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[Assistant] But the smooth, gently curving image of space predicted by the laws of general relativity is not the whole story.


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[Assistant] To understand the universe on extremely small scales, we have to use our other set of laws, quantum mechanics. And as we'll see, quantum mechanics paints a picture of space so drastically different from general relativity that you'd think they were describing two completely separate universes.


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[Assistant] To see the conflict between general relativity and quantum mechanics, we need to shrink way, way, way down in size.


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[Assistant] And as we leave the world of large objects behind.


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[Assistant] And approach the microscopic realm. A familiar picture of space in which everything behaves predictably begins to be replaced by a world with a structure that is far less certain.


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[Assistant] Eventually, we reach a world so turbulent that it defies common sense.


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[Assistant] Down here, space and time are so twisted and distorted that the conventional ideas of left and right


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[Assistant] There's no way to tell for certain that I'm here. Or here.


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[Assistant] In the quantum world, you just can't pin everything down.


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[Assistant] It's an inherently wild and frenetic place.


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[Assistant] The fluctuating, jittery picture of space and time predicted by quantum mechanics is in direct conflict with the smooth, orderly, geometric model of space and time described by general relativity.


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[Assistant] But we think that everything from the frantic dance of subatomic particles to the majestic swirl of galaxies


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[Assistant] Should be explained by just one grand physical principle. One master equation.


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[Assistant] If we can find that equation, how the universe really works at every time and place will at last be revealed.


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[Assistant] You see, what we need is a theory that can cope with the very tiny and the very massive. One that embraces both quantum mechanics and general relativity and never breaks down. Ever.


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[Assistant] For physicists, finding a theory that unites general relativity and quantum mechanics is the holy grail because that framework would give us a single mathematical theory that describes all the forces that rule our universe. General relativity describes the most familiar of those forces, gravity.


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[Assistant] But quantum mechanics describes three other forces. The strong nuclear force.


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[Assistant] That's responsible for gluing protons and neutrons together inside of atoms. Electromagnetism.


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[Assistant] Every event in the universe, from the splitting of an atom to the birth of a star,


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[Assistant] Is nothing more than these four forces interacting with matter.


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[Assistant] Albert Einstein spent the last 30 years of his life searching for a way to describe the forces of nature in a single theory.


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[Assistant] And now, string theory may fulfill his dream of unification.


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[Assistant] For centuries, scientists have pictured the fundamental ingredients of nature, atoms and the smaller particles inside of them, as tiny balls or points.


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[Assistant] But string theory proclaims that at the heart of every bit of matter is a tiny vibrating strand of energy called a string.


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[Assistant] And a new breed of scientist believes these minuscule strings are the key to uniting the world of the large and the world of the small in a single theory.


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[Assistant] But not everyone is enamored of this new theory.


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[Assistant] So far, no experiment has been devised that can prove these tiny strings exist.


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[Assistant] From the start, many scientists thought string through is simply too far out. And frankly, the strange way the theory evolved in a series of twists, turns, and accidents only made it seem more unlikely.


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[Assistant] In fact, even its birth has been turned into something of a myth, which goes like this.


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[Assistant] In the late 1960s, a young Italian physicist named Gabriele Veneziano was searching for a set of equations that would explain the strong nuclear force, the extremely powerful glue that holds the nucleus of every atom together, binding protons to neutrons.


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[Assistant] As the story goes, he happened on a dusty book on the history of mathematics.


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[Assistant] And in it, he found a 200 year old equation, first written down by a Swiss mathematician, Leonhard Euler.


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[Assistant] Veneziana was amazed to discover that Euler's equations, long thought to be nothing more than a mathematical curiosity, seemed to describe the strong force.


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[Assistant] He quickly published a paper and was famous ever after for this accidental discovery.


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[Assistant] However it was discovered, Euler's equation, which miraculously explained the strong force, took on a life of its own. This was the birth of string theory.


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[Assistant] He understood that this ancient formula described the strong force mathematically.


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[Assistant] But beneath the abstract symbols, he had caught a glimpse of something new.


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[Assistant] Susskind wrote up his discovery introducing the revolutionary idea of strings.


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[Assistant] But before his paper could be published, it had to be reviewed by a panel of experts.


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[Assistant] As Susskind drowned his sorrows over the rejection of his far-out idea, it appeared Stringfury was dead.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, mainstream science was embracing particles as points, not strings.


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[Assistant] For decades, physicists had been exploring the behavior of microscopic particles by smashing them together at high speeds and studying those collisions. In the showers of particles produced,


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[Assistant] They were discovering that nature is far richer than they thought.


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[Assistant] And in this zoo of new particles, scientists weren't just discovering building blocks of matter, leaving string theory in the dust.


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[Assistant] Physicists made a startling and strange prediction.


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[Assistant] That the forces of nature can also be explained by particles.


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[Assistant] Now, this is a really weird idea, but it's kind of like a game of catch in which the players, like me, and me, are particles of matter.


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[Assistant] For example, in the case of magnetism, the electromagnetic force, this ball would be a photon. The more of these messenger particles or photons that are exchanged between us, the stronger the magnetic attraction.


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[Assistant] And scientists predicted that it's this exchange of messenger particles that creates what we feel as force.


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[Assistant] Experiments confirm these predictions with the discovery of the messenger particles for electromagnetism, the strong force and the weak force. And using these newly discovered particles,


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[Assistant] Scientists were closing in on Einstein's dream of unifying the forces.


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[Assistant] Particle physicists reasoned that if we rewind the cosmic film to the moments just after the Big Bang, some 14 billion years ago, when the universe was trillions of degrees hotter,


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[Assistant] The messenger particles for electromagnetism and the weak force would have been indistinguishable.


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[Assistant] Just as cubes of ice melt into water in the hot sun, experiments show that as we rewind to the extremely hot conditions of the Big Bang, the weak and electromagnetic forces meld together and unite into a single force called the electroweak.


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[Assistant] And physicists believe that if you roll the cosmic film back even further,


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[Assistant] The electroweak would unite with the strong force and one grand super force.


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[Assistant] Although that has yet to be proven, quantum mechanics was able to explain how three of the forces operate on the subatomic level.


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[Assistant] The inventors of the Standard Model, both the name and the theory, were the toasts of the scientific community.


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[Assistant] Receiving Nobel Prize after Nobel Prize.


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[Assistant] But behind the fanfare was a glaring omission.


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[Assistant] Although the standard model explained three of the forces that rule the world of the very small, it did not include the most familiar force.


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[Assistant] Overshadowed by the standard model, string theory became a backwater of physics.


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[Assistant] But the more these diehards delved into string theory, the more problems they found.


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[Assistant] Only a few young physicists were still wrestling with the obscure equations of string theory.


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[Assistant] One was John Schwartz, who was busy tackling string theory's numerous problems. Among them, a mysterious massless particle predicted by the theory, but never seen in nature.


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[Assistant] And an assortment of anomalies or mathematical inconsistencies.


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[Assistant] For four years, Schwartz tried to tame the unruly equations of string theory, changing


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[Assistant] Adjusting. Combining and recombining them in different ways. But nothing worked.


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[Assistant] On the verge of abandoning string theory, Schwartz had a brainstorm. Perhaps his equations were describing gravity.


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[Assistant] But that meant reconsidering the size of these tiny strands of energy.


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[Assistant] Supposing that strings were a hundred billion billion times smaller than an atom, one of the theory's vices became a virtue.


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[Assistant] The mysterious particle John Schwartz had been trying to get rid of now appeared to be a graviton.


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[Assistant] The long sought after particle believed to transmit gravity at the quantum level.


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[Assistant] Stringfury had produced the piece of the puzzle missing from the standard model.


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[Assistant] Schwartz submitted for publication his groundbreaking new theory describing how gravity works in the subatomic world.


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[Assistant] Once again, Stringfury fell on deaf ears. But Schwartz would not be deterred. He had glimpsed the Holy Grail.


