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[Assistant] This adaptation helps smaller vultures supplement their diet with dung, while larger vultures can consume diseased meat up to three days old. Their acidic stomachs protect them from living animals, too. Their rancid vomit scares off most predators.


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[Assistant] These stomachs of steel are essential to removing pathogens like cholera, anthrax, and rabies from the African ecosystem. But while vultures can easily digest natural waste, man-made chemicals are another story.


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[Assistant] Diclofenac, a common veterinary drug used to treat cattle in India, is fatal to vultures. And because local religious beliefs prohibit eating beef, scavengers often consume cattle carcasses.


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[Assistant] Since the 1990s, the drug, along with threats from electricity pylons and habitat loss, has contributed to a 95% decline in the region's vulture population.


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[Assistant] In nearby Africa, poachers intentionally poison carcasses to prevent the bird's presence from alerting authorities to their location. One poisoned carcass can kill over 500 vultures.


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[Assistant] Today, more than 50% of all vulture species are in danger. In regions where vultures have gone extinct, corpses take three times longer to decay.


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[Assistant] These carcasses contaminate drinking water, while feral dogs and rats carry the diseases into human communities. The Asian and African vulture crisis has led to an epidemic of rabies in India, where infections kill roughly 20,000 people each year.


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[Assistant] Conservationists have successfully banned drugs like diclofenac, while other researchers are working to repopulate vulture communities through breeding programs. Some regions have even opened vulture restaurants, where farmers safely dispose of drug-free livestock.


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[Assistant] With help, vultures will be able to continue their role conserving the health of our planet, transforming death and decay into life.


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[Assistant] Hey folks, Phil Plait here. In the last episode of Crash Course Astronomy, I talked about the eventual fate of the Sun and other low-mass stars like it. After a series of expansions and contractions, they blow off their outer layers, become white dwarfs, and fade away over billions of years.


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[Assistant] The end. Except not so much. First, white dwarfs are pretty awesome objects and worth investigating. And second, when a star becomes a white dwarf, it produces what is, quite simply, one of the most gorgeous objects in space.


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[Assistant] To recap, when the Sun ages, it undergoes a series of changes in its core. It's fusing hydrogen into helium now, today, and will eventually fuse helium into carbon, and it'll make a dash of oxygen and neon too. But when it runs out of helium to fuse, it's in trouble. It doesn't have enough mass to squeeze the carbon nuclei together.


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[Assistant] Once the core is nearly pure carbon, that power is switched off. By this time, nearly 8 billion years from now, the Sun's outer layers are gone, expelled by all the shenanigans going on in the core. What's left of our star is just its core, exposed to the dark of space. Over the next few billion years, it'll cool and fade to black.


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[Assistant] That might seem like the end of the story, but I skipped a step, and it's a beauty. When helium fusion stops, the Sun's core will have about half the mass of what the Sun does today.


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[Assistant] The rest will have blown away into space around it. What remains is basically composed of electrons and carbon nuclei, mixed with a small amount of a few other elements. So what kind of an object are we left with here? You may know that light charges repel. Electrons have a negative charge and repel each other.


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[Assistant] The tighter you squeeze them, the stronger that pressure. There's also a second force, called electron degeneracy pressure. It's a result of some of the weird rules of quantum mechanics. For you QM nerds, it's the Pauli exclusion principle. This describes how subatomic particles behave on teeny scales. One of these rules is that electrons really hate to be squeezed together.


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[Assistant] Above and beyond simple electric repulsion, this resistance is phenomenally strong, and becomes the dominant force in supporting the core of a star once helium fusion stops. By the time this electron degeneracy pressure balances the core's immense gravity, the core is only about the size of Earth.


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[Assistant] One percent the original width of the Sun. And it's called a white dwarf. Listing its characteristics is enough to melt your brain.


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[Assistant] Ironically, everything about it gets amplified as its size shrinks. It becomes ridiculously dense. A single cubic centimeter of it, the size of a six-sided die, has a mass of a million grams, one metric ton.


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[Assistant] An ice scream scoop of white dwarf material outweighs 60 cars. Because it's so dense, the gravity at the surface of a white dwarf screams up, easily topping 100,000 times the Earth's gravity.


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[Assistant] Stand there, I mean. You'd be flattened into a greasy smear. But not for long. Newborn white dwarfs are hot. They can glow at temperatures of upwards of 100,000 degrees Celsius. If you were on the surface, you'd be a vaporized and ionized smear. Their intense heat makes them white, and they're small.


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[Assistant] Hence their name. They're so hot, they also glow in the ultraviolet, even in X-rays. Weirdly, though, because they're so small, they're actually quite faint. The closest one to us, Sirius B.


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[Assistant] It can only be seen with a telescope, even though it's 9 light-years away, one of the 10 closest known stars. Over 10,000 white dwarfs have now been found in our galaxy. Still, any gas near a newly formed white dwarf is likely to be affected by the intense radiation pouring out of it. And hey, wait a sec.


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[Assistant] You don't suppose? Yep. By the time that white dwarf forms, the gas blown off hasn't gotten very far from it. At most, a light year or two.


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[Assistant] What does something like that look like? Why, it looks like this! This object is what we call a planetary nebula. It's a funny name, and like so many other names, it's left over from when these objects were first discovered. The astronomer William Herschel, the same man who discovered infrared light and the planet Uranus,


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[Assistant] gave them that name, because they appeared like small green disks through the eyepiece. The first planetary nebula was discovered in 1764 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who spent years scanning the skies looking for comets.


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[Assistant] He kept seeing faint fuzzy objects that he mistook for comets, so he decided to make a catalog of them, a sort of avoid-these-objects list. That list is now a staple of amateur astronomers, because ironically it contains some of the best and brightest objects to observe. Among them is M27, the 27th object on Messier's list.


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[Assistant] One of the biggest planetary nebulae in the sky. And one of my favorites. I love seeing it through my telescope when it's up high in the summer. Planetary nebulae can be a bit tough to observe. Most are small and faint. On film, even with long exposures, they can appear to be little more than discs.


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[Assistant] For a long time, they weren't thought to be terribly complicated. When a star becomes a red giant and blows off its outer layers, it's rotating very slowly, so the wind should blow away in a sphere surrounding the star. Many planetaries, as we call them for short,


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[Assistant] Some have delicate tendrils streaming away from them. In fact, only a handful of the hundreds known are actually circular. Clearly, there's more to planetaries than meets the eye. If the wind from a star blows off in a sphere, how can planetaries come in all these fantastic shapes? It turns out the real situation is more complicated.


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[Assistant] As usual. When a star is a red giant, it spins slowly and blows off a dense but slow solar wind. If there's nothing else happening to the star,


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[Assistant] Then that wind will blow outward in all directions, spherically. However, as those outer layers of the star peel away, they expose the deeper, hotter part of the star. The star starts to blow a much faster, though far less dense wind.


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[Assistant] It's easier for the wind to expand in those directions, and it forms huge lobes of material stretching for trillions of kilometers. That's a very common shape for planetary nebulae. But to explain many of the shapes we see, the two stars would have to orbit improbably close.


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[Assistant] Most binaries aren't that tight, so what can cause these shapes? When I was in graduate school, my master's degree advisor, Noam Soker, came up with a nutty idea. Maybe the stars had planets like in our solar system.


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[Assistant] If the star expanded into a red giant and swallowed them, it would take millions of years or more for the planets to vaporize. And for all that time, they'd be orbiting inside the star, moving faster than the star itself.


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[Assistant] Like using a whisk to beat eggs, the planets inside the star would spin it up, causing it to rotate faster.


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[Assistant] Fast enough to explain the shapes of planetaries. That was in the early 1990s. A few years later, the first exoplanets were found.


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[Assistant] And we saw that massive planets orbiting very close to their stars were common. I suspect this is why we see so many weird and fantastic shapes in planetaries. Their progenitor stars swallowed their planets. So planetary nebulae really may owe their existence to planets. And we come


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[Assistant] However, a lot of the gas is oxygen. There's not nearly as much oxygen as hydrogen. But kilo for kilo, oxygen glows more brightly than hydrogen due to the atomic physics involved. This oxygen glows green, giving planetaries their characteristic hue. Funny.


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[Assistant] When this green glow was first analyzed spectroscopically, astronomers couldn't identify the responsible element making it. They dubbed it nebulium.


