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[Assistant] In any engineering thing, uh, my, I get very shaky when you start going to the real world. So it's been my practice to avoid it as much as possible, which is why I chose this career. But people who really want to build something have to worry about what fluid to use, you know, what starts mixing, what doesn't mix, what's the accuracy. So I don't, if I thought hard about it,


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[Assistant] I will try to reduce everything to Newton's laws or some laws of thermodynamics, but it will take years and years to go from there to something practical. So I don't know in practice what fluids people use. So this is another example of Bernoulli's Principle. Final one, which is the kind of problem you sometimes do get,


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[Assistant] I'm not going to write the equations and do the numbers, but I'll tell you how to think about it. Suppose you have a tank of water.


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[Assistant] And I make another tube here, and I cap it.


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[Assistant] And the fluid here comes to some height. First question you can ask is, what's the height to which fluid will rise here?


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[Assistant] Now you know from your high school days it will rise to the same height, but what's the argument that you will give today for why that height has to be the same? You will use Bernoulli's principle, and you will take two points here.


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[Assistant] For example, luckily there is no velocity to worry about, there is no height to worry about, so P1 equals P2, which is what we deduced by other considerations.


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[Assistant] So those pressures are equal. If that is atmospheric pressure, that's atmospheric pressure, then these columns have to be equal. Because starting with atmosphere plus ρgh, you want to hit the same number here as there. But now if you open this pipe and let the fluid really start flowing, then the story is different. The minute fluid stops flowing here, starts flowing,


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[Assistant] Remember from the Bernoulli, if you've got a velocity, you lose pressure.


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[Assistant] Pressure here will be lower than the atmosphere, and then this will drop.


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[Assistant] It drops so that atmosphere plus that height gives the pressure here, whereas atmosphere plus the bigger height gives the pressure here.


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[Assistant] And the velocity here is assumed to be negligible, and the velocity here is some velocity with bits of fluids coming out.


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[Assistant] Okay, so guys, have a good holiday, in spite of what I've done to you most reluctantly, and I'll see you all after the break.


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[Assistant] The amulet of Sithona? Wait, so if you knew all of this, why did you blow me off at your place?


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[Assistant] Thanks, Dad. You think you can stop us on your own?


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[Assistant] Chapter 13. Firepaw reached the edge of the ravine and looked down at the camp. He was panting and his paws were slippery with dew. He sniffed the air. He was alone.


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[Assistant] There was still time to speak to Yellowfang before the others returned from the gathering.


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[Assistant] Silently he jumped down the rocky slope and slipped through the gorse tunnel unnoticed. The camp was still and quiet, apart from the muted snuffles of sleeping cats.


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[Assistant] Firepaw quickly crept around the edge of the clearing to Yellowfang's nest.


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[Assistant] The old medicine cap was curled on top of her mossy bedding. Yellowfang! He hissed urgently. Yellowfang! Wake up! It's important!


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[Assistant] Two orange eyes opened and glinted in the moonlight. I wasn't sleeping, yelled Yellowfang quietly. She sounded calm and alert. You came straight from the gathering to me? That must mean you've heard. She blinked slowly and looked away.


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[Assistant] So Broken Star has kept his promise. What promise? Firepaw felt very confused.


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[Assistant] Yellowfang seemed to know more than he did about what was going on.


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[Assistant] Shadow clan's noble leader promised to drive me from every clan territory. Yellowfang replied dryly. What did he say about me?


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[Assistant] Yellow Fang flattened her ears and swished her tail angrily. Yes, Firepaw meowed urgently.


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[Assistant] Darkstripe says you're dangerous. The other cats are scared of what you might do. Tigerclaw is planning to come back and... I don't know. I think you should go before they get here. In the distance, Firepaw could hear the howls of angry cats. Yellowfang struggled stiffly to her paws. Firepaw gave her a nudge to help her up, his mind still spinning with questions.


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[Assistant] What did Broken Star mean when he warned us to keep a close eye on our kits? He couldn't stop himself from asking. Would you really do something like that? Would I what? Would you harm our kits?


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[Assistant] Yellow Fang flared her nostrils and looked steadily at him. Do you think so? Firepaw met her gaze without flinching. No. I don't believe you would ever harm a kid. But why would Broken Star say such a thing?


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[Assistant] The noise of the cats was coming nearer and with it the sense of aggression and anger. Yellow Fang looked wildly from side to side. Go, Firepaw urged. Her safety was more important than his curiosity. But Yellow Fang remained where she was and stared at him.


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[Assistant] And I know Bluestar will give me a fair hearing. I can't run forever. I'm too old.


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[Assistant] I shall stay here and face whatever your clan decides for me.


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[Assistant] He is headstrong, and he knows the power he has over the other clan cats. They are in awe of him. But even he will obey Bluestar.


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[Assistant] Rustling in the undergrowth beyond the camp boundary told Firepaw that the cats were almost at the entrance. Go away, Firepaw!


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[Assistant] Ist yellow thang, bearing our blackened teeth at him.


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[Assistant] Frostfur raced away from the troop immediately and ran toward the nursery, the fur on her tail bristling in alarm.


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[Assistant] Tiger claw and dark stripe strode into the clearing, shoulder to shoulder, looking grim.


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[Assistant] The others follow behind with Ravenpaw and Graypaw at the rear.


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[Assistant] As soon as he saw his friends, Firepaw trotted out to join them. You went to warn Yellowfang, didn't you? Whispered Graypaw when Firepaw reached his side. Yes, I did, Firepaw admitted. But she won't leave. She trusts Bluestar to treat her fairly. Did anyone miss me? Only us, replied Ravenpaw.


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[Assistant] Around the camp, the cats who had stayed behind began to wake up.


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[Assistant] Replied longtail loudly enough for all the cats to hear.


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[Assistant] And he warned us about a rogue cat who will harm our kits, added Willowpelt. It must be Yellowfang. Nows of anger and distress rose from the crowd. Silence, ordered Bluestar, leaping onto the high rock. Instinctively the cat settled in front of her.


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[Assistant] A loud screech made every cat turn its head toward the fallen tree where the elders slept.


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[Assistant] Without thinking, he dropped into a low crouch, ready to spring at Yellow Fang's persecutors. Wait, Firepaw? growled Greypaw in his ear. Let Bluestar deal with this.


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[Assistant] What is going on? demanded bluestar, jumping down from the high rock and glaring at her warriors. I gave no order to attack our prisoner!


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[Assistant] You are going to throw Yellowfang out, aren't you? She meowed, her blue eyes wide.


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[Assistant] Throw her out, spat Darkstripe, unleashing his claws. We should kill her now!


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[Assistant] Blue Star fixed her piercing blue eyes on Darkstripe's angry face. And what has she done? She asked with icy calm. Fireball held his breath. You were at the gathering? Broken Star said she. Darkstripe began.


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[Assistant] Broken Star said only that there is a rogue somewhere in the woods. Meowed Blue Star, her voice menacingly quiet.


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[Assistant] He did not mention Yellowfang by name. The kits are safe.


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[Assistant] For as long as she is in my clan, Yellowfang will not be harmed in any way.


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[Assistant] Blue Star's words were met with silence, and Firepaw heaved a sigh of relief.


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[Assistant] Yellow Fang looked up at Blue Star and narrowed her eyes respectfully.


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[Assistant] I will leave now, if you wish it, Blue Star. There is no need, Blue Star replied. You have done nothing wrong. You will be safe here.


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[Assistant] The ThunderClan leader lifted her gaze to the crowd of cats that surrounded Yellowfang and Meowd.


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[Assistant] It is time we discussed the real threat to our clan. Broken Star.


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[Assistant] We have already begun to prepare for an attack by ShadowClan.


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[Assistant] We'll carry on with those preparations and patrol our borders more frequently. Wind Clan has gone.


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[Assistant] RiverClan has given hunting rights to ShadowClan warriors. ThunderClan stands alone against BrokenStar.


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[Assistant] A murmur of defiance rippled through the cats and Firepaw felt his fur prickle with anticipation.


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[Assistant] Then we're not going to agree to Broken Star's demands? Meow, tigerclaw.


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[Assistant] Clans have never shared hunting rights before, Bluestar answered.


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[Assistant] Can we defend ourselves against a Shadow Clan attack? asked Smallears tremulous voice. Wind Clan didn't manage it. River Clan won't even try. Bluestar met his old eyes with her steady gaze. We must try. We will not give up our territory without a fight.


