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[Assistant] How you can convert a prefix expression into a infix expression. So that is the vice versa process again manual process. We're not using stack data structure.


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[Assistant] Okay so as you can see on the screen these are the steps that are required to convert a prefix expression to infix expression and we've got our very first


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[Assistant] Question, convert this following prefix expression to infix. Let's go through these steps. The step number one is we have to start from left to right.


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[Assistant] So you have to go in this direction till you get the first instance of one operator followed by two operands.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have to start from left to right. So this is the first instance, first operator. Is it followed by two operands? No, because the next element is a operator itself. So you have to move forward. Now we will come over here. So this is one more operator.


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[Assistant] After this operator, do we have two operands? We have A and B. Yes. So we have to go till we find one operator and two operands because this is in prefix format. And once we do that,


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[Assistant] We have to convert that to infix notation and assume and substitute it with a temporary variable again we have to do it in the way we were doing


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[Assistant] The infix to prefix only, we have to convert it to infix and assume it and give it another substitute variable name.


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[Assistant] And then proceed forward from there to the right or start again if we reach the end of the expression.


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[Assistant] Till everything is converted to a infix format. Okay?


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[Assistant] So let's actually do it live. So starting from this operator are the next two symbols operands? No, because this is an operator.


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[Assistant] So we'll move one step ahead. Now if you see after minus we have A and B which is two operands. So you have to convert it to infix. So everything else remains the same. So I'll write plus as it is and minus AB is supposed to be converted to infix format.


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[Assistant] And the third part C that is this operator will remain as it is. So this is step number one. Now we move forward.


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[Assistant] We've converted a minus b, we'll substitute a minus b and we'll call it x1. So this equation will become plus, then we have x1 and this is c. Now when we arrive at c, we are at end of this entire


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[Assistant] String that is expression string. So we again start over from the start and from the start we see one more operator plus


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[Assistant] And do we have two operands after this operator? So we have x1 and c as two operands after plus operator, which means that again, we've arrived at a favorable condition starting from left to right till you get first instance of one operator followed by two operands. So one operator followed by two operands. So again, you have to convert this to infix. So how do we convert? You have to take plus over here. So again, converting this to infix we get x1 plus c.


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[Assistant] We have to re-substitute x1 and make it a minus b. So at x1, I'll write a minus b and then you have to plus c.


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[Assistant] And now you can actually exclude out the brackets, you don't need the brackets over here. So this is basically the infix format.


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[Assistant] This is operand 1 and this is operand 2. So plus will go here. So we get plus minus ABC, which is what we have over here again.


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[Assistant] So this is how you can cross check if you know the other way around and then you can verify your answer. Okay, so let's see question number two.


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[Assistant] Now this is exactly the prefix expression that we came or arrived at for the question number two when we were converting infix to prefix.


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[Assistant] So you have to get back the infix version. Now again, start from left to right. So start from left to right.


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[Assistant] Till you get the first instance of one operator followed by two operands. So this is one operator, but it is not followed by two operands. So move forward.


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[Assistant] So we have B star C and when you move forward we have


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[Assistant] So you can call them x1 and x2, so we'll say b star c.


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[Assistant] Can be converted or considered as x1. We will say d divided by e. Let's call it x2.


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[Assistant] So ultimately the expression becomes minus plus a, then x1 and x2. Okay, so again start from left to right.


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[Assistant] We have minus, is it followed by two operands? No.


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[Assistant] We have plus and a, right? Plus is not an operand. So move forward. We have plus and plus is followed by a and x1 which is two operands. So get plus over here. So we will get


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[Assistant] So this whole equation will become minus x3 and x2. So I can go from left to right.


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[Assistant] So get minus in between x3 and x2 to make it in fixed format. So ultimately we will get x3 minus x2.


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[Assistant] Now we substitute all these values of x3, x2 and x1. So x3 was a plus x1. So a plus x1 and then we have minus x2. What is x1? x1 is b star c. So we will have a plus we have b star c minus what do we have x2 as d divided by e. So this is our final infix expression which was a prefix expression over here and this is the conversion to infix.


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[Assistant] So we went a little quick but I hope you've got the whole working of how to make this conversion manually. And now let's move on to the last example.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have a prefix expression which needs to be converted into an infix expression. Again, let's start from left to right.


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[Assistant] And see whether we get the first instance of one operator followed by two operands. If you see, plus is not followed by two operands. We have star and plus. Similarly, till over here.


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[Assistant] At this plus also, it is not followed by two operands. We have one operand but another operator.


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[Assistant] After this race to sign, we have two operands B and C.


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[Assistant] So we have to take this over here. So that's the step number one. So we have plus star plus a and then we say b raised to c.


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[Assistant] And let everything be as it is, that is DNE. Now let's consider B raised to C as X1. So this whole thing will become plus star plus A X1 DNE. Now again we have to start from left to right. And if you observe after this plus sign we have two operands A and X1. So get this plus in between. So we will have plus star A plus X1 DE.


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[Assistant] Again, a plus x1 can be considered as x2. So the whole equation will become plus star x2 dne. Now starting from left to right.


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[Assistant] After star, we have two operands x2 and d. So, get this star in between.


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[Assistant] So you can skip considering x2 star d.


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[Assistant] As x3 and get this plus over here also. Let's skip one, one step because ultimately we will be having x2


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[Assistant] Star D plus E right because this will be considered one operand.


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[Assistant] And this will be considered one operand for this plus operator, right? So plus will come in between. So we are ultimately going to get this only.


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[Assistant] And now we just have to re-substitute x2 and x1 value. What is x2?


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[Assistant] Plus e. And this is the final infix format. Okay? To this prefix expression.


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[Assistant] So yeaah, this was the infix to prefix and vice versa done manually. We took 3-3 examples each. We followed the steps. We also followed the operator precedence and associativity rules while


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[Assistant] Making these conversions. And I hope now you have a very good idea of how to make these conversions manually on paper.


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[Assistant] Do share this video with your friends and in the upcoming videos, we'll see how to make these conversions using stack data structure as well. So stay tuned for that. That video will be there in this course itself.


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[Assistant] Definitely subscribe and turn on the notifications so that you get notified with the latest updates and I'll see you guys in the next video. Peace.


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[Assistant] They also have tourist information desks, and also, if you want an audio guide, you can rent those over there. I'm probably gonna do that, because I want to learn as much as possible. And, if you only have a few hours, they have this list here. Don't miss. These are the most popular exhibits, so we're gonna make sure we hit all of these. I gotta really make use of this information. I think the next step, audio guide, baby.


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[Assistant] Okay, we're on the third and final exhibit. It looks like a Chinese painting, so I'm gonna go to the Asian exhibit right here on the map. China and Southeast Asia might be a good idea.


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[Assistant] I'm going to answer some questions today that have been submitted by people who have taken my personality course and sometimes as well the personality test that's associated with it, understand myself.


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[Assistant] And so, these questions were selected by members of my team, uh, they were questions that many people wanted to have answered and proved popular. So, we're gonna go through a bunch of them today. We'll go trait by trait, so.


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[Assistant] In the big five, which is the standard personality model that research psychologists and increasingly clinical psychologists and business people, for that matter, rely on to describe human personality. So we'll go through all five traits. The traits, just to remind you, are extraversion,


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[Assistant] And that's a positive emotion trait, and that breaks down into assertiveness and enthusiasm, uh, neuroticism, sometimes called negative emotionality, and that is a


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[Assistant] Index of sensitivity to negative emotion, that's mostly anxiety and pain, that's a good way to think about it. Frustration, disappointment, all fall into that category as well. Grief.


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[Assistant] And it subdivides into withdrawal and volatility, and volatility is, I would say, a tendency to some degree to fly off the handle, let's say, to get unduly upset over smaller things, uh, proportionate to...


