[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you make that a cascode, it will look like this. So each one of them needs to be a cascode. Each one of those single transistor becomes a cascode, and you end up with something


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like this, so you can actually connect these two and say this is some v-bias, which we haven't talked about really, how to generate yet, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you can have your mirror up here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what is the gain here now? Let's say you don't change the transistor dimensions or the currents. So we don't have to recalculate everything. Well, what is the gain?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The drive is similar, right? So you can say if this was VID over 2, this is going to be GM and VID over 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the same, right? It's a MOSFET. This current is reflected here. So this is gonna be gm vid over 2. It's gonna be reflected here. gm vid over 2. Same trick here. Negative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vid over 2, this is basically


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you can change the polarity, this becomes gm vid over 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is gonna be gm vid over 2. So it's a question of what is the resistance on that node? This is still rop. What is this looking down? What is this resistance looking down now that we did cascode?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's intrinsic gain of the stage. Of that transistor, right? Maximum intrinsic gain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it gets multiplied by GM and RO. So what is GM and RO? It's like 20.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So it gets 20 times larger, so it becomes 20 times 20 kilo ohms.


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[Assistant] Because 400 kiloohms. So now you have 400 kiloohms in parallel with 80 kiloohms. Whatever that is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's 2.6, uhm, 26 kilo ohms. So now, did I say? No, no, that doesn't sound right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this becomes, sorry, this becomes 400 kilo ohms. It becomes what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the parallel combination becomes 67 kiloolms times the 1 millisiemens, uhm, so that gain becomes 67. So you went from 16 to 67. And you got some gain improvement. Still,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to get improvements, now we see what's the limiting factor. Now, obviously now this has become the limiting factor. No, sorry, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, the bottom one, this one. Because this became 400. This was now 80 kilo, right? So you need to increase this one. How do we do that? Cascade the top one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we go and make it a cascode. Now, there are different ways to make this a cascode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now one of them is to make this kind of a double current mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can talk about that extensively, but uhm, but right now what when you do the output resistance of this thing will also increase by the same amount. So this becomes GMPRO.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] P2 times ROP1. And let's say this is ROP1. So ROP1 we said was like 80 kilo ohms. You have to calculate GMP. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, W over L, which is one half, times the current, which is half a milliamp,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's 0.16 millisiemens, or 160 microsiemens. So that's GMP.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you get 13 times that, so you get that times uhm, 80 kilo ohms, you get about a thousand, one mega ohm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looking up you see 1 mega ohm, looking down you see about 400 kilo ohms. Right? So it's basically 4 divided by 14. It's 20, so it's 280.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the parallel combination is about 200 AD.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kilo ohms, that times 1 millisiemens, that gives you a gain of 280.


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[Assistant] So you can see that the gain is going up, but not as quickly as we got it in bipolar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because you get less transconductance and you need to work harder for it. And if you want to do more, we can do more if we needed to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, that gives you a sense of what these numbers look like. Of course, specific parameters will be different for different types of devices, but that's essentially the ballpark of it and how it will look like. And of course, you can keep increasing these by applying larger and larger, more and more cast code or changing the channel lengths and playing with that to get more game. Alright, any questions on that?


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[Assistant] I'm scared, Chuck. What if I grow up and no one ever loves me?


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[Assistant] Yes, well, meanwhile, without having a care in the world, I have serenely obtained an F. F? Ouch. You mean you didn't even worry a little? Why should I? I knew I was gonna get that.


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[Assistant] I got an F because I have a big nose.


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[Assistant] I've got a big nose, so I fail. It's as simple as that.


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[Assistant] Alright, ma'am. King Louis II. Well?


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[Assistant] This is something that has driven students mad since schools began.


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[Assistant] Okay Lucio, just to show you I'm not afraid, I'll go first.


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[Assistant] The weather forecast is not necessarily reliable.


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[Assistant] The weather forecast is not necessarily reliable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The weather forecast is not necessarily reliable.


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[Assistant] I was not as strong as my father. I was not as strong as my father.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would you please turn down the TV? Would you please turn down the TV?


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[Assistant] Tomorrow is Mother's Day. Tomorrow is Mother's Day.


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[Assistant] This is their house. This is their house.


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[Assistant] Please make the bed. Please make the bed.


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[Assistant] This is what I was waiting for. This is what I was waiting for.


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[Assistant] Please answer the phone. Please answer the phone.


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[Assistant] The school is two kilometers ahead. The school is two kilometers ahead.


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[Assistant] They have English lessons three times a week. They have English lessons three times a week.


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[Assistant] What would happen? What would happen?


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[Assistant] Paris is the capital of France Paris is the capital of France


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[Assistant] His English is quite good. His English is quite good.


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[Assistant] I'd like to see the doctor soon. I'd like to see the doctor soon.


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[Assistant] I'll be absent tomorrow. I'll be absent tomorrow.


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[Assistant] Would you like another apple? Would you like another apple?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pain is getting worse. The pain is getting worse.


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[Assistant] Will you have another cup of milk? Will you have another cup of milk?


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[Assistant] Please pass me the sugar. Please pass me the sugar.


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[Assistant] He owes his success to his parents. He owes his success to his parents.


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[Assistant] I'll give you a prescription. I'll give you a prescription.


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[Assistant] Can you speak French? Can you speak French?


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[Assistant] That's the approximate concentration of CO2 in the air today. What does this even mean?


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[Assistant] For every 400 molecules of carbon dioxide, we have another million molecules of oxygen and nitrogen.


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[Assistant] Imagine just one of us was wearing a green shirt, and you're asked to find that single person.


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[Assistant] That's the challenge we're facing when capturing CO2 directly out of the air. Sounds pretty easy, pulling CO2 out of the air. It's actually really difficult, but I'll tell you what is easy. Avoiding CO2 emissions to begin with. But we're not doing that. So now, what we have to think about is going back, pulling CO2 back out of the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even though it's difficult, it's actually possible to do this. And I'm going to share with you today where this technology is at and where it just may be heading in the near future.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By seawater, soils, plants and even rocks. And although engineers and scientists are doing the invaluable work to accelerate these natural processes, it simply won't be enough. The good news is we have more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One is using CO2 grabbing chemicals dissolved in water. Another is using solid materials with CO2 grabbing chemicals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is what a system might look like, to do just this. This is called an air contactor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see it has to be really, really wide in order to have a high enough surface area to process all of the air required. Because remember, we're trying to capture just 400 molecules out of a million.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using the liquid-based approach to do this, you take this high-surface area packing material, you fill the contactor with the packing material, use pumps to distribute liquid across the packing material, and you can use fans, as you can see in the front, to bubble the air through the liquid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So air contactors for direct air capture have this unique characteristic design where they have this huge surface area, but a relatively thin thickness. And now once you've captured the CO2,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because think about it, CO2 is so diluted in the air, that material is binding it really strong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so you need a lot of heat in order to recycle the material.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to recycle the material with that heat, what happens is that concentrated CO2 that you got from dilute CO2 in the air


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I ask a question. How much energy do you think that it takes to remove a million tons of CO2 from the air in a given year? The answer is a power plant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you were to take that very expensive CO2 and convert it to a liquid fuel that comes out to fifty dollars a gallon, that's way too expensive. It's not feasible. So how can we bring these costs down? That's in part the work that I do. There's a company today


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are several other companies that are developing technologies that can do this even cheaper than that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm going to talk to you a little bit about a few of these different companies. One is called Carbon Engineering. They're based out of Canada. They use a liquid-based approach for separation, combined with burning super-pundant


