uh, your mouth or something liquid. So in the case of a person, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So, a volcano is spewing lava. Now, uh, for the next word that we have, it's, uhm, it's an informal way of saying that something is broken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's an informal way, very popular, very common I would say, uh, to describe that something is not working. I don't think many people actually say, well, it's broken or it's damaged.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or even, like, for example, your arm. Oh, he's got a busted arm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's listen to our dialogue for the first time. Let's see what's going on with this car trouble and then we'll come back and explain something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's a, well maybe it's a little bit stereotypical that we put it as a, as a girl because guys and girls, so many people don't know anything about cars or mechanics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna take a look at very specific words related to cars and the engines and everything. So uhm, let's start with the first one. Radiator. Radiator. Alright, so the radiator of the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you live in a place that's very hot, the radiator keeps your engine cool because it has water in it. So if it overheats or maybe you didn't put enough water in there, then it'll start spewing steam like in this dialogue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so inside your engine you have many explosions and the pistons move up and down and that's what actually moves your car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Air or something like that. Very good. So that's a piston. And well, another very common mechanic term is the transmission.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You basically can't move, or maybe you only have one gear or two gears.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is the part of the car that transfers energy or the power to actually move the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Spare parts. So this is where you go to the mechanic to get some spare parts and get them installed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so, spare parts. And the last word that we're going to take a look at is a fuel pump.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's basically a device that pushes gasoline into the engine so you can start. And that's the same thing with the water pump. It's a device that pushes water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so a fuel pump, water pump, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, apparently we do, see? Alright, so, uh, now that we've taken a look at all of these, uh, great words, uh, let's move on to a couple of phrases in Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means that it doesn't work anymore. And it's not only for cards, right? You can say my MP3 player died on me today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So you can say, open the hood, but the most common one is pop the hood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, or you can also say the trunk, right, the back part of the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's brand new. Is that more new than new? It's like newer newer than new.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's brand new. It's very, very new. Did you see my brand new watch? Wow, it is nice. Did you get it? Alright, so brand new. And uh, well the last phrase that we have for you today is to take apart something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I used to do that a lot when I was a kid. I used to take apart any electronic device to kind of see how it works and then I would try to put it back together again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so uhm, we've taken a look at a lot of great words and phrases, so let's listen to this dialogue for the last time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so car trouble. Have you ever had like any very serious car trouble or like something weird happen to your car?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, that's a good story because usually people are too afraid or maybe a little bit reluctant to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I was like, hey, do you guys need a hand? And they're like, yeah, please. And we can't, we can't, uh, locate my dad or whatever. So I was like, changing the tire. It's not a big deal, right? And then they're like, oh, I think, and they wanted to tip me. They wanted to give me some money. They're like, oh, please take this. You're so kind, your time and you're all wet. And I'm like, no, no, don't worry about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well maybe you guys have some cool or maybe some interesting stories of what's happened with your card or maybe you've helped somebody out. So come to our website at EnglishPod.com and let us know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How can I be of service today? I'm looking to upgrade to a newer, bigger television set. You've come to the right place. What size are you looking for?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a 46 inch HTTV screen and it has all the works. Three HDMI connectors, USB, VGA, and S-Video ports. It even has a DVI port so you can hook up your PC or laptop. This is without a doubt, the complete home theater experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm looking to upgrade to a newer bigger television set. You've come to the right place. What size are you looking for?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a 46 inch HTTV screen and it has all the works. Three HDMI connectors, USB, VGA, and S-Video ports. It even has a DVI port so you can hook up your PC or laptop. This is without a doubt the complete home theater experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not to worry, we will deliver and install it in your home. It comes with a wall mount so you can just hang it on the wall like a picture. This is great!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How much will this set me back? Lucky for you, this is the last one we have in stock, so it's half off! I'll take it!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not to worry, we will deliver and install it in your home. It comes with a wall mount so you can just hang it on the wall like a picture. This is great! How much will this set me back?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my name is Katherine and today I think we're hitting the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think so and being in an office, you know, it doesn't give you much opportunity to go and exercise and really get a lot of work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well, to pumping iron means lifting weights.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pointers. Alright, so you might have heard the word point before. Well, pointers is another word for tips.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, so you're gonna get some help today from the trainer. Alright, so we're gonna jump right into this dialogue and we come back, we'll be talking more about what's going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The trainer you mean, yeaah, yeaah, definitely. So he, he, we say he had a big ego. He thought a lot about himself. So let's check out some of these phrases and words they were using because they're, they're all related to going to the gym and they can help you if you ever want to get some help when you're at the gym.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so tone to tone is to maybe give some shape to something. You know, sometimes you have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so definition is another way for us to describe seeing those muscles because at first you have a big tummy or you have big arms and when you start to work out every time you go you can see more and more definition. That means more and more of the muscle becomes visible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, this word maybe sounds strange for some of you because it's more like French than English. Yea, well it does come from French. And physique is a way to talk about the whole body. You know, the physique is the state of your whole body. It's your physical appearance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nah, nah, you're physique. Physical. Think of the word physical. It's your whole body. Your whole body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, these are great words for the gym because they, uh, they allow us to count when we're working out. So the first one is reps or repetitions. That means doing something over and over again. So for example, if I want to lift a weight,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I sit down on the bench, I do one, uh, two, three. How many times I lift that weight is a repetition or a rep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I could say, I lift the weight ten times, mmm, one, two, three, four, all the way to ten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Definitely, and sometimes your trainer will count with you so that he'll keep a count while you're working out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so you might have heard some other phrases in there that sound interesting or new to you, and that's why we're going to go into the Fluency Builder product lesson where we can talk about sounding more fluent in English. Fluency Builder


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was, and uh, and she doesn't really know where to start, which is a common problem for people who go to the gym for the first time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Absolutely, and it's a really good phrase if you want to help someone who looks lost or confused. So, if someone joins your, your work, a new, if you have a new, uh, colleague, and they say, oh, I don't know where anything is, I don't know how this, how to do anything at my job. You say, oh, I know how it is, I was new here last month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so many of you have probably heard the other meaning of the word to rip, or rip