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[Assistant] If strings described gravity at the quantum level, they must be the key to unifying the four forces.


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[Assistant] He was joined in this quest by one of the only other scientists willing to risk his career on strings.


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[Assistant] But for Green's confidence to pay off, he and Schwarz would have to confront the fact that in the early 1980s string theory still had fatal flaws in the math known as anomalies.


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[Assistant] An anomaly is just what it sounds like. It's something that's strange or out of place. Something that doesn't belong. Now, this kind of anomaly is just weird.


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[Assistant] But mathematical anomalies can spell doom for a theory of physics. They're a little complicated, so here's a simple example.


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[Assistant] Let's say we have a theory in which these two equations


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[Assistant] Describe one physical property of our universe. Now, if I solve this equation over here, and I find x equals one,


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[Assistant] And if I solve this equation over here and find x equals 2, I know my theory has anomalies because there should only be one value for x.


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[Assistant] Unless I can revise my equations to get the same value for x on both sides, the theory is dead.


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[Assistant] In the early 1980s, string theory was riddled with mathematical anomalies kind of like these, although the equations were much more complex. The future of the theory depended on ridding the equations of these fatal inconsistencies.


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[Assistant] After Schwartz and Greene battled the anomalies in string theory for five years, their work culminated late one night in the summer of 1984.


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[Assistant] Amazingly, it all boiled down to a single calculation.


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[Assistant] On one side of the blackboard, they got 496.


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[Assistant] And if they got the matching number on the other side.


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[Assistant] It would prove string theory was free.


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[Assistant] The matching numbers meant the theory was free of anomalies and it had the mathematical depth to encompass all four forces.


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[Assistant] But this time, the reaction was explosive.


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[Assistant] In less than a year, the number of string theorists leapt from just a handful


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[Assistant] String theory was christened the theory of everything.


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[Assistant] In early fall of 1984, I came here to Oxford University to begin my graduate studies in physics.


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[Assistant] Some weeks after, I saw a poster for a lecture by Michael Green.


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[Assistant] I didn't know who he was, but then again I really didn't know who anybody was. But the title of the lecture was something like The Theory of Everything, so how could I resist?


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[Assistant] This elegant new version of string theory seemed capable of describing all the building blocks of nature. Here's how. Inside every grain of sand,


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[Assistant] Every atom is made of smaller bits of matter. Electrons orbiting a nucleus made of protons and neutrons.


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[Assistant] Which are made of even smaller bits of matter called corks.


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[Assistant] But string theory says this is not the end of the line.


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[Assistant] It makes the astounding claim that the particles making up everything in the universe are made of even smaller ingredients. Tiny wiggling strands of energy that look like strings.


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[Assistant] In fact, if an atom were enlarged to the size of the solar system,


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[Assistant] A string would only be as large as a tree.


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[Assistant] Just as different vibrational patterns or frequencies of a single cello string,


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[Assistant] Create what we hear as different musical notes.


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[Assistant] For example, the only difference between the particles making up you and me


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[Assistant] And the particles that transmit gravity and the other forces is the way these tiny strings vibrate.


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[Assistant] Composed of an enormous number of these oscillating strings


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[Assistant] The universe can be thought of as a grand cosmic symphony.


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[Assistant] And this elegant idea resolves the conflict between our jittery, unpredictable picture of space on the subatomic scale and our smooth picture of space on the large scale.


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[Assistant] And it's the jitteriness of quantum theory versus the gentleness of Einstein's general theory of relativity that makes it so hard to bridge the two, to stitch them together.


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[Assistant] Now what string theory does, it comes along and basically calms the jitters of quantum mechanics.


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[Assistant] It spreads them out by virtue of taking the old idea of a point particle and spreading it out into a string.


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[Assistant] So the jittery behavior is there, but it's just sufficiently less violent that quantum theory and general relativity stitch together perfectly within this framework.


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[Assistant] With nothing but these tiny vibrating strands of energy.


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[Assistant] String theorists claim to be fulfilling Einstein's dream of uniting all forces and all matter. But this radical new theory contains a chink in its armor.


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[Assistant] Is that in order to work, the complex equations require something that sounds like it's straight out of science fiction. Extra dimensions of space.


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[Assistant] To be taken seriously, string theorists had to explain how this bizarre prediction could be true.


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[Assistant] And they claim that the far out idea of extra dimensions may be more down to earth than you'd think. Let me show you what I mean.


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[Assistant] I'm off to see a guy who is one of the first people to think about this strange idea. I'm supposed to meet him at four o'clock at his apartment on Fifth Avenue and 93rd Street on the second floor. Now in order to get to this meeting I need four pieces of information.


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[Assistant] One for each of the three dimensions of space. A street, an avenue, and a floor number. And one more for time. The fourth dimension.


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[Assistant] You can think about these as the four dimensions of common experience. Left, right, back, forth, up, down and time.


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[Assistant] As it turns out, the strange idea that there are additional dimensions stretches back almost a century.


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[Assistant] Our sense that we live in a universe of three spatial dimensions really seems beyond question.


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[Assistant] But in 1919, Theodor Kaluza, a virtually unknown German mathematician, had the courage to challenge the obvious. He suggested that maybe,


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[Assistant] Just maybe our universe has one more dimension that for some reason we just can't see.


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[Assistant] You see, Calutza had sent his idea about an additional spatial dimension to Albert Einstein.


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[Assistant] And although Einstein was initially enthusiastic, he then seemed to waver, and for two years held up publication of Kluetz's paper.


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[Assistant] Eventually, Kaluca's paper was published after Einstein decided extra dimensions were his cup of tea.


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[Assistant] Here's the idea. In 1916, Einstein showed that gravity is nothing but warps and ripples in the four familiar dimensions of space and time.


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[Assistant] Just three years later, Kaluca proposed that electromagnetism might also be ripples.


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[Assistant] But for that to be true, Calutza needed a place for those ripples to occur. So Calutza proposed an additional hidden dimension of space.


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[Assistant] But if Calutza was right, where is this extra dimension? And what would extra dimensions look like? Can we even begin to imagine them?


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[Assistant] Well, building upon Kaluca's work, the Swedish physicist Oskar Klein suggested an unusual answer.


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[Assistant] Take a look at the cables supporting that traffic light. From this far away I can't see that they have any thickness.


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[Assistant] Each one looks like a line, something with only a single dimension.


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[Assistant] But suppose we could explore one of these cables way up close, like from the point of view of an ant.


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[Assistant] Now, a second dimension which wraps around the cable becomes visible.


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[Assistant] From its point of view, the ant can move forwards and backwards, and it can also move clockwise and counterclockwise.


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[Assistant] So, dimensions can come in two varieties. They can be long and unfurled, like the length of the cable, but they can also be tiny and curled up, like the circular direction that wraps around it.


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[Assistant] Calutza and Klein made the wild suggestion that the fabric of our universe might be kind of like the surface of the cable, having both big extended dimensions, the three that we know about, but also tiny curled up dimensions, curled up so tiny, billions of times more than even a single atom, that we just can't see them.


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[Assistant] And so our perception that we live in a universe with three spatial dimensions may not be correct after all. We really may live in a universe with more dimensions than meet the eye.


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[Assistant] So, what would these extra dimensions look like?


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[Assistant] Kaluetz and Klein proposed that if we could shrink down billions of times, we'd find one extra, tiny, curled up dimension located at every point in space.


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[Assistant] And just the way an ant can explore the circular dimension that wraps around a traffic light cable,


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[Assistant] In theory, an ant that is billions of times smaller could also explore this tiny, curled up circular dimension.


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[Assistant] This idea that extra dimensions exist all around us lies at the heart of string theory.


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[Assistant] In fact, the mathematics of string theory demand not one, but six extra dimensions, twisted and curled into complex little shapes that might look something like this.


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[Assistant] But how could these tiny extra dimensions, curled up into such peculiar shapes, have any effect on our everyday world?


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[Assistant] Well, according to string theory, shape is everything.


