[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought it was safe to leave the window open, so I'm gonna go close it right now, I'll be right back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as I closed the window, I just washed my hands in the restroom and there was sauce on my shirt. I'm just a freaking hot mess today. Shall we? Shall we?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This though, is my favorite, surprisingly. It's so freaking good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] King crab shell. It's so easy. So easy to break.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's get to the good part. The tentacles. Tentacles. Uh, I had to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel I'm going to turn this up a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you know the hardest thing to get is, uhm, Sea Urchin. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually tomorrow morning, I'm gonna have to stand in line at a local, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Literally at, or get in line at 4.30 or 5 in the morning. Just to get the sea urchin. Live sea urchin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can get, uhm, Sea Urchin that's already prepared at the Japanese market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The shell and everything. Now the only thing I'm afraid of is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm kinda scared of that. I'm not gonna do it on camera. I just don't think it should be filmed. But, we'll see how that goes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you guys wanted it, so let's do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's see what this guy has here. Let's save this for last, cause I love the legs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, beautiful. I'm gonna let that sit there for a moment. Let it soak in this butter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm good. I can't wait for part two. So part two is definitely gonna feature a lot more raw items. But I guess you're just gonna have to wait and see. It'll be released soon. I'll see you later. Thanks guys. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have already opened up the sea urchin. It was probably the scariest thing I've ever done. Uh, I'm still very squeamish about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I'm gonna tell you right now, the spikes currently, I'm looking right now, they're actually moving still. But the most important thing about this is that you need to have uni fresh. And I got this live this morning, very early in the morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I had to actually reserve these two, so I did kind of go out of my way just to get, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sea urchin, but I wanted to make sure that I had the shell and that I was able to at least show you the inside of the animal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to show you real quick. See, I have to wear this glove because if it starts moving on my hand, I get really weirded out. So if you look up close.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This one I have not scraped out yet, so it still has the row inside, which is this yellow


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Egy part. This one I've already scraped out because I wanted to get a head start, but I'll do this one later and you'll see exactly what I'm doing. It's actually sitting in a salty ice bath right now, but yeah guys, it was, oh, I'm telling you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm okay with having this at the restaurant because they already prepare it for you and you don't really have to look at the sea urchin or see it move, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever, whatever it takes to have a really great seafood mukbang, I guess. So anyway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's move on to the other things. So we got Rott Oysters here, one of my favorites.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You probably love it as well. And then we have some soft, um, soft shell crabs, which I fried in like rice flour and all purpose flour, a mixture of both. And then we're going to dip it with some chipotle mayo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm ready guys. So while I'm letting that sit and clean off, I'm going to start off with a celebratory oyster shot. You know how that always works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what I do is I definitely squeeze some of that lime juice. So this here, Tabasco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, if you see it start moving, do not freak out, because if you freak out, I freak out, everybody freaks out, and we're not gonna have a cute mukbang, we're gonna have a, we're gonna have a horror film, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just relax everybody, we got this, we got this. Alright, cheers everyone. Let's do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So sweet. It's actually sweeter than it is, uhm, salty, briny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is surprising because normally it's a little bit of both.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these are actually some sweet oysters we got here. I'm actually quite ready to try these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can see, it's, it is a crab. It's not a baby crab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's just crap that's already been, uh, in the process of molting, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's do this guys. So, I have some wasabi here. I'm gonna take out the uni. The cleaned uni. I'm actually gonna use my hands because I don't want to break it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so can you guys see there? It's that yellow orangey piece.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's straight up fresh. I know that the animal doesn't hold a lot of eggs, but oh well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright guys, do you see this beautiful, beautiful uni here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's so slippery and slidey. So what I'm going to do is I'm actually going to have some of that wasabi with this. So I'll just push some in there. There's a piece of that. Some wasabi. And I have just a little bit of soy sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't even do this. It's so slippery. I'm just gonna plop it in my mouth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seriously, it's so... It's like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's heaven. It's like the gold, the caviar of the ocean. Wait, caviar is from the ocean, from fish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know what I mean, it's like special. It tastes so good. Do not, do not be afraid to try this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean maybe without the shells. If you see uni, don't be afraid to try it. Like literally, I'm just using my hands. I don't even care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uni is not super cheap by any means.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a lot of work that goes into taking it out and cleaning it, but it's worth it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's see here, little piece, very small.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfection. So frickin' good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you guys are probably really like, that's it? That's all you got? That's pretty much what you find in Uni. You're not gonna get, it's not like crabs or anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's see here. I'm going to scoop it out this time so that you can see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got some sea urchin blood on me. It's not blood, it's like seawater.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beautiful. I'm gonna dip this in the water a little bit, but I wanna kinda eat it right away, straight from the shell, so let's see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, the experience of eating it straight from the shell. I'm gonna be freaky and just eat it. Ready?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's strong in seafood flavor, and it's not bad. Don't get me wrong. I just have a terrible reaction, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This might be the craziest thing I've ever done. History of Nathong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I got a few pieces just being washed right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know why that matters anymore since I just kinda straight up ate it from the shell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we'll let it sit in there. In the meantime, I'm gonna do another oyster shot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I wanted to raise it up a little bit so you guys can see, see the craziness, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's the only part of the sea urchin you can actually eat. There's nothing else in there. It's not like a crab. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, if some of you guys got your hopes up, it's not that. It's just literally the roe. You're eating little strips of their reproductive organs, actually, inside of the shell. Everything else you have to throw away. That's why it's considered a delicacy. Not necessarily like an everyday food, you know?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Part two of Seafood Mukbang. I hope you guys liked it. This was, uhm...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A mixture of creepy and exciting at the same time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think maybe I secretly enjoy that, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm glad you guys were able to join me. I hope you enjoyed part one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess I'll see you guys next time. Uhm, and thank you so much for voting and letting me know what you guys wanted to see. Super good. Please try this. Don't be afraid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will not see the shell when you order uni sushi or uni sashimi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're the best assassin slash musician slash preaching girl I know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Point is, royal demons don't give a shit about guys like us. They're all the fucking same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry for what you lost. I know I can never make that right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No Peppa, you mustn't touch the computer. And George, you mustn't touch the computer either.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that was very wonderful and I appreciate all of you who spoke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I appreciate all of you who have come, uh, to hear me speak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, let me just start. I have a lot of things I want to tell you. We are not going to get


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anywhere near talking about these things and of course, most importantly, I want to hear from you. So I want to have a dialogue with you. So I want to talk for about maybe, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And first of all, let me say too, I'm here to talk with the students, especially because you are just starting your work and this is extremely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Important what you're doing at the beginning of your life in the world. This is very, very important. But I also want to say in this, uh, uh, uh, place right now that I'm really talking to artists from 18 to 88.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, just a minute. Let me just conclude this. Uh, just one quick thing before we start. I wanna, gonna be showing you some videos while I'm talking. So the first thing I wanna just tell you is, uhm, that you have a gift. We all have a gift. And, uh, everyone you will meet


