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[Assistant] Well, you saw Gale. What's going on? What? That's crazy. So I went to another eye doctor, a good eye doctor, and he said,


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[Assistant] They didn't measure the distance between my pupils. My glasses were like this. My eyes were like this. So it's very important that she gets the right distance. Otherwise, a straight line becomes a curved line. So it's very important.


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[Assistant] Now, if you go to the eye doctor, you'll see this machine, okay? And this machine is very common and it's very helpful.


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[Assistant] The eye doctor tested how my eyes worked with lenses, with lenses. So the eye doctor wants to know how do Jill's eyes, how do Jill's eyes work with lenses?


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[Assistant] She used a large machine. Well, it's a very big machine, right? Very complicated. There are many, many parts to the machine. You have to be an expert to know how to use this machine.


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[Assistant] But this machine, she put different lenses


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[Assistant] In front of my eyes. So what this machine does, there are many lenses and they slide down.


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[Assistant] And they're all different types of lenses, right? And again, these are the lenses. She wants to find the right lens, the right type of lens that will help Jill see, right? So she put different lenses in front of my eyes. I read the letter chart again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes the letters were blurry. Sometimes they were clear. Why? What changed? The thing that changed was the lenses. The doctor changes the lenses. If Jill says, aha, the letters are clear. I can read them easily. Then that's a good lens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If Jill says, oh, the letters are blurry, I can't see very well.


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[Assistant] To make sure that you get the right lenses and the right distance for the people who need glasses. Okay, let's take a short break here. We'll come back and we'll continue with Jill's adventure in getting new glasses. I'll see you soon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every visitor to London brings back home one or two trench coats for themselves or for family and friends. But choosing the right trench coat is a lot of work by itself.


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[Assistant] On a first look, trench coats look much alike, but they vary in length, button arrangement, and have hundreds of colors.


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[Assistant] I am now the gym owner, owner of Desert Hill Premium Outlet as well, so. Throwing that out there. Okay, come on Patrick.


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[Assistant] 50 bucks. Pretty good. Outlet price. Okay. What kind of jeans are you trying to look for?


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[Assistant] It's just a style. So up here you can see all of that.


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[Assistant] Hi, I think we need a- Where did you go? Oh, here you are. We do need a little help. We're trying to shop for jeans for him, but we're not sure about the size and-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sounds good, thank you. And just before you go, I'm wondering the color, any difference? Color, texture?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But is it too skinny though? Like you can kinda tell this is like kind of skinny? Or did you wanna try grey?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would you like to try a pair of these or no khakis for you?


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[Assistant] No khakis? Okay. Did you want to try the two pairs you have on your hand?


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[Assistant] One of Sydney's famous sites is regarded as one of the most beautiful zoos in the world, because it overlooks the beautiful Sydney Harbour.


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[Assistant] You can get here by car or by ferry from Circular Key.


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[Assistant] Among over 400 animal species in Taronga Zoo, Australian native species are most favored by Taurus. For example, the adorable koalas and the dorky but strong kangaroos. Let's see what animals Andy will encounter today.


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[Assistant] They look like big rats, but their chubby faces and sweet smile have earned them the name of the world's happiest animal.


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[Assistant] They are not afraid of human beings. In fact, they exploit their cuteness to solicit food from tourists all the time.


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[Assistant] If time permits, you can ride in a Sky Safari Cable Cart and get a good look at the breathtaking view of the zoo and the Sydney Harbor.


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[Assistant] Clean is not for me. Written by Anthony Curran Illustrated by Marcus Cutler


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[Assistant] Ketchup is for my shirt.


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[Assistant] Draw a picture and write a sentence about your favorite way to get messy. Science.


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[Assistant] Tell a partner which season this story likely takes place in and give examples from the book to support your answer.


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[Assistant] Every September, Hawaii hosts a very important event, the Aloha Festivals.


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[Assistant] The Aloha Fest is the annual national cultural celebration of Hawaii.


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[Assistant] The highlight of the festival is the Floral Parade. On the day of the parade, a procession of flamboyant floats floods Avenue.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, due to scheduling conflicts, Tomato Team won't be seeing the opening ceremony or floral parade. On the bright side, at least they'll make it to the Ho'olale block party tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're here in our motel, and we're about to set off. But first, I'm gonna pick up some coffee.


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[Assistant] If you are used to staying in hotels, a motel is actually pretty similar.


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[Assistant] Uh, but there's a few differences between a hotel and a motel.


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[Assistant] Uh, one of them being a motel is usually only about two or three floors, so it's kinda like a shorter version of a hotel.


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[Assistant] And it's also more economic. So if you're traveling on a budget, staying in a motel will give you the privacy of a hotel, but it's also very affordable. A lot of American movies feature motels and a lot of times they're shown and portrayed as a little bit seedy, but most American hotels are actually really nice. You tell me the option.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Man, last night it snowed and it freezed over. Our car got completely covered with snow and ice.


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[Assistant] Pretty deep, right? Okay. Let's clean this off so we can put our luggage on here.


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[Assistant] So I think we're ready to get back on the road. I think it's going to be a good day, but we're going to have to drive a little bit slowly because, you know, the roads are probably a little dangerous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might not get to appreciate the beautiful view out here.


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[Assistant] When you're driving along the highway in the US, one of the coolest things about driving on the highway here is that if you're falling asleep and you go to the side, listen.


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[Assistant] So the reason for those bumps is, uh, they're really loud and whenever you drive over them, it'll wake you up if you're falling asleep.


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[Assistant] So it's really useful and very considerate for drivers on the highway.


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[Assistant] So, again, really useful if you're driving, especially if you're alone.


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[Assistant] Just take the next exit, I think. That's what we need to do.


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[Assistant] Oh yeaah, so whenever you're driving, uh, the police...


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[Assistant] We'll usually hide out in places that...


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[Assistant] You can't really see very well. And we call these speed traps. Where the police will hide in like a place, at a bottom of a hill for example. And your car will pick up speed.


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[Assistant] Uh, so you need to be really careful because the police can be very aggressive with how they hand out the tickets here. Uh, so, don't speed, guys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looks like, oh, it looks like I'm running low on gas.


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[Assistant] I wonder if there are any gas stations around here. Doesn't look like it. I think we need to see if we can find an exit where there would be a gas station because, uh, we need to fill up the tank as soon as possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay guys, this is a really cool gas station. Look at this, there's all kinds of pop American artwork on here. Like UFOs, Marilyn Monroe. Uh, I would like to put $40 in pump three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we've put $40 in pump three. First thing you want to do is open the gas cap right here.


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[Assistant] And you'll see there's two different color prompts. One is green and one is black. This is for diesel and this is not a diesel truck.


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[Assistant] Uh, you don't encounter diesel cars that much, but when you do, you use the green pump.


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[Assistant] We're gonna be using the black pump today. This is for regular unleaded gas.


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[Assistant] And there's three different types. There's regular, plus, and premium. Uh, this is just a regular truck, so we're gonna use regular gasoline. You hit that, and it's really that simple. You hit the one that you want. You plug the, what would you call this, you plug the gas pump into the gas cap right here. Let it start going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can stand here and hold it yourself or there's a little thing right here. And you can place it right there.


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[Assistant] And it'll pump your gas automatically. So you can just wait and when it gets to $40, it'll automatically stop and this thing will click and it'll be finished. And that's it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, now we wait. It's already put in about $10.