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[Assistant] Because of its shape, a French horn can produce dozens of different notes.


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[Assistant] You change the note because you change the shape of the space inside the horn where the air resonates.


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[Assistant] If we could shrink down small enough to fly into one of these tiny, six-dimensional shapes predicted by string theory.


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[Assistant] We would see how the extra dimensions are twisted and curled back on each other influencing how strings, the fundamental ingredients of our universe, move and vibrate.


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[Assistant] And this could be the key to solving one of nature's most profound mysteries.


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[Assistant] The strength of gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the strong and weak forces.


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[Assistant] Now, as long as we set the dials on our universe machine to precisely the right values for each of these 20 numbers, the machine produces the universe we know and love.


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[Assistant] But if we change the numbers by adjusting the settings on this machine even a little bit, the consequences are dramatic.


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[Assistant] For example, if I increase the strength of the electromagnetic force,


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[Assistant] Atoms repel one another more strongly so the nuclear furnaces that make stars shine break down. The stars, including our sun, fizzle out. And the universe as we know it disappears.


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[Assistant] So, what exactly in nature sets the values of these 20 constants so precisely?


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[Assistant] Well, the answer could be the extra dimensions in string theory.


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[Assistant] That is, the tiny, curled-up six-dimensional shapes predicted by the theory cause one string to vibrate in precisely the right way to produce what we see as a photon.


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[Assistant] And another string to vibrate in a different way, producing an electron.


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[Assistant] So, according to string theory, these miniscule, extra-dimensional shapes really may determine all the constants of nature.


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[Assistant] Keeping the cosmic symphony of strings in tune.


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[Assistant] By the mid-1980s, string theory looked unstoppable.


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[Assistant] But behind the scenes, the theory was in tangles.


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[Assistant] Over the years, string theorists had been so successful that they had constructed not one, but five different versions of the theory.


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[Assistant] Each was built on strings and extra dimensions. But in detail, the five theories were not in harmony.


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[Assistant] In some versions, strings were open ended strands. In others, they were closed loops.


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[Assistant] At first glance, a couple of versions even required 26 dimensions.


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[Assistant] All five versions appeared equally valid.


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[Assistant] But which one was describing our universe?


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[Assistant] This was kind of an embarrassment for string theorists because on the one hand we wanted to say that this might be it, the final description of the universe, but then in the next breath we had to say, and it comes in five flavors, five variations.


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[Assistant] There's one universe you expect there to be one theory, not five. So this is an example where more is definitely less.


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[Assistant] And frustrated by a lack of progress, many physicists abandoned the field.


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[Assistant] Will string theory prove to be a theory of everything? Or will it unravel into a theory of nothing?


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[Assistant] Mate, if they want her, Ferrik, give it to them. Put the whole thing in there, bro.


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[Assistant] It's Sunday night on MasterChef Australia. It's all in elimination.


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[Assistant] Hi, I'm John Green, and this is Crash Course European History. So, leading up to World War I, Germany had promised to back Austria-Hungary in any war, whether offensive or defensive. And armed with this so-called blank check of support, the Austro-Hungarian Habsburgs issued an ultimatum to Serbia


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[Assistant] Which the Habsburgs blamed for the assassination of their Archduke. Serbia accepted the harsh conditions, except one, that Austria-Hungary would be allowed to participate in the investigation of the murder.


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[Assistant] All reason for war is gone, German Kaiser William II said. And yet, Austria-Hungary and Germany, the Central Powers, both mobilized against Serbia by the end of July, eager to crush the pesky Serbs and believing that the war would be a local and contained one. It didn't go that way.


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[Assistant] France mobilized to aid its ally Russia. The wild card was Britain, which Germany thought would not come to the aid of Britain's frequent historical enemy, France. And indeed, Britain did not immediately declare war, which was a good thing for the Anglophile German Kaiser who did not want to declare war on his cousin George, King of England, although


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[Assistant] He didn't mind declaring war on his cousin Nicholas, Tsar of Russia.


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[Assistant] Oh, what a tangled web we weave when first we practice hereditary succession.


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[Assistant] ...was primed for all-out war. By this time, millions of young men had been trained in the conscription efforts of the past decades, and on the eve of full mobilization, a French nationalist assassinated Jean Jaurès, who was a powerful socialist and pacifist working for peace.


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[Assistant] Really fast now that military leaders had railroads and automobiles to quickly move troops and supplies and auxiliary personnel. Let's go to the Thought Bubble.


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[Assistant] Germany mobilized on August 2nd, following the Schlieffen Plan. According to the plan, the main German military units would proceed through neutral Belgium and descend through northern France to encircle Paris from the west.


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[Assistant] Then, after quickly defeating France, troops would be moved to the lightly defended Eastern Front, where the slow-to-mobilize Russian army would be quickly knocked out. The war would be over by Christmas. But the very first stage of that plan involved marching through Belgium unopposed.


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[Assistant] Which did not happen. Indeed, millions of people would die on the Western Front in Belgium and France. The Central Powers Plan was complicated when the British joined France and Russia after Germany broke Belgium's neutrality to get to France, thus forming the so-called


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[Assistant] Allied partners of the war. Also, the Russians mobilized much faster than many expected, moving swiftly to assist their French ally, and as a result, scored notable early victories against the Germans in East Prussia. However, their generals were less able than their German counterparts and did not follow up on those victories, allowing the Germans to strike back effectively. The Germans regrouped under Generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff, who demanded that troops from the western front be brought to the eastern one.


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[Assistant] Thanks Thought Bubble. So the war in the East became a nightmare not just for soldiers, but also for civilians. Armies moved back and forth across East Central and Central Europe, driving out, abusing, and killing civilian populations in the turmoil of conflict.


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[Assistant] On the Western Front, conditions were less mobile, settling into a grim pattern of trench warfare. There was little movement or acquisition of territory, but massive casualties. Because combatants all had access to heavy weaponry, including long-range artillery and machine guns,


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[Assistant] The generals felt that the decisive factor in achieving victory was going to be soldiers' zeal and their confident spirit in battle. They believed that flashing sabers and lively marching along with the cult of the offensive


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[Assistant] Would carry their forces to victory. Basically, generals on all sides believed that a vigorous attack rather than a good defense


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[Assistant] This meant that on the Western Front, the leadership regularly prepared and executed massive attacks on enemy forces, which were extremely well defended. During the battles of Verdun and the Somme, literally millions of shells were fired, making for millions of casualties.


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[Assistant] And resulting only in stalemate. Soldiers were ordered out of their trenches to go over the top, only to be mowed down by intense machine gun fire. Both the battles of the Verdun and the Somme were intended as these dramatic and overwhelming efforts to definitively knock out the enemy.


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[Assistant] And both failed. In the trenches, British soldiers began to sing, we're here because we're here because we're here because we're here.


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[Assistant] To express their confusion and despair over not knowing why they were fighting or why they were being asked to go over the top.


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[Assistant] But still, the generals ordered more attacks, which led to more casualties and almost no ground won or lost. The supply of young men to use in this way seemed limitless. The central powers benefited when the Ottoman Empire joined its side in October 1914.


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[Assistant] Well, Italy joined the Allies in 1915 after being promised major territorial gains upon victory. And combatants also enlisted soldiers from colonies and conscripted hundreds of thousands more to do menial labor.


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[Assistant] The French, for example, forced some 100,000 Southeast Asians into the ranks of soldiers and menial workers.


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[Assistant] While approximately 1.5 million Indians served Britain, with 74,000 killed in battle. Many people in colonial armies on the Western Front


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[Assistant] More than two million Asian people and hundreds of thousands of Africans, in addition to Australians and New Zealanders, fought on the many battlefields of World War I as the war moved into the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia. And this meant that life within these armies was often very diverse, with people from different villages and nations and even continents sharing life in the trenches.


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[Assistant] What other ways of living than had reached them in their mostly rural lives? This included many soldiers from colonies who learned much about their colonizers' technologies


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[Assistant] And also about their barbarism. And some soldiers tried to recreate domestic life in the trenches, observing tea time or attending to healing wounded or sick comrades.


