[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's take some questions from YouTube. You guys have been chatting away in there and, um, I'm trying to look at it for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, just to see what's actually happening if you're getting the audio and everything. But let's take some questions from YouTube. So go ahead and ask away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All right, so we got one here from Claudia and it's going to cut off because it's quite long, but I'll read it out to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to ask you about the way you learn new coding skills. How do you go about teaching yourself new skills? What's your learning process? Okay, cool. So I think one of the most useful skills like that I've ever picked up is learning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think if you can learn quite quickly, then it's going to help you in pretty much all sorts of ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the ways that I do, uhm, one of the ways that I sort of conceptualize it is I try to take the entire topic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I break it down into, you know, what are all the parts I need to learn?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because when you take a textbook or when you take, I dunno, let's say, I mean, for example, at the moment I'm trying to learn German, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I just took a dictionary, it would take me years, years before I will learn it. And I see sometimes people learning programming a bit like that. Like they try to learn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every single method, every single function in a particular programming languages API or


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, just, just trying to learn it all, right? And there's a lot of courses are also kind of like a reference guide kind of style where they show you everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think in terms of learning, it doesn't really work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead, what you kind of need to do is, again, you have to have a goal, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you're learning to program, maybe that goal is you have a particular app you want to build.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now there's certain foundational skills that you need.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But once you get past the foundation, then you're kind of doing like learning Lego. You're trying to figure out, okay, I need to learn this bit. Where should I go for that? I need to learn that part in order to do this. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, the way that I'm thinking about German, like learning German, I've realized I don't need to write German. I...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably could read, but it doesn't really bother me. All I wanna focus on is actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a really good course actually by Pimsleur that I use where all they do is they just teach you a couple of ways of saying a sentence and then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They get you to practice. You just, you know, they'll be like, what is, how do you say, I want to go to the restaurant? How do you say, I'm going to the restaurant? How do you say, I went to the restaurant, et cetera. And you have a lot of practice just.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Putting the words together in some sort of logical way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it's not really interactive, it's just a list of sentences I have to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I will take that and take Google Translate, which can listen live to what you're speaking in German and I'll translate it to English text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So then I can judge based on that translation, well, how good is my German? Did I manage to conjugate my verbs correctly? Did I manage to put everything together?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then in terms of listening, uhm, one of the hacks that I kind of came up with, I guess, I'm sure it's not original.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but I watch a lot of shows on Netflix, as I'm sure a lot of you guys do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I discovered, uhm, that if you listen to a, uh, TV show that's produced in another language, so for me it's German.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can switch on not only the subtitles, which is helpful, but you can switch on something called audio described, which basically will


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Describe to you uhm, it's intended for people who are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, unable to see, uhm, to be able to hear what's happening in the show.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But to somebody who's also, you know, not really very good at the language, hearing what's happening on the screen, being described to me in German,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it'll be something like a man walks into the room. The man takes the keys from the table. Like I can see that. I can see what's happening and I can match up what's happening with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's being described? And this has been really, really helpful for me to learn listening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeah, basically what I would say is break down the problem, figure out the goal,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just take the parts that you need to do to achieve the goal and then see how you can practice those skills repeatedly. That's probably the best way of learning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's take another question from YouTube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, it's gonna cut off the text again, but I'll read it out. Okay, cool. So there's two questions in there. First question is, how do you get good at reading docs?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Firstly, there's a difference in the quality of documentation. So I worked


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot with iOS and so I'm mostly reading Apple documentation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is, I mean, it's beautiful. Like they've laid out the website really nicely, but if you've taken my iOS courses, you know that I think they're kind of minimalist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're kind of just like, oh yeah, we have this thing which you can use. Uhm, but why don't you go and like find out yourself how to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeah, it's useful, but you know, if you've ever looked at some of Google's documentation, especially Flutter documentation is absolutely incredible. And you know, really like kudos to the team because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is the best documentation I've ever seen. It's kind of like, this is a method that we have in this particular module. This is how you would use it. Here's a code example. Here are the various parameters that you can, you know, tweak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it is just so good that you can sort of imagine yourself being able to pick up how to use it very easily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whereas Apple kind of like, yeah, we don't really care. You know, if you make it, you make it. Uhm, if you make an app, there's enough people who make apps. I don't know. I don't know what is their, their thinking behind their documentation, but it's, it's very hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the second thing I would say is that you don't necessarily learn a lot from documentation. It's kind of like if you were learning a language and your starting point was the dictionary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This kinda comes back to how you learn, right? A lot of people still learn in a pre-computer, pre-internet kind of way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where you read a book, your lecturer gives you a lecture, you take notes, you memorize those notes, you read the book, you take more notes, you do a test. This, I would say,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is good for exams or for school, it's probably still the way you have to do it, but if you're actually just trying to learn a skill for life or for, you know, changing jobs or just for yourself, it's not the best way because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Information is really cheap. Uhm, you can get hold of pretty much any knowledge or information you want just by typing into Google.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So why should I store all of that information in my brain when, you know, it's just two or three keystrokes away? So I don't really like to do that. And this comes back to documentation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't remember documentation. I don't learn documentation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are loads of methods that I'm not, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I don't remember how to use, but the thing I know is that I have the skills to be able to understand the code when I need to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when I want to look something up, I look it up in the documentation. Actually, usually I look it up in Stack Overflow. I try to see an example where it's used. And then in the example, I'll see a particular method that's in the documentation. And then if I want more background, I'll read up on it in the documentation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's much better to learn things as and when you need to. So that's pretty much what I do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's like a really big question. Uhm, and I think back in the, uhm, ask, there's also somebody who asked, uhm, I think it was somebody called Oliver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who said, what do you recommend to aspiring entrepreneurs? So I'm going to answer these two together. Uhm, so when I started, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I kind of started building a startup while I was still working as a doctor, which is probably a little bit masochistic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh man, it was probably like some 14 hour, occasionally like 16 hour days. And uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or the good thing or the bad thing. And the night shifts, you know, to be humane, at least in Europe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After three days of night shifts, we tend to get three days off. So the first day you'll be completely destroyed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll be hardly human because you're trying to switch time zones, right? It's kind of like flying to Australia and back every week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first day is kind of like gone, but the second and third days I found that uhm, I was able to kind of recuperate those days and I would just go to the library and I would work on my startup. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing is you gotta find time. Uhm, there is no perfect time to start a startup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no perfect opportunity that's just gonna like hit you on the head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything that we've built, everything, every opportunity that's come to us has taken a lot of work to prepare to get to that point, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I think there was this, this thing that my granddad drilled into me, which is uhm, my late granddad. Uhm, he, he used to take me to school on his bicycle every day, and uhm, on this little like 30 minute bicycle ride, he would give me these like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, chicken soup style like pieces of like nuggets of advice. I have like so many pieces of advice, including like, okay, they're gonna sound weird. It's like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think what he's trying to say is don't make the same mistake twice. I don't know why it has to do with uncooked beans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but another thing that he told me is that, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Opportunities come to those who are prepared. I'm pretty sure it was another food analogy because I do really well with food analogies. That's the way I understand the world. Uhm, but he says that, you know, every time you see somebody


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looking like as if they were just an overnight success. It's never overnight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't see all the hours and days that they've poured into