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[Assistant] All around the clearing, Firepaw saw the cats nodding in agreement. I shall travel to the Moonstone tomorrow, Bluestar announced.


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[Assistant] The warriors of StarClan will give me the strength I need to lead ThunderClan through this dark time. You must all get some rest. We have a lot to do when daylight comes. I wish to talk with Lionheart now. Without another word, she turned and strode toward her den.


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[Assistant] Firepaw noticed the look of wonder that had entered the eyes of some of the cats when Bluestar had mentioned the moonstone.


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[Assistant] Now the clan cats hurriedly gathered in groups, meowing in hushed voices full of excitement. What's the moonstone? Firepaw asked Graypaw.


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[Assistant] whispered Greypaw. His voice was hoarse with awe.


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[Assistant] All clan leaders have to spend one night at the Moonstone when they are first chosen. There, the spirits of StarClan share with them. Share what with them? Great Ball frowned. I don't know, he admitted.


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[Assistant] I know only that the new leaders have to sleep near the stone, and as they sleep, they have special dreams. After that, they have the gift of nine lives and take the name Star.


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[Assistant] It looked like Tigerclaw's rough treatment had aggravated her old injury. As he trotted back to the apprentice's den,


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[Assistant] Fire Paul decided to ask Spotted Leaf for more poppy seeds in the morning. So what happened? You dust Paul eagerly, popping his head out of the den.


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[Assistant] He seemed to have forgotten how much he resented the new apprentice and his eagerness to hear about the gathering. It's like Longtail said, broken star demanded hunting rights, Greypaw began.


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[Assistant] Sandpaw and Dustpaw sat and listened, but Firepaw was watching the camp.


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[Assistant] You could see the silhouettes of Blue Star and Lionheart sitting close together outside her den, talking urgently.


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[Assistant] Then he noticed the small shape of Ravenpaw at the entrance to the warrior's den. Tigerclaw stood beside him.


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[Assistant] Firepaw saw Ravenpaw's ears flatten as the young cat flinched away from Tigerclaw's fierce words.


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[Assistant] The dark warrior loomed over him, twice his size, his eyes and teeth flashing in the moonlight. What was he saying to Ravenpaw?


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[Assistant] Firepaw was just about to creep nearer and listen when Ravenpaw backed away, turned, and ran across the clearing.


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[Assistant] Firepaw greeted Ravenpaw as he reached the apprentice's den, but Ravenpaw hardly seemed to notice him. Instead, he pushed his way inside the den without a word.


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[Assistant] Now the ThunderClan deputy, striding up to the apprentices.


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[Assistant] It seems that Firepaw, Graypaw, and Ravenpaw


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[Assistant] Lionheart didn't miss the look of disappointment on the faces of Dustpaw and Sandpaw because he added, don't worry you two, you'll make the journey soon enough. For now, ThunderClan needs your strength and skill at the camp. I will remain here also. Firepaw looked past Lionheart to his leader.


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[Assistant] Go to Spotted Leaf and collect the herbs you will need on this expedition. It's a long way.


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[Assistant] And Firepaw dragged his gaze away from Bluestar and nodded too. Where is Ravenpaw? asked Lionheart. He's in his nest already, replied Firepaw. Good, leave him to sleep. You can fetch herbs for him, meowed Lionheart. Rest well, you leave at dawn. He flicked his tail and walked back to Bluestar's den. Well then, meowed Sandpaw.


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[Assistant] All the cats in the clan seem to be united against the threat from ShadowClan.


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[Assistant] Firepaw and Graypaw walked quickly toward Spottedleaf's den. The fern tunnel was dark. Not even the full moon penetrated its thick covering.


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[Assistant] Spotted leaf seemed to be expecting them as they emerged into her moonlit clearing. You have come for some traveling herbs, she meowed. Yes, please, Firepaw answered. And I think Yellowfang needs more poppy seeds. She seemed to be feeling her wounds. I will take her some after you have gone, and your traveling herbs are ready.


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[Assistant] Spotted leaf indicated a pile of carefully made leaf wraps. Enough for the three of you.


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[Assistant] The dark green herb will stop your hunger pangs during the journey. The other will give you strength. Eat them both just before you leave. They're not as good as fresh prey, but the taste won't last long. Thanks, Spotted Leaf, mewed Firepaw. He leaned down and picked up one of the parcels. As he bent his head,


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[Assistant] Spottedleaf stretched over and gently rubbed his cheek with her nose. Firepaw breathed in her sweet warm scent and purred his thanks. Graypaw picked up the other two and the friends turned and headed back through the tunnel. Good luck, Spottedleaf called after them. Travel safely.


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[Assistant] They arrived at the entrance to their den and dropped the bundles. Well, I just hope these herbs don't taste too revolting, muttered Graypaw. It must be a long way to the moonstone. We've never been given herbs before. Do you know where it is? Firepaw asked.


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[Assistant] But all apprentices have to make the journey there before they become warriors.


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[Assistant] The thought of becoming a warrior made Firepaw's eyes gleam with excitement, and he couldn't help standing a little taller. Don't get your hopes up, we still have to finish our training, Great-Paw warned, as if reading his thoughts.


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[Assistant] Firepaw looked up through the canopy of leaves at the stars glistening in the black sky above. Moon High had passed. We should get some sleep, he mewed.


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[Assistant] But he couldn't imagine being able to sleep with the thought of tomorrow's adventure spinning through his mind. Attending the gathering, a journey to the moonstone.


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[Assistant] How far away his kitty-pat life seemed now.


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[Assistant] The stay I teach right here, I call it the cornered stay. And I call it the cornered stay because we start it in a corner.


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[Assistant] You can see I'm starting it in a yard. You can do it in the corner of a house. Anywhere where you find that 90 degree angle, that's where you want to start your stay. And as always, you want to train with a leash.


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[Assistant] So the first step in the process is you put your dog's butt in the corner. Now right here they should have a sit command. It's gonna make your stay much better. The sit is a good transition command to other things.


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[Assistant] Now the question becomes, why is the dog in the corner? If you try to teach a stay in an open field, there are eight possible directions that dog could run. You put the dog in a corner.


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[Assistant] There are only three directions to run because the whole entire backside of the dog is being blocked off. Physically, they cannot run that direction.


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[Assistant] You stand right in front of the dog. Now the dog only has two directions to run.


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[Assistant] If you use your hands as blocks, now the dog has no directions to run.


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[Assistant] All you're technically doing is teaching your dog the less they move, the quicker they get paid.


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[Assistant] From here, all you want to do is have them stay just for a couple seconds. They're not moving, quickly pay them.


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[Assistant] And then you want to back off another foot. Say the word stay. Once you get about five or six feet away, your hands can't block the dog. And this is why it's very important to make sure you don't move on until you know the dog is rock solid when you're at just a few feet away. Once you back up to the point where the dog knows they can dart on you, they will take the opportunity.


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[Assistant] Don't give up. It's gonna happen. It happens to the best of us. It still happens to me every day. This is why we repeat the process over and over. Remember, technique and conditioning.


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[Assistant] I want you to spend a good two to three days in that corner perfecting it. While you're still training the dog in the corner, you're not gonna back up further than six feet because this way you still have the leash in your hand just in case the dog decides to run on you. You want to work very slow and you also want to make sure that you tell your dog to stay. Don't ask them.


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[Assistant] What I mean when I say this is you don't want to say, stay. That sounds like you're giving the dog an option. Okay? If you're asking the dog to stay, if you're giving the dog the option, I promise you, they will take the option you do not want.


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[Assistant] You wanna make sure your stay is firm and on a very flat note. So it's a stay.


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[Assistant] Now again, don't move too fast here, so you're probably gonna spend another 2-3 days on the flat wall. Once your dog has mastered the flat wall, that's when you can do the final piece of the puzzle and bring them out into the open.


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[Assistant] She's focused on the treat, so she has no reason to dart left or right, and my hand is on the leash still, just in case she wants to dart. I'm gonna show her the hand signal, which is a stay. Treat is in my hand.


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[Assistant] Followed by a stay, and I give her a treat when she's not moving. Again, point blank.


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[Assistant] Stay, hands still on the leash. I'm blocking off both sides just in case she wants to run my hands on the leash anyway so she can't go anywhere. Good. That's a stay. Perfect. That is a stay. Now she gets that. Repeat the process. I'm gonna back up one foot. And a stay.


