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[Assistant] Does that sound right? Christmas on Thanksgiving Day? Christmas is in December. Thanksgiving is in November. So we're going to celebrate the harvest by moving Christmas up to November? That doesn't make sense. That's very silly.


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[Assistant] B. By giving thanks on Thanksgiving Day.


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[Assistant] So that sounds right, right? The farmers who gather all the food, they're very thankful for all the food that they have. And they have a special day to celebrate. They call it Thanksgiving Day. That's true. So we give thanks on Thanksgiving Day. It's very simple, right?


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[Assistant] You give, give thanks on Thanksgiving Day. It's very easy.


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[Assistant] And that's how we celebrate the year's harvest. Let's look at C for practice. That's incorrect because we don't honor military heroes on Thanksgiving Day. We honor military heroes on


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[Assistant] Veterans Day and Memorial Day. Yeah, okay, so those two days are used to honor military heroes, not on Thanksgiving Day. Okay, number four.


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[Assistant] Some people have a belief in God and they what? A. Celebrate special times like Christmas. Is that true? Is Christmas a religious holiday?


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[Assistant] Yes it is, I talked about that. And even though in America people who are not religious still celebrate Christmas,


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[Assistant] Christmas is a religious holiday. That's the whole point of Christmas. It's the day to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. And if you believe in Jesus Christ, you are, uh, religious. You have belief in God. So they celebrate special times. Christmas is an example. Easter would be another example. Okay?


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[Assistant] Let's look at B and C for practice. Celebrate special times like being an American. Is being an American a special time?


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[Assistant] If you're an American, you're an American all the time. Not an American on a special time. That doesn't make sense. You celebrate special times like being an American, uh, that doesn't make sense. When somebody's an American, it's not a special time. Okay.


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[Assistant] Do not celebrate any national holidays in America. Some people have belief in God and they do not celebrate any national holidays in America? No, we know that's not true because we have Christmas. We didn't talk about it, but we also have Easter, which is another religious holiday. So that doesn't make sense. That's not right. So A is our correct choice for that question. Okay.


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[Assistant] Now we've come to our chart again. This is chart. We were talking about national holidays of the United States.


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[Assistant] In this case, we have to figure out what to call these holidays. Do you remember? We talked about this before in the vocabulary section. We have three different holidays here.


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[Assistant] We have two soldiers, and they're in a parade, right? They have the American flag, and they're riding in a parade. Americans honor heroes who died.


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[Assistant] In wars. That's the important point. Because remember, there's two holidays for, uh, military heroes. We're talking about the one holiday that honors heroes who died in wars. And what day do we call that? Of course we talk, call that Memorial Day. And it is the last Monday of May.


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[Assistant] Remember, Memorial Day is like memory to remember those heroes who died when fighting wars.


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[Assistant] Okay, over here we have another holiday. We have symbols that are very important to the, uh, to the fact that America is one nation, right? It's an independent nation.


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[Assistant] America's, Americans celebrate the Declaration of Independence. That's very easy. If you look at Independence, what is that day? Also, do you remember when it is?


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[Assistant] That day of course is Independence Day and it is July 4th. So Independence Day, July 4th. Americans celebrate the Declaration of Independence, which was a document, it's like a letter that they sent to King George of England saying, we want to be independent. Okay.


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[Assistant] Finally, we have over here, we have a nice picture. There's a family gathered around and they're going to eat a big meal, right? They're going to, uh, have, they're going to give thanks for all the food that they have. Americans give thanks. Give thanks.


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[Assistant] So it's always, that date is always changing. It's always the fourth Thursday of November. That's Thanksgiving Day. What is the date? How do you find out?


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[Assistant] Look at a calendar. Okay. So this unit has been about celebration of holidays. We've looked at different types of holidays and we've talked about ideas or reasons for holidays, right? Religious reasons, if you, some people have belief in something. Also folktales are shared customs.


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[Assistant] And that's very customary to have different holidays. Remember, we talked about the history of, not the history, but the holidays of the United States, but every country.


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[Assistant] Um, yeah, look, it was good. We had a good wedding day. Um, you know, when I turned, I mean, you know, Sam was beautiful on the day and is a beautiful person. I noticed her smile straight away.


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[Assistant] It was good, you know, the first couple of days getting to know Sam. And uhm, yeah, it kind of, that's where it kind of hit a hill.


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[Assistant] I definitely think I'd be a better match for Koko. At the moment I've got rice bubbles and who knows, I might be having Koko Pops.


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[Assistant] I don't think that I could leave it at that. Now it's over between any of us.


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[Assistant] You're a dropkick, mate. Thanks, bud.


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[Assistant] It's a hard situation when you've got someone that you potentially match really well with and it's completely over your relationship. It's a, you know... Is it a hard choice which bed you're gonna sleep in?


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[Assistant] So I'm sorry it's happened. It's happened like that. There's no, I can't change it because obviously it's there, but it's, yeah.


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[Assistant] Why? Well, it's, it's, I mean, there's a lot, there's a lot that went on, one, it was lying, and two, you know, there is someone else to consider, so it would be cheating.


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[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, we caught up, yeaah. I wasn't going to leave it alone, like, we got along really well, so...


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[Assistant] I mean it didn't go far, we both kind of had stuff going on that got in the way.


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[Assistant] I went back to living my life and I moved to Queensland and it just kind of disappeared really. Did you slate with each other?


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[Assistant] You said you had sexual chemistry before you and you came to the dinner party saying you had not had any contact and it was just a feeling.


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[Assistant] Just because you didn't kiss doesn't mean you're not like messing around. You're saying that you've got this chemistry.


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[Assistant] I feel like uhm, a lack of communication is why it didn't work out. If something happens between us, like I feel like there's an unresolved issue, like, it's really hard to get you to communicate.


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[Assistant] So he just decided not to and just ended it with me instead.


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[Assistant] And, uh, there's only so much that I can kind of do.


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[Assistant] Well, last night we definitely like, we took, we definitely last night were like, last night we kind of, uhm, we went to... So we will have, we had sex last night.


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[Assistant] Things from Bryce's mouth about your relationship that make him seem non-genuine.


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[Assistant] Things that are like, you know, by New Year's you're gonna be single.


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[Assistant] I genuinely think I can have a relationship with Jason if I'm being honest with myself. I feel like I might sabotage my relationships and maybe that affects my behaviour.


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[Assistant] I truly believe that you are not ready to settle down. I feel that we are in different stages of our life.


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[Assistant] I feel like there's something between Jason and me. And it just kept us coming back to each other.


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[Assistant] Jason was uhm, said that he was falling in love with me and I was like, that seems so genuine.


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[Assistant] I agree. I feel like you s-


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[Assistant] Funny and like, easygoing and laid back and it's nice to kind of like, level out that serious side of my personality. It's the sex what's good.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I regret betraying Jason's trust.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I think that hurt him a lot and I think that's one of the reasons that we are not together as well. So, it is a regret of mine.


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[Assistant] And there is lots of parts of me that want to be with Jason, but I think that like we both can see that it's not probably gonna eventuate into like a...


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[Assistant] Long term relationship outside of the experiment and it's really, really sad.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I'm just grateful that we had the chance to be together. We had a lot of fun. And, uh, we did learn a lot about each other and ourselves, so.


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[Assistant] I save a little money every week.


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[Assistant] He inherited a fortune when his father died


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[Assistant] Five. She gets all her money from her parents.


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[Assistant] We thought her bad behavior was the result of stress.


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[Assistant] I know I can always fall back on my parents if I'm ever in trouble.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone, welcome back to American Textbook Reading. I'm Brian Stewart.


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[Assistant] Well we're on the last unit of the book, unit 15. We're continuing the theme of land and water. We're going to be looking at places on earth. As you can see in these pictures, there are many different places on the earth. So in this unit, you will discover


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[Assistant] Different types. Different types of land and water. As you can see in these pictures, we have many different types of land and water. Let's get started with the first one. The first one is mountains.


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[Assistant] Mountain, very tall mountains as you can see in this picture.


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[Assistant] A mountain is the highest type of land. The highest type of land.