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cheap natural gas to supply the heat required.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the CO2 that they generate from burning the natural gas. And so by doing this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Global thermostat takes a different approach. They focus on the heat required and the speed in which it moves through the material so that they're able to release and produce that CO2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At a really fast rate, which allows them to have a more compact design and overall cheaper costs. And there's more still.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The land area required for a synthetic forest or a manufactured direct air capture plant to capture the same is 500 times smaller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition for a synthetic forest, you don't have to build it on arable land, so there's no competition with farmland or food. And there's also


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which means putting it back underground where it came from in the first place. But let's face it, nobody gets paid to do that today. At least not enough. So the companies that are developing these technologies


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are not large enough to solve our climate crisis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One thing I'll absolutely say is positive about the carbon markets is that they allow for new capture plants to be built. And with every capture plant built, we learn more. And when we learn more, we have an opportunity to bring costs down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that for carbon-neutral, carbon-negative paths to be affordable for the majority of society in order to impact climate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 1966, the US invested about a half a percent of gross domestic product in the Apollo program. It got people safely to the moon and back to the earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Half a percent of GDP today is about 100 billion dollars. So knowing that direct air capture


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Further, let's imagine that we could get the costs down to a hundred dollars a ton. That's going to be hard, but it's part of what makes my job fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so what does that look like? Twenty billion dollars, a hundred dollars a ton that requires us to build 200 synthetic forests, each capable of capturing a million tons of CO2 per year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That adds up to about five percent of US annual emissions. Doesn't sound like much. Turns out it's actually significant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you look at the emissions associated with long-haul trucking and commercial aircraft, they add up to about five percent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it turns out that they would take up about half the land area of Vancouver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's if they were fueled by natural gas. But remember the downside of natural gas? It also emits CO2. So if you use natural gas to do direct air capture, you only end up capturing about a third of what's intended.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unless you have that clever approach of cocapture that carbon engineering does.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so if we had an alternative approach and used wind or solar to do this, the land area would be about 15 times larger, looking at the state of New Jersey now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things that I think about in my work, in my research is optimizing and figuring out where we should put these plants and think about the local resources available.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because, for instance, you can use clean electricity to split water to produce hydrogen, which is an excellent carbon-free replacement for natural gas to supply the heat required.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I want us to reflect a little bit again on negative emissions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they may help us if we continue to stall at cutting down on CO2 pollution worldwide. But that's also why we have to be careful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This approach is so alluring that it can even be risky, as some may cling onto it as some kind of total solution to our climate crisis. It may tempt people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Negative emissions as a replacement for stopping pollution, but rather as an addition


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To an existing portfolio that includes everything, from increased energy efficiency to low-energy carbon to improved farming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll all collectively get us on a path to net zero emissions one day. A little bit of self-reflection. My husband is an emergency physician, and I find myself amazed by the lifesaving work that he and his colleagues do each and every day. Yet when I talk to them about my work on carbon capture, I find that they're equally amazed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Isn't just about saving a polar bear or a glacier, it's about saving human lives.


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[Assistant] But it could just enable us to preserve not only the Amazon, but all the people that we love and cherish as well.


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[Assistant] Is all of our future generations and modern civilization. Thank you.


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[Assistant] That's because you know Buddha is going to see who you really are.


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[Assistant] I'll make sure the Tang Monk reaches the Western Paradise!


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[Assistant] One should try to become on as close terms as possible with any sort of man.


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[Assistant] Would you do me a favor by moving that chair over to the corner so I can sweep the floor?


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[Assistant] So you'd better tell him again that the meeting time is 7 to make double sure.


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[Assistant] This movement has not yet achieved all its goals.


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[Assistant] But it has already had considerable impact in many areas of male-female relations.


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[Assistant] The Precision Ratio is an index that indicates how many articles meet the search criteria out of all the articles retrieved.


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[Assistant] His uncle went to Europe on business a week ago. And he is now either in London or in Paris.


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[Assistant] The early man used his fingers and toes to count the animals he owned, or the measures of grain he had stored.


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[Assistant] That is as systematic and as easily understood as possible.


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[Assistant] I have a license, but no real driving experience. So I'm not very sure of myself behind the wheel.


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[Assistant] Uncontrolled, these forces may be dangerous and destructive. But once mastered, they can be bent to a man's will and desire.


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[Assistant] Britain's currency crisis has turned into a political one over government failure to stop the pound from going into freefall.


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[Assistant] Which contribute a sideways motion to its walk.


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[Assistant] The reduction in obstetricians and gynecologists is a reflection of the decrease in births, thus reducing need for medical care.


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[Assistant] Today's agenda concerns the re-election of the Student Council. If anybody wishes to stand as a candidate, please raise your hand.


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[Assistant] I look for all the world like an athlete in this outfit. But the truth is I don't do any sports at all.


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[Assistant] They rolled along the big road and they rolled along the little road until they were way out in the country.


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[Assistant] That the ticking of the clock becomes loud enough to bother me.


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[Assistant] Sales at the company zoomed thanks to brisk export demand, but profit did not keep up because of intense competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other day I noticed I was driving around with a parking brake on. It's a wonder the car would even move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell it to his face instead of saying things behind his back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is in a temper because she missed her usual train in the subway and had to walk to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a basic factor that can even be said to be the common lot of man. It certainly doesn't apply only to Germans.


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[Assistant] Detailed design is the work of drawing up a diagram that is capable of being manufactured from the plan set in the baseline design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be sure to pay attention to the distance placed between yourself and your partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you'll have to content yourselves with something out of a tin.


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[Assistant] I would like to stress that it is more convenient to control tariffs as a block rather than country by country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At his final exam, Bob was really put through the wringer. The test covered everything that was in the course.


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[Assistant] Despite a large surplus in merchandise trade.


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[Assistant] The current account surplus is not so big due to a deficit in invisible trade.


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[Assistant] I am sure that more flags were burned as a result of Congress passing that law than had ever been burned before.


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[Assistant] My seemingly clever techniques would be seen through, and then I would be defeated.


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[Assistant] I guess he felt a little obligated after what we did for him.


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[Assistant] Please let me know immediately if you would like to set up an area of the conference room for your products.


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[Assistant] As expectation increases, that the dollar will weaken.


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[Assistant] The foreign exchange market's reaction to US economic indicators has been fairly muted.


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[Assistant] But now there's something that wants to make them different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My hair is messed up this morning. At least lend me a hand mirror. It should be shut in the drawer there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first that time of the month, I seem to remember worrying that I was ill without telling anybody for two days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Banks will try to lend you an umbrella on a sunny day, but they will turn their backs on a rainy day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had tried to avoid thinking that as much as possible, but as soon as I faced it, I started to feel miserable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for my part, I prefer to stay home and read a novel.


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[Assistant] For the time being, attention is naturally going to focus on the summer break, right?


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[Assistant] When I tried to move the desk, one of its legs made a jarring sound as it scraped across the floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the midst of those rumors flying around, I'm surprised they've been able to keep that club running.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my daily life, I take care in various ways of my body so as not to damage my health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The world gets to work on us and transforms us from merely biological into social units.


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[Assistant] The young man had been sitting in the drawing room alone with the girl for a long time and it was getting late.


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[Assistant] And where this is not the case, the abuse must be resisted at all costs.


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[Assistant] It has the characteristics of a great complicated balance between plant life and lower forms of animal life.


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[Assistant] Since he lost the only copy of the book he needed for his report.


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[Assistant] Was that it was illegal to pay someone in anything other than coin of the realm.


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[Assistant] First, they should have right ideas of things. Ideas that are based on careful observation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Winning the competition is important. However, fair play is more important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need to understand that winning is not the most important thing.