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[Assistant] Now if she comes towards me, I'm just gonna take a little step towards her like that, sit. That's very common, they'll do that.


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[Assistant] Your first instinct when they come towards you is to always back up. Never do that. You always step forward. Stay. Back a little more. If she comes forward, take a step forward. Sit.


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[Assistant] Sit. Good. Stay. That's all I want her to do. If she lies down, it's fine. You adjust those details later. All I want her to do is stay. I'm going to back up a little more. Stay. And she learns very quickly. Good. The less she does, the less she moves, the more reward she gets. Ah, ah, ah. Again, take a step forward. Back on a sit.


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[Assistant] And if she lies down, that's totally fine. We'll worry about details like that later. Again, I'm gonna back up just a touch. Stay. Still hand on the leash.


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[Assistant] Good, that's a stay. Very important detail here, I do not praise her from back here, I always praise her from a point blank zone. Stay. Good. Another detail to point out here, make sure when you give the treat,


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[Assistant] You scoop it under, you don't hold it above. You hold it above, there's a good chance he's gonna jump up.


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[Assistant] You scoop it under, like this. Good, that's a stay. Again, step forward, I'm gonna reset her.


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[Assistant] And again, all I'm waiting for her to do when she jumps up, I quickly take a step forward. The biggest mistake I see people make is they step back.


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[Assistant] Good. Perfect. Stay. Now I'm to the end of my leash, which is now six feet. Stay.


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[Assistant] Again, take a step forward. That usually stops something in the track. Back up to the end of my leash. Now I'm six feet. Stay.


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[Assistant] And I'm just going to hold it for anywhere between 5 to 10 seconds. Stay. And again, I'm not going to praise until I get


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[Assistant] Point blank and my hand is under. Good, that's a stay, perfect.


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[Assistant] Again, what's gonna happen here, I'm gonna drop the leash. Stay. Now it's all on technique alone. Stay.


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[Assistant] Time it correctly. When you see them about to get up, you take a step forward. Stay.


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[Assistant] Until I get right underneath her. Good! That's a stay. Perfect. Stay. Rinse and repeat. Stay. Stay. I'm gonna wait for her to stand up.


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[Assistant] What you just might do, and remember, you take a step forward quickly. Ah, ah, ah, ah. Stay. Stay.


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[Assistant] All my praise and all my excitement stay, happens right when I get


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[Assistant] Right underneath her. Gaww, that's a stay. Perfect. Stay.


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[Assistant] And again, I'm going to start moving forward one foot at a time. Stay. Stay.


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[Assistant] Goal! That's a stay. Perfect. One more time for good measure. Stay.


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[Assistant] Okay, goooood. I know, that was exciting.


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[Assistant] So a few days later, when you know you have the corner perfected, we're gonna move him out of the corner onto the flat wall. Now what happens when the dog gets moved over to the wall? Well, now we've opened their directions up from two directions to run, with you standing around in front of them, to now five directions to run.


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[Assistant] However, if you stand in front of the dog, now they only have four directions to run.


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[Assistant] And from here, we repeat the process just like we did in the corner.


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[Assistant] Once again, we start from one foot away and we don't back up until we know they've perfected that first foot.


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[Assistant] Stomp forward if you have to, it's okay, she lies down, that's okay, that's still a stay. Give me a stay. Back up one more foot, and we stay.


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[Assistant] Go on, same thing, you praise at point blank zone. So again, I'm gonna back up another foot, completing about six feet now, stay.


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[Assistant] And again, I inch forward one foot at a time. Stay.


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[Assistant] One foot at a time. Stay. Good, that's a stay. Perfect. And again, now we're gonna get our ten foot zone stay.


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[Assistant] What makes this spot different than the corner? In the corner, she essentially had three directions to run. When I'm standing in front of her, she only had two directions to run. Over here, she has five directions to run, but if I stand right in front of her, she only has four directions to run.


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[Assistant] This is why it's important not to move on to this area until you've mastered the corner. A lot of people move on much too fast and what happens is the dog gets used to blowing their stay and eventually it becomes a bad habit and you have to go back to the corner eventually.


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[Assistant] Now if you notice, when I had her in the corner, as well as the flat wall over here, she was ready to run on me on each side. This is the point of your hands. You wanna use your hands almost like a goalie to stop them in their tracks. Typically, just putting your hand up will stop them in their tracks from running on you. That's the whole point, and you wanna repeat that process over here.


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[Assistant] And this is why it's very important to make sure that you have stayed down in a point blank range before you start backing off.


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[Assistant] Very important that you don't back up if they start walking towards you. You actually take a step towards them and firmly say stay. Once you get about six feet back, it's very common they want to run on you. At this point, you can't use your arms unless your arms are ten feet long.


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[Assistant] This is where your foot stomp comes in. All you have to do is say the word stay followed by a firm foot stomp. That stomp of the foot will typically back them up into their original stay position.


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[Assistant] And the reason why this works is because dogs work just like humans. If you're standing there on the sidewalk and someone walks towards you, you're not gonna simply stand there and let them bull you over. You simply move out of the way. This is how we all typically do it, and dogs do it the same way. If a dog sees you move towards them, even slightly, they're going to back out of the way.


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[Assistant] Now, once they're in the wide open, they have eight directions to run. Doesn't matter where you stand, they can run around you very quickly. From here, you should be advanced enough where you can do a technique I like to call orbiting. And this is where I tell the dog to stay, and I move in an orbit around the dog.


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[Assistant] Now again, this will be a little tricky because it's a brand new setup, so your dog's gonna blow it a couple times. Don't worry, just keep doing it. I promise you, most dogs will learn this very quickly. Cool, that's a stay. Perfect. Stay.


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[Assistant] And the final piece of the puzzle is adding distractions. So I've got a handful of toys here. And what I want to do is I'm going to have Chloe stay as I'm throwing the toys. And Chloe's only job is to make sure she stays as I'm throwing the toys all around. So I'm going to hold the leash in my hand. There's certain grips. This is the pointed finger grip. And there's also the thumb grip. Okay, so I'm going to go for the pointer finger grip.


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[Assistant] And then, I'm going to step on the leash right around there. Not too tight, not too loose, so probably about a couple inches from the clip. Make sure I pull up on the leash right here.


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[Assistant] From here, I'm going to start taking toys and throwing them around. Stay. Stay. Stay. Ah, ah, ah, ah. Stay. Stay. And this holds her in her place. Sit. Give me a sit.


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[Assistant] And same thing. This is the game changer, cause distractions change everything.


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[Assistant] Stay, we might have to do this a few times. Stay. Good, there you go. That's a stay. Good.


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[Assistant] Again, very firm stay, and every time I throw a toy, I say stay at the same time. Stay.


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[Assistant] Stay. Stay. There you go. Stay. Stay. Stay. Ah, ah, ah, ah, ah. So we're gonna restart. Stay. Alright, same thing. Point of finger grip.


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[Assistant] Foot on the leash. As I'm throwing the toys, I firmly say the word stay. And then from there, I'm gonna loosen up.


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[Assistant] On the leash, now it's much more slacked. Stay. Ah, ah, ah, stay. Ah, ah, stay. Stay. Stay. Nice. Good. That's what I want to see. Perfect. Stay. Stay. I'm going to take my foot off the leash. Stay. Good. And that's a stay command. Stay.


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[Assistant] When we read Lord of the Rings and we read about the battles and we read about the bloodiness and, and we read about the destruction of nature, it is a statement about war.


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[Assistant] Tolkien and the people of his generation that experienced World War I.


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[Assistant] Experience a brutality and warfare that was unique.


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[Assistant] Just the trench warfare in northern France was particularly gruesome.


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[Assistant] The Orkneys are demon-like beings in Beowulf.


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[Assistant] They have a spirit-like quality, but they're considered like an evil spirit being.


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[Assistant] He in turn falls into the fiery flames of the volcano.


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[Assistant] This destroys the ring, it obviously destroys Gollum, but then in a sense, it liberates Frodo.


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[Assistant] I think what's really curious about the character Frodo and the author Tolkien


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[Assistant] Is that after the end of the drama, so to speak, after the end of World War I, after the end of the War of the Ring,


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[Assistant] So we see this lingering malaise in Frodo, you might say, uh, as a result of being the ring bearer. And we might say that with Tolkien,


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[Assistant] He also had this lingering post-traumatic stress from seeing countless people butchered in the muddy fields of northern France.


