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[Assistant] What's the problem with that? Why does it have to be on the other side?


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[Assistant] What is the upward resistance now? What, what resistance do you see looking into, looking up?


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[Assistant] Where I have written ROP for the previous example.


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[Assistant] Let's think about the T-model, right? You're shorting that current source, you're just left with alpha or M.


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[Assistant] So yes, you've worked so hard to get an RO, and then you just not only dropped it to, not even RPi, just like dropped it to RM.


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[Assistant] Now what you're creating here is that by looking into here you see basically RM.


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[Assistant] You're making a, what kind of a meter? A good meter for what? For current or voltages?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're making a good current meter. You're making a good ammeter here. Because, and that's what basically sucks all of this current straight into itself. And then it reflects it here.


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[Assistant] Okay, so let's just talk about, let's think about that. Let's see if it is on the desert.


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[Assistant] If I define this as a positive-negative, the way I've defined it, right? This node goes up, this current increases, AC, right? I'm talking about small signal.


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[Assistant] Now, you can easily turn it into an inverting state by switching these two inputs.


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[Assistant] So this is not fundamental, but the way we've drawn it and defined it, that's non-inverting. It's like taking the output from here, right? This is also non-inverting. Because it was inverting from here to there, but this is the opposite polarity.


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[Assistant] So that's how your inversion is basically that negative sign is coming from, where that's coming from.


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[Assistant] So this stage is actually a pretty important stage. And again, you have a MOSFET version of that to, like, everything else. Or, like, generally, this is, this is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An important stage, so for MOSFET, it would look like this, but the analysis is exactly the same thing.


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[Assistant] Well, there's an actual advantage to MOSFET from one perspective, which is that you don't have to worry about these base currents. You still need to provide this pathway, otherwise that node will be floating. But these currents are zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here you're drawing some of this base current through here, so you have to worry about that. But other than that, this is, this is a very classic differential to single ended converter.


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[Assistant] So, do you see any problem with this stage? Potential problem? Can you identify things that potentially you think could be a problem?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you see any problem? Can you anticipate a problem? Yes.


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[Assistant] You have slightly different voltages, because this voltage is like on VBE, but this voltage is fluctuating a lot, so there's one aspect there, so there's some non-linearity associated with that. That's true. Any other problems?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have created two pathways for your signal, right? Your signal, half of your signal is going through this path, and half of it is going through this path, to the output.


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[Assistant] If I ask you which one is going to be slower, you can probably imagine one. That's slower. Which one do you think is slower? The longer one, right? Of course it's going through the mirror, right?


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[Assistant] Just keep this in mind, when we talk about high frequency stuff, you will see that if you have systems where there are two pathways, one of them slower than the other one, it generates a pair of poles and zeros.


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[Assistant] We'll talk about that extensively, so if it doesn't make a whole lot of sense, don't worry about it.


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[Assistant] But, and that is basically creating an extra pair of holes in zero. So, for example, what can, one thing that can happen is that this pathway can basically start degrading before this pathway degrades, and therefore your frequency response behavior will have like a two-step thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's characteristic of a polar zero. And when you do that, you can have like overshoots and undershoots and things of that sort happening. We'll talk about that extensively again.


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[Assistant] How do we calculate the common mode rejection ratio for this? If I wanted to ca- if you wanted to calculate common mode rejection ratio.


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[Assistant] How would you, because differential gain we kind of calculated, right?


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[Assistant] So if I take both the, both inputs and yank them up and down, the symmetric drive at the input, what do you think the output's gonna do?


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[Assistant] That single-ended output. How can we calculate what that output gain is? What do you think the gain is? How do we calculate?


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[Assistant] So, can we do just a basic half circuit like that before? That we did before?


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[Assistant] No, right? Because the circuit now is asymmetrical. Left and right, really. You have created a little bit of an asymmetry. So what do we do?


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[Assistant] Early effect, I mean that assumption is not really necessary, but let's just assume that for a second.


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[Assistant] And let's say this current source is large, so if I move the input up and down together, what's gonna happen is that these two currents are going to remain the same, DC-wise. Because their VBEs are the same. Right? If it's common mode.


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[Assistant] So if these two voltages are the same, the question is what is the DC voltage here? Well think about it. If this current


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the same as that current. If I didn't have to worry about the base voltage, base currents.


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[Assistant] Because, what determines this voltage is really this, I mean, so, in the case of a bipolar, we had id, or ic, rather, is is, e to the vbe over vt, plus 1 plus vce over va.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the MOSFET, in the classic MOSFET, we had whatever, mu n C ox over 2, W over L, Vgs minus Vt squared, 1 plus Vds over Va.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If current is the same, and Vbe is the same, then Vcs have to be the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now in the case of bipolar, the currents are not exactly the same. Why? Because there's the base current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two nodes have the same voltage. I can connect them with a voltage source of value zero. Or I can short circuit them. And nothing happens. So for common mode perturbation, I can view this as another diode connected transistor. Only for common mode. Okay? Because those voltages are the same. I'm basically shorting this here. You can, if it makes you feel better, you can draw it this way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now, what is your equivalent half circuit? So now you can do an equivalent half circuit, which looks like this. So you have this guy.


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[Assistant] You have two of these transistors, so you have two gm. I'm just folding this. After I shorted it, I just fold it on top of itself.


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[Assistant] And then you have this diode connected guy, here. Of 2GM. So what do I see, what do we see here? What is this resistance? What is that resistance you see here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rm. So, so, so basically you have two of them in parallel, you have Rm over 2. And your drive,


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[Assistant] So the question is what is the gain of this stage? This is v-i-c.


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[Assistant] Well, we know the trick, right? The total resistance in the output divided by the total resistance in the emitter or the source. So the total resistance in the output is what?


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[Assistant] Because I had two of them in parallel. I just basically folded this, right? So I get, what's the total resistance there? Rm over 2.


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[Assistant] And then what do I have here? I have RM over 2 plus REE.


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[Assistant] So if I ask you what is my common mode rejection ratio, what would you say?


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[Assistant] You can still do more of this stuff, and we'll see that.


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[Assistant] It's been weeks since any demons tried to eat Master.


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[Assistant] Relax, Wukong, and enjoy the beautiful day. There is no danger here.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 92, The Lion Demon.


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[Assistant] Well? Is there an army up ahead?


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[Assistant] The Tang monk nodded, wringing his hands nervously. Wukong turned to Bajie and Wu Jing.


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[Assistant] Said Wu Jing. Wu Kang and Bajie went to the cave entrance.


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[Assistant] The monkey pulled out his iron bar. Bajay raised his rake.


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[Assistant] For a moment, everything was quiet. Then the lion stepped out of the cave. He towered over the monkey and the pig.


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[Assistant] I'm not a villain, shouted Wukong. He raised his iron bar and charged toward the lion.


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[Assistant] The lion opened his mouth wide revealing huge sharp fangs. Wukong swung his iron bar. The lion pounced and gulped.


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[Assistant] Wukong got eaten. What? Cried the Tang monk. Bajie shook his head.


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[Assistant] His chest was puffed out and he wore a big smile.


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[Assistant] Said the lion. The raptor shook his head.


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[Assistant] They could clog smaller arteries inside your brain and


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 96, Wind and Fog.


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[Assistant] Said the Tang monk. Wukong waved his hand.


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[Assistant] A dark fog filled the sky and then disappeared. The Tang monk was nervous.


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[Assistant] High above the road, a fat monster was sitting on the edge of a cliff. Several little demons sat next to the monster. Wukong flew up to get a closer look. The fat monster appeared to be concentrating. Suddenly...


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[Assistant] He covered one nostril with a finger, closed his eyes and blew hard.