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[Assistant] The most high, of course don't say most high, it's the highest, it's the highest place that you can go on earth is in a mountain. Where is the highest place you can go on earth? Do you know the highest mountain? It's Mount Everest, right? Mount Everest.


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[Assistant] Is the highest place, a very tall mountain. Mount Everest is the highest place on land.


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[Assistant] That would be a mountain. What about a plane? If you talk about a mountain, it's like the opposite of a mountain is a plane because mountains are very tall and mountains are very steep. But a plane is very flat. A plane is a large flat piece of land. You can see


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[Assistant] Forever, right? You don't see any trees, uh, you don't see any mountains, you don't see any hills, just very flat land. A very large plain.


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[Assistant] And usually animals live on the plains. Large groups of animals will live together and run across the plains and they eat the plants that grow on the plains.


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[Assistant] Okay, we also have a desert, and a desert is a very different type of place. It's a very beautiful place as you can see, but it's also a difficult place to live.


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[Assistant] You see these people here, they're just passing through. They have to get out of the desert to find some plants and water in order to survive, right? So they're just passing through.


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[Assistant] Okay, we also have a river. Now a river is much different than a desert, right? A river's got lots of water in it, right? And usually we find rivers in mountains, but also on plains. This river is going through a mountain here, and it's going pretty fast.


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[Assistant] A river is a large stream of moving water. Moving water.


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[Assistant] The river means that the water is moving. If it's not moving, we call it something different. We'll get to that in a second. But the river means that the water is moving. Now there's another word here that's interesting, a stream.


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[Assistant] So we have streams and we have rivers. Streams are usually smaller, right? If there's just a little bit of water and maybe you can step across it, we call that a stream.


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[Assistant] Rivers are larger. It's more difficult to cross a river. You can't jump over it. You can't step over it. You have to walk through it or be very, very careful.


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[Assistant] Uh, sometimes you have to swim across a river, but be careful crossing a river. Don't cross the river unless an adult is with you or maybe there's a bridge or the river isn't moving very fast. But be very careful around rivers because it's moving water. It could be dangerous. Okay.


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[Assistant] Also we have valleys. You will find, where do you find valleys? Do you find valleys on plains? No, you wouldn't find valleys in plains, because valleys mean that you have two sides, right? Planes are very flat. So you would find a valley where? That's right, in the mountains, right?


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[Assistant] On either side you have mountains and between the mountains you have a valley because a valley is the low land between mountains and hills. Okay. So when you have a mountain, right, the land goes up on either side.


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[Assistant] Between those, you have a valley. And some valleys are very beautiful. People put houses in there. Uh, of course valleys are easy that you can come up into the mountains. You go through the valley and that's how you get up into the mountains in easier way than climbing up the side of the mountain, which is very difficult. Okay.


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[Assistant] Remember I said that a river is moving water.


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[Assistant] If the water is not moving, then we can call it a lake.


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[Assistant] One thing we can call it is a lake. A lake is a large area of fresh water.


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[Assistant] Rivers and streams are usually fresh water and if the river stops moving and it


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[Assistant] And it grows in area, we call that a lake. And of course we find many lakes and mountains, but you can find lakes in all sorts of places, right? Also on the plains, in hills, but in mountains also especially. This is a very beautiful lake in the mountain.


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[Assistant] It's a small lake. Some lakes are really, really big. You can't see across them.


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[Assistant] If it's fresh water, we call it a lake, not an ocean, right? So fresh water is a lake. Okay, also we have a hill.


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[Assistant] A hill is just a higher part of a land, right? Sometimes, of course you have planes, right? And sometimes the planes will stop.


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[Assistant] And their land will rise gently, not very steeply like a mountain, but a very gentle rise. And the land won't go up very high. We call these areas hills. And especially if you have a lot of hills, it's very gentle, you can call them rolling hills.


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[Assistant] Seems very gentle and very nice. So hills are a higher area of land. They're fun to run up and run down. And when the winter comes and there's snow on the hill, you can take a sled and slide down the hill. Okay.


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[Assistant] We also have an interesting type of land called an island. In the ocean you can find islands, but you can also find islands in lakes sometimes too if the lake is very big. An island is just a piece of land with water


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[Assistant] All around it, all around it, like these. We have two islands here. There's water all around these pieces of land, right? So we call these islands. By the way, we don't pronounce the S in island. It's just island, not island, island.


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[Assistant] Island. Okay, so an island is an, uh, uh, piece of land with water all the way around it. Some islands are very beautiful, especially in the Pacific Ocean. Very beautiful, nice beaches, uh, they're very beautiful islands in the ocean. Okay.


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[Assistant] Well, we've talked about a lot of different types of land, okay, and of course we're talking about land and water.


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[Assistant] So we have two different, uh, groupings we can make for places on the Earth when we're talking about different types of land or different types of water.


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[Assistant] Now what we've looked at in land, we've looked at four basic, uh, types of land. We've looked at a mountain, right? Mountains are very tall, they are very steep.


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[Assistant] Desert. A desert is a place where there is very little or no water. It's a very dry area. We've looked at a valley. Remember a valley is the area between two


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[Assistant] Mountains are hills. It's the low area between two mountains and hills. And usually there's a river at the bottom of the valley. Or a stream.


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[Assistant] Then we have planes. Planes are very flat pieces of land, right? A lot of animals will run around on the planes. So these are our four main types of land. Our four main types of land.


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[Assistant] But we're also talking about water. We looked at different types of water. And we saw stream and river. We kind of talked about those together, right? I said a stream is a small, uh, area of moving water. You can step across it or you can jump across it. That's a stream.


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[Assistant] Rivers are wider. You have to, uh, you know, walk across them. You have to get your feet wet. Or sometimes you have to swim across them. But be very careful with rivers because they can be dangerous. This river


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[Assistant] This, uh, looks, it's, they say it's a river, so the water must be moving. Remember, the water must be moving to, for it to be a river, but this looks like a very calm river. The river is not moving very fast.


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[Assistant] Also, we saw a lake. A lake, of course, is freshwater.


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[Assistant] And we didn't really talk about ocean, but we talked about ocean before in the book. Ocean is salt water. And of course we talked about the big five main oceans of the world, right? Oceans are very, very big. And they have salt water. So an important thing to remember, a lake has fresh water.


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[Assistant] And an ocean has salt water. Okay. So salt water in the ocean, fresh water in the lake. And of course, streams and rivers are also fresh water. So we have our two main groupings here. We have four different types of land and we have four different types of water that we're looking at in this lesson.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on to our word matching exercise. We're going to take the words and match them to the definitions. What are our words? Our words are mountain, mountain, plane,


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[Assistant] Lake. So we can't talk about all of them, we only have six, not eight. But let's talk about these six words here and match them to their definitions. Number one.


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[Assistant] No water or very, very little water. Remember what we talked about? It's very difficult for plants and animals to live there. What is it? Of course it's a desert.


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[Assistant] Okay, number two, the highest type of land. So very high. Remember the highest place on earth? We call it Everest. We call it Mount Everest. Mount, of course, is for mountain. So the highest type of land is a mountain. Okay, very steep too.


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[Assistant] Okay, number three, a large flat piece of land, right? You can look out, you can see very far, right? And usually there's not many trees on it. You can see very far, many animals run around on this area of land. It's very flat. We call that area a


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[Assistant] Plain, right? Our key word here is flat. It's very flat piece of land.


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[Assistant] Okay, number four, a large area of


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[Assistant] Fresh water. A large area of fresh water. The water's probably not moving, right? So what do we call that? Remember, it's fresh water, not salt water. So we call that area a lake.


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[Assistant] Okay, a large stream of moving water. Two words here, large and moving water.


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[Assistant] So it's large. It's not a stream. A stream is small. So it's a large stream of moving water. The water is moving. It's not staying still like a lake. It's moving. What do we call that? Of course we call that a river. A river.


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[Assistant] Okay, number six, the lowland between mountains and hills. So we have two mountains. We have lowland between the two mountains, right? Usually a river runs through it. What do we call that area? We call that a valley.