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[Assistant] The set command is very easy to learn and there's only two steps. Step number one is you want to step on the leash. And this prevents the dog from jumping up. It's very common when you hold a treat above the dog's head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They start jumping up and trying to grab the treat. Well stepping on the leash prevents that. Step number two is have the treat in your hand. Hold the treat in a 45 degree angle above the dog's head while saying sit at the same time. Suddenly the dog will put his butt down. Most dogs at first are going to start jumping for it. The leash is preventing that from happening.


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[Assistant] And what happens is after a few minutes, the dog eventually puts their butt down.


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[Assistant] Now the question is, why does this work? Well, it's very simple. There's a detail here I want to point out. It's very important. You want to make sure you hold the treat past the dog's line of sight above their head. What happens is, if they're standing on all fours,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they can look at the tree, they're not gonna sit. But if you bring it out of view, they can't see it. The only way they can logically see it,


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[Assistant] Is they have to put their butt down because it actually angles their head in a much higher position where now they can see the treat again. Once their butt is down, they're in a sit position. It's just that simple.


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[Assistant] So I'm gonna go ahead and teach little Brody here the basic fundamentals of the sit. All I'm gonna do


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[Assistant] Let's take a treat and hold it about six inches from his head. You see what he's doing right here? He's jumping up and trying to grab it right out of my hands. Let me show you how to stop that.


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[Assistant] What I'm gonna do is take the leash and step on it right here. I'm not gonna step on it too tight because it'll, it'll force him down. I'm not gonna step on it too loose because it'll still able him to jump. I'm gonna find that middle balance right there. Now from there, I'm going to wait for him to stop jumping. Hold the treat about 45 degrees over his head. Say the word sit and wait for him to calm down.


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[Assistant] And as he's sitting for three, two seconds, that's a sit. Good. That's as simple as it gets. It's one of the simplest commands to teach your dog. And again, I'm going to lure him with the treat. I'm going to step on it right around there. Not too tight. I'm going to stop him from jumping. That's a sit. Perfect.


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[Assistant] That's a sit. Good. Just like that. Once again, reset him. I'm gonna do this about ten times.


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[Assistant] And by the tenth time, he should stop that little habit. Give me a sit. Again, 45 degree angle over the head with the treat about six inches away from his snout. And when he's in the sit position, I give it to him. Stepping on that leash is very important. It stops the jumping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, we're gonna reset just by simply walking back and forth really quick. Step on that leash, hold it over his head, say the word sit, wait for him to calm down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There you go. Good, good, good. I'm gonna hold it just for a second and make sure he stops jumping. Good. When he's not jumping, you pay him right away.


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[Assistant] Same thing, step on the leash, 45 over the head, he gave a little jump right there, I'm not gonna give it to him, wait him out, 3, 2, 1, that's a sit, perfect. Now make sure every time you say the command you wanna enunciate. You don't wanna let it mumble off your tongue, you have to enunciate, dogs understand enunciation. So as I say the sit command, I'm going to say it as a firm, strong command, we sit,


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[Assistant] Let me get you reset. We sit. There we go. That's a sit. Goal! That's a sit. Nice. Perfect.


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[Assistant] Quick reset. A little forward. Give me a sit. Perfect.


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[Assistant] Foot's still on the leash, he's not jumping. Now what's gonna happen is, as time's gone on, I'm gonna take my foot off the leash.


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[Assistant] Now I'm going to start paying him without the foot on the leash. So again, a quick little reset. Come here sweetie. Now I'm just going to say the word sit.


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[Assistant] No jumping, loose leash. Gawd, that's a sit, nice.


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[Assistant] Same thing, a little reset, come this way, and we sit. Perfect. Loose leash, no foot on the leash this time. This is exactly what I want to see. And sit. Perfect. And once again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give me a sit. 45 degree angle over the head with the treat. Very important. He's not jumping. If he starts jumping, once again, I put my foot back on the leash to stop the jumping. But right now, he's past those days. So I'm gonna hold it right here. That's a sit. Perfect. And a quick reset.


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[Assistant] Three, two, one. Good! Sit! Nice! A little further. Give me a sit.


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[Assistant] Nice, and the jumping for the treat is now in the rear view mirror.


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[Assistant] And now I give him the treat for the sit only. Let's do one more just to, uh, make sure we have it solidified in his system, and we sit. Beautiful. Go, that's a sit. Nice. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, what you want to do is short sessions, either 10 times or about 10 minute sessions. End it, you can start it again in a few hours.


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[Assistant] So now that he has it, what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna do this about three times a day for only about 10-15 minutes each. That's all it really takes for a good training session. And also very important, you always want to end it on a good note. The last time he sat, he sat very well for me, very controlled, I had no problems. That's how you always want to end every training session.


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[Assistant] Warriors Number 1 Into the Wild by Aaron Hunter Performed by McLeod Andrews Chapter 7


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[Assistant] Firepaw retraced his steps and headed back toward the stream. He thought of those eyes burning from the darkness of the ShadowClan territory. Suddenly, he caught a faint smell on the breeze. A stranger, perhaps that ShadowClan warrior. Instantly a growl rumbled in Firepaw's throat. The scent message told him many things.


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[Assistant] The stranger was a she-cat, not young, and definitely not from ThunderClan.


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[Assistant] She carried no distinct scent from any of the clans, but Firepaw could tell she was tired, hungry, and sick. And she was in an ugly mood.


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[Assistant] Dropping low, Firepaw moved forward, heading toward the scent. Then he paused in puzzlement. The warrior's scent was fainter now. He sniffed again.


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[Assistant] Suddenly, with a lightning movement, a snarling ball of fur burst from the bushes behind him.


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[Assistant] Firepaw screeched in shock as the she-cat slammed into him, knocking him sideways. Two heavy paws clamped down onto his shoulders and iron jaws closed around the back of his neck.


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[Assistant] He grunted, already thinking fast. If the other cat were to sink its fangs too deep, it would all be over.


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[Assistant] He forced himself to go limp, relaxing his muscles as if in submission, and let out a pretend howl of alarm. The she-cat opened her mouth to give a triumphant yell. Ah, a puny apprentice. Easy prey for Yellowfang, she hissed.


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[Assistant] At the insult, Fire Paul felt a surge of fury. Just wait.


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[Assistant] Firepaw surged upward with all the strength in his powerful young body.


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[Assistant] The she-cat gave a snarl of surprise as she was thrown clear. She tumbled backward into a gorse bush. Firepaw shook himself. Not such easy prey, huh?


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[Assistant] Not bad, young apprentice, she spat back. But you'll need to do a lot better.


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[Assistant] The she-cat had a broad, almost flat face and round orange eyes.


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[Assistant] Her dark gray fur was long and matted into smelly clumps.


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[Assistant] Her ears were torn and ragged and her muzzle was traced with the scars of many old battles.


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[Assistant] Firepaw stood his ground. He puffed out his chest and glared a challenge into the intruder's face.


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[Assistant] You're in ThunderClan's hunting ground. Move on! Who's going to make me?


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[Assistant] Yellowfang drew back her lip defiantly, exposing stained and broken teeth. I will hunt. Then I will leave.


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[Assistant] Or maybe I'll just stay a while.


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[Assistant] Enough talk! Firepaw spat, feeling the stir of ancient cat spirits deep inside him. There was no trace of the house cat in him now. His warrior blood was up.


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[Assistant] Dipping her head and breaking eye contact, she started to back off. No need to be hasty now, she purred in a silky tone. Firepaw wasn't fooled by her trickery.


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[Assistant] With a hiss of rage, the other cat responded, snarling and spitting, young cat and old locked together.


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[Assistant] They rolled over and over, teeth and claws flashing.


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[Assistant] Ears pressed flat to his head, Firepaw fought to get a grip.


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[Assistant] But the she-cat's clumpy fur snagged in his claws, and he couldn't break through to skin.


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[Assistant] Then Yellow Fang reared up on her back legs. With her filthy tail bristling, she looked even bigger.


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[Assistant] Firepaw sensed Yellowfang's huge jaws lunging toward him. He leaned backward, just in time. Snap! Bared teeth closed on the air next to his ear. Instinctively, Firepaw lashed out with a back swipe. His paw caught the side of Yellowfang's head. The force of it sent shock waves up his front leg. Yow! Stunned, Yellowfang dropped onto Four Paws. She shook her head to clear it.


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[Assistant] In the single heartbeat before the she-cat recovered, Firepaw saw his chance. He threw himself forward, crouching low, and clamped his jaws tight on Yellowfang's back leg. The taste of the matted fur was horrible, but he chomped down hard.