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, to tear. But in this case it's an adjective, it's a way to describe someone's physique, their body. And we're talking about people who are very, very muscular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Madonna is ripped. She has huge muscles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And after this we've got one more phrase. It's actually very important because when we talk about going to the gym, working out, we have to talk about safety and your health as well. It's very easy to hurt yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, pull a muscle. This is a key phrase here because we have a special combination of verb and noun. The thing that we pull is our muscle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we do to it is we pull it. That means, uh, we hurt it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or often runners have this problem, they don't stretch before they run or they run too much and they have a lot of pain in their muscles. You say, I pulled a muscle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tear is more serious. A tear is like a little rip in your muscle and you should really see a doctor about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyone can pull a muscle because of overuse, muscle fatigue, or through a fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh gosh, I have lots of gym stories. Uh, I like to run. And I often use the treadmill. And uh, and I've never really understood the people who don't run on the treadmill. People who stand or who walk slowly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I remember, my gym is usually very crowded. I remember one time I was at my gym and I wanted to run on the treadmill. I had a long day at work and I had to go out afterwards so I didn't have much time. I only had an hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this particular day I was waiting and waiting and waiting and finally it was my turn and I stepped and a woman cut in front of me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She cut in front of me and I was so angry and what did she do? In her heels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They say after the office, the gym is one of the most, uh, common places for people to meet their boyfriends and girlfriends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, if you have any gym stories, we'd also like to hear those. So that's gonna do it for us. Until next time, everyone. Bye. Alright, bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where Plants Grow. Written by Vic Morse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plants grow in many places. They can grow outside. They can grow inside too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some plants grow in pots. There is soil inside the pots


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some plants even grow on other plants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plants need three things to grow. They need water, air, and sunlight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bats Day and Night. Written by Becca Hughes. The sun comes up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is afternoon. The bats are waking up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, 4eyes. What's up, man? How have you been? Not bad. Just went to the mall and picked up some junk. Check out my new Adidas. Those are dope. You are gonna be getting mad props from the gang, man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, have you seen Betty lately? Dude, don't even go there. That girl started trippin' cause I went to the movies with Veronica the other day. I was like, look, you knew how I was before you got with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, you are such a playa man. Dude, there's Mad Max. Let's go say hi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, Four Eyes. What's up, man? How have you been?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not bad. Just went to the mall and picked up some junk. Check out my new Adidas. Those are dope. You are gonna be getting mad props from the gang, man. Anyways, have you seen Betty lately?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dude, don't even go there. That girl started trippin' cause I went to the movies with Veronica the other day. I was like, look, you knew how I was before you got with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. You are such a player, man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dude, there's Mad Max. Let's go say hi. Max! What's up? Are you okay? You look like you just saw a ghost. I got an F in English class. My life is over. Dude, you're over it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need to lay off the books for a while and have some fun. Come on, let's bounce! Where are we going? Oh crap, my dad is gonna go postal when he finds out about this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I was like, I hate you! And she was all like, I hate you more!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, have you seen Betty lately? Dude, don't even go there. That girl started trippin' cause I went to the movies with Veronica the other day. I was like, look, you knew how I was before you got with her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, you are such a playa man. Dude, there's Mad Max. Let's go say hi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pressure is on our entire team to successfully come up with a new product for the Asian market within a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would really call them the gentleman penguins because they are very polite, they are charming, they have humor, they share so many funny, lovely moments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I took a cell phone, and uh, accidentally made myself famous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was just talking about the things that I cared about but what the click of a button and an incendiary viral video. I propelled myself into overnight stardom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I say overnight, I mean I literally woke up the next morning with so many notifications on my phone, I thought I slept through a national tragedy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was the craziest thing guys, but when it came to my influence and my exposure, I literally took a quantum leap. So I made more videos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, the subject matter of my videos was often the most divisive subject in American life. But it was the way that I articulated race that made me somewhat of a digital lightning rod.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See being a survivor myself of police brutality, and having lost a childhood friend,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alonzo Ashley, at the hands of the police.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see, the internet has this interesting quality. In one way, totally brought the world together. And I remember being a kid, and all of this utopian propaganda was being dumped on us about how the world wide web was going to span the reaches of people across the globe. But as it turns out, people are people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, this magical superhighway also took the demons of our nature and gave them Ferraris.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see technology, y'all, is a lot like money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This brings out what's already inside you and amplifies it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I soon became familiar with the phenomenon of the internet troll.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These guys seem to live beneath the bridges of said superhighway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they also missed the memo about the enlightenment of the internet age. I, uhm, remember being called highly colorful racial slurs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By those who use the anonymity of the internet as a clanhood. And uhm, some of them were pretty creative, actually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But others were pretty wounding, especially navigating the post-traumatic world of a police brutality survivor in the height of Black Lives Matter, with all of these people being killed on my timeline. To these trolls, I wasn't a human.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was an idea, an object, a caricature. Did I mention that this race stuff can be kind of divisive?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see, I'm an innately curious person, and as I drew my sword to engage in epic battles in the comments section,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also began to notice that a few of my trolls actually had brains, which made me even more curious and want to understand them even further. And although these supposed morons engaged in what appeared to be original thought, I said to myself,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, these guys are highly misinformed. At least according to my knowledge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as it turns out, I had no idea about digital echo chambers. That same target marketing algorithm that feeds you more of the products you like to buy also feeds you more of the news that you like to hear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had been living in an online universe that just reflected my worldview back to me. So my timeline was pretty liberal. I had no Breitbart or Infowars or Fox News. No, no, I was all MSNBC and The Daily Show.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] CNN and the griot, right? Well these trolls were hopping the dimensional doorway, and I needed to figure out how.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, what I decided to do was trick the Facebook algorithm into feeding me more news that I didn't necessarily agree with. And it's worked fine for a while, but it wasn't enough because my online footprint already established the patterns that I like to hear. So, with the anonymity of the internet, I went undercover.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But on an emotional level, it was kind of daunting, especially with the racist vitriol that I had experienced. But what I didn't realize is that my trolls were inoculating me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, my doppelganger was Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter character.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A sci-fi hero who was once a Confederate soldier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to think, like, years ago, I would have needed, like, acting training and, like, makeup and a fake ID. Now I could just lurk. And so uhm, I started with a little info wars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Went on into some American Renaissance, National Vanguard Alliance, and uh, you know, I started commenting on videos, talking bad about Al Sharpton and Black Lives Matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I started, uh, bemoaning race baiters like Eric Holder and Barack Obama.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, just mirroring the anti-black sentiments that were thrown at me. And to be honest, it was kind of exhilarating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I then started visiting some of the pages of my former trolls. And uhm, a lot of these guys were just regular joes. A lot of outdoorsmen. Hunters. Computer nerds. Some of them family guys with videos of their families. I mean, for all I know, some of y'all could be in this room right now, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, when I went undercover I found a lovely plethora of characters. Luminaries like Milo Yiannopoulos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Richard Spencer and David Duke, all of these guys were thought leaders in their own right. But over time, the alt-right movement ended up using their information to fuel their momentum. And I'm going to tell you what else led to the momentum of the alt-right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The left wing's wholesale demonization of everything white and male.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, listen, the fact is is that millennials get a lifetime.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, America seems to be hell-bent on filling its textbooks with, uh, cliff-nose versions of its dark past. This severely, severely decontextualizes race and the anger associated with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is fertile ground for alt-facts to grow. Add in the wild landscape of the internet, and uh, it's easy to sell rebranded, mind-conf ideas to a generation who has been failed by public schools. A lot of these ideas easily debunked. Alt-facts have that quality. However,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One thing kept screaming at me through the subtext of those arguments, and that was, why should I be hated for who I cannot help but be? That was a black man in America that resonated with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have spent so much time defending myself against attempts to demonize me and make me apologize for who I am, trying to portray me as something that I'm not, some kind of thug or gangster, a menace to society. Unexpected compassion. Wow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen, uhm, the historical source of the demonization of black males and white males is highly different. And where you fall on this argument, Sally tends to be an accident of birth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, you're probably surprised by this perspective. And so was I.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Never in a billion years did I think that I could have some kind of compassion for people who hated my guts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But just enough compassion to understand how they got to where they are. And to be honest, there were a couple of fair points. One of them was how liberals have this wide acceptance for everybody, except for those with honestly held conservative viewpoints.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Heaven forbid you love God this country and mean it. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And another thing that they talked about was this fear that they had of something that they labeled as white genocide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That diversity will be a force that will wipe them out. Now listen, I know what it is to fear for the fate of your people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Between crack, AIDS, gang violence, mass incarceration, gentrification, police shootings. Black people have more than enough reasons to stay up at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see, nature doesn't care about your race. That's man-made. Nature just cares about healthy organisms and your precious ethnic features are expendable to that end. So the moment ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to tell you what race ain't about to die out. The human race. Join the party, the water's great. Until the water gets too high, but that's another tan song.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To get to this point of understanding, you have to let go of that fear and embrace your curiosity. And sadly, too many people will not take that journey to see the world from the other side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, I mean, let's be honest, that doesn't just go for progressives, but also to the right-wing and conservatives. You know, as fair as some of their points were, they were still trapped in their own echo chambers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Recycling old, outdated points of view, never getting a diversity in perspective, not making them well-rounded in their worldview. So, they're not hearing certain anti-racist and political voices


