[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I opened up a restoration shop with my son, Connor, and my best friend, Avery. To try and turn my passion into profit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a fast race, it's pretty much high speed bumper cars and full size cars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we're gonna be going round and round and smashing at 70 miles an hour, I'd like you to be safe. Cause it doesn't sound safe to me. This is not my idea. I am not really enthused about this hit to pass. Nervous about the potential for somebody getting hurt. I just assume not do it. Yeah, you ain't gonna hurt this piece of shit. The ugliest El Camino


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we are gonna do it, I mean this thing's got the solid box frame. It's basically a truck. It'd be pretty cool to see. You're never gonna do nothing with this car anyways. It's a win-win all the way around. If we can take a 60's muscle car and bring it to hit the pass and get our name out there, I think it's gonna open some doors for us. What do we need? We need bumpers, we need doors, we need a clip, and we need a power plant. Let's do it. I think it's awesome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think first thing we need are some shocks. Maybe. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need a driver side door panel. Why? Cause it says in the rules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Construction rules. All combustion materials, glass, plastic ornaments, chrome trim, lights, must be removed except windshield and drivers in the door panel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hit to pass, right? That's how you get past guys. They don't get out of your way, you push them out of the way. Why do you want to do this? I don't know, why not?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna be fun to see how our cage goes around this seat. I wonder how far back from the wheel you want to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably as far as possible so you don't smash your face into it. Are you getting worried now? I don't get worried. Remember the tattoo on my back?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm a bit worried about Connors and Shafing Safety in this. You know, it's both their first time doing this kind of stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the race is coming up super quick, but I'm not seeing my kid or Avy's kid hurt. It's not happening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, it's an x-step muscle car of MacGyver. It's probably the same spindles. You wanna bet? I bet you 20 bucks it's not the same spindle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically what makes them safe is what they're surrounded by. Massive steel pipes. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dave, she ready to run? She's ready to run, Mikey. Let's have a listen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we're gonna go, we're gonna make an impression. 69, El Camino.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We got a good motor. We got a brand new tranny. Let me sit the pass. It looks like a dangerous game to play.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Hit2Pass came up with a friend of ours, Kenny. It's something that he does all the time. Every second weekend he goes out and he has a blast doing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's wrong, Connor? I'm nowhere near as fast as they are. So, I don't know what the car needs to do to make it not plow as much through that corner. How's this guy? We're plowing. We have some different sized tires!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] JF's kickin' ass, but you know what? There's something not right with this car. This car doesn't make that much horsepower, not actually. Come on, Jimmy!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Avery, let's go! Get in there! Our guys? They have no experience. They're a bunch of boy scouts out there. Me? I've been involved in stock car racing a whole bunch. Doesn't need the neck brace. Okay, doesn't need the neck brace. Avery's got no neck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not even really nervous, I'm just kinda more excited more than anything, but once we start slamming four or five thousand pound cars into each other, who knows? I might pee my pants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we got a new one. Yea, we should fix it anyway, just to have a spare. That thing melts that shit fast, eh? Yea. Here's our new bumper! I like it! I like it a lot! That's a piece of material.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's down to the wire. We gotta finish putting the rest of the parts on, and we gotta go. Just notch it and weld it right to the frame board. Right here, hey? Yeah, it's right there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, two thumbs up. Is that a bumper, buddy? Look at that thing, man. Now she's Mad Max. Fire her up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna give it our best shot. Hopefully we can get out front and knock a shit kick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, you don't need that much. I don't care, I'm putting lots in there. Make it thick!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I drove for my life! It was crazy! They're all trying to kill me! We still managed to find our way to the front of the pack and kick some ass!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We came, we tried, we didn't finish. But the car's coming home in one piece, we're all coming home in one piece. I think it's a win.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever you did, good kid. I tried. Honour's a driver. I'm very impressed with what my son did today. We gave it our best shot. JF1 came with a better car. Excellent performance. I'm happy for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Definitely do this again. Ask Conner. Conner'd be signed up to do it tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm already gonna wear this if I do this. We're gonna have to set this off and then uhm, then I can take the plastic off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're finding more rust than we expected. Under here, Mike, you can see all the surface rust and the bubbling. Oh yea, some more here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They are very rare. Cause all the tire jockeys kept thinking they were hubcaps and they tried to lever them off and broke them cause they're actually bolted on. Literally, the last set I saw that was not quite show quality, 2500 bucks American.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, in regards to the wheels and tires, let's stick with what we got, let's get those wheel covers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, stock metric tire. Those wheel covers are classic. Don't surprise us! Don't surprise me!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. Mike's had some different ideas on the car than I have. I'm hoping it's gonna turn out like I see it in my mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looks like a warm beach. Today, we're making our classroom look like a beach party. Beach party!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Daniel, look at my royally peachy beach ball. I like the colors. Thanks. Hmm. Our beach needs some more sand. Not real sand. I'm painting the sand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There! The sand and water are done!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aren't you glad you told Teacher Harriet? Yeah, that makes me feel better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm glad I told you Teacher Harriet, so you could help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Grab your surfboard and come along with me. Let's ride the waves in the Wavy Sea. Surf, surf, boogie. Surf, surf, boogie. Surf on the Wavy Sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is my pretend sandcastle. The biggest one on the beach. Big enough for two mermaids? Hehehehe. Sure! Swish, swish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gotta get all of these coconuts to the palm tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When accidents happen you should tell someone and it can help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm glad I told teacher Harriet after I knocked over the tree. She helped me fix it. When accidents happen, tell someone. It can help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The wife broke her mirror, which means seven years of bad luck. Just then, they ran out of petrol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] His wife appeared. She smiled and walked away. The noise was very loud now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I cannot get this knife into the pumpkin. Can you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a true story about a man and wife on their honeymoon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My father isn't a very good father, he's an amazing father. If it wasn't for my dad teaching me all the mechanics, I'd be at a fast food joint flipping patties. How come this fender's a different color? Is there more than one bike here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When he gets frustrated, I get frustrated. We butt heads. It's just that it's almost impossible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just gotta cut through here. Wow. Look at all the stuff in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There, an entire city's worth of factories build the robots and house the node of memory, the last of the three powerful artifacts Ethic needs to collect. After a long day and a longer night, they find themselves in a canyon of brick and steel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When ethic claimed the note of creation from the forest tower, radios all across the land came back to life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Adila, the resistance leader, immediately started contacting her allies. None more important than Lemma, a brilliant scientist working from within Huxenborg to bring down the machines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unfortunately, the radios also tipped off the robots, so they've taken defensive measures to protect the final artifact in its home in the very heart of the city.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's only one way to get there — the gauntlet of forking paths. It's a deadly series of luminous conveyors that wind underneath Huxenborg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Starting from the current position, each section runs for a distance, then splits in two. Every branch does the same thing, again and again. There are thousands of branches. Only one path leads to the artifact, all the others to destruction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fortunately, the Note of Creation has granted Hedge a strange power.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He can produce slightly smaller versions of himself. Each version can do only two things, radio information back to its parent and produce slightly smaller versions of itself, which can do the same two things, as can their children, for as many generations as needed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Programmers have an elegant tool in their arsenal called Recursion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Recursion is when you have a set of instructions that refers back to itself. It's like using a word in its own definition, except where that's frowned upon, this is incredibly effective.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Recursion involves repetition, but in a different way than loops. Where a loop takes one action and repeats it again and again, recursion will start an action, and before it's finished, use it again, and before that's finished, use it again, and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It keeps doing this until some end state is reached. It then passes the information back up, layer after layer, until it reaches the top and ends the cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Recursion is ideal for problems that involve self-similarity, where each part resembles the larger whole. Like, for example, a deadly defense system designed to end any person or thing who dares tread upon it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ethics conundrum seems sprawling on the surface, but there's a remarkably simple solution to it using recursion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to find it, let's first look at the simplest version of this puzzle. What if the entire maze were just two paths?