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[Assistant] Other colors can be found, too. Nitrogen and sulfur glow red, and oxygen can emit blue as well, all adding to the beauty of these celestial baubles. But these aren't just pretty pictures. The structure, color, and shape of a planetary nebula


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[Assistant] Mind you, the gas in a planetary nebula is still expanding, cruising outward from its initial momentum of being thrown off the star. Eventually, the gas expands so much it thins out and stops glowing. That takes a few thousand years, so when you see a planetary nebula, you're seeing a very short snapshot of the life, the death,


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[Assistant] And that's why we don't see many. Though there are billions of stars in the galaxy that die this way, this phase is very brief.


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[Assistant] Enjoy looking at them while you can. And what of the Sun? Will it one day in the distant future be at the center of a planetary nebula it expels as it dies? Ehh, probably not. When the Sun becomes a white dwarf, it most likely won't be energetic enough to make the surrounding gas glow.


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[Assistant] Alien astronomers, if they're out there in 8 billion years, may not even notice. But more massive stars do make quite the spectacle. And if they're really massive, more than about 8 times the Sun's mass, they really and truly make a scene when they die. They explode. But that's for next week.


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[Assistant] Today you learned that when low mass stars die, they form white dwarfs, incredibly hot and dense objects roughly the size of Earth.


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[Assistant] They can also form planetary nebulae, huge, intricately detailed objects created when the wind blown from the dying stars is lit up by the central white dwarf.


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[Assistant] They only last a few millennia. The Sun probably won't form one, but higher mass stars do. Crash Course Astronomy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Why don't you head on over there and check out their YouTube channel? They have lots of great videos there.


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[Assistant] This episode was written by me, Phil Plait. The script was edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant is Dr. Michelle Thaller. It was directed by Nicholas Jenkins, edited by Nicole Sweeney, the sound designer is Michael Aranda, and the graphics team is Thought Cafe.


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[Assistant] Picking up from the import and prep video, we are now going to trace over this newly imported and scaled floor plan image.


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[Assistant] If we begin tracing over it, we'll quickly see that we can no longer see the reference image below.


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[Assistant] But we can also see through any geometry that we draw on top of it. So using the dimensions referenced below


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[Assistant] We're going to use the line tool to follow the plan, working our way around each corner.


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[Assistant] Be sure to keep aligned with the axis when appropriate.


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[Assistant] Which it is for all of these lines because there are no angled walls or curves.


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[Assistant] We're going to work our way around until we reach the beginning and a shape is created. So I'm going to get my line tool, alpha line, and I'll zoom in on one corner and click and release to start. Now I'm going to reference these dimensions here. So I'm going to type 23 feet, enter. And I'll move my way around the plan, align with the green axis and type 22 feet, enter.


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[Assistant] Now from here on out, I don't really need to type 23 feet and 22 feet again. I've already done that work below. Instead, I'm going to create an inference point.


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[Assistant] And I can do that by just hovering over this endpoint. I'm not clicking and releasing. I'm just hovering.


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[Assistant] And it creates a snap to point so that I can click and release there and then click and release to close the shape.


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[Assistant] Now that I've got the shape of the space, I need to create some wall thickness. To do that, I'm going to use the offset tool, this icon here, or the letter F.


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[Assistant] Now these walls for this plan are going to be 5 inches thick. So I'm going to click and release, move my cursor just slightly, and type 5, enter. And now I've created a face here that is 5 inches thick all the way around. Next up, we're going to work on our interior walls. So I'm going to get my tape measure tool.


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[Assistant] To see if I can figure out the intended dimensions because for this image I don't have any dimensions to reference. So from here up from an adjacent edge upward.


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[Assistant] I'm going to see if I can find the intended dimension, which I think in this case is nine feet. So I'm going to type nine feet, enter. And then from that guideline up, I'm going to type five, enter for a five inch thick wall. Now I need the width, so I'll find an adjacent edge here. Bring my guideline over.


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[Assistant] And it looks like the intended dimension is 10 foot 6. So I'll type 10 foot 6, enter.


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[Assistant] And then five inches from that guideline that I just created.


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[Assistant] Now it looks like I need some depth for the cabinets. Two feet. And now I've marked out some guidelines


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[Assistant] To create my walls. So I can get my rectangle tool. R for rectangle. And click on intersection. To intersection.


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[Assistant] To create a rectangle to represent the thickness of this wall.


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[Assistant] I'm going to continue to do that and we're just going to skip right over this door. Intersection to the opposite intersection to create a rectangle here.


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[Assistant] Now, these segments I don't really need, so I'm gonna erase those. E for eraser. And clean up those segments so that it's one continuous shape. I'm gonna continue doing the same thing over here, but if you're ready to get rid of your guidelines to clean it up a bit, you can go to Edit, Delete Guides. So I'm gonna do the same thing in the bathroom here. Click and release, and see if I can find the intended dimension.


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[Assistant] Which I believe is 5 foot 11. And then from that edge down 5 inches.


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[Assistant] And it looks like nine feet wide and another five inches. Now I'll grab my rectangle tool and fill in those walls. Lastly, we have this closet here.


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[Assistant] And we should have one continuous shape for the walls.


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[Assistant] And lastly, we're going to enter some rectangles for all of the doors and windows.


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[Assistant] At each door and window, I'm going to draw a rectangle so that the area will stay put when I extrude the walls.


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[Assistant] So again, I'm going to use my tape guideline to measure out the intended dimension for each window and doorway.


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[Assistant] And then use the rectangle tool to fill that shape in.


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[Assistant] I'll continue to do this and in the next video we'll be extruding the walls.


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[Assistant] Right, so that means to own something or to have something.


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[Assistant] Yeah, but that's, that's pretty complicated and can make sentences much longer than they need to be.


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[Assistant] You can say something like, the rabbit's carrot was delicious.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that, the whole idea of the rabbit owning the carrot comes from that apostrophe s.


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[Assistant] So, there's an exception to this rule of using apostrophe s for possession.


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[Assistant] Where you don't use an apostrophe to show possessive.


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[Assistant] Joe, you must be on your best behavior today since Aunt March may be willing to help father.


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[Assistant] How happy we were to receive your last letter and to find it containing such good news that even Lori shed a tear or two, though he insists something went into his eye.


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[Assistant] We are so pleased that father is recovering from his illness with your support and nursing skills to help him. Please send our love to him.


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[Assistant] The girls are behaving beautifully and cooperating with us so that everything is in order and well taken care of.


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[Assistant] Last night, Amy decided she wanted to join the army when she was old enough.


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[Assistant] But this morning she changed her mind and said she would be a better help for the community as a teacher or instructor of some sort.


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[Assistant] Joe unkindly laughed and the two of them exchanged heated words, but they made up immediately and are now back to being friends.


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[Assistant] Beth hasn't been practicing the piano as often or as regularly because she feels that more important matters need her attention.


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[Assistant] And it would be disloyal of her to do what she wants when everyone else is making personal sacrifices.


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[Assistant] We told her that you and father both would want her to spend time for herself, but Beth feels that as long as you are away, she must take on extra duties to make sure everything runs right.


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[Assistant] Dearest mother, we are so grateful to Mr. Brooks, who has been a great strength to you during this time.


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[Assistant] Please extend our greetings and best wishes to him as well and tell him that we are eternally in his debt.


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[Assistant] We love you very much and anxiously await your return. Your loving daughter, Meg.


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[Assistant] Whisper, whisper. What can you do? I'm whisper. I can talk to you.


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[Assistant] I'm Whisper. I can talk to you. What's your name?


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[Assistant] Oscar's embarrassed by his long arms. Oh!


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[Assistant] Ho, ho, ho, ho. Home time. Eyes closed. Garty, Otis, you too.


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[Assistant] It looks a little bit complicated, and actually we have two more to calculate, which is B0C and A0C.


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[Assistant] Over the past few weeks, I've talked about our Sun, the planets and other objects in our solar system, stars, both big and small, brown dwarfs, exoplanets, supernovae, and clouds of gas and dust. What do all these things have in common? Well, they, we, all live in the same town.


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[Assistant] The disk-shaped collection of gas, dust, and stars. A sprawling megalopolis that's a mind-crushing 100,000 light-years across and several thousand light-years thick. The Sun is but one of hundreds of billions of stars in it, and we're located halfway out from the center, in the suburbs. The disk has two major spiral arms in it, and two minor ones.


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[Assistant] These come together more or less in the middle of the galaxy. Located in the center of the disk is a bar, an elongated, roughly cylindrical collection of old red stars. I know, this is a lot to take in. I'll go over it piece by piece. And how we know all this, like with so many other such deep astronomical discoveries, begins simply enough. Going outside and looking up.