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[Assistant] So a valley is the low land between two mountains or two hills. Okay, so those are our words.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at two kinds of water on earth, and I kind of talked about those already a little bit, but we can see salt water, we can see fresh water, right? We talked about salt water is in oceans, and fresh water is for lakes and streams and rivers. Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] Salt water. An ocean is made up of salt water. So if you look at this beautiful water, very beautiful picture by the way, very nice beach, I want to be there, don't you?


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[Assistant] Okay, but anyway, if you go into the water, don't drink the water, right? It's salt water. That's horrible. It tastes terrible. You cannot drink the water in an ocean because there's too much salt in it.


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[Assistant] However, you can drink the water in a lake, a river, or a stream.


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[Assistant] Fresh water. Fresh water is water without salt. There's no salt in the water. Rivers and lakes and streams are fresh water.


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[Assistant] So you can drink this, but be careful. You know, nowadays there's a lot of pollution, so don't just go out and drink the water. Ask your mom or dad if it's safe to drink that water. But usually we can drink fresh water in lakes, rivers, and streams. Okay. We have several pictures here.


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[Assistant] We're going to look at the pictures and then we're going to complete the sentence to best describe the pictures. How can we best describe these pictures? What's our sentence? Our sentence is, the earth has different kinds of beep and water.


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[Assistant] So remember, what are we talking about in this unit? We're talking about two main groups of things, right?


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[Assistant] Here we have an ocean, right? So that's a type of water.


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[Assistant] Water and land, right? We have a waterfall.


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[Assistant] So we have, uh, mountains, stream, valley in between, a river, and a waterfall here. And over here we have rolling hills, very beautiful rolling hills. So we're talking about water, water, and then over here, what's the opposite of water? The earth has different kinds of


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[Assistant] Land and water. Okay, so very easy. We're talking about different types of land and water. And basically we can divide every place on the earth into these two groups. It's either land or it's water. And there are many types of land and there are many types of water. Okay, let's move on to our true false questions.


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[Assistant] A lake is smaller than an ocean. So a lake is smaller than an ocean. Is that true? Yes, that is true. Absolutely. We talked about that. I said there are some lakes that you can't see across, if it's freshwater, uhm, sure, it's a lake.


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[Assistant] Usually oceans are huge. Oceans are very big, especially as we saw in the previous unit, unit 14. We saw that oceans are very, very big. Lakes are usually smaller, are always smaller than oceans. Number two.


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[Assistant] Lakes and rivers are salt water. So lakes and rivers are salt water. You can't drink the water from lakes and rivers. That doesn't sound right. That's false. We need to change salt to fresh. If we did that, then the sentence would be correct.


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[Assistant] Lakes and rivers are fresh water. That's correct. Not salt water. So that's false. Okay, number three.


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[Assistant] A hill, remember we talked about the hills, right? A hill is a piece of land with water all around it, right? A hill is a piece of land with water all around it. Does that sound right?


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[Assistant] Doesn't sound right, right? It's false. Okay, so that's false. A hill is just a higher area of land, right? There could be other land all the way around it. But what type of land did we look at?


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[Assistant] That we saw that is special because it has water all around it. Do you remember? Of course we call that area, we call that place an island.


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[Assistant] And remember, it's pronounced island. And I, because it's a vowel, we have to say an. An island.


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[Assistant] An island is a piece of land with water all around it. That would be true. But we have to change the sentence so this sentence is false. Okay, well that wraps up the vocabulary part. Let's take a short break here. We'll come back and take a look at the reading section in just a short bit.


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[Assistant] Okay everybody, welcome back to the reading section. We've got a lot of sentences here, of course, in our reading section. And usually the first sentence is our topic sentence. And that's exactly what we've got here. We have our topic sentence. There are many different types of land.


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[Assistant] Land and water here. There are many different types. Types of land and water. So that's what we're talking about here.


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[Assistant] Now in the sentence, they talked about land first. So that's what we're going to read about first. Usually that's good organization, right? Don't switch them around. Don't say there are many different types of land and water and then talk about water first. That's not good organization, right? Good organization, if you mention land first, then talk about land. And that's exactly what we've got.


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[Assistant] Our first sentence after that is, a mountain is. So a mountain is the highest kind of land. Very simple definition sentence. So we talked about a mountain first. Next we'll talk about a hill. And same pattern, the same pattern of sentence. A hill


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have two definition sentences right after our topic sentence talking about types of land. The third sentence is also talking about land, talking about valleys.


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[Assistant] There are low valleys. We use there are to talk about plural. There are valleys. There are low valleys between mountains and hills. So we talk about what are valleys.


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[Assistant] Then we talk about water. Okay, first we talked about land, now we're gonna talk about water. And the first type of water we're gonna talk about is rivers. Rivers flow toward the ocean. Now, flow means move. Remember, rivers are moving water.


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[Assistant] When water moves, we say that it flows. Okay? So rivers flow.


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[Assistant] Of course, all rivers go to the ocean, right? That's where all the fresh water goes into the ocean and becomes salty.


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[Assistant] Okay, they sometimes go through flat plains, okay? Now we're kind of mixing it up, right? We're talking about water, but we're also talking a little bit about land.


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[Assistant] So, next we can grow many kinds of food on planes, whether they are high or low. So that's interesting. We have planes can be high or planes can be low. We have an interesting idea here. We can grow many kinds of food. Okay. So of course if planes are flat,


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[Assistant] In a high area, you know, if there's mountainous, suddenly there's a flat piece of land, those are plains in the mountains, they're surrounded by mountains. Also, plains can be lower down in, uh, uh, near the, uh, ocean, for example, or in lower areas of land. So plains can be high, plains can be low.


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[Assistant] We cannot grow food in a dry desert.


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[Assistant] We cannot grow food. Why? Because it's dry. If you don't have water, you can't grow plants. So of course we can't grow food in a dry desert.


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[Assistant] Okay, a lake, another area of water. Okay, so before we saw a river, we kind of mixed it in with different types of land, but now we're talking about a water again. A lake, another area of water. Another area of water?


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[Assistant] Why do they say another area of water? Because we just talked about a river, right? A river flows down to the ocean. Now we're talking about a lake, which is another area of water, besides a river. Has land all around it, so it doesn't flow to the ocean like a river.


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[Assistant] It has land all around it, which is interesting because we talked about an island has water all around it, but a lake is water with land all around it. So lakes and islands are like complete opposites, aren't they?


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[Assistant] So a lake is another area of water. It has land all around it. So lakes don't flow to the ocean like a river. However, of course, sometimes rivers come out of lakes, right? And they flow to the ocean. But lakes don't flow. Lakes are water surrounded by land that do not move, right? They don't, the water doesn't move in a lake.


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[Assistant] Okay, an island, I just talked about that, we talked about that, is the opposite of a lake. It's the exact opposite, right? It is an area of land with water all around, right? Water all around for an island.


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[Assistant] A lake has land all around. So like we said, it's very interesting, they are complete opposites.


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[Assistant] Okay, now we have our reading skill chart here. It's a very big chart as you can see.


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[Assistant] The reading skill topic is classify. So this is a very good unit for this type of organizational structure because we're talking about two different types of places on earth. We have land and we have water.


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[Assistant] Down on the bottom we have water and we have details about different types of water. So let's look at this chart, fill in the blanks with these words on the bottom. Our words are land, flat, between, highest, hill,


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[Assistant] So, what, how can we put these words into the details about these types of places on Earth? First of all, we're talking about land, and the first type of land we talk about is a mountain. A mountain is the


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[Assistant] So remember, we were talking about mountains before, we're talking about mountains, they are very what, right? If you look, wow, there's a mountain very high up there, so we have to say highest is the highest kind of land.


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[Assistant] Okay, down on B we have A or and beep is smaller than a mountain. So we're looking for an area of land that's high


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[Assistant] But smaller than a mountain, not as high, because a mountain is a...


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[Assistant] Okay, we're also talking about valleys. Valleys are low lands. Where do we find valleys? We find them, beep, mountains and hills. What do we put in that beep? Land flat between high, well, highest we're talking about, hill, rivers. Of course we find valleys


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[Assistant] Between, between mountains and hills. So that's our answer. Valleys are lowlands between mountains or hills.