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[Assistant] Instead of putting the car into gear, she put it into reverse.


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[Assistant] Causing a great deal of damage to the storefront.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was playing video games in the living room, Mother asked me if I would go shopping with her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The inside of my head had gone to panic mode, and I couldn't get things straight.


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[Assistant] The impact of Emmett's theory on physics has been widely discussed, but this is not my concern in this paper.


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[Assistant] If we are to judge the future of ocean study by its past,


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[Assistant] We can surely look forward to many exciting discoveries.


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[Assistant] And all the little money that ever came into my hands was laid out in books.


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[Assistant] I was assailed by the stupid but unshakable idea that if I was imprudent enough to move my hand, I'd be noticed.


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[Assistant] I told the librarian that I needed the book for a report due on Friday, so she said she would call it in.


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[Assistant] Yesterday, I found a tiny piece of land for sale in a quiet residential area, and I immediately decided to buy it.


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[Assistant] I would like to put special emphasis on the concept that social ecology is the second school of contemporary environmentalism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also need to get people to understand the real me.


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[Assistant] My forceful behavior is one way I try to do this.


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[Assistant] Nowadays, he does nothing but play video games. And never studies at all.


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[Assistant] But up against such heavy odds, he couldn't get his business plan accepted.


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[Assistant] Now that I have finished this assignment, I want to go to sleep. But I have to go to school.


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[Assistant] Quick, let's get started on the project proposal while the idea is still fresh in our minds. There's no time like the present.


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[Assistant] If this will help you to develop a new market for our products.


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[Assistant] He began to learn English when he was 12 years old. That is to say, when he entered junior high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Irene Pepperberg, a researcher at Northwestern University.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is discovering that a parrot can not only mimic people, but also learn the meaning of words.


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[Assistant] The restraining role that the community once played is losing its force as adults become reluctant to reprimand other people's unruly children.


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[Assistant] I thought that if we lined up benches in the garden as well, we could achieve quite a seating capacity.


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[Assistant] Don't give in to despair just because you didn't get into the college that was at the top of your wish list.


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[Assistant] For a display where the data items increase and decrease,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think you are best making use of a spreadsheet program, not access.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The speeding vehicle skidded and crashed head on into the rear end of a truck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some kids start to carry on at a supermarket when they are not allowed to buy some candy or other treat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A display is an appliance that displays video signal of still images and moving pictures produced by a computer or similar device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They came from all over the world to make their homes in this new land, which was thinly populated by native Indians.


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[Assistant] My grandfather was quite a learned man for his time and place, but he just wasn't cut out to be a businessman.


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[Assistant] He parted from me, saying that he would see me the next day. But I have not heard from him since.


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[Assistant] One morning at breakfast, we children were informed to our utter dismay that we could no longer be permitted to run absolutely wild.


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[Assistant] Working in a society gives women both hardship and achievement.


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[Assistant] But the daily chores at home don't seem to give them fulfillment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During my last spring vacation, I took a job in a restaurant to help pay the costs of my trip abroad.


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[Assistant] Hey, we're trying to have a serious discussion here.


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[Assistant] So I'd appreciate it if you wouldn't butt in so irresponsibly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it continues to be stimulated, the skin's protective function causes thickening and it becomes stiff and hard with pores that stand out.


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[Assistant] Well then, it becomes a matter of urgent concern to the lurkers of this mailing list, whether the guilty party confesses or not.


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[Assistant] I would appreciate it if I had the opportunity to meet with Mr. Brown again during his stay in Chicago.


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[Assistant] Many men nowadays seem to have the feeling that in vast modern societies,


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[Assistant] There is nothing of importance that the individual can do.


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[Assistant] After all, different people have different ways of eating, according to the kinds of food which they have traditionally eaten.


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[Assistant] So I want you to take everything I'm about to say at face value.


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[Assistant] She could not accept the fact that she and her students had so much while other people had so little.


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[Assistant] Beautiful women die young, or so the saying goes. If so, then my wife is going to live a long life.


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[Assistant] This TV was made 10 years ago, and there are no parts available, so it is impossible to repair it.


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[Assistant] The launch, which had been scheduled for this morning.


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[Assistant] Was postponed because of the illness of Shuttle Commander John Creighton.


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[Assistant] At night, I fell asleep hearing the grunting of the hippos.


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[Assistant] He was out of shape when he took a long hike with his sons and he was stiff and sore the next day.


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[Assistant] I'm sure you don't need me to tell you this, but wouldn't it be a good idea to stop smoking?


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[Assistant] Also, could you please contact me if you would like to present your opinion on any of the topics listed?


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[Assistant] If you whip the steering wheel around like that on a snowy road, the car is going to go into a slide.


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[Assistant] But they met with such violent opposition that they backed down.


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[Assistant] What you don't see and hear with your own ears and eyes might be true, but it might also not be true.


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[Assistant] They dance in circles to communicate a short distance and shake their bodies and dart back and forth to indicate a longer distance.


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[Assistant] Prevent all but a handful of foreigners from approaching the literature in the original.


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[Assistant] To a degree that is in proportion to the amount of good rest I had yesterday.


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[Assistant] If an oversight is the reason why you have not paid, please send us the amount due and let us solve the problem immediately.


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[Assistant] Investing money in your home has some merit. When it is time to sell it, you can get more money.


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[Assistant] When I asked the college student if he regularly attended his school, he was at a loss for an answer.


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[Assistant] When the trusted confidant of the person who conducted a hostile takeover of the company betrayed him, it was a sort of retributive justice.


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[Assistant] Before we try to move up to the next level, I think we need to focus on keeping what we have.


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[Assistant] I had words with the manager of that store because he refused to refund my money for the TV set that wasn't operating properly.


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[Assistant] So it's only natural that I get a reward appropriate to my labors.


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[Assistant] Parents try not to think about it, hoping that if they blot the children out, that faithful call or cable will never come.


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[Assistant] After the hatchet job my boss did on my proposal,


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[Assistant] I'm not sure how long I want to keep on working here.


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[Assistant] There is no more dangerous experiment than that of undertaking to be one thing before a man's face and another behind his back.


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[Assistant] The major result from recent investigations of Emmett's theory has been that it can be applied to biochemistry as well.


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[Assistant] The basis of this system is that the students must take turns in teaching. They have to help each other.


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[Assistant] And more child care facilities are required to make women at home join the workforce.


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[Assistant] Their postures depend on whether they want to get rid of heat or conserve it.


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[Assistant] A buyer's market is a market in which goods are plentiful.


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[Assistant] Buyers have a wide range of choices, and prices are low.


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[Assistant] I am very sorry that I have to ask you to change the meeting date to March 6th due to personal reasons.


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[Assistant] But the content of that match is a level so high as to be unthinkable to an ordinary person.


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[Assistant] The priest seems to make it a practice to climb on the underdog's bandwagon and persuade the other side to compromise.


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[Assistant] We are concerned about the further actualization of current problems among youth such as truancy, dislike of school, and lack of appropriate character development.


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[Assistant] But light does not travel at the same speed through all materials. It goes slower through some than through others.


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[Assistant] The men's and women's singles final at Wimbledon are among the most exciting and popular sports events of the year.


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[Assistant] There is a matter that we would like to discuss urgently regarding club activities, so please come to the staff room.


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[Assistant] I would appreciate it if you could find the time to see Mr. Fukuoka or to introduce him to one of your associates.


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[Assistant] If we let our reasoning power be overshadowed by our emotions, we would be barking up the wrong tree all the time.


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[Assistant] But she had been so kind to me that I couldn't but accept the invitation.