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, is here. Everyone in this room is here because someone at a certain moment in their life, whether they were a baby or an old person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In their life at a certain moment someone gave them help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Someone gave them something that they needed. And sometimes it's your enemies that give you what you need.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this is the foundation of who we are. This idea of the gift that circulates within us. So you should always be very careful and listening very clearly when people are talking to you and when they want to give you something. You have to be aware because the gifts don't come all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the reason why we're all here is because again, someone helped us in our past. So we just heard some very, very erudite people talking about my work, talking about this occasion. But I want to also point out that for me, what's equally important is this, this simple act here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put down my glass. My mother taught me that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My mother taught me how to do that as a young baby so that I wouldn't spill the water on my body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're all here because someone at some point in our past gave us some.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think also what I want to talk about today is, uh, another important thing is that in my mind there's only one true measure of success. And that resides in the deepest place within you, in the human heart. Not the head, but the heart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is the most precious thing. The heart knows the difference between right and wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now in the process, I'm going to be talking about some of my sources of inspiration tonight because I'm here also because someone gave me not one things, but many things. I've been very blessed in my life to have an incredible experience, uh, up to this point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first thing I want to do is share with you one of my pieces, one of my favorite pieces. It's called Fire Woman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, we're gonna see it up on that screen and then I'm gonna give the talk, uh, uh, uh, you know, as, as I start, I'm gonna give the talk and I'm gonna be showing you other videos on the screen while I'm speaking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sound will go down. Let's listen to this piece for a little while so you get the impact of it. This is Fire Woman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A work that was made in 2005, uh, as part of the Tristan project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is one image from that opera and I made a series of works based on these individual shots that I had in this extraordinary opera.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there is no special effects that you're seeing here right now. Uh, this is a real fire. There was a real woman standing in front of the fire. Uh, there was a real pool of water, 90 feet long, standing in front of her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As she fell into the water. And what we're simply looking at right now is the pool that was built to contain the water slowly, slowly coming down and becoming less and less violent until it's completely clear like glass. So that's called fire. Now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, particularly you young people, I'm thinking about you a lot as you start your lives. It's a very, very precious moment that you're at in the world. Uh, there's a lot of things coming at you. You're getting a lot of information from your teachers, which of course is the way that people learn


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I remember seeing a small hummingbird outside my house in Long Beach, California one day teach her child


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really, uh, difficult things in front of us. We're not sure how we're gonna do this, you know. Who will help me? How can I afford to spend the money to make my art? And, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Forty years ago when I was in school, we didn't have a lot of these issues, uh, and there weren't as many artists as they are today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a new world, it's a transition, but I will absolutely guarantee to you that you will make it and you will carry it through. I know that for a fact. Why? Because artistic talent at its root is independent of culture, class, gender, race and age.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, it's both an equalizer and a separator. Equalizer because everyone is creative. Everyone. Uh, including little children playing with wooden blocks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, but not everybody has the same level of technical skills. So there's a little bit of a difference there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I wrote this in a very, very simple pencil pen, so I'm gonna try to read it again, but, uh, our time right now, in our time right now, is the greatest and most diverse and wide-ranging


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, stages and formats and techniques and technologies in the entire history of art. That is our time right now, thanks to a lot of things that are converging right now. We're in another renaissance right now, I believe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, it's going to be really as extraordinary, if not more extraordinary than the one that we know from past history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can put on a little bit of light. Yeah, there you go. That's nice. Oh, is that what you look like? Oh, that's great. Okay. Anyway, uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I want to also say to our, to our students here that, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, you have very difficult demands that are placed on you when you leave these universities. Uh, you're expected as an artist to go inside yourself in the deepest way possible, sometimes right into the edge and unfortunately sometime beyond where you don't come back. That happens too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at other times then we're expected to engage the world of business, finance, institutional politics. We have to, we have to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it sounds extremely crazy and impossible, but it's nothing new, okay? So I want to just, uh, just encourage you in a one, one moment here, if you can, uh, allow me. I'd like to tell you that the old masters, in fact, don't exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, they should never have been called old masters. Okay? So, all, all, all I want you to know is this, okay? For your contemporaries, okay? Uh, these were not old masters, they were young radicals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Massaccio was 23 years old when he did the Trinità in Santa Maria Novella. Michelangelo was 24 when he did the Pietà in the Vatican. Raphael was 26 years old when he did the Stanza della Signatura in the Vatican.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these are internet, web crazy, nutty crazy guys, okay? They were the cutting edge of reality. They were understanding a new technology perspective for the first time since the ancient world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And who's gonna pick that up on that? Not the old artists. It's you guys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The young guys. So keep your eyes open, keep your ears open, keep looking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And especially right now, we are in a really important time right now in this world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know? And at the same time, there's so much cynicism and irony and parody out in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it's, it's just difficult to recognize which way to go forward, you know. But that's always been the role of artists since ancient time, to look for the openings. So don't give up, please, okay? Right now, you are coming in a world, you young people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and it's happened in other generations that are sitting in this room as well. Mine happened to be the early, the late 1960s, which was another kind of revolutionary time. And there is thousands of times beyond that all the way back to the beginning of history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, that's constant in, in our world. But right now, young people, you are in an extremely incredible place. I don't even know if you realize it. I've been coming to understand it little by little myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So right now, the world is in crisis. And the crises are always in, in history. They always have to do with some kind of technical change.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So obviously the digital world right now is the main thing that's completely turning everything upside down. But it's more than that. What we have here is we have financial institutions that have completely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Discarded their own, uh, uh, work that they do and turned their backs on us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, with greed, okay. We have an ecological crisis right now. Literally the world is heating up. Someone's gonna have to do something about that. That's extremely important. That could take down the whole planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we have a, we're always gonna have political crisis and social crises. That's happening as well. And of course, we have, in my opinion, one of the most key elements in this whole thing is a spiritual.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And even with that I have such a positive feeling right now. There was an amazing, uh, survey of young people in America about, uh, a year ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they asked them all sorts of questions. What is your school like? What do you have? What are your aspirations for the future? What kind of sports do you like? What kind of this do you like? What kind of clothes do you like? They were all trying to understand where young people were in the world. And what caught my eye were two