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[Assistant] He ripped his tail from his opponent's grip and lashed it back and forth in rage.


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[Assistant] Firepaw arched his spine, but Yellowfang managed to dig in her claws and hung on tight. The bigger cat's weight forced him to the ground.


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[Assistant] Firepaw tasted earth on his tongue and spat out a mouthful of grit.


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[Assistant] He twisted nimbly to avoid Yellowfang's thrashing back legs and the thorn sharp claws that were trying to rake at his soft underbelly. Over and over they rolled, biting and snapping. Moments later they broke apart. Firepaw was gasping for breath now, but he sensed that Yellowfang was weakening.


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[Assistant] He let her go with just a warning bite to remember him by. Never, Yellow Fang hissed back bravely. But her injured leg gave way and she slumped to the ground. She tried to get up and failed. Her eyes were dull as she hissed up at Firepaw.


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[Assistant] The she-cat's mouth twisted in pain and defiance. Finish me off. I won't stop you. Firepaw hesitated. He'd never killed another cat before. Perhaps in the heat of battle he would, but a mercy killing in cold blood? This was something very different. What are you waiting for? Yellowfang taunted. You're dithering like a kitty pet.


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[Assistant] Could she smell the scent of two legs on him, even now after all this time?


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[Assistant] Don't tell me ThunderClan is so desperate they have to recruit kittypets now.


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[Assistant] ThunderClan is not desperate, hissed Firepaw.


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[Assistant] Prove it then. Act like a warrior and finish me off. You'll be doing me a favor." Firepaw stared at her. He would not be goaded into killing this miserable creature. He felt his muscles relax as curiosity pricked him. How had a clan cat gotten in such a state?


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[Assistant] Thunderclan elders were looked after better than kids. You seem in an awful hurry to die, he meowed. Yeah.


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[Assistant] Well, that's my business, Mousefather. Yellowfang snapped. What's your problem, kitty? Are you trying to talk me to death? Her words were brave.


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[Assistant] But Firepaw could smell the hunger and sickness that were coming off the other cat in waves. She was going to die anyway if she didn't eat soon. And since she could hardly hunt for herself, perhaps he should kill her now.


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[Assistant] Her hackles smoothed out and her tail lost its gorse bush stiffness. Are you kidding, Kitty? I'm going nowhere. She grunted, limping painfully toward a patch of soft heather. She flopped down and began licking her leg wound.


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[Assistant] Firepaw glanced briefly over his shoulder at her and hissed quietly in exasperation before heading for the trees.


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[Assistant] As he padded silently through the ferns, sun-warmed odors filled his nose, and he caught the sour reek of a long dead rat. He heard the scratching of insects beneath bark, the rustle of furry things scurrying over leaves.


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[Assistant] His first thought had been to go and dig up the thrush he had killed earlier, but that would take too long. Maybe he should go and scoop up the rat carcass. Easy meat, but a starving cat needed fresh kill.


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[Assistant] Only when times were very hard would a warrior eat crow food. Just then he paused, sending a young rabbit ahead. A few more steps and he saw it. Flattening himself down, he stalked the creature.


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[Assistant] He was barely a mouse length away before it detected him. By then, it was too late. The white bobtail darting away sent the thrill of the chase surging through Firepaw's veins. A rush of speed, a flash of claws, and he had it.


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[Assistant] He held the wriggling body fast and finished it off quickly.


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[Assistant] Yellow Fang looked up tiredly as Firepaw dropped the rabbit on the ground beside her. Her grizzled jaw dropped.


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[Assistant] I thought you'd gone to fetch your little warrior friends. Yeah? Well I might still do that. And don't call me Kitty.


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[Assistant] Firepaw watched the she-cat rip open the prey and start to swallow it down.


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[Assistant] A few minutes later, Yellowfang gave a huge sigh and flopped onto her side. First fresh kill I've had for days.


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[Assistant] She licked her muzzle clean and settled down to give herself a thorough wash.


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[Assistant] But his fight with Yellowfang had sharpened his appetite even more. He gave in to his hunger and gulped down the scraps. It was delicious.


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[Assistant] Better than the muck two legs feed some of our brothers, isn't it? She mewed slyly.


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[Assistant] Knowing she had found his sore spot, she was trying to antagonize him. Firepaw ignored her and began to wash. It's poison, Yellowfang went on. Rat droppings.


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[Assistant] Only a spineless bag of fur would accept such disgusting frog spawn. She broke off and tensed. Shh, warrior's coming. Firepaw was also aware of cats approaching. He could hear their soft paw fall on the leaf litter and the sound of fur swishing through branches. He smelled the wind brushing against their coats, familiar smells.


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[Assistant] These were ThunderClan warriors, confident enough in their own territory not to care about the noise they made.


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[Assistant] Firepaw licked his lips guiltily, hoping to wash away any traces of the scraps he'd just swallowed.


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[Assistant] Then he looked at Yellowfang and the fresh pile of rabbit bones that lay beside her. The clan must be fed first. Lionheart's voice rang through his head once more.


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[Assistant] But surely he would understand why Firepaw had fed this wretched creature.


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[Assistant] His mind reeled suddenly fearful of what would happen to him.


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[Assistant] And he had ended up breaking the warrior code.


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[Assistant] Okay, I think we're ready to go. Where's Kara? Supergirl will meet us there. Trust she knows what she is doing, sisters. I do. Now.


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[Assistant] Alright, dark, creepy, and often uncontrollable magic coming up. It's okay, Zee. You got this.


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[Assistant] After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.


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[Assistant] Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly reached the town when the young man suddenly said very slowly, do you speak English?


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[Assistant] If I'm in a good mood, you have a gun to know what I want.


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[Assistant] I'll fetch some marigold leaves, too. If she dresses her wound with that, it'll keep off any infection. Wait here.


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[Assistant] So earlier, that assassin, was that you?


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[Assistant] Silly minks you. Though, you know, if your husband dies, it won't turn out well for you.


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[Assistant] Because, my dear sister, you've already produced an heir. When he dies, his duties, his possessions, his legions, it will all pass to Veer.


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[Assistant] So, if you kill him, you would, hm? Laugh?


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[Assistant] You're so lucky you're attractive.


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[Assistant] But with him alive, we have options. Opportunities. Eternity is a long time, my dear. I say we buy now.


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[Assistant] There's some prep work to be done before we start training obedience. And if done correctly, it's gonna pay dividends in the end. First thing I wanna point out here is your mental preparation. I look at the overall big picture. I look at the timeline of my training. Here's the start, here's the end. I know there's gonna be days where it's gonna suck. I'm gonna be down here. Other days I'm up here.


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[Assistant] Through that timeline, your goal is to do this. It's not gonna do this. It's going to do this. It's gonna have days where you feel like you fell flat on your face. That's the down slope. The next day, boom, the epiphany happens. They get it. The light bulb goes off. This is very common in dog training.


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[Assistant] And this right here is one of the main reasons people give up. They had a bad training session and they think it all went out the window. It never goes out the window.


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[Assistant] The dog is always playing this cat and mouse game with you. It's always his chess match.


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[Assistant] Just like you who are trying to figure your dog out, your dog is trying to figure you out. Your dog is trying to figure how to get out of this. And your job is to figure out how to beat them at that game.


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[Assistant] If you give up during this training process, always remember you'll always have this hanging over your head.


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[Assistant] You were beaten by an animal that walks on all fours, cannot read, write, or understand detailed logic like you.


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[Assistant] Control is the cornerstone of training. Let me give you an example of how important control is.


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[Assistant] You have a kindergarten teacher with 20 students in her class.


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[Assistant] You look inside that classroom and there's no desks, no chairs. What's happening?


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[Assistant] Those kids are running around like it's a tornado. And most likely the teacher's being carried off in the middle of it.


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[Assistant] The teacher has no control of her students because there's nothing there to help her control them. It's amazing what happens when you put a desk and some chairs there.


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[Assistant] Naturally, the students understand this is where I sit and the desk is where I do my work.


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[Assistant] Once she gets her students in those chairs, now she has 90% more control than what she just had 10 seconds ago. The last 10% is up to her. Trainers all over the world have endless ways to control an animal. But with me, there's basically one main thing that I use for control.


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[Assistant] And it's also one of your cheapest tools you'll ever buy.