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doing something, fruitful or not, successful or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until they get to the point where they're prepared enough to be hit by that opportunity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a good example, I think is, um, for example, we built the Flutter course because, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Tim, who heads up the Flutter team at Google took...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My iOS course and he loved it so much that he reached out to me over Twitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is how we partnered with the Flutter team at Google to build this course together. Now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I had just started building courses day one and, you know, firstly, nobody would know about you. Secondly, you know, there's no track record. And thirdly, I'm not even sure I would be able to build such a good, um, course from scratch. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the idea is to spend all of your time preparing your startup, working on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, you know, there will be moments, there will be wins and there will be losses and you have to grab onto the wins and not think too much about the losses. That's pretty much in a nutshell how I think about our startup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I'm gonna go back to the chat and I'm gonna ask you guys for some more questions. And let's see if we got some good ones. Alright, so I think...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When i was looking at the questions that people asked previously and also in youtube right now the one i'm seeing a lot is this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It seems like everybody wants to know when the iOS 14 update is coming for iOS or is there going to be a new course? When is it going to happen? What is happening on that? Should I wait for the course? Should I continue the iOS 13 course? What's happening? Okay, so here's, um, what is happening. Um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've reviewed Big Sur and also the latest version of Xcode. We're in the process of testing the course through all of these new pieces of software.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we realized is that the changes are not that great. Uhm, so there's basically not enough changes, uhm, to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They've tweaked the style of Xcode a little bit and they've added some handy features which we might point out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trying to figure out how we can update the last parts of the course because they're more outdated. Whereas the beginning modules sort of up to flash chat, I think. So the first 14 or 15 modules, we're going to keep as is because they still work, but we'll update some of the interfaces. So at least initially it won't be so confusing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that means that there will be no new iOS course. You won't have to buy anything. All the updates that we're making through this winter next spring will get added to the existing iOS course. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't buy any more courses, just keep the one that you already have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you'll see the updates roll in, but if you're already learning with the course, don't worry. The changes are not that big. Uhm, you'll be able to, you'll be able to figure it out. So that's, that's what's happening on that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's see what other questions we've got in YouTube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we've got a question from Atharva Vasakar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's interesting, that's a question that everybody wants to know. I wonder if it's because of all the memes I put into the courses from anime. So, I, I don't think that uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the anime that I like basically is quite old school, you know, your girl's not young.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, for example, Ghibli movies, um, Spirit of the Way, it's like one of my favorite all-time movies. I love it so much. But pretty much any Ghibli movie, it's amazing. It just paints the scene.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But more recently, I'm kind of late to the bandwagon here, but, uhm, Netflix started showing this, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sort of a western anime called Avatar The Last Airbender.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't be, uh, put off by the name. It has a horrible name, but it is so good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like reliving childhood, you know, like if you could just go back to being a little child, that's how it feels. It's so wholesome and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my god, it's just so good. Uhm, if you haven't watched it, I wouldn't ruin it for you, but it is literally the best animated show I have ever watched and it has a special place in my heart. Uhm, okay, what other questions have we got?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and he asks, what careers can I have at age 13? Okay, so the full question I will read out because it's a little bit long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was 13, I was probably the same as you. I was also thinking about uhm, like how to get a job. I don't know what it is. I think you're probably an overachiever, like a type A person like me as well. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was 13, I was thinking that uhm, I'd really like to have some pocket money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because my parents didn't really believe in pocket money and they were like sweets and snacks that my friends were having and I was kind of jealous. So I was like, you know what? I'm going to make my own money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I decided to take an inventory of what am I good at?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I tried out a couple of things. One is I got legs, I can walk, so I signed up for this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thing in the UK, I'm not even sure what it's called in elsewhere, but basically there's, uhm, this giant book, like a telephone directory that we used to have, like, pre-internet days. It's called, like, the Yellow Pages in the UK. And you can basically go door to door lugging these, like, two kilogram books.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and you get paid a pound, so like about one dollar twenty, for every one of these books that you deliver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the thing is that they're so heavy. They're like, I dunno, they're.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're like 2 kilos each, so if you imagine 10 of them, and I was 13.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that was pretty hard and I got some pocket money, but I thought about iterating on that. So, you know, coming back to startups, you got to try something, you test it out, see if it works, see if people like it, see if it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically ended up in me thinking about what else do I have? And maybe like manual labor isn't really my strong point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I thought that, well, you know, I'm like pretty good at maths, I'm pretty good at physics, and uhm, there's probably other kids who want to learn maths and physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I printed out these little flyers, like from my little home printer, so like they were like this big each per ad, because I didn't want to waste too much ink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I cut it out of the page, and uhm, it's about like eight ads per page, and I went door to door around sort of my neighborhood area, like an area that I thought was like within walking distance, and I posted it to everybody in the mailbox. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then like some people actually called me up and then I became a tutor, although probably illegally because I'm pretty sure you're not allowed to work and earn money at age 13 unless you're like supervised or something. But that was like my first entrepreneurial, uhm, bent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So coming back to your question, what careers can you have at age 13? Well, now that you have the internet, effectively, you could do anything. You could, like, probably sign up on Fiverr and start doing freelance gigs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think when people sign up to these freelance gigs, they always want to like charge what it's worth. And I would say just don't do that. Don't, don't like go overboard. Charge way, way below what you think it should cost. So you want to build somebody a website, charge $5 for it, you know, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What you wanna do is like build up your reputation. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you get more clients and if they like what you do, hopefully you're doing a good job because you know, you're my student, right? So you're going to be pretty good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you give the project back to them, you're learning like skills like communication, how to work with clients, what clients mean when they're saying like, oh, I would like that to look more classy. What does that actually mean to a web developer? Well, you're going to work that out. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once you've got a good client, then you've got a word of mouth. You've also got reviews. You've got a client who can be your referee.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you build up on that. So you take on more clients.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe you've got too much work, so now you raise your, you raise your price, it's now $10. And then you've got like too much work again, you raise your price to $20.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that way eventually you'll get to the point where you're making enough pocket money to buy suites or whatever it is, you know, um, you want to achieve. Maybe you want to like buy stocks at age 13. Maybe you're going to buy into Tesla. I don't know. But, um, yeah, so that's, that's my advice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see what you guys are saying in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he asked, understanding syntax is not so difficult. Formulating syntax together with logic to build functional code is difficult. What are the best strategies to connect the dots to build real world projects? This is something that you guys upvoted a lot and it's something that we think is really important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because one of the sort of feedback that we were always getting from students is, yeah, okay, so like, you know, I've completed this tutorial. I've completed that tutorial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, you know, after I'm done, I still don't know how to make my project. I still don't know like, how to, how to build something, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this was really like our thinking when we started building the 100 days of code project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanted to, uhm, make a course basically which starts out with tutorials and a lot of heavy sort of, uhm, guidance, but then to progress on to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be able to let you experience what it's like when you know the training wheels are off. So when I first learned how to ride a bicycle, you know, I was riding it and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't really have one of those fancy bicycles with the training wheels. I just had my dad like holding the bicycle from behind and.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, initially I was just riding, he was running behind and at some point he kind of let go and I didn't really notice and I could just start cycling myself. But then when I turned around and I saw that there was nobody there, I immediately crashed, right? So uhm, yeaah, I guess my track record with bicycles is not great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But uhm, so I guess the learning point there is that, you know, you can't always