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If Hedge copies himself, the copy that goes the wrong way will be destroyed. So the other one, which will reach the artifact, can radio back the path it took. And then, no matter which way is correct, that's the answer Hedge will receive. This is called the base case of the recursion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now suppose the maze branches twice from the starting point, and at every intersection, hedges copies— let's call them twig 1 and twig 2— make more copies. Let's call them leaves 1 through 4. Three leaves will be destroyed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if twig 1 or 2 is waiting at an intersection and hears something over the radio, that's the right way to go to the artifact from where it is. To tell Hedge the right answer from his perspective, the twig should say which way it went and then the route it just heard over the radio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This same process will work no matter how many times the maze branches. Any answer a copy hears on the radio must be the way to the control room from its location. And if it then adds the branch it took, it can tell its parent how to get there as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One. If you've reached the artifact, radio to your parent whether you got there by going left or right. Two. When you reach an intersection, move off the conveyor and send new copies down the left and right


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three. If you hear anything over the radio, you should radio to your parent whether you got to your spot by going left or right. Then repeat everything you just heard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pathfinder is an example of what programmers call functions, subroutines, or procedures. No matter the terminology, the idea is the same. It's a set of instructions given a label so that it can be easily reused, perhaps even by itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see if we can make it up there. It's a dead end, we have no choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the bathroom. But there are two bottles, so I have to pick them up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this game, it's quite crucial. The empty house can only be down here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say he's in this room. He's ready to use his gun to deal with us. Let's go for a first hit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That hitman is really fierce. These little rascals are fine. They can easily beat him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see if there's any medicine here. If there's none, let's just leave. Let's see if there's none.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He turned our protagonist into a murderer. Actually, it wasn't him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll give him a gun. Otherwise, he will attack. Quite dangerous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, there's a friend here. Let's keep going after I pick it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That guy over there doesn't care about him anymore. He's gonna leave anyway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's another diary. I have to read it before I can continue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can leave now. We're going to a bar down there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't think there's much to do here. Let's go to the bottom. It's safer this way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is also the reason why there are very few NPCs in Mark's games. Basically, they're all bad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we have to open this box. Let's walk out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Slow down a bit today. I don't think there's anything ahead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At least we got the key to the bar. There will also be a medicine bag in the bathroom. What medicine bag? Toilet paper? You're wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're both about to die. Let's clear the position first. Just wait here, they'll come and kill you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I got it. But there will still be two Zabins, who will go straight for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mothric is solved. There's also a Goliath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Italian's name. This is the traditional Black Hand family. Press the door. But it doesn't seem to work. I have to clear the people in front of me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the only way to get out of here. Through this few times. Be careful and see if there are any ambushes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They can't even hit it. That's how it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This time, it's okay. Open this door.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This building has been attacked by a bomb. That is, by the Russian black king.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There will be a fan here. Let's open the counter. I can only pick it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's nothing to see here. I'm so dead. I can only find another way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This side is the same. I can only go around the basement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think there should be a shotgun in the chest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There will be a few burning screens here. Let's see how it goes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a Poisoner here, two Poisoners. It's pouring down here. I don't need to care about him anymore. I don't think there's anything wrong with him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just gotta use this E item to open the door. The guy in front of me was dead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Turn a corner to shoot him. Shoot him until he explodes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's another one. Oh shit. Can't defend the tower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, it's not UZI. It's Mike's 10th Dream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are innocent. Black Society is the target you want to capture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, there are three bottles of painkillers here. Don't waste water. Oh, he's done. That guy will come over. That's why he's so aggressive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's about it for this episode. Let's pick up some items and continue to the next episode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two mad dog killers, ready to murder each other. They step into the next room, and I'm thinking, now they're gonna do it. But no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They sit down in front of a TV and solve their differences with a kung fu fighting video game. I tell you, candy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was so depressed, I strangled them both with the video game keys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Easy for him to, to pay full attention to all the things, right? Sometimes we'll be a little bit busy with works. So I think as, as the boss, uh, we should sometimes just, yeah, just understand more, a little bit more to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Necklace. If you talk to our Mr. Necklace thing, I want you to casually mention how much I paid for your necklace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, can I talk to Naka? Can I talk to Naka when we'll be there tomorrow night? So, can I talk to Naka when we'll be there tomorrow night?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what? But I'm keeping my back, I am keeping my back pressed against the wall. I am keeping my back pressed against the wall the entire time. Think about that. Gabrielle presses her back against the wall. What is the standing position Gabrielle's having?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the police departments here positioned where they need to be. I'll go ahead and ask for them to be here tomorrow as well. Just, just as a precaution. It just doesn't hurt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chandler has so many genius moments that will never be forgotten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And half of the hilarious Joey Chandler duo, he is often cited as one of TV's most lovably sarcastic characters of all time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As many English learners have difficulty understanding jokes in English and being humorous, we thought that there is no one better to teach you how to be funny than Chandler.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this video, we will show you four different types of humor, breaking down different jokes, and explaining how you can use them in English. They are observational humor, sarcasm, making fun of oneself, and pop culture references.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You surely use this in your native language, and you can definitely use it to be funny in English too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, if you are at a bar and you saw someone with bright, strange colored hair, you could observe to a friend, Check out his hair, I need sunglasses to look at it. Let's look at some examples from Chandler.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, Chandler has observed that she looks like Little Bo Peep which is a character from a famous children nursery rhyme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A nursery rhyme is a song we sing to babies. The nursery rhyme is about how a woman, Little Bo Peep, lost her sheep and is looking for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the joke is that because of how Rachel looks, she must be looking for her sheep, and Chandler jokes that they don't have them there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A tan is what we call the light brown color that a person gets on their skin after being exposed to the sun's rays. We use this as a noun. Example. I got a tan on my vacation. Or as a verb. My skin tans easily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we are sarcastic, we usually use a very specific tone, at least in American English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We say this to show that we have successfully played a joke on someone or tricked them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chandler responds sarcastically that the surprise almost gave him a heart attack to jokingly point out that the trick was not very good. He was not surprised.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen to me say that sincerely and then Chandler say it sarcastically. You'll then have a few seconds to imitate Chandler's sarcastic tone. Oh my god, you almost gave me a heart attack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ross and Susan are disagreeing about something, so they decide to flip a coin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In his typical way, Joey is saying something that isn't very smart. Obviously ducks and clowns both have heads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chandler is being sarcastic that Joey must have had headless clowns come to his birthday parties if he thinks that duck have heads and clowns don't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Joey is saying that this book, from children's author Dr. Seuss, helped him endure a difficult time in his life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually, we might say something helped us through some tough times if it is more profound. For example, a philosophy or self-development book. But because it's a children's book,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This simply means that he is in touch with his inner child, that part of us that is fun and imaginative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's why in this case, it would be appropriate to say, he'll know what it means. But since hello is just a basic greeting, it's funny how Joey uses this expression, because it is obvious what it means.