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[Assistant] Wukong returned to his companions, who were waiting alongside the road.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 75, Battle of the Wukongs.


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[Assistant] The two Wukongs stared a curious ear.


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[Assistant] The two Wukongs began swinging their iron bars at each other.


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[Assistant] Please stop! Cried the Judge of the Dead. You'll tear this whole palace down! The monkeys stopped.


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[Assistant] A guard rushed out of the thunderclap monastery.


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[Assistant] The two Wukongs landed in front of the guard. The guard looked surprised.


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[Assistant] As the first Wukong started to enter the monastery, the other one backed away.


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[Assistant] He grabbed the other monkey by the arm and dragged him into the monastery. In front of Buddha the first Wukong bowed.


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[Assistant] The other Wukong hesitated a moment and then bowed also. Greetings Buddha, said the first Wukong.


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[Assistant] Buddha held a bowl up in the air and then placed it upside down on a table.


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[Assistant] When Buddha lifted the bowl, a tiny monkey spirit lay on the table. Wukong leaned closer to see.


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[Assistant] The monkey thanked Buddha and then flew back to Mount Podolaka.


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[Assistant] She and the monkey found the Tang monk and the others along the road to the west.


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[Assistant] The Bodhisattva told the Tang monk that it wasn't Wukong who'd attacked him.


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[Assistant] Since 1992, Dr. Max Bothwell, a government of Canada scientist, has been studying a type of algae that grows on rocks.


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[Assistant] Now the very unscientific term for that algae is rock snot.


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[Assistant] Because as you can imagine, it looks a lot like snot.


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[Assistant] But scientists also call it Didymesphenia geminata.


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[Assistant] When a reporter contacted Dr. Bothwell for a story on the algae, the problem was,


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[Assistant] Dr. Bothwell wasn't allowed to speak to the reporter.


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[Assistant] 110 pages of emails and 16 government communication experts stood in Dr. Bothwell's way. Why couldn't Dr. Bothwell speak? Well, we'll never know for sure.


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[Assistant] Would want to stifle climate change information, right? Yes, you can laugh. It's a joke. Because it is laughable.


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[Assistant] We know that climate change is suppressed for all sorts of reasons. I saw it firsthand when I was a university professor. We see it when countries pull out of international climate agreements, like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Accord.


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[Assistant] And we see it when industry fails to meet its emissions reduction targets.


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[Assistant] But it's not just climate change information that's being stifled. So many other scientific issues are obscured by alternate facts, fake news and other forms of suppression.


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[Assistant] We've seen it in the United Kingdom, we've seen it in Russia, we've seen it in the United States, and until 2015, right here in Canada.


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[Assistant] In our modern technological age, when our very survival depends on discovery, innovation and science, it is critical.


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[Assistant] Absolutely critical that our scientists are free to undertake their work, free to collaborate with other scientists, free to speak to the media and free to speak to the public.


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[Assistant] Because after all, science is humanity's best effort.


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[Assistant] And uncovering the truth about our world, about our very existence.


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[Assistant] Every new fact that is uncovered adds to the growing body of our collective knowledge. Scientists must be free.


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[Assistant] To explore unconventional or controversial topics, they must be free to challenge the thinking of the day, and they must be free to present uncomfortable or inconvenient truths.


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[Assistant] Because that's how scientists push boundaries. And pushing boundaries is, after all, what science is all about. And here's another point.


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[Assistant] Scientists must be free to fail.


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[Assistant] Because even a failed hypothesis teaches us something.


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[Assistant] And the best way I can explain that is through one of my own adventures. But first, I've got to take you back in time.


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[Assistant] It's the early 1900s, and Claire and Vera are roommates in southern Ontario.


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[Assistant] The end of the evening, they head for home and for bed.


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[Assistant] In the morning, Claire calls up to Vera and says she's going out to breakfast. When she returns a short while later, Vera wasn't up. She pulls back the covers and makes the gruesome discovery. Vera was dead.


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[Assistant] When it comes to Spanish flu, those stories are common, common of lightning-speed deaths.


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[Assistant] My curiosity would lead me to a frozen land and to lead an expedition.


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[Assistant] To uncover the cause of the 1918 Spanish flu, I wanted to test our current drugs against one of history's deadliest diseases. I hoped we could make a flu vaccine that would be effective against the virus,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States to the Svalbard Islands in the Arctic Ocean. These islands are between Norway and the North Pole. We exhume six bodies.


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[Assistant] Now I know what you're all waiting for, that big scientific payoff.


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[Assistant] But my science story doesn't have that spectacular Hollywood ending. Most don't.


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[Assistant] Truth is, we didn't find the virus.


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[Assistant] We did develop new techniques to safely remove tissue that might contain virus. And we developed new safety protocols to protect our research team and the nearby community.


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[Assistant] We made important contributions to science, even though the contributions we made were not the ones originally intended. In science, attempts fail.


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[Assistant] Research builds upon the work and knowledge of others, or by seeing further, by standing on the shoulders of giants, to paraphrase Newton.


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[Assistant] The point is, scientists must be free to choose what they


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[Assistant] You heard me say that respect for science started to improve in Canada in 2015. How did we get here? What lessons might we have to share?


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[Assistant] Well, it actually goes back to my time as a professor.


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[Assistant] I watched while agencies, governments and industries around the world suppressed information on climate change. It infuriated me. It kept me up at night.


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[Assistant] How could politicians twist scientific fact for partisan gain?


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[Assistant] So I did what anyone appalled by politics would do. I ran for office and I won.


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[Assistant] I thought I would use my new platform to talk about the importance of science. It quickly became a fight for the freedom of science.


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[Assistant] After all, I was a scientist, I came from the world under attack, and I had personally felt the outrage.


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[Assistant] But I quickly learned that scientists were nervous, even afraid to talk to me.


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[Assistant] One government scientist, a friend of mine, will call him McPherson.


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[Assistant] Was concerned about the impact government policies were having on his research and the state of science deteriorating in Canada.


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[Assistant] He was so concerned, he wrote to me from his wife's email account, because he was afraid a phone call could be traced. He wanted me to phone his wife's cell phone so that call couldn't be traced. I only wish I were kidding.


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[Assistant] It quickly brought what was happening in Canada into sharp focus for me.


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[Assistant] How could my friend of 20 years be that afraid to talk to me? So I did what I could at the time. I listened and I shared what I learned.


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[Assistant] And he asked if I would serve as his minister of science. Together with the rest of the government, we are working hard to restore science to its rightful place. I will never forget that day in December 2015,


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[Assistant] When I proudly stood in parliament and proclaimed, the war on science is now over.


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[Assistant] And I've worked hard to back up those words with actions. We've had many successes. There's still more work to do.


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[Assistant] We're building this culture shift, but we want our government scientists to talk to the media, talk to the public. It'll take time, but we are committed.


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[Assistant] After all, Canada is seen as a beacon for science internationally. And we want to send a message


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[Assistant] So, for Dr. Bothwell, for Claire and Vera, for McPherson and all those other voices, if you see that science is being stifled, suppressed or attacked, speak up.


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[Assistant] We must hold our leaders to account, whether that is by exercising our right to vote, whether it is by penning an op-ed in a newspaper,


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[Assistant] It is our collective voice that will ensure the freedom of science. And after all, science is for everyone, and it will lead to a better, brighter, bolder future for us all. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Well, hello and welcome to this English lesson about prepositions of place.


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[Assistant] You've probably watched a few English lessons on YouTube about prepositions of place.


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[Assistant] With those prepositions in them and some other ones so that you can see them in context with a picture.


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[Assistant] So I'll be showing you pictures and then describing that picture using a small phrase with the preposition of place in it. So I think that should help if you have a visual reference and you have an English teacher explaining it while showing you the visual reference. Maybe that will help you.


