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[Assistant] Move the orange in front of the melon.


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[Assistant] What is the orange? The orange is the moon.


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[Assistant] What is the melon? The melon is the earth.


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[Assistant] So in an eclipse, here is the moon.


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[Assistant] Here is the earth behind the moon. Where is the sun?


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[Assistant] You are the sun. The sun is there, where you are. Here is the moon, here is the earth. Okay?


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[Assistant] Okay, remember the position of the sun, the moon, and the earth. We can see that here. Here is the sun. Here is the moon.


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[Assistant] Here is the Earth.


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[Assistant] Amy is holding the moon and the earth. The moon and the earth.


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[Assistant] If we turn it like this, the sun, sun is over there. Moon, here. Earth, here. Okay? What do we do next?


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[Assistant] Dad turned on, turned on the flashlight. Remember, the flashlight is son-jeon-dong, son-hand-jeong-dong light, right? Turned on the flashlight, flashlight.


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[Assistant] He turned off the light in the room. The light in the room. What is that? Huang Guang Dong, right?


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[Assistant] Huang guang dung. The light in the room. Turn off. Dark.


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[Assistant] Turn on the flashlight. This is the light.


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[Assistant] You see something here, right? Remember, this is the moon, this is the earth. What's happening? Let's read. Look at the shadow.


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[Assistant] The orange makes on the melon.


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[Assistant] So look at the shadow. We can see the shadow. Here is shadow. This word here is the shadow right here. We can see that.


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[Assistant] So that is the eclipse, right? Here's the sun, there's light here, but the moon comes between, between the sun and the moon, the earth, sorry, the earth.


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[Assistant] And the sun, the moon is sai-y, right? Sai. Not psycho, right? Sorry.


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[Assistant] But, sahi, in between, san,


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[Assistant] Moon. Earth. The light.


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[Assistant] It is like the shadow the moon makes on earth in a solar eclipse. In a solar eclipse. In a solar eclipse, the light from the sun is blocked by the moon.


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[Assistant] Okay, in a solar eclipse, the light from the sun is blocked, stopped by the moon. This is the Earth. If we live here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can't see the sun. It's blocked. There's a shadow.


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[Assistant] That is the eclipse. That is what we call as the Ilshik. That, if we live here, we see that.


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[Assistant] We can do this. This is the moon. This is the sun. You see the moon is moving. 천천히 가요. Right?


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[Assistant] The moon is moving slowly this way.


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[Assistant] The moon moves, moves between, Sai, earth and the sun. Between the earth and the sun.


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[Assistant] The moon starts to block the sun. So the light from the sun is blocked. Stop.


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[Assistant] A little while later,


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[Assistant] The moon blocks the whole sun. Tayo.


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[Assistant] We see the sun's light around the moon. Around the moon. We can't see the sun. But we can see the lights around the moon.


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[Assistant] Very beautiful. When you see an eclipse,


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[Assistant] Wow. Everything is dark. You can see maybe other stars, but it's also a little light because there's some light around the moon.


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[Assistant] So wow, it's very beautiful to look at.


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[Assistant] So, when you see an eclipse, when you hear about an eclipse,


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[Assistant] Try to look at the eclipse, but be careful. Don't look at the sun directly.


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[Assistant] Wear sunglasses. Joshim Hale, right? Sunglasses.


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[Assistant] Or ask your teacher or your mom or dad. Very interesting though, very beautiful.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's how they made an eclipse. They used a melon, an orange, and a flashlight. And they made an eclipse.


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[Assistant] We still have more to go. We still have part three. In part three, we're going to learn about a different kind of eclipse.


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[Assistant] Here we're talking about a solar eclipse. In part three, we will learn about a different type of eclipse. So, let's take a break now. I will see you in part three.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, welcome back. We're on part three of Let's Make an Eclipse.


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[Assistant] Remember in part two, what kind of eclipse did Amy and her mom and dad make?


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[Assistant] What kind of eclipse? Do you remember? Majayo!


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[Assistant] Solar eclipse, right? Illshik. That is different from this.


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[Assistant] Before we saw the sun, the moon, and the earth. But now,


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[Assistant] Move the melon in front of the orange, said mom, in front of.


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[Assistant] The melon is here, the orange is here. But now, pakwa heo. Move the melon in front of the orange. So pakwa, right? So now the melon is in front of the orange. And now look.


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[Assistant] Look at the shadow the melon makes on the orange.


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[Assistant] The earth, or the melon, blocks that light for the whole moon.


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[Assistant] So where do we live? Do we live on the moon? No. Phew. Thank goodness we would die. We live on the earth. Think about this. We live here. We can see the moon. What does it look like?


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[Assistant] When this happens, during Walshik, what does the moon look like?


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[Assistant] It is like the shadow Earth makes on the moon in a lunar eclipse. Wul shik.


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[Assistant] Earth's shadow is here. Here's the moon.


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[Assistant] And then the moon looks like this. Normally, 보통에, usually the moon is white, very bright white in the sky.


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[Assistant] During a lunar eclipse, was shick day,


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[Assistant] The moon becomes red.


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[Assistant] Several years ago in America, Miigukesaw,


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[Assistant] So, earth moves between the sun and the moon. Here is the earth, here is the moon, there is the sun. Sun, moon, earth.


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[Assistant] Earth is between, between, sayi, the sun and the moon.


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[Assistant] Covers the whole moon. The whole moon. All of it. 다요. Right? Not part, not 조금씩, but 다요. All of it. The whole moon.


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[Assistant] The moon looks, it looks dark red. Wow, very interesting color.


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[Assistant] Amy learns how to make an eclipse from her mom and dad. She learns about solar eclipse, right, ilshik, and she learns about lunar eclipse, wulshik, right? What does she do?


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[Assistant] She, Amy, showed her class how to make an eclipse too. Here is Amy. Here is her classmate.


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[Assistant] He's holding, what is he holding? He's holding a flashlight, yes.


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[Assistant] What is Amy holding? In her right hand, she's holding an orange. What is the orange? The orange is the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moon, Majaeo. In her left hand, Wenchoksan, what is she holding in her left hand? It's the melon. What is the melon? The melon is...


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[Assistant] The earth. And here we can see the shadow. What is the shadow?


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[Assistant] Ilshik. Because it's blocking the light on the earth. That's ilshik. If the earth is blocking the orange, we say wulshik. Lunar, lunar eclipse.


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[Assistant] Solar eclipse. Solar eclipse. Il-shik. Solar. Solar eclipse.


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[Assistant] Lunar, lunar eclipse. So remember, solar is the sun.


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[Assistant] Lunar is the moon. Now you know how to make an eclipse. So why don't you say to your friends, let's make an eclipse. What do you need? You need a flashlight.


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[Assistant] You need an orange and you need a melon.


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[Assistant] The flashlight is the sun, the orange is the moon, and the melon is the


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[Assistant] Earth. Right. So, let's make an eclipse. Okay. That finishes our book and our lesson for today. I hope it was interesting. I thought, wow, it's so much fun. Very interesting. Okay, we'll see you next time. Take care.


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[Assistant] Hello grammarians. Broadly we're talking about irregular verbs, but more specifically today we're gonna talk about the EN ending, which is why I'm calling this lecture Taken for a Ride, because of this little EN thing.


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[Assistant] So we've spoken previously about verbs that show their past tense or their past perfect or past participle forms by changing their vowel sound, uh, like the verb to sing, right?


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[Assistant] Present tense sing, past tense sang, past perfect aspect had sung.


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[Assistant] So some of the words we're going to be talking about today also have that vowel change. But what's different about them is that for the past perfect or past participle form, uh, instead of ed, it's en. Let me explain.


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[Assistant] The verb to tear, right? In its present tense, it's tear. I tear this piece of paper.


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[Assistant] Uh, past tense, I tore this piece of paper. And in the past perfect, it's I had torn. Alright, I probably shouldn't have done that. I had notes on that paper.