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[Assistant] Okay, planes is our next type of land. What can we say about planes? What's the important feature about planes that we talked about? Are planes high land? Are they like this? No. Planes, remember, are like this. They are what? They are flat. So planes are


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[Assistant] Flat and we grow food on them. Planes are good to grow food on.


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[Assistant] The next detail about land, we're talking about deserts, there's no, uh, blank to fill in. But just remember, the key word about deserts is that they are dry. Deserts are very dry. And that's the key word of the important feature about deserts. Okay, let's move on to water.


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[Assistant] The first type of water we look at is a lake. Now a lake is an area of water that has what all around it. It has what all around it. Remember, lakes are the opposite of islands. Islands have water all around it, but a lake has


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[Assistant] Land all around it, right? A lake is an area of water that has land around it.


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[Assistant] Okay, the next one, F. We don't know what type of water we're talking about because it's missing. So we have to think about the definition. Go toward the ocean. What goes towards the ocean? That would be this one right here, right?


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[Assistant] Rivers. Rivers go toward the ocean. So rivers flow. Rivers move.


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[Assistant] That's the important point about rivers. They're freshwater, but they are moving water, and they are moving towards the ocean. They're going down.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's our reading skill chart for land and water.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at the reading comprehension questions. Uh, the first one is, what is a place where we can grow food? So we're looking for a place where we can do something. What is it? We can grow food.


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[Assistant] Now remember, we're talking about a place that needs to be flat, right? And it should have water nearby.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look. A is a desert. Can we grow food in a desert?


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[Assistant] No, we talked about that. In the desert there's very, there's no or very little water. We said it's very difficult for plants and animals to live in a desert because there's no water. So deserts are not a good place to grow food.


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[Assistant] What about a plane? A plane is very flat. Sometimes they have rivers running through planes, lots of animals running around planes, lots of plants growing on planes. So sure, a plane is a good area that we can grow food on.


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[Assistant] Can we grow food on rivers? Think about that. Remember, rivers are moving water. If we put the seeds in the water, they're gone, right? They go down towards the ocean. So of course we can't grow food on rivers. There's many reasons. One of the big reasons is if we try to,


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[Assistant] Don't. They'll go away, right? Because rivers are moving water. So that's kind of a funny, silly answer, right? Okay, stu. On Earth.


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[Assistant] There are valleys between what? By the way, this is kind of a silly part of the sentence, on Earth, but it doesn't just have to be on Earth, there are also these things on Mars, right, on different planets. Anytime you have mountains and hills, right, there are valleys between them.


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[Assistant] So that's what we're looking for. On Earth, we can just ignore this by the way. We can just start here. There are valleys between what? Deserts and hills? Between deserts and hills? There are valleys?


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[Assistant] No, because deserts sometimes go like this, and then you have a hill. There's nothing between them. So that's not right.


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[Assistant] Between rivers and beaches? That doesn't sound right either, because when a river comes down to the ocean, the river runs right through the beach, right? Then it goes into the ocean. There's no valley there.


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[Assistant] How about hills and mountains? That's what we're talking about, right? The answer, of course, is hills and mountains. There are valleys between hills and mountains.


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[Assistant] So sometimes you see these senses and sometimes you kind of think, well, it's not just on earth.


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[Assistant] Uh, so sometimes you can just ignore parts of the sentence. And in this case, that's true. Because on other planets, there are also valleys between mountains and hills. That's something interesting and very fascinating to think about. But anyway, the important part is valleys are between hills and mountains. Okay.


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[Assistant] Number three, an island, remember island, is not the same as a lake, because why? Remember we talked about this, we said islands and lakes are complete opposites. They're very interesting if you think about it, completely opposite.


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[Assistant] Because an island is not the same as a lake because why? A. An island is like a river, it flows.


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[Assistant] An island is land. Does land flow like a river? No, land doesn't flow like a river. It, it


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[Assistant] It doesn't move. We can't see it moving. It does move, but it takes a very, very, very long time to move. We can't see it move. So uhm,


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[Assistant] That's not true. An island is like a river. Islands don't flow.


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[Assistant] A bee. An island has land all around it. Because an island has land all around it. Think about that. Don't get confused. An island, if an island has land all around it, it's not an island.


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[Assistant] Right? It's just a piece of land. It's not, it doesn't make it an island. What's special about an island? An island has water all around it. An island has water all around it. So B is not correct, but C is. An island is not the same as a lake because an island has water all around it. A lake has land all around it.


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[Assistant] So a lake has land all around it, but an island has water all around it. So C is the correct choice in that case. Remember they're like complete opposites, exact opposites of each other.


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[Assistant] Do rivers go uphill? Think about that. Does that make sense? Of course not, because gravity is making them go down, right? So that's not true.


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[Assistant] Now we talked about that, that's silly, right? We can't grow food and plants in rivers because of course the river is moving, right? And of course plants and, and uh, uh, food, uh, don't grow in water, they need land.


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[Assistant] Uh, so that's also silly. There's many reasons why we can't grow food or plants in rivers. The main reason is of course because the water is moving.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on to our chart. We've seen this before. In this unit, we're talking about different types of land and different types of water. Let's take a look at the pictures and fill in the labels for those pictures.


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[Assistant] Here we see very high pieces of land. In fact, these are the highest pieces of land on earth, right? What do we call the highest area of land? We call those, of course, mountains, or one mountain. Here we have a picture.


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[Assistant] Very dry, right? Seems very hot. And if I'm there, I want to drink water, but I can't find any water. There's no or very little water in this area. There's just a lot of sand, right? So this area is called a desert. Okay, that's a desert.


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[Assistant] Let's move down here. What do we see? We see a piece of land and it's very flat, isn't it? That's our key word or our key point about this type of land is that it's very flat. We call that a plane.


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[Assistant] Over here, we have an interesting piece of land. It's between mountains and it's a lowland. Lowland between mountains. What do we call this area? Of course, this area is called a valley.


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[Assistant] So these are our types of land. How about water? What are our types of water?


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[Assistant] Now we have here a very small area of moving water. We can see that the water is moving, but it's small. We can step across it or we can jump across it. So it's a small area of moving water. We call that a stream.


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[Assistant] But if it's bigger, if it's wider, we can't jump across it, we can't step across it. What do we call it then? We call that a river. So streams and rivers. Streams are small, rivers are big or wide.


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[Assistant] Okay, the next one down here, this is a very big area of water and the water, you can't drink it, right? It has a lot of salt in it. So it's called an ocean. Ocean has salt water in it.


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[Assistant] Now here we see, uh, an area of water and this is surrounded by land. There's land all around it and it's fresh water. What do we call it? We call that, of course, a lake.


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[Assistant] Okay, so in this unit we've been talking about land and water and we've been talking about the different types of land and the different types of water. We can separate all areas, all places on earth into these two


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[Assistant] Okay, well I hope you've learned a lot in this lesson. We'll see you next time. Take care.


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[Assistant] This hurts so much. But I am the biggest fool. I'm very upset let's come to this because I've...


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[Assistant] Augustus realized he was a tremendous opportunity. Mind you, he had no military training. But he was the heir of the greatest political figure.


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[Assistant] That was on the woman's sky, literally at that time. And he cashed in on it.


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[Assistant] You have several hundred thousand folks here who have no jobs, and to put it very simply, who need to be kept off the streets.


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[Assistant] And we kept from making trouble because it's a very volatile combustible mixture.


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[Assistant] Then something very fortuitous happens. Haley's Comet shows up.


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[Assistant] And the word is given out by Augustus. This is the soul of Julius Caesar ascending into heaven.


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[Assistant] So from this point on, he is called Julius Caesar the Divine.


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[Assistant] Politically, it became very potent, because what does Augustus do at this point? On all his coinage, on all his writings, and all his symbols, whatever, he puts out the words, D.F., son of the divine.


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[Assistant] And it's really quite an asset in politics to be the son of the divine. There are modern politicians I think would, uh, be very jealous of being able to do that.


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[Assistant] But by the criminal hand, an evil razor of my barber.


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[Assistant] The billy goat is the only animal to have the courage to wear a beard and avoid the blade.


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[Assistant] He often dropped his load, complaining about the pace and griping.