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[Assistant] You know, the degree to which that personality trait is dominant and withdrawal is a tendency to avoid because of negative emotion, primarily anxiety. Agreeableness, uhm, it's not great that name because it's opposite. Disagreeableness sounds bad.


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[Assistant] And it isn't bad, it's just different, but agreeable people are polite and compassionate. And, uh,


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[Assistant] That's one of the personality traits along with negative emotionality that most differentiate men and women on average. So men are on average lower in sensitivity to negative emotion and lower in agreeableness than women.


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[Assistant] There are their small personality differences between men and women that are, uh, common on average, but those are the two big ones.


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[Assistant] That doesn't mean there isn't substantial individual variability, and there are plenty of men with a more feminine temperament and plenty of women with a more masculine temperament. So,


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[Assistant] Uhm, conscientiousness, that's orderliness and industriousness and conscientious people are dutiful. They do what they say they'll do. It's pretty easy for them to get down to work.


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[Assistant] Or at least they do get down to work, whether or not it's easy. And openness. Openness is creativity and interest in ideas. So openness breaks down into intellect, which is something like interest in and facility with ideas, especially verbal ideas. And openness proper, which is...


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[Assistant] Really what we think of when we think of creative people. Imagine that they're imaginative, they're interested in poetry, they're interested in literature, etc. Interested in aesthetic experiences. So that's...


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[Assistant] The similarities between you and whatever partner you choose to include. So, you might find that useful.


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[Assistant] I found it useful, I just did it again recently with my wife and we both found it useful and, and revealing again.


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[Assistant] So let's start about extroversion. Start with extroversion. I received a score of the second percentile for trait extroversion.


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[Assistant] And then another question that's similar, I am first percentile extroverted, so very introverted, prefer to be alone, uh, find, find, uh,


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[Assistant] Activity in groups exhausting and socializing exhausting rather than invigorating


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[Assistant] I am Chinese, and as far as I understand, Chinese culture is very extroverted. I think that's probably not the case, uh, as a generalization. I suspect that at the cultural level, there isn't any culture that's any more extroverted than any other culture.


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[Assistant] Because personality is something that varies by individual rather than by culture, fundamentally. So I don't think that's true, but it doesn't really affect the main question. What advice would you give for those who are extremely introverted to conduct themselves in a society


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[Assistant] That is contrary to their temperament in order for them to reach their full potential. Well both of those questions depend further answer to a great degree on the other pattern of personality traits. And so if you're low in extroversion, it's going to make it more difficult for you to speak in groups. Uh, you're gonna be one of the quieter people generally speaking. And you're gonna prefer to spend a fair bit of your time alone. So what should you do?


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[Assistant] Well, you should work on your social skills consciously because you'll have to in order to master them because


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[Assistant] Not being able to function socially tends to be an obstacle to people and so you'll have to learn that consciously step by step.


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[Assistant] In terms of what you should do to motivate yourself, well it depends on the rest of your personality. If you're agreeable, for example, you're gonna like to take care of people.


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[Assistant] If you're open, you're going to like to engage in creative activities.


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[Assistant] Uhm, if you're conscientious, you're going to be motivated by dutiful action, by patriotism, and by serving the broader good in a, in a, in a, let's say in an, in a, well in an industrious manner, I suppose, an orderly manner.


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[Assistant] And so you can draw on those other traits for motivation.


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[Assistant] It is somewhat more difficult if you're low in extraversion because it's hard to get excited about things by definition.


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[Assistant] So, can you expand on the advantages and disadvantages of low extroversion being introverted?


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[Assistant] Well, you are comfortable with being by yourself, that's not nothing.


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[Assistant] I've also found, and I don't know if this is true because there isn't any research on it as far as I know, but it's been a clinical observation of mine that introverted people really


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[Assistant] And so even though it might be a pain in some ways to be introverted because there are obstacles to your social interactions, let's say, from a biological or evolutionary perspective, the fact that you're more likely to be by yourself certainly is likely to help protect you when societies go extremely wrong.


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[Assistant] So, and it can be exhausting to be extroverted as well. Uh, that, that degree of energy drives people forward. There's a fair physiological cost to that as well, so.


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[Assistant] Positive emotion isn't cost free and extroverted people also tend to be somewhat impulsive.


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[Assistant] And that can get them in trouble. That's especially true if they're high in openness, so those two traits together make up plasticity, and then if they're low in conscientiousness, let's say, and also sometimes low in agreeableness, they can be quite impulsive, and that can get people into a lot of trouble.


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[Assistant] You know, one of the things you see with kids, and it's kind of sad really, is that they're often disciplined for having fun.


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[Assistant] And that fun, that boisterous fun, that's an extroverted manifestation. It's all part of the positive emotion system. And that's very- can be very disruptive socially. It's noisy and-


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[Assistant] And disturbing, and so I actually found myself taken aback at how often I was disciplining the kids because they were too happy.


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[Assistant] Don't be thinking that positive emotion is all good just because it feels good.


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[Assistant] It has its downside just like everything else. So, that's the answer to that question. Okay, let's move to agreeableness.


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[Assistant] Now in some ways, I should talk a little bit about agreeables, in some ways agreeable people are easier to get along with. They don't say no, they're not combative.


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[Assistant] But that doesn't mean that they don't get angry. It means though that they tend to hide it. Now my sense is that


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[Assistant] The high agreeableness that characterizes women in comparison to men on average is a consequence of the need to be extremely compassionate with infants. And I think women's nervous systems are tilted in that direction, at least in part for that reason. Now women are also somewhat smaller than men and they're quite a bit weaker in upper body strength and so


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[Assistant] They're not much match for a man, even a relatively small man and a relatively big woman.


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[Assistant] For women in being combative, particularly if they're dealing with men. And that might be another reason for the higher agreeableness that tends to manifest itself at puberty. But I think a lot of it is linked to the necessity for infant care.


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[Assistant] And you need to sacrifice yourself to an infant, especially when they're, say, under a year old, because


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[Assistant] Almost the only trait that's necessary perhaps apart from some conscientious dutifulness with an infant that young is.


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[Assistant] Agreeableness. You have to take care of them all the time. And it's them first, not you. And you have to subordinate your own needs to them. But that's not a really good attitude.


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[Assistant] To use when you're dealing with, when you're female for example and you're dealing with an adult male because your needs shouldn't always be subordinate to him and he's certainly not your baby and you need to stand up for yourself, right? And if you don't, you'll get resentful. And so,


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[Assistant] You know, it's sort of a truism in our society that compassion is an untrammeled good, but that's just simply not true. An excess of compassion can, uh, impedes the development of children, for example.


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[Assistant] Exceptionally compassionate people are likely to do too much for other people and that deprives them of the opportunity or even the necessity to do things for themselves. Now,


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[Assistant] If you're agreeable, you're not gonna like conflict. You're gonna, you're going to, uh, avoid it. And that's particularly true


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[Assistant] In some ways, if you're higher negative emotion, because the conflict's also going to be hard on you. Now, that's a bit complicated, because if you're higher neuroticism, you may, are likely also to be high in the aspect of volatility, and that makes you a bit touchy. But, agreeable people, because they will avoid conflict, uh,


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[Assistant] Often don't get what they want, and then they get resentful and they harbor that underground. And so,


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[Assistant] Like, doesn't matter if you think it's justified or not, you probably don't because you're agreeable, but not only write down everything you think that's making you angry, but-


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[Assistant] And then, you know, sit on that for a little while and think about it and think about what your life is going to be like if those things continue. Now some of them you might be able to just ignore, you know, you've written them down and you think, well, I'm making more of that than is necessary.


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[Assistant] But some of them, you may have to address, or you'll live with that for the rest of your life.