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[Assistant] Some verbs that fall into the category of the EN past perfect


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[Assistant] Have regular seeming past tenses. So for example, the word show. I show him the book. She showed me the book. We had shown them the book. So we're still getting this mm sound. Same thing goes with prove.


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[Assistant] The present tense of to ride is ride, the past is road, and the past perfect or past participle is had ridden or was ridden, as in the horse was ridden all around the countryside.


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[Assistant] The verb to eat works this way. Present tense eat, past tense ate. Past participle or past perfect is had eaten or was eaten. So I had eaten earlier or the cookie was eaten by stew.


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[Assistant] The verb speak undergoes that vowel shift, so it goes speak in the present tense, spoke in the past tense, and past participle or past perfect is spoken.


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[Assistant] Even really weird words like to be and to go obey this rule, the EN rule. It just doesn't necessarily look like it. So...


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[Assistant] But the past perfect form of that is bin, which is just B with an N ending on it. Right.


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[Assistant] Go is the same way. So even though go has a really weird past form,


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[Assistant] And sure, the letters aren't in the right order, but the sound is there, gone.


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[Assistant] Irregular verbs are weird, there's no denying it, but we can break them down and they can be understood. And you can learn anything. David out.


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[Assistant] Hey what's going on guys, Tanmay here for simple snippets and welcome back to another video tutorial on data structures and algorithms. And as the title of the video suggests, today we're gonna write a C++ program.


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[Assistant] To implement stack data structure using a singly linked list data structure.


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[Assistant] Yes, you heard it right. This is the part two of stack using linked list. And in part one, that is in previous video tutorial of this topic, we discussed the entire working, the entire algorithm, the entire pseudo code of how you can implement a stack. That is how you can make a stack using linked list.


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[Assistant] So we are gonna take singly linked list and we will make it work like a stack. That's the whole crux of part 1 and part 2 that is this topic of stack using linked list. And this is the practical side where we are gonna implement this concept using C++ programming language.


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[Assistant] So if you don't know what is a stack, what is a linked list, you can check out this DSA course.


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[Assistant] And check out all the different topics. We've talked about theory as well as practicals.


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[Assistant] More importantly, check the part one of this video, that is stack using linked list, where we've discussed the theoretical aspect, the behind the scenes working,


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[Assistant] So we are simply gonna convert them into C++ code. This is the practical side. So if you're just here for the programming side, then please make sure you watch this video till the end. I'm also gonna explain


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[Assistant] Individual stack operations by taking diagrams on the screen. So that would be a little helpful.


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[Assistant] But if you really want to understand in detail and if you don't know the details of stack using linked list, please watch the previous tutorial and then come over here, things will be much more easier. Okay, so with that being said, let's get started.


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[Assistant] If you're new to my channel, my name is Tanmay Sakpal and I do a lot of computer science and information technology video tutorials like computer programming, development, technology talks and a lot more on this channel. So if that's something you're interested into, then definitely subscribe and turn on the notifications to get the latest updates and never miss out on such important topics.


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[Assistant] So as you can see, I've already opened up my Dave C++ ID and I've typed quite a lot of code actually because I didn't want to waste a lot of time. I'm obviously going to be sharing this entire code with you guys on our official website. So you can find the link to our official website to this article where you'll get the code and some extra explanation as well.


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[Assistant] But if you're a beginner, I highly recommend you don't go there and directly copy paste it. I would highly recommend that you pause the screen and


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[Assistant] So since this is a C++ program on the top, we have the header file, then using namespace standard, this is basic. Over here, we've created the node class. So remember we are using a singly linked list.


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[Assistant] In the way of a stack. When I say in the way of a stack, it means last in first out or first in last out. That's how stack operates, right?


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[Assistant] So our stack is not gonna store any integer, any character, any string value. It is gonna store nodes which are there in a linked list.


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[Assistant] And that's going to be a singly linked list, but the way it is going to be stored is going to be in the way of a stack. Okay. But for that we need to create these node objects, right? And remember our node class consists of three data members. One is the key. The second is the data. For simplicity purpose, we've kept their data type as integer or int. And then the third component is a pointer of the same type node.


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[Assistant] So you can see node star, it is how you declare pointers. I'm assuming you guys already know what is pointers and how you create them.


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[Assistant] And the name is next, which means that the object of node will have three components, key, data, and then the next pointer will point to the next node. Okay. And since it is going to be pointing to a node object only, that's why the data type is node. Okay. Simple enough.


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[Assistant] Then we have the constructor, the default constructor.


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[Assistant] That's why the syntax node and opening and closing brackets, we do not have return type in constructors. Again, I'm assuming you guys know the basic object oriented


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[Assistant] Concepts, if not I have a separate C++ for beginners tutorial, so you'll find all these topics of pointers, classes and objects and what not over there.


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[Assistant] But yeaah, in the default constructor, we make the key and data as zero and zero, and we make the next pointer as null.


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[Assistant] Similarly, we have a parameterized constructor inside which again we take the key.


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[Assistant] As k as arguments, we take the data as b. So this is data or it can also be represented as value. So data and value is one and the same thing.


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[Assistant] So that is passed as argument as D and then we set the data as D and key as K.


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[Assistant] The next pointer obviously is gonna be null, okay, because we have to do the linking separately by using


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[Assistant] Inbuilt functions or inbuilt methods which we will see later on.


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[Assistant] So this is the entire class node. That's about it. Let's move forward. After the node, we will have to create a class stack. So obviously the stack object will store this linking, right?


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[Assistant] Of the different nodes, we've seen that in previous tutorial.


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[Assistant] And visually also I can show it to you on screen. You can see the stack object s is a stack representation inside which we will have the nodes in that proper last in first out manner, right? So in the class stack, we will have a pointer of type node and we'll name it top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So node star top means it is a pointer. Its name is top and the data type is node, which means that this top pointer will point to objects of node class.


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[Assistant] That is in the private specifier and the member functions or member methods go inside the public side.


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[Assistant] But to keep it simple, I've put everything in public side. If in case you put your data members in the


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[Assistant] And you have to use your member functions only to access them. I hope you know all these basic object oriented features and you know, properties.


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[Assistant] But anyways, moving forward, inside this stack we still have to create all the stack operations. So our stack class is still incomplete. So all the stack operations which you can see on the screen.


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[Assistant] And we also have to implement checkifNodeExist. So all these six member functions, six standard stack member functions are supposed to be implemented over here. And those we will do from scratch, but everything else I've already typed. So let's first go through that. We'll come back to our stack class in a minute.


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[Assistant] So coming down in our int main function, so our main function is where the starting point is of a C++ program. In the main function, what we do, we create a stack named S1, stack object S1. We create option, we create the position, key and data. So what are these values?


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[Assistant] Printing statement says, we say cout and we ask the user what operation do you want to perform. Then we tell the user to select one option number and we say enter 0 to exit.


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[Assistant] Each option, option 1, option 2, option 3, each option is one individual stack operation.


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[Assistant] And depending upon what the number is entered by the user, let's say user enters 1, then we will perform push. And once that push is done, again this do while loop will execute itself.


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[Assistant] The reason why we are doing it over and over again is because we want our program to not exit out immediately and exit out only when zero is entered. So when option number zero is entered only then our program will stop working till then we will keep on pushing and popping


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[Assistant] And peaking and doing different stack operations onto our same stack. That's the reason why we create a do while loop.


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[Assistant] Don't worry, I'm obviously gonna be sharing this entire code as I mentioned. So the user will enter one option. So that's this option variable.


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[Assistant] Now depending upon what option the user enters, we will first create a node. Now there are two ways you can create an object. The first way is this commented out way basically. Let me just put it on top.


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[Assistant] So when you do this way, what happens is in the computer memory we have two different types of memory. We have the stack memory and we have the heap memory. The stack memory is something related to static memory allocation and then the heap is for the dynamic memory allocation.