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[Assistant] But at the core, he's got an iron will that makes him an extremely tough negotiator.


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[Assistant] This time, so I don't run out of things to talk about, I'll write a list on the palm of my hand.


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[Assistant] The typhoon will probably be raging in all its fury about this time tomorrow.


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[Assistant] One of the most curious things that has forced itself on my notice is that there is no permanence in the judgment of beauty.


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[Assistant] That the colonizers and adventurers went sailing off to a new fine line, a new country, opportunities, and so forth.


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[Assistant] I held the fur coat close to my cheek and dreamt of the day I would be able to afford it.


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[Assistant] It is quite wrong to suppose that a simple culture will also have a simple language.


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[Assistant] Why don't you try expressing your opinion a little more gently?


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[Assistant] Think about how he feels getting told flatly that he's being cut loose.


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[Assistant] As soon as they realized the mayor was on his way down, his critics started coming out of the woodwork.


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[Assistant] I want you to search high and low for a writer who's just right for this project. Leave no stone unturned.


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[Assistant] Now listen carefully, you stupid beagle. I'm gonna try to keep this blanket habit once and for all. But I need your help. I want you to keep my blankets.


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[Assistant] I still haven't written my book report on Gulliver's travels. I haven't even started to read it yet. Why don't I get started? Why do I put things off?


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[Assistant] Go verse trellis, part one, chapter one. Good grief.


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[Assistant] This book has 254 pages!


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[Assistant] Report Charlie Brown. D minus. That's as low as you can get without failing.


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[Assistant] The teacher said it looked like the sort of report that was written after midnight on the last day of vacation. What could I say? I congratulated her on her remarkable perceptivity.


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[Assistant] Yes ma'am, a dog break is when you get to go home to see if your dog misses you or needs you for anything. Nice try, Charlie.


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[Assistant] Ma'am, what you just told us is really fascinating.


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[Assistant] I keep thinking about my poor dog being alone all day with nothing to do.


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[Assistant] What are you going to do with the books? Sell to a secondhand bookstore.


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[Assistant] What are you going to do with the books? Sell to a secondhand bookstore.


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[Assistant] Are there any questions? How long should the paper be?


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[Assistant] Are there any questions? How long should the paper be?


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[Assistant] So how's the match going? It's starting off great.


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[Assistant] Snoopy got the new can of balls open without cutting himself.


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[Assistant] It unnerves your opponent if you bounce the ball a lot before you serve.


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[Assistant] It's a mixed doubles tournament, isn't it? I'll have you know, he was the number one player at the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm. That's right, isn't it, Snoopy?


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[Assistant] We know the score, don't we, partner?


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[Assistant] Two minutes. Okay.


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[Assistant] So you walk to one side where a team is waiting, and you all throw your backs into it, and you pull in turn.


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[Assistant] And eventually, the wheel roars to life, lights begin to flicker and the audience cheers. And you've just activated Peter Hudson's Charon, one of the world's largest zoetropes. This is the farthest thing from marketable art.


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[Assistant] It's beautifully crafted and completely useless. And it's wonderful.


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[Assistant] You're unlikely to see works like Charon in the art world headlines.


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[Assistant] These days, the buying and selling of artwork often gets more attention than the works themselves.


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[Assistant] In the last year, Jean-Michel Basquiat sold for 110 million dollars, the highest price ever achieved for the work of an American artist.


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[Assistant] But still, when you look at these works and you look at the headlines, you have to ask yourself, do I care about these because they move me?


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[Assistant] Or do I care about them because they're expensive and I think they're supposed to?


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[Assistant] In our contemporary world, it can be hard to separate those two things.


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[Assistant] What if we redefined art's value, not by its price tag, but by the emotional connection it creates between the artist and the audience, or the benefit it gives our society, or the fulfillment it gives the artists themselves?


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[Assistant] This is Nevada's Black Rock Desert, about as far as you can get from the galleries of New York and London and Hong Kong.


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[Assistant] And here, for just about 30 years at Burning Man, a movement has been forming that does exactly that.


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[Assistant] It's a year-round community, and every August for a single week, 70,000 people power down their technology and pilgrimage out into the desert.


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[Assistant] Strangers will hug you, and every year you will swear it was better than last. But it's still ridiculous and freeing and alive. And the art is one thing that thrives here.


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[Assistant] This is me on the desert plow last year with my brother, obviously hard at work.


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[Assistant] And what fascinates me the most isn't the quality of the work here, which is actually rather high.


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[Assistant] These days, around 300 art installations and countless artistic gestures go to the playa. None of them are sold there. At the end of the week, if the works aren't burned, artists have to cart them back out and store them. It's a tremendous labor of love.


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[Assistant] Much of the distinctive character of the work here comes from the desert itself. For a work to succeed, it has to be portable enough to make the journey.


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[Assistant] Stimulating in daylight and darkness and engaging without interpretation.


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[Assistant] A tiny country chapel set precariously on a wooden beam like a mousetrap that lured participants in to find religion. It was built and burned in 2013.


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[Assistant] Here, under a canopy of dancing lights set to classical music, participants could escape the thumping rave beats and chaos all around.


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[Assistant] At night, the city swarms with mutant vehicles, the only cars allowed to roam the playa.


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[Assistant] They zigzag from artwork to artwork like some bizarre, random public transportation system, pulsing with light and sound.


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[Assistant] And what's amazing is that by and large, when people first come to Burning Man, they don't know how to make this stuff.


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[Assistant] To a fairy tale home inside a giant boot, complete with shelves full of artist-made books, a blackbird pie in the oven and a climbable beanstalk.


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[Assistant] Skilled or unskilled, all are welcome. In fact, part of the charm and the innovation of the work here is that so many makers aren't artists at all, but scientists or engineers or welders or garbage collectors. And their work's cross-disciplinary boundaries


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[Assistant] In museums, a typical visitor spends less than 30 seconds with a work of art.


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[Assistant] Searching for information as though the entire story of a work of art could be contained in that one 80-word text. But in the desert,


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[Assistant] There are no gatekeepers and no placards explaining the art, just natural curiosity.


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[Assistant] When you arrive, you walk all around it. You touch it, you test it. Is it sturdy enough to climb on? Will I be impaled by it?


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[Assistant] But the structure is only a shell until it disappears under a thick blanket of messages. I miss you. Please forgive me. Even a broken crayon still colors.


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[Assistant] Intimate testaments to the most universal of human experiences, the experience of loss.


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[Assistant] The collective emotion in this place is overpowering and indescribable before it's set afire on the last night of the event.


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[Assistant] Every year, something compels people from all different walks of life, from all over the world.


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[Assistant] But it's authentic and optimistic in a way we rarely see anywhere else. In these cynical times, it's comforting to know that we're still capable of great feats of imagination, and that when we search for connection,


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[Assistant] We come together and build cathedrals in the dust.


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[Assistant] Well hello and welcome to this English lesson where I'm going to talk about happy things.


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[Assistant] Last week's lesson was on pain and injuries. Kind of a sad lesson.


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[Assistant] Next week's lesson will probably be about sad things. So I thought I'd better do a lesson about happy things. The other reason I wanted to do a lesson about happy things was because


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[Assistant] Uhm, there's not a lot of sunlight, and it's not the most exciting time of year. Even right now, it's 7.30am here, but it's dark outside. You'll, uh, if you lived in Canada, you probably would not enjoy how short the days are. So I thought this would be a perfect time


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[Assistant] As I present each happy thing that I'm going to talk about, I'll also make sure I use a lot of standard English phrases


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[Assistant] So, I'm going to talk about a wide variety of things that usually make some people happy, but sometimes make people sad. The first thing I want to talk about


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[Assistant] So birthdays, that is the, a birthday is the day where you celebrate the day you were born.