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[Assistant] Remember some of these because I'll be honest, prepositions of place in English are a little bit confusing. Uhm, sometimes I don't even understand why we use the preposition we do but uh anyways, welcome to this English lesson about prepositions of place. In a tree.


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[Assistant] So it's interesting when you talk about trees. If you look over here, this monkey is in a tree. If we go back to this picture, this owl is in a tree.


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[Assistant] This owl is on a branch though. So this monkey is in a tree.


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[Assistant] You sometimes will see birds in trees. Sometimes if you think back to your childhood, maybe you would climb a tree. I came home from work one day and as I walked under a tree, uh, someone said hi to me and I realized one of my kids was in the tree. So we use the verb or we use the preposition in.


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[Assistant] When we talk about trees, but we have to be a little bit careful because on the next slide,


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[Assistant] I'm going to use on a tree. So these are blossoms. These blossoms are on the tree. They're on a tree. In the spring here, the trees don't have leaves, but eventually the trees will have leaves on them.


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[Assistant] So you have to be careful when there is something like a monkey in the tree, we use in the tree. But when we talk about leaves and blossoms, we then say on the tree.


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[Assistant] And then sometimes you stand under a tree. So I like standing under a tree, especially when it's really, really hot outside. It's nice to stand under a tree because there is shade under a tree. So if it's a hot day and you want to cool off, sometimes someone will say, hey, let's go stand under a tree because it's hot. Let's go stand in the shade. So notice we stand under the tree.


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[Assistant] But you can also say that you are standing or sitting in the shade. So we switch to the preposition in.


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[Assistant] It's nice to stand in the shade. Uh, I've been standing in the shade a lot this summer. Whenever I am needing a small break from working outside, I will often go and stand in the shade and have a drink of water.


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[Assistant] That's, uh, that's a nice place to go. In the shade. It's a nice place to read a book too. This lady is reading a book in the shade.


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[Assistant] This cat is in a box. This is one of your basic usages. Whenever you have a container, we always use in. Last week, I did a lesson about storage. I think if I think quickly, I put my recycling in the recycling bin. This cat is in a box. Sometimes we put, uhm,


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[Assistant] We actually have milk crates and the milk comes in the crate. So whenever you have a container, you almost always will use the preposition in. It just makes the most sense.


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[Assistant] Of course, when you have a book you will put the book on a shelf.


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[Assistant] But if you have a piece of furniture called a bookcase, you will put the book in a bookcase. So here you can see the book is actually, the reason we're using on is because the book is on the shelf. I'm not supposed to use the word to define the word, but these books are not under or beside, they're on the shelf.


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[Assistant] If you have this piece of furniture, if you have a bookcase, you would say, these books are in the bookcase. If Jen said to me, where's the recipe book? I could say, oh, it's in the bookcase in the back room.


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[Assistant] I could also say it's on a shelf in the bookcase, so we can kinda combine them together. Hopefully I'm not making this lesson too confusing.


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[Assistant] And here you can see that these picture frames are on top of the bookcase. So you can put things in a bookcase. You can put things on top of a bookcase. You can also put them on. I don't know why we sometimes use the phrase on top of. Uhm, I think it's just


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[Assistant] Sometimes in English, we like to use more words than necessary. I could say these picture frames are on the bookcase, but I could also say they are on top of the bookcase. I guess it's just a little more precise, a little more precise way to say it.


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[Assistant] When I get home from buying groceries, sorry, I kinda have something in my eye here. There we go. When I get home from buying groceries, I put the groceries in the cupboard.


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[Assistant] So notice I'm using in again because these are all places where we store something and generally we will use the word in when we talk about that.


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[Assistant] This girl is reading a book by the river. Now, sometimes people ask about the difference between by and beside. You could say that this girl is reading beside the river. You could say that she's reading by the river. It simply means she's not in the river.


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[Assistant] And she's not far away from the river. She's close to the river. So we would say she's reading a book by the river or she's reading a book beside the


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[Assistant] Uhm, the other day I went kayaking, uhm, and then I went down by the river to put my kayak in the river. And then I went and did a little bit of kayaking.


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[Assistant] So let's talk about stores for a bit. So first of all, these people are in the store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This person is at the store. And these shoes are from the store.


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[Assistant] If I say to Jen, I'm going to go to Walmart, uhm, I'll meet you in the store. That means I will be inside of the store doing some shopping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I say to Jen, meet me at the store, it kind of means I'll be waiting in front of it or I'll be by the entrance of the store. I'll meet you at Walmart. I'll meet you at the store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In definitely means that you're in the store, and at definitely means that you're near the front of it in my mind.


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[Assistant] Uhm, when you buy something, you buy it from the store.


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[Assistant] And then when you wait for someone and you want to be precise, you say that you're going to be in front of the store. But let me confuse you all for a minute. I could say, uhm, where did you get those shoes? Did you buy them online? No, I bought them in a store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I bought them at a store. I bought them from a store. For some reason with stores, it's very easy to use different prepositions and most of them are correct, okay? Uhm, where do you get your shoes? I get my shoes in a store. I get my shoes from a store. I get my shoes at a store. All of those are correct.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't really go wrong if you use one of them. You know, where do you buy your cereal? I buy my cereal from the store. I buy my cereal at the store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was in the store the other day and I bought some cereal when I was in the store. This cereal I bought in the store. Yeah, I would use at and from when talking about the things you bought. So hopefully I didn't confuse you. If I ever need to meet with you in a mall, I would say let's meet in front of the Walmart. So I would use this phrase.


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[Assistant] Now of course, uh, two last things and then we'll do some questions. Uh, when you go for a ride, you go for a ride in the car. Uhm, I, when you get into a car, you get in the car. And whenever we talk about cars and vans, we use in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when we talk about public transportation, we use on. Okay, so you're gonna go on a train, you're gonna go on a plane. Uhm, there's a little bit of a distinction I'll give you. Uhm, if you talk about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How did you get there? You could say, I got here in a car, or I got here by car.


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[Assistant] If someone asks, how did you get here? You could say, oh, I came on the train or I came by train. So you can kind of use by as well to talk about those two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Out of the box. So, you put things in a box, and then you later take things out of the box. So, this is kind of an action. You know, he's taking the flowers out of the box. When you move, when you unpack, you take your things out of the boxes. So it's not exactly, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's more describing the action than where things are in this case. You know, when you say the boy is in the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we're talking about the location. This is more an action. You take things out of the box. The reverse would be the phrasal verb. You put things in the box. So earlier they put the flowers in the box. Now they're taking the flowers out of the box.


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[Assistant] So let's talk about next two. So in this picture,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see the two cars right here. These cars are next to each other. The car with the yellow sun protector is next to the other car with the red sun protector. The car way on the other side is not close to these, but these cars are next to each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The car on the right is next to the other car on the left. So you can kind of see that next to means right beside. I'm going to sit, sit beside you at the meeting. I'm going to sit next to you at the meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, the car, this is not my car. This car is between the cars. So we have a row of cars and this car is between the other two cars. So sometimes people get a little confused with between and among. So this car is between two other cars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this car is in the row, and it is between the other two cars.


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[Assistant] In this case there are flowers all around this girl


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[Assistant] So this girl is among the flowers.


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[Assistant] So if you were waiting in line, you would have a person, you would be between two people when you're in line. But if you're in a crowd, you are among other people because there's people all around you. So hopefully that makes sense. Between and among. Often, uh, if you go to a building,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the front of the building looks nice and you meet people in front of the building. You don't often meet people behind the building. It's a little uglier and darker at night and there's usually things like this garbage dumpster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this is definitely behind the building. Sometimes there's an alley behind a building. Uhm, and there's no real good reason to go behind a building, I don't think. I'm, uh, someone who usually stays, uh, in front of buildings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not that dangerous behind buildings at night in a dark city, is it? I don't think so.