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[Assistant] Node object in this way that is node star new node. What is this? This is a pointer methodology, right? So new node is basically a pointer of type node.


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[Assistant] But when you say equal to new node, what happens is this node is created in the heap memory.


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[Assistant] And this new node is a pointer variable in the stack memory, which is pointing to this memory location in the heap memory. So you can see in the diagram what is happening.


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[Assistant] The little complicated way using pointers to create an object makes this new node global variable. When I say global, it means that


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[Assistant] This new node will exist throughout the program no matter what the scope is.


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[Assistant] It is your duty to release that memory using the delete keyword.


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[Assistant] And that's what dynamic memory allocation is all about. We can talk in detail about it later. But in our case, the reason why I'm doing this is so that this new node has global scope.


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[Assistant] The reason why we require global scope is whenever this while loop will execute over and over again,


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[Assistant] And even if you are still confused, you can try it out using these two ways and you'll understand that this one will give you an error or it will give you a null pointer exception or something like that and this methodology will work. So that's how we are going to go about it. After this, we will


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at the end of this do while loop, since it is zero, we will break outside this while loop also, do while loop and then the program will stop. So that's how you exit the program. In case the user enters one in the option variable, then we will perform a push. In case it is two, it is pop. In case it is three, it is pop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now each of these stack operations, we still have to write the code. And so far I'm just giving you an overview about the code. I know I've spent a lot of time over here.


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[Assistant] But imagine if we had to actually type all this from scratch, it didn't make any sense, right?


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[Assistant] The only thing left out is to create these stack operations, the stack member functions one by one. Okay.


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[Assistant] So let's start with a easy member function which is isEmpty. Now you can see the pseudocode on the right and there are only two basic conditions which says


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[Assistant] If top is equal to null, then this entire function will return true, else it will return false.


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[Assistant] Now visually imagine that we have a stack, okay, and when we create the stack for the first time,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The top pointer inside that stack will be pointing to null. That's what our default constructor is also showing, right? So, it would mean that we don't have any node inside the stack.


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[Assistant] And that's the condition that we have to check. If the top pointer is pointing to null, it would mean that we do not have any node in the stack. Simple enough.


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[Assistant] So our return type is obviously going to be bool and we will say is empty as the member method name or function name. So when I say method.


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[Assistant] It is function only, member function and member method are the same thing, but when the member


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[Assistant] Function or when the function is inside a class, it is addressed as method. Okay, so do not confuse the two with two different things. It is one and the same thing.


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[Assistant] This is the is empty function, is empty operation. Okay. Let's move forward. Let's create the push operation. Now the push operation takes a node and pushes it onto the stack. So according to the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the stack with the same key value. So let's assume our stack has 3 nodes already in the, in the stack. And node n2 has a key of 2.


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[Assistant] And we want to push node N4, which also has a key of 2.


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[Assistant] So in that case, we cannot allow that to happen because the key is a unique identifier of individual nodes.


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[Assistant] So you cannot have duplicate keys of multiple nodes, okay? So that's why you have to check for that condition.


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[Assistant] And lastly, if both the conditions do not match, what would be the case? It would mean that the top is not null, which means that there are some nodes in the stack.


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[Assistant] And the node that we are pushing, let's say we have N4 which has a key of 4. That key is not matching any of the keys from the node in the stack. So in that case we simply have to push that node onto the stack. So the way we do it is we create a temporary node. We assign top to that temporary node. Then we say top is equal to this new node. Then we say next of this new node point to the temporary node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lastly we say print node. So let's quickly create this push operation. We say void because it is not returning anything. We will say void push and we will say node star n. Now according to the pseudocode obviously it is not exactly the code, right? It is just a representation of the steps.


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[Assistant] But programmatically when you are writing C++ code, we are playing with pointers. So we are going to pass a pointer pointing to that node. Remember the new node.


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[Assistant] That we create is a pointer to the actual node in the heap memory. So this new node is gonna be passed.


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[Assistant] So when you do the push operation, let's see the push operation, which is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Case one, case one is push operation. We take the key and value of the node from the user. So key and data.


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[Assistant] That's what these two variables are at the top in the int domain, key and data. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've created new node over here. We see new node of key equals to this key that is entered by the user.


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[Assistant] Then we say new node of data is the data that the user entered. Also note that this hyphen and arrow


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[Assistant] Using this way, that is node n1 is equal to new node, then you can say n1.key.


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[Assistant] We have to use this hyphen and arrow to access the data members, okay? That's the difference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So once you assign the key and data from which you took from the user to these data members of the new node, you simply push


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This new node onto the stack. As I mentioned, s1.push.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The push function, push member function, it has to be a pointer of type node. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first condition we have to check if top is not null. That's how you check it. If top equal equal to null, then you simply


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Say the top pointer will now be assigned to N. So N is a pointer of node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stack class, you can see top is also a pointer of node, so you can directly assign this using this syntax. So the address stored in n is now also stored in top. So now our top pointer is now pointing to this new node that we are pushing. Okay, so imagine a stack which is empty as of now, that is the top is null. And if it is null, this new node that we are pushing, the address of this new node has to be stored in the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so next condition is where we have to check if that node exists. So first we have to create the checkif node exists, right? So let's see the checkif node exists pseudocode first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm gonna paste the checkifNodeExist function over here and I'll try to explain line by line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so checkifNodeExist is a member function which takes a node n that you're trying to push onto the stack and checks if the key of this new node


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if any of the node is having the same key, then you cannot push this new node onto the stack, right? So what we do, let's assume that our stack has three nodes, n1, n2 and n3. n3 is on the top. The key of n3 is 3. And then we have some value. Key of n2 is 2 and key of n1 is 1. And now you want to push a new node, n4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Otherwise it will return false. So now we use a while loop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We say while temp is not equal to null, so now right now the temp is storing the address of n3, right? So it is not null. So we go inside the while loop. We say if temp of key is equal equal to n of key. So right now the temp is pointing to n3. So n3 of key is 3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And n of key, n of key is this new node that we want to push. As I mentioned, this new node has a key of 2. So, we are checking if the node at the top has the same key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and now again this while loop will execute while temp not equal to null. So obviously temp is still not equal to null because temp is pointing to n2, which means temp has some address of n2 object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the new node n value which we are trying to pass is also having a key of 2. So now it is equal. So now we say exist equals to 2 and we break. So when we break we completely come outside this while loop and then we say return exist which has become true over here because there exist


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A node in the stack N2 which has the key of 2 which is matching this new node N4 that we are trying to pass. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I hope you are understanding, this is how you check if node exists. Now if the node n4 had


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this if block inside this while loop will not have been executed because the temp of key will never match n of key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And hence the exist will always be false, which was set over here at the top. And then when we return exist, we will return false. So this is how the checkif node exist works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we are going to use this checkifexist over here inside our push operation in the second condition. So here we say elseif.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Add this new node n4 onto the stack. So imagine again, we have a stack, we have 3 nodes already, n3, n2 and n1 in this orientation where n3 is at the top. Now we have to add n4 with the key of 4. So how do you do it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first step again, we create a pointer temp of node type and we store the address from the top pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now top pointer is pointing to N3. So N3 address is stored in top which is then copied into the temp pointer. So temp pointer is also pointing to N3.