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[Assistant] So while the, uh, gas tank is filling up, this is a good time to do some stretching, you know? You're driving on the road all day.


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[Assistant] This feels better. Oh yeaah. I'm ready now. Ready to conquer the road.


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[Assistant] Alright, let's hit the road. Oh, and don't forget to close the gas cap again. Don't wanna leave that open.


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[Assistant] Alright, we were trying to get a shot with the drone. I was driving down the road and the drone was following the car and the drone just ran out of battery and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We thought it would be easy to find and oh my gosh, we spent half an hour trying to find the drone on the side of the road. But you know what? It's okay because we found it.


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[Assistant] We found the drone, so it's all good.


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[Assistant] It's okay, that would have been a real bummer if we had lost the drone, but we found it, and I feel amazing, so.


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[Assistant] We've worked our asses off to make the most badass


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[Assistant] English educational slash entertaining slash travel show that you could imagine. And whoever sees this, I hope you enjoy.


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[Assistant] What we have produced because we worked our butts off and


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[Assistant] Was made with love. It came right from our hearts.


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[Assistant] Well so am I, because here at EnglishPod, we're giving you real English.


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[Assistant] Perfect, so I think it's time for us to take a look at our preview.


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[Assistant] Actually, a computer virus is a program that is designed to harm or to damage your computer.


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[Assistant] That's the technical explanation. Okay, let's take a look at our second word for our preview today, and that would be froze. So if your computer froze, it means that


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[Assistant] Your applications or your programs stop working and you just can't do anything.


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[Assistant] Well, I completely understand this guy. When my computer freezes, I kick it and punch it and do everything to it.


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[Assistant] Marco. Well, it's still working, so it's alright. Okay. Alright, let's take a look at our language takeaway.


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[Assistant] Ah, perfect, that's really clear. What is our second word for the language takeaway today?


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[Assistant] Not up to date. And what is it when something is not up to date?


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[Assistant] Okay, perfect. Now let's listen to some examples.


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[Assistant] Okay, for example, we can say, this is a new map. This is the most up-to-date map.


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[Assistant] I'll be right up. Now, we can use this phrase in a lot of different situations, so let's listen to some examples.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's common, I had that too when I was young. Okay, now our second phrase is, it turns out that. It turns out that.


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[Assistant] Sure, for example, I can say, Frank didn't come to work today, and it turns out that he was sick.


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[Assistant] Definitely, yeaah, I understood a lot more. Okay, so now it's time to look at Fluency Builder. Erika, why don't you explain what Fluency Builder is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great, so let's look at Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Right. So many students would probably say, his computer was acting strangely. His computer isn't working properly. Exactly. And that's perfect and that's fine.


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[Assistant] It sounds really natural. Okay, we're ready to listen to our dialogue a third time, but this time,


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[Assistant] Well, maybe your antivirus software isn't up to date.


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[Assistant] Alright folks, we're out of time now, but be sure to go to our website at EnglishPod.com where you can leave all your questions and comments.


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[Assistant] Today, Tomato Team is going to show you the differences between the two versions of English. We have invited Will, a born and bred Brit.


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[Assistant] And Connor, our Californian host, to go on a picnic. Now, it can't be as innocent as it seems. What's Tomato Team up to this time?


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[Assistant] Okay, let's talk about what's on our agenda.


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[Assistant] Today, we are going to play a game called British English versus American English. The game is three parts. Vocab, local phrase, and accent. The winner will have the picnic while the loser goes starving. Vocab. Here it goes.


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[Assistant] Connor picks up an object and challenges Will to tell it what it is called in American English and vice versa. They take turns until there is no object left.


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[Assistant] One right answer gives one the right to take away one food of his own choice.


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[Assistant] Okay, part two, local phrases. Will and Connor take turns to say local phrases that the other might not be familiar with and ask each other to explain the meaning.


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[Assistant] Hello English learners and welcome to EnglishPod, my name is Marco. I'm Amira. Amira and I are here today with an interesting lesson about a hotel situation. Amira, why don't you give us a little bit more information?


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[Assistant] An upgrade. Okay, that's an interesting word. Why don't we listen to the dialogue and then we'll come back and explain all this vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Yeah, the guy is really excited that he's gonna get the presidential suite.


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[Assistant] Alright, uhm, the first one, and this is really useful for all of our listeners who travel a lot, this phrase will come in handy. And it is, I have a reservation under the name. Under the name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under the name. Under the name. So before we explain this phrase, let's listen to some examples on how it is used in other situations and then we'll come back and give you more information.


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[Assistant] But just in case, let me explain it real fast. Under the name means that when you go to the restaurant or a hotel and you tell them your name, they know that you are the person that they have been expecting. They have been waiting.


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[Assistant] Okay, the next word that we should take a look at is overbooked.


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[Assistant] Overbooked. Overbooked. Overbooked. What does that mean? So if a hotel or a flight is overbooked, it means that they are full. They are more than full.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, that's really common. Okay, let's take a look at the last phrase for today, and that is complementary upgrade. Complementary upgrade.


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[Assistant] Complementary upgrade. Complementary upgrade. So this means that, for example, when the hotel is overbooked and all of their standard rooms are full, they will give you a better room, a more expensive room, but free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, this also happens sometimes if you're lucky on airplane flights.


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[Assistant] So if you are an economy class and an airplane, but for some reason it's overbooked, they will move you to business class or first class for free.


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[Assistant] Yeah, especially since he was expecting just a really normal room and now he's gonna be treated like a king.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, yes I did. When I was traveling through India, I bought a normal seat in the train, but for some reason, it was overbooked. So I talked to the station manager and I got a complimentary upgrade to first class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that, I would be really happy there. Alright everyone, we're out of time today, but be sure to listen tomorrow because we'll be back again with another great podcast. And also, don't forget to go to our website at EnglishPod.com and leave us all your questions and comments in our community forum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners and welcome to EnglishPod. My name is Marco. I'm Amira. All right. Amira is here today and she is going to tell us about the wonderful lesson she has prepared this time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, right. Well, I imagine that everyone is wondering what cutting in line is. Why don't we just listen to the dialogue one time, and then when we come back, Amira and I will gladly explain all the vocabulary in this dialogue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I guess this guy was, he's just a crazy, I don't know, impatient man, huh?


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[Assistant] Yes, let's take a look at our first word would be unbelievable.


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[Assistant] Exactly, and just how you say it, it's something incredible, something amazing.


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[Assistant] Exactly, perfect. Okay, in the next part, the woman, she's trying to calm and relax her husband, and she says that they, uhm, they'll be in Hawaii in a few hours, and, uhm, you'll be on the golf course.


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[Assistant] Yes, we'll be in Hawaii and you'll be on the golf course.


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[Assistant] Right, so for example, Amira, tomorrow where will you be?


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[Assistant] Right, it's just an exaggeration. Uhm, now let's take a look at There's No Way.


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[Assistant] There's no way. There's no way. There's no way. Perfect. Let's, uh, listen to some other examples on how, uh, we use there's no way in a different situation and then we can come back and talk about it a little bit more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. There's no way you should miss this podcast, right?


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[Assistant] So again, we have some really good examples on how you could use this phrase in different situations. Let's listen to the examples and then we can come back and talk about it some more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so from the examples we can understand that it means when you are standing in line somewhere and somebody gets in front of you. Right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's uh, it's kind of rude, I guess, to say, sue me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back. Now, this guy, when he says sue me, he's just being rude. I mean, he's just being, uh, kind of... Impolite. Impolite. And telling him, I don't care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, today in the studio, we have a guest. Her name is Sarah, and she's from England.