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, voices like Tim Wise, and uhm, Michelle Alexander, Dr. Joy DeGry, Boyce Watkins, Tariq Nasheed. All of these voices have the answers to the questions that they want, but unfortunately they will not hear them due to the power of these echo chambers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have got to break out of these digital divides. Because as our technology advances, the consequences of our tribalism become, like, more dangerous. And this whole experience taught me something. Our gadgets ain't going to save us. All these, uh, technological devices


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our only mastery of the universe out there, not the one in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, that's all IQ, not EQ. That's a dangerous imbalance. Where do you get the emotional intelligence, the character development, the virtues of patience, forbearance, compassion, you know, the things that make sure that these devices, however advanced, become a blessing and not a curse? Seems to me that humanity itself needs an upgrade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a big task, understandably. Uh, but I don't believe in any kind of unbeatable monster. There was no giant out there without perhaps a simple Achilles heel. Now what if I told you that one of the best ways to actually overcome this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's to have courageous conversations with difficult people. People who do not see the world the same way that you see the world. Oh yes folks, conversations may be indeed the key to that upgrade. Because remember, language was the first form of virtual reality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is literally a symbolic representation of the physical world. And through this device, we change the physical world. Keep in mind, conversations stop violence. Conversations start countries. They build bridges. And when the chips are down, conversations are the last tool that humans use before they pick up the guns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I ain't talking about online safe conversations from the security of your laptop. No.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm talking about in-your-face conversations with real, breathing people. And for me, this looks like running a community forum called Shop Talk Live. Now, in Shop Talk Live, somebody been there, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Shop Talk Live, uh, we have the conversations that change lives. We meet the community right where they are, and we've done everything from divert gang violence in real time, to help find people jobs, to mentoring homeless youth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason why we needed to do this is because there was a severe lack of trust in the black community due to the violence of the crack era.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we ended up taking agency into our own hands, solving our own problems, not waiting for anybody else. And the truth is, from the mayor to the felon, you're going to find them in that barbershop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so what we did was just organize what was already going on. And so what I started doing was mining these alternative viewpoints from these alternative digital universes, dissecting them, breaking them down into controversial talking points. Then, with my cell phone,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I flipped the internet against itself and began to broadcast these live conversations to my online followers. This made them want to leave the safety of their laptops and meet us in person to have real conversations with real people in real life. And we did it. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometime I sit back and I reflect on the paradox


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of me just trying to solve the problems, us trying to solve the problems in our own communities, we build bridges to so many other communities. From the LGBTQ community to the Arab immigrant community and even sat down with somebody with a Confederate flag on their hat and talked about the things that actually mattered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is time that we stop trying to hack our way around the human experience. There is no way out of each other. Stop trying to find one. We ... We have to, we have to understand something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Human beings all want the same things, and we have to go through each other to get these things. These courageous conversations are the way that these bridges are built. It is time that we start seeing people as people, and not simply the ideas that we project onto them or react to. Human beings are not the barriers, but the gateways to the very things that we want. This is a collective and conscious evolution. My journey began with a terribly popular cell phone video