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two, uh, uh, little, uh, uh, entries in a very, very long list of things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the first one came at the beginning of this survey of young people, and what it said was, it said, do you consider yourself religious? 95% of the young people said no. 95%. This is in America, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 95% said no. Way down at the bottom of the survey, they asked another question about religion. And it said, do you consider yourself spiritual? 95% of the students said yes. Wow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what that tells me is our institutions, which have supported us for all of these years, need a makeover. They need to keep going forward. They're stuck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that stands between us and God, and we don't want anything in that space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something that is bigger than you. Okay? Because if it, if you're not going to do that and recognize that, then you're gonna stay in this egocentric way and you're gonna think you're the most important person in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The, the moment of opportunity we have right now in front of us in your generation is unbelievable. So what's gone on right now is we, us older folk, have really, really screwed things up big time. We've made a mess of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as always happens throughout history, who comes along to help?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the big trees fall in the forest, the really big trees, when they fall, boom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's tragic. You cry. There's a beautiful oak in the Villa Panza right now. The most beautiful oak I've ever seen in my life. I love trees. I can't get my, my, my eyes off of trees constantly. Okay. There's an incredible one that's 300 years old in the garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this tree is right there, and that tree's gonna fall really soon. They've tried to even inject it with things and stuff like that. I was talking with, with people about it. And, uh, we will lose that tree very, very soon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're in a moment like that, young people. Okay? The trees, the big trees are fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. All the big corporations are in trouble. Okay. The banks have deserted us. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's really, really serious. So this is your time right now. Because when the big trees fall, guess what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Light comes down from the forest way up top for the first time in years and years and years. And you're there. You're there as a little shoot in the ground. When the big trees fall, the sprouts come up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It allows them to grow. It allows new things to grow in the forest that didn't happen before. So that's the ecological way that all of this is transmuted. That's a very, very important three. So we right now, it's a great moment of opportunity for you. And this will not last forever. I heard the Dalai Lama say this exactly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About two years ago, he said, this is one of the greatest moments of opportunity for young people right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this is a little more difficult. I wish it was as easy as the first one. But guess what? So, when we, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have to deal with one important thing, uh, that nobody is gonna be able to change. And that of course is death. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, there is a traditional dilemma in the concept of birth and death that we have to be aware of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that one is that, uh, according to the ancient Greeks, when you get on the boat of Charon and he takes you across the underworld to the other side of the river and lets you off in the Elysian fields. Okay. At the same time, he erases your memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So your memory's gone, which isn't a bad thing. Cause you know, if you've been living around your whole life and fine, no problem. You can just go to the Elysian fields and wow, everything's great. But guess what? What about us back, back on the other side of the river? What do we do? Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do we do? So therefore, at this moment, when you're, uh, really at the beginning of your lives, your careers, uh, you know, crossing to the river of forgetfulness, uh, is so far away from your thoughts right now. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the question, the fundamental problem that remains is how do we keep the knowledge of the group intact? How do you keep the knowledge of the tribe and the group and the culture intact if individuals die? And the way you do that is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Through speaking, through sight, through sound, through song, through dance, through ritual, through painting, through sculpture, through writing, all aspects of art.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's what we need. That's what allows us. It's the stories and the songs and everything that's been saved that comes across and stays on our side of the river. So we won't forget it. That's like really important. So basically what I want to say to you is your job prospects look very good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, you're gonna be in need, you know, you're gonna be needed a lot, okay, and you're gonna pass that on too. So this is your purpose, this is your job, this is the most important job you have in your life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay? To make sure that, uh, it stays on this side of the river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, let me just spread things out a little bit. And, uh, okay, that's another piece that I made. This is called the Quintet of the Astonished. And, uh, we're gonna just watch that. It's a silent piece.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let me just, let me just put us in context a little bit as, as artists, and I don't wanna, again, I, I wanna stress I'm talking to everyone as artists, okay? We all have creative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the artists today were part of a tradition, a lineage, that goes back to the beginning of human beings. Of course, that, that, uh, we have decided in Latin to talk, to, to talk about them in terms of their name, homo sapiens, which means wise man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the oldest material evidence of human beings on this planet is, uh, our images.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have painting that goes back at least 30,000 years. Carvings, sculpture goes back 40,000 years, which are based on discoveries in Chavette cave recently in France. And what do you find in these caves? When you go in the caves, you find two things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You find painting, paintings on the walls, and you find tools on the ground. So what is that basically? That's art and technology. That's the basis of human beings, art and technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as artists, you're in a privileged position to use both of these things in your work and in your life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also want to say that to our, uh, young people especially that, uhm, the first thing to know about making art, in my opinion, is that making art is serious work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's got a long, long history. Okay. You have to know that wars have been fought over images.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People have died over images. People have been saved by images.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as artists, you have to understand now, young people, that you are coming into your life at a special time because you are about to become the keepers of the visions of humanity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I don't want this to sound silly or anything. This is real. It's really true and it's very, very real. Okay? You, your, your parents will not be on this earth one day and you'll have to carry on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, that's, that's a beautiful special thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That all human beings experience. Okay? So you are the keepers of the visions of humanity. It's a tradition that goes back to the origins of human beings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not a game. Who can be the most clever? Who can be the most innovative? Who can be the most disturbing artist? Who can be the most rich and successful artists? These are at best byproducts of the whole experience. And at worst, if they're personal golds, that's terrible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is about being honest. It's being real to yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When no one is looking. Okay, you're not trying to say, wow, I did the best work in my class, you know, forget it. You know, you do it for this guy in here and you do it for that guy up there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's who's looking at you. Okay. So you have to be honest to yourself, not to your friends, not to anybody else, your teachers, to you. Okay. And you have to be selfless because as artists, the most important thing we do is give away what we do. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now that's hard to say. Right now we have a situation where art sells for hundreds of millions of dollars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At what the economic system has done. You know, it's turned artist against artist. It's terrible, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So be honest, be true to yourself, be selfless.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, it's about you on the, on, it's about you at the point when you are on the most deepest, most unprotected, most vulnerable level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's where you wanna, that's where masterpieces come from, okay? Masterpieces don't come from that nice clever idea. They come from struggle, they come from pain, they come from doing the same thing over and over again because it's not working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then in the end somehow something comes out and very often you don't even know how you made it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we've turned the whole system around in the age of postmodernism when we go right away to the masterpiece. Okay? We set that up. This is like a police interrogation. Okay? What this, this kind of way of, of working has become now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it's all got caught up in economics and everything. But it's a police interrogation. So it's like going into the museum, you put up the masterpiece. And what do you do? You turn on the brightest light you have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay? And guess what happens when a little animal is in front of you and turn on a bright light? What do they do? They just run. Right? So your creativity runs. You know?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's where you wanna go. That's where, that's where you'll find the masterpieces, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So art is timeless and eternal. It's fueled by inspiration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is inspiration? Inspiration is a living force, a gift from the stars, a force of nature. It's shared by animals, humans, and all living creatures. It's given to us through inspiration, but it comes out of us through creativity. That's why you're here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the creativity, it's the catalyst, the fuel in the fire, the tiny little spark in the human heart that can move mountains. It's a very special force. You can ignore it, you can squander it, you can deny it, but it will remain unmoved and unmovable even if it's buried and forgotten for an entire lifetime.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a beautiful thing, it's not the property of artists alone, everybody shares it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to just say again, you have been an artist and you will be an artist your whole life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The journey you're about to take is the oldest one in reality. It's not to complete all the courses that your professors are giving you, which is part of it. But in reality, in the end, you're starting to take the oldest journey in humanity, which is the journey to discover your true self, one-on-one with God.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's a path in which failures become successes, in which every fork in the road has a creative possibility, where there are no right or wrong answers. In fact, it's the questions and not the answers that are the most important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of my favorite, favorite things that I discovered one day when I was younger is the Oracle of Delphi. The Oracle of Delphi is an extraordinary, uh, uh, thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, it has to do with knowing yourself. In the ancient world, the most important knowledge you had was not out there somewhere, it was in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So knowing who you are, where you are, and why you are especially, that's, that's the most important questions that needed to be answered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when one wanted, had a question, and one wanted to go and find the answer to the question, in ancient Greece, they would go to Delphi, and they would go there to speak to an oracle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a female shaman who, in the three days that it took to get there, which were very treacherous and very dangerous because they were way up in the mountains, took three days to get there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you got there, uhm, you arrived at a, at a temple. There was a door.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you thought it was a door, uh, but it was pitch black. You couldn't see into it because the light in, of course, in Greece is so blinding in the daytime. So you reach this door that you thought was locked. And when you looked at it, you realized it was open. It was just that it was in complete darkness inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you went into the temple, the female shaman was waiting for you, you had your question and you couldn't barely see her in the mist because there was incense burning. You went into that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Answers aren't that interesting, but riddles are really interesting, because they never