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[Assistant] Now, one of the main things that therapists do in their clinical practice is to train assertiveness. And assertiveness is an aspect of extroversion, temperamentally, because


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[Assistant] People with a lot of positive emotion tend to be more talkative, let's say. But assertiveness is also, at least in the clinical, uh, s-


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[Assistant] Sense is also partly lower agreeableness because people who are disagreeable can say no and mean it.


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[Assistant] And maybe they say no too often if they're really disagreeable and that can be a problem. But they can also stand up for themselves. And so,


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[Assistant] What clinicians do with people who are high in agreeableness, especially if they're resentful and their life isn't going well, and maybe they're being taken advantage of by other people, especially disagreeable people,


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[Assistant] It's like, okay, well let's practice that. I'm your boss. Ask me for a raise. Tell me why, tell me why you think it's a good idea that I as your boss should give you a raise. And you know, there are often lots of good ideas.


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[Assistant] You're doing more work than your boss knows and you're so agreeable that you haven't let him or her know.


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[Assistant] And so, you're being taken for granted and not given your due?


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[Assistant] You don't want to be unhappy in your job and do a worse job than you would otherwise do. You don't want to leave your job.


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[Assistant] If your boss needs you to go get another job because you're not valued properly. You want to treat yourself fairly and see that you're advancing. All of those things. Those aren't trivial. And most bosses...


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[Assistant] ones that are reasonable if you're of some value are going to listen to you if you make a coherent argument


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[Assistant] And so if you're agreeable and you're always swallowing your bitterness because you don't want conflict, then...


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[Assistant] Nothing gets better, everything gets worse, and things deteriorate. And so the advantage to disagreeable people...


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[Assistant] I like to have some disagreeable people around. I mean, it can be hard, especially if you're not doing well, cause they're, they're kinda rough. But man, they tell you what they're thinking.


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[Assistant] And it's hard for an agreeable person to manage that, but you can practice it and it's worthwhile.


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[Assistant] What I recommend to agreeable people, pretty frequently, is to consult their resentment. Right? First you want to notice if you're resentful. And that's hard, because, well, it's a...


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[Assistant] It's an unpleasant emotion and it's kind of shameful to admit to yourself that you have it, but it's really useful because it usually means


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[Assistant] That either you're being taken advantage of and need to stand up for yourself or you should grow up and quit complaining. It's one of those two.


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[Assistant] And if it's the first one, well then you have some things to say, or it's not going to get better. And so, and you might think, well I don't want the conflict, but then that's just not...


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[Assistant] Productive thinking, because if you're unhappy and the situation isn't changing, there already is conflict, and it isn't going to go away, likely. In fact, it's likely to get worse, unless you do something about it. So...


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[Assistant] Here's a specific question. What's the best way to handle repressed anger as a highly agreeable person and to show these feelings without embarrassing myself?


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[Assistant] Do you have any suggestions about how to approach saying no effectively?


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[Assistant] Write, write down your argument to begin with. Get it straight in your head.


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[Assistant] Why are you, why is it necessary for you to say no? And so, and do you have a alternative in mind? You know, because


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[Assistant] If someone comes, if I have a plan and I bring it to someone in my family, for example, and they say no, it's like, well no, not no, how about a better plan?


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[Assistant] Or otherwise my plan. And if they have a better plan, well fine, you know. Or if they have a really good reason, that's fine too. But...


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[Assistant] Do you have any suggestions about how to approach saying no effectively? Yes. The other thing you can do if you're agreeable is tell the other person what you actually want. That's a good suggestion for arguments with loved ones, particularly, especially a mate. It's like you're upset with them. Okay, well, they're


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[Assistant] No smarter than you, you know, so you could give them a break.


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[Assistant] But it's pretty nice to tell them what you want. Now, you see this in couples all the time.


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[Assistant] It's like, well, if you love me, you'd know what I want. It's like, no, I'm stupid, like you.


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[Assistant] But you want me to go through the tremendous difficulty of figuring out exactly what you want and delivering it to you when you're only hinting about it. It's like that's very annoying. So, figure out what you want.


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[Assistant] And tell your partner exactly what you want and then when you see them.


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[Assistant] Tentatively attempting to give you what you want badly.


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[Assistant] But better than before, don't say, oh well, you know, that's not good enough. Say, hey, that's better. Way to be. Like, let's keep doing this.


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[Assistant] So, you have to think strategically about these things, and I don't mean manipulatively, because that doesn't work, especially in a long-term intimate relationship. It's just...


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[Assistant] Terrible thing to do to manipulate. It's terrible.


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[Assistant] Look, it's not easy for an agreeable person to engage in conflict, but the alternative is far worse. So, and you have to treat yourself as well with some compassion, right? It's like,


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[Assistant] And maybe you can talk to your partner about the difficulties you have with this and they can give you a bit of a break, but consult your resentment and maybe vow. This is something to think about. To live without resentment. And what that's going to do is morally obligate you to say no when it's necessary.


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[Assistant] You know, and what that'll also mean, and this is such a gift to your partner, is that...


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[Assistant] And explode in a mess of complete catastrophe and recrimination.


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[Assistant] I scored low in agreeableness, 20th percentile. That's not, you know, that's low, but it's not too bad. If there were five people in the room, you'd be the lowest, but if there were ten, there'd be someone more disagreeable than you. So that's not too bad, and it's not bad at all. Very low in politeness.


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[Assistant] Often people who are low in politeness can be pretty damn funny because they'll say cutting things and that's particularly true if they're extroverted and so, you know, that's actually a big plus in


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[Assistant] Being low in politeness. It's another one of those terms that aren't termed


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[Assistant] Impolite sounds bad, but blunt doesn't sound so bad. You know, and impolite and blunt, they're in the same semantic space.


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[Assistant] And blunt can be real good because the cards are on the table, man. And, you know, the gauntlet has been thrown.


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[Assistant] And so that's good, you know where you stand. And impolite people, blunt people, you know where you stand with them. So don't be thinking that that's so much of a character flaw necessarily. Now, you might want to learn when


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not time to be quite so blunt and that's probably when people around you are genuinely ill, for example, or genuinely suffering, you know, you could try to curb your tongue when it's not time for, you know, that impolite joke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or for your bluntness. And that's hard to learn if it's running against your temperament. You know, all of cross temperamental or cross personality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't really think you, you really change your basic temperament that much as you mature, but you can expand it. That might not be true, so, quite so true with neuroticism, because with exposure you can make yourself more emotionally resilient, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, if you're temperamentally extremely high in neuroticism, it's still a tremendous uphill battle. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How can I be more polite even though I do not seem to be predisposed to it? Well, you can practice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, consciously, so for example, when you go into a store to have an interaction with a shopkeeper, you can ask them how their day is going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, a little polite small talk to begin things and listen. It's another thing you can do if you're disagreeable is you can practice listening. That'll make a big difference. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And being cognizant of it is, you know, you think, well, you're a bit harsh, so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't use that when it's not going to be helpful to you or the person that you're interacting with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Intent, so get your intent straight. I would like to be less impolite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At least some of the time. Because that would be better for me and for other people. Okay, so that's your intent. And then you watch yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And practice in small ways, you'll get better at it, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very highly socialized, disagreeable people can be extremely diplomatic. So, openness to experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am high in openness and somewhat low in conscientiousness. How do I improve the latter and get going? Well, I would say your best bet is to make a plan. We have software, uh, online, selfauthoring.com. Make a plan. That's the future authoring program. Make a plan!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then break the plan down, a detailed written plan about where you're headed in your life and why. And, you know, if you don't know, well then make a bad plan. You can always revise it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A bad plan that you implement is way better than no plan at all, cause you'll learn along the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you have to break down the tasks that constitute that plan until they're small enough so that even someone as unconscious as you will do them. You know, and so let's say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you have to clean up your room and you're just not doing it. Well, maybe you have to say I will clean