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[Assistant] Birthdays are kinda funny though, because when you're really young,


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[Assistant] And up to a certain age, a birthday is a very happy thing. People really enjoy birthdays when they're children. Uh, they get to have a birthday party. They get to invite friends over. They get to have, uhm, open presents. Their friends will give them presents.


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[Assistant] Uhm, their, uh, family will make them a birthday cake, and they'll put candles on the cake for them. And on your birthday as a kid, you blow out the candles.


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[Assistant] As you get older, for some people, a birthday can actually be


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[Assistant] Uhm, I don't want to say a sad thing, but not as enjoyable. When you're my age, sometimes you're wondering,


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[Assistant] Uhm, if a birthday is an exciting thing because you're getting older every year. So the first happy thing, uh, I wanted to talk about are birthdays. Happy for some people, but maybe sad for other people.


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[Assistant] So on your birthday and on other celebrations like at Christmas in our culture, you will get presents. If you look at every single country in the world and if you look at different cultures in the world, there are different times of year when you give presents and when you receive presents, uhm, and for different reasons.


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[Assistant] But the one thing we all have in common is that it is a happy time when you get a present from someone. It is very enjoyable to get a present. Presents are just awesome.


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[Assistant] You say thank you. You open the present. Usually the present is wrapped in wrapping paper.


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[Assistant] And it usually has a bow on top. A present might also come in a nice envelope. I know for some of you a red envelope with a gift inside is a very cool thing to get but certainly something that will make you very happy is to get a gift or to get a present.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so we use the two words interchangeably. Uhm, when my kids have a birthday, I give them a gift. I could also say I give them a present. You can use both words to mean the same thing. But certainly, uh, when you get a present from someone, it is a happy time.


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[Assistant] I usually enjoy getting presents, even though I might sound like I'm a little grouchy about my birthday.


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[Assistant] I'm still happy to get presents on my birthday for sure. Uhm, let me talk a little bit though about the verb to get. So here's an interesting, uh, couple of sentences. When my kids have birth, when my kids have a birthday, I get them a present.


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[Assistant] You also might get cards. So you might get a birthday card.


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[Assistant] But again, around the world, there are various reasons why people give cards to other people. It's sometimes really nice to just receive a card from someone, maybe on your birthday, maybe on your wedding day, uh, maybe to celebrate the fact that you graduated from university.


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[Assistant] Cards are always really nice and usually inside of a card


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[Assistant] There's usually a message inside of a card, but we usually still write something. We'll write like, uhm, I hope that your wedding day goes well and I wish you all the best with your marriage. Bob the Canadian. Uhm, so getting a card from someone. And we do call these greeting cards as well. Okay, so we would call that a greeting card. Uh, let's see here. Getting a letter.


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[Assistant] Or an email from someone can make you happy. Uhm, usually when I get an email it's from work. So that doesn't always make me happy. But sometimes I get an email from a friend from far away. Or I get an email from someone in my family. Uh, getting a letter or getting an email is a very happy thing.


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[Assistant] It's especially happy to get a letter in the mail. Some of you send me postcards and letters.


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[Assistant] Uhm, my address by the way is in the description below and it's fun to get a postcard or a letter from another country. I really like seeing the stamps. I actually mentioned to Jen I should start a stamp collection because I have a lot of beautiful stamps from all of you from around the world, but certainly getting a letter


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[Assistant] It's something that will make you happy uhm, most of the time. Usually letters are fun things.


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[Assistant] Uhm, a phone call. So just getting a phone call from someone, even though we do a lot of texting now and we do a lot of emailing, it's still very enjoyable sometimes to just get a phone call from someone.


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[Assistant] I enjoy calling my mom. My mom lives in a town close to me, but I'm not allowed to visit her right now. So it is nice. Uh, sometimes she will phone me and sometimes I will phone her.


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[Assistant] Notice I can also say, sometimes she will call me, sometimes I will call her. So we use the verb to call and to phone interchangeably.


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[Assistant] But a phone call from a friend or a family member can be a very happy thing. It can be a something that makes you smile, something that makes you just enjoy your day more when you know that someone else cares for you. It can be a really nice part of your day.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so births, so when someone has a baby and babies themselves make some people really happy.


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[Assistant] When babies cry all night, and I can't sleep, then I'm not as happy. But for most of the time, people love babies. Babies are wonderful things.


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[Assistant] Uhm, we of course have five children, so I have a lot of experience with babies. Uhm, everytime we had another child, everytime that Jen and I had another kid,


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[Assistant] It was a beautiful happy time. I can't even explain.


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[Assistant] Uhm, what it feels like when you have, when you're, one of your children is born. It's a very wonderful time. So births, like the act of giving birth, uhm, and then a baby, uh, both things that make you smile and make you very, very happy.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you might be happy because you got a new job. So maybe you were looking for a job. Maybe you were without work for a long period of time.


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[Assistant] And maybe you just got a phone call, another thing that makes you happy, and you have a new job. You were just told that you were hired.


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[Assistant] And maybe you start on Monday. So certainly a new job or finding out that you've been hired to start a new job can certainly be something that makes you super, super happy.


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[Assistant] Weddings of course, so either your own wedding or going to someone else's wedding or maybe if you're older, maybe your children are starting to get married. When people decide to get married, it can be a very happy thing, not just for the bride and groom. So again, the guy is the groom.


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[Assistant] Is really fun to do that hardly anyone in the world is doing right now. In Ontario, Canada, we are in a stay at home situation. The government has created a stay at home order. So we have been told to stay home until February 10th.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so visiting people is a very wonderful and fun and awesome thing to do. Uhm, we haven't seen Jen's parents for months. When I visit my mom, I stand outside her house and I stand about three meters away from her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I will continue to do that for a while now, but visits.


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[Assistant] When you visit someone, it is something that makes you happy. When someone visits you, it's something that makes you happy. So hopefully, we are all back to normal soon and life is just wonderful again.


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[Assistant] Uh, passing a test, so it doesn't matter whether it's a driving test or an English test or maybe you're still in school and you're writing tests in your classes, but when you take a test,


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[Assistant] And then you pass the test. It's a wonderful feeling. So when you get a test back from your teacher and you have 100% or you have a plus


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[Assistant] Or maybe you got 97% on it. Or maybe you got 19 out of 20. There's a variety of ways to score tests in the world. Uhm, but maybe passing a test is something where you're just super excited.


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[Assistant] Uhm, some kids, uh, when they do really well on a test, they will bring it home and they will put it on the fridge with a magnet. They'll hang their test up so their parents can see that they did well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, photo albums can make you happy. For me, photo albums make me happy. A photo album is a book where you put all photos into it. Uhm, a lot of people don't have photo albums anymore because all their photos are on their phone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I flip through photo albums and I see pictures of my dad, it makes me sad because my dad passed away a number of years ago. And so seeing pictures of him makes me happy and sad at the same time. But it's still, I think for the most part, a photo album is a fun thing to look at.


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[Assistant] Healing. So the reason I put this one in here.


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[Assistant] It is because as many of you know, a few years ago, I had heart surgery and getting better or healing.


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[Assistant] Uh, or going through, uh, maybe you broke a bone. Maybe you were on crutches like this person. Uhm, when you are finally fully healed, that certainly makes you happy and makes you smile. Uhm, there's nothing quite like going through some sort of medical procedure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then going through your recovery. So if you have something like a surgery that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The time after the surgery is called your recovery and then at the end you are healed.


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[Assistant] So when you are fully healed, that is certainly something that makes people very very happy.