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of people have been asking me, hey, you know, this course, uhm, 100 days of code, why is it that there's like less and less video towards the end? Uhm, is it because you haven't finished it? What's happening?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the answer to that is no, it's not because I haven't finished it, it's because it's really carefully thought out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be that person holding the bicycle from behind and then to eventually let you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because I want you to be able to finish that course and to get a job or to build your own startup, build your own project. But that requires quite a bit of struggle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the struggle comes from building projects, right? But you know, when I say to people, the best way to learn to code after you finish a tutorial is to build a project. Well, they say, I don't know, which project do I build and how do I build it? I don't know how to get there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's why we built this course, to try and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make it so that initially you have sort of more step by step, uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like video lessons, and then you have step by step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Text lessons with more dependence on the documentation and on like kind of real tools that a developer would use like Google and Stack Overflow. Like you need to struggle. You need to find out the answers for yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, you know, there's walkthroughs and there's guidance. And then eventually to get you to the very end where you're actually building your own project for your own portfolio, which contains 100% your own code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which you can, you know, copyright, you can sell, you can do whatever you want because it's your own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we've done is just provided the project ideas for you, something that we think is really feasible that you can definitely do if you've completed the entire first 80 days. So that was what we tried to do. And, you know, I think the best way


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To build real world projects is to start small.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So don't start off trying to build a car, build a skateboard instead. And then once you've built the skateboard, maybe add a handle to it, turn it into a scooter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then maybe once you've done that, turn it into a motorcycle and then turn it into a car. Don't just go out there and be like, I want to build a Facebook plus Twitter plus, you know, whatever enterprise software and I'm going to do it like after I complete this course, like that's just, you're setting yourself up to fail. You have to start with something simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, let's do some quick questions. Swift UI or UI Kit?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, SwiftUI is getting a lot better, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, when we did the Swift, uh, the Objective-C to Swift conversion, it took like years still, like loads of apps are built with Objective-C. So Swift UI is not something that you can learn and get hired for right now. It's really fun and I really enjoy playing with it, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't really think it's serious enough, like for my needs at the moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're probably going to build in more tutorials to the existing course. So if you missed that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't have to buy a new course your existing iOS 13 course will get updated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but it's gonna be probably more SwiftUI, a little bit less UIKit, and then we're gonna keep tweaking that percentage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until, you know, until like when Apple fully transitions, but I want to do it slowly because right now the, the kind of skills that's really important that's going to get you hired is UIKit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, can you make your iOS course like 100 days challenge code? Uhm, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We thought about making the 100 days of code challenge. We thought about like, what's the perfect language for it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because Python is something that you can do like a lot of different things with like web development or data science, uhm, or scripting or automation.


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[Assistant] Swift is pretty much all about making apps, and it just doesn't really work that well with it.


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[Assistant] I think it works better when you can actually build real projects, like big projects that you can show off and you can use. I think it's just a better format.


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[Assistant] Uhm, okay, what kind of games do you prefer? Computer slash Android?


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[Assistant] Uhm, oh man, uhm, I recently got into this Steam game called Salt and Sanctuary.


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[Assistant] It's got, like, the RPG elements, it's got, uhm, platforming, it's got some combat, and it's got, like, just a lot of elements. It's, like, really well-rounded, and I discovered that it was actually made by, like, one guy, essentially. He built the entire video game, which is crazy. It's a really good one.


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[Assistant] And on Android, on phone, uhm,


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[Assistant] Uhm, okay, so what else are we seeing in the chat? Will you intend to build a Java course? Uhm, probably not.


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[Assistant] I don't really like Java that much. Uhm, I feel like Oracle's gonna like send me a lawsuit just for saying the word Java.


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[Assistant] So uhm, the funny story is that we, we obviously have like an Android course and the Android course is built with Java, so we thought it'd be a good idea to put the Java logo on the course image. And then we got this like really serious letter from Oracle uhm, saying uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, you gotta take off our logo, because you don't own the logo for Java. And we were like, hey man, we're trying to teach your technology to people, like we're trying to teach more people Java, which you own. But they were like, nope. So uhm, yeah, I think they're a bit, they're a bit old on that front.


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[Assistant] Uhm, let's see what other messages have you guys got. Uhm.


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[Assistant] That's amazing. I've heard of people completing it with, um, like their kids, like their 10 year old, 11 year old kids, but that's pretty awesome.


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[Assistant] You know, this is another good point. My friend was recently telling me the story that, uhm,


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[Assistant] They, so he works at a bank and he was saying how they have this guy who is like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The godfather of like their platforms code and nobody else can like fix it other than him.


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[Assistant] And uhm, I was like really curious, you know, and uhm, so one day the like grand master of the


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[Assistant] Finance companies code comes in. He's got like a walking stick. He's like 69 or something and he's like really old. He's got like white hairs and it turns out that their entire system is built on pretty much like


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[Assistant] You know, like really, really old tech, right? And this is like the only guy who really understands how to do it. These kind of...


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[Assistant] Old programming languages like Cobol or Fortran, you know, because there's not actually a lot of people who know it and it's super hard. Like when you, if you tried learning C and you think that's hard, like try learning Fortran, it's


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[Assistant] It's even harder. I guess there's also machine code, but you know, there's also a, uh,


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[Assistant] Like all of the airline industry, banking, they're all built on COBOL, which is crazy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The best books. Oh, uhm, there's a really good book on negotiation by Chris Voss and he's like this ex-FBI negotiator. So like negotiating hostage releases and everything.


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[Assistant] So he basically just teaches you like how to negotiate. Like if you want to buy a used car, how to get the best deal, but using all of these skills that he got from like the FBI, which is absolutely insane. It was a really good book. Um, okay. So what else have we got?


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[Assistant] Uh, Java, C++, or Python, which is the most powerful? I mean, what are you, what are you trying to, like, you trying to, like, Street Fighters?


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[Assistant] You know how on YouTube there's all these like videos of like, bear versus cobra?


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[Assistant] I think somebody should make a YouTube video where it's like Java programmer versus Python programmer.


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[Assistant] I don't know, I don't think any of them are more powerful. I think they have their own uses. It's like kinda saying, you know, hammer versus saw, who's gonna win? Doesn't really make too much sense. Uhm, what have we got?


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[Assistant] A secret. I don't really like JavaScript that much. Uhm, I think if you're somebody who's played with a lot of the newer languages that have been, like, developed recently, rather than a language that's old, that's just had new things bolted on, like JavaScript,


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[Assistant] You realize like how nice it is, like Swift is lovely, Kotlin is nice, Dart, like they're all really nice languages, Python.


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[Assistant] But web development you can do with Python, with JavaScript, it's really your choice these days with so many frameworks. Uhm, what else have we got?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, can you say something about UI UX designing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, UIUX Designing. Uhm, it's really important.


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[Assistant] Oh, uhm, this is a good tip. Don't think about ui and ux at the end. Uhm.


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[Assistant] A friend of mine is a UX designer and she's really, really good, but like she says, always what happens is like companies will bring her in at the very end. They're like, oh, just sprinkle your like UX magic dust. And it's like, no, that doesn't work. You have to start from the very beginning. So super important. Uhm, like.


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[Assistant] Read more about it. Try out loads of apps. I know that these days people kind of like just have seven apps on their phone and they don't really add any other ones. But uhm, try out apps. Try out the user experience. And then just make a note of the ones you really like.


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[Assistant] Like recently, uhm, in the UK, there's a bank, uhm, startup called Monzo, and when you get their bank card in the mail, when you're setting it up, so when you're doing that with like a normal bank, like,


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[Assistant] You know, HSBC or whatever, you have to like call up their customer service, you have to go into the branch, they type some stuff, you fill in some forms. This Mando card came in.


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[Assistant] I had to download the Mondo app and then it was literally like using NFC, touch your phone and then it was like, it's all set up.


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[Assistant] That was amazing. That is good UX. That is some fantastic US.


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[Assistant] Uhm, last question I'm gonna take, I'm gonna pick the last question before we take off. Let's see.


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[Assistant] Okay, I'm gonna pick you, cause I see you in the Q&A doing 100 days of Python all the time, Mattia.