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll move one messy thing a day for the next month. And maybe you'll do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you can't do that, then do one a week. Hopefully you won't be piling up more messy things at a faster rate than that, although you probably will.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only thing you can do to improve is to practice, and then you say, well I won't practice, well then you didn't make the task small enough so that someone as useless as you would do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think that's true for pretty much everything that you learn. It's like you have to take yourself in some way where you are if you want to improve. And you might have to do something embarrassingly small.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So embarrassingly small that you can hardly admit it to yourself to get the ball rolling. And if you practice that diligently, it will work. It's hard. I mean, I've seen pretty unconscious people manage to develop some discipline. So, but it's, it requires commitment and this practice at small things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you find you still don't do it because you're not very industriousness, well then you have to break it down into smaller and smaller steps till you actually succeed. Then that's the level at which you're ready to move forward. That's how that works. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I often find myself at a crossroads because the desire to create something original is stifled by my perfectionistic instinct to produce something genuinely purposeful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, well the problem with creative endeavour is that it often requires an intermediary mess. And that's hard on orderly people, because they don't like mess. I would say what you should do is to put a severe time constraint on your creativity. And that'll appeal to your orderliness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can only do the best I can in this time frame. So I'll give myself two weeks to finish this project. No more. And then you do your best within that two weeks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And placing constraints on yourself in the creative domain is actually, if you do it voluntarily, it's actually a really good challenge. It can produce even higher levels of creativity because often, in order to address the problem of fitting the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exercise or activity into the time frame, you have to do something truly original and efficient to manage it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so one of the things I used to do regularly with my graduate students when they came with a research hypothesis, they wanted to do a study. I'd ask them, sit down for...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A day or so and see if you can figure out a way to do what you're planning ten times faster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you have to be, you have to sacrifice some things in order to do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's certainly possible that you could do it. It's worth thinking about. Because why not do something good ten times faster? And that would appeal to your orderly side. So that's what I would suggest, not knowing anything else about you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Story, what types of rules fit me best if I'm very low in openness? Well...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't like change, you don't like novelty, you're not that interested in creative endeavour, and that's fine, so stay away from that. Now then it's gonna depend on the rest of your personality. If you're extroverted, well then you wanna work with people. If you're agreeable, you wanna take care of people. If you're conscientiousness, if you're conscientious, then you're going to find meaning in duty. And so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're not gonna be a philosopher. You're not gonna be an artist. Those aren't domains for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, consult the rest of your personality to find where your interest lies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not necessarily the same as ability, right? So here's an example. It's pretty obvious that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Men and women are essentially the same in terms of intelligence. Now, there's some differences, especially at the upper reaches, possibly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think they outnumber the boys now, are still quite unlikely to go into, say, engineering. So, and why is that? Well, I'll tell you a little story. My granddaughter,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who's four was in the park the other day with my grandson, who's about 18 months old.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he was really fascinated with the lawnmower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she looked at him and then at my wife and said, Elliot,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He really likes the lawnmower, but not me. I really like flowers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfectly illustrates the difference between boys and girls, but it doesn't do too bad a job. And it does indicate how deep those differences in interest are. You know, even in our primate cousins,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are differences in toy preference. If you give juvenile chimps toys that females have a marked preference for the doll-like toys, and weirdly enough, the males have more of a preference for truck-like things, even though truck-driving chimps are pretty


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Few and far between and so we don't know how deep these differences in interest are, but they're the difference in interest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In people versus things is one of the most reliable differences between men and women on average and also the biggest that psychologists have discovered. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like clinical psychology, social work, that sort of thing, which tend by the way to be quite dominated by females. You're gonna be more interested in things. And that's another...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, it might make engineering types a little bit more difficult to work with socially, but they're obsessed with gadgets and that's a niche and a really useful one and you just can't have everything in your temperament, right? There's trade-offs and so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm in the odd situation of being high in orderliness but low in industrious. I love making plans and schedules and getting excited about where these plans will take me but find it very difficult to get down to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what are some practical steps to increase industriousness specifically? Yeah, well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You take your plan, you break it down into steps so small that you will implement them. And I would also say maybe you need to learn to reward yourself when you do actually implement a micro subplan. You know?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Note that you did it. Reward yourself. At least by noticing that you actually did it and took a step forward. But maybe you'll need something more than that. Maybe you...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, you take a crack at some task you've been avoiding and.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't finish it, but you at least start it. It's like, maybe it's time to go have a coffee and a donut, you know, something like that. It's all, look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's something to contemplate. You know, if you want to improve your relationship with the people you live with, here's a way to do it. And this is not manipulative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It could be if you did, if you wanted to manipulate, but I'm not recommending that. You watch those people and when they do something,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's sort of something you would like them to do more of? Notice it. Notice it first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially if it's an improvement over baseline behaviour. An incremental improvement. And then reward them, like a smile, a word, hey I saw you did that, that was really cool. Man, that goes a long way. B.F. Skinner, who is a famous behaviourist,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He taught animals to do things you just couldn't imagine they could learn to do. Pigeons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So he'd watch the animal and when it started doing something that was vaguely like he wanted the animal to do, he'd give it like a food pallet. His animals were hungry, by the way, so they were very motivated to work for food. And he was very cognizant of the potential for training that discipline or punishment or threat


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you have to watch to see when something has improved that you want to improve. And then you have to jump on that and reward it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Judiciously, carefully, precisely. You have to do the same to yourself. If you get good at that, well, it's amazing how things will change around you because if you're


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People will start doing more things around you that you want done. All sorts of things. So why not become an expert in that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, and if you have a clue, you'll try to reward things that are good for the person as well as good for you because that's gonna work out a lot better in the long run. But, and here's something not to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here I'll imagine this, imagine that you, you're a guy, let's say, and you've managed to snag a woman who's, who you kind of think is above you, you know, that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's, she was out of your league, but for some reason she settled for you anyway, or at least you're afraid of that. Maybe partly that's due to, let's say her attractiveness. And so there's a part of you that's kind of worried about her being attractive because one day she's going to figure out that you're just some dim loser and some other guy's going to scoop her up. And that's all lurking in the back of your mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so then one day she dresses up and looks pretty damn hot. You're going to go out on the town and instead of saying, Oh my God, you are so beautiful. I'm so happy that you dressed up like that. I'm so fortunate that I get to take you out. I mean, you're quite the piece of work and you know, more of that would be just fine. You, you look at her and you think, well, you know, and that's enough, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's enough. You do that ten times and she isn't gonna do that anymore, plus she hates you. And it's your fault because you're stupid and jealous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so here's a corollary to the rule about attending and rewarding. When people do something good,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially when they're taking some tentative steps to improve. Don't punish them. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's hard to learn too, you know, partly because look at, look at it this way, you know, let's say you drink too much and so do all your friends and then one of your friends is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having a rough time in his marriage just like you, cause you're both stupid drunks, and he decides that he's gonna quit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you know, you should quit too, but you really don't want to. And so he takes a few steps to quit and.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hard for him and he's a little successful and he sort of shares that with you and you, you're derisive or you offer him a beer. You know, and why? Well, it's because his improvement sheds a dim light on your failure to improve. So you want to sabotage it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you don't think you're capable of that, well good for you, maybe you're not, because you're a saint, but people are capable of such things, that's for sure. And it's hard to reward someone for improving, if you aren't striving to improve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you recommend to a person who is moderately high in withdrawal? 72. It's not too bad, by the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can just talk about neuroticism in general. So let's say you're higher in, higher in neuroticism. 75th percentile and above or something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's going to be uncomfortable for you, because you're going to be more anxious, and more depressed, and more frustrated, more disappointed, and more severely stricken by grief. All of those things by temperament.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More sensitive to danger, more likely to withdraw. And touch here, harder to get along with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it's not for nothing that 75% of divorces, I think that's the right figure, are instigated by women. And that is not...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Accusation about women. It's just an observation that their average higher level of negative emotionality