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's why Chandler, with his characteristic sarcasm says, you sure he's gonna be able to crack that code?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, there's nothing to figure out or no code to crack in the word hello.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Amy is famous for making fun of herself in such a way where it is obvious that she doesn't actually feel bad about the way she looks. Chandler often does this too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chandler is known for not being very masculine. In fact, there's an entire episode in which they talk about how everyone thinks he is gay. We made a lesson with that episode that you can find here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So although Ross meant that making a hypothetical situation in which Chandler was Ross's ex-girlfriend is not a masculine form of support,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chandler makes fun of this and his own lack of masculinity by just saying the same thing again with a lower voice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, amongst good friends, it's common to poke fun at each other. That is, to say things that point out someone's weakness or silliness. This can be an easy way to get a laugh, but it usually leaves someone feeling bad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can see here that Ellen did this in the wrong way when she made fun of Liza Minnelli.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was funny for everyone else, but it obviously was not funny for Liza, and left her feeling hurt based on her facial expression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And consider even making it very clear by following it up by saying, I'm just kidding. This means that it was a joke, not serious. It can be useful to observe what not to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this clip, we see several examples in which Chandler does this in a way that is not very kind to his friends. But because of the mutual trust, they know he is just saying it humorously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here the gang is talking about their New Year's resolutions. In other words, goals for the New Year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chandler first makes fun of Phoebe's because she does not seem responsible enough to be an airplane pilot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Other common expressions are a truckload or boatload of something. Example. To fall sharply or quickly from a high place. This verb is commonly used both literally


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The eagle plummeted down towards his prey and, figuratively, sales plummeted this month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This word describes a plant producing new leaves, buds, etc. As a noun, a sprout is what comes out of a seed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, they use a common collocation for this expression, which means to quickly grow or develop wings, which is obviously a joke that means that's never gonna happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By add 10 pounds, Monica means that it appears that she is 10 pounds heavier than she was in reality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, Chandler jokes that because she was so much fatter than she now is, she must have had several cameras pointing at her at the same time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With his sarcastic comment, Chandler is just implying that Joey damaged his brain when cleaning his ears, which explains why he says stupid things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's because as you probably did not grow up in the United States, you won't have as deep of an understanding of the culture context as a native. That's okay, because you can learn about the culture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can get a free try of that right now with our three-part mini course by clicking at the top. Now let's look at some examples with Chandler.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even if you're not from the USA, you've probably heard of Donald Duck from Disney cartoons. Here, Chandler notices that there's nothing to talk about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Try to think about something from the news, about a celebrity, or any other reference from pop culture and make a humorous comment about it. Even when people don't laugh, it could start an interesting conversation, which is much better than talking about the weather.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gloria Estefan is a Cuban-American singer, and she has a song that's called Rhythm is Gonna Get You.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Joey is acting really weird with this singing, which makes Chandler think that the rhythm got Joey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As an adult, it breaks my heart that this is something that these students need to deal with. It could have been any student at Highland Park, and it's scary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't have travel insurance. Well this is what happens when people live on the edge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't have travel insurance. Well this is what happens when people live on the edge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't have travel insurance. Well this is what happens when people live on the edge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lena discovered herself being the subject of a group chat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's weird because back when we were in school, I was getting bullied because I'm gay. My little sister was always my protector.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I do feel like the table's kinda turned this time, and it's me watching her back now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel like if you were to talk to the principal, then maybe she can like tell you how to go about this. You could even show her the screenshots you took of the conversation. I think that's the best way out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We do have the names of the guys talking about doing things to Lena, but we don't know who they are. Are they from Topeka? Are they students at Highland Park?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because if these guys really do go to school, who's to say that you're the first girl or the last girl that you know they've talked about and how many times could they possibly gone away with something like that? All it takes is for one person to speak up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shockingly, I feel closer to Emily, and I've only known her for two days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to Emily, in the past couple years, Winter Royalty has been won by basketball players, mainly African Americans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And apparently that's the experience of these students.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If a Hispanic girl was to want winter royalty, it would be huge for the Hispanic community here. So I'm rooting for Amelie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For events like Winter World Team, social media has definitely gotten bigger since I was in high school. It can either make you or break you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How many followers you have? How many friends you have on social media? It's all about being popular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Emily? Some of her biggest insecurities is not being able to speak proper English and being Hispanic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can relate to because back in my high school, the demographic was mainly white and very limited, Hispanic people. I felt second class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here in Topeka, there's a really big community of Hispanics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And yet being a Hispanic student here is harder than it was when Lena and I were in high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially with social media, because other kids target you for your race.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I understand why Emily thinks she has no chance of winning once a royalty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have seen all the other girls. Same vote for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I suggested Emily pass out candy for her to tell people to vote for her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not about titles, it's about helping others to see that they have potential to do it too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So until Winter Royalty comes and the final votes go in, I am gonna help Emily as much as I can and help her campaign. She needs to fight fire with fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. They're gonna announce the royalty king and queen tonight. And Emily is nominated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Definitely a moment that she will remember forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This moment gave her the self-confidence boost that she needed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's a boost for the whole Hispanic community at school. Knowing they could possibly win if they go for it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of people were mad that she won. People thought that someone had bought her, her win.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both Lena and I thought that Emily Winning would actually help the school. But it made me realize that we have a long way to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After Emily won't win to royalty, I realize Highland Park may have a lot of issues that we don't know about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Few years ago, uh, I got one of those spam emails. And, uh, it managed to get through my spam filter. I'm not quite sure how, but it's turned up in my inbox, and it was from a guy called Solomon Odonka. I know. It went like this. It said, uh, hello James Veach. I have an interesting business proposal I want to share with you, Solomon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now my hand was kind of hovering on the delete button, right? As you are, I was looking at my phone, I thought, I could just delete this, or I could do what I think we've all always wanted to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I figured I had to knock it on head, I had to take it to a ridiculous conclusion, so I thought I can cut to the plan. I said, look, Solomon,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Solomon, I'm concerned about security. When we email each other, we need to use a code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I knew these were all words they used, right? I said, please call me KitKat and all further correspondence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Uh, you know, there are a lot of people out there who do mean things to scammers. I don't think what I'm doing, all I'm doing is wasting their time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and uh, if you're gonna do this, and I highly recommend you do,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to transfer 45 million dollars out of the country because of my husband Nelson's health condition. Let that sink in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the worst health condition you can have, not being alive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the goal of making a positive impact, but I need to be focused and invested to connect with students in a more real way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Stagecraft, we were dealing with saws. So that was a lot of one-on-one work with the teachers. There was a lot of free time. So I ended up hanging out with a few people. And in particular, I spent some time with Danny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In stagecraft, Danny said I don't really pay attention in school and I just sleep through all my classes. I feel like I'm in a really unique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one of my goals has become to engage in very individual relationships.