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[Assistant] You're like really, really strong on the motivation. So your question is how do you make prices for software? Like how do you price software? I think is what you mean. Uhm.


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[Assistant] I mean, theoretically, what people say is price your software at the price that people are willing to pay for it, but...


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[Assistant] I mean, I'm not really the right person to ask, uhm, cause...


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[Assistant] I don't really like doing marketing. I don't really like doing sales. I just don't, like when I make my courses, I kind of think if it's something that people want, then they'll get it. Like I don't want to like, I don't want to like,


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[Assistant] Tell people to buy something that they don't need or they don't want, you know, uhm, like,


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[Assistant] I think the marketing team wanted me to do this AMA so that we could promote the new 100 days of Python course, but they're going to hate me because I haven't done any of that and I'm not planning to. Uhm, yeah, I mean, check it out. It's in the description below.


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[Assistant] Uhm, if you want to get the 100 days of Python course, uhm, you can get it for whatever price is there, but uhm, you know,


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[Assistant] I think you should price your product, uhm,


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[Assistant] Depending on its appeal. So if it's something that has mass appeal, then, you know, you can afford to make it a bit cheaper. If it's something that has


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Play music as a DJ, like, I don't know how many people are interested in it. Maybe a lot actually, I don't know. Uhm, but if it's something that's really niche, then you've got to price it more because, you know, considering the amount of time that it takes to develop.


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[Assistant] But uhm, I mean a good example is that uhm,


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[Assistant] Our team, uhm, you know, thought really hard about how we price our courses and one of the things that we thought about is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, if we can afford to make it cheaper than we will, because...


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[Assistant] Yes, people will buy it for $200 and


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[Assistant] Yes, you know, six people worked on this project for almost two years and they, you know.


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[Assistant] Uhm, living conditions, I know that, uhm, I lived in Malawi for a while, uhm, in Africa and, you know, I know,


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[Assistant] Like in villages and, you know, people don't have a lot. So what you might think is a lot is, what you might think is a little is actually a lot to some other people. So we really wanted to be able to make courses that anybody can afford. So I would just say, you know, really depends, depends on you.


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[Assistant] So, I think this is gonna be the last question, unless there's something fun in here. Can I work at App Brewery someday?


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[Assistant] Uhm, well, I mean, there's Covid, uhm, but there's also like remote positions. Uhm, we're thinking of maybe hiring some interns at some point, uhm, but I don't really know how it'll work.


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[Assistant] Maybe we'll announce it as like an educational announcement. I don't know. But we'll think about that.


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[Assistant] Alright, so it's now way, way past time and my tummy's kind of rumbling. You know how it is. Uhm, the girl is hungry.


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[Assistant] So I'm gonna probably sign off and uhm, so thanks you guys, all 1000 of you guys or more who joined in for the livestream today and


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[Assistant] I hope you will, uhm, carry on coding and I hope you all the success in the world from your instructor, Angela. Good night, good morning, wherever you are. Bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, last week when I moved in, the apartment seemed cozy. Just the right size for one person.


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[Assistant] But now, it just seems tiny, shabby, and solitary.


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[Assistant] I'm going to sound like an idiot because I used to complain to you all the time about how crowded our dormitory room was and about all the things they did to irritate me.


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[Assistant] Like watching movies late at night without headphones, or talking loudly early in the morning. But now I miss them terribly.


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[Assistant] Actually, it's not bad. In fact, it's pretty adorable now that I have decorated it. And it has everything I need.


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[Assistant] I have a kitchen to cook in and a bathroom, all to myself.


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[Assistant] And then another room with my bed at one end and a sofa, a small table and chairs at the other end.


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[Assistant] Our guest today is Frank Jones, a critic of our education system and the author of a new book, How to Reform Our Universities.


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[Assistant] You support radically changing universities in America.


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[Assistant] Surely the purpose of university is to prepare young people to participate fully in civic life, rather than just to find well-paid jobs.


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[Assistant] But you propose closing down all departments that aren't directly related to science and technology. Is that really the solution?


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[Assistant] Studying literature or music or sculpture might not result in a job in that area, but it helps young people to think about the world in a deeper way, which makes them better citizens and makes for a better society.


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[Assistant] Questions five to eight are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question five. What do we learn from the conversation about the man?


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[Assistant] Do you ever have the annoying feeling that you don't have time to really think anymore? You're not alone.


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[Assistant] A variety of factors have conspired to rob us of time for reflection about ourselves and our lives.


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[Assistant] Today, our preoccupied minds are rarely silent.


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[Assistant] The average person receives hundreds of texts and voice messages a day.


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[Assistant] And holidays, for many of us, are action-packed weeks more likely full of family activities.


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[Assistant] It's a prerequisite for you to recharge your mental batteries.


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[Assistant] See things in a new light and tap into your creativity.


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[Assistant] Almost all of the great advisors that I have studied have found ways to get away from it all and contemplate their life and work.


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[Assistant] Some researchers in the field of creativity, in fact, believe that insight occurs during the reflection and relaxation that follows a period of intense activity. Schedule time for reflection about your work or a particular project you're engaged in. I usually block out half an hour. Don't answer the phone. Push your papers to the side.


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[Assistant] Sketch. Make lists. Draw mind maps of ideas that come to you.


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[Assistant] At the end, write down any emerging ideas.


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[Assistant] When you're alone, stop worrying and think.


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[Assistant] A lot of our downtime is spent worrying about troublesome things in our lives.


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[Assistant] Or fantasizing about how we'd like our lives to be. Revisit things during moments of relaxation after a period of intense work. This is when we are the most creative.


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[Assistant] Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 12.


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[Assistant] What does the passage say about Colorado before it became a state?


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[Assistant] How did the Postal Service contribute to America's westward expansion?


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[Assistant] What did the federal government do to meet the increasing demand for the postal service in the West?


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[Assistant] What did Mr. Belvins do to study the history of the U.S. Postal Service?


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[Assistant] In last week's lecture, we discussed reasons why people forget things.


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[Assistant] This week we will discuss a surprising reason why we might remember some things. Anxiety. Think about something as simple as buying a coffee.


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[Assistant] That may not seem like an experience that would make a deep impression on your memory, but anxiety could change that.


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[Assistant] In fact, a new study suggests that people with higher anxiety levels might remember certain information better than people with lower anxiety levels.


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[Assistant] That's because higher levels of anxiety may make people more susceptible to negative feelings, putting them in a more negative state of mind.


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[Assistant] That, in turn, may make them able to better remember some events. Let's take a closer look at that new study now.


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[Assistant] In this study, the researchers started by giving 80 undergraduate students an anxiety test.


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[Assistant] The test measured the participants' anxiety levels over the preceding two weeks.


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[Assistant] Then, to test memory, the participants were shown a series of neutral words, one at a time.


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[Assistant] Meaning images that could affect their emotions negatively.


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[Assistant] Such as a photo of a car accident or a cemetery.


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[Assistant] The rest of the words were printed onto photos of neutral scenes, such as a photo of a lake or trees.


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[Assistant] Neutral words included words like table or desk that don't elicit emotion.


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[Assistant] Later, the participants were asked to think back to the words they were shown earlier, which caused them to re-enter either a negative or neutral mindset.


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[Assistant] The participants were then presented with another set of neutral words. And their memory of these new words was tested.


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[Assistant] The researchers found that the new words presented to people in a negative mindset


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[Assistant] We're better remembered by people with higher levels of anxiety than those with lower levels of anxiety.


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[Assistant] In other words, when highly anxious individuals took in otherwise emotionally neutral information that was presented to them, it became colored by their negative mindset, making them remember the information better.