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[Assistant] Sometimes when you go for uhm, a trip, you go on a plane, and when you're on the plane, you go above the clouds. I think we're all familiar with above. So the simplest thing would be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This key is on my hand. This key, if it was floating would be above my hand. Okay, so on means that it's actually, you know,


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[Assistant] Uhm, and we also have below the water. So you can go above the clouds in an airplane. You can go below the water in a submarine. So again, below would mean that you are, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Underneath, I guess. I guess a better word for it is underwater in this case. So this is not, uh, technically part of the lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In English we don't often say, I'm going to go swim below the water. We usually say, I'm going to go swim underwater. The submarine goes below the water. More likely we would say the submarine goes underwater. It just sounds a bit better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes when you go to a restaurant or you go to see a movie, you might sit near the exit.


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[Assistant] And we talked about near a little bit earlier. Uhm, near doesn't mean right beside or next to. It can be, but it usually means in the vicinity. Do you know that word, vicinity? So if I go shopping,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we meet Jen's sister, we usually try to park near each other. If we can, we park beside each other. And more precise, we would say, it's nice to park right beside each other. But sometimes you can't, but you still


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So maybe I'm in one row and my sister-in-law's a couple cars down, parked in another row, but we're still fairly close. Close enough to be able to talk. We would say that we are near each other. Sometimes you go to a restaurant and they give you a table near the door to the kitchen.


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[Assistant] And that's not very nice because then the servers keep coming in and out and it's a little bit loud when that happens.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so I'm gonna talk about on the left and on the right. So we use on the left and on the right sometimes to describe where something is.


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[Assistant] In this case, I'm using driving. In Canada, we drive on the right. I think in Britain and in Japan and in Australia, they drive on the left. So we drive on the right in Canada.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the left, South Africa, drive on the left. You can also use this to talk about where something is. If I said to Jen, can you grab me a book off the shelf? And if she said which one, I could say, oh, the one on the left. So I'm directing her. But if you want to be more precise, we use to the left and to the right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here I could say, could you get the orange book? It's to the left of the red book. So it's the book immediately to the left. You could say on the left, but it's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This sounds better to me. Can you get me the orange book? It's to the right of the blue book. Also if I was giving instructions to someone I could say put the orange book on the shelf to the left of the red book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put the orange book on the shelf to the right of the blue book. So that's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's how I interpret these different ways of saying it. On the left and on the right,


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[Assistant] The one that's to the left. The one that's to the right. You can't go wrong here though. If you use on the left or on the right, I think it's gonna sound okay. And I hope my explanation, uh, helped a bit and wasn't too confusing.


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[Assistant] Hey, sometimes kids play with toys and they play on the floor. So this is, uh, was one of my kids' favorite places to play. They would often play on the floor. Uhm, their toys would sometimes be on the floor. Sometimes, as I mentioned last week, uh, I think someone joked, Mo joked about stepping on a Lego.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Interestingly enough though, we also hang things on the wall.


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[Assistant] And we can say that things are on the ceiling as well.


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[Assistant] On the floor makes sense because when we talk about on, if I take this camera lens, I can put it on my hand. So talking about things being on the floor makes a lot of sense, but we do also hang pictures on the wall. If you buy a poster of Justin Bieber, you might hang it on the wall in your room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have some nice art, you would hang it on the wall. And then this ceiling fan is on the ceiling. Sometimes you have a hanging plant and you will put a hook on the ceiling.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so that you can have it hanging from the ceiling.


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[Assistant] So it's interesting how we do this, right? Like the lights in this room are not on the ceiling. They're actually lamps, but in the kitchen we have a light on the ceiling.


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[Assistant] If something has a rope or chain, we would then say it's hanging from the ceiling, okay? So that's kind of the difference between the two.


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[Assistant] And then, of course, if you go out to have fun, you might talk to someone at the party. If you go to a party, uhm, you might say, oh, I hope that I run into Joe at the party because I haven't seen him for a long time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me just use a few phrases here though. In a week or two I'm going to go to a party and I hope when I'm at that party I have a good time. So notice I'm going to go to the party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I'm at that party, I hope I have a good time. And I hope that, uh, there are a lot of people at that party. It's not for my birthday, by the way, which is a mysterious day sometime in July or August. And I may or may not be turning 51 this year. Although,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I mentioned last year that I turned 50, so anyways, maybe you already know. Uhm, but anyways, hopefully I have a good time at the party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, at home and at work, when you talk about where you are, right now I'm at home. I've been at home for a couple weeks now. I haven't been at work for two weeks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't use at home when we're talking about work though. So recently many people weren't able to go to work so they needed to work from home. So we don't usually say I'm going to work at home. If you work


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, like during the pandemic, a lot of people would work from home. You can say that you're going to work at home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's, I think it's more common to say from now, like next Tuesday I'm gonna work at home. No, I would say I'm gonna work from home. When you say that you're going to work from home,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It implies that you're not going to be going to work that day. So you're going to work from home. A lot of students had to learn from home, uh, last year. Uhm, they had, uhm, remote learning, we called it, and I had to work from home as well. When you talk about countries, we use in. I live in Canada. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's nice to live in Canada. I'm sure if you live in France it's nice there as well. I'm sure if you live in Japan it's great. I'm sure if you live


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the United States, it's great. Uhm, we use in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's really cold in Canada in the winter, and it's hot in Canada in the summer. So, in is what we use with countries.


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[Assistant] Unless you're traveling, right? I'm going to go to Canada.


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[Assistant] Or I came from Canada. So to and from are a little different. They're very unique.


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[Assistant] But, uh, definitely, uhm, it's good to wear a coat in Canada in the winter.


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[Assistant] When you watch TV, you see things on TV. You know, oh, I saw that on TV the other day. I saw that on the news. I was watching TV and on TV they said that the world is getting better.


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[Assistant] I, I, maybe that's hard to believe today, but uhm, when you, uh, you could say, oh, I saw that actor on TV the other day. Matt Damon was uhm, on TV the other day, I saw him, he was being interviewed, I saw him on TV.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you talk about a building, and if the building has multiple floors we use on, so where is your apartment? My apartment is on the third floor. Where is your apartment? My apartment is on the sixth floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in regards to a building. So it could be on the 5th floor or the 6th floor. Maybe it's on the 10th floor.


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[Assistant] That's a little high for me. When I stay in a hotel, I don't like staying really high up because I'm afraid of heights. By the way, I'm going to do a video about fears soon, so we'll see how that goes. I did one before, but I'm going to do another one. This man is in the river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we talked earlier about a girl who was reading beside the river. She was reading a book by the river. This man is definitely in the river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you go in a boat though, you would say that you're on the river. So when I go kayaking, I go kayaking


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess I could say on the river, but if I said in the river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No one would say that was a mistake. You go canoeing in a river, you go canoeing on a river. You can use in and on when you're using boats. Uhm, but this guy's definitely in the river for sure. If he was on the shore, we would say, uh, he's fishing by the river, but he's definitely fishing in the river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you learned to read, you probably learned to read in school. You probably learned to read at school. In those situations, it means the same thing. Uhm, you learn a lot of things in school. You learn a lot of things at school. Uhm, one of the reasons you go to school is so that you can learn new things and then later you can say, oh, I learned


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About that in school. I learned about that at school.


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[Assistant] But these students are in school. They're physically in the building. The same way the cat was in the box, these kids are in school. So here we're talking about the things you learned. I learned how to add and subtract in school. I learned how to add and subtract at school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today I am in school. This boy is in school. Like he's physically actually in the building.