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, that's what happened in these, in these places in the ancient world. And, uh, that's a lot more different than going on the internet for knowledge, isn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is not, why? Because this is not an intellectual thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's something else. It's visceral, it's bodily, it's emotional, and most important, it's mystery. In the most positive, life-giving sense. Okay? It's also a metaphor for art-making. And the discovery of the darkness that you have to go into, to descend into in order to create your work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I want to say too that you won't make this journey alone. You will receive help from many people. As I told you, your enemies will give you possibly the most help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the most important guide and treasure on your journey, in my opinion, will not be knowledge, even though that's vital. Obviously, I believe in knowledge. That's extremely important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when Edmund Hillary got up to the top of Mount Everest, and uh, he put the flag in there, it was over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know? I mean, he was an amazing man. He did one of the great feats on the planet. But in the end, he got up there, planted the flag, and he was over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so beyond knowledge, there's something even more important. And that's the stuff you don't know, which we call mystery. And that's the eternal reason to keep moving forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you get your questions together, that's great, but the answers? Don't worry about it. You know, just keep moving. That's the most important thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he says that he taught, he's talking about art and making art and he says,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is one of the great, great, uh, descriptions of an artist that I've ever read, actually. He says, we must remember that all artistic operations were originally rights and that the purpose of the right was to sacrifice the old and bring into being a new and more perfect human being.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that has nothing to do with technology. It has nothing to do with theories. It just has to do with this way of perfecting the self, which again, comes from the ancient world. So uhm, here's another one from Ananda Kumaraswami. He says, to make a work of art, your entire body must be used.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really believe in that too. Uh, it's the least useful in, uh, making a work of art at the beginning is the head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The intellect. And the most useful at the beginning is the heart and soul and is this idea of being lost. You, you have to have, uh, something, you know, you have to have a situation where you feel lost. That's really important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another thing, uh, to all you young people, the history of art would not be possible without breaking the rules. So ignore what your teacher said.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay? Don't listen to them. Okay? If they say do something, go the other way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see what else I have here. I don't know. You gotta control the time. I'm out of control here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Five minutes, okay. Okay, so for no, for no, no particular order, here's just a bunch of things I took from my notebooks. Jen, I'm just gonna throw them out. Uh, you can take them or leave them. I told you already having a question is more important than the answer. Here's another really good one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Risk. You have to take risks. Okay? You have to get on the edge of the cliff and you stand there and there's a bunch of people around you and they look well over and they go, oh no, no, I'm not going in there. When you hear that, you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You go right off. That's where masterpieces come from. I can guarantee it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was timid when I was young. I know. I didn't take risks. You must have risks. You have to expose yourself to the world. Rumi, the great Persian poet, is one of my heroes. If you don't know Rumi, you should know Rumi. R-U-M-I. He said that the wound is the place where the light enters you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have to be damaged. You have to be damaged. Okay? Because that's where the light's gonna come in. If you're too timid, you won't do it. The other thing us artists do is not only beautify, but we detoxify.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We take the poison and we purify the water. That's what we do. So that's why you have really difficult art that most people can't stand and they get really disturbed by it. And you have other art that is one of the most beautiful things you've ever seen. Both of those are equal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One isn't good, one isn't bad. You have to get the idea of good and bad out of your vocabulary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, Rumi says here, this is in the 13th century, he says, the pain will be born from that look cast inside yourself and this pain will make you go beyond the veil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He also, uh, he's an Islamic, uh, Sufi. It's incredible. The Sufis are really extraordinary. They're the kind of mystical branch of Islam.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I've been reading them most of my life. Uh, and Rumi is just the most extraordinary poet you're gonna find, uh, in the world. And, uh, he talks about, uh, childbirth at the wall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Mary went out to the well, you know that story? It wasn't about the annunciation inside. There's another version in the Middle East and it's Mary going out to the well to get water and then the baby starts coming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she feels this thing and it's incredibly painful. And she thinks like she's gonna die. And Rumi says, if there's not pain, there's no struggle. And your work will not bear fruit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So think about that, artists. You've gotta be suffering in some way in order to make this work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to be lost. The other thing, another good thing to think about is the crossroads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a very important part in human history. All the cathedrals, the major cathedrals, were built on rivers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because they needed the energy, the spiritual energy of the water underground. You go in these big cathedrals sometimes, and when you go down the crypt you hear the water going through.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's really, really important. It's the crossroads. Crossroads are a choice. Okay? That's a beautiful thing. You want to go left, you want to go right. Your choice. You have to make the choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that's a, it's an individual decision. Uh, and the whole idea of thresholds fascinates me, okay? Thresholds are places where transition zones, where things are changing, they're not fixed, okay? They're unstable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where life is tenuous, you're not sure. Threshold, you can have light or darkness, clarity or confusion, helping or hurting, right or wrong, life or death. Each one of those is an opening that you can choose to enter if you want. That's very important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other thing, I want to say this to our professors and people who teach in this university, I respect, uh, teachers immensely. I had some really great teachers in my life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I was very blessed. And, uh, they've stayed me. Like, stayed with me. Uh, I can feel them right now. They're in, they're in me as I speak to you right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, I can't repay that until the end of my life. I couldn't even repay it then, uh, what they gave to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So know that teachers and your teachers are extremely important. But don't always think of teachers in the context of a school, of a university. Okay? You can learn anything from people in the world. Okay? Even babies, children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very old people. Middle-aged people. Doesn't matter. They all contain a teaching that's made for you. And you can find that. You can feel it. And you get it. You don't know why. Why was I attracted to that person? I don't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these, the idea of the, the idea of a teaching, you don't, don't think about school. A teaching is present at every moment. It's there at every moment. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's a couple of, uh, things to share.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three things I want to share that changed my life. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's the first one. First one is by an American artist of the 19th century called Walt Whitman. He's one of my favorite artists. And he wrote a beautiful thing about the artist's path.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, he was, uh, out one day in, uhm, Long Island in New York, where the, the sea is, just by the sea. And, uh, he was going back after he received word that his brother passed away. It's always tragic when a, a younger member of the family