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[Assistant] And that tool is the leash. Let me give you a quick example of how important and how much control that leash gives you. If you're in an empty room and you have a dog in there with you that's out of control, that dog is running all over the place, jumping all over the wall, jumping off your back, you have no control of this dog.


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[Assistant] Suddenly, you put a leash on that dog? You now have 90% more control than you just had a few seconds ago. It's just like what I was saying about the teacher with her students. No desks, no chairs equals no control.


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[Assistant] This is how we teach the animal. These are the techniques that we teach the animal. Training comes in many different forms when it comes to dogs. You can train obedience, you can train tricks, you can train a dog to be a service dog. There's two basic rules of training.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's technique and conditioning. And they're both just as important as one another.


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[Assistant] Technique is teaching the mechanics of something. And conditioning is muscle memory, doing it over and over until you're good at it. Dog training, all you're doing is teaching a technique, which typically takes one day to teach the technique. Your conditioning process is indefinite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe weeks, maybe months. I do it for years. I do it for the lifetime I have the dog. You can condition them indefinitely every day of their life. But the reality comes down to a dog that has learned technique is a trained dog. A dog that has learned technique and conditioning is a well-trained dog. Keep that in mind.


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[Assistant] And then finally we come to treat. This is your dog's reward, their compensation. This is how you also teach them focus.


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[Assistant] Dogs are just like humans in the fact that very few of them will work for free. There's no right or wrong answer for this because every dog responds to different treats. And once you find the right treat that they like, now you've got them to focus. And focus is one of the most important things when training.


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[Assistant] Once you have a dog's focus, you can train them much more efficiently.


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[Assistant] Now I want you to understand the order of what I said that in. I do not want you to go outside that order. Control, train, treat. That is the basic order of training an animal and it always has been. The first thing you always do is you must gain control of your animal.


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[Assistant] Then you train them and then you treat or reward them. If you try to mix up that order,


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[Assistant] You will get from point A to point B at a much more difficult amount of time than if you follow the order of that control train treat.


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[Assistant] You're also gonna find that there's certain times that your dog's gonna respond better when you're training him.


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[Assistant] Two times that I find are the most effective is, number one, when they have the right energy. And this is typically the morning to maybe early afternoon. Some dogs will open up more at night. That's up to you and your particular dog to find out. But also, most importantly, train them when they're hungry.


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[Assistant] You're gonna get a lot further and train a lot more efficiently if they have hunger. Because if you try to train a dog just after you fed them, that's like trying to offer a rich guy a job. Ain't happenin'.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna teach you seven vital commands, seven common commands that you'll be asking your dog to do almost every day, guaranteed. And I developed this through years of people asking me, I want you to teach my dog this, this, and this. And after a decade and a half of data, I finally said, you know what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna get rid of all these other commands. There's literally 25, 30 commands out there that I barely teach. I might teach it once every few weeks, once every few months.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Barely ever tell the dog to do it. These seven common commands I tell my dog to do almost every day and most people out there do the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure you could teach a dog a hundred things, but at best they might be okay. They might be getting C pluses in all hundred things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You teach a dog seven things and seven things only, they're gonna be getting A pluses across the board in all seven things. Because the reality is dogs minds, they work just like a computer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about your laptop. When you first got it, how fast was that thing? It's responsive. Everything you do, you touch it, boom, just so fast. A few years later, it's all bogged down with information. You've crammed it to the rim with pictures, videos, everything else you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you push a button, not so responsive anymore. Same thing happens with a dog. When you fill that dog's mind with so much information, sure, it'll still do it, but it won't be as responsive. My job is to teach you how to train your animal to be extremely responsive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's really not any order I'd necessarily like to train these commands in, but I will say this. The sit command is a really good command to start with because I call it a transition command. So once your dog is in a good sit position,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a really good transition to the down. It's a good transition to the stay. It's a good transition to the stay and a come. So if there's any command you're gonna teach first, I would say the sit command. And everything else is really no particular order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, saying it out loud just now, mmm, it is kinda pretentious to call ourselves that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I'm only gonna say this because you said something kinda nice, but Cal, you are way stronger than me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chapter 3 Blue Star led the way swiftly back to camp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The noise of their return awoke the cats who had remained behind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the group streamed through the Gorse entrance, sleepy figures began emerging from the dens. What's the news? Called Halftail. Was ShadowClan there? Asked Willopelt. Yes, it was, Bluestar replied gravely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She strode past Willopelt and leaped up onto Highrock. There was no need for her customary call for a clan meeting. The cats were already gathering below the rock. Tigerclaw jumped up beside her. There was much tension between the clans tonight, Bluestar began.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I became aware of a possible new allegiance between Crookedstar and Nightpelt.


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[Assistant] Greystripe squeezed into the small space next to Fireheart. What are they talking about? He asked. I thought Nightpelt agreed with Bluthor. Nightpelt, croaked one eye's ancient voice from the back of the crowd.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He has been named as Shadow Clan's new leader, Blue Star explained. But his name!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He plans to travel to the Moonstone tomorrow night. Tigerclaw told him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No leader can speak for their clan at a gathering without receiving StarClan's approval first, muttered One Eye, loudly enough for all the cats to hear. He has the support of ShadowClan, One Eye, answered Bluestar, nodding at the old she-cat. We cannot ignore what he said tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One eye gave a disgruntled sniff and Bluestar lifted her head to address the whole clan. At the gathering, I suggested we find Wind Clan and bring it home. But Crookedstar and Nightpelt don't want them to return.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're hardly likely to join forces though, are they? Called Greystripe. They almost had a scrap over hunting rights in the river. Fireheart turned to his friend. Didn't you see the looks they were swapping by the end of the meeting?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're both desperate to get their paws on WindClan's territory. But why?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Asked Sandpaw, who was sitting beside her mentor, Whitestorm. Whitestorm answered her,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I suspect ShadowClan is not as weak as we thought it would be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Nightpelt seems to have more ambition than any cat expected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But why does RiverClan want to hunt WindClan's grounds? They have always grown fat on the fish from their precious river! yelled Willopelt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Uplands are a long way to go for a few windblown rabbits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The once beautiful queen Dappletail spoke up and a voice cracked with age. At the gathering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of the river clan elders spoke of two legs taking over part of their river. That's right, added Frostfur.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They say two legs have been living in shelters beside the river, disturbing the fish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The River Clan cats have had to hide in the bushes and watch them with empty stomachs. Blue Star looked thoughtful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For now we must be careful to do nothing that may bring ShadowClan and RiverClan closer together. Go and rest now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Running Wind and Dustpaw, you will take the Dawn Patrol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The roar and the stench of a thunder path was very close by.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fireheart felt himself buffeted and blinded by the monsters that roared up and down with glaring eyes. Suddenly through the den, Fireheart heard the pitiful cry of a young cat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The desperate whale sliced through the thundering of the monsters. Fireheart awoke with a start. For a moment he thought that the cry had woken him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the only noise was the muffled snores of warriors sleeping beside him. A growl came from somewhere near the middle of the den. It sounded like tiger claw.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was dark outside, and the stars dotting the black sky told him dawn was still far off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the wail of the young cat echoing in his mind, Fireheart padded over to the nursery, his ears pricked. He could hear paw steps beyond the camp wall. He sniffed the air. It was just dark stripe and long tail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fireheart picked up their scents as they guarded ThunderClan's territory. The calm of the sleeping camp soothed Fireheart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every cat must have nightmares about the thunder path, he told himself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He crept back into the den and circled comfortably back into his nest