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my work with Count Me In, I see students just like Danny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. I think you're making him too pretty. That's what needs to happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's impossible for a school to treat a student's depression, but through my relationship with Danny, hopefully I'll be able to have a dialogue and bring awareness to all at-risk students. Put the ugly ones on top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everyone talks about us, and I kinda love the fame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then it don't even, oh my god. You know, my iPhone just gets stuff, I'm sayin'. This phone just all over the place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm stressin' right now, okay? They gotta ta- They gotta tape my phone!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A couple years ago, we noticed a huge percentage of our kids are at risk based on prior trauma, grades, past attendance records, which can lead kids to drop out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're doing all we can to remove the barriers that would keep students from being able to get that diploma.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every school computer has a firewall in place to keep kids off of social media.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But students can still access social media from their own personal devices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They could become victims or end up in chat groups that aren't healthy. And some of them are full of people who are not students.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here at Highland Park. The policy as far as the use of cell phones is they shouldn't be used during the school day unless the teacher incorporates cell phone use into the instruction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's very difficult policing kids' online activity because I don't see all the postings. So if something happens online, unless they bring it to me, then we may not know about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the young men had posted that he was going to rape


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hola amigos, yo los puedo llevar, pero necesitan nueve monedas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wonder if Mr. Malik knows how to sing like Teacher Harriet. I can sing like her. Ahem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Teacher Harriet plays her guitar when it's circle time. Yea, circle time with Mr. Malik is so... different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like that eternity stretches things out over a long time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Want me dead? You're getting all worked up over nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've changed. You're getting weak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't think it's here. Maybe it's the wrong way. Let's go around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's really not easy to walk on the track. It's really like walking on a maze.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's still some ammo left. Liquid ammo, silenced ammo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's another one. I almost didn't react.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This level is almost the same as the first one, the second one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Continue walking. There's also an enemy near the toilet. Can't be careless.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can open the door.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't think anyone's here. Let's see if there's any meds nearby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess it's an Aesir's flag. They even do Aesir's shield.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nobody is smiling. Nobody is talking. It's a quiet dinner table. Family time. This is weird. Why is that? Let's go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can we have a soup that people have heard of? Alright, like everybody knows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, even though I don't like hanging around in the town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First of all, your father, Kenty Tonnies. Link sound, Kenty Tonnies. Kenty Tonnies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's okay. It's okay. Not very sipsfied, not very happy, right? It's okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Got that? This is Silent Horn. Look at Andrew's face. Look at Andrew's mouth and his lips. Who asked you to spend the rest of your day there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't know. So let's check it out next class. Love you. See you later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. You sure it's okay? Yeah, it's fine. Hey, can I borrow your sleep mask? You bet. Awesome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take this, the little fumes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the place to start that conversation is to kind of introduce two different perspectives on what makes for good forecasting. One perspective, which I'm going to sort of attribute to Phil Tetlock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And his, uhm, work in his book Super Forecasting, which is grounded in expert-oriented prediction, right? That there are people out there who have lots of detailed knowledge, who have sort of trained themselves to be good and careful, uhm, forecasters, uhm, and that these people are well positioned to make


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The difference isn't quite as great what really matters is whether you sort of have that orientation as a fox rather than as a hedgehog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, Bruce Bornaday Mosquita takes a very different view of, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's very, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Skeptical that, uhm, area experts with very specialized knowledge are able to make good predictions about the world and good


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While Tetlock, uh, tends to be very skeptical about people who have sort of a single model, uhm, for analyzing the world, Bonner de Mesquite has done, uhm, some work for the intelligence community and believes that his predictioneers model, uhm, is, is very good, particularly at making conditional forecasts and thinking through logic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Question I was asked by a student a number of years ago, just as things were heating up between Russia and Ukraine,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the way that this works is you identify all the possible outcomes of a situation


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so in the case of Russian Ukraine, I sort of thought, well, what would be sort of Russia's ideal point? What would be sort of Ukraine's ideal point? And I kind of mapped out the space of between those two sort of poles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, of all the possible options, uhm, available in the situation and sort of score them on that continuum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I consider this to be the hardest step in this whole process. It's the one that I find to be the most subjective and the one that I think is probably, if you get this wrong,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're gonna have a hard time using your model in a effective and useful way, which is one of the reasons why I do this sort of illustration to show how this might work. Secondly, we identify all the actors that we think are gonna be involved that we think have a critical role to play in that particular decision or outcome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're gonna identify three attributes about each of those actors. We're gonna identify, uhm, their influence, right, or essentially how much power can they wield.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In general, in that process, um, salience, which is how much they actually care about that particular issue, right? So just because you're powerful, just because you have a lot of influence, doesn't mean that you're inclined to use that power and that influence in this particular situation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then thirdly, what is that actor's ideal point? If they could pick a point on that continuum that you created from 0 to 100 of all the possible outcomes, where would they fall on that particular place? So uhm, how much power does the actor have?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, how much does the actor care? And what does the actor want?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Bono De Mesquita says that anybody who professes to be an act, an expert in an area should be able to sort of identify who the actors are and assign values for these three things. And if you can't do that, you're probably not an expert, um, that doesn't take, you know, incredibly sophisticated understandings of the situation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So onto this case about Russia and Ukraine and what's likely to happen. And the case that was given to me by a student for a forecast is, uhm, do you think that Russia is going to cease Crimea?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I give sort of a windy explanation where I said, no, I really don't think that that's likely that in the past what has happened has been Russia has sort of fostered


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, forecast, but again, one of the mosquitoes would say you were wrong because you were trying to think through it like an expert. You're trying to think through examples and situations and wrestle with the complexity rather than stepping back and seeing sort of the big picture what's going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so on, you know, maybe one extreme, Russia simply takes over all of Ukraine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so we'll call that 100. Uhm, and on the other continuum, Ukraine remains fully independent from Russia, but also, you know, gains membership in the European Union, gains membership in NATO, sort of gains