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[Assistant] Alright, so uhm, we're gonna be asking her a couple of questions and she'll be a frequent guest on our show, so you can expect to hear from her a lot. Well, she didn't know that.


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[Assistant] Jumping the queue. Okay, Amirah, wait, what is this, uh, jump the queue?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, no, definitely, I guess this, uhm, dialogue is similar to a reality of New York. If somebody gets in front of you or cuts the line, somebody's gonna say something and probably end up in a fight if the guy is rude. Yeah. Oh my god. Yeah.


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[Assistant] Well, uh, Sarah, why don't you tell us, is there a line or a queue for almost everything in England?


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[Assistant] And be sure to visit our website. Don't forget that EnglishBot.com has many, many resources and also a community of users and teachers that can help you answer questions and interact with you.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, but just relax honey, we're here and we're going on vacation. In a few hours we'll be in Hawaii and you'll be on the golf course.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, but just relax honey, we're here and we're going on vacation. In a few hours we'll be in Hawaii and you'll be on the golf course.


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[Assistant] If I start taking very deep, quick breaths, you will experience what a panic attack is like. And this is where I could actually do it if you want me to.


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[Assistant] I kinda wanna get outta here. And these sensations that I'm going through right now, this is what someone with a panic attack feels like. Now imagine how scary it would be if all of these sensations came out of nowhere.


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[Assistant] There's a chance someone in the room where you're watching this right now has anxiety.


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[Assistant] When anxiety starts to get in the way of your life, that's when it becomes an anxiety disorder.


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[Assistant] These are beliefs that something really bad is going to happen.


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[Assistant] And a fear of uncertainty, of not knowing what's going to happen.


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[Assistant] If you get attacked by a lion that leapt out of a bush, well now you're gonna associate that bush with fear and so you're gonna start avoiding those situations.


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[Assistant] In the Lil Albert experiment, researchers took a small child and exposed that child to a white rat. This soft, cute, cuddly rat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, in this experiment, the researchers were able to create a phobia, a fear of small white animals. And little Albert's fear grew from just the mouse to other objects as well.


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[Assistant] When I was five years old, I watched Jaws for the first time. I can still remember that, that sound of Jaws, the da-na, da-na.


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[Assistant] These things got paired up together. So I avoided going to the water. Never learned how to swim. I would even, as a kid, stand up on the ledges of my bathtub because I was afraid a shark might come out of the drain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is some of the stigma around anxiety is declining?


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[Assistant] If you're scrolling through your Instagram feed and you see, uhm, everyone else's wonderful, amazing life, if you're someone who's vulnerable to experiencing anxiety, you might experience it more in that situation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel like we have created the automobile. The automobile has gained complete penetration in society and everyone's driving around and we haven't invented the safety belt yet.


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[Assistant] If we look at research into how common anxiety disorders are, the rates haven't changed.


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[Assistant] Most people who experience anxiety tend to try to just get through it themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a field, we used to think that we might be able to cure anxiety and that doesn't necessarily seem to be the case. Treating anxiety is much more about learning how to experience anxiety.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A few years ago, I was going to a psychology conference in Hawaii and my wife really wanted to go, uh, snorkeling and spend time in the ocean. So I took swimming lessons. I learned how to swim. I learned how to stay afloat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was so confident in that moment because I had done all this exposure work on myself and then our guide said, enjoy yourself, stay away from the giant sea turtles and don't mind the sand sharks. I had a 15 minute long panic attack out there in the open ocean. And what I learned from that experience is I could get through it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And those sand sharks had absolutely no interest in me whatsoever.


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[Assistant] I think I'm coming down with the flu. I have a headache, a sore throat, a runny nose, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I was hoping to take the day off, uh, to recover.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I'm coming down with the flu. I have a headache, a sore throat, a runny nose, and I'm feeling slightly feverish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I was hoping to take the day off, uh, to recover.


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[Assistant] I had the experience a few times of having a panic attack at work while on stage. My heart goes out to anybody who has to experience that on a daily basis.


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[Assistant] Oh no, but I couldn't, I didn't want to stop doing stand-up.


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[Assistant] We all have bizarre thoughts. You think of a thought like, oh, that dog is sexy. And then you go, oh, that's very nice. And then you move on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But somebody with a tendency for OCD goes, Oh, it's weird that I just had that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's when the loop begins and then you start walking over the side of the street when you see a Pomeranian. So mine was I started to fear that I was going to physically harm my...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Parents and my sister, uhm, that I would serial kill them, I guess? I'd avoid knife drawers. I don't want to make eye contact. Oh, if I make eye contact, I gotta squinch my


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hands three times just becomes this more elaborate ritual thing. Then, then I finally, I, uh, googled creepy thoughts that are


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But no more than your average bear, and I don't think that is as helpful to me as meds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, I would say about 15 years to find, it's really, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exhausting and terrifying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You didn't want to go on what I considered to be heavier, heavier drugs. Because the side effects were tremor and weight gain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ego. Weight gain. Tremor. Uh, also ego. Uh, didn't want a tremor on stage. Uh, but now of course, weakness is the brand. Uh, don't want to quash this cash cow. And if someone were to say, oh that affects your comedy and you're not as funny, then I would say, well then I would rather not be that funny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've made your parents into a Caesar salad and you've chopped them up into chunks and bits.


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[Assistant] Just let your anxiety flood to the topmost moment.


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[Assistant] And then find out that you don't die. That you just, you can't get any more anxious and you're still fine. And within like two weeks, something that...


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[Assistant] Uh, been a, a bane of my existence, uh, at the age of, until I was 35.


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[Assistant] Was gone. I'm definitely, I don't feel like, oh god, uh.


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[Assistant] You know, have some concern saying, oh god, I feel so scared, I'm so scared, I don't think I can do it. And then they go, okay, well that's okay if you can't do it. Okay, well maybe I'll try.


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[Assistant] These are winter boots.


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[Assistant] These are winter pants.


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[Assistant] These are winter coats.


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[Assistant] or specialized to survive at seafloor regions where primary production is possible via the process of chemosynthesis.


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[Assistant] We've taken a look at the two main examples of chemosynthetic oases, hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.


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[Assistant] Food fall events have also been known to create temporary sites of partial chemosynthesis.


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[Assistant] In particular, the carcasses of whales or the remains of sunken wood.


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[Assistant] During the first stage, vibrant assemblages of mobile scavengers gather out of the depths and strip the bones of all flesh in a matter of months.


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[Assistant] The enrichment opportunist stage follows, during which invertebrates colonize the bones and make the most of any remaining organic material that enriches the surrounding sediments.


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[Assistant] As they break these down, they produce sulfide as a byproduct, which seeps out


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[Assistant] And can support bacterial mats of chemosynthetic microbes that carpet the whale bones.


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[Assistant] The result is a temporary localized chemosynthetic environment.


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[Assistant] Able to support a community of animals surviving not on flesh, but on the energy released by the microbes.


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[Assistant] We find grazers like amphipods, and suspension feeders like tube worms, blooming out of the surrounding sediment.


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[Assistant] But of the organisms that participate in this stage of succession, very few species are shared with hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.


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[Assistant] Animals here may represent ancestral species, belonging to the lineages of specialized vent and seep inhabitants.


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[Assistant] And with each one lasting several decades, these islands of abundance are fairly common.