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[Assistant] If you happen to be in a dark spot on a moonless night, you'll see a faint fuzzy glow stretching across the sky. It's brighter in some spots than others, and if the constellations of Sagittarius and Scorpius are visible, you'll notice the stream broadens there, forming a bulge apparently bigger than your outstretched hand. This glow's resemblance to a pathway or river is strong,


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[Assistant] And many ancient cultures saw it that way as well. Because it glows a dull white, the ancient Greeks called it Galaxius, or Milky.


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[Assistant] Over the millennia, that name stuck, and now we call it the Milky Way, or, redundantly, the Milky Way Galaxy. But what is that globe? It was thought to be nebulous, cloudy, until one day a guy by the name of Galileo pointed his newly-crafted telescope at it. He was astonished to see that it was actually made up of stars, thousands of them.


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[Assistant] They were so close together and so faint that our naked eyes couldn't see them individually. Instead, they blended together to create that glow. Clearly, there were far more stars in the sky than the 6,000 or so visible to our unaided eyes.


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[Assistant] How many more? And what overall shape did they form? Astronomers reason that counting stars in different directions might reveal the shape.


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[Assistant] If the galaxy is longer in one direction than others, you should see more stars in that direction. Over the centuries, maps were made this way, and they generally showed the galaxy to be oval-shaped, or a flattened disk, with the Sun near the center. This star-counting method is a good idea.


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[Assistant] But it's fatally flawed. It doesn't account for interstellar dust. As we saw in our episode about nebulae,


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[Assistant] It's like being in a smoky room where you can't see the walls. It looks like the room is smaller than it really is, and you look like you're in the center, even if you're near one of the walls. Globular clusters were a good clue that there was more going on. These spherical balls of stars orbit the galaxy well outside the main body of the galaxy itself.


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[Assistant] There are more of them on one side of the sky than the other, which you wouldn't expect if they were evenly distributed in space. The simplest explanation was that they actually were evenly distributed in space, but it was we who were off-center.


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[Assistant] Measurements put the Sun about 25,000 light-years from the galactic center, which was in the direction of Sagittarius. Hey, that's where the glow of the Milky Way in the sky gets brighter and broadens out, too.


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[Assistant] Coincidence? So at this point, things were coming together. The Milky Way must be a flattened disk with a bulge in the middle. The Sun is in that disk, far from the center. From inside it, we see it as a broad line in the sky. And when we look toward the center, toward Sagittarius in the sky, we see that bulge as a big blob.


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[Assistant] The disk is thinner than it is broad, so we see more stars looking into the disk than when we do looking up or down out of it. But what about the disk itself?


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[Assistant] Does it have structure in it, or is it more like a smooth, flat plate? That's hard to determine using visible light. Dust severely restricts our view. Looking into the disk, we can only see about a thousand light years before dust blocks everything behind it. But with the advent of radio astronomy, we figured that out too.


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[Assistant] Star-forming gas clouds emit a very narrow wavelength range of radio waves, and this could be used to measure their Doppler shift.


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[Assistant] The locations of these nebulae indicated that the disk of the Milky Way was divided into spiral arms. Huge, sweeping, curving arms that were tens of thousands of light-years along their lengths. Interestingly, all the young, massive bright stars appeared to be in these spiral arms, too.


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[Assistant] But unlike most stars, they don't live very long before exploding as supernovae. If most nebulae are in the arms, then these massive stars will be, too. They don't live long enough to get very far from their nurseries before they explode. Here's where things get a bit weird. You might want to think of the arms as structures.


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[Assistant] If that were the case, they'd wind up like string on a spool since the stars nebulae closer to the galactic center orbit faster.


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[Assistant] The car behind it slows, and the car behind that one hits the brakes too. It's like a wave that moves backwards through traffic, slowing everyone down. Where they slow down, they tend to clump up too, so you see more cars and trucks in the jam. The funny thing about traffic jams is, they tend to persist for a long time, even as cars move out of them.


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[Assistant] The car at the front might slow for a moment, then accelerate away. But the cars behind it are still moving slowly, and more cars are piling up in the rear.


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[Assistant] For every car that leaves the jam at the front, another enters from the back.


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[Assistant] Even though the actual individual cars come and go, the jam persists. Spiral alarms are the same sort of phenomenon. The initial wave, the jam,


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[Assistant] Pile up a bit, move through it, and then resume their merry way once they leave it. Our Sun takes about 250 million years to orbit the galaxy, which means it's made about 20 orbits since it was born.


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[Assistant] It's moved in and out of spiral arms many times over its long life. That's why spiral arms don't wind up.


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[Assistant] The arms are waves made of objects in them, but the objects themselves are transient. However, there's more to it.


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[Assistant] A cosmic fender bender. But when that happens, the nebulae can collapse, forming stars. Some of them are massive, luminous, blue, and hot. These stars are very easy to spot at great distances, making the galaxy's spiral arms look blue.


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[Assistant] They also light up the gas around them, accentuating the spiral arms. Spiral arms are where the majority of star birth occurs in the galaxy, which helps maintain the spiral pattern.


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[Assistant] They're the ultimate crowdsourced projects. After all that, it's actually hard to say how many spiral arms the Milky Way has. It's been thought to have two for a long time, but a recent study of the locations of star clusters seems to indicate there are actually


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[Assistant] Milky wayologists are still arguing about it, but either way, there are also short spurs that stream off of the major arms as well. Our Sun is located just outside one of these smaller arms, called the Orion arm. Mapping the galaxy's spiral arms is ongoing work, and it's


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[Assistant] Kind of a mess. It's like being inside a hurricane and trying to figure out its structure.


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[Assistant] But we're doing pretty well so far. In the center of the galaxy is the bulge.


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[Assistant] Recent observations indicate this is actually a cylindrical bar of redder stars that's pointed nearly directly at us, so it looks more circular to us. This region is very old. All the starbirth in there happened long ago, and ceased when the gas ran out. Unlike the spiral arms, where stars are still actively being born,


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[Assistant] All the blue stars in the bar are long dead, exploded, leaving behind billions of lower mass, redder stars. The bar is probably about 20,000 light-years long.


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[Assistant] This odd structure is due to the weird gravity of the galactic disk. Unlike our solar system, where the central Sun dominates the gravity, the gravity of the galaxy is spread out over a huge area.


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[Assistant] This distribution of stars and gravity means weird structures can pop up and self-maintain, like spiral arms and central bars. Unlike the arms, though, the bar rotates as a single unit.


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[Assistant] This might seem huge, but remember, the galaxy has hundreds of billions of stars in it. The central black hole is actually just a teeny tiny part of the galaxy by mass, but we'll learn more about it in a future episode.


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[Assistant] It's possible some stars in the halo formed there, while others were flung out into the halo after collisions with other stars and clusters. Speaking of which, most of the globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way are in the halo. There are more than 150 in total. So there you have it, our local galactic town.


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[Assistant] But like any denizen of a small town, it's natural to wonder if this is all there is. What else is out there? And at the beginning of the 20th century, astronomers started to ask the same thing. Is the Milky Way THE galaxy, or A galaxy? Oh, we're about to take a big step here with Crash Course Astronomy. A really big step.


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[Assistant] The disk has grand spiral patterns in it, formed by the traffic jams of stars and nebulae, where stars are born.


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[Assistant] The central region is shaped like a bar and is mostly old red stars. There's also a halo surrounding us of old stars. Crash Course Astronomy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Head over to their YouTube channel to catch even more galactically cool videos.


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[Assistant] This episode was written by me, Phil Plait. The script was edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant is Dr. Michelle Thaller. It was directed by Nicholas Jenkins, edited by Nicole Sweeney, the sound designer is Michael Aranda, and the graphics team is Thought Cafe.


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[Assistant] Whoa, he's so bouncy, bouncy, bouncy, bouncy. Is this a game?


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[Assistant] Damn, it's so easy to find a girlfriend on the internet. I bet I could get the girlfriend on the internet no problem.


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[Assistant] Like this. No. Dancing like this.


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[Assistant] In woof the musical. Um, come in.


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[Assistant] Are you a millionaire? Are you a millionaire?


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[Assistant] For the first week after mother left, the March sisters did remarkably well with the housework.


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[Assistant] They took on additional chores and made time to help each other if needed.


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[Assistant] Once they were relieved to know that father was recovering. A great burden was lifted from their heavy hearts, and soon the girls slowly began to return to their old habits.


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[Assistant] Without mother around to praise their hard work, the sisters felt it only fair that they deserved a short break from their domestic chores.


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[Assistant] Joe caught a bad cold and was not allowed to return to Aunt March's until she was fully recovered. As Aunt March put it, she didn't want Joe spreading dirty germs around the house.