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[Assistant] Early in the war especially, they also sometimes fraternized with the enemy. In the famous Christmas truce of 1914, soldiers from both sides on the western front left their trenches and met in no man's land.


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[Assistant] And excrement. Forced marches passed not over solid roads, but over pathways composed of dead bodies.


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[Assistant] New technology unfolded during the war, which added to the death count beginning in 1915.


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[Assistant] Soldiers suffered blinding attacks from mustard, phosgene, chlorine, and other poisonous gases developed in the rising chemical industry. Airplanes picked up by the Europeans faster than the Americans


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[Assistant] The firepower wielded by armies was so destructive that journalists were not allowed to photograph battlefield scenes where mutilated and rotting corpses were strewn for miles and where limbs and other body parts


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[Assistant] Was horrible. The art historian Robert Hughes has written of the peculiarly modernist hell of repetition.


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[Assistant] And by that measure, and so many others, World War I was


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[Assistant] Amidst the chaos and brutality of the war, ethnic cleansing flourished across Eastern Europe as armies targeted Jewish people and Polish people, to name just two groups. In the Ottoman Empire, Russians and their Armenian allies slaughtered entire Muslim villages, while the Central Powers slaughtered Armenians in a deadly back and forth.


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[Assistant] And then, in the spring of 1915, the Ottoman government ordered their troops to eradicate Armenians more systematically.


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[Assistant] Leading to the torture and death of an estimated 600,000 to 1 million people.


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[Assistant] This wasn't a response to a specific uprising of the Armenians.


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[Assistant] It was a genocide that deliberately aimed to eliminate as much of the Armenian population as possible.


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[Assistant] War at sea was also a deadly stalemate, including the deployment of battleships and submarines on both sides. In 1917, the German general staff resumed submarine attacks on Allied shipping after having stopped the practice for fear that the United States might enter the war on behalf of the Allied powers. And then that spring, the United States responded by entering the war on behalf of the Allied powers. But their participation was not militarily effective until 1918 because weapons needed to be manufactured and recruits needed to be called up.


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[Assistant] In the meantime, Europeans were innovating militarily, especially by developing a new tactic of concentrated attack at a single point.


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[Assistant] This puncturing would allow the attacker to move behind enemy lines.


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[Assistant] But war-weariness was simultaneously bringing civilian uprisings, especially in Russia, mutinies, especially among the French,


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[Assistant] And yet, amid all of this collapse, rulers firmly rejected peacemaking, or even compromise. In 1915, a group of activist women visited heads of state with a peace plan, which was dismissed.


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[Assistant] But it did reappear in altered form as US President Wilson's 14 points. But instead of peace, Kaiser William raged, only in the ruins of London will I forgive Georgie.


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[Assistant] And political leader George Clemenceau of France called for a quote,


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[Assistant] When Habsburg Emperor Francis Joseph died in November of 1916, his subjects were too weakened to mourn. But his successor, Emperor Karl, did eventually begin to seek the war's end, as did the German Reichstag in the summer of 1917. I know it's not the time for a joke, but Emperor Karl? Muah. Sometimes.


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[Assistant] Alright, back to the war. Even as the politicians began to waver, military leadership remained determined. The Germans tried to puncture allied lines in a spring 1918 offensive.


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[Assistant] But victory eluded them as the Allies brought out airplanes and tanks. And then, in the summer of 1918, the Allies, assisted now by American forces, drove the Central Powers eastward toward Germany. Casualties for the six months of German offensives reached


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[Assistant] By January 1918, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had issued his aforementioned 14 points, a set of principles on which peace should be based.


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[Assistant] As the war continued taking its grim toll, its end began to look plausible to many in the civilian leadership because Wilson called for a rational settlement


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[Assistant] Rather than a revenge-driven surrender. By the autumn of 1918, not only were soldiers deserting the central powers, civilians across Germany were also in rebellion. And so eventually, the leadership of Germany negotiated an armistice.


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[Assistant] On November 9, Kaiser William fled his empire, and on November 11, an armistice was signed. The war was over.


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[Assistant] Sorta. In the Habsburg Empire, the various ethnicities were declaring their independence and Russians were mired in their revolution, which had broken out the previous spring. And the Ottoman Empire was still fighting and would continue to do so as Britain hoped to take over Constantinople with the help of its Greek, American, and other allies. So the end of the war to end all wars did not actually feature an end


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[Assistant] Even to that war, the extent of the loss of human life in World War I is


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[Assistant] Unknowable, but as historians dig into the evidence, it's clear that deaths were far greater than initially calculated.


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[Assistant] Only now are historians paying enough attention to the war on the eastern front, in large part because the victors wrote the first histories and did the first counting. Wartime deaths, including civilians, are loosely calculated at 40 million people.


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[Assistant] Joseph Stalin probably never said the line often attributed to him, that the death of one person is a tragedy and the death of a million people is a statistic.


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[Assistant] But it's too often true. It's hard to think of what 40 million deaths mean.


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[Assistant] Here's one way of trying to conceive of it. More people probably died in World War I than currently live in Canada. Thanks for watching. We'll see you next time.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching Crash Course, which is filmed here in the Jaden Smith Studios in Indianapolis, and thanks to all of our patrons at Patreon.com slash Crash Course for making it possible. We've got lots of cool new learning playlists, including one in business entrepreneurship. I hope you'll check out. Thank you again for watching, and as they say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, I'm looking for some pull. I need something that's like, kind of, quite fatty.


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[Assistant] And I know exactly how to feature it.


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[Assistant] There is so much pressure for these returning contestants. No, I've got it, I've got it.


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[Assistant] Connor. Hi. Chopper. Dan. And ingredients? Lemon. Lemon. Yeaah. And what's the dish?


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[Assistant] I wish I hadn't let things get this bad, but they are.


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[Assistant] Oh my god, yes! I love it when Jack Joe does how to do things. These are the ovaries.


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[Assistant] I've just realised there's so much more to a crayfish that I don't know, like, there's tripe, there's ovaries, there's the stomach, legs, there's a lot of meat.


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[Assistant] And then you've got, you know, fresh noodles and fresh herbs and, you know, some special patties that's usually made from crab. Yes. Alright, one pie down, a lot to go, yeah? We need to move those.


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[Assistant] Traditionally when I use crab for this dish, you kind of slowly cook the broth until these special kind of patties float to the top and you scoop them out. I'm hoping that the same thing happens with the lobster today. Uhm, they're kind of like the crux of the dish.


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[Assistant] I spent so much time on these patties and they haven't worked. I really need to kind of think fast and figure out what I need to do. This is not good, I need to do something with this, don't I?


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[Assistant] Let's not be nervous, let's be cool. Yes. Calm, cool, collected.


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[Assistant] I'm now thinking maybe I can turn it into a crayfish kind of omelette thing with that essence, and hopefully it has the same flavor. Okay so I can you try this again, if it's creamy again, I don't know what to do here. Is that better?


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[Assistant] What are you massaging? Can we just stop for a massage? Can I get one as well?


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[Assistant] Uh, boom reel has like a special patty that's basically the essence of, you know, crab or in this case crayfish.


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[Assistant] The donuts are done, but the aioli is just not coming together. Just gotta get something on the plate.


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[Assistant] I just wanted them to look like onions but inside is a crayfish fennel and sauteed onion filling and everything that was left of the crayfish went into that stock. They both looked fantastic to be honest.


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[Assistant] I want to be a singer.


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[Assistant] I want to be a singer. What do you want to be?


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[Assistant] Yeah, they are. A little bit of anxiety going on in the nervous system. Yeah, exactly. So how long have you been seeing Dr. Now?


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[Assistant] Got it, okay. So I talked to him this afternoon, talked about a couple of things that we want to...


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[Assistant] It's not that serious. So tell me a little bit about it. Have you had an evaluation like this before?


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[Assistant] If it's just marijuana, who made you go to rehab?