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[Assistant] These mackerel, attached to an ROV and sent to the sea floor, were devoured in less than a day.


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[Assistant] This jellyfish, consisting of soft gelatinous flesh, was consumed entirely in a matter of hours.


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[Assistant] The sandpaper-like skin is too tough for the jaws of many scavengers.


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[Assistant] It's for this reason that whales are considered keystone species.


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[Assistant] Deep beneath the ocean surface, familiar but unexpected features can be found resting against the sea floor.


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[Assistant] The animal and microbial life that dwells down here.


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[Assistant] has become incredibly resourceful, able to make the most of even unexpected resources. So it comes as no surprise that the deep ocean hosts complex biological communities that are adapted to thrive on this sunken wood.


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[Assistant] They're called woodfalls, and they're able to support these biological hotspots by providing both a concentrated source of nutrients,


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[Assistant] Belonging to the genus Xylophagia, and growing no longer than an inch, these bivalves are woodfall specialists.


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[Assistant] This is because, in order to consume the solid fibrous wood, they have had to specialize, evolving a number of traits that not many species possess.


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[Assistant] While a large muscular foot extends from the shell and is used for leverage. They behave like living chisels. The bivalves ingest the fragments they break off, but even now the wood is tricky to digest without help.


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[Assistant] The boring way of life is similar to that adopted by another species of bivalve, the inaccurately named giant shipworm.


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[Assistant] Unlike Xylophaga, these can reach a meter in length.


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[Assistant] Rather than boring, the squat lobsters have developed spoon-like claws that tear away at the wood surface.


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[Assistant] The bivalves and squat lobsters represent the astounding ability of life to make the most of any available resource. For these are deep sea animals adapted to thrive on land plants.


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[Assistant] Where worms and beetles break down the debris and cycle the nutrients back into the ecosystem and enrich surrounding sediments.


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[Assistant] In fact, both are dominated by crustaceans.


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[Assistant] On land, woodlice burrow down into felled stumps and branches.


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[Assistant] Another similarity is that woodlice, termites, and other terrestrial detridivores must also rely on endosymbiotic bacteria to help digest the wood.


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[Assistant] The aforementioned bacteria that are able to break down the wood do so anaerobically, forming sulphide as a byproduct.


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[Assistant] Similar to whale falls, and providing an alternative source of nutrition that other animals, not specially adapted to feed on wood, can exploit.


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[Assistant] Bathymodiolus muscles are one example of an animal that rely not on the wood itself, but on the microbes, feeding on the nutrients they produce.


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[Assistant] The towering chimneys of deep sea hydrothermal vents


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[Assistant] Both environments may form corridors on the sea floor that allow chemosynthetic communities to spread to new chemically similar habitats. And they do so by producing thousands of larvae, released into the ocean


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[Assistant] Inevitably bringing some to suitable sites of chemosynthesis where they can settle and begin to grow.


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[Assistant] Seen here is part of the whaling ship's tri-works, large iron pots that were used to boil down blubber.


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[Assistant] And animals in the southern ocean have not adapted to use wood as a food source.


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[Assistant] Endurance is still an oasis of life for deep sea creatures.


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[Assistant] That use it simply as a solid surface to attach to.


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[Assistant] The colonizers of endurance are predominantly filter feeders, making use of specialized appendages to pull organic particles out of the ocean.


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[Assistant] Sea lilies, a type of echinoderm closely related to starfish, use hair-like structures to adopt this way of life, living alongside sea squirts, which instead trap food by cycling water in and out through tube-like siphons.


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[Assistant] Similar communities to those observed at Endurance tend to dominate metal shipwrecks in other parts of the ocean, including many that endure from the Second World War.


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[Assistant] Today's video is sponsored by Endel. If you often find yourself stressed or anxious, or you have trouble studying or sleeping, then this is the app for you.


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[Assistant] Accessible via a clean and welcoming interface.


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[Assistant] But I find it can be distracting, particularly when there are lyrics playing.


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[Assistant] Endel's focus mode really solves this problem for me.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so normally it takes us about 30 minutes or so to get there. About another 30 minutes back. Uhm, we got our check-in time over here.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so uhm, I believe it's 250 pounds is the max uhm, that any passenger is allowed to be for them to get on the boat. Uhm, and then anybody above the age of 50 we normally seat towards the back of the boat.


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[Assistant] Uhm, as the further you get to the front of the boat, the bumpier the ride is. So we kind of cater to any elderly crowd and we'll, you know, single those people out according to age and then we can appropriately sit them on the back of the vessel, which is the smoothest seats. And then we got the young guys, we put those guys up front.


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[Assistant] Absolutely. So while we're there, obviously it's always changing. Uhm, you know, sometimes depending on how the currents are and the lava is, you know, sometimes we can get closer than other times, but normally you can feel the heat. A lot of the water that's around there is quite hot as well.


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[Assistant] Inside information about the lava. Well, you know, we, we got a couple scenic little areas that we pass on the way there. We kind of try to point those guys out.


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[Assistant] As far as any one thing I would say is, uhm, if you're there and you're taking photos, take a minute, put the camera down.


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[Assistant] Don't look through the screen, take a look at the lava because those are the moments you remember and somebody's, you know, you're so intent on being looking on the camera and it happens so fast and even though we're there for 20, 30 minutes, next thing you know we're heading back and you realize that you never actually saw it with your own eyes. Uhm, so that would be my word of advice is to take a few minutes, put the phone or the camera down and get those, those memories because those are the ones that last.


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[Assistant] We'll bring you back


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[Assistant] So first, to add elements to our binary search tree, we need to make sure that the elements we're adding are actually comparable, meaning that we can order them in some way inside the tree.


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[Assistant] Meaning at every step, we know whether we need to place the element in the left subtree or the right subtree.


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[Assistant] And we're going to encounter essentially four cases. So when inserting an element, we want to compare the value


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[Assistant] To the value of the current node or considering to do one of the following things. Either we're going to recurse down the left subtree, because our element is smaller than the current element, or we're going to recurse down the right subtree because our element is greater than the current element.


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[Assistant] Or it might be the case that the current element has the same value as the


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[Assistant] The one we're considering and so we need to handle duplicate values if we're deciding to


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[Assistant] Duplicate values to a tree or just ignoring that. And lastly,


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[Assistant] We have the case that we've hit a null node in which case it's time to create a new node and insert in our tree. Let's look at some animation now. So


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[Assistant] On the left, I have a bunch of insert instructions. So we have all these values you want to insert into our binary search tree. And currently the search tree or the binary search tree is empty.


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[Assistant] The first one insert seven. So seven becomes the root of the tree because it's the first note.


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[Assistant] Next, we want to insert 20. So 20 is greater than seven. So insert it to the right. Next, we want to insert five.


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[Assistant] So you start the route and then you move your way down the tree to figure out where you want to insert the node.


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[Assistant] So we started at the root, and then we're like, oh, five is less than seven. So we're going to start it to the left. Now 15.


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[Assistant] Start at the root, go to the right because 15 is greater than seven, then to the left because 15 is less than 20. Now 10.


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[Assistant] Now four, so four is less than seven, move left, four is less than five, move left, create the new node. Now we have four again. So let's see what happens here.


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[Assistant] So set seven, move to the left, move to the left. Now we've encountered a value that already exists in our tree. So as I said before,


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[Assistant] If your tree supports duplicate values, now's the time to add another node. And you would either pick by convention if you want it on the left or on the right.