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[Assistant] Joe had no complaints as she used the opportunity to catch up on some books that she had been aching to read.


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[Assistant] She soon settled herself on the sofa with a warm blanket, handkerchief, and cup of hot tea.


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[Assistant] Amy found that additional housework had strengthened the muscles in her artist's hands, giving her another chance to try her skills at clay sculpting.


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[Assistant] Without looking back, Amy abandoned her apron for her artist smock, and before long was thumping, mashing, molding, and creating new pieces of art.


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[Assistant] Meg, on the other hand, faithfully continued to write to Mother and Father, and more often to Mr. Brooks, who she said would appreciate a warm letter from time to time.


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[Assistant] In fact, her evenings with paper and pen took up so much time that she was soon neglecting her household duties.


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[Assistant] Who had just destroyed a sculpture and was now trying to soften the clay to turn it into something else.


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[Assistant] Snap, Amy. Ignoring Joe's threats by continuing to beat the clay harder.


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[Assistant] Joe childishly stuck her tongue out at Amy, who returned the gesture.


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[Assistant] While the others gradually ignored their chores, not to mention their consciences, Beth alone kept up her work.


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[Assistant] She would faithfully carry out her tasks as well as the ones her sisters had forgotten or postponed indefinitely.


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[Assistant] She tried to keep her spirits up by singing and humming to herself as she worked.


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[Assistant] Imagining how wonderful it would be when mother and father returned home, and they could be a family again.


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[Assistant] But as angelic as Beth was, she was also human.


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[Assistant] Sometimes she became so frustrated that she would seek solace in her parents' room, lying on their bed and pretending they were hugging her.


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[Assistant] Doing this calmed her and gave her a sense of security so that she could continue her work cheerfully.


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[Assistant] Beth's approach seemed to work because her sisters never saw her frowning, speaking insensitively, or acting rudely around them.


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[Assistant] One evening, Beth, as usual, was in the kitchen preparing a food basket for the Hummels.


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[Assistant] She seemed unusually tired and sighed a great deal while she slowly filled the basket with bread, fruit and hot soup.


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[Assistant] When her older sisters strolled into the kitchen, Beth looked at them pleadingly and asked,


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[Assistant] Joe's face turned crimson as she replied with a chuckle.


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[Assistant] Meg and Joe both felt guilty that they hadn't followed mother's instructions to visit the Hummels.


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[Assistant] Hugging their little sister, Meg and Joe went back to the living room to do their own thing.


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[Assistant] Sighing, Beth picked up the basket and got ready to leave.


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[Assistant] That evening, the others decided to turn in early with Meg complaining of a headache, Joe blaming her cold, and Amy wanting her beauty sleep.


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[Assistant] Soon after Joe had fallen asleep however, she was awakened by slow footsteps creeping up the stairs. Alarmed, she silently got out of bed, careful not to disturb her sleeping sisters.


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[Assistant] The footsteps stopped in front of her parents' room, so Joe cautiously tiptoed over and slowly opened the door.


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[Assistant] She cried, seeing her sister spread out on their parents' bed.


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[Assistant] Beth was breathing unevenly, and her face was flushed with fever.


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[Assistant] Panicking Joe looked around for a washcloth and water to cool Beth's burning face.


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[Assistant] Joe replied, placing a wet washcloth on Beth's forehead.


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[Assistant] Joe's heart sank, and she wanted to scream aloud with anguish.


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[Assistant] Scarlet fever, as everyone knew in those days before antibiotics and childhood immunizations, was often fatal.


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[Assistant] Both Meg and Joe had already had the disease and so their bodies were immune to the bacteria.


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[Assistant] Amy, on the other hand, had never had scarlet fever, which was both contagious and dangerous.


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[Assistant] And at the same time wishing mother were there to tell her what to do.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's fine. I'd like to book a double room for two.


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[Assistant] Can the guests leave their luggage at the hotel until Sunday afternoon? Okay, yes. That's fine. Yes, Johnson. No T, that's right, Johnson.


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[Assistant] And then you'll have to look at the monitors to see on which platform the 1235 leaves for Portsmouth.


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[Assistant] I'll see you on the 16th of June. My plane lands at 3.


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[Assistant] I'll get a taxi from the airport. Love you, Chrissie.


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[Assistant] She is such a good friend. She really understands me.


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[Assistant] Well hello Nick, the actor.


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[Assistant] My twin sister Chrissie has arrived from Australia.


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[Assistant] She lost her luggage, so she has borrowed my clothes. That's it!


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[Assistant] Come on Hector, you can tell me it's not a problem.


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[Assistant] Well don't you worry. Your secret is safe with me.


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[Assistant] Nick only likes Bridget, Bridget, Bridget. But dear Hector comforts me. He is so kind. And Bridget is in a strange mood today. First she said, am I interrupting?


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[Assistant] Twins! Which I didn't know! This is my twin sister Chrissie. Didn't I tell you about her?


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[Assistant] I'm basically healthy. I get sick, but just a cold or the flu.


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[Assistant] I have a few glasses of wine if I go out for dinner.


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[Assistant] Hi and welcome to our business workout. How are you feeling? Ready to practice some English? Great. Let's start training then.


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[Assistant] Linda is worried because Miranda doesn't seem satisfied with her work. That's why she wants to look for a new job.


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[Assistant] You can get a higher salary with benefits.


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[Assistant] You first have to look for vacancies or job openings.


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[Assistant] or an email that informs the potential employer, the person or company offering the job that you are interested in the job and have all the necessary qualifications.


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[Assistant] Which is a short written description of your education, qualifications, previous employment,


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[Assistant] And sometimes also your personal interests. When you get a job interview,


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[Assistant] It means that the company is interested in you.


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[Assistant] This is a good opportunity for you to get the job, but at the same time you have to be careful because you want to make a good impression.


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[Assistant] During the job interview the interviewer asks you many questions. Tell me about yourself.


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[Assistant] Which means that you have to provide information about yourself in relation to that particular job.


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[Assistant] They can also ask about your weak points.


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[Assistant] The opposite of weak point is strong point, which is a particular skill or ability that a person has. This reminds me of a saying that goes


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[Assistant] Better to be a strong man with a weak point than to be a weak man without a strong point. That's all for today. See you in the next training session. Bye.


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[Assistant] Meetings and appointments play a very important role in the business world, and knowing the appropriate language is therefore essential.


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[Assistant] Then you can suggest a day and a time. How about Tuesday morning? You can also say, what about


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[Assistant] The other person can answer, that's fine by me, or I'm sorry, I have another meeting, or I'm sorry, I'm tied up all day.


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[Assistant] At the end of the conversation, Lawrence says, I'm at your command.


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[Assistant] This is a humorous way of saying that he will do whatever she wants.


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[Assistant] The hands reveal a lot about someone's personality. Stressed people often bite their nails and people who have a bad diet can have weak, damaged nails and dry skin. Before starting a treatment, the manicurist cleans your hands and you can also clean your teeth or other parts of your body.


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[Assistant] She will apply a base coat of nail polish. You can also apply a cream on your face or body.


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[Assistant] For any kind of treatment, it is important to use high quality products. No one wants low quality products, right?


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[Assistant] In order to obtain the best results, you have to use them


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[Assistant] For instance, you have to diet and exercise on a regular basis. And this can be hard. However, just remember, no pain, no gain.


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[Assistant] Hi and welcome to our health and body care workout. In this session we are going to talk about


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[Assistant] And some common prepositions of place, such as under, next to, and between.


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[Assistant] As you noticed, Ray is in the bathroom shaving. Or to be more precise, trying to shave. To shave means to remove body hair. Men shave their beard or their head. Women shave their legs. For shaving, Ray needs a razor.


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[Assistant] There are many things you can do in the bathroom such as, you can have a shower.


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[Assistant] When he realizes he has to go to the other bathroom, he says, I've got the message.


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[Assistant] One place you often go to when traveling or when you want to enjoy yourself is a restaurant.


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[Assistant] Which means that he or she accompanies you to your table. When seated, he normally asks you, can I get you something to drink first?


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[Assistant] And you can ask for a glass of champagne, a martini, some water, or another kind of drink.


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[Assistant] Which means an evening spent out having fun somewhere just for young and not so young women.


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[Assistant] This means that if you want to visit the exhibitions or participate in special events, you have to pay a certain sum of money. Adriana wants to know if they give a discount.


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[Assistant] You can give or offer a discount, which is a reduction in the usual price.