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[Assistant] Sure. So, from 99 when you went to rehab until a couple years ago, what else happened with that?


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[Assistant] How long have you been taking Percocet and Hydrocodone?


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[Assistant] So what happens to our brain after a couple of years, really after about 120 days, is your pain tolerance goes down and your need goes up, right?


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[Assistant] So what if I told you that if you stopped taking hydrocodone,


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[Assistant] And you stop taking Klonopin, and your pain level actually comes down.


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[Assistant] Well, what we want to do in life is we want to learn how not to take a benzo. We don't want to take xanax or clonopin even or anything else. Long term clonopin use is not healthy for our brain, right? It's just not. What we want to do is good therapy.


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[Assistant] And some good talk therapy and learn good coping skills.


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[Assistant] And we want to go to meetings and have a sponsor and lead a healthy, happy life.


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[Assistant] So let me jump just a second and ask you a question. Do you want surgery then?


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[Assistant] You might start caring, you have a history of noncompliance, right?


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[Assistant] If you don't like to have someone control you or something control you, do you not think this surgery is going to be your new controller?


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[Assistant] Well, you gotta listen to your doctor. Listen to doctor now.


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[Assistant] But you're not hearing yourself because not just smoking pot.


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[Assistant] And surgery is not going to solve all of your emotional problems, right? So, would you be willing to do a program and look at treatment?


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[Assistant] So horrible, deadly detox. Right. Yeah. If not done properly. The goal is a gentle, humane detox, right? To come down off of that medication as quickly as possible. In a safe, humane way that allows you to move on with your life. How about that?


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[Assistant] I have no doubt in my mind you can do it. So, call me.


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[Assistant] Thank you for coming in. I know this was a struggle. I know what you're going through is a struggle. And there's help and hope ahead. You know that. Thank you.


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[Assistant] My strategy is to look for meets that I'm confident with and then after that I will be taking guesses.


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[Assistant] So I noticed this thin leg. It kind of looks like a leg of lamb, but lamb's not going meat. It's venison.


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[Assistant] I have chosen pheasant today and uhm, I'm gonna do a play on a, kinda like a Vietnamese chili salt chicken. I looked at the pheasant and it just kind of sound to me and I was like, this is, this is what I'm cooking today.


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[Assistant] Oh yea. Today I'm making a chili salt pheasant with fried sticky rice balls, a pheasant sauce and some fresh veggies. Use cucumber.


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[Assistant] Like peasants, like people not having enough money to buy meat so they only have the fatty parts of a pork.


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[Assistant] It's hibachi time! Tommy, how's your cook going? I think my cook is going really, really well.


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[Assistant] I am gonna fight so hard in this game and-


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[Assistant] Oh, look at that guy. Far out. Look at that child.


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[Assistant] I put a lot of love in this dish. It is me, like every little part of it is me on there. So I'm hoping that they love it.


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[Assistant] My chili salt pheasant with some sauces, some crispy sticky rice.


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[Assistant] I would be a little bit worried about how the cookies on the meat.


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[Assistant] I hope that the marinade has kept it moist and I hope that the meat is kind of just cooked, uhm, so that it's not dry anymore.


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[Assistant] When I was in high school at the age of 17, I graduated from high school in Decatur, Georgia, as valedictorian of my high school. Very proud of myself.


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[Assistant] I was from a low-income community. I'd grown up in Mississippi. We'd moved from Mississippi to Georgia so my parents could pursue


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[Assistant] Their degrees as United Methodist ministers. We were poor, but they didn't think we were poor enough, so they were going for permanent poverty.


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[Assistant] And so while they studied at Emory, I studied at Avondale, and I became valedictorian.


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[Assistant] That was kinda cool. I was more intrigued by the fact that he lived in a mansion.


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[Assistant] And so I got up that morning ready to go to visit the governor. My mom and my dad, who were also invited, got up and we went outside. But we didn't get in our car.


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[Assistant] And in the South, a car is a necessary thing. We don't have a lot of public transit. There aren't a lot of options. But if you're lucky enough to live in a community where you don't have a car, the only option is public transit. And that's what we had to take.


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[Assistant] And so we got on the bus, and we took the bus from Decatur all the way to Buckhead, where the governor's mansion sat on this really beautiful acreage of land, these long black gates that ran the length of the property.


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[Assistant] We get to the governor's mansion, we pull the little lever that lets them know this is our stop. We get off the bus. My mom, my dad and I, we walk across the street and we walk up the driveway because there are cars coming up. Cars bringing in students from all across the state of Georgia and so we're walking along the side.


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[Assistant] And as we walk single file along the side, my mom and dad sandwiching me to make sure I don't get hit by one of the cars, bringing in the other valedictorians, we approach the guard gate.


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[Assistant] When we get to the guard gate, the guard comes out, and he looks at me, and he looks at my parents, and he says, you don't belong here. This is a private event.


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[Assistant] My dad says no, this is my daughter Stacey. She's one of the valedictorians. But the guard doesn't look at the checklist that's in his hands.


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[Assistant] He doesn't ask my mom for the invitation that's at the bottom of her very voluminous purse.


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[Assistant] Instead he looks over our shoulder at the bus, because in his mind the bus is telling him a story about who should be there. And the fact that we were too poor to have our own car.


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[Assistant] That was a story he told himself. And he may have seen something in my skin color, he may have seen something in my attire, I don't know what went through his mind, but his conclusion was to look at me again, and with a look of disdain, say, I told you, this is a private event. You don't belong here.


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[Assistant] And indeed the man checked the checklist eventually and he found my name and he let us inside. But I don't remember meeting the governor of Georgia.


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[Assistant] I don't recall meeting my fellow valedictorians from 180 school districts. The only clear memory I have of that day was a man standing in front of the most powerful place in Georgia looking at me and telling me I don't belong. And so I decided, 20 some odd years later, to be the person who got to open the gates.


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[Assistant] Because you see, I didn't want to just open the gates for young black women who had been underestimated and told they don't belong. I wanted to open those gates for Latinas.


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[Assistant] But what I recognize is that the first try wasn't enough.


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[Assistant] And my question became, how do I move forward? How do I get beyond the bitterness and the sadness and the lethargy?


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[Assistant] You see, I began my race for governor by analyzing who I was and what I wanted to be. And there are three questions I ask myself about everything I do, whether it's running for office or starting a business, when I decided to start the new Georgia project to register people to vote, or when I started the latest action, Fair Fight Georgia. No matter what I do, I ask myself three questions.


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[Assistant] And I know that the questions I have to ask myself are one. Am I honest about the scope of my ambition?


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[Assistant] Because it's easy to figure out that once you didn't get what you wanted, then maybe you should have set your sights a little lower. But I'm here to tell you to be aggressive about your ambition. Do not allow setbacks to set you back.


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[Assistant] Understand your mistakes, but also understand their mistakes, because as women in particular, we're taught that if something doesn't work out, it's probably our fault.


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[Assistant] And usually there is something we could do better, but we've been told not to investigate too much what the other side could have done, and this isn't partisan, it's people.


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[Assistant] We're too often told that our mistakes are ours alone, but victory is a shared benefit.


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[Assistant] And so what I tell you to do is understand your mistakes, but understand the mistakes of others.


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[Assistant] But once you know what you want, understand why you want it. And even though it feels good, revenge is not a good reason.


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[Assistant] Instead, make sure you want it because there's something not that you should do, but something you must do.


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[Assistant] It has to be something that doesn't allow you to sleep at night unless you're dreaming about it. Something that wakes you up in the morning and gets you excited about it. Or something that makes you so angry you know you have to do something about it. But know why you're doing it. And know why it must be done.


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[Assistant] You've listened to women from across this world talk about why things have to happen.


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[Assistant] Because when it gets hard, when it gets tough, when your friends walk away from you, when your supporters forget you, when you don't win your first race, if you don't know why, you can't try again.