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[Assistant] But these same effects were not seen in people with low levels of anxiety.


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[Assistant] Previous studies have found that extreme levels of anxiety such as those experienced by people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder can be quite detrimental to memory and cognitive performance.


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[Assistant] But the highly anxious people in this study represent individuals who are managing their anxiety.


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[Assistant] And for whom anxiety is not a serious problem.


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[Assistant] Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 19. What does the speaker say about today's consumers?


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[Assistant] How do marketers capture consumers' attention as quickly as possible?


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[Assistant] Question 21. What does the speaker suggest marketers do to meet future challenges?


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[Assistant] You might be surprised to learn that the benefits of friendships extend beyond people's social life and into their work.


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[Assistant] Which is interesting, when considering the extent to which people sacrifice friendships.


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[Assistant] Or at least the time they spend with friends because of the extended hours they're devoting to work.


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[Assistant] Just last week, I was remarking to a colleague that I'm content with only one social engagement per week.


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[Assistant] But according to recent research, that's evidently not enough.


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[Assistant] In an initial study of more than 700 respondents, scholars from an American university


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[Assistant] Analyze the impact that friends as opposed to family have on self-esteem and well-being. Friends came out substantially on top.


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[Assistant] The researchers found that when people choose to cultivate and maintain supportive friendships with an individual,


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[Assistant] It means that the person is valued and worthy of their limited time.


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[Assistant] Such sentiments of value and worthiness boost our self-esteem.


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[Assistant] The second study comprised more than 300 participants.


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[Assistant] It proved that the better we feel about ourselves, the more likely we'll perform our job confidently and competently.


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[Assistant] This follow-up study found that non-work friends even improve people's job satisfaction.


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[Assistant] Despite not actually being at our place of work.


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[Assistant] These types of friends tend to be our preferred outlet for venting about work-related matters.


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[Assistant] This is an avenue that may not be available at the office.


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[Assistant] So even though friendships can be easy to neglect when confronted by pressures at work, or even pressures at home,


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[Assistant] Neglecting our friends can turn out to be harmful and counterproductive.


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[Assistant] That's why, when determining how to create a better work-life balance, we need to consider not only how to balance work and family demands,


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[Assistant] It's for this reason that managers should never discriminate when it comes to requests from employees for flexible work arrangements.


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[Assistant] It's irrelevant whether their need for a desired schedule is due to, say, parenting responsibilities or a craving to hang out with a best mate.


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[Assistant] If you don't do that, you'll never be able to set any goals for your budget or have the discipline to stick to them.


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[Assistant] Yes, but knowing what you earn and what you spend can give you reassurance that you won't get into debt in the first place.


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[Assistant] You can do this by adding up all of your sources of income you have.


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[Assistant] And writing them all down on a piece of paper. On the same page write down all of your monthly expenses.


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[Assistant] Most people have no idea how much they spend each day, let alone each week or month, no matter how careful they are.


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[Assistant] Next, subtract your monthly expenses from income.


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[Assistant] If the result is positive you are living within your means. If the result is a negative number you're going to have to cut back on your spending.


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[Assistant] Well, it's not a catastrophe, but you do have to make some changes. Try cutting back on those non-essential items.


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[Assistant] Sell some stuff in your attic, or shop online to avoid unnecessary temptations like chocolate.


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[Assistant] Failing that, you can always find yourself a part-time job.


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[Assistant] Green door on the second floor on the right side.


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[Assistant] Nice to meet you. I spoke to all your references, and they all checked out okay. So let me show you around.


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[Assistant] The place actually belongs to my mother, but her health isn't great, so we finally managed to persuade her to move in with us and rent this old place out.


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[Assistant] Yes, all the appliances are brand new. There's a washing machine and a tumble dryer in the utility room next to the kitchen.


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[Assistant] Well, all the neighbors are elderly, so no noisy kids, and the back of the house overlooks a clear and peaceful pond. So it's perfect if tranquility is what you are looking for.


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[Assistant] Well, if you like the place, it's yours as soon as I get a contract drawn up with the solicitor.


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[Assistant] The first month's rent and a deposit are mandatory on signing the contract.


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[Assistant] Then we can work out when is the best day for you to pay rent each month.


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[Assistant] A new study has found a positive correlation between how much television children watch and their parents' stress levels.


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[Assistant] Why? Because the more television kids watch, the more they're exposed to advertising.


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[Assistant] The more advertising they see, the more likely they are to insist on purchasing items when they go with their parents to the store.


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[Assistant] This could generate conflict if the parents refuse.


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[Assistant] All that, researchers say, can contribute to parents' overall stress levels. What's the solution?


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[Assistant] Perhaps the most obvious is curtailing screen time. Commercial content is there for a reason, to elicit purchasing behavior. So, parents might want to shut off the TV.


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[Assistant] Researchers concede that this is easier said than done, so they suggest another option.


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[Assistant] Parents can change how they talk to their kids about purchases.


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[Assistant] The researchers suggest that parents seek input from their children on family purchasing decisions. They shouldn't try to control all purchases. Instead, parents might tell their children things like,


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[Assistant] can lead to children making fewer purchasing demands that means less parent stress however the protective effect of this kind of communication diminishes with greater exposure to television


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[Assistant] This is because advertising aimed at children is especially persuasive.


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[Assistant] Advertisers use an assortment of tactics such as bright colors, happy music, and celebrity endorsements to appeal to children.


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[Assistant] Plus, children don't have the cognitive ability to fully understand advertising's intent.


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[Assistant] That makes them particularly vulnerable to advertisements.


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[Assistant] Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 12.


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[Assistant] How are we all judged according to the passage?


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[Assistant] What can a normal person do when faced with people who perform better?


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[Assistant] Question 15. What may discourage people from performing good deeds?


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[Assistant] In America, most researchers concede that boys and girls are brought up in different ways.


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[Assistant] Taught different skills and rewarded for different acts.


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[Assistant] Women, it is agreed, excel at certain tasks, men at others.


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[Assistant] All of this notwithstanding, gender differences are very much in the media these days. Since the rise of the women's movement,


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[Assistant] Gender role behavior has come under closer scrutiny. How has this affected friendship?


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[Assistant] Most pre-teen children have a best friend who is usually someone of the same sex and similar age.


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[Assistant] Both sexes share an essentially positive recollection of these childhood friendships. They do not differ in this respect. However,


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[Assistant] The type of play engaged in during these early friendships is telling of the difference to come.


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[Assistant] Boys tend to form playgroups that are competitive in nature.


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[Assistant] Girls groups more frequently revolve around cooperative enterprises.


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[Assistant] Thus, at an early age, boys become concerned with trying hard and winning.


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[Assistant] While girls, by contrast, play house and school, engaging in roles that require complementary support.


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[Assistant] Speaking of their childhood, men recall being highly responsive to and aware of the gender role opinions of other boys.


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[Assistant] Girls in preteen years appear to be less susceptible to gender role pressure.


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[Assistant] It is not until the dating years that women report being concerned with feminine behavior. Males for the most part,


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[Assistant] Are responsive to the suggestion that their behavior is unmanly at almost any age.


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[Assistant] These early attitudes, reinforced by social conditioning, continue to play an active part in the friendships of both sexes during adolescence.


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[Assistant] This is a period when the majority of males once again report a close alliance with same-sex friends.


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[Assistant] Now, however, with heightened intensity, considerable energy is devoted to competing for position and a definite undercurrent of competition permeates the relationship. Although in dissimilar fashion,


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[Assistant] Females share equally fragile relationships at this age.