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[Assistant] Is a visit to a place or an area with a tour guide who gives you information about it. You can go on a guided tour of a museum or around a museum, a church, etc.


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[Assistant] When visiting a place, it is important to know its opening times. When that particular place is open to the public, you can ask, What are the museum's opening times?


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[Assistant] Where the various sections are highlighted in different colors to help you find them easily.


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[Assistant] Adriana wants to buy her aunt a souvenir of her visit to the museum.


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[Assistant] A souvenir is something you buy to help you or your relatives and friends to remember a holiday or a special event. But our time is over. I hope you enjoyed the visit. Bye.


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[Assistant] So today we're going to talk about the difference between its and its.


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[Assistant] And it's a little confusing because possessive usually uses an apostrophe too. But possessive pronouns don't use apostrophes.


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[Assistant] No, pink and green is not how you want your steak to look.


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[Assistant] Right, it's, it's showing that the flavor belongs to the steak just like the book belongs to me. Right.


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[Assistant] Who from? What does it say? Uhm, it says, Hello, do you remember me? No.


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[Assistant] Oh, he wants to stay here.


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[Assistant] So uhm, when is it coming? Oh, uhm, let me see. It says... November the 5th. Oh! November the 5th. Perhaps... today?


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[Assistant] Chrissy. Nick is so stupid. He touched my bike. Men.


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[Assistant] This, of course, is the TV. Just relax. I must go to the bathroom.


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[Assistant] Hector, please come out, we want to talk to you.


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[Assistant] Today, Hector arrives and it's bonfire night. Let's party! What sort of music do you like?


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[Assistant] We have plenty to do around the house, and since father isn't here, we need to make repairs before the winter end.


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[Assistant] You girls can do whatever you want whenever you want to do it.


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[Assistant] Hannah and I will continue to do our share of the housework and cook, but you will not have to do yours.


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[Assistant] I am, uh, how do you say, uh,


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[Assistant] I bet a real tiger can't dance like that.


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[Assistant] You're dancing! Just showing Whisper how it's done.


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[Assistant] This is the story of Bridget and Annie, who share a flat in London, and the boys next door, Nick and his friend Hector from Argentina.


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[Assistant] Annie loves Hector, and Hector loves Annie. And Bridget and Nick are going out. Most of the time. So, will the happy couples stay together? Find out in Extra.


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[Assistant] Next time in Extra, Bridget gets a new computer, the boys get competitive, and Annie gets a surprise. Extra, don't miss it.


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[Assistant] This is the story of two girls who share a flat in London.


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[Assistant] They have a visitor from Argentina who speaks only a little English. What the girls don't know, but Nick does, is that Hector is very, very rich.


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[Assistant] Does Hector like Bridget? Does Bridget like Hector? And who does Nick like? Stand by for Extra.


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[Assistant] Next time in Extra. Nick gets a job on TV.


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[Assistant] And why does Hector want to learn to cook?


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[Assistant] I want to be your waiter.


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[Assistant] If you want to avoid waiting, you simply have to make an appointment. You have our telephone number, don't you? Yes, I do.


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[Assistant] And as for the bathrobe, you just have to tell us what your real size is.


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[Assistant] Oh, I am sorry to hear that. Perhaps you should not shut yourself up so much. You're right, but what can I do? How about biking?


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[Assistant] Oftentimes, you may want to organize your model and give everything a name and each piece a hierarchy. For this, it's helpful to use the Outliner.


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[Assistant] If you're on a Windows machine, you'll find the Outliner in the default tray on the right. And if you're on a Mac, you can open the Outliner under Window, and then Outliner.


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[Assistant] For this model, we can see that there are already some names in the outliner. If I click on each title,


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[Assistant] Within the Outliner, I can see that that group becomes selected within my model.


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[Assistant] If I'd like to work inside of that group, I can double click on the title and now I'm active in this roof group here. Same with the patio. I can double click here and now I'm working within that group.


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[Assistant] To change the name of a group within the outliner, I can click on the name once and then click


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[Assistant] A single click on it again and now I can override that name. It's not a double click because that will open the group. It's more of a delayed two click. So it's a select the group once, delay, and then click again to change the name.


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[Assistant] Another easy way to change the name is in the EntityInfo window, which is found in the default tray for Windows users or under Window, EntityInfo for Mac users.


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[Assistant] I can see if I stack these windows, I'll click and drag this here, and now they move as one. I can see that as I click around my model, I can see the corresponding instance name here.


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[Assistant] I can override that and change it and it will also change in the outliner. We can also see arrows here on the left, which means there is a group nested within another group. So this is my group of doors and then I have each individual door group nested within that group. So this is a great way to see the hierarchy.


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[Assistant] And to move things in or out of the group. Now I've moved that door outside of this nested group simply by clicking and dragging it out of that nested area.


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[Assistant] If I'd like to nest my doors within my exterior walls, I can click and drag.


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[Assistant] And put it inside of my exterior walls. So now I can see the hierarchy. My doors are nested in here. Inside of my exterior walls group.


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[Assistant] I can uncheck the eyeball icon here and turn off the visibility of groups within my model.


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[Assistant] So the Outliner is a great way to organize things, affect the visibility, and move groups so that they are nested or not nested inside of other groups.


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[Assistant] Wow! What are all these boxes?


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[Assistant] Okay, Annie, read out the instructions.


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[Assistant] Measure the distance between the shelves. Oh.


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[Assistant] Whisper, whisper. What can you do? I'm whisper. I can talk to you.


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[Assistant] The Architrons have landed.


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[Assistant] Don't worry, Dad. I know a singer who can help.


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[Assistant] Hi Otis. Hello Gertie. Here's down the plan.


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[Assistant] Otis, don't all songs have high notes?


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm sure it's something simple. Yes, Whisper?


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[Assistant] Sometimes the answer to your problem may lie right in front of you. Ralphie.


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[Assistant] Oh Hector, don't worry. Women always forget.


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[Assistant] I didn't know you wanted to be a traffic warden.


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[Assistant] Uhm, surely we can come to some arrangement.


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[Assistant] Good evening and a very warm well.


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[Assistant] Come to Channel 9's Europe Baby Contest LIVE!


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[Assistant] Oh, oh yes, yes we have, of course we have. So, let's meet our lovely contestants eager to wear the Channel 9 Euro Baby Crown.


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[Assistant] Ah, Eastern Costa, Miss Hungary, baby.


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[Assistant] It is Miss England, baby!


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[Assistant] You like, uh, pizzas, uh, rock and roll, and motorbikes?


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[Assistant] What is a traffic warden? Someone who spoils your day.


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[Assistant] To create dashed lines, we are going to use the tags and the EntityInfo window.


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[Assistant] On a Windows machine, this can be found under your default tray on the right. And on a Mac, it's going to be under Window, Tags, and Window, Entity Info.


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[Assistant] Mac users, feel free to stack your windows, like so.


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[Assistant] If you haven't already watched the video on tags, it may be helpful to pause and review that first.


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[Assistant] So to create dashed lines, we'll need to first put those lines on a tag that will be comprised entirely of dashed edges.


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[Assistant] For this first cube, I've left this as untagged.


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[Assistant] The second cube, I've put it on a tag called dashed. We can see that in the entity info and I can see that tag listed in the tags window. And lastly, I have a cube tagged to the dotted tag. So I can see where it's tagged here and I can see that listed here.


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[Assistant] Under the dashed section of the tag, I'm going to click and change it from the default to a dashes style.


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[Assistant] And we can see that the cube that I've tagged as dashes will now have dashed edges. You can do this with a 2D shape or a 3D shape. Now, with this last cube,


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[Assistant] That's tagged as dotted. I'm going to change it from my default style to a dotted style. You can see that that cube now reflects the tag that it's on. So if you don't want something to be dashed, do not attribute it to this tag. Again, simply add the geometry.


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[Assistant] To this tag and then choose the dashed line style and the geometry will reflect that.


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[Assistant] Spain versus England in the World Cup Final. Poor old England.


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[Assistant] This is the story of Bridget and Annie who share a flat in London. And the boys next door, Nick and his friend Hector from Argentina. Annie and Hector are dating.


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[Assistant] And Bridget and Nick were dating, but that's history.


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[Assistant] Now all Nick wants is a job, a babe, or a motorbike. He's not fussy. Stand by for Extra.


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[Assistant] Next time in Extra. Annie gets a new job. So does Hector.


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[Assistant] And why does Nick become a beauty queen? Extra! Don't miss it!


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[Assistant] I want a word with you.


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[Assistant] I don't like your face.


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[Assistant] I am an entry executive.


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[Assistant] You are looking at the new man on the door at ICE.