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[Assistant] I am no less free than you, even if my father left me a pauper.


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[Assistant] Not content with cursing us he lifted his foot and filled the air with the noise and stench of his fart.


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[Assistant] But whenever the moon broke through the shifting clouds, you could see exhausted opponents talking. While over here some battled on, over there others rested, leaning on their swords.


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[Assistant] And the inhabitants were fighting or fleeing or even joining the looting.


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[Assistant] In many ways Augustus looks so solid and what he created looks so solid you forget the fragility. I think contemporaries were very aware of that fragility and surely Augustus was.


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[Assistant] Overanxious, in a sense, to provide a secure system after he'd gone.


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[Assistant] Tiberius wanted power alright. The excuse for behaving in the way he does is that that's how Augustus himself had done it. He's trying to be a good Augustus lookalike.


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[Assistant] Augustus came to power by refusing it. He feels he too must refuse. But


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[Assistant] Somehow, subtly, oddly, he got the game wrong. He refused too much. He didn't convince anyone that his refusal was genuine and he only caused resentment.


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[Assistant] What really gets up their noses is that he both demands civility from them and then pretends to be treating them like equals and saying, oh no no, don't be servile, don't flatter me.


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[Assistant] I don't want this adulation that you offer me. And yet it was clear to them that unless he was flattered, unless they behaved like slaves, he wasn't actually happy. That's why they called him a hypocrite.


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[Assistant] Getting into power, not because they're good, but because they cheat the system, because they worm their way into the favor of the emperors, and they cheat themselves into social standing.


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[Assistant] Is a wonderful insight into all sorts of social prejudices in a situation where one of the big phenomena of the first century AD is the rise of the freed slave.


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[Assistant] The desire of the freed slave to become a lookalike real Roman. And the characters in Petronius are these ex-slaves who are all trying it on as Romans. They're dining like Romans, they're bathing like Romans, they're trying to quote bits of ancient literature, mythology, as if they were proper Romans. They get it wrong all the time.


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[Assistant] Socially, subtly wrong in a way that a Roman aristocrat such as Petronius can laugh at them.


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[Assistant] Claudius is a strangely sympathetic figure to us, and partly that's because he was turned into such a figure of fun by his contemporaries.


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[Assistant] That it's, it's, it's hard not to try to see beyond what they were laughing at and see


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[Assistant] A quite serious figure trying to do something sensible.


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[Assistant] Now let me say something about that race that most appalls me. I just can't stand our city full of Greeks.


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[Assistant] For too long now, the East has dumped this scum into our beloved Tiber.


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[Assistant] Foreigners just blown into Rome get a better deal than I do. I, who drew my first breath in the city,


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[Assistant] Really aggravating is that woman who sits down at a dinner party and immediately starts holding forth, weighing the merits of Virgil against Homer.


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[Assistant] Here a decent drink costs a few coins. Twice that buys something better. And for four times the price you can savor the best wine.


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[Assistant] Whoever returns it, the reward is yours.


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[Assistant] Not just because of the adversity of his youth, his illness, his limp, his stutter, but when he does come to power,


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[Assistant] He's truly humane toward slaves. He cares about the peoples of the empire.


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[Assistant] And he seems to be quite remarkable.


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[Assistant] For a man who had no chance whatever of attaining the imperial throne.


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[Assistant] Vespasian was not from the old aristocracy. His family comes from a small town, not very far from Rome, but a world away in social class.


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[Assistant] His father and grandfather had been tax collectors and soldiers.


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[Assistant] And he himself liked to put on the image of a man of the people, a man of the camp, a man who is one with his soldiers.


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[Assistant] The Civil War revealed the dirty secret of the Empire.


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[Assistant] That power really rested on military force. Anyone who had sufficient military might at his back could make a run at the Imperial throne. And any emperor in the future would have to bear that in mind.


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[Assistant] But he became convinced, or perhaps convinced himself.


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[Assistant] Welcome to English at the Movies, where we teach you American English heard at the movies.


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[Assistant] Our saying today is a little off from the movie The Hero.


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[Assistant] This film is about an aging actor who finds out he has cancer.


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[Assistant] So what do you think a little off means? Is it you are not your normal self, or are you off from work?


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[Assistant] You are not your normal self, and not in a good way.


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[Assistant] You might seem unusually unhappy, nervous, sick, or mad.


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[Assistant] In the movie, the younger man thought his friend seemed different.


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[Assistant] Sejanus was brazen, with great physical endurance.


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[Assistant] It was a time of corruption, greed and subservience.


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[Assistant] Not only the elite felt insecure in their positions, but even lower ranked officials competed to perform foul and slavish acts.


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[Assistant] He told their guards and their commander to kill Messalina. A freed man was chosen to carry out the deed.


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[Assistant] Rushing ahead of the officers, he found her cowering on the ground, with her mother sitting nearby.


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[Assistant] She had often disapproved of her daughter, but was now overcome by pity.


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[Assistant] Life is past, she said, and there is nothing left but to seek an honorable death.


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[Assistant] The commander stood before her in silence as he delivered the fatal blow.


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[Assistant] I can smell lots of wonderful smells, like juicy grass roots, and uhm, fresh spring leaves.


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[Assistant] Is life not more than food and the body more than clothes? Behold, the birds in the sky.


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[Assistant] They neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns and yet your father in heaven feeds them. Are you not more precious than they?


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[Assistant] Blessed are the poor in spirit for the kingdom of heaven is theirs. Blessed are the meek for they will inherit the earth.


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[Assistant] I have not come to bring peace but a sword. For I have come to pit a man against his father and a daughter against her mother.


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[Assistant] Welcome to English at the Movies, where we teach you American English, nerd at the movies. Our saying today is, give him a break. From the movie, The Stray.


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[Assistant] This film is about a busy father who is not spending enough time with his son.


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[Assistant] After realizing he needs to be a better father,


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[Assistant] In the movie, the son is upset with his father and rejects his dad's efforts to make things better. When his mother says,


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[Assistant] She means stop treating your father in such a tough way and give him a chance. If you are upset with someone, maybe it is time you gave them a break. And that's English at the Movies.


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[Assistant] I'll get the manager out to, uh, smell your phone. I'm actually very curious to see what happens here.


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[Assistant] That's our main dish. Roast beef. Here is also white asparagus. And two different sauces. Welcome here. Buon appetito. Grazie. That's it.


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[Assistant] He and she, the heart, they, they put it in this restaurant. You can feel it, you know. You can feel it in the food, you can feel it in the wine, you can feel it in the water.


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[Assistant] We need more customers and I hope you can help us with that. Of course we have this spectacular view which you cannot make it even better. That's true, yeaah.


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[Assistant] So I have also kind of like my own attachment to this, this place. We used to have a sailing boat in this yacht club when I was young. I used to come here every single summer, many, many, many times. I worked here whole last summer.


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[Assistant] Marina is extremely good at her work. And I think it's a proper time for her to have something of her own.


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[Assistant] We're having, as a starter, smoked salmon salad.


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[Assistant] We smoked the salmon this morning in our own smoker. Should be fresh.


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[Assistant] And then we're having flank steak, roasted potatoes, roasted beetroot, some carrots and garnish. And, uh, red wine, uh, rosemary, lemon sauce.


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[Assistant] It's probably over 55, the average age. I would love to see more families, uh, younger people coming over.


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[Assistant] And there are no restaurants that, at least I know, that have real barbecue in Finland. And I think


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[Assistant] That might be something that might also lure people in and also widen the demographic base of the clientele.


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[Assistant] Yeah, this is totally new for me. I've been in financing all my working life.


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[Assistant] I think the most important thing we have to solve. We are about seven kilometers from the city center. People have to have a reason to come over.


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[Assistant] Lack of time and resources. But the fact is that we've been concentrating to get this up and running. Sure.


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[Assistant] I was running a finance company in Helsinki and, uh, and one of my friends said that, okay, Marina would be a good possible, uh, employee for you. And then I hired her and, uh, uh, the one thing is that, uh, I always have a policy that you can update with anyone you work with. So.


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[Assistant] Marina and I will have something to build together to go forward with.