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[Assistant] For them, the bond of loyalty extends only to the line of romantic involvement.


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[Assistant] This is most apt to be the case in late adolescence, when dating and relationships with boys take sharp precedence over sisterhood.


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[Assistant] For the majority of us, the moment we begin to date seriously, there's a competition between romance and friendship.


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[Assistant] Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 19.


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[Assistant] Why do disabled job applicants feel reluctant to disclose their disability information?


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[Assistant] When does the speaker suggest applicants reveal their disability information?


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[Assistant] What are people advised to do when filling out their job application form?


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[Assistant] Smartphones distract attention and reduce learning.


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[Assistant] Because of their potential to offer activities more inviting than steady. But what about background sound alone?


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[Assistant] A group of American researchers compared students' comprehension of verbal material when reading in the presence of background speech, instrumental music, or general noise. General noise is neutral.


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[Assistant] Students' scores were most depressed in the presence of background speech.


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[Assistant] Comprehension was slightly better with the presence of music than with speech. However


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[Assistant] When they were asked to identify melodies rather than understand text, background music interfered more.


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[Assistant] When the background speech was in a language unfamiliar to participants, there was little if any hindrance of reading comprehension.


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[Assistant] British researchers compared the effects of background speech, vocal music, instrumental music,


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[Assistant] General background noise and silence on short-term memory. Background speech had the biggest negative effect.


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[Assistant] In general, background noise and silence were least disruptive.


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[Assistant] It seems the degree of interference from background noise depends on the overlap between the processing required on the task and the processing required to screen out the background noise.


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[Assistant] The studies suggest that when people read and when they try to remember any verbal material, background speech will inhibit their ability.


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[Assistant] Instrumental music will have, at worst, a slight effect. When students write essays however,


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[Assistant] Other research has found it is best to reduce all background noise as much as possible.


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[Assistant] Not everyone reacts in the same way to distractions.


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[Assistant] Other studies suggest some aspects of personality may make a difference.


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[Assistant] The researchers subjected shy, quiet people and confident, outgoing ones to high arousal or low arousal background music.


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[Assistant] General noise or silence while asking them to remember words. Everyone performed best in the silent condition.


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[Assistant] So, when children are reading and trying to incorporate new material, parents could consider allowing some background music, particularly if it is instrumental, and their child is the outgoing type.


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[Assistant] Spectacular! Glad I could help. Heh, go to sleep.


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[Assistant] I don't know, I'm a bat. We like mysteries, like, uh, uh, why does a duck wear a hat? Who knows?


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[Assistant] Here we're at the beginning, uh, and I think it's worth thinking about what we know. Calculus.


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[Assistant] Differential equations is the big application of calculus, so it's kind of interesting to see.


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[Assistant] What part of calculus, what information and what ideas from calculus actually get used in differential equations? And, uh, I'm gonna show you what I see, and it's not everything by any means.


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[Assistant] It's, uh, some basic ideas, but not all the details.


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[Assistant] And the first thing is, you really do need to know basic derivatives. The derivative of x to the nth, the derivative of sine and


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[Assistant] Above all the derivative of e to the x,


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[Assistant] We'll have to do more with that. And then the inverse function.


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[Assistant] Related to the exponential is the logarithm with that special derivative 1 over x. Okay, but you know those. Secondly, out of those few specific facts,


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[Assistant] Using the key rules, the derivative of f plus g is


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[Assistant] The derivative of f plus the derivative of g. Derivative is a linear operation. The product rule, f g prime plus g f prime.


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[Assistant] The quotient rule, who can remember that? And above all, the chain rule. The derivative of this, of that,


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[Assistant] Chain of functions, that composite function is


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[Assistant] Is the derivative of f with respect to g times the derivative of g with respect to f. That's really, uh,


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[Assistant] That is chains of functions that really blow open the functions that we can deal with. Okay. And then, the fundamental theorem.


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[Assistant] So the fundamental theorem involves the derivative and the integral.


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[Assistant] And it says that one is the inverse operation to the other.


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[Assistant] Of the integral of a function is


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[Assistant] I don't care what that dummy variable is. I'll change that dummy variable to t. Whatever. I don't care.


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[Assistant] The x is the limit of integration. I won't


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[Assistant] Uh, discuss that fundamental theorem, but it certainly is fundamental. And I'll use it. Maybe that's better. I'll use the fundamental theorem right away. So, but remember what it says. It says that if you take a function, you integrate it.


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[Assistant] You take the derivative, you get the function back again.


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[Assistant] Okay, can I apply that to a-


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[Assistant] In differential equations. And let me show you the function I have in mind.


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[Assistant] The function I have in mind, I'll call it y, is the interval from zero to t.


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[Assistant] Oh, so it's a function of chi then, time.


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[Assistant] That's a remarkable formula for the solution.


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[Assistant] But now, I wanna just use the...


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[Assistant] Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to check the formula.


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[Assistant] What, as we create it, as we derive the formula, well, it, it won't be wrong, because our derivation will be good.


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[Assistant] Okay, so I want to take the derivative of that. That's my job. And that's why I do it here, because it uses all the rules. Okay. To take that derivative, I notice that t is appearing there.


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[Assistant] In the usual place, and it's also inside the interval, but this is a simple function I can take.


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[Assistant] E to the t, I'm gonna take e to the t out of the, outside the integral, e to the t, so I have a function t times another function of t. I'm gonna use the product rule and, and show that the derivative of that


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[Assistant] Product is one term will be y and the other term will be q. Can I just apply the product rule to this?


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[Assistant] This function that I've pulled out of the hat, but you'll see it again.


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[Assistant] Okay, so it's a product of this times this. So the derivative, dy dt.


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[Assistant] Is, the product rule says take the derivative of that is e to the t times this.


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[Assistant] I'm using the product rule. It just, you have to notice that e to the t came twice because it is there and its derivative is the same. Okay. Now, what's the derivative of that? Fundamental theorem of calculus.


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[Assistant] We've integrated something. I want to take its derivative. So I get that something. I get e to the minus t q of t. That's the fundamental theorem. Are you good with that? So let's just look and see what we have. First term was exactly why.


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[Assistant] Actually what is above, because when I took the derivative of the first guy...


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[Assistant] So e to the t cancels e to the minus t, and I'm left with q of t, just what I want.


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[Assistant] So the two terms from the product rule are the two terms in the differential equation.


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[Assistant] I just like that use of the fundamental theorem. Okay, one more topic of calculus we need. And here we go.


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[Assistant] What we need is y at t plus delta t. That's taking any function. Maybe you'd rather I just call the function f.


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[Assistant] A function at a point a little beyond t is


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[Assistant] Is approximately the function at t plus


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[Assistant] The correction, cause, plus a delta f, right? A delta f.


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[Assistant] And what's the delta f approximately? It's approximately delta t times the derivative.


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[Assistant] That's, there's a lot of symbols on that line, but it expresses the most basic fact of differential calculus.


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[Assistant] Put that f of t on this side with a minus sign, then I have delta f. If I divide by that delta t.


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[Assistant] That's the fundamental idea of calculus, that the derivative is quite close.


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[Assistant] That the, at the point t, the derivative at the point t is close to delta f divided by delta t. It changes over a short time interval.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's the tangent line.


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[Assistant] Because it starts with, that's the constant term, it's a function of delta t, and that's the slope. Just draw a picture. So I'm drawing a picture here.


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[Assistant] So let me, let me draw a graph of, oh there's the graph of e to the t.


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[Assistant] And of course it comes down here. So, uuuh, not below. So the tangent line is that line.