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[Assistant] So first, know what you want. Second, know why you want it. But third, know how you're going to get it done. I faced a few obstacles in this race.


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[Assistant] But more importantly, in this process, we turned out 1.2 million African American voters in Georgia. That is more voters than voted on the Democratic side of the ticket in 2014.


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[Assistant] Those are successes that tell me how I can get it done. But they also let me understand that the obstacles aren't insurmountable. They're just a little high.


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[Assistant] But they also understand that there are three things that always hold us hostage. The first is finances. Now, you may have heard I'm in a little bit of debt. If you didn't hear about it, you did not go outside.


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[Assistant] And finances are something that holds us back so often. Our dreams are bounded by how much we have in resources.


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[Assistant] But we hear again and again the stories of those who overcome those resources, those resource challenges. But you can't overcome something you don't talk about.


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[Assistant] I didn't allow anyone to tell me that my lack of opportunity was a reason to disqualify me from running. And believe me, people tried to tell me I shouldn't run.


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[Assistant] Friends told me not to run. Allies told me not to run. The USA Today mentioned maybe I shouldn't run.


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[Assistant] But no matter who it was, I understood that finances are often a reason we don't let ourselves dream.


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[Assistant] Because once you know what you're afraid of, you can figure out how to get around it. And the third is fatigue. Sometimes you just get tired of trying.


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[Assistant] You get tired of reading about processes and politics and the things that stop you from getting where you want to be.


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[Assistant] Sometimes fatigue means that we accept position instead of power.


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[Assistant] We let someone give us a title as a consolation prize rather than realizing we know what we want and we're going to get it even if we're tired. That's why God created NAPs.


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[Assistant] But we also learn in those moments that fatigue ...


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[Assistant] Is an opportunity to evaluate how much we want it. Because if you are beaten down, if you have worked as hard as you can,


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[Assistant] I know we have to have people of good conscience who stand up against oppression.


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[Assistant] Because I am moving forward knowing what is in my path. I know the obstacles they have for me. I know what they're going to do and I'm fairly certain they're energizing and creating new obstacles now. But they've got four years to figure it out.


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[Assistant] Oh, I don't write stories about missing dogs and cats. I wanna write about...


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[Assistant] Your arrangements for destroying the Special Security Force prove most unsatisfactory. I'm sorry about that, Mr. Misaka.


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[Assistant] I've ordered a special forces unit to go to Ichihara's Cybergenic Research Institute. For your sake, that better be successful.


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[Assistant] MBCC's Whitestone Branch at your service. If you drop by, I'll offer you a special 20% off. Shhh. Don't let K.K. know.


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[Assistant] Very, very, she's a dedicated business woman, which I can appreciate. A lot of fun playing with her and her little


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[Assistant] Her business minded nature, I'll say. And Joan was a lot of fun.


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[Assistant] I got to bring sort of a rocky, rebellious spirit to her, which, you know, all my punk rock.


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[Assistant] But yea, it's been a lot of fun, and I'm happy to say happy one year anniversary.


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[Assistant] Also, it's a mystery box day. Is that when you get to roll up your culinary sleeves and get creative.


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[Assistant] There's a riot of freshness, it's 3D, it jumps off the page. Cause this to me is...


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[Assistant] Who took this photo? Linda, that means you're up next.


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[Assistant] Linda, I think it's safe to say that no matter where you are in the world, we are all missing travelling. And so it's those little dishes that transport you.


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[Assistant] These are flavours and textures that are synonymous with joy throughout an entire region of the world.


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[Assistant] Elise, tell me about the inspiration behind this photo and therefore the dish.


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[Assistant] And I think if you're inspired to cook, an homage to your friendship. And I think that's really wonderful.


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[Assistant] And in order for fried chicken to be presented to us and for it to be successful, it was going to have to be fantastic.


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[Assistant] And then you add in the jam, the lemongrass to your pizza, and I think it's a fantastic plate of fried chicken. You have some guts to bring it up here, but I think it's paid off.


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[Assistant] I'm going to cook a papa fish. Papa basically means steamed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Steam it on a banana leaf and serve it with a tamarind and coconut sauce.


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[Assistant] I've made you a papa fish, which is a steamed fish with a tamarind and coconut sauce.


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[Assistant] That's good work. Now I want you to follow up any other leads you can find. I've got an appointment at the airport.


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[Assistant] What do we do? Leave them alone for the minute. Just keep an eye on them and see what they do.


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[Assistant] Now I gotta go and pick up this piece of slime. See yama. I got a bad feeling about this.


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[Assistant] Okay then. If you find you need backup, contact hacker in peace. Roger.


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[Assistant] Hacker, the helicopter's just been hijacked. Turn on the tracking device and get after it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't tell you. Suffice to say I have my reasons, which I'll explain later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well sir, I think that Tsuyama is a red herring. I don't believe he wields any real power in the Red Maze organization anymore. I think the real leader of the Red Maze is this Tachihara.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's up to you, but what I hope to find out here is who Tachihara's associates are. He should lead us straight to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mm-mm. My number one priority is Tachihara.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fine. If you can find anyone else who wants this job, they can have it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You conduct your experiments elsewhere, pal. There's no way I'm letting you have my men as guinea pigs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm Dumpling, and I'm from the Path to Nowhere scriptwriting team.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As graceful and radiant as Hamel, Capillating hearts wherever you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we were activated, we knew the situation was bad, worse than anyone knew. We are an elite, highly skilled group of embedded agents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They only call us when everything else has failed. We have no rules. We have no limits. Our job is to protect what remains.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For me, the traditional croissant is so versatile. You can make a savoury sandwich or you can fill them with jam and cream. The possibilities are absolutely endless.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanted to be quite subtle. I don't want to overpower the croissant. It's all about the pastry today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The croissants are just so beautiful already on their own. Uhm, I just want to add a pop of color and have a bit of fun with this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So into a pot of milk, I want to create a malai. A malai is the base for a traditional Bengali or Indian dessert. I'm going to use the malai to make a cream patissiere. Does anyone have a cinnamon stick?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to boil up the spices and make sure that those spices flavor the milk. It will take time for these spices to infuse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the most important thing that I'm going to be putting on my plate. They need to be perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, yeaah. So happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not an easy thing to do, so I hope I can pull this off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that orange blossom ricotta is going to add another layer and dimension to really balance everything out. I might use that ricotta to flavor a cream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am definitely running out of time right now and I know I have a lot of work to do to get everything onto the state. I hope I can pull this off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have brought you my Calcutta croissant. I wanted to bring you the concept of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bengal and the riots and colors and flavors that you'd find in Calcutta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We work on the assumption that there is a theory out there and it's our job, if we're sufficiently smart and sufficiently industrious, to figure out what it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We would have to admit that there are really more dimensions out there. And I find that completely mind-blowing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No chance. You saw what happened? This could easily be the end of the Red May.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First comrade Tachihara is captured, and now we're being chased by these weird monsters. Comrade Dobashi, how are we gonna get out of this? I don't know. If we can't get away from them, we'll have to hole up someplace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, go ahead. Put another one on the fire extinguisher in front of the elevator. It'll buy us some time when the police arrive. See ya. Oh, and Toshiro.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember the red maze finished. So if the police do get you, give yourself up immediately. There's no point in getting yourself killed for nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, today is a press test, and at the end of it, one of you will be going home. But what's under the cloche today is a masterpiece of inventions. The chef who created it has worked at some of Australia's best restaurants, with luminaries such as Brent Savage, Dan Hong, and Luke Min.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And personally, I admire him for his relentless obsession to take Southeast Asian cuisine to the next level. Please welcome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is at the sacrifice of keeping up. Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are some very good elements, there are some elements that perhaps Dipinda has done, uhm, better than anyone else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on guys, let's go! Good work, man. Smashing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry, I didn't mean to interrupt your livestream. I just wanted to drop by.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think the most crucial thing about a taste test is trust my palate. If I taste something, write it down. Don't second guess it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've written down about 35 already and I'm really confident with those 35. I need to just kind of logically think about what would you put in a curry? What would you put in an ice cream? What would you put in this puree? I'm thinking flour, sugar, vinegar, lemons, lime, onions, garlic, galangal, ginger, all these things that I would use myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depender is in her first ever round two and she looks rattled. You need to move mate. It's a different Depender and I'm really worried.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Copy that. Since you've chosen to fight, it's my duty to assist you as your adjutant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My name is Erin Yvette. I voice Nightingale, Summer, a Timecop Duck, and a sprinkling of other NPCs, I believe. I have loved working on this game and working with this team. We've been working on it for a while now, actually, and I always look forward to our voiceover sessions and seeing what