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[Assistant] Otherwise you'd do nothing and I'm going to choose to do nothing. I want insert 33.


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[Assistant] So start the route, go to the right because 33 is greater, go to the right again. Now insert two, so two is smaller than everything in our tree. So it would go all the way to the left.


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[Assistant] Now try and see where 25 would go. So 25 is going to go to the right.


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[Assistant] Then we're going to go to the right again because it's greater than 20, but we're going to go left now because it's less than 33.


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[Assistant] And we've inserted everything into our


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[Assistant] Binary search tree. So on average, the insertion time is going to be logarithmic. But in the worst case, this behavior could degrade to linear time. Let's have a look at that.


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[Assistant] So if our instructions are the following, insert one, two, three, four, five, and six. So we start at one. Then we're going to insert two. So that's going to go to the right.


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's insert three. Well, three is greater than everything, so I have to place the right again.


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[Assistant] Now how about four? Okay, four is also greater than everything. Oh, looks like we're creating this line now.


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[Assistant] And now six, six is still greater than everything. So as you can see, this type of linear behavior is really bad. And we don't want to create


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[Assistant] Uh, lines like this, because if we want to query where six is in the tree, or if we want to remove five or do anything on our binary search tree, you first need to find the node that's going to take linear time. And this, this, this is bad.


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[Assistant] It's one of the reasons why people have invented things like balanced binary search trees, or self balancing trees, which balance themselves as you insert nodes. We'll be getting to that later. But that's it for insertion. It's really simple. Don't overcomplicate it. So the next video we're going to look at


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[Assistant] This series, so stay tuned for that. Guys, thanks so much for watching. If you have any questions, just drop a comment. I love reading them. Alright, see ya.


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[Assistant] It's really hard to approach animals in the mid-water and get really good images of it and then sample them. Uh, it's almost like a zero-gravity environment. Uh, you're in a three-dimensional environment. The animal itself is moving. The ROV is moving. There's so many dynamics at play.


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[Assistant] So in order to actually get around one of those animals and then get a good sample of it is a real challenge. It's something that for decades scientists have come up with a number of methods to approach them.


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[Assistant] I think what I'm most excited about is the idea that we have everything on the vehicle at once, which is a really rare moment. We have three different systems on here, two really advanced imaging systems and then this encapsulation sampling system that goes into it.


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[Assistant] Usually those would go one at a time because they're quite advanced and complex in their own rights. But we've combined them now onto the vehicle at once. And when you stand back and look at what we're gathering, the amount of information that we're gathering in that short time period, it's quite staggering.


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[Assistant] And then after we do all that wonderful imaging of that and gather a lot of data about the animal, we're able to encapsulate it in this device we call the rotary actuated dodecahedron, which is a really interesting exercise in, uh, origami robotics, but it surrounds the animal.


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[Assistant] And then inside of it, we can cleave off pieces of its tissue and preserve it in situ in the environment. With that type of sample, we're able to gather a lot of genetic data about the animal as well. Everything else I've seen before this involves some sort of


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[Assistant] Suction sampler or trying to get things into a jar. Whereas the Rad2 is really this idea I think many mid-water biologists have had where wouldn't it be great if I could just reach out and grab it. And we actually can do that.


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[Assistant] So you don't, you don't need to do the punishment.


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[Assistant] Drop the cat, Gus. Drop the paper, Gus. Good dog, Gus.


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[Assistant] Finish this sentence and draw a picture. Drop the guss. Social studies. How can dogs help people?


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[Assistant] Discuss your ideas with a partner.


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[Assistant] In the marine ecosystem, migrations are a key to survival. By travelling to different locations


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[Assistant] Animals stand better chances of finding food or a suitable place to breed and raise their young.


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[Assistant] In this video, we'll take a look at the migrations of nectonic organisms. Animals that are able to actively swim.


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[Assistant] And can undertake large-scale journeys around the world.


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[Assistant] Covering larger distances than plankton and their predators.


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[Assistant] Recent technological developments in wildlife tracking.


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[Assistant] have given us an idea of when and why these migrations occur. Notably, they appear to be seasonal.


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[Assistant] Often taking place to and from annual feeding or breeding grounds.


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[Assistant] But travelling such long distances comes at a cost. It requires a lot of energy, and causes exposure to a number of risks.


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[Assistant] The driving force behind migrations is finding a breeding area safe from predators. Whales set out on these journeys. They are well adapted to doing so.


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[Assistant] And large fat reserves sustain them for extended periods without needing to eat. A behavioral adaptation that whales have developed is to travel in the direction of prevailing currents.


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[Assistant] To take advantage of counter currents that run in different directions near the surface and at depth.


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[Assistant] This behaviour mirrors aeroplanes, saving time and fuel by flying with the jet stream.


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[Assistant] This is true of sea turtles, which travel far and wide during their lives.


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[Assistant] But once mature, they will migrate thousands of miles to lay their eggs at the site where they themselves were hatched.


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[Assistant] Have shown that oceanic migrants likely rely on sophisticated means of navigation.


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[Assistant] Use biological compasses to maintain direction in the open ocean.


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[Assistant] In particular, they travel to Antarctic waters to feed on the blooms of krill that appear in the spring and summer.


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[Assistant] They gorge themselves non-stop, putting on vast amounts of fat as blubber.


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[Assistant] The whales then move to warmer but less food abundant waters, where they survive on their reserves of body fat.


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[Assistant] It is during this period of the year when calves are born.


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[Assistant] And the fat reserves are used to produce nutrient-rich milk for the suckling of juveniles.


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[Assistant] Between May and July each year, millions of these fish travel north along the east coast of South Africa to release their eggs.


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[Assistant] This phenomenon is the Great Sardine Run.


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[Assistant] During which the migrating fish come under relentless attack from sharks, dolphins, seabirds and whales.


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[Assistant] They, like many migrating animals, are driven by a single objective. Perpetuating the species.


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[Assistant] Their reproductive instinct takes over that for survival, and drives them to swim headlong into danger, guided only by the prospect of scattering their eggs in the spawning grounds.


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[Assistant] It is the changes in temperature, food availability, and the need to mate that drives such a large-scale movement.


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[Assistant] Although most nectonic animals are vertebrates, like whales and sharks,


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[Assistant] Making use of the adaptations that allow them to swim actively in order to chase prey, follow weather systems,


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[Assistant] Squarespace gives people a powerful and beautiful online platform to help create your own website.


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[Assistant] You can connect with your audience and generate revenue through gated members-only content. You can also send email communications, manage members, and leverage audience insights all in one easy-to-use platform.


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[Assistant] Go to squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you're ready to launch your site, go to squarespace.com slash natural world facts to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.


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[Assistant] We've arrived at Costco and it's already so much energy. So many people going shopping here. I'm excited because I'm hungry and I want to stock our house up with some food.


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[Assistant] Here you are. 120 bucks. Getting up to hold us over for this month.


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[Assistant] Uh, well, I'm afraid 120 bucks is just about the price of a membership here, so...


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[Assistant] Yeah, in order to go shopping at Costco, you have to be a member. So, I think it costs about $120 to sign up. So, that doesn't leave me with much money to go shopping.


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[Assistant] Check it, this thing is huge! Check out this cake! These are some Christmas cakes here, they're huge! Look! Ah! Super heavy.


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[Assistant] You know what, guys? You know what I always say? A penny saved is a penny earned. And...


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[Assistant] When you shop at Costco, it's a real opportunity to buy both.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you know, I spent all of my money on the membership fee, so...