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[Assistant] Yeah, but we have to promote that because, uh, to be honest, I don't think that's enough. No, it's not enough. The point is that we have to tell the story to the whole world, not just the people who are visiting the restaurant.


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[Assistant] That will bring us a younger generation to the restaurant, which is extremely important for the future success.


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[Assistant] This is amazing. It's so fresh. Look at the lights.


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[Assistant] Restaurant, which have had a really, really huge change. If we compare, it will make a huge difference to the customer experience. I can guarantee you that.


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[Assistant] I can teach you how to make archipelago bread. That's the most thin thing that you can make.


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[Assistant] Yeah. It's so easy, like you just throw everything in a bowl and mix it and you're done.


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[Assistant] So we're gonna build it from the dough and then a meringue on top and we're gonna bake it and then we're gonna fill it up with whipped cream and berries.


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[Assistant] It does, I know. There you go. That's your brita. You want me to feed it to you?


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[Assistant] Welcome to English at the Movies, where we teach you American English heard at the movies.


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[Assistant] Our saying today is, let you down. From the movie, Pitch Perfect 3.


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[Assistant] The film is about a singing group that reunites to perform for military troops. Listen for the phrase, let you down.


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[Assistant] So what do you think let you down means? Is it disappointed you? Or pushed you to the ground? Listen again. Did you have the right answer?


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[Assistant] It can be used if another person does not do something you hoped or expected she would.


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[Assistant] Here, one character tells the other that she lets people down all the time.


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[Assistant] By the way, when you know you are going to disappoint someone, you can try to let them down gently.


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[Assistant] And that's English at the Movies. I'm Kelly Jean Kelly.


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[Assistant] Walk up the drive until you reach the house. Oh, and be careful of the tigers.


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[Assistant] They found it when they were only kids, while they were playing in the living room.


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[Assistant] They decided to keep it a secret, their private place that no one else knew about.


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[Assistant] One night a few months ago while Miss Willing was in the United States on business, they carried the table down there.


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[Assistant] Well, two or three months after they received their inheritance, the brothers went to Bangkok. They wanted to see the factory. They were there about two weeks.


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[Assistant] Somehow they got involved with a group of local people. You have met three of them.


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[Assistant] These people are in fact experienced jewel smugglers. But the brothers didn't know that at the time. And the idea for this operation came from them, not from the brothers.


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[Assistant] They were taken out to dinner several times to good restaurants by these nice people. Always invited, always paid for.


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[Assistant] After that, I think that it was easy to persuade them to take part in the scheme. Now the company makes furniture from teak, and the accompanying cushions


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[Assistant] After that, a small group of local people in the pay of the smugglers began to enter the factory late at night, two or three nights a week.


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[Assistant] Their job was to make the cushions, and into every third one before they lined it they put a bag of precious stones.


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[Assistant] They were exported to England to be stored in the company warehouse in West Kensington.


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[Assistant] So when each consignment arrived, the brothers and the three other men visited the warehouse at night and filled the van with all the cushions marked with an X. They then drove to Miss Willing's house in Surrey. They arrived between 11 and 12.


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[Assistant] It was the brothers idea to store the stones in their secret room.


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[Assistant] And then? When they got to Selena's house?


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[Assistant] Well, said Snart, they couldn't drive the van up the drive too much noise. So the guard on duty opened the gate and the six men carried the cushions up the drive to the front door.


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[Assistant] Then before they opened the door, the guard returned to the gate.


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[Assistant] A second later, the other men went into the house as quickly and as quietly as possible with the cushions and they all disappeared through the doorway beside the fireplace. They closed the door using the lever inside.


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[Assistant] You and Miss Willing probably heard noises when the men were going in with the cushions.


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[Assistant] But by the time you got up and started to go down the stairs, everything was all over.


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[Assistant] And they stayed there until about one in the morning, while they were taking the stones out of the cushions. Then they left quietly.


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[Assistant] Well, firstly because they were trying to be as quiet as possible, and secondly because Miss Willing's bedroom is at the back of the house. It overlooks the back of the garden. Where did you sleep, Richard?


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[Assistant] The two best known border towns are Mai Sat and Mai Sai. Then the stones are rowed across the river.


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[Assistant] The smugglers pay the Burmese relatively little compared to what they earn by selling the stones in Europe.


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[Assistant] Welcome to English at the Movies, where we teach you American English heard at the movies. Our saying today is, we're broke from the movie All Saints.


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[Assistant] Based on a true story it is about a priest whose job is to close a church.


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[Assistant] Burmese refugees come to the church and together they work to keep it open. Listen for the saying, we're broke.


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[Assistant] What do you think where broke means? Is it we do not have any money or the church is broken? Listen again. Did you guess the correct answer?


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[Assistant] In the movie, the church had only a few members. They could not pay the bills and were going to close. This is a common saying.


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[Assistant] If you run out of money, you too may say you are broke. And that is English at the Movies.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome back to your basic English lesson. Today we will talk about school.


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[Assistant] We will use these new words in sentences, so get your notebook and pencil and let's get started. Today's question for you is, are you a student?


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[Assistant] Leave me a comment below the video and I will correct your answer.


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[Assistant] First, let's say what each picture is. Look, student, teacher. Speak, here. Now let's write what we see in the picture.


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[Assistant] Now try to think of new words for each picture. Don't use the same words. Uniform


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[Assistant] Headphones. Listening.


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[Assistant] Susie and Kai? Hmm, at the...


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[Assistant] What do you think? Susie and Kai look at the teacher. Very good.


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[Assistant] Hmm, what does he do?


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[Assistant] Men speaks to the teacher. Okay.


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[Assistant] They are, what are the kids? What are the children? They are students. Very good. Hear and speak are action. So for he, she, and it, they become hears and speaks.


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[Assistant] He and she. Tiffany speaks. She speaks. Aiden doesn't speak. He doesn't speak.


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[Assistant] Does he? Does she? Does she speak? Does he speak? Yes, she does. No, he doesn't. So change who it is. We and they. Omar and I here. We here.


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[Assistant] Wen and Raj don't hear. They don't hear.


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[Assistant] Yes, we do. No, they don't.


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[Assistant] We don't speak.


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[Assistant] Do we speak? No, we don't. Okay, let's try it again.


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[Assistant] Do they, mm, speak? Do they hear? Yes, they, mm.


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[Assistant] What do you think? C2 and John study. Good. They don't speak. Do they hear? Yes, they do. Okay.


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[Assistant] No, we don't. Very good.


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[Assistant] Does she hear? Yes, she does. Very good. Does he speak? Yes, he does. Exactly. How about you? Do you study English? What do you think? Do you study English? Yes, I do.


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[Assistant] It looks like fun. Yeaah. How about this man? Bring.


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[Assistant] A box. Yeaah, he has a box. What else? Carry. Carry. Hmm. What's this? It's a map. Okay. What do you see?


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[Assistant] Very good. What about this one? Call. What do you see? Shout.


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[Assistant] Yell. Yeah, she's yelling. How about the next one? Count. One, two, three, four. What else? Mass.


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[Assistant] And hands. He is using his hands.


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[Assistant] Let's practice. She what? What does she do? She counts!


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[Assistant] What about her? She, ehm, at a map. Okay. She looks at a map. Okay. I understand. How about them? The, ehm, do homework. Who are they? The children. Very good. The children do homework.


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[Assistant] Aiden doesn't speak. He doesn't look. He hears. Let's answer the questions. Does Aiden hear? What do you think?


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[Assistant] No he doesn't. Hmm, not sure why it says yes. No he doesn't. Wen and Tiffany cry. They are not mad. They are sad. Does Wen smile?


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[Assistant] No, they don't. They're sad.


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[Assistant] He she sees, they see.


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[Assistant] A map, bread, students, the teacher. So let's use these words to answer the questions.


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[Assistant] He sees... what? A sandwich. Okay.


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[Assistant] There's two things there.


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[Assistant] Students and the teacher. Children and the teacher. Either one is fine. Test time.


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[Assistant] Mike and Beth, we have Situ, John, Hassan, and the teacher.


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[Assistant] Do they eat apples? Do they look at a map?