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So he was returning to this place where he received his vision as a young boy and that was the vision he had that he was going to be a poet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so as an old man, he came back. An older, older man, he came back to this place. And, uh, he was grieving the loss of his brother.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and he walked out onto the beach and he wrote these lines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the sea, under the yellow and sagging moon, the messenger there aroused, the fire, the sweet hell within, the unknown want, the destiny of me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I read those words, first of all I wept, and after I wept, I realized what he was saying. So I want to read it line by line to you again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the sea under the yellow and sagging moon. So there was a special moment. It wasn't just something in the bus somewhere. This was at the sea with the moon coming up out in the, in the, uh, out in the, in the water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it was a special moment, not any moment. The messenger there aroused. That means that special moment touched something in him. It touched something in him. He didn't even know what it was. You won't either.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then what, then he writes these words, the messenger there aroused the fire. What's that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's passion. That's your passion. Your passion is the most valuable thing you have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's really critical. Passion, the fire, okay? It's intense. And then he says, the sweet hell within. What does that mean? Sweet hell. That means


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's a kind of hell that's within you, because it won't leave you alone. And he says, the unknown want. You don't know why you're doing it. I've said that to myself so many times, why the fuck am I doing this? You know, I can't, what's wrong?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I'm just doing this thing as like someone told me I needed to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so you're just driven to do it. And then at the very end he says, the destiny of me. It's my life and it's gonna be with me for my whole life. And those simple words like that on this little piece of paper change my life. Okay? Number two. When I was starting out on my life path,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here is one of my favorites, which is St. John of the Cross.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, he was, uh, taken away in the middle of the night by the Inquisition. He was tortured for nine months. He, uh, found a way to compose poetry. A guard in there gave him some paper and pens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, he started composing poetry in his mind. He escaped in the middle of the night. And after he escaped, he expressed constantly through the rest of his life that he had no animosity towards his captors. He felt sorry for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they had whipped him so that the back of his, his, his, uh, back was all hunched over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's Saint John of the Cross, and he says, this is another great line for artists, human science is not capable of understanding it, nor experience of describing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We say speaking in tongue. Here's the last one, which I really like. This one is, uh, uh, was given to us, uh, to Kira and I by an anthropologist who we met, uh, who had been in Namibia in the South of Africa. And she was working with the Kalahari Bush people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here's what she experienced when she went out on a hunt with them and she wrote down what she saw.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A woman named Bay was alone in the bush one day when she saw a herd of giraffes running before and approaching thunderstorm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rolling beat of their hoofs grew louder and mingled in her head with the sound of sudden rain and suddenly a song that she never heard before came to her and she began to sing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yahweh the great God told her it was a medicine song, a spiritual song, and she went home and taught it, taught the song to her husband T.K. And they danced and sang, sang it together. And it was indeed a song for trancing, a medicine song. T.K. taught it to others who passed it on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Early 19, beginning of the 1970s, who was out in, in, with the Kalahari Bush people and, and saw this with her own eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So she saw this woman, uh, you know, gathering stuff, and then these giraffes come running out, and she hears them banging the ground, and she hears this sound in her head, and then it rains, which is more sound, and then suddenly she hears a song.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Out of nowhere. It kind of combines and makes a song. And then she begins to sing it, so it comes out of her, so it doesn't stay in her. It comes out of her. That's what you must do, artist. You've got to get this stuff out of you. If you don't get out, get it out of you, you will die. Literally, you will die. You have to get it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So she, then she goes home, and she kind of doesn't know, and she asks her husband, and he said, well yeaah, and he tries it. He said, yeaah, that's a pretty good song. And then, uh, and then they start dancing it around, and then what do they do, artists? They give it away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They give it away. They don't hide and say, this is my piece, man. You know, you're not going to have this. I made it. He didn't make it. You know, he made it. She made it. Anyway, I guess we're running out of time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think we should do that. Okay. Okay. So let me just, uhm, should I stop?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I've been told that I have to stop. One of the things I was also going to say, I was going to tell you about loss, because for me, one of the most important things in my work is loss. When something, you've lost something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, you know, it teaches us humility. You know, I lost both my parents in the 1990s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you remember that. You remember those experiences. It teaches you to deal with existence in a very, very important way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, I've talked too much as usual. So uhm, when I come back maybe to this great university, which I'd love to someday, we can do part two. So uhm, but right now I think we want to look at one more video for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, this piece, uh, is called Three Women. And, uh, it was made, when did we make Three Women, Kara?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. So we're going to turn out the lights and this is a silent piece so I just want you to watch it. Okay, there is no sound on this piece. So why don't we just watch this together. Uh, it's called Three Women. And it's in the Villa Panza if you want to see it again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we're gonna have some questions now from you, so thank you for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry, I have to have a medical procedure here for a moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hard, you know, when you're 61 years old, you have a lot of stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I uhm, obviously I spent some time with David Tudor when I was younger. He's the pianist of John Cage. And so I was involved with that aspect of contemporary music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For about eight years, eight to nine years in the 1970s. And that was a huge, uh, important thing for me, uh, obviously, and, um, because, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The medium that I chose to use, or I should really say it chose me, I didn't have anything to do with it, it just caught me, uh, this video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I was just lucky. Another thing that you artists have to remember is that you will receive probably some of the greatest gifts just by chance. By just being in the right place at the right time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Compliments about that, you know, because I just, it was just being in the right place. I was born at a time when I became a young man like yourself at the time that video was just starting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And people were using video, these companies had just started making video. Video was the first art form.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that, uh, existed simultaneously on the world, in the world at the same time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why? Because these big companies, Sony, Panasonic, uh, you know, all of these media companies had offices on all the continents of the world. In Latin America, in North America, in Europe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Asia, you know, and so everybody at the same time was first discovering video and, uh, they were trying to market it as a kind of home video, which now we know with our little camcorders what that is, but we didn't know that then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it didn't really work. It was a disaster for the companies. But for us artists, it was amazing because we had these machines that were, uhm, you know, reasonable. I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, uh, you know, uh, uh, uh, uh, we call them porta packs, but if you can imagine how you young people with our little camp quarters, okay. The video cameras in those days were this big.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. They weighed 10 pounds. Okay. And then they came with a recorder, which was this big and that big and that weighed 35 pounds. And you put that on your shoulder and you tried to hold the camera still.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it was black and white and you had to take it like tape. You had to thread it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the spool like that. To make it work. So it was completely crazy that we even tried it. But, uh, it created a whole movement of video art. You know, which I was lucky enough to be young and I could, you know, understand the technology is just to be in the right place at the right time sometimes is a gift.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I mean I can't go down all the list of stuff for you really, but uhm, uh, I've done a lot of different kinds of things from operas to working with Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails, uhm, to, uh, you know, just, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was going around the world, I was in villages in the Solomon Islands, uh, by myself for like a week with, uh, these incredible, uh, people that just took me in and really changed my life. So, uhm, you know, it's really just being at the right place at the right time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, not having a plan. It's always good not to have a plan. Uhm, you should have an exit strategy. That's what you need. The exit strategy you definitely should have. But a plan?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because the thing about, uh, the beauty of it all is really that, uhm, you know, it's something that, uhm, that human beings just, uh, need. We need randomness and chance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the other thing that's really kind of wonderful is, uh, when I was, uh, Kira and I were in Asia, we lived in Japan for a year and a half.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we're in a museum one day. The Suntory Museum. That's the whiskey company, okay? The Suntory Museum of Art.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, we were looking at some Bodhisattvas. I don't know if you know what a Bodhisattva is, all of you, probably some do. Bodhisattvas are like the saints in Catholicism, very similar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, they are the sacred beings, the beings that become enlightened, become deep and they go to the deepest place that they can in their religion, uh, and try to get to God that way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, anyway, so, uh, so we were in this museum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And bodhisattvas are beings who, uh, you'll, you recognize them with robes similar to, uh, you know, priests that we have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, bald heads. Okay. And, uh, they're shaved heads and, uh, they have purified themselves for so many lifetimes that they found that they could, uh, uh, get to the, a Buddhist idea of heaven. Okay. Which is Nirvana. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means it's the highest place you can go to. Bodhisattvas however are the ones who