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[Assistant] I don't know what I'm supposed to do. How am I supposed to buy all the stuff today?


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[Assistant] Looks like 台国, like the country, Thailand. Well I know this is 国, like not 国家的国.


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[Assistant] Uh, Mandarin oranges? Is this it?


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[Assistant] At least it's the color orange. Alright, so I'm like partially correct, right?


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[Assistant] Okay, this one, this one I believe I know. This I believe is Chung Chai.


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[Assistant] And I think that Shanghai is cilantro, right? Let's set out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the shangcai should be up here somewhere. Not here. Probably in the fresh produce area here. Uh, I don't think there's any shangcai in here.


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[Assistant] I don't know. I really have no idea. This is like, whore? Like the whore radical?


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[Assistant] A lot of Americans will drink eggnog around Christmas time. Usually it has alcohol in it. That's my experience. Delicious. Thank you so much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take it out. A very Chinese style. Dave's Killer Bread. This stuff is delicious.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, I failed the mission. I spent more money than I was supposed to. I'm super hungry. Pretty standard portion size for Costco.


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[Assistant] You will hear a man telephoning a sports club to ask about membership and facilities.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions one to four.


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[Assistant] You will see that there is an example that has been done for you.


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[Assistant] On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.


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[Assistant] You should answer the questions as you listen because you will not hear the recording a second time. Listen carefully and answer questions one to four.


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[Assistant] You have some time to look at questions 5 to 10.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 5 to 10.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You will hear a local radio broadcast about the Rivendon City Theatre.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 16.


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[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 16.


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[Assistant] Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 17 to 20.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 17 to 20.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You will hear a man inquiring about college courses.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 25.


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[Assistant] Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 26 to 30.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 26 to 30.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] First you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the listening answer sheet.


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[Assistant] You will hear a woman calling a local museum about children's art and craft workshops.


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[Assistant] You will see that there is an example that has been done for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.


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[Assistant] So, Saturday has been written in the space. Now we shall begin. You should answer the questions as you listen, because you will not hear the recording a second time. Listen carefully and answer questions one to five.


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[Assistant] You have some time to look at questions 6 to 10.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 6 to 10.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will hear a customer services official giving information to a passenger at a railway station in a town called Traberch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 17.


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[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 17.


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[Assistant] Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 18 to 20.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 18 to 20.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You will hear a discussion between a tutor and an education student called Sandy about the student's dissertation.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 25.


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[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 25.


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[Assistant] Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 26 to 30.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 26 to 30.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will hear part of a lecture about the history of moving pictures.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the listening answer sheet.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions one to five.


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[Assistant] On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.


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[Assistant] So, current has been written in the space. Now we shall begin.


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[Assistant] You should answer the questions as you listen because you will not hear the recording a second time. Listen carefully and answer questions one to five.


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[Assistant] You have some time to look at questions 6 to 10.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 6 to 10.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will hear a guide giving visitors to a country house information about the house and gardens.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 13.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 13.


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[Assistant] You have some time to look at questions 14 to 20.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 14 to 20.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You will hear two students, Jack and Lucy.


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[Assistant] Discussing a marketing assignment they are working on together.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 24.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 24.


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[Assistant] You have some time to look at questions 25 to 30.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 25 to 30.


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[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will hear a lecturer talking about farming in ancient Ireland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.


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[Assistant] That is the end of section four. You now have half a minute to check your answers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the IELTS test, you would now have 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the listening answer sheet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will hear a telephone conversation between a woman and the reservations clerk at a conference center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions one to five.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The title of the course is future directions in computing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, future directions has been written in the space. Now we shall begin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should answer the questions as you listen because you will not hear the recording a second time. Listen carefully and answer questions one to five.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before you hear the rest of the conversation, you have some time to look at questions 6 to 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 6 to 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You will hear an introductory talk to a group of temporary workers at an international travel exhibition.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 13.


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[Assistant] You have some time to look at questions 14 to 20.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 14 to 20.


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[Assistant] That is the end of section two. You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You will hear a conversation between a librarian and an education student.


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[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 27.


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[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 27.


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[Assistant] You have some time to look at questions 28 to 30.


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[Assistant] Now listen and answer questions 28 to 30.


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[Assistant] That is the end of section three. You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You will hear part of a lecture given by a conservationist on the subject of lions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You now have half a minute to check your answers.


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[Assistant] You would now have ten minutes to transfer your answers to the listening answer sheet.


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[Assistant] That's right, we've got an intermediate lesson today and we're gonna study some real English.


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[Assistant] Yes, so today we're listening in to a sales meeting and we're going to learn some great useful English to talk about sales strategies. So we're going to learn English for sales strategies for making suggestions and for responding to suggestions.


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[Assistant] So our vocabulary preview is a part of our lesson when we teach you some really important words that will help you to understand the dialogue better.


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[Assistant] Perhaps the shampoo in the supermarket is less expensive than usual. Okay. Yeah, usually maybe it costs five dollars, but today it costs four dollars. That's a sales promotion.


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[Assistant] But don't worry if you don't understand everything because later in this lesson we're going to explain all the important words and phrases.


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[Assistant] Okay, so language takeaway is the part of our lesson where we teach you the most important words from the dialogue. All these words that we are going to focus on can be found in today's dialogue.


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[Assistant] Ah, okay, so I see that match the competitors means to be as good as or better than other companies in the same industry. Exactly.


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[Assistant] Alright, so let's move to our second word today for language takeaways and it is in the market. In the market. In the market. In the market. We heard this phrase in the dialogue and it means in the industry.


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[Assistant] So, of all the podcasts that teach English, EnglishPod is the best.


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[Assistant] All the mp3 players in the world, iPods, are the most popular. So let's move to our final word for today, and it is... It'll never fly. It'll never fly.


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[Assistant] So you'll be able to understand a little bit better and you'll be able to hear the words and phrases we were just talking about.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, I think I use this phrase quite often. He'll be here any minute.


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[Assistant] So this phrase will help you to learn how to say, I'm thinking about something in a better sounding way.


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[Assistant] Or, that sounds like something we should think about.


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[Assistant] A lot of people might say, that's a great idea, or great, but in the dialogue we heard another way of saying the same idea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I'd agree with you there, but I also think it sort of gives more power to this idea that it's a good idea, brilliant idea.


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[Assistant] You know, my first boss that I had when I first entered the workforce, uhm, I was in a very junior position and I was working for a large company and the general manager of the company, he was amazing, he was so encouraging.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He knew every single employee's name, first name, and he would, you know, make an effort to stop and say hello and ask them how things were going and


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[Assistant] You know what, this left me with such a good feeling about the company that I really wanted to work hard for this company and try my best and I think that I've never met such a great boss as this guy.


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[Assistant] That's right, so thanks for listening today everyone, and until next time, this is goodbye!


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[Assistant] All right, I know a lot of you have been anticipating the remove video for how we remove elements from a hash table using the open addressing scheme.


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[Assistant] So let's have a look first at what issues there are when we remove elements if we do it naively. I think this is valuable.


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[Assistant] Suppose that we have an originally empty hash table, and we're using a linear probing function. So p of x is simply going to be equal to x.


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[Assistant] And we want to perform the following operations. We want to insert three keys.


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[Assistant] For the sake of argument, let's assume that we have a hash collision between k one, k two and k three, all equal to one, this is a possible scenario.