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[Assistant] So, this isn't just something that makes you happy and makes you smile, it's actually also good for you.


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[Assistant] They've proven that getting a certain amount of sunlight everyday, being outside and having the sun shine on your face is really, really good for you. One of the things that sunlight does is it creates vitamin D in your body.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm not sure exactly how that works. Again, I teach English. I'm not a scientist.


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[Assistant] And we also call it sunshine, uh, is just a good thing. We are telling our kids right now because we're in the house.


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[Assistant] Almost every day we say, have you been outside? You need to go outside for a little bit every day. You need some sunlight. You need some sunshine. You need to get some sun. That's another way to say it. So a bunch of phrases there that we use when we're talking about sunlight. When I go for a walk outside,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now on, in January, if there's a sunny day, which is rare.


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[Assistant] And it's just very, very enjoyable to get some sunshine. So again, here are the phrases. Everyone needs to get outside to get some sunlight. You need to get some sunshine. You need to get some sun. All of those things refer to going outside and just, you know, feeling the sun on your face. Dark, gloomy, cloudy days do the opposite. They can make people very sad.


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[Assistant] If we have a lot of cloudy days in a row, it's not, I'm not very happy then.


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[Assistant] So, this is another thing that no one's doing right now, but these things make people very, very happy. When you go on vacation, when you go on a holiday, it's a lot of fun. Now, I'm using very North American words to refer to vacation or holiday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you're learning British English, I think they say to go on holiday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In, in Canada, we say, uhm, I'm going to go on vacation next month. I'm going to take a vacation next summer. I'm going to go on holidays or today is a holiday. So there are special days as well where you don't have to work, but certainly going on a vacation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially if you can visit some place you have never been before can be a very enjoyable thing to do. It can be very fun to visit another country or another place in your own country where you've never been. Vacations are certainly super fun and super, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Super exciting and they do make people happy until, until you realize how much money you spent. Then maybe you're not as happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but again, I'm going to do a lesson next week on things that make you sad. And one of those things will be, uh, obviously, uh, when you go on a vacation and spend too much money, that might make you sad. Uh, let me see here. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Songs. So, this one has a lot of aspects to it. Uhm, aspects are different, uhm, ways something can, can work. What would be an aspect? Well, well, let me explain it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A song can make you happy when you hear it. So that's one aspect of how a song can make you happy. A song can make you happy when you sing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A song can make you happy when you sing it with other people, maybe if you're in a choir.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A song can make you happy if you play it. Maybe you know how to play guitar or you know how to play piano.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, songs make people happy. There are a lot of different ways that a song can make you happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe you're one of those people that likes to write music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You like to create songs. So songs certainly can make you happy. I love listening to music. I mentioned that in one of my Wednesday videos. Uhm, I have a members only video on Wednesdays where I talked about how I love music but songs can lift your spirits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's another way to talk about being happy. If something lifts your spirits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for some people this might be annoying, which is the opposite of making you happy, but certainly birds singing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you live in the city and you go to a park and the park has lots of trees and there's lots of birds in the trees and the birds are singing, it can be a very beautiful thing. It can be a very calm


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that sing. And it's just nice to be out in nature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I see Key Park in the chat using the phrase lift your spirit, which I just used a few minutes ago. So yeah, that's another way to talk about being happy. Something can lift your spirits. Uhm, so a really good song or hearing birds sing can lift your spirits, which means it's making you happy. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I have puppies and kittens as the next two. So puppies are of course baby dogs. We don't call them baby dogs, but a puppy is a very, very young dog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And puppies, uh, especially for dog lovers, make people very, very happy. Okay, puppies are cute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Puppies are playful. Uh, puppies are just naturally full of energy. It's fun to pet puppies. It's fun to play with a puppy. It's fun to watch puppies play with other puppies. But certainly, puppies make people happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you don't like puppies, I don't know what to say. Like, I think everyone in the world loves puppies. Um, it doesn't mean you have to own a puppy, but certainly puppies make people happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kittens also make people happy, so of course a kitten is a baby cat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're very playful. It's fun to play with baby kittens. They, they really enjoy playing with people. So overall though, what I'm saying is that puppies, kittens,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Almost all pets make their owners happy, okay? So people like me that have a dog, we have a dog named Oscar, he's often in the back of my videos. Lately he's been running in the back of the videos. Uhm, but pets make people happy. If you are a pet lover, uh, maybe you're a dog lover or a cat lover,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A nap, so this is not true for everyone, but for me, one of the things that makes me very, very happy is to have a nap in the afternoon. When I was younger, I did not take a nap, but now I usually take a nap almost every day for about five or ten minutes. It's a short nap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I usually take a nap on the couch. The way you know that this person is having a nap


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is because she is on a couch and not in bed. You can take a nap in bed as well, but generally people will just lay down on a couch and have a quick nap or like for me, I actually sit on the couch and have a quick nap so a nap can certainly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be something that makes you very, very happy. Uhm, it makes me happy. Often on Saturdays when I'm doing my live lesson, I'll say, I'm gonna have a nap as soon as this is done. Uhm, and that's one of my favorite parts of the day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sleeping in, so sleeping in is when you don't get up early in the morning. So maybe you get up at six o'clock every morning during the week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but on Saturdays, you sleep until seven or eight. Before the live stream, Mahdi was asking, what time do you normally get up?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can make you very happy, okay? I don't think it's the best way to be happy. I think there should be other things in life that give you joy. There should be a lot of other things in life that make you happy. If the only thing that makes you happy is buying new things,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's probably not good, but I will say this. When I get a new phone or when I buy a new car, I usually buy used cars by the way, so new to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that does make you happy, okay? Uhm, right now we're waiting for Jen has bought a- Jen bought a new phone and it's gonna arrive in a couple of days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is something that can make you happy. Sometimes when you go out and buy new clothes, it can make you happy. So again, when you buy things, they can make you happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fresh baked cookies. Now you can remove the word cookie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can insert whatever you want there. But when you bake something in your oven, especially if it's something sweet like a cookie or other treat,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is something that definitely makes me happy. When I am working and one of my kids decides to make cookies and I can smell the cookies baking in the oven,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That makes me happy. Maybe you like fresh baked pie. Maybe you like fresh baked bread. When you say fresh baked, it means that you can smell it cooking or you can smell it baking and you're going to eat it when it's still a little bit warm. So that's certainly something that makes me happy. Anything fresh baked makes me happy. I mentioned this before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, a lot of us have different drinks that make us happy. In Canada, a lot of people drink hot chocolate in the winter because it's very cold outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, having something hot to drink can make you happy. Now, of course, there's other drinks as well in the chat. Someone mentioned it's nice to have a good glass of wine. Some of you might like drinking beer. There might be other things that you just enjoy


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sitting and drinking. One of the things about coffee, tea, wine and all other drinks is sometimes it's also a social time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's nice when we visit Jen's parents because in the afternoon they have tea at four o'clock. So I enjoy having a cup of tea and that makes me happy, but I also enjoy visiting with them. I enjoy sitting and talking to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So certainly, uhm, as human beings, we certainly like to drink different things, and they definitely make us happy. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Spring. So, I really like fall. I really like winter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Spring is okay, and summer's too hot for me sometimes, but spring in general makes most people happy. If you live in a country that has winter, spring might even make you more happy. Spring is just a beautiful time when birds start to sing, flowers start to grow,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They help other people. So volunteering somewhere can make you happy. When you volunteer, it means you help somewhere and you don't get paid for it. So maybe you help