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Greystripe purred briefly in his sleep as Fireheart settled beside him and closed his eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Greystripe's nose woke him, prodding his side. Leave me alone, Fireheart grumbled. Wake up, Greystripe hissed. Why, we're not on patrol, Fireheart complained. Blue Star wants to see us in her den now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fuzzy headed, Fireheart scrambled to his paws and followed Graystripe out of the den. The sun was beginning to turn the sky pink, and there was frost on the trees around the camp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two cats bounded across the clearing to Blue Star's Den and announced their arrival with hushed muse. Enter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Blue Star was sitting in her nest, her head up and her eyes bright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tiger Claw stood in the middle of the smooth sandstone floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fireheart tried to read his expression, but the Great Tabby's eyes were as cold and steady as always. Bluestar began at once. Fireheart, Greystripe, I have an important mission for you. A mission? Fireheart echoed. Relief and excitement swept away his anxiety.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to find WindClan and bring it back to its territory. Announced Bluestar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before you get too excited, bear in mind this could be very dangerous, Packerclaw growled. We don't know where WindClan has gone, so you will have to follow what is left of their scent, probably into hostile territory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you've been through Wind Clan territory when you traveled with me to the Moonstone. Bluestar pointed out. Their scent will be familiar, as will the two-legged territory beyond the uplands. Will it just be us? Asked Fireheart. Our other warriors are needed here, meowed Tigerclaw. Leafbear is coming, and we need to gather as much fresh kill as possible. Many prey poor moons lie ahead. Bluestar nodded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tigerclaw will help you prepare for the journey. Fireheart's paws prickled with unease. Bluestar had as much faith in her deputy as ever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why was Fireheart the only cat in ThunderClan who didn't trust Tigerclaw? You must leave as soon as possible, Blue Star continued. Good luck. We'll find them, Graystripe promised.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dragging his thoughts back to the journey ahead, Fireheart nodded. Tigerclaw followed them out of Blue Star's den. Do you remember how to get to Wind Clan territory? Yes, Tigerclaw, we were there only, Fireheart interrupted Graystripe's eager reply. Only a few moons ago, he meowed quickly. He flashed a warning glare at his friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Fireheart began to picture himself charging through the prickly gorse of the uplands in search of the lost clan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will need herbs for strength and to keep your hunger away. Fetch them from Yellowfang before you leave. Tigerclaw paused.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And don't forget that Nightpelt is planning to travel to the Moonstone tonight. Keep well out of his way. Yes, Tigerclaw, replied Fireheart. He'll never know we're out there, Greystripe assured him. As I would expect, meowed Tigerclaw. Now go. Without another word, he turned and bounded away. He might have wished us good luck, Greystripe complained. He probably thinks we don't need it, joked Fireheart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As they crossed the clearing toward Yellowfang's den. But at the same time, he reflected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tigerclaw seemed to be treating them with as much respect as he would any warrior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yellowfang's den lay at the end of a tunnel under ferns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A large split rock stood in a corner of a small shaded glade. Spotted leaf had lived here before yellow fanged.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The memory of the gentle tortoiseshell medicine cat tugged at Fireheart's heart. Spottedleaf had been killed by a ShadowClan warrior. He missed her desperately. Yellowfang, Greystripe called. We've come for traveling herbs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two cats heard a horse mew from the shadow in the center of the rock, and Yellowfang squeezed out of the crack. Where are you going? She asked. We've got to find Windclan and bring it home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fireheart told her, unable to hide the pride in his voice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your first warrior mission, rasped yellowfang.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Congratulations! I'll fetch the herbs you will need.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fireheart and Graystripe chewed obediently on the unappetizing leaves. Yuck, spat Graystripe, just as bad as last time. Fireheart nodded, screwing up his face.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Graystripe swallowed the last mouthful and nudged Fireheart's shoulder with his nose. Come on, slow slug, let's get going. Bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fireheart heard the ferns rustling in the morning breeze. They seemed to be whispering, good luck, travel safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not bad, other BB. We did it! You were right. The racing stripes are a nice touch. You two got the computer working?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just need to power the external V-drive, so we'll need a AAA battery, like the one in a TV remote.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's just say I heard stories. Then you know my essence will soon be free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ain't happenin'. Kel-El's comin' with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey guys, so today we're continuing on with our day and night cycle and we're going to give it a bit more complexity now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what I'm planning to do is have distinct phases of the day, right? So the sunrise, day, sunset, and night. And then it will loop back, of course, to the start of the next day. And in each of these phases, I want the colour to be fading between certain colours, and I want the light to be getting darker or lighter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I'm gonna say from the outset that I actually coded this system a few different ways, and in the end I've stuck with the one that I thought was the simplest to understand, but there are definitely more elegant and flexible ways that you can code this, and I'll try and include examples as we go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this kind of system is one of those things that in retrospect it can be easy enough to understand, but it's quite another thing to create this yourself from scratch. So I want to try and step you through the thought process a little bit of how to actually make this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So think back to some of the variables that we've already set up. So we have a darkness variable that controls how dark it is, because remember we were just drawing a big rectangle over the screen. So this darkness just corresponds to the alpha value of that rectangle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, a darkness of 1 means the rectangle will be fully opaque, completely dark, and 0 is invisible, no darkness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also have a light color variable that we set up and this controls the color of the rectangle. At the moment we just had that set to black.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we also have our time set up, and we have separate variables for the seconds, minutes, and hours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So at the moment, we're just making the darkness be a fraction of the hours in the day, so that we get a darker day as the day goes on. And it's always some fraction between 0 and 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what we're going to do is break the day into four separate phases. We want some different kind of behavior depending on what phase we're in. So one thing that we have to do is specify what our phases are and when they begin. And we could do that as an array or a numerator. And I'm just going to use an enumerator here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm just going to call the enumerator phase and then I'm going to make the constants all of my.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to make each of them equal the hour in the day that the phase begins. So you can put whatever values you want here. I'm going to put sunrise starting at 6 AM and then the daytime starting at 8.5, which is just going to be 8.30. The sunset will begin at 6 o'clock, which is going to be 1800, so 18.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And night time, which is when I basically want there to just be complete darkness, I'm just gonna make that 10pm, which is 22.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another variable I'm actually just gonna add is Max Darkness. I actually don't want Complete Darkness, and I'm gonna set that to 0.7, and that's gonna be the maximum opacity for our rectangle. And again, you can put whatever value you want. Maybe you do want it completely dark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just while we're testing our system today, I'm going to also turn down the time increment to a hundred. Just so that the day is going a bit slower so we can check that all the colors and the light is working properly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All right, so we've set up our phases. Now let's just add some logic for getting what phase we're in. So we kind of, we can get rid of this because we don't need that anymore. And I might actually just add a region to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and I'm also going to add, so do you remember how last time we had this variable draw daylight so that we could control whether we're actually drawing the daylight in a room that was inside? We were switching this off if it found that we were inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm also going to wrap everything that we do today in the same little condition because there's no point doing any of this stuff if we're not actually gonna draw the daylight. This is gonna be all the stuff controlling setting up how dark and what colour to draw everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we do want to keep our cycle check as not part of this draw daylight because we do still want the time to be incrementing and the days to be continuing, even if we're inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we need to get what phase that we're currently in. And like I said before, there is a lot of ways that you could do this. So for example, if it's currently 12 o'clock midday,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we know we are in the daytime cycle. So we know that if we are between daytime and sunset, we'll be in the daytime. And if it's say seven in the morning, we know that because we're between sunrise and daytime, we're still in the sunrise phase. So we can kind of just go, if ours is between,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These two phases, then we know we're in the sunrise. And let's just do that for all of the rest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those three, but for the night time, it's, we have to be a bit careful. Night time is going from the hours of 22, 23, and then when it hits 24, it's gonna reset back to zero. So we can't really say if hours is greater than night time and less than sunrise because both of those things can't be true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But since we've already set up all of the rest of our cases, we don't really need to check any particular logic, we can just say, if it's not any of these, then it must be nine times, so we really just have to put else. Alright, so now remember how I said that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During each cycle, we might want to change between a few colours. So, for example, during sunrise, I might want to change from a kind of dark blue into a nice orange for the sunrise. And then maybe during the day, I'll change from that orange