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[Assistant] Now of course when we want to put a new node into the stack, that becomes the new top of the stack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we say top is equal to this new node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we change the address in the top and make it point to N4. So N4 becomes the top of the stack, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now you can see we also have to make one more linking because it is a singly linked list, right? It is a linked list which is working like a stack. Now n4 still has to point to n3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that link also has to be made, right? All the other


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nodes are linked, so this new n4 also has to link to n3. So that we will say by saying n of next equals to temp. Now remember temp is having the address of n3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because remember a node object has key value that is key and data and also a next pointer. So next pointer points to the next node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So n4's next pointer will point to n3, right? And n3's address is stored in temp. So that address is now linked and now n4 will point to n3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lastly, we can simply say node push successfully. Okay. So this entirely is the push operation. So I hope you've understood the entire push operation now. You've also taken the help of diagrams. Let's move forward. So now let's do the other two operations, which is pop and peak. So the pop operation basically removes the top of the stack. So we'll remove the top node from the stack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In our case, we are not exactly gonna delete the top of the stack. We are gonna just de-link the top of the stack. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I say D-link, the top now will point to the next node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the top of the stack. So imagine if we have four nodes in the stack, n4, n3, n2 and n1 and n4 is the top of the stack.


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[Assistant] I'll explain to you line by line and we'll take the example of a diagram.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this is the pop function, pop operation.


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[Assistant] So what we do is let's imagine a structure of stack having four nodes with a given structure where n4 is the top of the stack. We create a pointer of type node and we name it temp. So remember our pop function will return a node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it will not return exactly a node, it will return the address of the node which is there on the top. Okay, so we are playing with pointers over here. So that's why the return type you can see is node star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which means our function is returning a pointer of type node and not a plain variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is how the syntax goes when you want to return a pointer of a certain type from a function in C++ or C. Okay, alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would be a stack underflow situation and we will return this temp which will have null initially. Okay. So of course you cannot pop out nodes from a stack which don't have any nodes in it. So the first condition is to check if it is empty. If not, if it is not empty, it would mean that we have some elements or we have some nodes in the stack. So now what we do is we say temp is equal to top. So we created this temp pointer of type node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will take the top pointer which is pointing to N4. So address of N4 is stored in the top pointer. We will store that in this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now top will point n3 and then we will simply return temp. So from this function we will return a pointer which is of type node which is pointing to n4. Okay, and where will this pointer go? Let's come down in the int main when the user clicks 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this new node is having the address of a node which is created in the memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we will take the address of n4 which is supposed to be popped and we will store it in this new node. Because new node is also a pointer, right? Of type node.


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[Assistant] So this new node will now start pointing to N4 from the memory. And then of course to access the key.


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[Assistant] And data of this new node, we can use this syntax. So we will say top of stack is


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[Assistant] New node hyphen and angular bracket key, then we will print a comma, then we will say new node hyphen angular bracket data and then closing bracket.


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[Assistant] Over here you can also do delete, so let's see if we can do that. So the way you can delete is simply type delete.


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[Assistant] So then this will destroy that new node from the memory. Okay, so new node is a pointer pointing to the actual object N4 in the heap memory. And remember I said that we have to delete it ourselves manually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And only the difference is that we do not delete the top of the stack. We just return it.


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[Assistant] So the code of peak is much more easier.


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[Assistant] Again, node star which means that we're gonna return a pointer of type node which will be pointing to the top of the stack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Peek function is a standard stack function which returns the top of the stack without removing it or without, you know, popping it out. So we'll again create a temp


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Extra variable, extra pointer, we can simply say return null over here. And this should work.


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[Assistant] From this peak function because top is also a type of node pointer, right? So that's why node star and that would be option number four. So let's see option number four, which is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This option over here we are checking if the stack is empty initially. If not, then we say peak function called. We say s1.peak and whatever the pointer returns the address of n4 is stored in this new node which we create at the top. So that's why this new node pointer


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of type node is very helpful in all these use cases, in all these switch cases basically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this new node will now start pointing to N4 and we can simply print out the key and data of this new node. And as I mentioned, we don't have to delete this time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because in peak we only return the top of the stack without deleting it, without removing it off. Okay, so let's move forward, the next thing is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Count function, which basically counts the number of nodes we have in the stack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So from the pseudo code, it is pretty basic. You can see we will first create a count variable. We will assign zero. Then we will take a temporary node pointer and we will take and store the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So imagine again the stack having 4 nodes, n4, n3, n2, n1 and top pointer having the address of n4 which is top of the stack. We will take this address and store it in temp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will say count plus plus and temp is equal to temp of next. So every time the counts is increased and then temp will store the next node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So initially, temp will have n4, then n3, then n2, then n1. And when we come at the end of the node, that is at n1, when temp will have the address of n1, the count will become 4 and then temp will become temp of next. So n1 of next, that is the pointer inside n1 is pointing to null. So that null will be stored in this temp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then when the condition again will be checked while temp not null, it will become false. Because temp is becoming null. So we are running this while loop till temp is not null. So when the temp becomes null, we have to exit outside this loop. And then we will simply return count which will have count of 4. So pretty basic, the syntax is also gonna be simple. This is the syntax of int count. Count variable created.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Temp pointer till temp is not equal to null, we keep on incrementing the count. And we keep on moving forward in the stack. And then ultimately we return the count. Pretty basic. This is the count function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we have pretty much completed our member functions. Only one last member function left is the printing of all the nodes. So void display is the function left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it is pretty basic again, we say all the values in stack are, so this is the statement that we print.


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[Assistant] We take this temp node, we store the top of the stack address.


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[Assistant] We can also print out the total number of nodes in the stack using this count function that we created over here. If you want, you can create it, you can comment it out if you don't want it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's try to see if our program runs. I'm assuming we might get some error. Let's go to execute compile and run.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we missed out on one semicolon, don't do that silly mistake. Let's do the compile and run. Okay, again one more silly mistake, cout endl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's see if all the operations also work correctly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have been given a menu driven program. We say what operation do you want to perform? Select option number and enter zero to exit. So just displaying when I enter zero, this entire program stops and you complete an exit outside the program. Again, compile and run this time. Let's do some stack operation. Now, initially, obviously, as I mentioned, the stack will be empty, right? So when I say three, that is, is empty, hit enter, you can see I'm getting stack is empty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now if you see again I'm getting the same menu driven program what operation we're going to perform because I entered option number 3 and not 0. If I would have entered 0, the program would have stopped. But since I entered option number 3,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The stack is empty function was called and after that the do while loop again exec, executed itself. So I'm getting again the same options.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you can see I have created extra clear screen option. I forgot to show you the code. This clear screen is basically just used to clear the command prompt and we have one


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Standard function, inbuilt function with say system and cls, they should clear your screen. So if I hit 7 and if I hit enter, you can see the extra screen got cleared out. Alright, so is empty? We just checked. Let's see the count. The count obviously should be zero, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when I hit five and when I hit enter, you can see count function called number of nodes in stack is zero. Because we still have to push some nodes into the stack. So that's why initially it is zero. Again, I'm going to clear the screen. Let's push one node. So when I hit one, it is for push.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now it is asking for key and value of node. So I'm going to hit 1 and 10. So 1 is going to be the key, 10 is going to be the value or data. And when I hit enter, that node is pushed onto the stack, but we did not get a message saying node pushed successfully. And that is because initially the top was null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when the top was null, we simply set top equals to this new node, but we did not print


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Node push successfully. So let's copy this and hit or paste it over here. And you know, again, we'll say execute compile and run. Let's push one node and say one and 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So initially the top is gonna be null and then it will be pointed to this new node. And now you can see node push successfully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now let's see if isEmpty works. Let me just first clear the screen. IsEmpty is option number 3. So you can see stack is not empty now. Let's take the count. Option number 5 is for count.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see count function called and number of nodes in the stack is one because we pushed one node into the stack. Let's clear the screen now. And, uh,