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[Assistant] That's the tangent line. That's this approximation to f. And you see as I


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[Assistant] Here is t equals zero, let's say, and here is t equals delta t.


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[Assistant] And you see, if I take a big step, my line is far from the curve. And we want to get closer. So the way to get closer is,


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[Assistant] We have to take into account the bending. The curve is bending. What derivative tells us about bending? That is delta t squared times the second derivative.


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[Assistant] One half, it turns out a one half shows in there. So this is the term.


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[Assistant] That changes the tangent line to a tangent parabola.


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[Assistant] It, it, it notices the bending at that point, the second derivative at that point. So it curves up.


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[Assistant] It doesn't follow it perfectly, but it's well much better than the other. So this is the line. Here is the parabola.


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[Assistant] Review the theory there that pulls out that one half, but you could check. Now finally, what if we want to do even better?


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[Assistant] Well, we need to take account the third derivative, and then the fourth derivative, and so on. And if we get all those derivatives, then, all of them that means, we will be at the function. Because that's a nice function, e to the t. We can recreate that function from knowing its height, its slope,


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[Assistant] It's bending and all the rest of the terms. So there's a whole lot more, infinitely many terms. That one over two, a good way to think of one over two, one half, is one over two factorial, two times one. Because this is one over n factorial times e to the nth, pretty small, times the nth derivative of the function.


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[Assistant] And keep going. That's called the Taylor series. Named after Taylor. And kind of frightening at first. It's frightening because it's got infinitely many terms, and the terms are getting a little more complex.


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[Assistant] For e to the t, I don't mind computing the nth derivative, because it's still e to the t. But, uh, usually that's, this isn't so practical.


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[Assistant] Line, very practical. Tangent parabola, quite practical.


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[Assistant] Because you see the pattern, that's really what mathematics is about, patterns. And here you're seeing the pattern in the higher, higher terms.


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[Assistant] They all fit that pattern, and when you add up all the terms, if you have a nice function, then


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[Assistant] The approximation becomes perfect, and you would have equality. So to end this lecture, approximate to equal, provided we have a nice function. And those are the best functions of mathematics, and exponential is of course one of them. Okay, that's calculus. Well, part of calculus. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Ting Li Kao Shi Jiang Zai Shi Yin Jie Shu Hou Zheng Shi Kai Shi.


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[Assistant] Shiyin jie shu. Tingli kou shi xian zai kai shi.


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[Assistant] This is the end of this course, but it is certainly not the end of what you can do with styles in Microsoft Word.


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[Assistant] There are thousands of amazing courses in the library. I want to make three specific recommendations about what you might choose to view next based on your work in this course.


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[Assistant] Assuming that you spend a fair amount of time in Microsoft Word, I encourage you to take a look at David River's Word 2016 Essential Training Course, particularly the more advanced topics.


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[Assistant] If you want a deep dive into creating custom themes, including custom color palettes that would support your styles, spend some time with using Office 2013 Themes and Templates for branding.


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[Assistant] This course covers the practical applications of themes, styles, and templates in the newer versions of Word.


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[Assistant] To enforce your brand, whether you're working with documents or spreadsheets or presentations or even emails, and whether your brand is for your organization, for a department, or your own personal brand.


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[Assistant] Thank you for watching this course. It was a privilege and pleasure to create it for you. I look forward to our next learning adventure together. Until then, be well in the world.


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[Assistant] Talk about a slightly different way to solve a linear first order equation.


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[Assistant] But the coefficient is varying. We have a variable coefficient 2t and in reality, if we're thinking of applications to economy, to banks, uh,


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[Assistant] But we want to see that this is a class of equations that we can solve. Okay, and the new method is called an integrating factor. It's a magic factor that makes the equation simple.


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[Assistant] So that's another nice way to solve all the problems that we've dealt with so far, plus this new one. So what is this factor? Well, for this 2t problem, the right factor is e to the minus t squared. And why is that the right factor?


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[Assistant] This is the factor that I'm going to multiply the equation by and make it simple.


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[Assistant] The reason that's the right choice is that the derivative of this...


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[Assistant] And the derivative of that exponent is minus 2t. Minus t squared becomes minus 2t. So it's that little device.


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[Assistant] What I want to look at is the derivative of i times y. Instead of just dy dt, let me look at the derivative of i times y. So I have a product here. Gotta use the product rule. So that will be i. So i dy dt.


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[Assistant] And that's the key, that's the key. If I integrate the left hand side, so I'll just move this up.


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[Assistant] The derivative, of course the integral of the derivative is the function at time t.


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[Assistant] When t is zero, I have e to the zero power, which is one.


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[Assistant] In a variable of integration s going from zero to chi. You remember this type of formula?


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[Assistant] The, the, uh, input is continuous over time, and I'm looking at the resulting output at time t, so all the inputs go in, they're all multiplied by some factor, and integrate, integrated gives the total result from those inputs.


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[Assistant] Y of t, this is what comes out of Y of zero. You see that the growth factor,


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[Assistant] That was the growth at constant rate, interest rate A, to e to the t squared, that's our growth from an increasing interest rate. And over here,


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[Assistant] Out from all the inputs between zero and t. Each input is multiplied by now that factor is the growth.


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[Assistant] I just do the integral and I find the solution to the differential equation. So that integrating factor has made things work.


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[Assistant] We always want the integrating factor to, so we always want the integrating factor.


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[Assistant] Now I want to give the general rule. The general rule for the integrating factor is the solution to that equation.


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[Assistant] The solution to that equation is giving us the e to the t squared in the example. This was the example, but now I want a formula just to close off the


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[Assistant] Entire case of varying interest rate, I want to find the solution to that equation. And it is, so here's the integrating factor, it's E.


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[Assistant] To the minus, because of that minus sign. Now I'm wanting a to come down when I take a derivative.


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[Assistant] So what I'll put up here, the integral of A of t dt. Say from zero to t. Now, let me just do again this example.


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[Assistant] That's how I get t squared as the right choice for our example. And the general rule is, there, that's the integrating factor.


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[Assistant] And, finally, finally, if A is a constant,


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[Assistant] So second, number one example, number zero example would be e to the minus a t. That would be


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[Assistant] The correct integrating factor if we had constant A. And I'll create some, uh, examples, some problems just to go through the steps


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[Assistant] In that best case of all with constant integrating factor. But now we can solve it with a varying, uh, interest rate. Good. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Haha, yes, and we are very lucky. I found a perfect home for all of us. Follow me!


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[Assistant] Someday our lives will end. I wish this perfect life could last forever.


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[Assistant] Don't worry! He called. After I learn how to live forever, I will return!


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[Assistant] Hi folks, this is Craig here. I wanted to begin this episode of Asset Horizon with two very important messages. The first is that Black Lives Matter.


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[Assistant] The second message is that we want to thank our new patrons for supporting us in our endeavor to cultivate a widespread passion for theory. We want to thank you by name at the end of the show. Now, without further ado, here's today's episode.


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[Assistant] Our review and treatment of this work comes at a time in our history at which the world faces a global health crisis in convergence with its many other crises.


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[Assistant] Our purpose is not only to make connections with the politics of the here and now, but also use this essay to describe Foucault's methodology and determine what it might hold in store for us in terms of the theoretical tools it presents for matters at hand.


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[Assistant] This episode was Will's brainchild, and Foucault happens to be a very good friend of Will's, so I will defer to Will during this discussion quite often.


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[Assistant] So Will, perhaps you could start us off by telling us what is Foucault up to in this piece and where is this piece situated among Foucault's other works.


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[Assistant] And in relation to this essay, the politics of health, I mean, it's, it's pretty clear that all of these concepts are at work in this essay. Uh, the question is,


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[Assistant] To what extent are all the agents who hold power or who have power exerted on them?