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a fallen friend. Your journey begins right about now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Join the renaissance and human connection. It is going to happen with or without you. My suggestion, pick a topic and start a community dialogue in your neck of the woods. Meet folks back in real life and I'm going to tell you,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you trick the algorithm of your existence, you will get some diversified experiences. It is time to grow people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when we do this, not if, it will be clear that the key to this, uh, upgrade was always our inner world, not some device that we create. And the doorway to this experience is now and will forever be each other. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the last one, I'm gonna close it up and then we're gonna leave it for a month. It feels really fitting to be ending on a really lovely sunny day with everything working perfectly, so I'm feeling quite confident and positive. Hopefully this will get some link shots.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not at all, you know, the arts of these kind of slower games might be replaced very soon by video games.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well the first one you might have heard before because this is a word that is often used in strategy in general. So uhm, the word pawn. A pawn. A pawn usually means something that is not very important that you can use to distract an opponent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, you got two of these and they kind of look like towers from a castle. And uh, it's a very, well they're very important pieces and actually my favorite pieces because they're not very important at the beginning of a game, but at the end of a game, boom, boom, boom, you can do a lot of damage because they can go anywhere in straight lines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, this is very different from the rook because the bishop can also go anywhere, but they can only go diagonally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so let's listen to today's dialogue one more time and slow it down a bit and find out if the boy understood any of these rules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Marco, one of the first phrases that we, uh, that we heard was the word, uh, was the phrase to move diagonally or a diagonal line. And so the pawns can sometimes do this and the bishop can do this, but what does it mean to move diagonally?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next phrase we have is very strange, and this one you might hear from parents or children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In many languages, we have ways of breaking down words or adding to words to make them sound cuter. And this is one of those cases. So, for example, little puppy or little kitty or kitten, these are words to make things sound cuter. So, in this case, horse becomes horse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have a very popular game in America called capture the flag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we're a little bit more tame in those English speaking countries, but, uh, to capture is, uh, is a very important phrase and you're going to hear that in the news as well because you can capture a person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Czech means that I can take your king if I want to? Move!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's in danger, but checkmate is the end all. This means this is the very, very last part of a game where you cannot do anything. I've trapped you and I win.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The word Czech and the word mate, they both have, they both have meanings in English, but put together, what is, what does this, where does this phrase come from? What could it possibly mean?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well this is actually very interesting because I looked it up and I had no idea either because we've always just said this and it doesn't really make sense. So I looked it up on the internet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I discovered that the game of chess is actually a very ancient game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it did not come from England, it did not come from France, it actually came from Persia. And in Persian, there are some words that kind of became the English words checkmate that mean the king is captured or the king is defeated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so over time, the Persian word went into Arabic and Arabic became French and English. And then now we say checkmate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also tell us if you have questions about the things we talked about today or if you want to share some stories of your own chess victories. Uh, please get in touch with us on our website. Uh, otherwise you can email us at EnglishPod at PraxisLanguage.com. But until then, have a great day. Bye everyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West Chapter 4 Secret Formulas


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the other students went to bed that night, Wukong stayed awake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At three o'clock in the morning, he crept quietly through the dark temple. He entered Saboti's room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the monkey listened to his teacher's words, powerful light filled the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now Wukong knew how to live forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the next few years, Wukong meditated and practiced the secret formulas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While the other students slept at night, Wukong stayed up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Soon his mind and body were powerful, and he could change shape or size.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the student. Wukong stood up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He muttered a quick spell and made a sign with his hands. Suddenly, the monkey was gone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An enormous pine tree stood in his place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said another. The noise disturbed Saboti.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He shouted. Everyone stopped cheering. Wukong quickly turned back into himself. Saboti's eyes flashed with anger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He yelled. So Bodhi waited for the other students to leave.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong hung his head. Goodbye, Master.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After a short journey, Wukong arrived at the Fruit and Flower Mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 5, The Demon of Chaos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A few more monkeys and apes gathered around Sun Wukong and the gibbon. They look scared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong soon spotted a gloomy mountain. Dark clouds hung over it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two guards stood at the entrance, practicing sword fighting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the demon. A moment later, the demon of chaos walked outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said, Wukan looked up at the huge demon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong jumped out of the way and then flew at the demon. Pow! Wukong hit the demon on the nose. Argh! cried the demon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each strand of hair turned into a fake monkey. Exactly like Wukong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All at once the fake monkeys attacked the demon, punching and kicking him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cried the demon, trying to fight all the fake monkeys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong spent the day teaching his subjects how to fight. They practiced with swords and spears.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before long, the monkeys and apes were a fierce army.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West Chapter 6 The Dragon King


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Dragon King and the Dragon Queen were sitting at a table, having tea. The Dragon King looked over when Wukong walked in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's nice to meet you, said the Queen. Would you like some tea?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Swish! Swoosh! He waved the sword through the air, pretending to fight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Several turtles and octopuses dragged an enormous sphere into the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong lifted the spear and began stabbing at the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the dragon king. The queen whispered to him again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What about the magical iron bar in the treasury? I'm sure that's heavy enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said Wukong. The group went to the treasury.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An enormous iron pillar stood in the center of the room. Beams of golden light shone from it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong went closer and looked up at the large piece of iron. The dragon king folded his arms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Insect Wings Written by Elizabeth Jane Pastilnik Focus Question What?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are some different types of insect wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Insects have many kinds of wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Insects use their wings to fly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This wasp has blue wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This grasshopper has green wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This moth has spotted wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This dragonfly has striped wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This ant has clear wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This butterfly has colorful wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some insects have wing covers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Insects have many kinds of wings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] connections writing and art choose one insect from the book