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which I think is tied to the need to protect their children from threat. Makes negative things more weighty for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and that's rough, you know, and it has a cost. Now it might have a benefit because they're more protective of children and perhaps of themselves, but it has a cost. So what do you do if you're higher in neuroticism? Well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to practice confronting things that are obstacles to what you want to achieve. So let's say you have a goal. Maybe you want to advance in your career. And then you're, you're being stymied.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's an obstacle that you need to overcome. You need to face that. That's a dragon that you need to face.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you have to break those problems down into smaller problems and then start confronting them, facing them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So think of the things you're afraid of, that you're avoiding doing, that you know you should do, that you know you have to do, are you going to pay for it? Well then break those down and practice facing them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Help modulate your proclivity to negative emotion So conscientious people


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[Assistant] Tend to be lower in neuroticism because they keep things orderly and they do the things that need to be done. And so, now does that change your trait neuroticism? Ah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably, especially if you start to become more successful, because as you rise in a status hierarchy, let's say as a consequence of your success in practice, your serotonin system will, will adjust, so it'll become more,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, if you're afraid of something, but you master it, you're much less likely to be afraid of it, even if you're timid by nature. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's the other thing that psychologists do, a lot of, in addition to, let's say, assertive, assertiveness training, is exposure and treatment of high levels of negative emotion. So, particularly anxiety. Depression is a trickier issue, uh, but, and I'm not going to address that at the moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, is it common for neurotics to identify people with high neuroticism? A trivial problem. Quickly escalate their anxiety over it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's almost, in the nature of high levels of negative emotionality is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's very difficult to constrain a problem to the minimal level of analysis. You know, and so maybe your boyfriend does something you don't like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you can't stop yourself from worrying that this means that something fundamental is wrong with the relationship. And it might, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like every little tiff can't escalate into a relationship demolishing conflict or...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Useful to learn if you're high negative emotion is to try to make the problem that's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be setting you as reasonably small as it can be. So for example, if you're arguing with your husband or your boyfriend, let's say, you want to think, well what's the minimum possible acceptable solution to this problem?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, and that's a good way of constraining arguments too, because maybe, you know, your husband doesn't...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do the dishes one night that he's supposed to. And that could be an argument about how he always doesn't do the dishes, never lifts a goddamn hand around the house, period.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Useless and oppressing you and the whole relationship is a catastrophe. It's like, good god. The problem you were trying to solve, hopefully, was that he didn't-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do the dishes, and so you could say, well, you didn't do the dishes, and that's part of our deal, and I'd appreciate it if you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is having a certain personality good or bad? Is each trait has positive and negative elements? Or are they just are, and each of them are optimal for certain types of situations? Pro- it's probably more the latter. Now, that doesn't mean that there aren't some... more...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some personality configurations that are more prone to trouble, at least in the average modern environment. So, the personality disorder personality pattern is high neuroticism, low agreeableness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Location on every single one of those points on the distribution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be placed on position on a particular distribution. That doesn't mean societies won't make a judgement. It doesn't mean that there aren't some combinations that are more likely to get you into trouble. So, but then, well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of that speaking scientifically and some of it speaking, let's say more clinically and more in the domain of morality. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's more useful in some sense to think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe you go see a clinical psychologist and you're deeply unhappy and suffering too much. And so then it would be useful to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's more, it's better to particularize the question, right, than to ask in general, was it bad to be high in neuroticism? Well, sometimes it saves your life, but often it makes you really miserable. So is that good or not? No, it's good and not. And it's the same with all the traits. You might say, well, wouldn't it be wonderful if everyone was hyper-creative? It's like, well, no! Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's very hard, it's been, I see that it's very hard for people who are extremely high in openness to catalyze a stable identity because they're so interested in everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's exhausting to live with someone like that, even though it can be exciting and it's interesting if, if that's what you want, if you like novelty and so on. But good God, you know, it can be too much. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, and if you're a really extroverted, well, you're full of positive emotion, but you're a handful, man, and you tend to be impulsive. You want to, like, the party never stops if you're extremely high in neurotic, in extroversion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can see that that's a great amount of fun, but how much fun do you want to have? You know, or how much? I had a friend, he told me once, I have all the friends I can stand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, there's a grain of truth in that. How much partying do you want to do? Well, if you're really extroverted, it's like, all the time. Well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's kind of hard to settle down and be stable and have kids if that's what you're like. You know, you might be, you're great. You're, you're the life of the party, man. And more power to you because, but don't be thinking that it's without its costs. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And mania is a very serious psychiatric disorder. It's as serious as schizophrenia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mania is no joke, and it is an excess of positive emotion. So, you know, everything in its place. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, and with some of these extremes, like if you're extremely high in openness, well, there's a lot of cost to that because you're all over the place, but it might be exceptionally beneficial under some circumstances, so it's like a high stakes game. You're probably gonna lose, but if you win, you're gonna win really big.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know? So maybe you're unbelievably disagreeable and you're really tough. It's like, well maybe you're a world class boxer. You know? So, but that's a pretty narrow niche. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, identify what you're lacking. Skill by skill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And practice those skills. And you'll broaden your personality. And that is what happens to people as they age.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They also tend to get more conscientious and more emotionally stable, so less neurotic, and more agreeable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you want to be able to be introverted and alone when that's necessary. And be okay with that. You want to be able to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Engage with people when that's appropriate. You want to be compassionate when the situation calls for it. And you want to be tough when you need to be. And so you try to practice what you aren't. Maybe you have to specialize in what you are because that's a lot easier and it's easier to push a rock downhill. But while you're doing that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You try to broaden your personality and part of that is just understanding that those traits opposite to yours


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although you're going to be prone to devalue them because, partly because you don't understand them, partly because you can't do them, they have their value and, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, an objective look at personality and its variability can be very salutary in that manner because it can help you see that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The opposite of what you are is also valuable under some circumstances and maybe you should be able to do that. And so that's how I think


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, in clinical therapy, especially the cognitive behavioral type, you're broadening people's skill sets often into the sub-domains that are opposite to their temperament. And that makes them more adapt- adapted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that generally makes them less anxious and also more successful. And so that's good, you want to do that for yourself. So, but I would say when you're picking a job, you know, a career,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Test at understand myself. It helped you think this through, but big gaps between people in personality, especially if there's a couple of them, they're hard to make a bridge across.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, like my parents, I can give you an example. They're both pretty conscientious. My dad's a little more open than my mom. She's more agreeable than him by a large margin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's probably more sensitive to negative emotion than her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's hard to get them enthusiastic about things, and she's very enthusiastic and engaged. And so, it's hard for them to bridge that gap. Now luckily, their conscientiousness unites them, and that's a big deal. And other aspects of their personality they've been able to work out. But that's a tough one, and so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So roughly, and the clinical literature seems to indicate this, is roughly speaking, you want a partner that's quite similar to you. Now, you know, we might wanna...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Explore the alternative hypothesis, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so is your partner, probably you're both gonna be pushed around too much by other people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so if you're really agreeable and you have a disagreeable partner, well then you have someone around who will, who can stand up for the two of you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a really rough one, I think. It's very hard to bridge that gap. You're just not going to see things the same way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, you know, so if you love art and you're with someone who just cannot see the value in that, and literally,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's a fundamental disagreement, and there's no amount of rational discussion that's really gonna bridge that gap. So, similarity. Now then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's another exception, it's probably not really advisable for two people really, who are both high in neuroticism to, to be together. For obvious reasons. You know, and if you're high in neuroticism,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's probably a good idea to find a partner who's low. So they'll calm you down, you know, they won't magnify everything into a catastrophe. They'll put some


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Necessary boundaries around things. Now, it'll be hard on them to live with you, so hopefully you have some other attributes that make you valuable. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have intellect 11 and openness 84. Does that mean that I am not smart enough? No, not necessarily, although intellect is correlated quite highly with verbal intelligence, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But not perfectly. I think the correlation is about .4. And a perfect correlation is 1.0. And so .4 is not nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It may mean that you're much more interested in aesthetics and image and art than you are in ideas per se.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is there a way to improve your intellect? Yes, read and write. That will improve your intellect. So, and it's worth doing for everyone. So, and maybe you have to read books about artistic endeavors that you're interested in to get started. And writing will clarify your thinking. And so, that's definitely useful. What is a better starting point for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Practically using personality data. Mitigating the negative effects of your extremes or optimizing the positive upside of your extremes. Why say or? It's and.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You say, which is worth devoting more time to? There's no way of answering that question without knowing the specifics of your situation. Both are useful.