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think one of my favorite aspects of working on this game has been bouncing back and forth between the very stoic, more subdued Nightingale and the very perky, very uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very fun and loving summer and finding the specifics between their two very different personalities. So thank you for playing, uh, I can only hope that you have as much fun playing this game as I do working on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't want you chasing after Raiden. Leave it to Angel. She'll report back when she finds me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, I don't want any argument, hacker. Alright, now I'll give you your orders. Yes, sir.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Four years ago, you were arrested by the FBI on suspicion of plotting to assassinate the US President. Then, it says here that you were never actually put on trial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One by one every member of the Red May has been killed off by a group of vigilantes. I have to admit their methods are pretty extreme. They make us look like nice guys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And why are they systematically killing your friends? If you don't tell us, we can't guarantee your safety. Understand?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What an asshole. Give him some morphine and patch him up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But sir, the Red May is only the beginning of the story. A number of factors lead me to believe they had a sponsor behind them who's been pulling the strings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Firstly, the way Tachihara murdered Tsuyama in order to gain control of the Red May was quite uncharacteristic. Secondly, there's the terrorist weapons. They're the kind issued to the security forces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They could only have been supplied by a powerful sponsor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as a matter of priority, we should find out who the sponsor is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very well then. As you wish sir, I'll reassign my agents to other duties as soon as I return to the office. Oh, there's just one more thing sir. Yes, what is it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I've never heard of it. Okay. Oh well, never mind, it's probably nothing. I'll see you later, sir.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, in Kawada. Have you been able to get anything more in the H file?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That'd make the place uninhabitable. Why would a Japanese state company like Toa Electric do a thing like that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But whoever tries to fuck this country over will have to get past us first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to patch him up and make sure nothing happens to him. Right. Meanwhile I'm gonna go and pay Ichihara a visit and find out what's happened to Angel and Raiden. We're gonna need all the manpower we can get.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Till I get back, you hacker in peace will have to hold the fort by yourselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hacker in peace tried to get our star witness Tachihara over to Ichihara's place. Unfortunately, one of the hunters has been able to read Kawada's mind and so learns of the plan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The hunters moved to intercept Hacker in Peace and kill Tachihara.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hacker and Peace find themselves outnumbered and outgunned. But Angel's on her way to help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only question is, will she be in time? And if she is, will it be too little too late?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only way to find out the answers is to watch the next installment of Angel Cop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make sure you're there for Angel Cop 4. Pain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So are you going to give us a statement on this or what, huh? We want to know what happened last night. Several witnesses reported hearing gunfire. So tell us, is it connected with the Red May?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jeez. That's the lamest trap I've seen in ages. Yeah, I'll defuse it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's an unfortunate necessity. The Special Security Force is trying to stop us completing our extermination of the terrorists. If they were to succeed and we were caught, who would protect the weak and avenge the innocent then?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Besides, even if we do manage to evade capture, it'll mean we'll have to lay low for a while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no government agency that can replace us. We must remove any obstacle that stands in our way


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a duty to protect the weak and defend the innocent against terrorism at any cost. And if we were to give up now...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would be murder, as you said. We'd be giving the terrorists free reign to kill whoever they like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's open it up and see what this puppy get. Uh, Herb, we're actually slowing down now. Herb? Who?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanna see her get better so she can have a life and we can have a life together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the candidates for what awesome thing we will do today are... Our blueprint for a completely food-based waterpark. Your schematic for the tunnel to the center of the Earth. This model for the Chamber of Invisibility.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your other schematic for a microscopic zoo that rests on the head of a pin. Gee, we sure have a lot of blueprints, models, and schematics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey Ferb, summer doesn't last forever and we've got too many plans for just the two of us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay Ferb, the robot building device is almost ready to be activated. Just a couple more commands. Okay, pictures please.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow! It worked! I'm so glad we tried out our new Android building device instead of using that old dinosaur.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey bro, how's the ol' chamber of invisibility comin' along?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is the best tunnel to the center of the earth I've ever seen. Boy, I bet that was fun to build.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, Ferb, even though these robots were a success and completely on model, I kinda miss working on stuff, you know, just you and me. Hey, what's this? Thanks!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hovercraft Lounge Chair? We were gonna build that next week. Oh no. The Finidroids and Furbots have run out of projects, so they're designing their own. Have we learned nothing from Mary Shelley's Frankenstein?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, they've started their own overpriced coffee franchise! That's so 90s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is terrible. We have an entirely new problem. The coffee's making them go haywire. That one's having trouble falling asleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'd be surprised what falls up to the sky in Dunville. Oh, isn't that great. They remodeled little duffers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jesus, it's like getting swarmed by locusts. Don't let them through!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We got good news, we got bad news. Looks like we got division agents for backup, but these guys out there, they just won't let-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what we're responsible for is Midtown to Lower Manhattan, mainly because nobody can get off of this island right now, including us. Biggest problem we have is manpower, or lack thereof.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now we got criminal elements occupying and controlling most of these neighborhoods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I don't have enough people to secure a block, much less maintain order and safety, so basically these assholes are running around taking whatever they want and killing whoever they want because we got nobody to stop them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This many bad guys, I don't think you people can handle it alone. I mean, no offense. I just don't like the idea of throwing you to the wolves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can convince the division to send more of your guys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's pulled in half their manpower to defend the place. You gonna have to take him out to do the job right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My people are getting into position to breach the hall. Agent, you're gonna wanna unlock the maintenance access. The building blueprints show a security control room down in the basement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not to mention the occasional surface-to-air missile. Or have you forgotten about that chopper in Brooklyn?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The relay's gotta be on the roof. Probably gonna have some techie types up there to keep it running.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right on top of that weapons cache. Once you kick in the door, you're on your own until I can get back up in there. So watch your back, cause it's gonna get hot in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Got some good news. I've got backup moving on your position. They're past the first turret and moving fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hit the jackpot, Agent. Got some footage of Bliss himself. Some kind of propaganda piece.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Guy sure loves to hear his own voice. What an asshole. Check it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gotta say, I didn't think anybody could pull off what we asked you to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every criminal group that we've been dealing with is on the run. They're not all gone, but there's a lot less of them out there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Agent, I detailed one of my people to link up with you in order to get you into the tunnels and under the wire. Once you're inside, kill the turrets. Open the way for the assault. Everything that comes after depends on you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All JTF personnel be advised. We've got LMB reinforcements headed your way. Take up defensive positions and dig in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You better hear this. Bliss just broke radio silence. We're trying to track her, patching it through.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wasn't easy, and we lost a lot of good people, but you broke the LMB's back. Nobody's gonna be sweeping neighborhoods telling people join or die at gunpoint. Not without Bliss running the show.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel like a child, like crushing chips and just, yeaah, like, it's a fun feeling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Justin, you're yet to get a run on the board on the Mystery Box challenges. Is today gonna be the day? Hopefully, we'll see what happens. Knowing what I know, today's gonna be challenging.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't pump your tyres up enough. Uhm, the noodles were spectacular. The cooking of the crab, you can't do it better. You cannot do it better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mystery Box Day, nobody going home, and the chance to barter for your ingredients that you want to cook with. There were some good trades, some not so good trades, and then some of you just didn't even trade at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What about putting this one in your collection? Well, this is a nice leaf.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, which means it's not quite special enough for my collection. Ooh!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What about this purple colored leaf there, little field mouse? I've already got one that color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just hope it chills and I can construct it with about five minutes to go. It's gonna be a massive push.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've made a meal for you today with chocolate, chilli, orange and raspberries. Yum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey guys, thanks for choosing this video today. A lot of you may know me from TikTok or Instagram.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where I teach English and I've recently taken that here to YouTube. So I'm still growing this channel and I've been asking a lot of you what topics you'd like me to cover or questions you want answered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am an English teacher on TikTok and more recently on Instagram. But if you have been following me from the start, you may have seen my videos on TikTok where I play the ukulele and sing. And I am by no means a professional ukulele player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, first fact about me, I have a music degree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I also use teachers on YouTube, on TikTok, that help me to learn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am from the U.S. Midwest. So the accent I have is a Midwestern American accent. So for example, I pronounce the city Chicago with a really bright A. Ah, Chicago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The breath to make positive change, to change our mindset, to change our bodies, to calm our nervous system. All these things. I love yoga. If you ever want to talk yoga, let me know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as always, if you like this video, smash that like button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That will blow us away and you must feature