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[Assistant] The teacher, uhm, the students,


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[Assistant] Stop the video and complete the test. Then play and check your answers.


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[Assistant] Do they eat apples? No they don't. Do they look at a map? Yes they do. The teacher looks. The students study. The teacher wants a sandwich. Do they study? Yes they do. Check your answers and fix the mistakes.


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[Assistant] Do you want to play with us? Lets fill in the blanks.


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[Assistant] What do you play after school?


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[Assistant] I play outside with my friends. We play baseball together. Do you want to play with us?


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[Assistant] Awesome job today. I hope you liked this lesson.


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[Assistant] Please like the video and subscribe for more lessons. Leave me a comment too. I like reading them.


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[Assistant] Remember to write everything in your notebook and look up any words you don't know. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Let's learn how to divide the sentences into what we call thought groups. Look at our sentence again.


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[Assistant] We have four different content words, but we can say we have two different thought groups. One of them is, I was driving to the market.


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[Assistant] That's a unit that can go together. I was driving to the market.


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[Assistant] And the second unit or the second thought group can be this sentence. To buy something to eat. I was driving to the market to buy something to eat. When you break up the sentence into thought groups, you need to decide


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[Assistant] Which word is the most important word of that particular thought group?


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[Assistant] That most important word is called a focus word. In this sense, I will be driving to the market. Market is the focus word. Usually the focus word is towards the end of the thought group. I was driving to the market and then you can pause to buy something to eat.


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[Assistant] Two focus words. Sometimes a sentence can have three. For example, I was driving to the market to get something to eat because I was very hungry. Hungry can be the third focus word.


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[Assistant] If your sentences are long, it's very important to divide them. How do you divide them?


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[Assistant] It's kind of a natural place to pause. You wouldn't, for example, say, I will be driving to. You wouldn't pause here, right? You would say, I will be driving to the market.


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[Assistant] You have a little bit of a choice of where you need to pause and where you break up the thought group. It depends on you. It depends on how quickly you want to speak.


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[Assistant] The important thing to remember is when you have a thought group, emphasize one key word the most. Let's try another sentence like that.


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[Assistant] I was watching a movie with my friends when suddenly it began to rain.


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[Assistant] Obviously that's a really long sentence. If you don't put any melody in that sentence, if you don't stress any words in that sentence, that's going to be a hard sentence to understand. So let's break it up. I was watching a movie. That's your first thought group. The focus word would be movie. Repeat after me. I was watching a movie.


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[Assistant] With my friends. With my friends could be another thought group. I was watching a movie with my friends. Or if you want to speak a little faster, you can say, I was watching a movie with my friends.


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[Assistant] I would personally prefer to pause. I was watching a movie with my friends. When suddenly it started to rain. When suddenly it started to rain. Rain would be your focus word. When suddenly it started to rain. Listen again to the whole sentence.


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[Assistant] Alright, this creates a very nice rhythm.


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[Assistant] If I forget to pay my bill, please remind me about it.


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[Assistant] In that sentence, we have two focus words, bill and remind. Let's read the sentence again. If I forget to pay my bill, please remind me about it.


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[Assistant] He wants to know if you need anything from the supermarket.


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[Assistant] Did you know it was snowing? In all parts of the east coast?


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[Assistant] This last sentence can have two thought groups or three thought groups. When we climbed to the top of the mountain, we could see the ocean. Or two thought groups. When we climbed to the top of the mountain, we could see the ocean.


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[Assistant] See, elephant likes them too. One, two, three, he ate them up.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome back to your basic English lesson. Today we will talk about feeling sick.


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[Assistant] We will use these new words in sentences. So get your notebook and pencil and let's get started. Today's question for you is, how do you feel? Leave me a comment below the video and I will correct your answer.


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[Assistant] Now let's write what we see in each picture. A woman.


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[Assistant] Now, try to think of new words for each picture. Don't use the same words.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at this picture. She is, hm, she has a, hm, what do you think? She is sick.


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[Assistant] He she has, he she doesn't have. He has a cold. She doesn't have a stomach ache.


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[Assistant] We have, they have. We have, we don't have, they don't have. We have colds. They don't have stomach aches. See the S? Colds, stomach aches. He, she have. Does she have a headache? Yes, he does. No, she doesn't.


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[Assistant] Earaches. See the S? Yes, we do. No, they don't.


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[Assistant] Copy this down in your notes, but make sure you change that to we and they. Alright, let's try this. Mary has a cold.


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[Assistant] She doesn't have a fever. Does Mary have a stomach ache? No, she doesn't. Alright, let's try again.


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[Assistant] Sick, hm. She, hm, have a headache. Does Natasha have a stomach ache? Yes, hm, does. Okay, Natasha is sick. She doesn't have a headache. Does Natasha have a stomach ache? Yes, she does. Very good.


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[Assistant] Hmm. Yes, she does. See the question and the answer? Does and does. Does she have a cold?


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[Assistant] No I don't, or yes I do.


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[Assistant] Let's draw the new pictures and think of the words that go with them.


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[Assistant] How about this? It is T.


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[Assistant] A glass. And it is healthy. What is this stuff? It's medicine.


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[Assistant] They are pills. It's a pill. You could call it a tablet. How about the woman?


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[Assistant] Sick. Aww. But after, in medicine, you feel better. So that's good.


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[Assistant] Let's practice some more. She has a headache. Very good. One person, a headache.


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[Assistant] She has a stomach ache.


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[Assistant] The doctor gives her medicine.


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[Assistant] The woman worries. Ohhhh.


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[Assistant] What do you think? Yes, she does. She has a stomachache. Does she have a headache?


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[Assistant] No, she doesn't. Mikai doesn't have a headache. Let's try again. Mary and Mike have earaches. They don't have stomach aches. They drink water. Do Mary and Mike have earaches?


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[Assistant] Yes they do. Mary and Mike have ear aches. Do they have stomach aches?


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[Assistant] No, they don't. They don't have stomachaches.


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's use this to answer the questions. What does she have?


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[Assistant] She has what? A cold. Good job.


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[Assistant] She takes medicine. Very good.


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[Assistant] This is Natasha and the doctor and we have Mike, Sarah,


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[Assistant] Does Natasha have a stomach ache? Does she need medicine?


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[Assistant] The doctor? Sarah is? The woman wants? Mike has an? Now stop the video and complete the test. Then play and check your answers.


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[Assistant] Does Natasha have a stomach ache? Yes, she does. Does she need medicine? Yes, she does. The doctor worries. Sarah is sick. The woman wants medicine. And Mike has an earache. How did you do on your test?


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[Assistant] Try and put these in order, okay? This is the letter we always write. So try and put the green words in the boxes. Let's try. Here we go. Hi, Mikai. What do you think?


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[Assistant] What do you think is first? Are. Good. Are you sick? Do you have a headache and


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[Assistant] What do you think next is? I am sick too. I'm sick too. I have a cold and


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[Assistant] An earache. Oh, really sick. I hope you feel better.


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[Assistant] Please like the video and subscribe for more lessons. Leave me a comment too. I like reading them. Remember to write everything in your notebook and look up any words you don't know. I'll see you next time. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Or did I catch some horrible monster? I will give it to the Queen. She will be happy.


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[Assistant] I will let you go, but you must make me a promise.


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[Assistant] I will call you, and you will come and sing to me.


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[Assistant] Little mermaid, marry me, because I love you.


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[Assistant] I cannot see it. I cannot touch it. I do not know it.


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[Assistant] Of course, I will send it away, and I will be very happy.


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[Assistant] You will be my wife, and you will show me all the things you sing about. We will be together forever.


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[Assistant] I cannot marry her because I have a soul. How can I send my soul away? I really do not need it. Why is my soul important? I cannot see it. I cannot touch it. I do not know it. The priest answered


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[Assistant] Please buy it from me, because I am tired of it. What can I do with a soul? I cannot see it. I cannot touch it. I do not know it.


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[Assistant] Your soul is as precious as all the gold in the world, but the merchants say a false coin is more precious.


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[Assistant] But the priest is very angry with me, and the merchants laugh at me. So, I came to you, and I will pay you any price.


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[Assistant] My soul is not important to me. I cannot see it. I cannot touch it. I do not know it.