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[Assistant] The thing is, Bridget, if your name's not on the guest list, then you can't come in.


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[Assistant] Damn. Guess what? I've got a new job. I'm a bouncer at ice.


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[Assistant] Oh, this club is very trendy, very exclusive.


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[Assistant] I am the new man on the door at ICE. Hey.


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[Assistant] When the girls see me on the door, they won't want to go in.


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[Assistant] Oh, hi. Hey, listen to this. Bouncer of the month is Alex Smith.


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[Assistant] Who last year stopped 955 people from going into his club. What is the name of the club? Err, it doesn't say. It shut down last week. Not enough people were going there. Nick. Huh? What is a wimp?


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[Assistant] Hello, you are looking lovely tonight.


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[Assistant] It's okay Bridget, I'm just doing my job.


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[Assistant] Bridget, how nice of you. Where are they? Where what? The sandwiches.


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[Assistant] I've started my new job at ICE. Good evening ladies!


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[Assistant] There was one guy who was looking for trouble, but it was okay. I had everything under control.


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[Assistant] Bridget was very impressed.


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[Assistant] Especially as J-Lo is coming next week. J-Lo will be coming.


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[Assistant] J-Lo is coming to ice tonight.


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[Assistant] So, we need extra bounces. So, you will be working with me on the door.


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[Assistant] Chrissy, I've met a wonderful man.


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[Assistant] Tell me everything. Well, he's everything I want. Elegant, handsome, intelligent.


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[Assistant] So I have someone to talk to in my bamboo grove.


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[Assistant] No, I don't think so either.


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[Assistant] Hello. I'm sorry I ran away, Monty.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's what I'm used to. That's how I think up all my poems, you see.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, to share my poems with, when I've thought of them. Monty the meerkat, your fur is brown. When you do handstands, you're upside down.


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[Assistant] I do want you to be my friend. It's just...


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[Assistant] My name is Dan, and I like your plan.


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[Assistant] Use number one. It indicates a pause in speech. So like when you said, hello David, and I said, hello... ...page.


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[Assistant] Uh, and usage number two for the ellipsis, uh, is that it shows that a portion of quoted material has been taken out.


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[Assistant] So how do we like accurately reproduce someone's words without, without misrepresenting them?


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[Assistant] So it shows that you have messed with it somehow.


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[Assistant] But that you're calling out the fact that you've cut out pieces so that people don't necessarily get the wrong idea.


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[Assistant] Right? If you didn't use, uh, ellipses, you could just render that however you please, cause those are words that were said approximately in that order. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Without ellipses. You can just be like, words are my opinion. And that's not, that's not exactly what Dumbledore said, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you, you have this responsibility with ellipses to do the right thing, to really represent, uhm, the way that somebody speaks, uh, accurately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's, let's talk about the end of someone's sentence, and I wanna indicate that at some point after I've cut off the end of the sentence, the sentence ends.


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[Assistant] You might want to just be able to write that sentence as, I like cheese. Ellipsis. Period. Right?


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[Assistant] But those are the two functions of ellipses then, is that it indicates a pause in speech like, hello, page, or it shows that a portion of quoted material has been taken out.


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[Assistant] Ooh, I wish I could meet a tall, dark, handsome stranger.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, cheap. I thought about you all the time.


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[Assistant] Oh, Bridget. This is wonderful.


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[Assistant] Hey, Dan. Guess who I'm going out with? Bridget!


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[Assistant] At last she realises that I am the one for her. The only problem is, she doesn't like my manners, or my hair, or my clothes.


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[Assistant] If you don't want her, I'll have her.


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[Assistant] It looks like a very special stick, little nut-brown hair.


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[Assistant] Yes, I put the food in a hollow log near this tree trunk, but that was in autumn.


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[Assistant] Can't you see? I am an egg.


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[Assistant] I have started my totally being acting classes. It is fantastic. I am not doing, I am being. A man on the toilet? Yesterday I was a poached egg. And today I was pain.


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[Assistant] And I think Hector is seeing someone called Lola. It's not Eunice. It's not Debbie. Could it be Lola? But I don't think Annie knows.


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[Assistant] Bridget, you are one of the cleverest.


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[Assistant] Bridget, you can do this job. Channel 9 needs you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After I've prepared the most wonderful polar bear day surprise, the finest water hole a polar bear could ever wish for,


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[Assistant] Eh, I uhm, I've lost it. The snow sort of covered it over.


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[Assistant] Oh, Whisper, how will we find my new water bowl?


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[Assistant] It is an oxpecker bird. How can he help?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it's a penguin water hole.


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[Assistant] No thanks. I've still got sore paws from scraping out the last one. Maybe. If, if, oh, woah!


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[Assistant] And now, the Minnsmith, from the best butcher.


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[Assistant] Please, use this. My decorations.


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[Assistant] And now, the mean smith, from the best butcher.


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[Assistant] Gorilla, because you are the original man. It smells like a gorilla.


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[Assistant] Like you couldn't get out of it and it was just easier to stay in it. All I'm asking is if even for the briefest of seconds, have you ever accidentally caught yourself thinking how much easier life would be?


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[Assistant] Let's walk the cross. In the woods, who lives in the woods?


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[Assistant] Mrs. Duck and I are gonna have a little chat. You guys can play together for a while.


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[Assistant] I guess this must be what they call the Stockholm Syndrome. Right now?


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[Assistant] Inscribed above the Gate of Hell, these ominous words warn dark tidings for Dante as he begins his descent into inferno.


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[Assistant] Yet despite the grim tone, this prophecy sets into motion what is perhaps the greatest love story ever told— an epic journey that encompasses both the human and the divine. But for Dante to reach benevolent salvation, he must first find his way through hell.


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[Assistant] This landscape of torture is the setting for Inferno, the first in a three-part narrative poem written by Dante Alighieri in the 14th century.


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[Assistant] Casting himself as the protagonist, Dante travels deeper and deeper into Hell's Abyss, witnessing obscene punishments distinct to each of its nine realms.


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[Assistant] The following two parts, Purgatorio and Paradiso, continue Dante's journey as he scales the Mount of Purgatory and ascends the nine celestial spheres of heaven.


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[Assistant] Written together over ten years, these three sections comprise the divine comedy and allegorical imagining of the soul's journey towards God.


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[Assistant] But Dante's Divine Comedy is more than just religious allegory. It's also a witty, scathing commentary on Italian politics.


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[Assistant] A soldier and statesman from Florence, Dante was staunchly faithful to God, but often critical of the Roman Catholic Church. He particularly disliked its rampant nepotism and practice of simony— the buying and selling of religious favors such as pardons from sin.


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[Assistant] Many groups took advantage of these corrupt customs, but few supported them as much as the Guelfineri, or Black Guelphs. This was a political and religious faction which sought to expand the pope's political influence.


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[Assistant] Dante was a member of the Guelphi Bianchi, or White Guelphs, who believed Florence needed more freedom from Roman influence.


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[Assistant] As a public representative for the white Guelphs, Dante frequently spoke out against the pope's power, until the black Guelphs leveraged their position to exile him from Florence in 1302.


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[Assistant] But rather than silencing him, this lifelong exile led to Dante's greatest critique of all.


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[Assistant] Dishonored and with little hope of return, the author freely aired his grievances with the Church and Italian society.


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[Assistant] Writing the Divine Comedy in Italian, rather than the traditional Latin of the educated elite, Dante ensured the widest possible audience for his biting political commentary.


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[Assistant] In the Inferno's circle of the wrathful, Dante eagerly witnesses sinners tear black-gwell Filippo Argenti limb from limb.


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[Assistant] In the circle of fraud, Dante converses with a mysterious sinner burning in the circle's hottest flames. He learns that this is Pope Nicholas III, who tells Dante that his two successors will take his place when they die, all three guilty of simony and corruption.


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[Assistant] Despite the bleak and sometimes violent imagery in Inferno, the Divine Comedy is also a love story.


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[Assistant] Though Dante had an arranged marriage with the daughter of a powerful Florentine family, he had also been unrequitedly in love with another woman since he was nine years old— Beatrice Portinari.


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[Assistant] Despite allegedly meeting just twice, she became Dante's lifelong muse, serving as the inspiration and subject for many of his works. In fact, it's Beatrice who launches his intrepid journey into the pits of hell and up the terraces of Mount Purgatory.


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[Assistant] Portrayed as a powerful, heavenly figure, she leads Dante through Paradiso's concentric spheres of heaven, until he is finally face to face with God.