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Draw a picture of it and label three body parts. Then, write a sentence about its wings. Science. Choose two insects from the book. How are they alike? How are they different? Share your ideas with a partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, we're bringing you part two of the What If series, which is a small series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so there are many different types of hypotheticals or conditional statements, so today we're going to be looking at the third conditional, which is, uh, probably the hardest one because it uses a little bit of a complex grammar structure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that sounds confusing. Uh, why don't we listen to the dialogue for the first time and then we'll be back to look at some phrases first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The good life. We have the good life, or I have a good life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. So you have the good life. Now moving on to another phrase that's kind of also philosophical, you know, it says everything happens for a reason.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically, you're just saying that it's destiny. If this bad thing happened to you, there is a reason for it. Maybe you don't see it now, maybe not tomorrow, but maybe later you'll see why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so everything happens for a reason, very good. And then the guy agrees and says, well, I'll drink to that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cheers. I'll drink to that. I'll drink to that. Alright. Well, pretty interesting phrases, uhm, you know, they're very common, I guess, like colloquial, right? So, uh, you can use them in everyday conversation with a friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. So alright, so let's listen to our dialogue again, and then we'll come back and explain the grammar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's look at the first part before the comma. If I hadn't studied architecture, so now we have the conditional if.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. And when we see the condition, you see the gram, the, you see the structure of the sentence is had.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I hadn't studied architecture, and this is called the past perfect, right? And then the result, as you said, would have become, this is the present perfect, have or has plus verb in past participle. Let's look at another example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wouldn't have gotten married if I hadn't moved to this town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So then, yeah, like you say, he changed the condition and you can do this. You can put the condition in the beginning or at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, the structure is the same. I would have gotten married, right? Have gotten, this is present perfect, have or has, depending on the subject, plus the verb in past participle. And then the past perfect or the condition had, plus verb in past participle, hadn't moved to this town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. That's a lot of grammar. It's a lot of grammar, but it's very easy once you just start using it. Don't think too much about, okay, what do I do here? Just, you know, if you get the rhythm and you start using it in the same way, then it kind of comes out naturally. And if you make a little mistake, there's not a big deal, because even we do it, you know?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So your turn. Alright, uhm, if my parents hadn't spoken Spanish to me when I was a kid, I wouldn't have become fluent in Spanish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. As you can see, you can use it not only to, to think about things in the past that you can't change anymore, but just also, you know, kind of remember or say, you know, oh, if this hadn't happened, the result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, very good. So I hope it's clear. It does sound a little bit complicated, but this is what our website is for, right? So if you have questions or doubts or you want to try and plant your own ideas, you can come to the website and do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So before we go, let's listen to this dialogue one last time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back. So, uh, Catherine, any other regrets maybe in your life apart from, uh, opening your mouth?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Boy, your mom is half Swedish, right? Half Swedish, half Czech. So, and she never spoke any of these languages to you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow. But now you speak Italian, so do you ever try and talk to your mom in Italian?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See, this is the interesting thing now. So many people are speaking so many languages, and before, if you spoke another foreign language, it was a big deal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now it's like a requirement. You have to at least, uh, dominate your own native language and a foreign language, right? So if your native language is English, you at least have to speak Spanish or Chinese or some other language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and actually once you've been able, and actually once you've mastered two or three different languages, then the fourth and fifth just becomes easier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It picks up patterns from the two or three other different languages that you dominate. So it's a weird, it's strange how the brain works. You make connections, yeaah. Alright guys, so that's all for today. Be sure to visit our website EnglishPod.com. As we said, any questions or comments or you want us to correct your grammar of this lesson, you can visit us there and we'll see you guys next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were built in just one year and a half, which was actually amazing for the 14th century. Most of the rocks for building of the walls had to be carried on back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cork extraction is made by two people. Normally it's father and son, and it's passed their expertise from one generation to the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My family started as merchants, but we have evolved to become farmers and winemakers as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We undo the berries within our fingers to see what the color development is. And then, as a result, we will choose the day that we start picking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hort wine is recognized around the world. So taking...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This small part of Portugal to the rest of the world is something that we take tremendous pride in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perhaps we could give Wukong a job here in heaven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why would we do that? If he's here we can keep an eye on him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have an invitation from the Jade Emperor. He would like you to come to live in Heaven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're harvested every day and in the summer months we'd start at 6 in the morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have them processed maybe by eight, nine o'clock and they're on the road to market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I never saw a temple with a flag pole before. This must be Wukong. I'll kick in that door.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Jade Emperor has been practicing the same formulas for many lifetimes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go back to your mountain now and behave yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Jade Emperor will come to live with me in the Western Paradise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chapter 27, The Ginseng Fruit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He swung his iron bar and the animals ran back into the forest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When they reached the abbey, Bajay knocked on the door. Two priests opened it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong went back outside. Wujing went out to get the bags.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bajie went into the kitchen while the Tang monk talked to the priests.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the tray lay a tiny sleeping baby. I can't eat that, cried the monk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The priest tried to convince him that the fruit wasn't a baby. But the monk just shook his head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two priests shared the ginseng fruit. Bajie was in the kitchen nearby. He had heard everything they'd said. His stomach growled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's for me the best team I have. They treat me so good and they always take care of me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we're talking about one of my favorite topics, which are computers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A little bit. I love computers and technology and everything that's related to it. So, uh, that's what we're gonna be looking at today. Maybe we're buying a new computer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back. Uh, I think it's a very typical case you go in to get something fixed and they say, we can't fix it, you need a new one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The upsell, yeaah. Alright, so there were some very difficult words, I think, because they're very specific related to technology and computers. So, uh, why don't we look at those now in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so the first word we have today is when something is no longer in use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and actually not only with uh, technology, we also have words that are obsolete, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You or yours? Classical English. We don't use thy anymore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and now moving on when the salesman was describing the characteristics of the computer, uh, he had, he used some prefixes that were a little bit strange, right? Like for example, giga.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A gigab, yeaah, so now, for example, the hard drives are 250 gigabytes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I actually wondered what would happen after a gigabyte because there's so much information already and now it's the terabytes, so it's like 1000 gigabytes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it comes from the word to process, right? Right. To like calculate or to think. To do even. To do. So you have different examples like a word processor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in this case, a processor is like a little brain that's the center of the computer and that's where all the information gets processed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. And well, if you don't have a very good processor, your computer is bound to freeze.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so, uh, this is actually a very interesting word. We can use it, like, in your example, beyond technology, like, the way, like, the sea is ever changing. So, why don't we listen to a couple of other examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back, so now we understand the ever-changing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically what direction a conversation or a topic or a situation is taking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. So uhm, you can use it in other circumstances, right? For example, a relationship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so it's a very common phrase and it sounds very natural when you say it, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the next one is also very, very good when he describes the condition of the computer. He says it's top of the line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's usually for, for something that costs money, right? For things. You wouldn't really use it for a person, right? He's top of the line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back. So, uh, computers. Uh, Catherine, I know you recently got a nice, uh, Macintosh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, and it has, this processor actually has two cores, right? So basically it can, it has two different brains almost within one processor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I still honestly cannot really use a Mac. I get confused. I'm looking for the start button and I'm looking for where my documents are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What about you listeners? Do you prefer the Mac? Do you prefer the PC? Or maybe some of our listeners don't really even like computers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm called the Snow King here at Kaplik Airport. My job here is mainly to keep the runways clear of snow and ice during the winter and have them safe to land on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seeing the runways cleared of snow and ice, helping the Icelandic economy and the tourist business is, gives me a lot of pleasure and satisfaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cold water swimming and ocean swimming is for my mental health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm dealing with high anxiety and the best thing I can do is to dip in the water. My mind gets totally in peace and I can stay in the now, I'm not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thinking about anything else, that's the main reason and I'm doing it for fun and to enjoy nature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I come out of the water, I need to warm up. And I jump around or hike up the next mountain or sit in my car. It's a beautiful place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the last video, we started with a star in its main sequence, like the sun, and inside the core of that star, you had hydrogen fusion going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that is hydrogen fusion, and then outside of the core you just had hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Electrons and protons as opposed to proper atoms that we associate with at lower temperatures. So this is a main sequence star right over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a main sequence star right over here. And we saw in the last video that this hydrogen is fusing into helium. So we start having