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[Assistant] So let's insert them. So key one hashes to one. So we're going to insert it at position one.


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[Assistant] So let's insert K two. So it has a hash collision with K one, which is already in the table. So we're going to linearly probe. So insert it in the next slot over. Let's insert K three, it also hashes to one.


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[Assistant] So let's probe. Okay, another hash collision. So let's keep probing. And finally, we insert it in position three.


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[Assistant] Now we are going to remove K two and we're going to use the naive removing method where we're just going to clear the contents of the bucket to find K two, we hash K to get one


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[Assistant] But k one is not equal to k two. So we haven't found the element yet. So then we probe and then we have found k two. So we're just going to remove it like so. Alright, now let's query the table.


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[Assistant] And obtain the value for k three, let's see what happens. So when we hash k three, we get


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[Assistant] And k one is not equal to k three. So let's continue the search. And then we had a null element. So what does this mean? So


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[Assistant] Since the value in the bucket added next to is null,


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[Assistant] We're forced to conclude that K3 does not exist within the hash table. Otherwise, we would have encountered it before reaching the null position. That's how


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[Assistant] Finding an element works inside a hash table.


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[Assistant] This method is clearly flawed, the naive removing method doesn't work because K three clearly exists within the hash table, we can see it there in index three. So here's a solution to the removing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we remove an element, we're going to place a unique marker called a tombstone, instead of a null element to indicate that a specific key value pair has been deleted or removed.


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[Assistant] And when we're doing a search, we're just going to skip over the tombstones. So let's replace the deleted bucket.


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[Assistant] With a tombstone like we should have done and see what happens when we now search for the key K three.


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[Assistant] Okay, so it hash K3 hashes to 1.


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[Assistant] So k1 is now equal to k3 so keep probing.


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[Assistant] Alright, we hit a tombstone, so we know that that element was deleted, so keep probing.


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[Assistant] Alright, we have found k three, and we can now return its value v three as our answer for the search. Awesome. Okay.


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[Assistant] So a quick question about tombstones. I have a lot of tombstones cluttering my hash table. How do I get rid of them?


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[Assistant] So the thing with tombstones is that we're actually going to count them as filled slots in the hash table. So they're going to increase the load factor. And they'll all be removed when we resize the hash table. But there's also another way to get rid of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we can replace the buckets that have tombstones with the new key value pair. Now I want to give you guys an example of how that is done. All right.


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[Assistant] Suppose this is our hash table of size eight, and we're using the quadratic probing function, p of x equals x squared plus x divided by two. And


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[Assistant] Let's see how tombstones come into play doing this when we want to do a lookup.


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[Assistant] Hash to five. So we check their first case seven is not equal to K four. So let's keep probing.


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[Assistant] So we probe quadratically and we're just going to go to the next slot over and that's position six.


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[Assistant] Now, position 6 is special because it's the first


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[Assistant] Position we encounter, which has a tombstone in it. So we were going to want to store this position for later to perform an optimization. Okay, keep probing because we haven't found k seven yet.


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[Assistant] So when we probe at position two, we go to position one,


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[Assistant] Still no K7 because we have a tombstone so we have to keep going.


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[Assistant] Alright, and yeaah, another tombstone, so.


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[Assistant] Let's keep probing. And aha, we have found our key k seven. So we can return the value v seven now.


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[Assistant] However, we can do an optimization because we don't want to probe an additional four times to find


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[Assistant] Okay, seven, because we just hit a bunch of tombstones along the way.


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[Assistant] The key value pair k7 v7 to the first position where there was a tombstone


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[Assistant] So that next time we do a lookup, it'll be much faster. We call this lazy deletion or lazy relocation.


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[Assistant] Alright, so we replace the first tombstone there with k7 v7. Now we have two copies of that key value pair. So we're going to want to replace the old one with a null token. Okay. And that was removing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So guys, if you liked this video and learned something, please give it a thumbs up.


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[Assistant] And in the next video, we're going to finally be having a look at some hash table source code.


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[Assistant] Source code can be found at the link at the bottom of the page also in the description at github.com


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[Assistant] Okay, so now the last point on our agenda. Jill, let's go over the profit and loss statement.


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[Assistant] Let's see. These numbers are off the charts! What's going on here?


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[Assistant] Thank you, that will be all, I'll take care of it. Look at this one, sir.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I get it. Thank you for your very thorough analysis.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now, the last point on our agenda. Jill, let's go over the profit and loss statement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These numbers are off the charts. What's going on here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you, that will be all. I'll take care of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I get it. Thank you for your very thorough analysis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll take care of it. I'll take care of it.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now the last point on our agenda. Jill, let's go over the profit and loss statement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see. These numbers are off the charts! What's going on here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I get it. Thank you for your very thorough analysis.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome to EnglishPod. My name's Erica. And I'm Marco. So Marco, how are you doing today?


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[Assistant] Okay, so we've got an elementary lesson about going to the eye doctor. Yes. Well let's get started then with our vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] We have three words today in our vocabulary preview. All three words come from our dialogue. Our first word is struggle. Struggle. Struggle.


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[Assistant] So Marco, when I struggle to do something, what does that mean?


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[Assistant] So you have to try really hard. You have to try really hard. Yeah, to do something that's difficult. Yes. Okay, our next word is... Blurry. Blurry. Blurry.


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[Assistant] Often when you go to the doctor and you need some medicine, he writes out a prescription.


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[Assistant] Okay, so those three words you'll hear in today's dialogue and I think it's time we listen to the dialogue.


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[Assistant] Next word is far sighted. Far sighted. Far sighted.


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[Assistant] But things that are close are blurry. Okay. And the opposite would be? Nearsighted.


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[Assistant] Okay, alright, we saw four great words today in our language takeaway. Now I think we can listen to our dialogue another time.


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[Assistant] So we saw a couple useful phrases in this dialogue and I think we can show you how to use these phrases in a few different ways.


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[Assistant] We can use this same expression in a number of different ways. Let's listen.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's a great way of asking, what's the problem? So now let's take a look at another phrase.


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[Assistant] We heard in the dialogue, the doctor said, head on over to the other room.


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[Assistant] So like when you can't tell the difference between red and blue and green.


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[Assistant] EnglishPod.com. Also, if you have questions about today's lesson or any other lesson, please come and visit our website and, uh, ask us.


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[Assistant] Before survival becomes a challenge.


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[Assistant] A myriad of peculiar creatures have made their homes, dramatically altering their anatomy, behaviors, and physiologies, in order to cope with the challenge of living here.


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[Assistant] Adaptations occur because a gene mutates randomly.


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[Assistant] Some mutations will hinder a creature's survival, but occasionally,


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[Assistant] And pass on the adaptation to its offspring.


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[Assistant] And reef fish using their conspicuous complexions to identify one another among the complex coral gardens.


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[Assistant] They make themselves invisible. Favouring darker colours like black or even red.


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[Assistant] Creatures like the vampire squid can traverse the depths unseen by predators.


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[Assistant] Some invertebrates take this adaptation to the next level, making themselves transparent, like this deep sea amphipod drifting on the open ocean currents.


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[Assistant] to spot the bioluminescence of other deep sea creatures. A physiological adaptation that we'll examine in greater depth later on in this video.


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[Assistant] Alongside the prevalence of dark or transparent bodies.


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[Assistant] Anthropods that grow no larger than a few millimetres in the shallows.