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[Assistant] Let's see display. Display is option number 6. We just pushed one node with key as 1 and data as 10. So you want to see that. So when I hit option number 6 for display.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, which is basically pointing to nothing because we only have one element or one node into the stack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's push one more value. I'll hit enter as 1 for push. Again it is asking for key and value. Let's try to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Duplicate the key, let's say key is 1 and value as 20. We should not be able to push this because the key cannot be same. We already have 1 node with key as 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let me clear the screen and let's see display which is option 6. And there you go, you can see all values in the stack are. The top of the stack this time is 2 and 20. Then we have the next link which is 1 and 10. So the reason why I printed it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One below other is to represent it like a stack. And 1 and 10 is pointing to nothing. Okay? Let's put one more. We will say 3 and 30.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Clear screen, again display, which is option 6. There you go, now 330 is top of the stack, 220 is second, and 1 and 10 is third.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So n3, n2, and n1 you can consider three nodes in the stack. Now let's take a look at pop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pop means the top of the stack should be popped off, which means 3 and 30 we should get. Let's do option number 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so 3,30 should be removed from the stack, right? Let's clear the screen and now let's take a count.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There you go, you can see number of nodes in this tag is 2 and not 3. So clearly entry is removed, right? But to make sure of it, let's display option number 6.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So pop is working perfectly fine. Let's clear screen and let's use peak, which is option four. This should only return the top of the stack and not remove it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I hit enter, peak function called top of the stack is 220. Is it still there in the stack? Let's see, option number 6. There you go, 220 is still there into the stack. Okay, so this is all the stack operations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we stored different nodes in the stack orientation that is last in first out orientation and implemented all the stack operations onto this linked list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this was the entire program. I hope you got the entire working. I've already explained the working in detail in previous tutorial as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I hope now you also understand the program and the practical side of it and you can implement such kind of programs on yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So make sure you check out the link in the video description to get this entire code. This is working and perfectly fine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're using any other programming language, the algorithm, the pseudocode is pretty much gonna be the same. Just the syntax will change. And this is where I'm gonna wrap up and conclude this video. So thanks for watching. See you in the next one. Peace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wake up! It's already 21st century.


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[Assistant] In reality, Connor took the train, and then a shuttle bus, before he finally reached the Harry Potter studios. Remember, you must book ahead on its official website, because you can't buy them on site. Tons of muggles are trying to get into Hogwarts, in case you haven't noticed. Now we are ready to go, take on the Harry Potter world.


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[Assistant] Ron shows us a great way to be polite here. Other than saying excuse me,


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[Assistant] Do you mind is a common way to formally make a request. It simply means does it bother you?


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[Assistant] To make it even more polite, we often change it to the conditional tense. Would you mind?


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[Assistant] Harry shows us the perfect polite response to the request. Not at all.


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[Assistant] Ron forgot to introduce himself before making this request.


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[Assistant] By the way is a polite way to add extra information used in both formal and informal contexts. We actually hear this a couple times used by Ron in this scene.


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[Assistant] In text messaging, this will often be shortened to the acronym BTW, although we would not actually say the acronym in spoken English.


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[Assistant] Harry is famous for having survived the most powerful wizard in the world, Lord Voldemort's, attempt to kill him.


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[Assistant] However, he was left with a scar in the shape of a lightning bolt, which makes him easily recognizable.


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[Assistant] At this point, Ron changes a bit his polite tone to a more friendly, casual one. He uses the slang wicked, which is especially common in the UK.


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[Assistant] It is similar to the American awesome. Both mean that something is really great.


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[Assistant] Dear is an endearing term which is used mostly by women, especially when speaking with children.


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[Assistant] All set means that you have had enough of something. You don't need anymore.


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[Assistant] In the USA, another common colloquial way to say this is, I'm good.


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[Assistant] I'm sure you know that when we collocate the article A with Lot, it means a large quantity of something.


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[Assistant] Well, when instead we add the article the to lot, it means the whole quantity, all of it. Example. If you like dogs so much, you may as well adopt the whole lot.


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[Assistant] At this point, we are introduced to an interesting treat in the Wizarding World.


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[Assistant] You may know of beans as a type of legume that can be red, black, white, etc.


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[Assistant] However, there's also a popular candy with a variety of flavors called jelly beans seen here. However, as Ron points out,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These Bertie Botch jelly beans have literally every flavor, including strange and disgusting ones.


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[Assistant] People also eat different animals' livers, although it is an unpopular option for food among many, especially children. Tripe is another word for sheep's stomach, which is also a dish that some people enjoy. Bogey is a British slang for boogers, which are the hardened pieces of mucus from the nose. In the USA, the equivalent would be boogies.


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[Assistant] A spell is a group of words used as a magical charm or incantation.


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[Assistant] In the wizarding world, they use wands to cast spells, or to cause them to take effect.


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[Assistant] So in this case, some wizard used magic to make the frog appear alive.


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[Assistant] A pack is a small paper or cardboard box and the items inside of it. For example, a pack of cigarettes or a pack of cards.


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[Assistant] Ron says meself instead of myself, which is grammatically incorrect, but common in some British dialects.


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[Assistant] Rotten means that something has decayed. For example, a fruit or eggs that are no longer edible, or one's teeth.


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[Assistant] However, here Ron uses it as a slang, meaning very bad.


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[Assistant] He says they have one good jump in them, which really just means that the magical frogs only live long enough to jump one time.


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[Assistant] However, we can use this construction in other contexts too. For example,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This computer has got about one good year left in it before I have to get rid of it.


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[Assistant] Hang around is a phrasal verb meaning to spend time or wait somewhere. Example.


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[Assistant] In this case, Ron is talking about making his rat look yellow by magic, however in the real world


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[Assistant] You could easily hear this collocation in everyday situations. Example.


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[Assistant] Also, you may hear turn with the preposition to or into with the same meaning. Example. Here they turn milk into butter.


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[Assistant] Different from frogs, toads don't live as much in the water or in wet environments.


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[Assistant] In fantasy stories such as Harry Potter, doing magic refers to performing an action of magical nature, like casting a spell.


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[Assistant] Remember we say wizards do magic, not make magic.


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[Assistant] Here, Ron is trying to cast a spell with his wand by saying the words,


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[Assistant] As in many other cases seen in fantasy stories, this particular spell sounds like a short rhyme. That is, a short poem with words that sound similar.


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[Assistant] Mellow is an adjective for something that is pleasantly smooth or soft. Although usually we would say mellow butter


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[Assistant] For the poetic purposes of the spell, they are switched to create a rhyme between mellow and yellow.


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[Assistant] Although this is not a common expression, holy cricket is an exclamation of surprise or excitement, similar to the more common holy cow.


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[Assistant] Hermione responded to Ron by saying just the word pleasure, which is a polite collocation used in a conversation.


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[Assistant] This is a shorter way of saying the full sentence, it's a pleasure to meet you.


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[Assistant] Hermione is likely saying it with a bit of sarcasm, as we can see the clear look of disgust on her face when she sees Ron speak with his mouth full.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you change into a piece of clothing, you are taking off what you are currently wearing and putting on that particular piece of clothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She means that she believes they will be getting to their destination in a short time.


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[Assistant] Using expect in this way sounds more polite and formal than saying think or believe.


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[Assistant] Dirt is any substance that makes a surface not clean. So, for example, if there's dirt on something, there's dust, mud, or stain on it.


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[Assistant] So based on the popularity of our first lesson with Harry Potter and so many of you asking us for another one, we thought we would bring you a new lesson with a famous scene from this delightful movie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we explained in the other lesson we made on Harry Potter, a spell is a group of words used as a magical charm or incantation. In the wizarding world, they use wands to cast spells, that is, to cause them to take effect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's watch the first part of the scene where Professor Flitwick explains the spell.


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[Assistant] This word is typically associated with supposed magical or superpowers. So when Superman or a Dragon Ball Z character flies, we could also say they are levitating. The verb to levitate can refer to causing something to levitate or levitating yourself. Example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, the adjective rudimentary means the same as basic. So if something such as a skill is considered rudimentary, it relates to the beginning or initial phase of learning.


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[Assistant] In the wizarding world, to cast a spell with your wand also requires you to make a specific movement of the wrist while holding the wand.


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[Assistant] If something swishes or you swish it, it moves through the air, making a soft sound.


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[Assistant] This refers to the first part of the movement, which is about making a long, soft swishing movement with the wand. The second part is about flicking the wand.