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Get to the door, like it's going up to St. Peter at the gates, right? They get there and they're ready to go in and then they go, no. And why do they do that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And brings you something. So, uh, so that, that's, that was a wonderful thing. We saw this little old lady come into the museum, walk down a row of about 14 Bodhisattvas, all decked out and all, she, and she put,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, uh, a beautiful, uh, uh, scarf on each one. A white, pure silk scarf. And she bowed in front of each one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here and I are standing there and I've got my guide book ready to know the dates, the names, uh, you know, what kind of technique this is, what kind of thing, you know, and I, I look at the book and I just saw a little old lady. It's what she did was beautiful, you know, because instead of like, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What she did was, what I was doing, I should say, was, uh, I was looking at the computer, okay, let's say. I was looking at the computer and I had the keyboard here and I had the hard drive here, uh, and I had all the bits and pieces of it all over the place and I didn't plug them in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I, I was like following the intellectual side, right, of how the thing works and what bodhisattvas are all about. And then this little old lady just comes walking by and I realized,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was, I had the computer in parts on my desk and it couldn't possibly function in what it was made to do and this little old lady used


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She used the bodhisattva. She turned them on. She plugged them all in and turned them on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that was such a great lesson for me. It was such a beautiful lesson. Anyway, next question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Well, uhm, that's, that's really what, uhm, that's a very good, uh, question, and I really appreciate that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically, that's what families do. I mean, that's what it means to have a family. Uhm, you're starting your life right now. And I respect that tremendously. And I wish you well. I wish all of you well. Seriously. Uh, a lot of people have helped me. You have to pass it on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What life is about is not about beginnings and it's not about ends. It's about eternity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's, it's, uhm, about, uhm, eternity. That's the most important thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that's why I told you the story about taking the boat across the river, forgetfulness. So as you age, you know, when you're young, there's so much stuff going on. When, as you age, you realize that, um, you have one chance basically. You're going to go around once.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Buddhists would say that, uh, that's not true, and I kind of believe it, and they believe in reincarnation, so you can also think about that. But, uh, basically, they have to go back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If all the human beings that walked in front of us on this earth came back, which is kind of the idea of resurrection, we would be overwhelmed, you know? Uhm, so I personally would prefer the reincarnation idea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Human beings are described in three ways. There are three elements in the life of a human being, okay? Two of them are eternal and only one, only one of them are finite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first one is birth. They come in like three reservoirs of humanity. That's how it's described in ancient texts. Three reservoirs of humanity are number one. The, the unborn. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is an infinite reservoir. You cannot exhaust it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will constantly be there. And I'm talking about plants, animals, any fish, anything you want to know. The unborn. That's the, the possibility of birth of an arrive. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I'm gonna skip this one, I'm gonna go to the last one. That's of course, the dead. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first one, the unborn, and the last one, the dead, are infinite and they last for an eternity. They will not end. Ibn al-Arabi, one of my very favorite saints in Islam, I've learned a lot from, calls it the ocean without a shore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Human being is an ocean without a shore. They will, they has no, no beginning and no end in this world and the next. That's what he said. So that leaves us with the last one and that's us. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're like, we're on the stage, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, right? Exit stage left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean enter, stage left, exit, stage right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, you got one chance in the show. So use it wisely. And the beauty of human beings is because unlike the other two, which just sit in eternity all day long, how boring. So for us, there's a beginning and an end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that's pretty cool. So get your shit together and you know, like make sure you have a good ending. You better be ready for it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's probably, yeah, we did. And there's a lot of the stuff is on the internet, actually. A lot of it's on the internet. And some of it's on there without our knowledge even, you know, that's fine too. Uhm, and then we also have, uhm, works that we make, uh, that are, uhm, what would you call the, the individual works that we do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there's also, there also are times when our works go out kind of in, in unlimited editions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that are very, very reasonable, um, you know, for individual pieces. And like Kira's saying is like when we're doing big installations, yeaah, I mean you have a, you have a, uh, uh, you know, we build rooms, entire rooms, uh, the way you're gonna see in the, in the Villa di Panza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, so that's just a different way. I think what's the most important thing for me right now to think about, I mean in my lifetime up till now, I mean I'm just amazed that almost every possible way to use this media


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has, has come of age. It's, it's here now. It is really extraordinary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if some of it's really, you know, junky and kind of underground, that's fine, you know, because the most important thing is to get the information out, uh, I think, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then people know, they're not stupid, they know the difference between something that is really high quality and they would prefer to see it in high quality versus something that is, uh, you know, taken down and, and, and made almost unreadable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it really varies, but we do have, we kind of work in all kinds of areas. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today it's again, a brand new topic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quite challenging because I had to make up most of the problems. And they're not from the book, so they're a little more difficult. The exam will be much more lenient compared to the homework. That's generally true, but particularly true in this case. Okay, so today I'm going to introduce you to some mathematical tricks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you probably noticed by now, a lot of physics has to do with mathematics, and if you're not good in one, you're not going to be good in the other. And I just thought I would spend some time introducing you to some tricks of the trade, and then we will start using them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First important trick is to know what's called a Taylor series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm going to draw that function, something like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm going to imagine that you don't have access to the whole function. You cannot see the whole thing. Uh, you can only zero in on a tiny region around here. And the question is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you try to approximate, as you try to build a good approximation to the function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How will you set it up so that you can write an approximation to this whole function valid near the point x equal to 0, where you know something?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So suppose I block out the whole function, you gotta imagine mentally, I don't show you anything except what's happening here. In other words, I show you only f of zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's all you are told. The value of the function is 92. What should we do away from x equal to 0?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you got no information about this function. You don't know if it's going up, if it's going down. All I tell you is one number, what it's doing now. It's clear the best approximation you can make is a flat line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no reason to tilt it one way or the other, given the information you have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first approximation of the function you will say is f of x equal to that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not equal to, you can put some symbol, that means approximately equal to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then if you have, it's like saying, temperature today is 92, what's it going to be tomorrow?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, if you don't know anything else, you cannot tell what is going to be tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you know that this is fall, and the temperature is always going down, and somebody tells you, I know the rate of change of temperature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know that up to date the rate of change of temperature is something. Then you can use that information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the derivative, which is df dx at x equal to 0. And you multiply it by x, and that's your best bet for what the function is away from x equal to 0.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What that does is to approximate the function by a straight line with the right intercept