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[Assistant] And also what Foucault calls dividing practices, those practices or routines that separate things into categories of good and bad, criminal and good citizen, uh, sick and healthy.


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[Assistant] And then just the notion of subjectivation itself, the process in which the self is self-instigated or the self comes to recognize itself as a self as it is inscribed by a particular system of politics.


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[Assistant] And I think this notion of the problematized subject that you bring up bears directly on Foucault's own understanding of the Enlightenment.


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[Assistant] Foucault is not pushing for rejection of the Enlightenment. He does reject the idea that there were ideal social institutions that were positively ossified in some sort of


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[Assistant] Foucault is actually a supporter of the Enlightenment in its prerogatives insofar as it's a means of valorizing what he calls permanent critique. The permanent critique of present social conditions and their historical antecedents as the ongoing project of political liberation of autonomous subjects.


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[Assistant] I think you're right, Matt. In what ways does the rationalist enlightenment project bring to bear in any way on a set of present political circumstances such that


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[Assistant] Toward what is not or is no longer indispensable for the constitution of ourselves as autonomous subjects. It's right there in the text.


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[Assistant] And so, well, maybe that's a good place to sort of dive back into the text. Uhm, how does Foucault understand the notion of origin?


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[Assistant] In relation to the establishment of social relations, in particular the relation of society to notions of health.


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[Assistant] In the beginning of this essay, it seems that he wants to head off some...


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[Assistant] And basically in accord with what you're saying, he regards the quote unquote origin of medicine, not as from folk superstitions to modern medical practices. Like there was a direct line going from A to B and it also seems like he wants to


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[Assistant] Avoid a reduction of the emergence of the medical juridical apparatus as a relation between the individual and market structures. So maybe you can kind of take us into the text just on that. And, and one of the sort of implicit questions there is how is Foucault differentiating himself from let's say a Marxist?


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[Assistant] And we could say that medicine was dislocated or made distinct from kinds of assistance normally given to the poor in the past. So there was what Foucault calls a sacralization of the poor in


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[Assistant] How does Foucault square these dynamics? What are the details here?


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think we have a similar system here in the United States despite the fact that we don't have a very strong socialized healthcare. I would take that even a step further saying that it's not only that individual bodies are being medicalized, but I would say


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[Assistant] Our body, especially here in the United States, becomes divituated in our medical system.


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[Assistant] And it makes me think that we have made determinations on the basis of capital, which kind of treatments, which parts of the body will be privileged with treatment, even though in a strict objective scientific sense, maybe somebody's dental health will bring to bear with greater impact than anything that a three week stress course could do.


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[Assistant] And then that forces the medical juridical apparatus to react in a certain way to further devidualize our bodies. So it's a very sort of complex relationship that not only isolates individuals, but the health system also sectionalizes our bodies in detrimental ways.


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[Assistant] Foucault making the distinction between the middle ages and with what happens in modern society with the introduction of the politics of health. Foucault uses a term here that we use fairly conventionally, but Foucault has a very different usage of that term and that's the word the police. Foucault is basically saying that in the middle ages,


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[Assistant] The functions of power during that time were militaristic and juridical. In modern society, we add to that the optimization of health.


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[Assistant] And then, in the next breath, Foucault will say, together these functions are managed by what we call, quote unquote, the police. It's pretty obvious to me he's using a non-standard definition of police here, so I was hoping we could unpack that.


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[Assistant] I'm curious because after reading this essay, I got a sense that there were a new set of imperatives that came out of the medicalization of society in the 18th century.


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[Assistant] I'm wondering, how would Foucault look at the situation in the United States today?


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[Assistant] Where arguably, I mean, many of these standards have persisted at some level, but now the United States, which is somewhat of an aberration amongst developed Western nations in terms of its relative lack of access to affordable healthcare, how might these standards have changed or remain the same?


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[Assistant] In view of the, the dynamic that Foucault was talking about, and


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[Assistant] Do you think it's the case that the medicalized subject in American society, for example today, exists under the same imperatives as the folks who lived in the 18th century?


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[Assistant] Clearly for FICO, health becomes the object of surveillance, analysis, intervention, modification and so on. And these functions entail the creation of the edifice of health as we've talked about


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[Assistant] That might be true, and if this claim is true about contact tracing, is there a way


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[Assistant] Where we as workers or citizens can still reap the benefits of surveillance technologies while escaping the potential detriments. Or would Foucault look at this situation and say, no, actually that's, that's not the case. Our ability to surveil subjects.


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[Assistant] And to constitute a medical subject in our society are completely interwoven in such a way that maybe they cannot without extreme legislation.


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[Assistant] I think maybe now is a good time to talk about why we brought this text into focus and as we talked about


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[Assistant] Prior to the podcast, this would be a very good text of Foucault's to sort of get the full scope of what it is that Foucault does because it encapsulates so much of his work in such a short amount of space.


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[Assistant] What could somebody like a Marxist or somebody committed to another form of social theory or analysis gain from an engagement with Foucault? And maybe another way to pose that question is what is something that that a Marxist could interface with in this analysis, maybe add to the Marxist analysis or


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[Assistant] What is something that Foucault delivers that maybe Marxism does less of, or even not at all?


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[Assistant] I think for my part, the one thing that I get from Foucault that I don't get from Marx and actually challenges, uh, Marxist theory is, uh, Foucault's anti-ideology about language.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I see Foucault is cautioning us against a reduction of institutional languages, for example, to


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[Assistant] What we might call their semiotic elements. Reducing those semiotic elements to ideology that is. Like Deleuze, Foucault says that ideology presupposes a false obfuscation of power through language. So what we might otherwise call ideological aspects of power


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[Assistant] I think are better construed as maybe productive apparatuses of power.


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[Assistant] And so, and I know Foucault has this quote where he says, it's more and less than ideology when it comes to language. So what we refer to when we say ideology involves, I think methods of programming and the production of real effects.


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[Assistant] The production of political subjects involves the institution of habits, routines, circulation of knowledge, and these are all effects that we experience and factor into a broader notion of political economy.


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[Assistant] And so for me, I think when you look at somebody like Foucault and Deleuze, it calls into question what a political economy is. I don't think, for example, Marx could have seen the rise of something like social media. Maybe he could have. I would grant him that.


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[Assistant] But to, to be able to conceptualize the effects that social media, for example, has had upon the populace and how those effects get folded back into the economy, I think require empirical analysis. So for me, it's ultimately about the way that institutional languages function.


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[Assistant] Maybe when we talk about what Althazair does with language, when we say that language is ideology versus language has these, these real effects, then maybe we're just, we're having a verbal dispute of some kind at that point, but I don't want to belabor the point.


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[Assistant] And that will conclude our examination of Michel Foucault's The Politics of Health and an impromptu discussion of his essay, What is Enlightenment?


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[Assistant] As promised, I want to take a moment to acknowledge and thank our supporting patrons by name.


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[Assistant] Anthony Gavin and Jay Conway for being our first gracious supporters. Also, we would like you to look forward to upcoming episodes on Mark Fisher's post-capitalist desire and Matt Cocoon's book on Mark Fisher, Ygris.


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[Assistant] They will be going to the supermarket, taking six one kilo bags of sugar off the shelves, six, taking it home, eating it all that week, then going back next week and doing it again.


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[Assistant] If you want to match Australian averages, you're going to have to be in the range 40 teaspoons of sugar a day.


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[Assistant] Forty a day. Yeah, forty a day. That's what's embedded in most of the processed food that most people are eating.