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[Assistant] If something flicks or you flick it, it moves and hits something or simply stops with a short, sudden movement.


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[Assistant] If you flick someone or something, it could be painful, as we see when Monica and Rachel fight here.


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[Assistant] You probably noticed this sounds very different from the R sounds heard in the American accent, and even different from the more common standard British accent. Let's hear it again.


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[Assistant] Interestingly enough, it sounds very similar to the rolling R found in Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian languages.


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[Assistant] What do you think of all the different accents that can be heard in the Harry Potter movies? Do you find any particular character who you think is harder to understand? Join the discussion in the comments below!


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[Assistant] Off you go is a British English idiomatic expression with two slightly different applications. In this case, it was used as to tell somebody that they can now start doing something, such as a presentation or an activity in class, as seen in the scene.


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[Assistant] Even though Hermione is probably jokingly exaggerating here,


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[Assistant] I don't want you kids playing with fireworks. You could lose a finger or take somebody's eye out.


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[Assistant] Besides means the same as also or in addition. It is used to add new information, like an argument, to what has already been said.


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[Assistant] By the way, be careful not to confuse it with the word beside, which is a preposition that is used to indicate being by the side of or next to something.


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[Assistant] To be clever is to have the ability to quickly understand, elaborate or apply ideas. More simply put to be clever is to be intelligent.


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[Assistant] Ron is saying to Hermione that if she thinks she is so smart, telling him that he is doing it all wrong, she should try doing the spell herself.


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[Assistant] as an informal idiomatic expression, go on is used to encourage somebody to say or do something.


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[Assistant] Although Wingardium Leviosa are made up words, we can still analyze this humorous explanation that Hermione gave Ron from a phonetic point of view and learn a lot from it.


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[Assistant] She explained that when saying Wingardium Leviosa, you should not pronounce Leviosa with an open AH sound at the end, but rather with a schwa sound.


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[Assistant] So instead of saying leviosa, you should say leviosa.


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[Assistant] This is really useful to practice because the schwa sound is the most common sound in English.


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[Assistant] So, in order to have clear, correct pronunciation, it is important that you master it. So, let's practice it with Hermione.


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[Assistant] Splendid means excellent, fantastic, or very impressive. Example.


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[Assistant] It can be used by itself, just as Flitwick did, to express great admiration for something or somebody.


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[Assistant] So, here we meet the Herbology professor at Hogwarts, Professor Pomona Sprout.


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[Assistant] Sprout is her surname, but it is also a word in English. In the context of plants, to sprout is to begin to develop leaves and other parts, as we can see here happening with this plant.


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[Assistant] In the real world, professor is a title normally given to a teacher at a university or college because they have more studies than a normal teacher.


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[Assistant] However, in the world of Harry Potter, the teachers at Hogwarts are called professors, even though they teach young children.


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[Assistant] By the way, the children tell her good morning, but did you notice that her greeting before was simply morning? Morning everyone!


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[Assistant] It's extremely common for natives to drop the word good in these common greetings. So instead of good morning, good afternoon, good evening, good night, we will simply say morning, afternoon, evening, night. Example. Evening. Do you know what you would like to drink? Check out these other examples.


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[Assistant] And as you probably know, she refers to the students as second years, as they are in their second year of studies at Hogwarts.


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[Assistant] to gather is to bring together things or people at one location example we gathered a lot of apples from the trees all the people gathered to watch the show


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[Assistant] So Professor Sprout is asking the students to gather around her so she can start the class. Also, to gather around is a common phrasal verb, and it can normally be heard as a command by itself. Example. Gather around, the show is about to start.


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[Assistant] The root of a plant is the part that grows down into the earth to get water and nutrients and holds the plant firmly into the ground.


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[Assistant] The professor is asking about the properties, that is, the characteristics or attributes of a mandrake. And this is what a real mandrake root looks like.


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[Assistant] Now, in the Wizarding World, the Mandrake Root is magical, and it looks alive and moves just like a human baby.


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[Assistant] In this class, the students are going to repot mandrakes. To pot is a specific verb used in gardening.


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[Assistant] which means to put a plant or seed into a pot with soil


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[Assistant] So to repot just means to move a plant that has already been potted into a new pot.


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[Assistant] This is normally done in order to give plants more space to grow as they change in sizes.


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[Assistant] In fantasy stories if somebody or something is petrified, they or it is turned into stone.


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[Assistant] In the real world, this word also means to be extremely frightened or so terrified that you are unable to move.


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[Assistant] For example, a stunning spell is not fatal as it just leaves the target unconscious, that is, not awake.


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[Assistant] On the other hand, Avada Kedavra is a fatal spell, as it is used for killing the target.


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[Assistant] For example, the stunning spell Stupify can be used to knock out opponents. Or in a boxing match, you lose if you get knocked out. This is also abbreviated to a KO.


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[Assistant] In the scene, she is saying that these Mandrakes are still very young, so hearing their cry will not kill you, but it will leave you unconscious.


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[Assistant] As you can already see the students wearing them, earmuffs are a pair of ear coverings such as these, which protect your ears against loud noises or cold temperatures.


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[Assistant] Auditory is an adjective more used in medical contexts that defines anything involving hearing like an auditory disease or auditory equipment. So could you please put them on right away?


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[Assistant] When talking about clothing or items that you can wear, to put something on simply means to start wearing something.


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[Assistant] So if you tighten something down, you are making it more tight. Flaps tight down and watch me closely.


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[Assistant] To watch closely is to pay attention to a situation that interests or worries you as to see how it develops. Example.


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[Assistant] The presentation will only be explained once, so watch it closely.


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[Assistant] Another useful and practical definition of this word means to understand something.


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[Assistant] I didn't really grasp all the parts of the professor's lecture. Can you help me to understand it?


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[Assistant] To pull something out is to take something out of the interior of something, like to pull your notebook out of your backpack or to pull your wallet out of your pocket.


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[Assistant] One of the possible meanings of the verb to get is to understand, much like the verb grasp that we saw before.


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[Assistant] For example, you might dunk cookies in milk or coffee.


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[Assistant] To pour something is normally used to refer to making a substance flow out of a container and into another container. For example, I spilled some milk while pouring it into the bowl.


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[Assistant] In the case of this scene she means that she's taking the soil from one pot and adding it to another.


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[Assistant] A sprinkling is a small amount of drops or particles of a substance. For example, sprinklings of water or sand.


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[Assistant] This comes from the verb to sprinkle, which means to drop small amounts of something onto or into something else. So we could also say that Professor Sprout is sprinkling soil into the pot.


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[Assistant] If you are responsible for something and you neglect it, that means you do not give it the necessary attention or care.


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[Assistant] In this case, the professor thinks Neville did not take care to wear his earmuffs properly and because of that, he became unconscious.


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[Assistant] To faint is to suddenly become unconscious for a short time, usually falling down. Example, she faints every time she sees blood.


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[Assistant] For example, if you go to a party and there's plenty of food, that means there's lots of food and that it should be enough to feed everyone there.


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[Assistant] So, later at the end of the movie, Harry and his friends learn that Sirius was not guilty. That is, he did not actually commit those crimes.


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[Assistant] So Hermione is telling Dumbledore that Sirius, who everyone's been looking for, is actually innocent. She says that they've got the wrong man.


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[Assistant] This is a common phrase used in these situations, when the police or any authority has caught the wrong person who is not responsible for the crime that was committed.


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[Assistant] Miss is a title used before the family name of a single woman, while Mrs. is used to address a married woman.


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[Assistant] In the case of the verb believe, this is how you should pronounce it.


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[Assistant] This happens very often to these combinations of verb plus personal pronouns, such as us, you, or it. Listen to these other examples.


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[Assistant] So if something, such as an opinion or message, is said to be honest, that means it does not try to hide the truth or the facts about something.


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[Assistant] If something is considered meaningless, it has no real value, purpose or significance.