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Someone who is no stranger to the kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I loved this dish visually. What a spectacular presentation. Absolutely gorgeous. But when you dive into the details, the flavours here, the banana, the lime and then of course the vanilla, all of it comes together in a really beautiful kind of Southeast Asian feeling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cellophane wraps. Yeah. Gifts. Incredible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you very much. Wow. What do we think of the visuals?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was like a slightly grainy, almost an icy kind of texture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're looking for the top two dishes today and there was one other dish that completely extended the wow in every way. It was fun. It was child life. The vanilla was rich and the dish was a pure joy to eat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, it's way past my bedtime now. See you later. Goodnight! Sleep tight!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And hard to get everything done when it's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh no! What is it little nut brown hair? Look! The sun is already low in the sky!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's nearly gone. And so am I. Good night. Stay tight!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 12, 14, 15, 15 more than Tra2 has done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm doing the beef mince for the entree. Yep. It's almost fried off. Um, once that's done, Minnie's just gonna season it. Yep. Roll it into balls with the potato. Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What a challenge, eh? What a bloody challenge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got our curry, we've got our fragrant rice, we've got our cutlass balls, we've got our chutney, our potatoes, our sambal. We have a lot in the bag!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Guys, four are going. Yeah, go, go, just go. I can't believe we got this done. Bags are going out. Thank you guys. Very good. Awesome. Cheers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the vibe of this place really suits my cooking style and I'll hopefully be able to coach the guys in credit winning menu.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think when it comes to cooking in a team, the number one thing for me would be we need to make sure our communication is strong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For our menu, we've been given turfs, so the priority is going to be on getting all those proteins cooked perfectly. And they require a lot of prep at the start.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These beef cheeks are gonna be seared really hard in a pan, then we're gonna cover them in this sauce. Need more beef, need more beef!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I just wanna know I can do it well and just tick that box for myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah. We got these beef cheeks in the oven as quick as we could.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm worried that they haven't had long enough to cook through. Bro. They are so tough. They're like rubber hockey pucks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a real dinosaur out there, and we're nowhere near ready.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Green team are trying to plate this entree and it is an absolute mess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For our entree, we're doing spiced lamb ribs with a roast garlic, yoghurt and a tabbouleh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm hoping they're perfectly cooked and falling apart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our final dishes go out and we are done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got cumin, coriander, honey, pepper, bit of mustard, and all types of paprika.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But is this a sensible way to understand the human condition in the 21st century? As Franklin Pierce Adams pointed out,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Last year, Americans killed each other at a rate of 5.3 per hundred thousand, had seven percent of their citizens in poverty,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 10% of the world population in extreme poverty and more than 10,000 nuclear weapons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Might we even invoke the admittedly old-fashioned notion of progress?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But all of this is irrelevant because the question of whether progress has taken place is not a matter of faith or having an optimistic temperament or seeing the glasses half full. It's a testable hypothesis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If they have improved over time, that, I submit, is progress. Let's go to the data. Beginning with the most precious thing of all, life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For most of human history, life expectancy at birth was around 30.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two hundred and fifty years ago, in the richest countries of the world, a third of the children did not live to see their fifth birthday. Before the risk was brought down a hundredfold,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two hundred years ago, ninety percent of the world's population subsisted in extreme poverty. Today, fewer than ten percent of people do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Democracy has suffered obvious setbacks in Venezuela, in Russia, in Turkey, and is threatened by the rise of authoritarian populism in Eastern Europe and the United States.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It happened when feudal Europe was brought under the control of centralized kingdoms, so that today a Western European has one thirty-fifth the chance of being murdered compared to his medieval ancestors. It happened again in colonial New England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the American Wild West, when the sheriffs moved to town, and in Mexico.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over the last century, we've become 96% less likely to be killed in a car crash. 88% less likely to be mowed down on the sidewalk. 99% less likely to die in a plane crash. 95% less likely to be killed on the job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The projectile hurled by Zeus himself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before the 17th century, no more than 15 percent of Europeans could read or write.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Europe and the United States achieved universal literacy by the middle of the 20th century, and the rest of the world is catching up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The answer is yes. In 86% of the world's countries, happiness has increased in recent decades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, the news capitalizes on our morbid interest in what can go wrong, captured in the programming policy. If it bleeds, it leads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me address some questions about progress that no doubt have occurred to many of you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course we should be aware of suffering and danger wherever they occur, but we should also be aware of how they can be reduced, because there are dangers to indiscriminate pessimism. One of them is fatalism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If all our efforts at improving the world have been in vain, why throw good money after bad? The poor will always be with you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other danger of thoughtless pessimism is radicalism. If our institutions are all failing and beyond hope for reform, a natural response is to seek to smash the machine, drain the swamp, burn the empire to the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An idea that we associate with the 18th century enlightenment, namely,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Progress does not mean that everything becomes better for everyone, everywhere, all the time. That would be a miracle. And progress is not a miracle, but problem solved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And aggressively pursue solutions like deep decarbonization for climate change and global zero for nuclear war.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my book, The Blank Slate, I argued that the human prospect is more tragic than utopian.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My worldview has lightened up in the 15 years since the blank slate was published. My acquaintance with the statistics of human progress, starting with violence, but now encompassing every other aspect of our well-being, has fortified my belief that in understanding our tribulations and woes, human nature is the problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Human nature, channeled by enlightenment norms and institutions, is also the solution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Saving the lives of billions. Eradicating disease. Feeding the hungry. Teaching kids to read. Foreign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gratitude for changing their view of the world from a numb and helpless fatalism to something more constructive, even heroic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I believe that the ideals of the Enlightenment can be cast as a stirring narrative, and I hope that people with greater artistic flair and rhetorical power than I can tell it better and spread it further. It goes something like this. We are born into a pitiless universe.


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[Assistant] Facing steep odds against life-enabling order and in constant jeopardy of falling apart.


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[Assistant] Our circle of sympathy has been expanded by history, journalism, and the narrative arts.


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[Assistant] And our CUNY rational faculties have been multiplied by the norms and institutions of reason. Intellectual curiosity, open debate, skepticism of authority and dogma,


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[Assistant] And the burden of proof to verify ideas by confronting them against reality.


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[Assistant] From a few oases, the territories with peace and prosperity are growing and could someday encompass the globe. Much suffering remains and tremendous peril


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[Assistant] True to the best of our knowledge, which is the only truth we can have.


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[Assistant] For it requires only the convictions that life is better than death, health is better than sickness, abundance is better than want, freedom is better than coercion, happiness is better than suffering


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[Assistant] And knowledge is better than ignorance and superstition. Thank you


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[Assistant] Fire and culture.


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[Assistant] And the fate is always the same.


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[Assistant] Xin Sheng Jia Yuan Yi Ke Qian Suo Wei You De Qiang Jian Xin Zang.


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[Assistant] But, whatever. But what will change everything will be the...