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[Assistant] The largest size of the giant isopod may be an adaptation that allows it to quickly and efficiently monopolise food in the deep sea. And generally, a bigger body size is advantageous


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[Assistant] This minimises the loss of heat energy to their surroundings, slowing their metabolism.


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[Assistant] And allowing them to survive for very long periods of time without eating. In the starved depths, efficiency is key.


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[Assistant] While anatomical adaptations relate to the physical features of an organism, physiological adaptations


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This can include releasing toxins or poisons, secreting mucus to deter predators,


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[Assistant] Bioluminescence is perhaps the most common physiological adaptation found in the deep sea. For surprisingly,


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[Assistant] The deep ocean is not entirely starved of light.


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[Assistant] Many creatures take advantage of the inky darkness, producing their own light to communicate with one another.


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[Assistant] Shoals of shimmering firefly squid use their bioluminescence to blend in with changing light levels as they rise to feed at the surface.


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[Assistant] That is, the things that they do to survive.


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[Assistant] The migratory behaviour of whales chasing krill blooms that are passed down through generations.


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[Assistant] A concoction of carrion, excrement and shells, which, to any opportunistic organism, is vital for survival.


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[Assistant] In order to make the most of it, creatures have altered their behaviors in a number of ways.


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[Assistant] Benthic burrowers like sea cucumbers shovel sediments into their mouths to get at the nutrients. They are scavengers, like many deep sea creatures.


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[Assistant] These behaviors represent the ability of organisms to take charge of their own fate.


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[Assistant] Just like how creatures of the deep have adapted their lifestyles to evade predators, online browsing is evolving too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can protect your identity and data online with NordVPN in just one click.


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[Assistant] And just like how Autotomy in some squid allows them to eject their tentacles when threatened, NordVPN has an automatic kill switch for extra security. If your VPN connection accidentally drops, it temporarily blocks the device from accessing the web.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On top of that, NordVPN is offering Natural World Facts viewers a special Christmas deal.


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[Assistant] Or use the code naturalworldfacts to get a two-year plan plus one additional month with a huge discount.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, make a left here. No wait, I meant make a right! C'mon, speed up!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Deez, what's the rush? Don't worry about it, just drive. Oh no, the light is about to change! Step on it!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever, just turn right here. The freeway will be packed at this hour. Let's take a side street.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go on. Get out of our way! Move! Move!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, I know a shortcut. Just go down here, and we'll cut through Ashburn Heights. Let's go! Let's go! Watch out for that lady.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No wait, I meant make a right. Come on, speed up.


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[Assistant] Geez. What's the rush? Don't worry about it. Just drive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh no, the light is about to change. Step on it!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever. Just turn right here. The freeway will be packed at this hour. Let's take a side street.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go on! Get out of our way! Move! Move! What's your


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes! We made it! Five-fifty-eight. Just before the library closes. You're such a geek.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, make a left here. No wait, I meant make a right. Come on, speed up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Deez, what's the rush? Don't worry about it, just drive. Oh no, the light is about to change! Step on it!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever, just turn right here. The freeway will be packed at this hour. Let's take a side street.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go on. Get out of our way! Move!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, I know a shortcut. Just go down here, and we'll cut through Ashburn Heights. Let's go! Let's go! Watch out for that lady.


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[Assistant] All right, today we're going to be having a look at some source code for a hash table that uses open addressing as a collision resolution scheme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can find all the source code on GitHub at William fiza slash data dash structures. And then just go to the hash table folder to find a whole bunch of hash table implementations.


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[Assistant] So I will only be looking at one right now, but if you're curious, you can go.


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[Assistant] But, other than that, they are really essentially the same thing.


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[Assistant] So today I've decided that we're going to have a look at the quadratic probing file. So let's dive into the code.


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[Assistant] Alright, here we are inside the code for the hash table that uses quadratic probing.


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[Assistant] So I have a class called hash table quadratic probing and notice that


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[Assistant] It takes into generic types K and V. So this is the key type and this is the value type.


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[Assistant] So you're going to have to specify these when you instantiate an object which is a hash table for quadratic probing.


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[Assistant] So I have a bunch of instance variables that we're going to need. The first is the load


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[Assistant] So this is going to be like the maximum load factor that we're willing to tolerate the current capacity of our hash table.


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[Assistant] The maximum threshold we're willing to tolerate


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[Assistant] The modification count, this is for the iterator.


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[Assistant] Next, I have two instance variables that keep track of the total number of buckets being used, and the key count, which tracks the number of unique keys are currently inside the hash table.


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[Assistant] Now since we're doing open addressing, we are storing these key value pairs directly inside an array. So instead of having one array with a wrapper class for an entry, I've decided just to allocate two different arrays, one for keys and one for values, it makes the code a lot easier and shorter actually.


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[Assistant] This is just an instance variable we're going to be using or rather setting when we call the get method.


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[Assistant] So this is the tombstone I was talking about in the last video. This is the marker we're going to be using for deletions. So every time we deleted entry, we're going to mark it with a tombstone. And we know this tombstone object is unique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so these are just some default constants. So whenever you want to initialize a hash table without any parameters, you can use these constants. So this is the default load factor, I set it pretty low, but you can change it up as you like. So you can initialize it with a default capacity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is the designated constructor. So let's have a look. So the capacity can't be negative or zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I check if the user passes some sort of weird load factor because we don't want that. So then set the max value for the load factor, then calculate the capacity


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to ensure that the capacity is a power of two, I need to essentially round up the capacity. So that's going to be with this method next to power, essentially it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It finds the power of two that is just above this current number, or it'll also take the default capacity, which itself is a power of two. So we don't have to worry about that. So either way, it's going to be a power of two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we compute the threshold, which is just load factor times the capacity and initialize our tables. Alright, so let's get rolling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is the quadratic probing function I chose. So p of x, so we give it the variable x, and then we compute x squared plus x divided by two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is a really important method, the normalized index. So given the hash value, it essentially strips the negative sign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And mods by the capacity. So it dumps our hash value inside the domain zero to the capacity non inclusive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a clear method. This is pretty self-explanatory. Just clear the contents of the hash table and start fresh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then some helper methods size, get the key count and check if our hash table is empty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And put add an insert or essentially all the same method. So let's look at the insert method. This inserts a key value pair inside the hash table or updates a value if the key already exists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we don't want to allow no keys. If that happens, we throw an exception.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the number of buckets used is greater than or equal to the threshold where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tolerating we're going to resize the table before doing anything else. Otherwise, we want to calculate the hash value


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the key using the built in hash code method. And you can override this for your particular object. Okay, now I need to explain what I J and X are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I is going to be the current index we're at in the hash table because we're going to be bouncing around this I value is going to change a lot. Then j


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the position of the first tombstone we encounter if we encounter one, otherwise it's minus one. And we're going to be using this for an optimization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then X is just the probe offset, which I've set to one, right? Initially.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is a do while loop. It's a little long, but it's pretty easy to understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so first we check in the key table, have we hit a tombstone? If we have and j is equal to minus one, that means we haven't hit a tombstone yet. So save where we found this tombstone. Okay,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The key table has an entry that's not no meaning there's a key inside of it. So we have to check if the key already exists within the hash table. So that's what this does. It compares the current key at index i with the key we're trying to insert this key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if j is equal to minus one meaning we haven't hit tombstone, then just update the value. If we've hit a tombstone, then we want to do a swap with the tombstone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And up the modification count and always return like the old value that was there before, just just in case you want to use it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, next up, the current cell is null, so we can do an insertion.