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[Assistant] In the centuries since its publication, the Divine Comedy's themes of love, sin, and redemption have been embraced by numerous artists, from Auguste Rodin and Salvador Dali to Ezra Pound and Neil Gaiman.


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[Assistant] And the poet himself received his own belated earthly redemption in 2008, when the city of Florence finally revoked Dante's antiquated exile.


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[Assistant] Next, find out why you should read the Tolstoy classic War and Peace.


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[Assistant] I imagine it's probably daybreak there soon. The sea at daybreak. Spare me the sentiment.


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[Assistant] However, I agree these winter skies are depressing. At this point, we know that Okajima is in the Sea of Heaven. I'm going to need you to book us a flight down there right away. Uh, sure. A business trip, sir. Why don't we go down there as well? To the Sea of Heaven.


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[Assistant] Not this one. I'd like a business paper. I have to check on my stocks.


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[Assistant] I thought you were a representative of the Bougainvillea Trade Company.


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[Assistant] Of course not. The world is full of things that cannot be helped.


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[Assistant] Thanks for your good work on this, Okajima.


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[Assistant] Very well, do as you wish. Let's get going, Fujiwara.


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[Assistant] How are things? Your studies for the entrance exams? Not so good.


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[Assistant] Color of the sea? I don't really know. Daddy was busy working the whole time down there.


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[Assistant] This is the story of Bridget and Annie who share a flat in London. They have a neighbor, Nick. Nick fancies Bridget. But Annie fancies Nick.


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[Assistant] That's the way it is until Bridget gets a letter from Argentina. Stand by for Extra.


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[Assistant] But what happens when Hector goes shopping for himself? Extra. Don't miss it.


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[Assistant] What are the particles that we are familiar with?


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[Assistant] Amy found Fred to be everything she had ever hoped for in a suitor.


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[Assistant] He was from a very wealthy family, and he was handsome, intelligent, charming, and well groomed.


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[Assistant] Right, listen up. If you have ale, then you have a friend in Grog Strongjaw. A goliath of towering height and size. This barbarian has an appetite for the two great loves in his life. Combat, women, and ale. Wait.


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[Assistant] Easily the brains of the group. Grog is often consulted for his vast knowledge of shapes, colors, and shiny things.


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[Assistant] Also ill. In his early years, armed with his two-handed great axe, Grog often enjoyed proving his might amongst the ranks of his family's wandering herbs.


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[Assistant] His disobedience cost him dearly. Beaten bloody and banished by the herd leader, his uncle Kevdak, Grog was abandoned and left to die.


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[Assistant] Exiled from his herd, it was then that the relative of the very gnome he fought to save, saved him.


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[Assistant] It was the kindness of a known cleric named Pike that healed Grog, bringing him back from Death's Edge.


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[Assistant] Right, listen up. If you have ale, then you have a friend in Grog Strongjaw. A goliath of towering height and size. This barbarian has an appetite for the two great loves in his life. Combat, women, and ale. Wait.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In his early years, armed with his two-handed great axe, Grog often enjoyed proving his might amongst the ranks of his family's wandering earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] His disobedience cost him dearly. Beaten bloody and banished by the herd leader, his uncle Kevdak, Grog was abandoned and left to die.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exiled from his herd, it was then that the relative of the very gnome he fought to save, saved him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was the kindness of a known cleric named Pike that healed Grog, bringing him back from Death's Edge.


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[Assistant] Sometimes fate is like a small sandstorm that keeps changing directions. You change direction, but the sandstorm chases you. You turn again, but the storm adjusts. Over and over you play this out like some ominous dance with death just before dawn. Why?


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[Assistant] Because this storm isn't something that blew in from far away. This storm is you. Something inside of you.


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[Assistant] This quote from the first chapter of Haruki Murakami's Kafka on the Shore captures the teenage protagonist's turmoil. Desperate to escape his tyrannical father and the family curse he feels doomed to repeat, he renames himself Kafka after his favorite author and runs away from home.


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[Assistant] But memories of a missing mother along with dreams that haunt his waking life prove more difficult to outrun.


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[Assistant] Published in Japanese in 2002 and translated into English three years later, Kafka on the Shore is an epic literary puzzle filled with time travel, hidden histories, and magical underworlds.


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[Assistant] Readers delight in discovering how the mind-bending imagery, whimsical characters, and eerie coincidences fit together.


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[Assistant] Kafka narrates every second chapter, with the rest centering on an old man named Satoru Nakata.


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[Assistant] After awakening from a coma he went into during the Second World War, Nakata loses the ability to read and write, but gains a mysterious knack for talking to cats.


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[Assistant] When he's asked to tail a missing pet, he's thrown onto a dangerous path that runs parallel to Kafka's.


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[Assistant] Soon, prophecies come true, portals to different dimensions open up, and fish and leeches begin raining from the sky.


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[Assistant] But what ties these two characters together, and is it a force either one of them can control?


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[Assistant] The collision of different worlds is a common thread in Haruki Murakami's work. His novels and short stories often forge fantastic connections between personal experience, supernatural possibilities, and Japanese history.


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[Assistant] The shadow of war hung over his life as it does his fiction. Kafka on the Shore features biological attacks, military ghosts, and shady conspiracies.


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[Assistant] Murakami's work blurs historical periods and draws from multiple cultural traditions. References to Western society and Japanese customs tumble over each other, from literature and fashion to food and ghost stories.


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[Assistant] He has a penchant for musical references, too, especially in Kafka on the Shore. As the runaway Kafka wanders the streets of a strange city, Led Zeppelin and Prince keep him company.


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[Assistant] Soon, he takes refuge in an exquisite private library. While he spends his days poring over old books and contemplating a strange painting and the library's mysterious owner, he also befriends the librarian, who introduces him to classical music like Schubert.


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[Assistant] This musical sensibility makes Murakami's work all the more hypnotic. He frequently bends the line between reality and a world of dreams, and is considered a master of magic lurking in the mundane.


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[Assistant] This is a key feature of magical realism. In contrast to fantasy, magic in this sort of writing rarely offers a way out of a problem. Instead it becomes just one more thing that complicates life.


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[Assistant] While Kafka often seems suspended in strangeness, there's a tenderness and integrity at the heart of his mission that keeps him moving forward. Gradually, he comes to accept his inner confusion. In the end, his experience echoes the readers. The deeper you go, the more you find.


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[Assistant] From one Kafka to another. Ever wonder what the word Kafkaesque actually means? Find out for yourself with this video.


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[Assistant] We're safe if we maintain this distance. Assholes. We'll have to keep an eye on them from here.


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[Assistant] You start with some random useless guy, put him on a podium, give him some power, and the next thing you know...


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[Assistant] That's right, I forgot. By the way, are the beacons on yet?


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[Assistant] If we had the time to retrieve it, I'd take the whole thing back to them.


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[Assistant] We'll stay put. It's too soon. But Dutch!


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[Assistant] You wanna show some bravado, charge in and all go to hell together? It may paint a great picture, but it won't be much of an ending, boy. For now, you should just pray that it's not Revy's time to go yet.


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[Assistant] Agreed. Putting all the politics aside, it's not good for business to leave it at this.


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[Assistant] The only cure for these idiots playing heroes is some bitter medicine. So let's give it to them.


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[Assistant] Vex'ahlia has spent most of her life suffering the cruel reception of a people who don't fully accept her.


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[Assistant] Born of a human mother and an elven father who only later in life took an interest in their existence, Vex'ahlia and her twin brother Vax'ildan


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[Assistant] Quickly realized the only people they could truly rely on in this world were each other.


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[Assistant] It was at the age of ten when the two were taken from their mother, and brought to live in single.


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[Assistant] The isolated elven city for which their father was an ambassador. He quietly took them in, but always kept an icy distance, and after too many years of disdainful looks, the pair decided to leave his indifference behind, and set out on their own. Vax took to the cities,


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[Assistant] Stealing small trinkets and learning the ways of the thief. While Vex kept to the woods. She preferred the isolation.


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[Assistant] Always the keen observer, she learned to hunt and to track, to spy and to shoot, and through a series of fateful events, earned herself a companion in the form of a bear. Her own stolen trinket, to fight alongside her and protect her fiercely. Also he is adorable, and gives expert massages. Like so many half-elves,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vex'ahlia has spent most of her life suffering the cruel reception of a people who don't fully accept her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Born of a human mother and an elven father who only later in life took an interest in their existence, Vex'ahlia and her twin brother Vax'ildan


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quickly realized the only people they could truly rely on in this world were each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was at the age of ten when the two were taken from their mother and brought to live in Syngorn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The isolated elven city for which their father was an ambassador. He quietly took them in, but always kept an icy distance, and after too many years of disdainful looks, the pair decided to leave his indifference behind, and set out on their own. Vax took to the cities,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Always the keen observer, she learned to hunt and to track, to spy and to shoot, and through a series of fateful events, earned herself a companion in the form of a bear. Her own stolen trinket, to fight alongside her and protect her fiercely. Also he is adorable, and gives expert massages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, help. I have to send an email to all the colleagues.