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[Assistant] Uh, when you're driving, you stop at the light. So when you see a traffic light, you stop at the light and you wait for the light to turn green. I think the colors are the same in every country of the world, but definitely the other day I was in town and I stopped at the light and the light was red forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm exaggerating there, but I stopped at the light and it was definitely, uhm, a long wait when I stopped at the light. So let's talk about up the road, down the road. So here's how this works. If the road is flat, if there is no hill,


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[Assistant] You can use either. If someone stopped here and said, do you know where Joe lives? I could say, oh, he lives up the road. Just drive up the road another five minutes. I could also say, Joe lives down the road. Just drive down the road another five minutes. So if the road is flat, you can use up or down and it doesn't matter. If however, the road is actually on a hill,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You would probably say up the road to talk about up the hill and down the road to talk about down the hill, okay? So again, if it's flat, use either. No one will blink an eye. That means no one will think you made a mistake. So where does he live? Oh, up the road, uh, five miles. Where does she live? Oh, down the road, six kilometers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You are on a mountain. You would use up the road to talk about going up and down to go down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes the doorbell rings and someone is at the door. For us, it is most often the person delivering something from Amazon. The doorbell goes and we'll say, oh, somebody's at the door. Who's at the door?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, Oscar's barking. Someone is at the door. So when someone comes to your house or apartment and knocks or rings the doorbell, we say that they are at the door.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's talk a little bit about for dinner and at dinner. So tonight we are going to have spaghetti for dinner. Yesterday we had hamburgers for dinner.


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[Assistant] Two days ago, we had fried zucchini. Do you know what zucchini is? With uhm, a pasta meat sauce for dinner. When you talk about what you're eating, we use four. What are you gonna have for dinner tonight? Oh, I think we're going to have subs for dinner tonight. I think we're going to have pizza for dinner tonight. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also use this when you say you can invite someone over for dinner, okay? So I'm going to invite my family over for dinner on my birthday. Or did I already do that? Maybe I already invited my family over for dinner. Maybe my birthday was last week. Who knows? It's a mystery. Uhm, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you talk about the actual dining, you say at dinner. We had a nice conversation at dinner last night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we are going to talk about a new business proposal at dinner tonight.


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[Assistant] I had a lovely time at dinner last time, at last night. So we use for to talk about the meal or the event like they're coming over for dinner or we're having spaghetti for dinner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when we talk about things that happened while we were eating, we use at. So we would say, um, I had a nice time at dinner last night. Um, yeah, what was my other one?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was really enjoyable at dinner last night. Yes, I would say that. So anyways, for dinner at dinner.


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[Assistant] Well hello everyone and welcome to this English lesson about furniture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Furniture is all of the stuff that you have in your house or apartment that you sit on, that you lie down on, that you, uhm, relax on, that you maybe set a plate on. All of the things that make your life easier. Furniture is pretty cool, you can see here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are a couple of pieces of furniture in this picture as well.


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[Assistant] I do have to say I did do a lesson a long time ago on rooms and furniture. And this lesson is just about furniture. Uhm, I found a whole bunch of words that I can teach you this morning. Some will be very familiar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would say 95% of these are probably used in every English speaking country. Uh, but there might be a few in here that, um, that are unique to Canada. We'll see as we go along. But anyways, once again, welcome to this English lesson about furniture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's talk about furniture. As I mentioned, furniture is anything that you use in your house to be comfortable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes it's just something you use because it's useful, like a table. Sometimes it's the place where you sit. Sometimes it's the place where you lie down. Sometimes it's the place where you have a nap. Sometimes it's what you use to be comfortable sitting while you read a book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a piece of furniture. I'm not sure why it's outside, but we do refer to furniture using the word piece. This is a piece of furniture.


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[Assistant] This is a piece of furniture. This couch is a piece of furniture.


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[Assistant] It's a unique phrase. I'm not sure why we use the word piece, but people will say things like this. Oh, your new apartment looks good. It looks like you still need a few more pieces of furniture. Or do you need to buy a piece of furniture or two for your new house?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or did it come furnished? When something comes furnished, it means it has all the furniture there already. But we definitely use the word peace when we're talking about a single


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I could use the word to define the phrase, that would be great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things that is very common in my part of the world is something called a recliner, and we also sometimes call this a lazy boy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a type of chair for one person and it will recline. It will go back and you can put your legs up. A little thing comes out from the bottom for your feet to rest on. The general term is recliner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But Lazy Boy is actually the name of a company that makes this type of chair. And we now use that word to refer to this type of chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you sit down at night and you want to watch a basketball game, you might sit in a recliner, you might sit in a lazy boy, and you might put the chair back, that's what we say, put your feet up, and sit and enjoy, uh, what you are watching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I do this though, sometimes I fall asleep.


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[Assistant] Whenever I'm in a recliner and I go back, if I'm a little bit tired, sometimes I doze off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here are the standards. A couch or sofa is something that looks like this. This is a place where multiple people can sit. Maybe you've invited friends over for coffee and you're going to just sit in your living room or you might sit in your, uh, rec room, recreation room. We call it rec room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, to just have a cup of tea or a cup of coffee and to sit and chat. You might sit on a couch. We also call this a sofa.


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[Assistant] There's this belief that Canadians call this a Chesterfield. I've never called this a Chesterfield. I have always called this a couch. And I rarely use the word sofa. I almost always use the word couch when I'm talking about this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If two people can sit here, it has a unique name. We then call it a love seat.


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[Assistant] So a couch can sit three or four people or more if it's a huge couch, but a love seat is designed for two people. I'm not sure why we call it this. As a child, I used to giggle when my parents called it a love seat because I would always imagine a couple sitting on there really close together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not going to mention any more things, but a love seat is a couch designed just for two people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and this might be unique to my part of the world, but I don't think it is. I'm wondering if Brent could chime in in the chat if he calls this a lazy boy and if he calls this a loveseat. I would be interested to know that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have the standard, the chair. A chair is anything that you sit on. Usually a chair has four legs and a back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although I think there might be chairs with three legs, that would be rare. But a chair generally has four legs.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it's cushioned, sometimes it's just made of wood or plastic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes it has arms, sometimes it doesn't, but a chair can be found in the kitchen, a chair can be found in the living room, a chair can be found anywhere, uhm, in the house actually. We even have a chair in our bedroom, we even have a chair


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In our hallway, I think, yes, I'm not sure why I should figure that out.


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[Assistant] And of course I mentioned this already, a chair with arms is called an armchair.


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[Assistant] So an armchair has a spot where you can put your arms on the side. This is really nice when you're reading a book because you can put your elbow on the arm of the armchair while you hold your book and then you can


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we have something called a beanbag chair. We had a beanbag chair, but eventually it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That just make for a very comfortable chair. When you sit in it, the chair forms around the shape of your body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so when you sit in a beanbag chair, it's very cozy and it's very comfortable. I actually think maybe we should buy another beanbag chair. They're very, very fun. Kids especially enjoy beanbag chairs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Brent, who's from the United States, says yes to me. Both terms are used. So the term lazy boy and the term loveseat are familiar to Brent as well, who speaks the American flavor of English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I should buy another beanbag chair. That would be super fun. I love beanbag chairs. And then sometimes we have what's called a footstool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, when you sit on a couch or when you sit on a chair, you can put your feet up on a footstool. By the way, you can sit in a chair and you can sit on a chair. It kind of depends what kind of chair it is. If I was to sit on a kitchen chair, I would say I'm sitting