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[Assistant] Dumbledore is saying that although children are honest and speak the truth, they are considered irrelevant and ignored by people who have forgotten how to listen.


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[Assistant] To meddle is to interfere, to try to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility, especially without being welcome to do so. Example. I don't want my parents meddling in my marriage.


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[Assistant] So here, Dumbledore speaks in a poetic way about the notion of time, saying that it is a mysterious thing, and also powerful but dangerous when people interfere with it.


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[Assistant] In the wizarding world, a time turner is a magical device used for time travel that resembles an hourglass on a necklace.


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[Assistant] He's referring to the rules established for the use of the Time Turner, and also the natural laws of time existing in the universe of Harry Potter.


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[Assistant] This is a rather formal collocation. Example. You would do well to hire a lawyer now in case this becomes a lawsuit.


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[Assistant] The detective is investigating the crime while trying to retrace the victim's steps. Wise in this case means prudent.


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[Assistant] This is an interesting example of two informal collocations being used in the same sentence.


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[Assistant] However, he used the informal expressions the hell and bloody together to add a sense of shock and surprise to his question. Example. What the hell are you doing? You can't come in here.


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[Assistant] In British English, the adjective bloody, when used as slang like done here, adds intensity and emotion to a sentence, emphasizing what you are saying in a slightly rude way. Example.


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[Assistant] A wand is the object a wizard or witch uses for doing magic. If you wave an object, you move it from side to side while holding it in your hand.


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[Assistant] In the scene, Snape transforms the phrase to wave a wand into a noun. Wand waving.


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[Assistant] Or if you can make potions well, you are good at potion making.


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[Assistant] Can you think up another example, making a verb into a noun like Snape did here? Practice it by writing it down in the comments.


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[Assistant] To appreciate is to understand or recognize the full value of something or somebody.


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[Assistant] And it can also be used as a way to thank somebody, meaning that you understand and see how good something or somebody was to you.


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[Assistant] In other words, Snape means that potion making is an activity that requires attention to detail and intelligence, and he is saying he doesn't expect many students to understand the value of this subject.


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[Assistant] For example, if you're a student at Hogwarts, you are not allowed to walk around the castle at night.


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[Assistant] For example, if you possess a car, you probably have to pay taxes for it. However, we also use this for intangible qualities, like in this example from Chamber of Secrets.


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[Assistant] If you have a predisposition to something, you can learn this skill more easily. It is natural for you.


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[Assistant] For example, if you have a predisposition to cooking, it means you could easily be a chef.


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[Assistant] To bewitch something or somebody is to cast a spell or use magic to control them or it.


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[Assistant] More figuratively, if someone or something bewitches you, you're so attracted to them that you cannot think about anything else.


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[Assistant] To ensnare is to catch or capture somebody or something, like in this picture.


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[Assistant] So, to bottle fame and brew glory is the figurative way to say that you are bottling and brewing potions. That is, making potions. They can help somebody attain fame and glory by drinking them.


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[Assistant] To put a stopper on something is to cause something to stop, to make it stop. Example. Batman is going to put a stopper on crime in the city.


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[Assistant] Snape is saying that he can also teach his students how to use potions to stop somebody from dying.


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[Assistant] This is also a bit of a play on words because in order to close a bottle, you might use a stopper, which looks like this.


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[Assistant] Then again is an expression used before saying something that is different from or the opposite of what you have just said, similar to on the other hand. For example,


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[Assistant] If you call something or somebody formidable, you mean that they are great or respectful in some way. This is a formal adjective and is not very common to hear in daily conversations between native speakers.


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[Assistant] Then he says with sarcasm that, on the other hand, some students might already be so great that they feel confident enough to not pay attention to the class. He's obviously talking about Harry, who appears to be writing as Snape talks instead of looking at him.


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[Assistant] Even though we see he is paying close attention by taking notes.


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[Assistant] In English, we often link the sounds of different words that come together, as you can hear here with the words then again.


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[Assistant] In this case, the letter N and then connects with the letter A and again, creating one long continuous sound. Here are more examples in this scene.


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[Assistant] Check out these other examples from the TV series Friends.


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[Assistant] Many of the following definitions are of different plants and objects that even native speakers wouldn't recognize the names of. However, we will still define them for you.


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[Assistant] Asphodel is a plant like this one, and root refers to the part of a plant that grows down into the earth to get water and nutrients, and holds the plant firmly into the ground.


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[Assistant] Infusion is just another way to call a drink made by leaving tea leaves or herbs in hot water. Wormwood is another plant like this one.


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[Assistant] Hey Wizarding World fan, did you know that there is actually an interesting fan theory about this line from Snape, which is the first thing he says to Harry?


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[Assistant] By combining the two, it creates a secret message that would be something like, What do you think? Are there any other fan theories about Snape that you love? Let's talk about it in the comments.


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[Assistant] A Bezor is a stone or hard mass that forms in the stomach and intestines of animals, which in the past was thought to be an antidote to poisons. In the world of Harry Potter, wizards actually use it as an ingredient for making potions.


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[Assistant] Or, as in the case of this scene, a student might call their male teacher sir. Many learners overuse this word.


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[Assistant] Then you mean that you feel disappointment or regret about it. Example. It's a pity to waste all this food. Did you hear the cancel the concert? Pity, I really want to see that band live.


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[Assistant] Clearly is another way to say obviously or without question. Example.


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[Assistant] What's going on? Happy holidays! In today's lesson with Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, you are going to learn with a scene in which Ron, Harry, and Hermione attend a Christmas ball. That is a large formal party in which people dance, and that in the movies is known as the Yule Ball.


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[Assistant] Now, yule is an old word for Christmas, which is used still in Northern Europe and North America in some specific context around the holidays. So this is a really great opportunity for you to learn all about British culture and some differences between British and American pronunciation.


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[Assistant] And if you're new here, every single week we make fun lessons like this one so that you can understand fast speaking natives without getting lost, without missing the jokes, and without subtitles. Just like this learner who says that they are amazed at how fast that their comprehension has improved by watching our lessons over the last year.


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[Assistant] In British English, the adjective bloody, when used as slang, like done here, adds intensity and emotion to a sentence, emphasizing what you are saying in a slightly rude way.


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[Assistant] So a common collocation with the word bloody is the slang expression bloody hell.


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[Assistant] Said to express anger, frustration, or surprise.


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[Assistant] A robe is a long, loose piece of clothing normally worn on very formal occasions, such as when graduating from college or when judges are working in court.


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[Assistant] In the wizarding world, it's common for wizards and witches to wear robes, as all Hogwarts students do.


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[Assistant] A dress robe is an old term used to refer to a type of robe worn for parties and social events, similar to the kind of clothes worn for gala events nowadays.


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[Assistant] So, Ron says Harry's dress robes are alright.


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[Assistant] When used to refer to the level of quality of something, alright means acceptable, good enough.


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[Assistant] Ron is frustrated because his mother sent him very old, out of fashion dress robes to wear for the Yule Ball.


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[Assistant] Lace is a decorative cloth made of delicate patterns with holes in them. Collar is the part around the neck of a piece of clothing. If you describe someone or something as dodgy,


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[Assistant] You disapprove of them because they seem rather dishonest and unreliable. Example. The drive over those mountains can be quite dodgy.


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[Assistant] Ron meant he thinks the collar is of bad quality or simply too old-fashioned.


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[Assistant] This is not a common application for this expression.


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[Assistant] Ancient means very old, in a sense of being older than old.


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[Assistant] For example, ancient history normally refers to the time before the middle ages.


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[Assistant] You probably know a person's aunt is a sister of their mother or father.


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[Assistant] So a great aunt is a sister of their grandmother or grandfather.


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[Assistant] Murder me or kill me is a figure of expression said when you're so sad or discouraged by something you have to do that you would rather die than do it. This is a figure of speech not meant to be taken literally.