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[Assistant] Don't make a scene, Lori. Of course I'm coming back.


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[Assistant] If Piccadilly is famous for its fashions, then that is what we must get for you while we are here.


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[Assistant] One little problem with the car and all of a sudden life takes a major turn for the worse here.


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[Assistant] I'll go as soon as I'm done calculating the torpedo boat's fuel efficiency.


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[Assistant] You've got to pick a pocket or two. Boys, you've got to pick.


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[Assistant] You've got to pick a pocket or two, boys. You've got to


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[Assistant] Well, I mean, when I first met you, you know, I thought maybe, possibly, you might be.


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[Assistant] Whisper, whisper. What can you do? I'm Whisper. I can talk to you.


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[Assistant] A bit of a temperature, Ralph.


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[Assistant] You need to drink lots. Whisper Cherub, would you fetch Ralph some orange juice please? Okay. That's a really good tiger, Whisper. It stripes. She's what a very loud woof. Woof!


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[Assistant] Icy snow! Where did Peggy go? Oh, I can never find her! Peggy! Peggy!


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[Assistant] You sound just like Ralph. He's losing his voice. Stay here! I won't be long.


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[Assistant] Ooh, that smells nice. It's the Ralph's voice.


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[Assistant] Honestly Ralph, it will bring your voice back. Ralphie, it tastes good too.


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[Assistant] You certainly liked it, Whisper.


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[Assistant] To say please do not worry shows a lack of sincerity. Would you not agree?


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[Assistant] Indeed. You must forgive me for the shameful display.


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[Assistant] The Führer as an artist could, uh, at best only paint mediocre scenic pieces, but that theory brings back memories. On the day he left for Batavia, the SS officer carrying that painting was also under the impression that it was the Führer's work.


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[Assistant] The antique trading company from Madrid that asked for this salvage job. Indeed.


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[Assistant] It's nothing more than a fleeting and dear memory to me now. The day Hydric decided on the final solution, we made a vow at the Vansay lakeside.


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[Assistant] So we gathered all of our capital and created a file which included our signatures and account numbers when signs of the end approached.


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[Assistant] We hid our files in four paintings and escaped Berlin before the Allies took the city.


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[Assistant] That painting you have there is the last piece. You have shown surprising insight, Schwarzen.


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[Assistant] I suggest you watch your mouth, young one. Whether or not you choose to admit it.


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[Assistant] Honesty is wonderful. Hypocrisy rots this world.


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[Assistant] If you could direct me, I'm in search of a place where I can find my fellow countrymen. Might you know of such a place nearby?


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[Assistant] I'm glad you came as it was my intention that you find me. You are from the Mani Sarera Cartel, is that not correct?


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[Assistant] I am a servant of the Lovelace family and I have come a long way to be here. I have a few questions I'd like to ask. Please excuse me, but I'm afraid I may have no other choice but to be rude.


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[Assistant] Then remember to click here to join our free three-part mini-course teaching you English with your favorite TV series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought something was wrong. The two of you used to be so close together. What happened? Did you have a fight?


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[Assistant] Or the act of writing or scribbling on public property has been around for thousands of years.


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[Assistant] In the first century BCE, Romans regularly inscribed messages on public walls. While oceans away, Mayans were prolifically scratching drawings onto their surfaces. And it wasn't always a subversive act.


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[Assistant] In Pompeii, ordinary citizens regularly marked public walls with magic spells, prose about unrequited love,


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[Assistant] Pushed back, deeming graffiti ridiculous and pointless.


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[Assistant] But it wasn't until the 5th century that the roots of the modern concept of vandalism were planted.


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[Assistant] At that time, a barbaric tribe known as the Vandals swept through Rome pillaging and destroying the city.


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[Assistant] But it wasn't until centuries later that the term vandalism was actually coined in an outcry against the defacing of art during the French Revolution.


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[Assistant] And as graffiti became increasingly associated with deliberate rebellion and provocativeness, it took on its vandalist label.


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[Assistant] That's part of the reason why today many graffiti artists stay underground. Some assume alternate identities to avoid retribution.


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[Assistant] While others do so to establish camaraderie and make claim to territory.


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[Assistant] Beginning with the tags of the 1960s, a novel overlap of celebrity and anonymity hit the streets of New York City and Philadelphia. Taggers used coded labels to trace their movements around cities while often alluding to their origins.


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[Assistant] And the very illegality of graffiti making that forced it into the shadows also added to its intrigue and growing base of followers.


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[Assistant] The question of space and ownership is central to graffiti's history.


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[Assistant] Its contemporary evolution has gone hand in hand with counterculture scenes.


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[Assistant] While these movements raised their anti-establishment voices, graffiti artists likewise challenged established boundaries of public property.


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[Assistant] They reclaimed subway cars, billboards, and even once went so far as to paint an elephant in the city zoo.


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[Assistant] Political movements, too, have used wall writing to visually spread their messages.


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[Assistant] During World War II, both the Nazi party and resistance groups covered walls with propaganda.


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[Assistant] And the Berlin Wall's one-sided graffiti can be seen as a striking symbol of repression versus relatively unrestricted public access.


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[Assistant] As the counterculture movements associated with graffiti become mainstream, does graffiti too become accepted?


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[Assistant] Since the creation of so-called graffiti unions in the 1970s, and the admission of select graffiti artists into art galleries a decade later,


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[Assistant] Graffiti has straddled the line between being outside and inside the mainstream.


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[Assistant] And the appropriation of graffiti styles by marketers and typographers has made this definition even more unclear.


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[Assistant] The once unlikely partnerships of graffiti artists with traditional museums and brands have brought these artists out of the underground and into the spotlight.


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[Assistant] Although graffiti is linked to destruction, it's also a medium of unrestricted artistic expression.


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[Assistant] Today, the debate about the boundary between defacing and beautifying continues.


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[Assistant] Whether spraying, scrolling, or scratching, graffiti brings these questions of ownership, art, and acceptability to the surface.


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[Assistant] What is going on? I am Justin from Learn English with TV Series and Real Life English, where we help you not just learn English, but to live it. And today we're going to help you live your English with super hilarious TV series scene from


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[Assistant] Friends in which Joey confuses the word omnipotent for I'm impotent.


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[Assistant] First, I want to invite you to download this free PDF Power Lesson which covers the entire scene and explains everything you need to know about vocabulary, pronunciation,


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[Assistant] Grammar, cultural notes, and it has a transcription. Download it by pressing the button above or clicking on the link in the information box. Our method is simple. You watch the scene with subtitles, you study it, you learn it. We're gonna teach you everything in this lesson today and then you watch it without subtitles. And that's what we mean by not just learning it, living it.


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[Assistant] Omnipotent, the quality of having unlimited power.


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[Assistant] For example, stories of omnipotent Greek gods.


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[Assistant] Hunger. Hungry. Hunger is the feeling you have when you need to eat.


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[Assistant] Boobs, colloquial word for women's breasts.


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[Assistant] What about you? You used to ask somebody's opinion or choice or information in response to information already presented.


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[Assistant] For example, I'm from the USA, what about you? Or I'm gonna have another beer, what about you?


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[Assistant] Another phrase used in a very similar way is how about you? For example, they're coming home tonight to watch the game. How about you buddy?


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[Assistant] A wish. Something you have a strong desire or want for. Their wish is to help people from the poor areas of the city. Or it uses a verb. One day I wish to speak Mandarin.


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[Assistant] If I were omnipotent for a day, I would want world peace.


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[Assistant] The second conditional, in this case, is used to express an imaginary situation and its result.


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[Assistant] In this structure, in the if part of the sentence, the verb is conjugated as past. And we put would before the verb in the result part. For example, if I lived near the beach, I would be a surfer.


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[Assistant] If I had more money, I would travel more.


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[Assistant] Little Joey. Joey here refers to his private part.


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[Assistant] But putting little in front of a name can also be used to describe a child.


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[Assistant] Rachel's comment here is in reference to the tendency of trying to be smart in the three-wish game by wishing for more wishes.


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[Assistant] Joey's apparently confusing omnipotent for I'm impotent or said faster, I'm impotent.