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if I was to sit in an armchair, I might say I'm sitting in a chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can sit on a chair and you can sit in a chair. I think it just depends how much of the chair is around you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, a footstool can sometimes be called an ottoman as well. A footstool is just a nice place to put your feet. When people say, I'm going to go home and put my feet up and relax, they usually mean that they're going to sit somewhere where they have a footstool where they can put their feet on the footstool and simply relax a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we have of course a rocking chair. A rocking chair is very common.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in a baby's room, often a rocking chair is used to soothe a child or baby who won't sleep. You'll hold the baby and then you'll rock in the rocking chair. By the way, I'm sitting in an office chair, not a rocking chair, but it does happen to go back and forth as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but a rocking chair is a fairly common thing to have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, when you are ha- when you have babies, um, to have a rocking chair so that when the mom's feeding the baby, uh, or when either the mom or dad are just sitting with the baby trying to get the baby to sleep, sometimes you'll sit in a rocking chair and the rocking motion will soothe the baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we have what's called a stool. A stool is simply a really,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we have another type of stool called a bar stool, which simply has,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a bar stool, I think in the barn we have a bar stool, a really old one that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And other things can happen there with consenting adults. I won't go into that. But a bed is usually consists, usually consists of a frame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A box spring and a mattress in my part of the world. So this is a little hard to describe, but the bed frame is made out of wood or metal and it is basically the skeleton of the bed. It's what everything else goes on. We call that the bed frame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my part of the world, we put something on top called a box spring, which is simply a big square. It looks like a mattress, but it's actually kind of hard. And then on top of that, we put the mattress. The mattress then has sheets and everything like that. By the way,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At this end of the bed, we have what's called the headboard. So once again, a bed is where you sleep. Uh, it is, it consists of a bed frame, and then in this part of the world, we put a box spring, and on top of that, we put a mattress.


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[Assistant] And then earlier someone mentioned bunk bed mode eggs was talking about bunk beds. Bunk beds are stacked beds.


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[Assistant] One bed on top of the other bed, usually found in kids rooms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They could be found in like a dorm at a university, or maybe if you are in the military and you are in the barracks where people live on a military base, they might have bunk beds. But a bunk bed is basically a bed with another bed on top of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Interestingly enough, when I think about the word bunk bed,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like in the singular, it still means two beds. When you say bunk beds, it can mean one set of bunk beds or more than one set. Kind of weird. I didn't realize that. Sometimes I learn things when I make the lessons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is just a small piece of furniture. Notice I'm using the word piece again. I've used it often. A small piece of furniture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is within easy reach when you're in bed. So if you need to turn the light on quick or if you need to set your book or in my case, your reading glasses down before you go to sleep, that's where you would put them on your night table or nightstand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Often people will have a dresser in their bedroom. This is simply a large piece of furniture with many drawers. And this is where you would keep your foldable clothes. This is where you keep your socks and your underwear. Maybe your t-shirts. Things that you wouldn't hang up on a hanger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, those are the big three, I think. I keep my shorts in here. I keep, I actually keep my jeans in my dresser. Uhm, but then I have other things that I do like to hang up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you would then put them in a wardrobe. Now, Jen and I don't have a wardrobe. We actually have closets in our bedroom where we can hang things up. But a wardrobe is a piece of furniture with doors on the front.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or maybe you have really nice dress pants and you don't want them to get wrinkled. You would hang them in your wardrobe. Again, in my case, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jen and I hang our clothes in our closet. So a closet isn't a piece of furniture. It's part of the room. But a wardrobe is something you could buy. It's a large piece of furniture that you can buy and put things in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you first move somewhere, if you don't have anything for your bedroom, you might go and buy a bedroom set. You can buy all of these things at the same time from a furniture store. So you could go and say, I need a bedroom set and that would consist of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A night table, maybe two night tables. Uh, a bed.


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[Assistant] Then they usually go and buy a bedroom set because they're moving into a house or apartment together, uh, and they need all of those pieces of furniture. So they, and it's usually cheaper to buy a bedroom set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You get a little bit of a better price when you buy, uhm, when you buy everything at once.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a baby or if you know someone who has a baby, they will most likely have a crib.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A crib is of course a small bed for babies and for toddlers. Up to a certain age, kids will sleep in a bed. Uhm, it's designed so the baby can't fall out. You don't want the baby to roll off the mattress. So we have a crib.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that the child is safe when they are sleeping. They can roll around to their hearts content and they are safe the entire time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we also have what's called a changing table. And I actually sometimes call it a change table. Uhm, but changing table seems to be the correct term according to the internet. This is where you would change a baby's diaper. So a changing table has a small soft


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very handy piece of furniture when you're changing diapers a lot like Jen and I were many years ago. It's so nice to have a changing table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course in the kitchen, if you have a young child, you will have what's called a high chair. Uhm, notice I don't say high chair. Notice how I say it. I say high chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, even though it's two words, and even though the first word is high, I actually say it more like this, high chair. It's a high chair. So it's, it's like I don't finish the word high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so a highchair is just a chair that's really tall so that the baby is at the same level as the parent. It's much easier to feed a child when they're sitting in a highchair. Uhm, and usually it will have, uhm, you can strap them in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that they can't climb out. There's usually like a little, almost like a seatbelt for the child.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so definitely uhm, something that's very common in a home where you have really, really small children. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, as we move to other rooms, you might have something called an entertainment center. So the piece of furniture underneath this TV is called an entertainment center. We also sometimes call it a TV stand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where you can put your Blu-ray player if you still have one of those. Where you can put your, uh, gaming consoles. Maybe you have an Xbox or a PlayStation or a Nintendo Switch. You would put those things in the bottom of the entertainment center. Maybe you have cable TV.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or we would call it a TV stand. If you went to a furniture store and said, where are the entertainment centers? Or where are the TV stands? They would, they would send you to the same section. They mean the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anything with four legs and a flat surface, uhm, that you would put things on, we would call a table. So you might sit and eat at a table. You might have a small table for playing games with friends. A table is usually a standard height. I'm not sure what the standard table height is, but it's a place that it's comfortable to sit at. So notice you can sit on a chair, but you can sit at a table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which requires a chair, by the way. When we have meetings at work, sometimes we sit at tables to have that meeting. At lunch, I sit at the table in the staff room. At night, Jen and I call the kids down and we say, come to the table. Everyone sit at the table. We're going to have supper. So a table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Four legs, flat surface, very, very useful invention.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you might have something called a card table or folding table. Jen and I have a table like this in our back room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If friends come over and we want to play cards or a board game, we will get out the card table or folding table. The legs fold up and we can store the table in a special room in our house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's out of the way, but when we need it, we can take it back out and use it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then of course I've mentioned this a couple of times. You have what's called a kitchen table. This is the table that you would usually find in the kitchen of a home. They are, uhm, different sizes depending on the amount of people who live in the home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a big family, so we have a big kitchen table. We can actually sit ten people at our kitchen table. So we have enough, uh, room. And our kitchen table has what's called leafs in it. So you can take pieces of the table out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can make it bigger and smaller. I should have found a small video on that. But our kitchen table has four leafs that you can put in. So we can continually make the table bigger or smaller depending on how many people are coming over for supper or dinner. And then usually you have kitchen chairs around the kitchen table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in our living room, we have a coffee table. This is a low table, usually located in front of a couch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the coffee table, uhm, is basically where you put things. You might have a few books there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having tea or coffee with people, you will put your tea or coffee cup on the table. But usually you put what's called a coaster underneath. I should have found a picture of that too. A coaster is a small piece of wood or other material that you put a hot thing on before you put it on a coffee table. And then of course we have what's called an end table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, very similar to a nightstand or night table, except you will find this beside a couch or a chair or loveseat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An end table is just a small place to put maybe a plant, maybe your books, maybe your reading glasses. You might put the remote control on the end table as well, and you might just keep it there, uhm, because then it's easy to find it back. Instead of losing it in the couch cushions, that's the worst thing when you can't find the remote control.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you might have a desk if you are a university student or if you're just a person like me. I have a desk. Where's my desk? My desk is right here. I'm actually sitting at a desk as well. I have two desks. This is where I do most of my work and this is the desk that I live stream from. A desk is a small,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's similar to a table, but it's very tiny and it's made for one person. It usually has some storage. You can see this desk has drawers on the far side.