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[Assistant] The expression, leave it alone, means to not interact or interfere with something.


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[Assistant] Harry is asking Ron to stop being worried about his clothes.


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[Assistant] We can also collocate this expression with people. For example, leave me alone, or leave her alone. Meaning a request to stop bothering somebody.


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[Assistant] Here, we can hear a word that is commonly mispronounced by learners, the function word of


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[Assistant] Many learners will actually make the mistake of pronouncing the sound of the letter F, as you should do in the word off.


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[Assistant] In reality, what should be said in of is the sound of the letter V. Of, off, of course.


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[Assistant] Now, one of the many differences in pronunciation between American and British English accents, as you probably know, is the R sound.


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[Assistant] When referring to how the R sound is pronounced, accents of English are divided into those that are rhotic, meaning they pronounce R in all circumstances, and those that are non-rhotic, which only pronounce it before a vowel.


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[Assistant] So they don't pronounce it before a consonant or at the end of a word.


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[Assistant] Non-rhotic accents can still pronounce it at the end of a word if the word is immediately followed by another word beginning with a vowel. So car may be pronounced ca, but car and bus is pronounced car and bus, similar to how Americans would normally say it.


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[Assistant] Okay, do you want to improve your American English pronunciation and comprehension? Well then I highly recommend our Fluent with Friends course, where every week for 48 weeks, you will receive a fun lesson that follows along with the first two seasons of the TV series Friends.


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[Assistant] Plus you get 20 plus page PDF power lessons, vocabulary memorization software, access to our Fluency Circle global community, and so much more.


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[Assistant] Plus, you can try it for free right now with our three-part masterclass. What are you waiting for? Just look up here or down in the description below and you can sign up for that right now.


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[Assistant] Here, you can see a more informal use of the adjective poor, which normally describes a person who has little money and few possessions.


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[Assistant] Ron believes her money is not going to the ball because she had no partner to go with.


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[Assistant] So calling Hermione a poor kid means he feels sympathy for her. He's expressing his sadness about the fact she's not going to the ball.


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[Assistant] The expression I bet means the same as I believe or I expect.


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[Assistant] What would be another informal way to say I bet in this sentence?


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[Assistant] If somebody is crying their eyes out, they are crying a lot.


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[Assistant] To take the mickey out of somebody is an old and very uncommon British English expression meaning to mock somebody.


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[Assistant] It has a few different applications with positive and negative connotations.


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[Assistant] If you say you are proud of somebody else, you feel good about being responsible for supporting somebody else when they are successful.


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[Assistant] It can also mean you have or show respect for yourself, recognizing that you are responsible for your own achievement.


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[Assistant] In the case of what Ron said, he put it as a negative idea, meaning that she was being arrogant and overly respectful of herself. He's referring to a previous conversation they had in the movie.


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[Assistant] Here, Padma used an informal expression to make an observation about Ron's looks.


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[Assistant] When we say, for example, don't you look nice, we are simply making a comment expressing a positive surprise in how the other person does look nice. If a man is said to look dashing,


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[Assistant] That means he looks stylish and attractive in an adventurous and exciting way. Obviously, Padme said this insincerely in order to be polite, as Ron is definitely not looking good and in style.


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[Assistant] Would you care to do something is a formal expression used to ask someone politely whether they want to do something. So?


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[Assistant] What's got your wand in a knot is an idiomatic expression from the Wizarding World which expresses a person's curiosity as to why the other is in a bad mood.


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[Assistant] But it may be a creative alternative to real expressions like what's got your panties or knickers in a bunch. Example. Don't get your knickers in a bunch, I will help you in just a few minutes. What other real expression could we use in this case?


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[Assistant] Both alternatives B and C are correct, and are said by natives to express the same idea.


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[Assistant] Hey, are you a muggle who loves the Wizarding World? Well then I highly recommend you check out this playlist where you can learn with all the movies and the characters from Harry Potter and greatly improve your English like magic. Check that out up here or down in the description below after you finish this lesson.


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[Assistant] To fraternize with somebody is to become friends with somebody.


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[Assistant] Especially if that person is from an opposing side or team, or has a different social position.


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[Assistant] For example, in this scene from Friends, that happens at Ross's workplace, the Museum of Natural History. We say that the scientists don't fraternize with the tour guys.


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[Assistant] If you've watched Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, you should know Crumb is a student from another school who is also competing in the Triwizard Tournament.


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[Assistant] So here, Hermione makes a sarcastic comment, asking Ron, who wasn't wanting his autograph, as early in the movie, Ron was actually a fan of Crumb, who is a famous professional Quidditch player.


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[Assistant] If somebody explains and talks about the whole point of something, they are emphasizing the purpose for doing something, especially when they believe such purpose is not being understood or has been forgotten by other people. Example.


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[Assistant] I don't like the LEGO video games. I think the whole point of a toy like LEGO is using your hands to build things, not a mouse and a computer screen.


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[Assistant] Ron means Victor has second intentions in his relationship with Hermione, that he wants to be more than friends with her, and perhaps become her boyfriend. It's using you.


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[Assistant] How dare you is an informal expression said when you are very shocked or angry about something that someone has said or done.


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[Assistant] So Hermione is angry with Ron because he is insulting Crumb and Hermione by saying that he is using her, meaning that he is taking advantage of her. He's using you.


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[Assistant] In this phrase, way adds extra emphasis to too old. It makes the meaning stronger.


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[Assistant] To pluck up your courage is an idiomatic phrase meaning to force yourself to be brave enough to do something, although you are frightened or worried about it.


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[Assistant] The term last resort refers to the only choice that remains for somebody after all other alternatives or solutions have been tried.


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[Assistant] If we refer to an argument or comment as off the point, that means it is not important or not related to the purpose of the discussion. Alright.


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[Assistant] Nevermind is an expression used for telling someone that they don't need to do something or worry about it anymore because it is not important or because you will do it yourself.


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[Assistant] If you are off to bed, you are going to go to sleep. It can also be used as a command as Hermione did here.


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[Assistant] In this sense, to spoil something is to destroy or damage something, especially when making it not able to be used anymore.


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[Assistant] For example, spoiled eggs would be eggs that are rotten and inedible.


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[Assistant] Hermione is referring to how Ron spoiled the moment, as she is now feeling sad and unable to enjoy the party.


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[Assistant] So after hearing this exchange between Ron and Hermione, Harry gets confused and asks Ron, what's this about?


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[Assistant] That is another way of asking what is the reason for this, or what's up with this.


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[Assistant] Ah yeah, today you will learn English with Harry Potter and the magical sport of the Wizarding World,


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[Assistant] And if you're new here, every single week we make fun lessons just like this one so that you can learn to understand fast speaking natives without getting lost, without missing the jokes, and without subtitles.


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[Assistant] Krishna says that he feels like he's finally learned the English that natives really speak. And you will too. All you have to do is hit that subscribe button and the bell down below so you don't miss any of our new lessons.


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[Assistant] So quidditch is a sport full of specific terms and names. Some of the words are completely made up.


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[Assistant] Other words actually mean something and can be interpreted without much of an explanation.


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[Assistant] So he explains that players called the Chasers handle the ball named the Quaffle and try to score points by putting it through the hoops.


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[Assistant] A hoop is a large ring of wood, metal, or similar material, like a basketball hoop, or the piece that holds a barrel together.


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[Assistant] To handle something in this case is to hold and control something with the hands. Check out this example.


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[Assistant] So Wood tells Harry that he plays the keeper position.


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[Assistant] The keeper, much like the goalkeeper or goalie in some real sports such as soccer and hockey, is the player responsible for defending the goal area and stopping the other team from scoring.


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[Assistant] You better is an idiom meaning should or need to, especially when advising someone to do something.


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[Assistant] So, you better take this literally means something like, it would be better if you took this.


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[Assistant] It is actually a colloquial way to say, you had better, after contracting the word had.