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More and more helium here. And as we have more and more helium, the core becomes more and more dense. Because helium is a more massive atom. It is able to pack more mass in a smaller volume. So this gets more and more dense. So core becomes more dense. More dense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until, at some point, and so while the core is becoming more and more dense, that actually makes the fusion happen faster and faster, because it's more dense, more gravitational pressure, more mass wanting to get to it, more pressure on the hydrogen that's fusing, so it starts to fuse hotter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And actually we even see this in our sun. Our sun today is brighter and hotter. It's fusing faster than it was when it was born 4.5 or 4.6 billion years ago. But eventually you're gonna get the point so that the core, you only have helium. You only have helium. So there's going to be some point where the entire core is all helium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's going to be way denser than this core over here. All of that mass over there has now been turned into helium. Not all of it, a lot of it has been turned into energy. But most of it is now in helium, and it's going to be in a much, much smaller volume. And the whole time the temperature is increasing, the fusion is getting faster and faster. And now that it's in this dense volume of helium that's not fusing, you do have, and we saw this in this video, a shell around it, a shell around it of hydrogen that is fusing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this right here is hydrogen fusion going on. And then this over here is just hydrogen plasma.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the unintuitive thing, or at least this was unintuitive to me at first was, is the stuff that's going at, what's going on in the core is that the core is getting more and more


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the core is hotter, fusing faster, getting more and more dense. I kind of imagine it's starting to collapse. Every time it collapses, it's getting hotter and more dense. But at the same time that's happening, the star itself is getting bigger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The star itself is getting bigger and this is actually not drawn to scale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Red Giants are much, much larger than main sequence stars. But the whole time that this is getting more dense, the rest of the stars you can kind of view it as getting less dense. And that's because this is generating so much energy that it's able to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's able to more than offset or, uh, uh, uh, better offset the gravitational pull in, into it. So even though this is hotter, it's able to disperse the rest of the material in the sun over a larger volume. And so that volume is so big that the surface, and we saw this in the last video, the surface of the red giant is actually cooler, is actually cooler. Let me write that a little neater.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] is actually cooler than the surface of a main sequence star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This right here is hotter. And just to put things in perspective,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the sun becomes a red giant, and it will become a red giant, its diameter will be a hundred times the diameter that it is today. Or another way to put it, it will have the same diameter as the Earth's orbit around the current sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or another way to do it is, where we are right now will be on the surface or near the surface or maybe even inside of that future sun. Or another way to put it, when the sun becomes a red giant,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To get from the one side of the star to another side of the star, it'll take sixteen minutes for light!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But anyway, we have the hydrogen in the center, we've now become, sorry, we have the helium in the center. Let me write this down. We have a helium core in the center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The core is getting hotter and hotter and hotter until it gets to the temperature for ignition of helium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So until it gets to 100 million Kelvin, remember the ignition temperature for hydrogen was 10 million Kelvin, so now we're at 100 million Kelvin, factor of 10, and now, all of a sudden, in the core, you actually start to have helium fusion. Helium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fusion. And we touched on this in the last video, but the helium is fusing into heavier elements. And some of those heavier elements, and predominantly, it will be carbon and oxygen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you may suspect this is how heavier and heavier elements form in the universe. They form literally due to fusion in the core of stars. Especially when we're talking about elements up to iron. But anyway, we have the core now is now experiencing helium fusion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has a shell around it of helium that is not quite there, does not quite have the pressures and temperatures to fuse yet, so just regular helium. But then outside of that we do have the pressures and temperatures for hydrogen, for hydrogen to continue to fuse. So out here you do have hydrogen fusion, you do have hydrogen fusion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then over, and then outside over here you just have the regular hydrogen plasma. So what just happened here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you have helium fusion all of a sudden, now this is once again providing some type of energetic support, outward support for the core. So you're gonna, it's going to counteract the, the ever increasing, uh, contraction of the core as it gets more and more dense, cause now we have energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have energy going outward, energy pushing things outward. But at the same time that that is happening, more and more hydrogen in this layer is turning into helium, is fusing into helium. So it's making this inert part of the helium core


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This helium fusion is going to be, it's going to be burning super, I shouldn't use it, igniting or fusing at a super hot level, but it's contained to do all of this pressure, but at some point the pressure won't be able to contain it and the core is going to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Explode. But it's not going to be one of these catastrophic explosions where the star is going to be destroyed. It's just going to release a lot of energy all of a sudden into the star. And that's called a helium flash. A helium flash. But once that happens, all of a sudden, then now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The star is going to be more stable, and I'll use that in quotes without writing it down because red giants in general are already getting to be less stable than a main sequence star. But once that happens, you now will have a slightly larger volume.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's not being contained in as small of a tight volume, that helium flash kind of took care of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now you have helium fusing into carbon and oxygen. And there's all sorts of other combinations of things. Obviously, there's many elements in between helium and carbon and oxygen, but these are the ones that dominate. And then outside of that, you have the helium, you have, you have, you have helium forming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have helium that is not fusing, and then outside of that you have your, your fusing hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have over here, you have hydrogen fusing into helium, and then out here in the rest of the radius of our super huge red giant, you just have, you just have your hydrogen plasma out here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, what's going to happen as the star ages? Well, if we fast forward this a bunch, and remember, as the star gets denser and denser in the core and the reactions happen faster and faster in the core, it's expelling more and more energy out where the star keeps growing and the surface gets cooler and cooler. So if we fast forward a bunch,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is what's going to happen to something the mass of our sun. If it was more massive, then at some point, the core of that, of carbon and oxygen is forming, can start to fuse into even heavier elements. But in the case of the sun, it will never get to that 600 million Kelvin to actually fuse the carbon and the oxygen. And so you'll have, eventually you will have a core of carbon


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And oxygen or mainly carbon and oxygen surrounded by, surrounded by,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of this hydrogen, all of this fusing hydrogen will run out. All of this fusing helium will run out. All of, this is the fusing hydrogen, this is the inert helium which will run out, will be used in kind of this core being fused into the carbon and oxygen until you get to a point where you literally, where you literally just have a really hot