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the right slope. By right I mean matches what you know about the exact function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if it turns out the function really was a straight line, you're done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not even an approximation. It'll track the function all the way through eternity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it can happen of course that the function decides to curve upwards, as I've shown in this example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this will not work if you go too far. For a while you will be tangent to the function, but then it will bend away from you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's really good for a very small x, and you can say, well, I want to do a little better when I go further out. Well, what this doesn't tell you, this approximation,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that the rate of change itself has a rate of change. This assumes the rate of change is a fixed rate of change, which is the rate of change at the origin. And the rate of change of the rate of change is the second derivative. So if somebody told you, look, here's one more piece of information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know the second derivative of the function, which I'm going to write as f double prime at 0. Well, with that information, you can build a better approximation to the function, and you will put there an x square.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the key thing is, you gotta divide by 2, or if you like, 2 factorial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now why do you divide by the 2 factorial? Because your goal is to take this approximation


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And make sure it has whatever you know about the function built into it, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's check this approximation and see if it satisfies those properties. First of all,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At x equal to zero, let's compare the two sides. At x equal to zero, the left hand side is f of zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the right hand side, when you put x equal to 0, you kill this and you kill this, and it matches. So you certainly got the right value of the function. Then you say, what if I take the derivative of the function at x equal to 0? Let's take the derivative of this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trial function or the approximate function on both sides, when I take the derivative, that being a constant does not contribute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the next one, derivative of x squared is 2x, 2x cancels at 2, so I get f'' of 0 times x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now evaluate the derivative at x equal to 0, then that gets rid of this guy, and the derivative of my test function matches the derivative of the actual function, because this is the actual derivative of the actual function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now it follows that if you want to say, how about the second derivative of this function?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's take the test function I have, or the approximation, take its second derivative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And make sure that comes out right. I don't feel like writing this out, but try to do this in your head. Take two derivatives on the left hand side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And see what happens on the right hand side. Well, if you take one derivative, this guy's gone. If you take two derivatives, this guy's gone. And then if you take


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first derivative, you get 2x. Take the second derivative, you get 2. The 2 cancels the 2. Now you put x equal to 0.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you do, you find that f''0 here matches the second derivative of the function on the left hand side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this 2 factorial is there to make sure that the function you have cooked up has the right value of the function at the origin, has the right slope at the origin, has the right rate of change of the slope at the origin. Well, it's very clear what we should do. If you had a whole bunch of derivatives, then the approximation we will write will look like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nth derivative, I cannot draw n primes there, so n means n such primes. x to the n over n factorial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you go as far as you can. If you know 13 derivatives, put 13 derivatives here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's an approximation, that's not called a Taylor series, that's the approximation to the function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now it may happen that sometimes you hit the jackpot and you know all the derivatives. Someone tells you all the derivatives of the function. Then why stop? Just add them all up. Then you will get the sum going from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The zero derivative all the way up to infinity. And if you do the summation at every value of x, you'll get a value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if that summation is meaningful and gives you a finite number, that in fact is exactly the function you were given.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Taylor series is a series with infinite number of terms which if you sum up and sum up to something sensible will actually be as good as the left hand side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let me give you one example. Here's a famous example. 1 over 1-x is the real function, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But instead, suppose this function was revealed to us in stages. We were told f of 0, what is f of 0 here? Put x equal to 0, f of 0 is 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's take the derivative of this function, df dx.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Df dx has a minus 1, because it's 1 minus x to the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Minus 1 times square, then the derivative of what's inside this, that gives you minus 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having taken the derivative, evaluated at x equal to 0, this vanishes, that becomes 1, and you get 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you now take the second derivative of this function, which I don't feel like doing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I evaluate that at x equal to 0, and I'll find it is equal to 2 factorial. In fact, I'll find the nth derivative at the origin to be n factorial. Well that's very nice, because then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My approximation to the function begins as


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plus x times the first derivative, which happens to be 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plus x squared over 2 factorial times the second derivative, which happens to be 2 factorial. Plus x cubed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over 3 factorial times 3 factorial, so you can see where this guy is going. It looks like 1 plus x plus x squared, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In practice, you may be happy to just keep a couple of terms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's get a feeling for what this couple of terms can do for us. So let me take x equal to 0.1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's, that's the target. What do you do with the series? The series starts at 1 times 1 tenth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's 1 over 100, that's 1 over 1000, and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see, as I keep more and more terms, I keep just filling up these ones. If you stop with 1 over 1000, you stop right there. So this is the exact answer, this is the approximation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's clear to you perhaps in a simple example that if you kept all the terms in the series, you really will get this infinite number of recurring ones. So, that is the function. That is the Taylor approximation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is chop it off whenever you want, and it's a good approximation. And that's the Taylor series. The series means sum everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, summing an infinite number of numbers is a delicate issue. I don't want to go there at all. I discuss that in this math book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But sometimes the sum makes no sense, then you've got to quit. For example, put x equal to 2. The correct function is 1 minus 2, which is minus 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our approximation for x equal to 2 looked like 1 plus 2 plus 4 plus, uh, what, 8.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And first of all, this sum is going to grow to infinity, because the numbers are getting bigger and bigger. This sum seems to be all positive, but if the correct answer is negative, obviously the series doesn't work. So the next lesson about Taylor series is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can write down the series, but it may not sum up to anything sensible beyond a certain range. So, if you're doing the Taylor series at x equal to 0, and you go to x equal to 2, it just doesn't work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can ask, how far can I go from the origin? Well, in this simple example, we know that at x equal to 1, the function is just going to infinity. That's why you couldn't go there, and you cannot go to the right-hand side of that point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The function is well defined on the other side, but this series, this knowledge of the function here is not enough to get you on the other side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is the case where there are obvious problems that x is equal to 1, but if I wrote a function like 1 over 1 plus x squared, that's a nice function. Got no troubles anywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And yet, if you took the sailor series for it, you will find if you go beyond absolute value of x equal to 1, the series makes no sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I don't want to do the mathematical theory of series. I just want to tell you that functions can be approximated by series, and if you're lucky, you can do the whole sum if you know all the derivatives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the whole sum may converge to give a finite answer in which case it's as good as the function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One guy can use 101-x, the other one can use the infinite series, and they're morally and mathematically in every sense equal, as long as they don't stray outside the region of validity of the infinite series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so the most popular example that I've been using in the class, you remember, is 1 plus x to the n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a function we can do with Taylor series. f of 0 is 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's the derivative of the function? It's n times 1 plus x to the n minus 1, right? df dx.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If x is small enough, you stop there because the next term is going to involve an x squared and an x cubed. And if x is tiny, we have no respect for x squared and x cubed, we just cut it off. But if you want the next term, one of you guys even asked me what happens next, we'll take the second derivative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see it's n times n-1 times 1 plus x to the n-2. If you put x equal to 0, you'll get n times n-1 x squared, and don't forget the 2 factorial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what I've been doing is I've been saying 1 plus x to the n approximately equal to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's good to know there's an infinite series, but it's also good to know you can chop it off and do business with a few terms. In fact, all of relativity