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, puts itself in a position to have sort of full territorial autonomy and protection from Russia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In between there, uhm, sort of marked at 85, Russia gets the Russian areas of Ukraine. So in the eastern part of Ukraine, there's some Russian speaking areas, uhm, and Russia would get, you know, influence over the rest of Ukraine. Sort of my guess of what would happen, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought maybe Russia gets the Russian areas, but loses influence over Ukraine. Maybe Ukraine is split in half and half of it goes into the West and half of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, you could quibble about the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got a pretty good range of different ways that this could play out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, again, not saying it's 100% right, but this is sort of a useful starting point for this conversation about whether or not, uhm, about how we should think about this particular problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so then I went to the step two. I said, who are the important actors? And I identified three important actors. Identified Russia, uhm, identified sort of the West or NATO or Europe or the European Union or however you want to talk about that. Uhm, and then identified the Ukraine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry, not the Ukraine, Ukraine, the country, uhm, versus the Ukraine, the region.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so for Russia, influence, Russia is a very powerful country. It's sitting right on the border of Ukraine. Um, it has a lot of influence. It also cares a lot about this particular issue. It feeds into Russia's sort of image of itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the West or NATO or Europe, uhm, they have a lot of influence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very powerful actors involved, but maybe their salience isn't quite as great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I, I set the salience fairly low. And for the ideal point, I set that sort of point somewhere between Ukraine gets full territorial autonomy and maybe isn't quite in the European Union or NATO, but it's maybe leaning toward the West. I thought that that would be a reasonable thing for NATO countries to maybe advocate for and push for. And then for Ukraine,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I set Ukraine's influence fairly low at 15, thinking while Ukraine sort of has the home territory advantage in this situation, they're not a great power, uhm, they're facing off against countries that are much more powerful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the salience, however, is really high. This is the number one issue for Ukraine. Ukraine cares a lot about its own survival and its own future. Uhm, and its ideal point would be to lock in that future through full membership in NATO, full territorial autonomy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I've done sort of what Bruno de Mosqueda suggests, uh, Bruno de Mosqueda suggests, uhm, I should do. I've identified the actors, I've identified these different pieces, and now I have to sort of figure out what's the likely outcome from this. And the way that that works is to essentially calculate a weighted average of how powerful countries are,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, in terms of their salience and their influence and then weight the ideal points for all those actors together. And so for Russia, uhm, I said that their salience was 100 and their


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, influence was 80 and so their power in this particular situation is going to be 8,000.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, these are arbitrary numbers, but they work in terms of these scales that we've set up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I use those numbers to weight the ideal points for each of those actors. So Russia's 8,000 power gets sort of thrown into sort of pushing things toward, uhm, the 100 line, uhm, and that continuum of outcomes. And the West's 600 power that they've put in place is gonna sort of push toward the 25 ideal point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when we compare that forecast to where we are right now, I think it actually works pretty well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, sort of militia units in the Russian areas of Ukraine to launch sort of an insurrection, seize governments, buildings, sort of take control, and essentially create a stalemate in Ukraine that makes it so that Ukraine is never really in a stable position unless it's able to, uhm, sort of appease or remain


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tear territory away from you, uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know, we could go back and quibble and maybe we would want to workshop some of my predictions about salience or power or, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, uh, ideal points.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's a useful way, I think, of thinking about how all the different actors in a situation might operate in that situation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, deploy their, their attention and their resources and what the sort of tug of war of that process might end up looking like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, maybe it's not appropriate in every situation, but I found it as a useful tool for thinking through complex situations and developing predictions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On this episode, Nova Science Now. We humans have always been obsessed with the moon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're going to smash an empty rocket into a lunar crater at 5600 miles per hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So good, a bird brain came up with this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm Neil deGrasse Tyson, your host for Nova Science Now. Forty years ago, humans landed on the moon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We went back five more times, but stayed only a few days each trip. Many of us hope that someday we'll be able to stay longer. Establish a permanent base here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe even use it as a rest stop for interplanetary trout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if that's gonna fly, the moon's gotta give us a little more help. By providing some basic resources.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Explosions. Collisions. They're an undeniable guilty pleasure. And for a lucky few at NASA, destruction is actually part of their job description.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Peter Schultz's playground, the vertical gun range at NASA's Ames Research Center in Northern California.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For more than 30 years, Schultz and his team have been loading projectiles into this 30 foot steel barrel mounted on a lifting arm. They then fire them into small models of planetary surfaces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Getting to the moon and colonizing it have always been targets of human obsession.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Scientists found hardly any ingredients like nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide that are essential to support human life. And without the most important of them, water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The moon would forever remain hostile to human colonization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lunar scientists have long theorized that large stores of water might have accumulated on the moon, just as they did on Earth. Deposited by the impacts of comets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they believed any water near the surface exposed to the sun would have long since evaporated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 1998, NASA launched Lunar Prospector, a small spacecraft designed to orbit the moon pole to pole. It carried a highly sensitive spectrometer, a device tuned to detect hydrogen, a possible sign of water, to a depth of three feet, even in areas of permanent darkness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for NASA, finding water on the moon may in fact be the next big step towards space colonization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But before we can think about living up there, we have to make sure we know where the water is. And NASA has a new mission aimed at doing just that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meet LCROSS, NASA's next big step in the hunt for lunar water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] LCROSS is a small and simple spacecraft designed to sit on top of the upper stage of its launch rocket and take control of the rocket when it's empty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Outcross's purpose is to smash that school bus-sized empty rocket stage into a dark lunar crater at 5600 miles an hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The impact will toss the crater's contents high up into the sunlight, where LCROSS can analyze them in great detail, and perhaps find new evidence of lunar water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, its purpose is to prepare NASA to experience on Earth what LCROSS will encounter on its moon mission. To do that, Schulz's team loads a projectile that will act as a standard for the empty rocket stage that LCROSS will throw at the moon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then they stand back and watch what happens inside the chamber.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Schultz prepares his own little mini diorama of the lunar surface, using an array of highly specialized gear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The whole idea here is to recreate the situation that LCROSS will observe when it flies through the dust plume created by the impact of its empty rocket stage. It takes about 20 minutes to suck the air out of the chamber. The tension builds. Then comes the moment of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, there's no sound in a vacuum, alright? But the results are still impressive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The beauty and complexity of the plume become apparent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this makeshift lab, team members are using some inexpensive drugstore supplies to test what L-Cross will see when it analyzes the impact's dust curtain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As sunlight passes through the dust curtain, the compounds in the dust absorb specific frequencies of light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Launched just last month, LCROSS sat on top of a two-stage rocket.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About two hours after liftoff, the primary payload was sent on its way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, LCROSS began shepherding this empty space junk in two huge orbits out past the moon and all the way back around the Earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This slingshot trajectory is required to get L-Cross and his projectile up to speed and lined up perfectly with the target crater near the moon's north pole. Then comes the final delicate dance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About two and a half months after launch, LCROSS will meet its demise. And if it does hit its mark, the resulting 40 mile high debris plume should be visible from Earth through an amateur telescope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in one fleeting instant, the L-Cross team will know success or failure. But on a grander scale, much more is at stake. If L-Cross does find water, we may just be looking at the first rest stop on our way to the stars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Correspondent Xiatong explores a place where the ultimate natural preservative may enshroud remnants of life a quarter billion years old.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the ability to speak is one of those things that makes us humans think we're special. But researchers have struggled to figure out exactly how we got this talent. Because learning to use language takes a lot more than just mindlessly parroting what someone else says.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, as correspondent Chad Cohen reports, we're finding new clues in the brains of some animals who have the language ability to even rival our own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most people, if they're packing for a trip to the tropics, they're thinking beach, palm trees. So I'll bring the bathing suit, the flip flops, but guess what? The tropics are more than beaches. In fact, they have glaciers. ICE!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why would this 60 year old scientist put himself through this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 33 years of grueling treks, punishing altitudes, and frigid temperatures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So why has he scaled remote tropical mountains in 15 countries on 5 continents for more than 30 years?