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[Assistant] Sometimes a desk will even have a small cabinet built in, like a door that you open. But a desk is where you would do some writing. It's where you would put your computer. Uh, let's see here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and the chair you use at a desk is usually called an office chair. Or if you're young and you play computer games, you might have a gaming chair. A really fun chair that goes all the way back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a little inside joke for you younger people. I think you'll know who I'm talking about. If you have a gaming chair that goes all the way back, that's usually pretty cool. Uhm, let's see here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you might have a bookcase or a bookshelf. Same word for the same piece of furniture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a piece of furniture with many, many shelves, and you can store things on those shelves. Usually books, but it doesn't have to be. Sometimes people will buy little things and store them on their shelf. They'll have little knickknacks that they'll put. Or is it called bric-a-brac too?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think knickknacks. They'll buy little things. Maybe uhm, you go on a trip and you buy a souvenir. You might come home and put it on a bookshelf or bookcase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that does really, really well outside. Uhm, it's sometimes made of plastic. Sometimes it's made of metal. But outdoor furniture is just furniture you would use on a nice day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not in the middle of winter to sit outside and chat or read a book or enjoy someone's company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we have what's called patio furniture. You could also by the way call this a patio set.


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[Assistant] In Canada, we often have a deck or patio attached to our house and we would then buy patio furniture. This again is furniture that's designed to be outside. Uhm, it's usually made out of really durable material.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because you don't want it to get wet and rot. So they build it out of material that stays really good when it's outside. So here you see a patio table, patio chairs, and a nice umbrella so that these people can enjoy their time outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I have a picnic table outside. Most people in North America have a picnic table somewhere. It's a very common type of table. The design is very standard across North America. It's made from wood. Sometimes it's made from metal, but it's usually made from wood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna say any park in Canada, there will most likely be picnic tables somewhere for you to sit at, uh, to have a little meal with your family. We don't often put a blanket on the ground when we go and have a picnic. We often go somewhere and sit


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At a picnic table, there's usually room for six or even eight people depending on the size of the table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and it's really, really fun. Uhm, by the way, I promised one of my kids I would build a new picnic table and I never did it. So I should make sure I do that next year. Our picnic table is still working, but it's kind of falling apart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we have the classic lawn chair. So a lawn chair is a foldable chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you can use outside. This is the old version of a lawn chair. There are newer chairs now that are much better designed. But when I was a kid, this is what a lawn chair looked like. And we still have lawn chairs that look like this. A very light


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Foldable chair that you can bring with you when you go camping or in the summer when you go visit someone you might bring lawn chairs so that you can sit outside around a campfire to enjoy each other's company and to talk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One thing about Pigpan, he'll never have any trouble finding his way home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you criticize me, you criticize the soil on which you stand.


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[Assistant] So what's wrong? You're a mess, that's what's wrong!


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[Assistant] Pigpen, how in the world do you manage to get so dirty? Well, it's kind of hard to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well, good morning. Uhm, one of the things that we did last time, we started talking about advanced biasing techniques, particularly in the context of integrated circuits. And one of the things that we saw is that ideally we want to make sure that our biasing networks are designed in such a way


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That they relate the bias current or bias voltage to something that's less dependent on power supply or process and all those things. And we saw in that process there was one general theme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one of the things that we did was that we created these kind of stages. So we had, they could be bipolar or MOSFET. So we had a combination of a current mirror. Let me just make this a little bit larger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or it could be a PNP current mirror, or P-type current mirror. So you have a current mirror, and this current mirror, if it does its job perfectly, essentially, what it does, it forces the two branches to be equal. The current of these two branches is equal if both stages remain in a pinch-off region. Now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we added an added element which I call the isolator or floater. So which basically what it does, it creates an independent


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Control of these two notes. So what this does, it forces to, now with this, you can have two branches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here and here, reference to the lowest potential, let's say ground, or whatever the lowest potential is, it could be a negative VDD or something like that. Uhm, doesn't matter, let's say it's ground for now. So you have two branches here, and what this combination did, was that this upper part guaranteed, so this was the, this is the mirror, this is the classic mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under the right circumstances, essentially when the devices remain in the tr- in the pinch-off region, they- and- and of course if the output resistance or the channel length modulation is not excessive, these two currents are substantially the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, when these two currents are the same, if you look at this stage, what this does is that if these two transistors carry the same current,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And if they are the same size for now, let's assume, we saw also we can play tricks with W over L's of them to get around some of the limitations of this thing, but in general, let's say you have the W over L's here, and the same W over L, I mean it doesn't have to be the same as the lower case, these two have to be similar, and these two have to be similar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you have the same W over L, same current flowing through them, which is enforced by the upper part of this network, what can you say about the VGSs?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which basically means that since these two VGSs are both reference to the same G, the same gate, these two voltages need to be substantially the same. So what this does, it does something interesting. It, this is what they call a floating mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so what it does, it forces these two currents, at least in ideal situations, it forces these two currents


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or, or similar. And it forces these two voltages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, you gotta be careful about this arrangement and the way you interpret this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should not interpret, if I give you a one port, basically a two terminal device, something like a resistor, a capacitor, something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember, you cannot enforce both its current and voltage at the same time. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Should make logical sense. Because you, let's say, I'm gonna enforce the voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you, then the device, the IV characteristic of this device or general characteristic of this device will tell you what its current is. Or if you enforce a current, it will tell you what its voltage is. Or you may not enforce either one. You can say, I have this kind of IV curve for my source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you can say, well I have, and this guy said, well I have this kind of IV source for myself. So let's see where we can meet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You enforce the current, you- it sets the voltage. You set- enforce the voltage, you set the current, or you enforce a combination of the two, it will-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give you another equation to determine what the voltage and current will be. Now how is it that you can do