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[Assistant] Mitigate the negative effects. That's particularly true if you have an extreme personality score. And optimize the positive upside. Both. Both.


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[Assistant] Why do I feel like my personality changes with my moods? Probably does.


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[Assistant] No one's really looked into that, technically, I don't think.


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[Assistant] Likely less conscientious, probably less open. So if you're volatile


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[Assistant] I suspect your personality does change even more with your moods, but I don't know if anyone has ever tested that empirically. So if there's some psychology graduate students out there looking for a project, that would be a real good one. So.


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[Assistant] Uh, but the effect isn't necessarily obvious, you know, some kids who come from


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[Assistant] Pretty bad homes come out really resilient and others are destroyed. Some of that I think is dependent on whether


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[Assistant] And my experience has been that kids with an otherwise intact nervous system have one good role model. Can usually triumph over adversity. If they don't have anyone.


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[Assistant] They're more sensitive too if their nervous systems are somewhat compromised to begin with. So, so,


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[Assistant] But the idea that, you know, all your psychological problems are a consequence of childhood trauma, that's just nonsense. For some people,


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[Assistant] You just can't make those assumptions when you're a therapist. What you want to do. And when you're a friend, listen to the person. They'll tell you what their problems are eventually if you listen to them.


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[Assistant] And probably they'll tell you how to solve them if you listen enough. That's something to really learn with your partner. It's like listen to them. Without premature judgement.


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[Assistant] Sometimes they're stumbling towards enlightenment, right? Just like you are.


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[Assistant] And one of the things I really learned from reading Carl Rogers, who I really admire as a


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[Assistant] Practical clinician, but also as someone who has great advice for people who are trying to engage in a positive relationship. It's like, Rogers observed that if you listen,


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[Assistant] Then people's personality would transform without you having to do anything else. And why is that? Well,


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[Assistant] Freud saw the same thing in some sense. He listened and he let his patients free associate. They just say one thing after another.


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[Assistant] I had a client one day, I think I listened to her for 24 hours before she got to the point.


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[Assistant] And had I stopped her at 20 hours, she would have never brought all that together. Man.


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[Assistant] And she, there's no way I could listen to her enough because she had been so not listened to her whole life that everything about her was a mess. No one ever attended to her. No one ever listened. You listen to your partner. You know, without premature judgement, they will transform. There's nothing you can do to s- for someone that's better for them than to listen. So when I was working as a clinician, uhm,


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[Assistant] I'd listen and that was really fun because if I listened people got deep and interesting real fast. Uhm, even simple people, and I'm speaking of intellectually simple people, they got interesting real fast because they got to the


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[Assistant] They got to the root of the matter, so it was always like a great story to listen to it. And the better you listen, the greater the story. It's so cool.


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[Assistant] You see people reveal to themselves what's wrong with them and then you see them fix it. It's so stunningly wonderful. And you can do that in your relationships if you listen.


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[Assistant] And then you'll learn something too, because if you listen to someone, they will tell you things you don't know. And that's just so good. So. And you listen to yourself too, because you don't know who you are. You know? So.


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[Assistant] The big five people did what all the other personality theorists wanted to do correctly, and partly it was because they had the technology. You know, it wasn't until we had


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[Assistant] All personality questionnaires are either good or bad variants of the Big Five. All of them. So, the MBTI lacks neuroticism.


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[Assistant] And that's a big problem, you know. Jung identified extroversion as a cardinal personality trait.


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[Assistant] I think his version of extroversion was kind of mixed with openness. And that makes plasticity. So...


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[Assistant] There, there aren't other personality questionnaires in the Big Five. It doesn't matter what people say. If they say there are, they just don't know what they're talking about. Because...


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[Assistant] The big five is made. Imagine you took every personality questionnaire ever made and you put it in a data bank and you gave it to 100,000 people.


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[Assistant] And then you use statistical techniques to see which questions grouped together.


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[Assistant] So we're, we're similar, which indicates something underlying in common, a dimension. Well, you'd end up with something approximating the big five.


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[Assistant] Now in our work, we differentiated that into ten aspects. That was Colin DeYoung's, Dr. Colin DeYoung's dissertation work, and it's, it's had a...


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[Assistant] You know, it's five and then it's ten, and you could differentiate them, too, if you had enough questions, but, but you still... So, so here's the issue.


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[Assistant] All personality questionnaires are big five. Some of them are just really bad. So you might as well just use the big five.


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[Assistant] That doesn't mean it tells you everything about what a human being is. It's not an IQ test, for example. And IQ tests, they're something different. They're correlated with openness, but they're something different. So, there's no debate about this. Among people who know.


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[Assistant] It's like, the people who made the Myers-Briggs, they couldn't do what the big five theorists did because they didn't have the statistical prowess and they didn't have the computational power.


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[Assistant] This question is over. Now, we could debate about whether there's six or five traits. Some people think honesty, humility should be an additional trait. That's an interesting argument. Uhm, and it might be right, you know, because some of this requires some statistical judgement.


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[Assistant] This is it, and not only that, the underlying neurobiology is increasingly understood, and partly that's work that Colin DeYoung and I did, and some of my other students as well. Extraversion is positive emotion and approach. Neuroticism is negative emotion and withdrawal. Agreeableness is maternal love and compassion.


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[Assistant] Conscientiousness is dutifulness and orderliness. It's associated to some degree with disgust. And openness is also a dopaminergic trait.


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[Assistant] It seems to be associated with whatever the biochemical systems are that are disrupted or altered by psychedelics. So, this argument's basically over. And so,


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[Assistant] In some ways, everyone wins when they take it, and it's a useful introduction into the idea that there is personality variability. But, uh, but it's, it's outdated.


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[Assistant] And I say that as an admirer of Jung, and that MBTI is based on his work, although he wasn't involved in its creation. So.


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[Assistant] Can you talk about the dynamics between personality and character?


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[Assistant] Look, you have this, you have a nature, let's say, that's your personality. And that's how you look at the world and how you're predisposed to act. But then there's a part of you that can learn. And the person of good character,


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[Assistant] That's how I would distinguish, at least to some degree, between character and personality. It's like, I am this way, but there's part of me that can transform. And so, I identify with the part that can transform. I know I'm not right, I'm trying to learn. And that...


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[Assistant] I think that's key in some way to that distinction. It's a really good question. It's a really hard distinction.


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[Assistant] You know, I would say, it isn't so much that people of certain personalities are of bad character, it's that no matter what your personality traits are,


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[Assistant] And some of those vices might be particularly frowned upon by your culture, let's say. And so


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[Assistant] It might help you understand. You know, for example, just think about it practically. If your partner's really low in agreeableness,


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[Assistant] It's probably worthwhile cutting them a bit of slack when they're being rough. Now not too much, but that's what they're like, you know?