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lonnie makes these harrowing treks because he knows that the ice cores he drills contain significant data about climate change.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is why Lonnie is a man with a mission. Global warming is melting glaciers around this planet at an accelerating pace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is exactly what's happening to this ice cap in Peru. The place where Lonnie's career really took off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was here, at the Kalkaya Ice Cap in the 1970s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That Lonnie began to pioneer a new scientific discipline. Tropical Alpine Helioclimatology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The study of climate history using tropical mountain glaciers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a young scientist, it occurred to Lani that tropical ice cores might provide climate information the Poles could not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With Kalkaya and his other glaciers disappearing fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An archive of global climate history dating back 700,000 years. It almost looks like reading tea leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in fact, the ice is chock full of microscopic data for Lonnie's team to analyze.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] annual layers of ice, collect dust particles, bubbles of gas, bacteria, pollen and other clues.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From this information the team forms a picture of a slice in time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From long before the Vikings, through the industrial age,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They can create a timeline that tells the climate story of our planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lonnie's fascination with the Earth's climate began when he was just a kid in Gassaway, West Virginia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of Lonnie's science teachers loaned him equipment to build a weather station, which he set up in his sister's horse barn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Scientific curiosities seem to come naturally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lonnie's mom and dad were insistent that he do something they never could. Go on to college and graduate school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An effort that became more important after his dad died from a heart ailment. Just two years later, he lost his sister to a car accident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lonnie met a plucky fellow scientist who shared his stamina. Ellen Mosley.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the 1970s, Lonnie and Ellen embarked upon the then new study of ice cores to understand climate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Didn't take long for Lonnie to run up against a defining moment, right before one of his first presentations to peers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Scientists assumed tropical ice cores wouldn't give reliable data because heat would melt the glacial surface and the fresh water would trickle down and contaminate the ice layers beneath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, the National Science Foundation took a chance on Lonnie's plan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He and Ellen put together an international team of committed scientists and support staff. In 1979, with Lonnie's reputation on the line, the team headed to Peru.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And his team has documented that process over decades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Lonnie started, there was no lake here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, his research is not all that's putting Lonnie on the map. It's his ability to see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lonnie has been given the highest recognition for his lifetime of achievement. Lonnie G Thompson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's been awarded the National Medal of Science, an acknowledgement of his research and his public impact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now for some final thoughts on the search for water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Water, of course, is not just a refreshing beverage. It's got some other useful properties, too. You remember that its chemical symbol is H2O. That's one oxygen bound with two hydrogen atoms. The water molecule is remarkably stable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But with a large investment of energy, you can separate the atoms from each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now suppose you were an astronaut exploring the surface of another planet that you knew in advance had lots of water. That'd be good, because apart from drinking the stuff,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once you split the molecule, you now have oxygen to breathe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not only that, if you bring the oxygen back together with the hydrogen, making water once again, then large amounts of energy will spew forth, equal to the energy it took to break the molecule apart in the first place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's this reaction that powers the main engines of the space shuttle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So pick a cosmic object to visit that has water, and you only need to bring enough water, oxygen and rocket fuel for the trip there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a huge savings in the weight of your spacecraft and in the cost of the mission.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] NASA calls this in situ resource utilization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Allowing cosmic places to no longer be destinations, but stepping stones to the stars. And that is the cosmic perspective.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now, we'd like to hear your perspective on this episode of Nova Science Now. Log on to our website and tell us what you think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can watch any of these stories again, download additional audio and video, explore interactive, hear from experts, and much more. Find us at PBS.org. That's our show. We'll see you next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stay tuned for scenes from the next Nova Science Now. But first...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We put the salt crystals in this very potent acid mix. The acid will eat away anything that's on the surface. And then I look at the crystal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And immediately as soon as the customer's name comes up, you see what his credit line is, what he has ordered in the past, what discount he has gotten, every little detail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love these little guys, but now doubly so because they are a model organism. We can seriously study them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They went through this amazing experience in the backcountry for three months.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could see when there were droughts, you could see when there were big old ninos. Little tips in climate can have disastrous implications.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of these Hispanic students, they do feel like they are less than the other students.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On Facebook, everybody was talking about all these ICE raids in Topeka. ICE is immigration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're not being considerate of anyone else's feelings when they post stuff like that on the internet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm practicing with the girls, and once they started getting into it, they were like, you know what, this actually looks good, I feel good. By the end of it, they were ready to get on stage and slay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It got to the point where I lost sight that I was like an adult. I was having way too much fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm definitely shocked at some of the things she is dealing with outside of school. So does your dad live here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah. It'll bother anybody if their mom's crying or hurt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that the semester's almost over, I've made great friends and I feel like there's not a lot of time to make a difference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My hope for prom, you know, is that the girls will be able to go have a good time. It's the end of the school year, so it's a celebration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I could feel like my voice was breaking. My heart was like racing so fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, alright. Uhm, no offense, but you were kinda rude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, my friends are having a Halloween party tonight at my old apartment, so you could come. Maybe I could meet the guy you're marrying. Well, I'm supposed to be working at the restaurant tonight. I'm supposed to be working right now, so who cares?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, yeaah, yeaah. I gotta get to the museum, so uhm, I'll see you tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Y'all? We don't say y'all. Yeah, we do. No, well, yeah, we say it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, but not normally. Well did you ever think this is how I really talk and that I talk different like when I'm not here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You mean- Yes. This was all done under orders from Prince Schneisel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He figured that following you would ultimately lead us to zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My name is Ida. I'm 16 years old. I'm a junior. I'm really down to earth, honestly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I do have a little attitude here and there. I have anger problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One time after I got done fighting with this one girl, it got posted online and ever since that happened, I had so many females that didn't like me. I used to just want to stay in bed, but not come to school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here at Highland Park, there is a segment of our student body who show up to school, but they have a hard time successfully completing a school day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You find any of your classes to be more of a challenge than you thought they would be at the onset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That kind of leads to the conversation I wanted to have with you because you aren't failing physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The participants are held to the same standard as any other student. Daniel is not going to get away with failing anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know you say it's a challenge, but there are a couple of young men in your class who possibly look to you as a role model even though they may not really understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who you are and I think if they can see you as someone who does the things that they think are fun but still tackles the academic piece that might be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anthony, I wake up and look at my phone and I'm like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It had been shared like 25 times. There were so many comments under it. It was just so nerve-racking. I didn't want to go to school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I decided to confront Anthony, and needless to say that went from 0 to 100 real quick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This attack is far too weak for one of Zero's trademark strategies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A guy wanted to mess me or whatever and, and after a while...