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this super dense thing will not, in the case of the sun, and if it was a more massive star, it would get there. But in the case of the sun, it will not get hot enough for the carbon and the oxygen to form.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it really will just be this dense ball of carbon, super dense ball of carbon and oxygen and all of the other material in the sun. Remember, it was super energetic. It was releasing tons and tons of energy. The more that we progressed,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] around what once was the star, and in the center, so I could just draw it as this huge


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is now way far away from the star, much even bigger than the radius or the diameter of a red giant. And all we'll have left is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is a mass, a super dense mass of, I would call it, inert carbon or oxygen. This is in the case of the sun. And at first, when it's hot, and it will be releasing radiation because it's so hot, we'll call this a white dwarf. This right here is called a white dwarf.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it'll cool down over many many many many many many many many years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until it becomes, when it's no longer, when it's completely cooled down, lost all of its energy, it'll just be the super dense ball of carbon and oxygen, at which point we would call it a, we would call it a black dwarf.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A black dwarf. And these are obviously very hard to observe because they're not emitting light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they don't have kind of the, they don't have quite the mass of something like a black hole that isn't even emitting light, but you can see how it's affecting things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's what's going to happen to the sun. In the next few videos we're going to talk about what would happen to things less massive than the sun and what would happen to things more massive than the sun. Although I think you can imagine the more massive, these, the carbon, then this, there would be so much pressure on these things because you have so much mass around it that these would begin to fuse into heavier and heavier elements until we get to iron.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would say just a few years ago, I probably wouldn't have thought that I would stand here and run Hallgrímskirkja.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want to keep the character of the church. So if we would make changes, to me it's sort of unthinkable right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's it. My lease is up. I have to move. What? Why? Can't you renew it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The owner apparently is selling this place to make way for the construction of a parking lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I might move in with my parents for a couple of months until I can find something. You know how hard it is to find a decent place around here. I'm gonna have to put most of my stuff in storage for a while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, would you mind looking after my pet tarantula and snake for a couple of weeks?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's it. My lease is up. I have to move. What? Why? Can't you renew it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The owner apparently is selling this place to make way for the construction of a parking lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I might move in with my parents for a couple of months until I can find something. You know how hard it is to find a decent place around here. I'm gonna have to put most of my stuff in storage for a while. Well, let me know if there's anything I can do to help out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, would you mind looking after my pet tarantula and snake for a couple of weeks? Uh, sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's it. My lease is up. I have to move. What? Why? Can't you renew it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The wood needs special maintenance because to make it last as long as this, 800 years, we need to treat it, uh, against the weather.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The most difficult thing about working with a tar is the short window of time I have to apply it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a joy to take care of this for generations to come. That's really a wonderful feeling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ahai Lake at Dali in southwest China is the second largest freshwater lake in Yunnan province.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This beautiful freshwater lake on the plateau covers an area of 256.5 square kilometers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As Yunnan is located far inland, it is said the people here sometimes call this lake the Arhai Sea to express their yearning for the distant ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Formed in a rift depression, Arhai Lake has been known since ancient times as the Flawless Jade Among Mountains due to the color and clarity of its waters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beside the Arhai Lake, there is a mountain peak named Tsangshan, which is covered with snow all year round.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With an average altitude of more than 3,500 meters, Zanshan Mountain forms a sharp contrast with the beautiful scenery of the Arhai Lake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to legend, the husband of a princess went into battle just after their marriage. He was gone for more than ten years, and she feared he had been killed in battle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The princess cried day and night, and her tears gathered to form the Arhai lake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When her husband eventually returned, he found the princess had died of a broken heart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Along the shore of the Arhai lake, there are many inns where you can hear the gentle lapping of the waters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lake is also a favorite spot for movie makers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Arhai Lake, shaped like an ear, seems to be listening to every story being told.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I want to do in this video is give a very high level overview of the four fundamental forces


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Four fundamental forces of the universe. And I'm gonna start with gravity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna start with gravity, and it might surprise some of you that gravity is actually the weakest of the four fundamental forces. And that's surprising because you say, wow, that's what keeps us glued, not glued, but it keeps us from jumping off the planet. It's what keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That starts to make sense when you actually think about things on maybe more of a human scale or a molecular scale or even an atomic scale. Even on a human scale, your computer monitor


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you have some type of gravitational attraction, but you don't notice it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or your cell phone and your wallet. There's gravitational attraction, but you don't see them being drawn to each other the way you might see, uh, uh, two magnets drawn to each other or repelled from each other. And if you go to even a smaller scale, you'll see that it, it, it matters even less. We never even talk about gravity in chemistry, although the gravity is there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But at those scales, the other forces really, really, really start to dominate. So gravities are weakest. So if we move up a little bit from that, we get, and this is maybe the hardest force for us to visualize, or at least the hardest, the least intuitive force for me is actually the weak force. The weak, sometimes called the weak interaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's what's responsible for radioactive decay, in particular beta minus and beta plus decay. And just to give you an example of the actual weak interaction, if I had some cesium,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 137. 137 means it has 137 nucleons. A nucleon is either a proton or a neutron. You add up the protons and neutrons of cesium, you get 137. And it is cesium because it has exactly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, the weak interaction is what's responsible for one of the neutrons


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Essentially one of its quarks flipping and turning into a proton. And I'm not gonna go into detail of what a quark is and all of that. And the math can get pretty hairy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I just want to give you an example of what the weak interaction does.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of these neutrons turns into a proton, then we're going to have one extra proton. We're going to have the same number of nucleons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of, uh, uh, uh, an extra neutron here, you now have an extra proton here. And so now this is a different atom. It is now barium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in that flipping, it will actually emit, it will actually emit an electron.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And an anti-electron neutrino. And I'm not gonna go into the details of what an anti-electron neutrino is. These are fundamental particles. But this is just what the weak interaction is. It's not something that's completely obvious to us. It's not, uh, kind of this traditional


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Things pulling or pushing away from each other like we, like we associate with the other forces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the next strongest force, and just to give a sense of how weak gravity is, even relative to the weak interaction, the weak interaction is 10


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the 25th times the strength of gravity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Times the strength of gravity. And you might be thinking, if this is so strong, how come this doesn't operate on planets or us relative to the, uh, Earth or, uh, the reason, you know, why doesn't this apply to intergalactic distances the way gravity does? And the reason is, the weak interaction really applies to very small distances. Very...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The hierarchy, which is, is one that we are more familiar with. It is something, it's what actually dominates most of the chemistry, uh, that we deal with, and, and, uh, uh, electromagnetism that we deal with, and that's the electromagnetic force. Let me write it in magenta. Electro-magnetic force.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 10 to 36 times the strength of gravity. So it kind of puts the weak force in its place. It's 10 to the 12th time stronger than the weak force. These are huge numbers that we're talking about. Either this relative to that or even this relative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so you might be saying, well, you know, the electromagnetic force, that's unbelievably strong. Why doesn't that apply over, over, uh, over these