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We reduce as follows. The energy of a particle is this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you expand this in a power series, you're going to get mc² plus ½ mv² plus stuff involving b⁴ over c⁴ times c². We dropped all this, and for 300 years, we did mechanics keeping just this term.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just kept that first non-trivial term, and all of our collisions and so on, that we did, used only that term.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You say, well I want to be exact, you can go back and use this. Unfortunately, general relativity tells you that's not exact either, and quantum mechanics tells you the whole thing is wrong. So at every stage, you will have to give up something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I have a lot of respect for approximations. If you could not describe the world approximately, you couldn't have come where you've come. Because no one knows the exact answer to a single question you can pose. Ask me a question and the answer is I don't know. Second part of the answer is nobody knows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because if your question says, give an answer to arbitrary precision to any question asked, we just don't know. Newtonian mechanics works for small velocities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of relativistic mechanics works for any velocity, but not for very tiny objects. Then you gotta use quantum mechanics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, always, uh, theories give way to new theories, and so approximations are very important, so you have to learn this. Okay, so now, I'm going to consider


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this guy is something you all know and love, because it's one nice thing about the function is every derivative is e to the x, right? Every child knows e to the x has got e to the x as its derivative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why do we like that here? That means all the derivatives are sitting in front of you. They are e to the x, and at x equal to 0, e to the 0 is 1, so every derivative is 1. Then the function is very easy to write down. It is really 1 plus x,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plus x squared over 2 factorial, plus x to the 3 over 3 factorial, uh, x to the 4 over 4 factorial. You can go on like this, and if you like to write, use a compact notation, is x to the n over n factorial, n going from 0 to infinity, uh, 0 factorial is defined to be 1. That's e to the x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I need to know the value of E, because when I lock my suitcase...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to check it into the airport, I use either e or π because they're the only two numbers I can remember.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I forget the value of E, I just say E is the same as E to the 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I got 1, plus 1, plus 1 over 2, plus 1 over 6, and pretty soon I'm telling the guy scanning my luggage, that's my code. And it's much better than any other code because I cannot reconstruct


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandfather's name. I may not get it right. I may not construct my house address or my phone address. This doesn't change. I've been moving around all over the world. This is a very reliable number.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, π is a good number, but rules for computing π are somewhat more difficult. π also can be computed as an infinite series, but this guy is very easy. That's 2.77 something. That is E.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now here is the very nice property of this series. It is good for any x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember the series for 1 over 1-x crashed and burned at x equal to 1. This series is always good. You put x equal to 37 million.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You got 37 million, 37 million cube, 37 million to fourth power. Don't worry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These factorials downstairs will tame it down and make it converge and will give you either the whatever number I give.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's something I'm not proving, but the series for e to the x, no limits on validity. Alright, then we take the function cosine x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we can write a series for it because it's a function. And what do I need to know to write the series for it? I need to know the value of the function at the origin. So we know cosine of 0 is 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you take the derivative, you get minus sine, and its value at zero is zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You take the one more derivative, you get minus cosine zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is minus 1, and I think by now you get the point, every other derivative will vanish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means if you crank it out, you will get one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You won't have anything linear in x because the coefficient of that is sine 0 which vanishes. Then you'll get x squared over 2 factorial plus x to the 4 over 4 factorial and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is cosine x. If you cut it off, after some number of terms,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not going to work. In the beginning, 1-x² looks very good. This is 1-x² over 2 will look like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This approximation will go bad on you because x to the fourth is just x to the fourth. It'll grow without limit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No one's telling you this approximation has a property that cosine is less than 1. It doesn't satisfy that. Because you're not supposed to use it that far out. But if you keep all the terms, then in fact,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even though x to the 4th is taking off, x to the minus 6 is saying hey come down, x to the 8th is saying go up, you add them all together, remarkably, you will reproduce this function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very hard to imagine that the cosine that we know as oscillatory is really this function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I hope all of you know enough to know how to find this series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should know the derivative of cosine is minus sine, the derivative of sine is cosine, and evaluate them at the origin. I say you can build up the series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, if you do similar tricks for sine x, sine of 0 is 0, derivative of sine is cosine, and cosine of 0 is 1, so the first derivative is 1, that gives you this term, next one won't give you anything, the one after that will give you this, and this guy will go on like this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so these are series for e to the x, cosine x and sine x, good for all x. So there's no restriction on this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, square the whole thing, add the square of the whole thing and add them up, you will find by a miracle, you will get the one from the squaring the one and every other power of x will keep on vanishing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, you'll have to collect powers of x by expanding the brackets, but they will all cancel. That's what I meant by saying this series is as good as this function. It'll obey all the identities known.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think everyone, some of you may know what the punch line is. The punch line is the following. Let us introduce, without any preamble right now, the number i, which is the square root of minus 1. All I expect of i is that when I square it, I get minus 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I cubed is I squared times I, so that's minus I, and I to the 4th is back to plus 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because i to the fourth is i squared times i squared, and i squared is minus 1. So if you take powers of i, it'll keep jumping between these values. It'll be i, it'll become minus 1, it'll become minus i, then it'll become plus 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you now consider the following rather strange object, e to the ix,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, EPIX, you have to agree, is really bizarre.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] E is some number. You want to raise it to 2, that's fine. Number times number. I is a strange number, right? It's the square root of minus 1, and you want me to raise E to a complex power.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does that even mean? Multiply e by itself, ix times? Well, that definition of power is no good. But, the series for e to the x,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if x defines it for all x, then we boldly define e to the x for even complex values of x as simply this thing to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we raise E to various things. Real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, whatever you want. Your pet, you can put that up. Of course, you gotta be a little careful. You cannot raise E raised to God, because the units don't match.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is some dimensionless object. This is what we mean by e-raise to that. That's a fantastic, uh, leap of imagination.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] E to whatever power you like, take the series. Well, let's do the series, okay? So, I'm going to get 1, uh, plus ix, plus ix squared over 2 factorial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plus Ix cubed over 3 factorial, and I'm going to stop after this last term. Ix to the 4th over 4 factorial. Keep going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then what do you get? Let's take the one from here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Leave this alone for a minute. You write i times x. Go here, i squared is minus 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I get minus x squared over 2 factorial, then I come here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I cubed is minus i, so I write here, minus x cubed over 3 factorial, then I go back here and write x to the 4th over 4 factorial, by now everybody knows what's going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everybody knows that this is just cosine x plus i sine x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It says that the trigonometric functions and the exponential functions are actually very intimately connected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's considered a very beautiful formula, and here is the particularly beautiful special case of this formula. If you put x equal to π, I get the result e to the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, everybody agrees this has got to be one of the most beautiful formulas you can imagine involving numbers or in mathematics. Why is it such a great formula? Look at this formula here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Define from the Egyptian times the ratio of circle to diameter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I square root of minus 1. 1 is the basis for all integers. E is the basis for the logarithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's a formula in which all the key numbers appear in one single compact formula.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So people think this and the fact that these numbers would have a relation at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, if you have not seen this, then you've got more work than people who have seen this. You've got to go, and you've got to do all the intermediate steps so you get used to this thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two other variations and then I'll move on. If I change x to minus x, then I get e to the minus ix.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cosine of minus x is cosine x, and sine of minus x is minus sine x. So I can get that relation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I'm going to combine those two to do the following. I'm going to say that cosine x