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[Assistant] How can I send my soul away? You must promise to tell me.


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[Assistant] He answered, You are my prisoner. Tell me the secret now.


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[Assistant] I will kill you. You must tell me the secret now.


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[Assistant] But do not disturb me, because my love is calling me.


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[Assistant] How can I love my mermaid without a heart? He cried.


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[Assistant] Go away. But I also need to love.


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[Assistant] You will need me. I do not think I will need you.


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[Assistant] But you can call me. I can come here again.


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[Assistant] There is no God, but this is the mirror of wisdom.


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[Assistant] It reflects all the things in heaven and on earth.


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[Assistant] But it does not reflect the face of the person if they look into it. So this person can become wise. There are many other mirrors, but they are mirrors of opinion.


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[Assistant] This is the only mirror of wisdom. When you possess this mirror, you know everything. So it is a god, and we pray to this god.


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[Assistant] What is your name? Don't you know that I am Emperor?


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[Assistant] Are you a prophet? Or the son of a prophet? Please leave my city tonight.


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[Assistant] You are here now, and I am not its lord.


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[Assistant] This is my house of treasure, and half of it is yours. But you must go tonight.


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[Assistant] My father, the son, must not see this. I cannot kill a man in the city.


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[Assistant] You have lead, he cried, and it has no value.


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[Assistant] Take your half of the treasure and go away from my city.


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[Assistant] Take all the treasure and go from my city. You can also have my half of the treasure.


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[Assistant] Love is better than riches, he cried, and the little mermaid loves me.


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[Assistant] It is only one day away, and I can return to my love.


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[Assistant] It was not a good thing to take the cup and hide it.


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[Assistant] I can't find an inn in this city. I have no family here, and I need a room for the night.


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[Assistant] It was bad to hit the merchant and take his gold.


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[Assistant] You told me to do bad things, and I hate these things. I also hate you. Why did you do these things?


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[Assistant] You are bad. And I forgot about my love, and did many bad things because of you.


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[Assistant] Then, I cannot do what you tell me to do.


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[Assistant] I will return to the bay because my love sings there. I will call her.


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[Assistant] I will tell her about the bad things I did, and the bad things you did to me.


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[Assistant] I am sure you suffered when you did not have a heart.


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[Assistant] We do not know what kind of flowers they are, but they come from the corner of the field of the fullers.


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[Assistant] Little Norway, fighting symbol of a temporarily occupied country, closes up shop at Ravenhurst, Ontario.


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[Assistant] Right now all the roots are settling to the bottom. So that's why I have the ladle. And I'll stir it and I'll try to bring the bottom.


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[Assistant] Dear Guinevere, I don't want to leave you alone. Please come with me. I promise to protect you.


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[Assistant] Your lovely presence gives me happiness and courage.


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[Assistant] That is where Christ's blood was kept after he was crucified.


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[Assistant] I ask you to rule my land until I return. I know you are a loyal man.


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[Assistant] I must give my sword Excalibur back to the lady of the lake. Take it to the lake.


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[Assistant] Then throw it far into the water.


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[Assistant] Thank you, my loyal friend. Now carry me to the lake.


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[Assistant] Arthur answered, my life is near the end. Pray for yourself. Prayers can do many things. Farewell. I am going to Avalon.


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[Assistant] We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children. If we don't do that, we're gonna get


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[Assistant] The generation we deserve. They're going to learn from whatever it is they have around them. And we as now


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[Assistant] The elite, parents, librarians, professionals, whatever it is, a bunch of our activities are in fact in trying to get the best we have to offer within reach of those around us or as broadly as we can. I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone. One is what's on the Boston Public Library. Carved above their door is free to all.


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[Assistant] It's kind of an inspiring statement, and I'll go back at the end of this. I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the work's knowledge to as many people as want to read it. And the idea of using technology is perfect for us. I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks. It's not easy to one-up the Greeks.


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[Assistant] A copy of every book of all the peoples of the world. Problem was you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it. On the other hand, if you did think great things happened, I think we can one up the Greeks and achieve something. And I'm going to try to argue only one point today that universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp.


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[Assistant] So if I'm successful, uhm, then you'll actually come away thinking, yeah, we could actually achieve.


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[Assistant] The great vision of everything ever published.


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[Assistant] Everything that was ever meant for distribution available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it. Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed.


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[Assistant] Uh, and that's still being re-figured out. But I'd say there's plenty of money and there's plenty of demand, um, so we can actually, uh, achieve that. Uh, but I'm gonna go over the technological, social, and sort of where we, where are we as a whole trying to get to that particular vision. And the way I'm gonna try to do this is do it like the amazon.com website.


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[Assistant] Books, music, video, and, and just go step media type by media type to go and say, all right, how are we doing on this? So if we start with books, uhm, you know, so where, where are we? Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it? If you wanted to put all of the published works in, uh, online, so anybody could have it at available.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, how big a problem is it? Well, we don't really know, uhm, but the largest print library in the world is the Library of Congress. It's 26 million volumes. 26 million volumes. It's by far and away the largest, uh, print library in the world. And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word. So, uh, a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes. It goes mega, giga, terra. 26 terabytes. 26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big on spinning Linux drives. And it costs about $60,000. So for the cost of a house,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's pretty neat. Then the question is, is what do you get if, you know, is it worth trying to get there? Do you actually want it online? Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers that allow you to search inside the books and that's kind of fun and you can download these things and look around them in new and different ways and you can get at them remotely if you happen to have, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great. I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle. It's starting to be a little bit more specified. But I have to say that there's, uh, uh, there's older technologies that I tend to like. Uhm, I like the physical book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things, put them on the net.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then download, print them and bind them and end up with books again. And we sort of said, well, how hard is this? And it turns out to not be very hard. We actually went off to make a bookmobile and a bookmobile the size of a van with a satellite dish, a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books. It costs about $3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To download, print and bind a normal old book. And they actually come out kind of nice looking. You can actually get really good looking books, uh, for on the order of one penny per page. Sort of parts cost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the idea of this technology actually may end up putting books back in people's hands again. There are some other bookmobiles running around. This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond. Thoreau's works. This is just before he got kicked out by the park service for competing with the bookstore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In India, they've got another couple bookmobiles running around and this is the opening day at the Library of Alexandria, the new Library of Alexandria in Egypt. It was quite popularly attended and kids starting to make


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Their own books and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the idea of being able to use this technology to end up with paper back in hand sort of sounds a little retro, uhm, but I think it still has its place. And being sort of from the Silicon Valley sort of utopian sort of, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the books were in the library, we could get it to people if they were digitized, but we didn't know how to try to get it digitized. Everybody thought the answer is send things to India and China.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so we've tried that and I'll go over that in a moment. There are some newer technologies for delivering that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well. One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg machine. We have one of these things now. It's completely cool. It, it, it, it, it is a conveyor belt and it makes a book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Press a button and make a book. Something else I'm quite excited about in this particular domain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can, it actually turns out to be a really good looking,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it and it turns out that 200 dots per inch means that you can put scanned books on them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That look really good. At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of 300 dot per inch laser printer. We're in good enough shape. You actually can go and read


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it was funded by the National Science Foundation and sent about into scanners and the American libraries were supposed to send books.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, they didn't. Uhm, they didn't want to send their books, so we bought a hundred thousand books and sent them to India. Uh, and then we learned why you don't want to send books to India. Uhm, what I, the lesson we learned out of this is scan your own books. If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better, especially if they're valuable books. If they're new books and you could just, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books, about 300,000 now, uh, doing very well. The Chinese did over a million, uh, and the Egyptians are about 30,000. Uhm, but we then thought, okay, if we're gonna need to do this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's do it in library. How do we go and do this? And how do we get it down so that it's a cost point that we could afford? And we sort of pick the price point of 10 cents a page. If it's basically the cost of Xeroxing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To basically digitize OCR, package it up, make it so that you could download print and bind it, the whole shebang.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, with two digital, high-grade professional digital cameras, controlled museum lighting, so even if it's a black and white book, uhm, you can go and get the proper intonation. So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job. This is not a fax. This is the idea, is to do a beautiful job.