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In your city maybe there are homeless people and you help somewhere where you help feed homeless people. Maybe there is, uh, at the library you can volunteer to teach people how to use a computer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's been proven that if you help someone else, you will feel better about yourself and you will be happy. So uhm, I, and I would agree with this. I actually uhm, I'm quite happy


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Making lessons for all of you. It really makes me happy to help you. Uhm, it's kind of hard to explain, but it makes me happy. Uh, especially when I know that you enjoyed it. That's kind of nice too, when you guys let me know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, jokes, so I'm not sure you'll get this joke, but jokes are little funny things you tell people to make them laugh. Uh, this joke says, what's the best thing about Switzerland? And then the punch line of the joke is, I don't know, but the flag is a big plus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in English when you say something is a big plus, it means it's really cool or it's a bonus or it's something extra. So the joke here is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The flag of Switzerland is literally a plus sign. And so the punchline kind of has two meanings. So, but jokes, when you tell a joke, you tell a joke because you want people to laugh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually when you tell a joke, the last sentence of the joke is the part that's funny and we usually call it the punch line. I told a really lame joke


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my short lesson this morning, I think, I'll tell it again now, a man went to a store to buy some bees and he asked for 12 bees and the store owner gave him 13 bees for the price of 12 and he said, whoa, you gave me one extra bee. I need to pay for it. And the store owner said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the store owner said, don't worry about it. It's a freebie. So the word freebie is something that we use when something is free. Like you get something for free. It's a freebie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so it's kind of a word in the joke that has two meanings. I don't want to explain it too much. When you explain jokes, sometimes it makes them less funny. But jokes definitely make people happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exercise. So, this is the one thing that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes you don't want to do, but when you've done it and when you've finished exercising, you're usually happy. Something happens to your body physically when you exercise, your heart rate goes higher.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this one makes me happy when a house is clean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That can make people happy, okay? I certainly feel this. When I clean my office, when we clean our house on Saturdays, uhm, when we're done cleaning our house, it's a very nice feeling. When everything's back in its place,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When everything has been washed and cleaned, uh, when all of the garbage is taken out, uhm, when everything, uh, is just neat and tidy, uhm, a clean house is, I always say a clean house is a happy house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I did mention that I am a bit of a messy person, but certainly once our house is clean, I am a lot happier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In meditation, but I know that many of you over the last four years in the comments have said, Bob, you should try meditation. It's very relaxing and it will make you a happier person. So I still haven't done that, but I think


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I'm on my walk, I think I'm practicing some of the same techniques, because when I'm on my walk, it's just a peaceful, relaxing time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, SCO Wu in the chat says, yes, cleaning my room is a very nice feeling. I totally agree. Clean house is a happy house, says Key Park. Yes, definitely. Uhm, smiles. When someone smiles,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can sometimes make you smile. When you are around happy people, it can make you happy. Uhm, when you're around grouchy people, it can make you sad, but certainly when you see someone smile, it can make you smile. It's like a natural reaction. So smiles and laughter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you are with friends or family, uh, there are usually a lot of smiles and a lot of laughter if everyone is in a good mood. And certainly when you see someone smile or when you hear someone laugh, it can totally make you happy as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, Jen asked me to add this one, and I agree with her. For some people, chocolate can make you happy. Again,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Earlier I said if buying things is the only thing that makes you happy, you should find other things to make you happy as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If eating chocolate is the only thing that makes you happy, you should definitely find some other things that make you happy as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as we mentioned when we were talking about drinks, good food can make you very happy. So I mentioned fresh baked cookies, but also chocolate can make you happy. Chocolate is the one food that definitely makes me happy. Having a little square of chocolate


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eating a little square of chocolate makes, does make me happy. It's, it's yummy, it's tasty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the sound of water can make you happy. There is something relaxing and calming about water. Uhm, so maybe it's a waterfall like in this picture. Maybe it's the sound of waves at the ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe you're sitting beside a small river or a small stream and you can hear the water flowing in the stream, but the sound of water can make people happy. Maybe you have, uh, outside your house, a fountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, maybe when you go to the, uhm, the city square in your city, there's a water fountain where you can hear water. Uhm, maybe you have an aquarium with fish in it and there's bubbles coming out. Uhm, all the different things that we have where you can hear different sounds of water can certainly make people happy. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That can make you happy, especially if they're, if they're still paying you for the whole day. So let's say you are normally done work at five and at four thirty, your boss says, you know what? We're done for the day. You can go home early. Um and if you know you're still getting paid till five, that's even a better


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but certainly getting off work early can make people happy. I'm not sure if this guy is getting off work early, but he looked happy to me, so I thought he looks like he's getting off work early. So again, getting off work early is when you are allowed to go home, uhm, earlier than normal from your job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finding money, especially if you find money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In your pocket of like maybe you put a jacket on and you reach in the pocket and all of a sudden you find some money. Finding money on the ground


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was already your own money, but you lost. Maybe uhm, maybe you're cleaning your room and then behind your dresser, you find a twenty dollar bill that fell on the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, maybe, um, winter is starting and you put your winter coat on for the first time and you find a $10 bill in the pocket. Certainly when you find money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a pocket that you didn't know was there, uh, would be really cool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanna go back to the sound of water because I see SEO Wu mentioning the sound of rain makes her happy. So yes, there are certainly a lot of different water sounds that we find very pleasing. But yes, finding money definitely can make you happy. So this is something that makes me happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I don't live in the city, but I have lived in the city, and I always love the sound of rain at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the summer in the city or just being out in the rain at night in the summer in the city. Uhm, for those of you that live in cities, uhm, a warm rain or even a cooling rain on a hot day at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, in the summer in the city, just something I really love. When I lived in, uhm, I lived in the United States for a little bit and I lived in Quebec City for a little bit. I always enjoyed rain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it's, it's just warm, right? Like you can be outside and it's, you can just enjoy the rain and it adds a lot of fun. And then here's the last one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Clean laundry. So sometimes you wear your clothes and then you don't have a lot of clean clothes because all your clothes are dirty and then you do your laundry and then you have all clean clothes for the next week. I like it when we have clean clothes. I like it especially when we wash uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having a clean pillowcase, having clean sheets and blankets on your bed, having clean laundry is similar to having a clean house. It's a very nice and enjoyable feeling to have for sure. So that's the last one. Clean laundry is something that definitely makes me happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wonder what I'd do if she came over here and sat down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You shouldn't be laughing Marcy. You should be feeling sorry for me. How's this sir?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess I learned something, Mercy. Never give your heart to a blockhead. That's good advice, sir. I'll remember that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, years ago, my dad owned a big fancy black car. What's that got to do with love?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry, I was thinking of something else. I have to feed my dog. Chuck, how come you never call me? I'm sorry. Hang up, and I'll call you right back. Wait, Chuck, don't hang up! Say something! Say anything!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you ever feel like you're on a roller coaster, Charlie Brown? How about bumper cars?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you've probably never heard of. Its name is Prochlorococcus, and it's really an amazing little being. For one thing, its ancestors


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Change the earth in ways that made it possible for us to evolve. And hidden in its genetic code is a blueprint that may


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] inspire ways to reduce our dependency on fossil fuel. But the most amazing thing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to tell you their story, I need to first take you way back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was no life on the planet. There was no oxygen in the atmosphere. So what happened to change that planet into the one


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We enjoy today teaming with life, teaming with plants and animals. Well in a word, photosynthesis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About two and a half billion years ago, some of these ancient ancestors of Prochlorococcus evolved so that they could use solar energy and absorb it and split water into its component parts of oxygen and hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they used the chemical energy produced to draw CO2, carbon dioxide, out of the atmosphere and use it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To build sugars and proteins and amino acids, all the things that life is made of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as they evolved and grew more and more over millions and millions of years, that oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Photosynthesizers died and were compressed and buried and became fossil fuel with sunlight