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[Assistant] So that's not an excuse exactly because that doesn't mean that it's necessarily going to work or is appropriate, but it's useful to understand. So.


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[Assistant] I would like to know how you would characterize a great leader coming from a personality perspective.


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[Assistant] The leadership literature is a complete bloody catastrophic mess. There's no such thing as a leader. You know, the only thing I've been able to figure out that's common among leaders is that leaders are going somewhere. You know, they have a goal in mind.


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[Assistant] But then there's different leaders for different situations. Now, you know, you might


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[Assistant] An interesting politician in Canada. I think he was a good man.


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[Assistant] And he started a political party in Canada that became quite successful. And that's hard to do.


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[Assistant] And so he was a good leader because he went out there and took the temperature of the nation, you know.


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[Assistant] And then said, well here's some answers, maybe, to the things that seem to be plaguing you. So he went out and identified the questions.


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[Assistant] That's probably a good leader, someone who identifies the right questions. So...


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[Assistant] You know, it's easier to be a leader if you're highly extroverted because you're likely to be more charismatic.


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[Assistant] It's probably easier on you if you're a leader, if you're low in negative emotion, but that-


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[Assistant] Sometimes, sometimes not because maybe you're a leader and what you need is like duty and the ability to implement. So.


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[Assistant] How can one recognize early signs of big five personality traits in children five years old and up? Oh, you can recognize it earlier than that. Uh, there's a lot of work on childhood temperament.


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[Assistant] Whether all five dimensions are really obvious immediately is subject to some debate, but


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[Assistant] Indications of high levels of trait neuroticism have been identified by people like Jerome Kagan as early as six months and they're pretty stable even from that point onward. So same with extroversion. You know, you see a child who's...


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[Assistant] And we, he was maybe three, two even. We'd go to the playground and I'd pick him up to put him on the ground. Maybe I was carrying him, let's say he was in the backpack. His feet would be going before he hit the ground. It's like he was just in there. But my daughter, maybe it was because of...


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[Assistant] You can see these sorts of things very early if you're watching. So.


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[Assistant] And my son was definitely more disagreeable than my daughter, right from a very early age, and you could see that to some degree.


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[Assistant] With the delight he took when he learned to say no. Man, he worried that word to death for...


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[Assistant] That we are who we are in many, many ways. Really, really young. Really young. We're already a personality. It's built deep into us. These aren't optional.


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[Assistant] You know, when I was dealing with people highly open in my clinical practice, say, and they weren't doing something creative, it would just kill them. They had to do it. It wasn't optional. It was them. You know? So.


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[Assistant] Okay, that's that for those questions and thank you very much for listening. I hope it was helpful.


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[Assistant] You know, and I think he had that way even pre-Instagram, and he's just a very smart man.


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[Assistant] Hey everyone. Do you guys know what's the first thing that you have to do after landing in LAX? That's right. Car rental. Stepping out of the airport, you'll find free shuttles that will take you to each car rental company.


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[Assistant] Looks like we went over the time limit, so we have to start completely over.


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[Assistant] We finally rented a car. But also, we spent at least half an hour in trying to do so.


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[Assistant] Thank you guys for watching this episode. Hopefully, you've learned something today. Stay tuned for the next episode.


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[Assistant] Yo, what's going on guys? Tanmay here for simple snippets and welcome back to another video tutorial on data structures and algorithms. And today's topic is going to be infix to postfix conversion and vice versa. And we're gonna do it manually without using stack. So it's gonna be pen and paper calculation. So I'd suggest that you take a pen and paper and


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[Assistant] We'll solve 3-3 examples each, that is first we'll solve 3 examples of infix to postfix and then we'll solve 3 examples of postfix to infix for the best practice. And with that being said, let's get started.


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[Assistant] If you're new to my channel, my name is Tanmay Sakpal and I do a lot of computer science and information technology video tutorials like computer programming, development, technology talks and a lot more on this channel.


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[Assistant] So if that's something you are interested into, then definitely subscribe and turn on the notifications to get the latest updates and never miss out on such important topics.


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[Assistant] Okay, so before we start off, if you don't know what is infix, what is prefix, what is postfix expressions, I have discussed it extensively in this course, in this DSA course. So I'll drop the link of this playlist in the video description. Do check it out and watch that video and then you can come back over here.


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[Assistant] So starting off, we'll convert infix to postfix expression and as you can see, we've been given three steps. Step number one, two and three. And over here on the right, we have question number one. We have, we have to convert the following infix expression to postfix expression.


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[Assistant] Now infix expression is where the operator comes in between the two operands. So for minus operator, we have a and b as the two operands. For plus operator, we have


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[Assistant] A-B as operand 1 and C as operand 2. So we'll understand how that goes in a minute.


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[Assistant] But let's quickly go ahead and start with the conversion of infix to postfix on question number one and by following these steps. Okay?


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[Assistant] So step number one is apply appropriate brackets and parentheses to expressions by following the operator precedence and associativity rules. Now we've already discussed these operator precedence and associativity rules when we took an introduction to infix, prefix and postfix expressions extensively. So do watch that video. But if you're here right now,


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[Assistant] Over here you can see I've already mentioned the operator precedence and associativity rules. And basically they are needed when we are dealing with infix expressions because in infix expressions things can get a little confusing, things can get a little ambiguous as to which operation happens first in an expression and which happens next or after that operation.


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[Assistant] So that order of operations is defined by this operator precedence.


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[Assistant] Where parenthesis comes first, exponents come second, multiplication and division comes third, and if we have multiplication and division simultaneously, then we have associativity rule, where we go from left to right, and at the last precedence level, last priority, we have addition and subtraction, and if we have both addition and subtraction, we go left to right, and which we are gonna apply over here also.


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[Assistant] So step number one, apply appropriate brackets to expression by following operator precedence and associativity rules. So when you're taking this example, question number one, we have A minus B plus C, okay? So we have minus operator and we have plus operator. Now if you see the operator precedence,


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[Assistant] Precedence number 4 or priority number 4 is for addition and subtraction. Addition and subtraction have same priority, same precedence. So in that case you have to go from left to right.


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[Assistant] So whichever operator is on the left, that happens first. So minus will happen first. And for minus, the two operands are a and b. Remember, this is an infix expression. So operator will be having one operator to the left and one operator to the right.


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[Assistant] And we are talking about binary operators, which means every operator will be operating on two operands. So applying the brackets here,


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[Assistant] The first set of brackets will be something like this because minus happens first starting from left to right. And whatever result we get from A minus B, let's say it is R1 will be added with C.


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[Assistant] And that's how the evaluation goes. But right now we are not dealing with evaluation. We are dealing with conversion of infix to postfix. So right now we'll just apply the brackets and that's step number one. So larger bracket would be this one and this one.


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[Assistant] So a minus b is the inner bracket which happens first. After that, whatever result we get from a minus b will be added with c. That's why the square bracket is the larger bracket. Okay?


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[Assistant] So step number 1 is done, step number 2 says start by converting the innermost subexpression to postfix and name it with temporary placeholders. So the innermost subexpression that has to be converted first is a-b, right? So we will convert a-b to its


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Postfix format. So the postfix format of a-b would be a, b, and then we have minus, right? So this is postfix format.


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[Assistant] And then plus c will remain as it is. Let's, let's keep plus c as it is. What we'll do now is, in the step number two, it is said that we have to convert the sub-expression to postfix and name it with a temporary placeholder. So what we'll do, we'll say ab minus can be called as x1.


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[Assistant] So we are substituting ab minus with a temporary placeholder variable x1. So this equation will look like x1 plus c. Okay. Now further we have to also apply these same steps


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[Assistant] For this expression also because x1 plus c is an infix expression right now. So step number 3 says


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[Assistant] And lastly, resubstitute the temporary placeholders with their original values.