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These kind of macroscales like gravity. Let me write there, macroscales.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the mass, since you have such huge concentrations, it can operate over huge, huge distances even though it's way, way, way weaker than the electromagnetic force. The electromagnetic force, what happens is because it's both attractive and repulsive, it tends to kind of sort itself out so you don't have these huge, huge, huge concentrations of charge. Now, the other thing you might be wondering about is, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why is it called the electromagnetic force? In our everyday life, there's things like, there's things like the Coulomb force, or the electrostatic force, which we're familiar with, positive charges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or like charges want to repel. If both of these were negative, the same thing would be happening. And different charges like to attract.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've seen this multiple times. This is the coulomb force, or the electrostatic force.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Electrostatic. And then on the other side of the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Coulomb force, the electrostatic force, and the mag- and magnetic force are actually the same thing viewed in different frames of references.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I won't go into a lot of detail, but just keep that in the back of your mind, that they are connected. In a future video, I'll go more into the intuition of how they are connected. It deals with, uh, uh, when what, it's more apparent when they're, uh, moving, when,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The charges are moving at relativistic frames and you have, uh, well, I won't go into a lot of detail there, but just keep in mind that they really are the same force just viewed from different frames of reference. Now, the strongest of the force is probably the best named of them all, and that's the strong force. That is the strong force.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The strong force. And although you probably haven't seen this yet in chemistry classes, it actually applies very strongly in chemistry, because from the get-go, when you first learn, when you first learn about atoms, let me draw a helium atom. A helium atom has two protons in its nucleus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it has two protons in its nucleus, and it has two neutrons. And then it also has two electrons circulating around. So it has an electron, and I can draw the electrons as much smaller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one question that may or may not have jumped into your mind when you first saw this model of an atom is like, well, I see why the electrons are attracted to the nucleus. It has a negative coulomb charge. The nucleus has a net positive coulomb charge. But what's not so obvious and what tends not to sometimes be explained in chemistry class is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These two positive charges are sitting right next to each other. If the electromagnetic force was the only force in play, if the Coulomb force was the only thing happening, these guys would just run away from each other. They would repel each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the only reason why they're able to stick to each other is that there's an even stronger force than the electromagnetic force operating at these very, very, very small distances.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you get two of these protons close enough together, and the strong force only applies over very, very, very small distances, sub-atomic, or I should even say sub-nucleic distances,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, the strong interaction comes into play. So then you have the strong interaction actually keeping these charges together. And once again, just to keep it in, in, in...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] in mind relative to gravity. It is 10 to the 38th, 1038 times the strength


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So once again, the reason why you don't see the strong force, which is the strongest of all of the forces, or the weak interaction, applying over huge scales, is that they really only, they only, their strength dies off super, super fast, even when you start going to a large radius


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nucleuses of atoms, the strength starts to die off, especially for the strong force.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason why you don't see the electromagnetic force operating over large distances, even though in theory it can, like gravity, is that you don't see the type of charge concentrations the way you see mass concentrations in the universe. Because the charge concentrations tend to sort them out. They start to equalize. If I have, if I have some


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I have some positive, a huge positive charge there and a huge negative charge there, they will attract each other and then become essentially a big lump of neutral charge. And once they're a big lump of neutral charge, they won't interact with anything else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have one mass and another mass, and they attract each other,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then you have another mass that's even better at attracting each other, at other masses. And so it'll keep attracting things to it. So it kind of snowballs the process, and that's why gravity can, uh, operates on these really, really large, large objects in our universe and the universe as a whole.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 32, Lady White Bone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using his magic sight, Wukong saw a peach orchard thousands of miles away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Soon after the monkey had left, a young woman came down the road. She held out a bowl. Are you the Tang monk? She asked. I have food for you. Bajie reached for the bowl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't eat that! Wukong was flying fast. Back to the group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He dropped all the peaches and pulled out his iron bar. Wham! He struck at the young woman. But before he hit her, she disappeared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See? He held up the bowl, which was filled with worms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just then, an old woman came down the road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monk stopped reciting the spell, and Wukong stood up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then he took out his iron bar and swung. But again, he missed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong whipped out his iron bar and swung. There was a puff of smoke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the Tang Monk. Master. Said the Monkey. I just saved your life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's very interesting, it's about a very, uh, controversial topic and a very popular person in history, Charles Darwin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so uh, without further ado, why don't we listen to this dialogue for the first time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, interesting. They have very different views on Charles Darwin, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, on language takeaway today, let's take a look at the first word, and well, one of the things that many people say is that Darwin revolutionized the fields of biology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you revolutionize something, a topic or an idea, you are creating new knowledge almost, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. Alright, so moving forward, they were talking about human evolution. Human evolution. What is that exactly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so you evolve. Now, is it evolution? You usually think of something positive, right? Something evolves into something better. Is it always that way?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, interesting. And then they were also talking about Darwin's theory of natural selection. Natural selection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, Mother Nature is choosing it. Right. Very good. So natural selection. This is one of, this is one of the things that Darwin is most famous for. And well, as Catherine mentioned, uh, Darwin wrote the book Origin of the Species.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, the origin of the species. And the last one, this word is kind of strange. He talked about the conundrum of the chicken and the egg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so in this case it's the conundrum of the chicken and the egg, right, which came first. How else can you use conundrum?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is quite a conundrum we have. Yes, so. It sounds very fancy, very well educated. It does. Alright, so, uh, interesting words on language takeaway, why don't we move on now to four phrases on Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes people also say I'm up to here and then they'll like, they'll, they'll, they'll point at their forehead or somewhere around their head. I'm up to, I'm up to here with your nonsense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really busy, I'm really tired of it. Alright, and uhm, our next phrase is one that most mothers use. I'm sick and tired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really annoyed by it. I'm annoyed. Okay, sick and tired. And then we saw a phrase that was a little bit separated. He said, the sentence went like this. So, to turn something on its head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. So to turn something on its head, to completely change the course of or prove something to be maybe wrong. And the last phrase that we have is that the person argued that Darwin's theories were full of holes.