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It just got too much to the point where I just had to tell him like, I just wanna be friends and if you can't accept that then this can't be anything more. Like this can't be anything. Cause I'm uncomfortable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was this fate disappearance you're doing, Father, a charade?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She was mourning, yeaah. Uh, just stand there, silently, thinking nothing, drowning in sadness. Go. Alright. Kiss you, mourning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool. Try to use some other ways to express the same feeling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, everyone deserves to be loved and you deserve the education you get here. I deserve to. Cool. So for example, uhm, you know, if I have a song, that song, my song deserves my love, deserves to have my love. Right. Okay. So let's try to make sentences here. Deserve to five, four, three, two, one. Good job. Okay. It doesn't matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't move out there over coffee and pastry. Coffee and pastry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Paul, uh, that would be fun. Paul, we have proved your wife killed herself over some deep dark secret.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have proved your wife killed herself over some deep dark secret.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so Paul, we have proved yourself, uh, we have proved your wife, killed herself, over some deep dark secret. Another bear-claw? Another bear-claw. So you know, bear? Ah, kind of animal, very big one. Hmm, bear, yeah. Uh, claw. Hand, the hands of the bear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, here it doesn't mean the clean bear cloud. It means a bad thing, a tragedy. For example, uh, Jack's mom got hit by a car. Jack's mom had an awful car accident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first of all, marriage suicide is a tragedy for Paul.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, apparently the net will not support to, you know, support to tell Paul about this. Well, uh, Sudan says, hey, you know, we should tell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, Rui's like, yes, we could do it gently. Uh, well, what about, what about Gabriel? Gabriel says, no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, probably put some disgusting thing on your chair, and then we'll sit down, we'll sit on the disgusting things. Right, so, yeaah, for example, tomato juice, or tomato sauce, or some barbecue sauce, who knows? Tomato sauce, something, mmhm, yeaah, I had, I had said tomato sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry for that. Okay, some sick joke. If you have, you have, if you have some sick jokes, uhm, yes, you can always share. Cool? Alright. Maybe it's just some sort of sick joke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We got to find out what was going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We gotta find out what was going on. Uh, remember that. Susan is so emotional. Susan will do things, you know. Susan will, yeaah, absolutely take actions. This is Susan. Susan is emotional. Susan is sad for Mary's death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Means if, cool? So let's say we do, if we do. Uh, let's say we go, if we go. Cool? Let's say we take the action. Let's say we, if we take the action.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a chance we're not going to or we're not gonna like what we find. Alright?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, okay. Let's try to make sense here, the structure. Uh, there's a chance I'm going to get my passport in two days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, this is a chance I'm gonna get my passport in two days. If I can really...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think you have one visa in Europe, you can travel around most of the part of Europe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can really pay some extra money to the government. We're gonna make it quicker. Cool? So what is our sentence here? Five, four, three, two, one. Good job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wasn't it worse to be in the dark? Wasn't it worse to be in the dark? Wasn't it worse to be in the dark? Cool. So if we tell, it will be better. Cool. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How much do we really wanna know about our neighbors? How much do we really wanna know about our neighbors?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, what's this? It's a hoe, right? Where's the hoe? Yes. Mary's house. Swimming pool. Mhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My friends were right to be concerned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could have told them. Could have done. Remember? Yeaah, you should do, but you didn't. Okay? So, and as my son and husband, could have. Could have told them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the part of the body, just, uh, lower your neck and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About your stomach. It's part of the body. You also can hold this container or this thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and the thing was that, uh, Paul and Mary, they killed a woman. When they killed a woman, they have to, wait, they have to hide the truth. They have to cover this truth. And they, they have to fit the dead body in the chest, in the chest, because that's the only chest in the family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, probably no. Why? What is the reason for marrying?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This onslaught, it's all from Schneisel. Did he anticipate my moves?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, haha. You take all your recruits up here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fine, we're beginning the operation right now. We'll make our way to Nanalee first thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're warriors. We just keep on fighting and holding on, even when we know we're just making a big mistake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And no offense to everybody who, uh, still works here, but you have no idea how good it feels to say that as of this moment, I will never have to make coffee again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My uncle says you're very smart, but not very nice, so I shouldn't pay no mind if you mean to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, okay, here's the deal. I just met my ex-wife for coffee and she...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Got a little flirtatious with me and it kinda freaked me out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've inspired me to do this next year. So thank you because you have been amazing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What makes you so certain of that? Do you think he cares about these mundane things the day we call today? He doesn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't do something, so, blah blah blah, so I could, blah blah blah, do something. Which means, uh, if I know I will or I would do something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will not do something. For example, if I know I will have the, uh, so this sentence we can simply put like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I know I will have dinner by myself six times a week, I will not marry you. Alright?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Means you almost do something. Alright. I came this close to actually cleaning the house. Listen to Gabriel again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just, yeaah, just two, just two points of that. Just need a little bit. Alright, so what is the attendance here? Five, four, three, two, one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, this could work last time, but not this time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my God, he's actually shaking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very common. Clowns. Clowns!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we can reinforce our lines with fifth generation nightmares and older. We're also bringing the government bureau's defense system back online.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] End means is not, are not, were not, was not, am not. Or the be not is the end. Like, I am, uh, I am good boy. I'm not a good boy. Actually, I am a good boy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've been acting like a nightmare for months. Let's learn a new word, nightmare. Nightmare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, uh, the nightmare is uh, someone is a nightmare. Someone is a trouble. It's a trouble in your life. Alright? Nightmare in your life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fix it. Fix. You fix something, you repair something. Or you make something better, or make something good from the wrong place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you got so excited when you see somebody did something for you. You can say, yeah, you take my breath away. Like, wow, you know, uh, you know, my, my, my, my, uh, you know, your husband prepared you a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, right. Colors absolutely, colors absolutely is gonna do something. But what color is going to do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Deep beneath the geysers and hot springs of Yellowstone caldera lies a magma chamber, produced by a hot spot in the Earth's mantle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the magma moves towards the Earth's surface, it crystallizes to form young, hot, igneous rocks. The heat from these rocks drives groundwater towards the surface. As the water cools, ions precipitate out as mineral crystals, including quartz crystals from silicon and oxygen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many of these crystals have signature shapes. Take this cascade of pointed quartz or this pile of galena cubes. But what causes them to grow into these shapes again and again?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Part of the answer lies in their atoms. Every crystal's atoms are arranged in a highly organized, repeating pattern. This pattern is the defining feature of a crystal and isn't restricted to minerals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each crystalline material's atomic arrangement falls into one of six different families.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic, and hexagonal. Given the appropriate conditions, crystals will grow into geometric shapes that reflect the arrangement of their atoms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take galena, which has a cubic structure composed of lead and sulfur atoms. The relatively large lead atoms are arranged in a three-dimensional grid 90 degrees from one another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While the relatively small sulfur atoms fit neatly between them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the crystal grows, locations like these attract sulfur atoms, while lead will tend to bond to these places.