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[Assistant] So right now we have to again convert x1 plus c into a postfix format. So this is infix. What would be the postfix over here? The operator is plus.


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[Assistant] For plus operator the two operands are x1 and c. So, this plus operator comes over here. So, we will have


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[Assistant] X1, C and plus will come over here. So now we have pretty much arrived at the result, but if you see X1 is actually AB minus.


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[Assistant] So we have to re-substitute the value of x1 over here and ultimately we will be getting ab- which is the value of x1. You can see over here, so.


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[Assistant] At the place of x1, we are substituting ab-, and then we also have c+, right? So this part is left out, so we'll write it as it is. We have c+.


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[Assistant] So this basically is the postfix version.


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[Assistant] of this infix version or infix expression. Okay? So final answer would be a b minus c n plus.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this was question number one. Let's take question number two and further enhance our practice. I hope you have taken a pen and paper and doing these calculations along with me. That's the best way you can practice this.


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[Assistant] Okay, so here's the second question. Convert the following infix expression to postfix. Again, we're gonna follow the same step, step number 1, 2 and 3.


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[Assistant] Step number one says apply appropriate brackets and parenthesis to expressions by following operator precedence and associativity rules. So let's scan this infix expression.


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[Assistant] Over here we have a plus operator, we have a multiplication operator, we have a subtraction operator and we also have a division operator. Now, according to the operator precedence, multiplication and division has higher priority than addition and subtraction. We have all, all of these


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Involved over here, we have addition, we have subtraction, we have multiplication and division.


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[Assistant] So what we'll do, we'll draw brackets over here, that is around B star C. Similarly, for this division operator, the two operands are D and E, right? Because in infix, operator comes in between


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[Assistant] And the two operands are to the left and right of that operator especially when we are dealing with binary operators. So again, we'll wrap this in


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[Assistant] Round brackets and let's just first resolve these two and then later on we'll add more brackets or later on we'll convert the plus and minus also. Let's first deal with b star c and d divided by e.


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[Assistant] So first we'll solve b star c and the expression can now be written as a plus we'll keep an plus as it is. Let's convert b star c to postfix. So star will come ahead of c. So this equation will become b c and star, right?


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[Assistant] This is how the postfix version looks like. Then we have a minus in between. And now let's convert D divided by E into postfix. So it would be DE and then the division operator comes ahead of E. It goes ahead. Right? Okay.


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[Assistant] So we've done two conversions. What we'll do is we'll say b c star.


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[Assistant] Convert this plus operator and minus operator into its appropriate postfix format. Because right now it is still in, in fix format.


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[Assistant] Plus operator and minus operator, both of them have same precedence, addition and subtraction.


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[Assistant] But when they have same precedence, we go from left to right. So a plus x1 will be resolved first. So we can add brackets over here.


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[Assistant] So let's resolve a plus x1 and let's convert this infix expression to postfix expression. So ultimately we will be getting a x1


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[Assistant] And this plus operator will go ahead of x1, so you'll get plus over here.


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[Assistant] We have this minus x2 as it is. And now what we can do, we can say a x1 plus, let me use yellow color, we'll consider a x1 plus as x3.


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[Assistant] So now the expression will become x3 minus x2.


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[Assistant] So this is minus and this is the last conversion left because we still have a infix expression where the operator is in between the two operands x3 and x2. So now ultimately we will get last expression as x3 x2


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[Assistant] And minus will come over here. So we've pretty much arrived at our solution, but what we have to do is we have to now,


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[Assistant] This expression is x3 and x2. What is x3 value? x3 is a x1 plus. So I have replaced x3


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[Assistant] Now this expression is still not resolved. We still have one more temporary variable X1. What is the value of X1? X1 is BC star. So let's replace BC star at this place. So ultimately we will get the final answer as A


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[Assistant] And at the place of x1, we will replace bc star, so we will get b c star. Then we have a plus over here, so I'll write plus. Then we have d e and divide by.


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[Assistant] So this my friends is the final answer and this is the final post fix version of this infix format.


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[Assistant] If the expression is large and it's a bit complex, because if you see over here,


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[Assistant] When we convert this b star c into its postfix format of bc star, and when we replace bc star with x1,


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[Assistant] So later on we can easily re-substitute x1 with its original value of bc star in the final output.


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[Assistant] So that's why we replace or substitute with simple variables. So these complicated expressions can be denoted by simple temporary variables which makes it easier to, you know, further calculate and further convert the expressions into their appropriate formats.


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[Assistant] So you can obviously skip this part, you don't need to, you know, always use these temporary variables and you can completely skip the substitution process.


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[Assistant] But then that will be a little tedious if you're dealing with larger expressions like this one. And if you're a beginner, you might make some mistakes. So better substitute them with smaller single variables and then apply the conversion again over them. And ultimately, when you get the final result, just resubstitute the original values back and you'll get the final answer. Okay, so this was question number two. Let's see question number three.


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[Assistant] Okay, so here's another infix expression, we have a plus b raised to c, so this caret sign is basically b raised to c, okay. Then we have closing brackets, so we have explicit opening in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Closing brackets, which means a plus b raised to c happens first and it is given in the question. So it can be


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[Assistant] Given in question itself where some brackets are already added and that would mean that that particular part of the expression has to be evaluated first or converted first basically in our case. So we have a star later on after the brackets and we have D plus E. Okay.


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[Assistant] So let's start by converting and applying


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[Assistant] These steps on this bracket first. So in this bracket we have two operators we have plus


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[Assistant] And we have a race to operator or exponent operator. Now, if you see the operator precedence,


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[Assistant] Exponents, that is, a raise to b and this carrot sign has much higher value than addition. So it is at position second or precedence second and addition is at priority four or precedence four.


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[Assistant] So we will first convert or add brackets over here. That is, inside these already existing brackets, we will first convert b raised to c to its postfix format. So this equation will look like a plus, then we have bc and raised to same because in postfix,


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[Assistant] The operator comes ahead of the two operands. Then close this bracket. We have star, we have D, and we have E.


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[Assistant] Now we can again consider bc raised to as


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[Assistant] So now this expression will become a plus


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[Assistant] x1 star d and there is a plus in between plus e. Okay?


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[Assistant] Now in the question, these are the brackets that were given. So a plus x1 has to happen first rather than this multiplication operator because as you can see,


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[Assistant] Parenthesis has the highest preference. So a plus x1 needs to be converted to proper postfix format.


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[Assistant] So that would be AX1 and plus will come over here and then we have star D plus E.


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[Assistant] Now again, ax1 plus can be replaced by x2. So we'll write x2 over here, then we have star d plus e. Now obviously, in this expression,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have two operators now, star operator that is multiplication and plus. So obviously, x2 star d happens first. So when we convert it to postfix, I'll directly write over here, we will get x2d star and then we have plus e as it is. So that I'll write in blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's not substitute x2d star into some other temporary variable. Let's directly evaluate this. We have plus, so this is one operand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is another operand for this plus operator. So this plus comes ahead. So we'll be getting x2 d star e and then we have plus. So now the only thing left is to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Re-substitute x2 value, what is x2? We have ax1,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lastly, we have to re-substitute x1's value. What is x1's value? It is bc raised to, so ultimately we are getting a, then we have bc raised to sign, which is actually the value of x1. Then we have d, star, e, and plus. And this is the final


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Output or result of the conversion of this infix expression to its corresponding postfix format.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so these were the three different examples and I hope you got a good practice and these steps are very clear to you. You can google some more examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want, you can let me know in the comments whether you want some more examples. I can probably share some links where you can practice some more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is how you manually convert an infix expression to poshfix without using stack. We'll obviously see the example where we will use the stack data structure to make these conversions happen because ultimately,