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Set both voltages to be equal and the currents to be equal for two different branches here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because really these are two different branches. This is not connected like this. These are connected like that. There are two of them. So you have four sets of equations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have four sets of unknowns, right, and four sets of equations. Each one of them has two equations and two unknowns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The current and voltage. And current and voltage. And what all this does, it sets two equations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That this current is equal to this current and this voltage is equal to this voltage. It doesn't set any, it doesn't say anything about the relationship between this voltage and this current and this voltage and that current. Which are determined by what you put in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no logical, kind of like contradiction here. Because this is two knit branches, not single.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it should not lead to the conclusion that you can enforce both current and voltage of a single branch. Okay? Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These guys? Oh no, in a, in a, you're talking about a, so, so, you're talking about a different stage, different kind of stage. Let's draw, I think, let me just make sure if I understood your question. You're talking about a differential to single ended conversion, right? Something like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, from, since it's voltage gonna be more or less that, that value, it's, we can assume that it, it is connected to that voltage, which basically means that for common-mode perspective, we can actually short-circuit this, and look at this as a common-mode input.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Correct, but you're not doing necessarily a common-mode analysis. The common-mode analysis allows you to do that because you're forcing these two to be equal. So it's a subset of the possibilities, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Correct. Here, the equality of the current is really enforced fundamentally in this stage, right, at the input. And this equality of the current that's enforced here will result in this voltage being substantially the same as that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So it's only for that mode of operation that you can actually enforce this here. Now, here, what you're doing is that these guys, their job is to enforce these two to be substantially similar, and these guys, by the way they are connected, will guarantee that these two voltages are substantially the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a different situation. So you have two branches here that are separate. In that sense, you have one branch at the bottom. That may be one way to think about the difference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I understand. They can't say they are equal. No. No, absolutely correct. Yes, you're absolutely correct. In fact,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's actually, let's just pick some typical, not typical, just some numbers, right? So let's say this was 5 volts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? For the sake of argument. The supply is 5 volts to ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is gonna be .5 plus .3 because they're the same node, so that's fine. But now remember, this node is at .5. Now let's say I put small resistors here. Let's say I put a VBE here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say this is a dial. This is going to be .7. Right? This is the way we use...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if this is going to be 0.7, what is this voltage going to be? It's going to be another 0.8 here, going to be 1.5 volts above ground. This voltage is 0.7, 0.8 volts below 5 volts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's gonna be 4.2 volts. This side is gonna be 1.5 volts. They're substantially different. In fact, it's actually essential to the operation of this stage for this to happen. And this is why we are putting this diode connected here. If I had put the diode connected on the other side, this would get messed up. This would not work. Why? Because you get .8 here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under that circumstance. And then you get 0.7. So that basically you're saying this voltage wants to be much higher than what it would have normally been. So which basically means that now you have a tug of war between this upper branch, this upper part that's trying to pull it up to VDD and lower part. Because you have essentially put two low impedances in series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You remember we talked about putting low impedance and high impedances? When we put this here, we pair up a low impedance and a high impedance. A high maintenance person is paired up with a low maintenance person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't put two high maintenance people at the same place, just like you would get into conflict. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So you asked a good question, a very good question, and you're touching upon something more broadly, general, which I've tried to address in a different context, but let me just talk about it a bit. You said, what is forcing what? Right? That concept.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We could think about them differently. We can think about it that something is forcing something else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or we could think about it as that this is, there's nothing that actually forces something else. It's an aggregate result of a bunch of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That there's a bunch of IV relationships that kind of like interact with each other. Now, that is not very conducive to design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Because you say, okay, well, basically what I'm telling you is that solve the n-equation and unknowns that in general are nonlinear and find out what it is. That's good for a computer. That's not good for us. Now if you're designing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want to kind of develop this notion of something forcing something else, right? And with the understanding that fundamentally it is really a manifestation of those sets of equations working together. Now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The way we do that though, the way we get around that...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, low impedances are good at setting voltages. High impedances are good at setting currents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you're dealing with high impedances, you can say, oh, this is a current drive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you're dealing with low impedance, source impedances, let's say, then you're saying that this is a voltage drive. Conversely, if you're dealing with a low, uh, load impedance,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As opposed to source impedance, load impedance, then, then you are saying that okay, it's a current sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's, it's better modeled as a current search, or better thought of as a current search. But, there is, in practice, there's never a zero or, and there's never an infinite or.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all of these eventually come back, if you want to make it exact, you have to go back to those equations. But it's a way of thinking that allows us to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, in this case essentially you're saying, you're establishing two relationships between branches and currents and voltages. But you don't say anything about explicit relationship between this i and i and v, which is determined by what's inside this oval which we haven't shown. But that's a good question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you talk about drive, and you talk about this is the current source, this is the voltage source, this is the current drive, this is the voltage drive, these are approximations that allow us to think about low impedance or high impedance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And people sometimes run into this conflict of trying to kind of resolve something either mathematically accurately or physically intuitive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they can err on one side or the other. It's important to understand that what these are approximations or ways of thinking about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, going back to this, so what we have is we have this floating mirror configuration that allows you to contain, and this was, we used it in different ways, right? This is what we did eventually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We put, what did we put here? We said, okay, if you put a MOSFET,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A diode connected MOSFET, for example, and a resistor here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What it does, it drops the VT plus delta VGS of this thing across that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we saw that, okay, one way is to make delta vgs small compared to vt. You can make the w over L huge, right? If you make the w over L very large, then delta vgs would go to zero. You will get mostly vt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then that would be dropped across here, so the current across here would be the threshold voltage divided by the R. And it becomes more independent of the supply voltage, right, for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? We did this thing before. The other thing that we did for example was that we said okay we can put a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Diode, or diode-connected transistor. This could be made out of a parasitic bipolar transistor. And when you do do that, you're dropping the VBE across R. So basically your I would become VBE.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On divided by R. Now that's determined by the total current exact value of VB, but it's going to be 0.7-ish for a silicon transistor, typical silicon transistor, typical currents in an IC, let's say milliamp-ish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that was one of the things. And then we said, okay, well, what if we want to make something with a positive temperature coefficient? And we noticed that we really want to get that VT out. We saw from detailed analysis that VBE was negative because of the influence of the IS. Right? Because IS has such a strong dependence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we did is say, well, let's scale one of the transistors to be n times larger, and hence its VBE would be n times larger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you have some, this is 1x, this is nx, so it's, so this is basically n times is1, what you will see is that basically through this cancellation, the subtraction of the natural logs, or logs, you basically get the natural log of n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because ICs cancel and then you have IS2 equals N times IS1, you cancel, you got natural logon. And then this difference is what appears across this resistor, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good, this voltage is reflected across here, and this voltage, this is VBE1, this is VBE2, so R sees VBE1 minus VBE2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And therefore, their current would be VT over R natural log of N, or better yet KT over QR natural log of N. So you get really truly proportional to T.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Temperature, which is what we call P-TAT, and the one with bipolar, uh, with, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, just the VBE reference is called CTAT. PTAT stands for proportional to absolute temperature. CTAT means complementary to absolute temperature. And then what we saw eventually was that we combined these two. We said, okay, well, the VBE itself drops like this. So this is the CTAT or VBE. And then versus temperature. And then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] PTAT is there. Now, if you give PTAT the right slope, basically put the right number in front of it, you can combine these two and add them in a way that at least at one point, they will cancel and produce a slope of zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you, and if you notice last time in the equations, this cancellation is not across the entire range of temperatures. This full cancellation is really at one point. And beyond that, basically you create a point which has a slope of zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So then the temperature dependence becomes weak, and at this point, around this point becomes zero. Because its first derivative is basically zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can adjust where this point is, and that's a first order thing, and people do a whole bunch of other second order things to come back and adjust it to make it more flat, et cetera, et cetera, if you're trying to make it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, and the way we did that really was we took for example this out and fed it through another resistor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So M times R, and then you pass it through another, and you put it in series with another VBE. Right? And this was where you generated that voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this voltage is M times KT over Q natural log of N. It's the voltage across the resistor and then plus VB. So you get this Ptath in series with the Ctath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then generate photocouple. And you can actually relate this to band gap voltage. You can make it, if you try to match them, you can see it comes close to the band gap voltage of the silicon. One point something, one point zero five, one point one volt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, which is nice if you're trying to create a constant voltage. Now, there are, so this is one way of doing this thing. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this kind of so-called floating mirror concept. And if you want to make it better, let's say, you can say, well, these things, well, what if I have channel length modulation? What if I have early effect? What do you do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you cascode this for example, right? And cascode this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you identify another solution that's a valid solution for this network? It's a non-linear system so it can have more than one solution. Right? Do you see another solution?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a trivial solution. Let's put it this way. Yes. Yes. All of them zero. That also holds, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every current being zero is also valid. And what happens is that all of these guys will collapse down. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When is it a problem? When do you think this can be a problem in real design? If you design something like this, you gotta be very careful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it doesn't matter because its VGS is zero. Because this is zero, this is zero, these are zero, these are zero, this VGS is zero, this VGS is zero, this VGS is zero, and this VGS is zero now. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the current through here is zero, so VBE is IS, whatever, exponential.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Minus one, so that becomes zero. So everything can be, it's a valid solution. It's a stable solution. How do you think this manifests itself? If you were to do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In design, in real design. You make a chip, you make put this on it, you do it exactly the way we did it. How, what, what do you think will happen?