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the same goes for the darknesses. So I might want to change from our max darkness value, which remember we set at 0.7 or whatever you set it to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So during summarize, I want to change from the maxDarkness to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something close to zero during the sunrise and then during the day I want to change to no darkness at all. So for each phase, we might have a different number of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The darkness values and all of the colors that we want for each phase. And then depending on what phase we're in, we'll use whatever values that we have in those arrays. So I'm going to set up right here, some local variables called darks. So that's going to be the array that stores all of our dark values and colors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we'll be playing around with these a little bit later, but if you want to just follow what I have set up for now. So for daytime, I'm going to put darks as equal to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going from complete darkness or almost complete darkness up to a pretty light value. And for my colors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Game Maker comes with a bunch of sort of stock colours right here, but if you want to make other colours, there are a few functions for making it, so you can use make,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Color, and then you can specify these right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm actually just going to use something called Merge Color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this basically will merge the two colours according to some amount, right? It's actually between 0 and 1 and so by putting 0.3 I'm saying it's mostly black but it's got a little bit of navy in it. If I'd put 1 it would've been completely navy and 0 would be completely black. So I'm merging those colours for that one. So getting a quite dark blue and also just orange.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So those are my two colors for the sunrise and I'm just going to add a bunch of other values for our other times of day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just as a note, for the system that we're setting up, you don't have to make the number of entries in the darks array and the colors array the same. So right here, I've got two entries in the darks array, but three colors. That's totally fine. We're going to make everything work no matter how many you've got in either.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally for the night. So like I said, because of the way that I've set this up, we're not going to be able to have any color changing during the night. It's going to just stay as one color. So we're going to have to just put one entry for each of those arrays.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I might also just put another region here so that we don't have to look at any of that while we do the next section. So I'm just going to call that phases and variables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and now we're going to actually alter our darkness variable, depending on what phase that we're in. Actually it's not just darkness, it's darkness and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Colors. Alright, and then there'll be two sections in here. Colors and Darkness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for the day, for example, if we're in the middle of the cycle, we wanna be accessing these two variables here. And if we're towards the start, we wanna be accessing these variables. So we need to get where we are in the cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, because our cycles, their length is gonna be different, so the cycle between the sunrise cycle only lasts for two and a half hours, but the daytime cycle lasts for about ten hours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're getting varying cycle lengths. So we're going to have to take that into account. So what we're going to do is now we're going to use a bit of maths here. So to get where we are in the cycle. So let's say that it's currently 10 o'clock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How am I gonna get, as a fraction, kind of where we are in the cycle between 0 and 1? Are we like halfway through or two thirds or what? So what we're gonna want to do is go,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is we know the cycle starts at 8.5, so we want to take that away from the hours. So we know now that we're just 1.5 hours into the cycle. To turn that into a fraction of the cycle as a whole, we just need the length of the cycle. So that would be wherever the end of the cycle is, so 18 minus 8.5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have hours minus the start of the phase up the top, and then the end of the phase minus the start of the phase down the bottom. And that gives us a fraction of where we are in the cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't have those variables, the start of the phase and the end of the phase yet. We kind of know what that is because of here, it's just gonna be these two for whatever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's gonna get the fraction of where we are in the cycle. And now to access the correct place in our array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I want one of these entries. So if I times this number here, so right now this is a number between 0 and 1, but if we times this by the length of our array,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, length of our array minus one, because our entries start at zero, then that is gonna give us the correct kind of place in our array that we want. So this whole thing is gonna give me a number between zero and four.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course it will work exactly the same for any of these. So no matter what phase we're in, because we're just getting the array length, we're going to get the appropriate number.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as you probably noticed, we're gonna get a lot of decimals with this. And we can't actually access, say for example, for this one that has two entries, 0 and 1, we can't get like 0.5. There is no entry 0.5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we kind of want to get whatever this number is, we want to get the flawed number, which will be the array entry, so zero, and then the seal of this number, which will be one. And then we want to merge those two to get the right color. So let's just add that in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm just going to save this value in a local variable. So I'm just going to call this cc, right, as the color that we want. And now I'm going to get those two numbers that I said before. So I'm going to get the array entry below and above this number here, which is probably going to be a decimal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So like that, we're getting the entry of our colors array at this flawed CC variable here. And now finally, so we want to set light color to be the merging of these two colors here. But now what amount do we want?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have to give it a number between 0 and 1, and I want this merging of the color to be relative to sort of how close to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each entry that we are. So let's say, for example, that it was daytime and it was quite close to the end of daytime. So my CC value is getting something close to, so remember there were five entries in the array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's say we were, we were getting 3.5 or something from this, so we were between these last two numbers. So then these two values here will be giving us 3 and 4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we want a mixing of, well, they're both orange, but if they weren't, we would get a mix between these two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see that it's going to be however close that decimal point is to three or four. So we can take away the flawed number of CC to get the decimal number we want between zero and one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and now we do exactly the same for the darkness. So I'm just gonna copy this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm just gonna use D for clarity and consistency.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's all good, except we're using this function mergeColor and these aren't colors. So for the darkness, we're using just numbers. These numbers here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we don't really have a function that merges numbers together, so I'm actually gonna get us to write our own script that does this. So come into your scripts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're going to create a new one called merge number.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just like the Merge Color one, we're going to input the same thing. So we're going to get it to input two numbers that you want to merge and then the amount to merge them between. Zero if you want this number and one if you want that number or a mix for something in between.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our script should be coming up here. Yep. And those arguments are all coming up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's just get all of the arguments and put them into some variables just so that we can make sense of them a little bit better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we'll just write it out first and I'll explain it afterwards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here we're just getting the difference between number one and number two. If number one is two and number two is three, we're going to get a difference of minus one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So really 1 is the difference and we could use the absolute value of our result, which will just make everything positive. So the difference between 2 and 3 or 3 and 2 is 1. But this thing down here is going to correct that anyway, whether this is a negative or positive number.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then on the second line, we're gonna get 2 minus the difference, which was 1, and multiplied by the amount that we're merging. So if we put in 0.5, we're gonna get minus 1 times 0.5, so that's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even if number one is bigger than number two or number two is bigger than one, it's not gonna matter. Again, there's different ways that you can code this, but that's just the way that I've done it. Alright, so that's our merge number script. We can come back to here, but there is one more thing that we have to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now, do you remember back when I was saying the night case is gonna be a little bit weird? And that's because the P start. Oops, I've actually entered that in incorrectly, so it should be starting at night time and we're ending...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the piece start, the night time, which was equal to 22,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is actually much bigger than the sunrise time, which is 6. And that's actually gonna stuff up


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm just gonna go, if phase start is equal to night time, so that means we're in the night time phase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm just going to set light color to equal that one entry in our array. And that's why I was saying that it could only be one entry. And again, you could change this, you could make it so that you could have multiple colors over the nighttime. Go ahead if you're feeling confident enough to do that, but it's not absolutely necessary, so I'm not going to bother at the moment. So now all we have to do is say, otherwise, for all the other cases, we can do our math here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we're actually done. And all that's left to do is actually just to test this. So, let's run the game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so if we hit T, let's start the clock. Okay, good, so it's changed to the night phase. And it's changed to the sunrise, we can see it fading between the sunrise colours. Midday and sunsets now. And into night, there we go!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now that we have everything set up, you can probably more confidently play around with the numbers. I know this one was a little bit more tricky, but we're done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And hopefully we can move on to some more fun stuff next time, like the inventory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to thank everyone on Patreon who were supporting me to create these tutorials. And a special shoutout to 3D Monkey Biz, Danielle Hargrave, Max Mulanaro, and Uthelion for their support.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you for watching guys. That's all for today, I'll see you next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The temptation to steal is greater than ever before, especially in large shops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it was easier for the detective to watch her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Roy Trenton used to drive a taxi. A short while ago, however, he became a bus driver, and he has not regretted it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the thieves were trying to get away in their car,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police. The thief's car was badly damaged and easy to recognize. Shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically, what happened was there was, uh, they were talking about on this geek blog about, you know, making Spider-Man, you know, they were redoing it. So they said that maybe this new Spider-Man, since they're making it so, you know, quickly,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] George? Are thee a detective? I will help you find Mr. Dinosaur.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uuuh. This dinosaur isn't anywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While the squid's going, I wanna say hello to you guys. Welcome back to another Seafood Mukbang. I'm excited to share part one with you. I, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to thank you, actually, for those that participated in the poll in the Raising Canes video. So thank you for helping me select the seafood. Uhm, this time around, I didn't want to really do a seafood boil. Uh, instead, I


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I kinda prepared everything, uhm, all the seafood options in a different cooking style or recipe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So while the calamari is heating up, we can start on all the other good stuff. So let's do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some lemon juice on that. And I actually want to try these baked mussels first.


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[Assistant] We'll just turn that around so I can cook on the other side. Smells so good. So these are tiger prawns in garlic sauce. So we're going to try these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, red pepper paste gochujang sauce. And I'm just gonna drizzle some lemons on it. Let's actually try it right now. I am going to turn this off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's so good. Whoever chose the squid can call on that.


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[Assistant] Coming up soon. So right now I hear all these fireworks.


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[Assistant] So I have this uhm, kind of like lime, salt and pepper dip. That's what I usually prefer for my crabs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think this is the first time I'm doing a claw for a king crab claw. So, the reason why I have to separate these videos into two parts is because the other part is gonna have sea urchin, oysters, all that good stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All this food out, all this cooked food out, while the raw stuff was just kinda sitting around, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seriously, they are like blowing up fireworks left and right.