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buried in their carbon bonds. They're basically buried sunlight in the form of coal and oil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today's photosynthesizers, their engines are descended from those ancient microbes. And they feed basically all of life on earth. Your


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Heart is beating using the solar energy that some plant processed for you. And the stuff your body's made out of is made out of CO2 that some plant processed for you. Basically, we're all made out of sunlight and carbon dioxide. Fundamentally, we're just hot air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as terrestrial beings, we're very familiar with the plants on land. The trees, the grasses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pastures, the crops. But the oceans are filled with billions of tons of animals. Do you ever wonder what's feeding them? Well there's an invisible pasture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Open ocean ecosystem. Some of the animals live among them and eat them, and others swim up to feed on them at night, while others ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sit in the deep and wait for them to die and settle down and then they chow down on them. So these tiny phytoplankton


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Collectively, weigh less than 1% of all the plants on land.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But annually, they photosynthesize as much as all of the plants on land, including the Amazon rainforest that we consider the lungs of the planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How does this tiny amount of biomass produce as much as all the plants on land? Well, they don't have trunks and stems and ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really lean little photosynthesis machines. They really crank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there are thousands of different species of phytoplankton, come in all different shapes and sizes, all roughly less than the width of a human hair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, I'm showing you some of the more beautiful ones, the textbook versions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I call them the charismatic species of phytoplankton.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here is Prochlorococcus. I know. It just looks like a bunch of schmutz on a microscope slide. But they're in there. And I'm going to reveal them to you in a minute. But first I want to tell you how they were discovered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About 38 years ago, we were playing around with a technology in my lab called flow cytometry that was developed for biomedical research for studying cells like cancer cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it turns out we were using it for this off-label purpose, which was to study phytoplankton, and it was beautifully suited to do that. And here's how it works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you inject the sample in this tiny little capillary tube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the cells go single file by a laser. And as they do, they scatter light according to their size, and they emit light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to whatever pigments they might have, whether they're natural or whether you stain them. And the chlorophyll of phytoplankton, which is green,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Emits red light when you shine blue light on it. And so we use this instrument.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For several years, to study our phytoplankton cultures, species like those charismatic ones that I showed you, just studying their basic cell biology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But all that time we thought, well, wouldn't it be really cool if we could take an instrument like this out on a ship


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, would look like. So, I managed to get my hands on what we call a big rig.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and with a money-back guarantee from the company that if it didn't work on a ship, they would take it back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we mapped the phytoplankton distributions across the ocean. For the first time, you could look at them one cell at a time in real time and see what was going on. That was very exciting. But one day, Rob noticed some


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Faint signals coming out of the instrument that we dismissed as electronic noise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For probably a year, before we realized that it wasn't really behaving like noise. It had some regular patterns to it. To make a long story short,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was tiny, tiny little cells, less than one one hundredth the width of a human hair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They contain chlorophyll. That was Prochlorococcus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So remember this slide that I showed you? If you shine blue light on that same sample, this is what you see. Two tiny little


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Red light-emitting cells, those are Prochlorococcus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At first we didn't know what they were, so we called them Little Greens. It was a very affectionate name for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ultimately, we knew enough about them to give them the name Prochlorococcus, which means primitive green berry. And it was about that time


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That I became so smitten by these, these little cells that I redirected my entire lab to study them and nothing else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my loyalty to them has really paid off. They've given me a tremendous amount, including bringing me here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So over the years, we and others, many others, have studied Prochlorococcus across the oceans and found that they're very abundant over wide, wide ranges in the open ocean ecosystem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're particularly abundant in what are called the open ocean gyres. These are sometimes referred to the deserts of the oceans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they're not deserts at all. Their deep blue water is teeming with a hundred million Prochlorococcus cells per liter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you crowd them together like we do in our cultures, you can see their beautiful green chlorophyll. One of those test tubes has a billion Prochlorococcus in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as I told you earlier, there are three billion, billion, billion of them on the planet. That's three octillion, if you care to convert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Collectively, they weigh more than the human population and they photosynthesize as much as all of the crops on land.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're incredibly important in the global ocean. So over the years, as we were studying them and found how abundant they were,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We thought, hm, this is really strange. How can a single species be so abundant across so many different habitats?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as we isolated more into culture, we learned that they are different ecotypes. There are some that are adapted to the highlight intensities in the surface water, and there are some that are adapted to the low light in the deep ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, those cells that live in the bottom of the sunlit zone are the most efficient photosynthesizers of any known cell. Then we learned that there are some


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Strains that, that are, grow optimally along the equator, where there are higher temperatures and some that do better at the cooler temperatures as you go north and south.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as we studied these more and more and kept finding more and more diversity, we thought, oh my god, how diverse are these things?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And about that time, it became possible to sequence their genomes and really look under the hood and see, look at their genetic makeup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've been able to sequence the genomes of cultures that we have, but also recently, using flow cytometry, we can isolate individual cells from the wild and sequence their individual genomes. And now we've sequenced hundreds of Prochlorococcus. And although each cell


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has roughly 2,000 genes, that's one tenth the size of the human genome. As you sequence more and more you find that they only have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A thousand of those in common. And the other thousand for each individual strain is drawn from an enormous gene pool, and it reflects the particular environment that the cell might have thrived in.


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[Assistant] Not just high or low light or high or low temperature, but whether there are nutrients that limit them, like nitrogen, phosphorus or iron, it reflects the habitat that they come from. Think of it this way. If each cell is a smartphone and the apps are the genes,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you get your smartphone, it comes with these built-in apps. Those are the ones that you can't delete if you're an iPhone person. You press on them and they don't jiggle and they don't have Xs. Even if you don't want them, you can't get rid of them. Those are like ...


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[Assistant] Those are like the core genes of Prochlorococcus. They're the essence of the phone.


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[Assistant] Have a huge pool of apps to draw upon to make your phone custom designed for your particular lifestyle and habitat. If you


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[Assistant] Travel a lot, you'll have a lot of travel apps. If you are into financial things, you might have a lot of financial apps.


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[Assistant] Or if you're like me, you probably have a lot of weather apps, hoping one of them will tell you what you want to hear.


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[Assistant] So just as your smartphone tells us something about how you live your life, your lifestyle, reading the genome of a Prochlorococcus cell tells us what the pressures are in its environment.


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[Assistant] It's like reading its diary. Not only telling us how it got through its day or its week, but even its evolutionary history.


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[Assistant] As we study, I've said we sequenced hundreds of these cells and we can now project what is the total genetic


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[Assistant] Size, a size gene pool of the Prochlorococcus federation as we call it, the global, it's like a super organism. And it turns out that projections are that


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[Assistant] The collective has 80,000 genes. That's four times the size of the human genome. And it's that diversity of gene pools that


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[Assistant] Makes it possible for them to dominate these large regions of the oceans and maintain their stability year in and year out.


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[Assistant] When I daydream about Prochlorococcus, which I probably do more than is healthy, I imagine them


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[Assistant] But also I inevitably end up thinking about what a masterpiece they are. Finely tuned.


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[Assistant] By millions of years of evolution, with 2,000 genes,


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[Assistant] They can do what all of our human ingenuity has not figured out how to do yet. They can take solar energy, CO2, and turn it into chemical energy in the form of organic carbon, locking that sunlight in those carbon bonds.


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[Assistant] If we could figure out exactly how they do this, it could inspire, uhm, designs that could reduce our dependency on fossil fuels. Which brings my story full circle.