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eventually, they will complete the grid of bonded atoms. This means the 90-degree grid pattern of Galena's crystalline structure is reflected in the visible shape of the crystal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quartz, meanwhile, has a hexagonal crystalline structure. This means that on one plane, its atoms are arranged in hexagons. In three dimensions, these hexagons are composed of many interlocking pyramids made up of one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depending on environmental conditions, most crystals have the potential to form multiple geometric shapes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, diamonds, which form deep in the Earth's mantle, have a cubic crystalline structure and can grow into either cubes or octahedrons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which shape a particular diamond grows into depends on the conditions where it grows, including pressure, temperature, and chemical environment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While we can't directly observe growth conditions in the mantle, laboratory experiments have shown some evidence that diamonds tend to grow into cubes at lower temperatures and octahedrons at higher temperatures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trace amounts of water, silicon, germanium, or magnesium might also influence a diamond's shape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And diamonds never naturally grow into the shapes found in jewelry. Those diamonds have been cut to showcase sparkle and clarity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Environmental conditions can also influence whether crystals form at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Glass is made of melted quartz sand, but it isn't crystalline. That's because glass cools relatively quickly, and the atoms do not have time to arrange themselves into the ordered structure of a quartz crystal. Instead, the random arrangement of the atoms in the melted glass is locked in upon cooling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many crystals don't form geometric shapes because they grow in extremely close quarters with other crystals. Rocks like granite are full of crystals, but none have recognizable shapes. As magma cools and solidifies, many minerals within it crystallize at the same time and quickly run out of space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And certain crystals, like turquoise, don't grow into any discernible geometric shape in most environmental conditions, even given adequate space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every crystal's atomic structure has unique properties, and while these properties may not have any bearing on human emotional needs, they do have powerful applications in materials science and medicine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have you ever wondered why you can see through glass or what fire is made of? Did you know gold doesn't originally come from our planet? Find out more about the fascinating makeup of our environment with this playlist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These three utterances show a great deal of reduction and linking. When we speak fast, we say, what have you guys been up to? Like, what have you guys been up to?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An important reduction in this sentence is the word have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll hear people reducing that to of, as in what have you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, Ross here reduces it even more. It almost sounds as if he's saying, what are you? Let's see some other examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why don't you try saying it yourself? Repeat after me. What have you guys been up to?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now listen to how Rachel and Joey say, takes it out of you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here you will notice linking and reduction. Of is reduced to uh. Notice how they both say u differently, and the words link together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We often say yeaah instead of u in informal spoken English. So we can see here that Joey emphasised u, but Rachel didn't. He emphasised it to humorously imply that it takes it more out of the guy who is getting kicked in the crotch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't usually reduces to don't, with our glottal T at the end. So when we have don't and even together, they link. Don't even.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This question is also interesting as an expression. A lot of students ask me what the difference is between how are you and what have you been up to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you ask what have you been up to, you want to know what that person has been doing since the last time that you saw him or her. It's an informal expression, so you'd ask this to a friend you haven't seen in a long time, or to someone who's often around you, but has been absent recently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I recommend you try our three, three part masterclass. In this masterclass, you are going to learn pronunciation, vocabulary, and cultural context, which are three important skills when trying to understand your favorite TV series. To try it today, simply click up here or down in the description below.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you take a self-defense class, you learn different martial arts techniques to defend yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A common self-defense move is a kick or hit in the crotch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, humorously, Rachel says crotch kicking took it out of her. Can you guess what she means?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Example, looking after my twin toddlers takes a lot out of me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's interesting here that Rachel used you, and not me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She does this to say, as a general statement, it is a tiring activity. It would make anyone tired doing that thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A less vulgar synonym of this is to beat someone up. When you do this, you physically attack someone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To pretend means to behave as if something is true when you know that it is not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can pretend to be something or pretend to be another person. Like this guy who is pretending to be Joey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A sexual predator is someone who looks to have sex with another person in a predatory manner. That is, in an abusive way which doesn't respect the other person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we say, I dare you, we challenge another person to do something while at the same time communicating that there will be consequences if they do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You probably have heard of this famous type of martial arts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is funny here is the smug way in which Ross pronounces it. Listen again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An American or an Australian would say it like karate. And a Brit would say karate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, no normal native would say it the way Ross said it, probably in an attempt to pronounce it as in Japanese.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We say that we would kill for something when we would really like to have or do that thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Example. The food in this restaurant is to die for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What she'd die for is a salmon skin roll, which is a type of sushi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awareness is the state of being aware. To be aware is to have knowledge and understanding that something is happening or exists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ross here uses an uncommon word to make his unagi deal sound more serious than it is. He says unagi prepares you to deal with any danger that befalls you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This just means to happen to you, but it is a formal word we only use when we talk about something unpleasant or bad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He might actually mean zanshin, which means residual mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A bamboo sleeping mat and a kettle of fish are what fishermen would use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ross here is comparing two different problems and saying that the second one is much worse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He does this by first saying it is one thing, and then he mentions the first problem. He then mentions the second and more serious problem after, it's a whole nother story. You can use other nouns instead of story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Example. When you're learning to drive, it's one thing to drive on a quiet street. It's a whole different thing to drive on a busy street.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Keep in mind that the grammatically correct form of this expression is a whole other story. People often say another as a contraction of another, despite the fact that saying a whole another story is incorrect grammar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Freak is an insulting word. One might say someone is a freak if they behave in a very weird or strange way, like Ross here. Perhaps is a more formal way of saying maybe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We say at what point when we're asking about the specific moment something will happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ross then describes the screams as girlish. Ish is a suffix that we natives use all the time to make nouns into adjectives. We often use it with colours. For example, if something is reddish, it looks somewhat red, but not completely. And sometimes we will even use it to invent new words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, I could say that even though my friend was born in the United States, she has lived in London for the past 20 years, so she has developed a Londonish accent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In saying this, I would mean that she has lost her American accent and speaks more like a person from London.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To take measures means to take action to achieve a particular purpose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, when COVID started to affect various cities around the world, governments and people had to take measures, such as going into lockdown or wearing masks, to prevent the spread of the disease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As Ross puts it, his behaviour is a drastic measure, which means extreme. Drastic is often collocated with words like measures or steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ross explains that those drastic measures he took were to make his point. If you make your point about something, it means that you need to explain something very clearly or demonstrate it with certain actions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you sense something, you feel that it exists or it is true, without being told or having proof. Example. I could sense that something was wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does Rachel mean by kill for a salmon skin roll? A. She might go fishing B. She'd love to eat that C. She dislikes that food


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which option below is incorrect? A. Good news befell us B. A crisis could befall the nation C. Misfortune befell intruders


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why is Russ taking these measures? A. He's a freak. B. He cares about the girls. C. He's showing his unagi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jeremiah? Please give my brother some time right now. You can talk to him later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Monty, I'm a chap. Don't be too worried.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This looks like a bad one. This looks awful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A stock man should be used to this. No, that's not even funny. That's seriously not even funny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. Oh my god. That's a di- Oh god.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a click press. They call it a click press because when it cuts the leather it makes the click sound. It goes click and then you know it's cut.