[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a dog or a cat, you should take your pet to an animal hospital in case they are sick or sometimes just to get a checkup to make sure they're healthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the animal hospital. There. There means at the animal hospital. There, animal doctors fix broken bones. Fix. Make them okay. They fix broken bones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes they give medicines too. Medicine? Yuck. Right? If you're sick, you have to take medicine. Take medicine. You don't eat medicine, you take medicine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So sometimes you need to take medicine. The animal doctors will give medicine to the animals. And here we can see an example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This sea turtle is at an animal hospital. So this animal is a sea turtle. And there's something wrong with the, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, this book has many different examples of people helping animals, so we'll see some more examples when we come back from the break. We'll see you then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today we're gonna be talking about the appositive, which is just a monster of a word, right? And I can tell you that from my limited study of Latin, right, it comes from ad positio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, what is, what is this device, how do we use it, and what does it have to do with commas?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, in a positive, what is the definition of a positive then?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And an antecedent is just something that comes before. So what we're doing here with Griselda, uh, is we are redefining or clarifying who my older sister is. And so in order to do that, we're putting it between these commas like so. Voop, voop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but it doesn't always have to be in the middle like this, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we've got, we've got this apposition then at the end of the sentence. So, my favorite snack is being redefined or clarified by Cookie Cat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They stop selling my, uh, my favorite snack. My older sister is going to college in the fall. Like, this stuff isn't essential to the understanding of the sentence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can use them as in the first sentence, my older sister, comma, Griselda, comma, is going to college in the fall, or you can use it as in the second sentence, they stopped selling my favorite snack, comma, the cookie cat, period. Right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is just another illustration of the separating power of the comma, because we're using it to set off this explanatory clarifying element in the middle or at the end of these sentences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The viewer. You the viewer. You can learn anything. That's the appositive and how it relates to commas. David out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everybody, how are you today? Do you like to exercise?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And do you like to dance, right? Dance is a type of exercise. If you're very active, you have lots of energy, right? Maybe you like to dance. Maybe you don't dance, but you will find something new when we read this book. And it might be something that gets you interested in dancing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This book is called The Folk Dancer. The folk. Folk, of course, means people. But it's like old-fashioned. It's like, when you talk about folk, you're talking about, uh, like the old-fashioned folk, uh, and you're thinking about people who belong to a certain group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and they have their own customs and they have their own traditions. So folk dancer is like dancing according to traditional ways, old ways that have been done for hundreds of years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But look at this little boy. This boy is having a good time, right? He is a folk dancer. He dances. He's learning how to dance according to his cultural, uh, tradition. Okay, so let's find out more about what he's doing. Here we have the table of contents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here we have the different listings of the different chapters. Here we have the folk dancer that's on page 2. Step to the beat. Step to the beat. We'll talk about that later, but step of course is to step. A beat is like in music, right? The beat, boom, boom, boom, boom. That's the beat of the music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hats and boots. Ribbons and ruffles. These two are similar. These are for boys. These are for girls. We'll talk about those later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Music makers. How do people make music? Or what's one instrument that people use to make music? We'll look at that on page 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we'll see an example of a big show on page 12.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We read about clap your hands. Clap your hands when you like something. Somebody does a good job, right? Or you see somebody at a big show and they do a good job, you clap your hands. But you also clap your hands when, sometimes, in folk dancing. So you clap along as people are dancing, right? That's another way. And make


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maracas. Maracas. Maracas is a Spanish word and it is a type of instrument that you can use to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in this story, we meet a young gentleman. We see a young boy. We saw him already on the cover of the book. He's right here, right? And his name is Jonathan. So the folk dancer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jonathan. Jonathan is always on the move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the move? That's a special expression that means he's always moving.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're on the move, it means you're moving, you're in motion, you're going somewhere, or you're moving around. Somebody is on the move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He likes to hop, skip and jump. Now all of these are very similar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A hop is a small jump. A skip is when you hop on one foot, right, forward, and then you switch and you hop on the other one. That's skipping. And then a jump of course is just a big jump, right? So they're very similar. Hop, skip, and jump.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He likes to leap and slide. Leap is also another way to say jump


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Leap. They all mean the same thing. They're just a little bit different in exactly. There's more detail. Hop is a little jump. A jump is a jump. A leap is a big jump. Okay? So hop, leap, jump. I'm sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hop, jump, leap, yeaah. Hop is small, jump is normal, leap is big. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And slide, but slide is different. Slide is like when you're running and you, you fall down on the ground, but you, you want to fall and you slide. Or you run and you just use your feet and you don't fall down and you just slide on your feet. At your home, you know, you have the hardwood floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're wearing socks, you can run and slide on the floor, especially if mom just cleaned it and it's very, it's very polished. But be careful, Joshim He!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't do that too hard, right? You might fall down and hit your head. So Joshime, be careful. But you can slide on the floor. Okay. He likes to stamp his feet to the beat of the music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stamp your feet means to put one foot down or, or you put both feet down in, in, uh, rhythm. Okay? When you hear music, you like to stamp your feet. Boom, boom, boom, right? And you're moving your foot up and down. So pretend this is my foot. You know, you listen to the music and you stamp your feet. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jonathan is a very good dancer. He is part of a folk dance group. So this is his folk dance group. And wow, look at these costumes. These women and these, uh, these girls and these boys are wearing costumes. Costumes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A costume can be like traditional clothing that people wear. In Korea, what is the traditional costume for Korean people?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hanbok. That's right. Hanbok. Hanbok is like a costume.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These kids, uh, this is the traditional costumes for Mexico, okay? Mexican or Spanish. But I think it's Mexico here. And so he's wearing, uh, that type of, uh, costume. And these girls are wearing very beautiful, very colorful dresses. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, we, we heard about stamp to the beat, right? Now we hear step to the beat. Step is kind of the same idea. You're stepping to the beat, okay? You're stepping back and forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now here's Jonathan again. What is he doing? It looks kind of funny, like he's pulling up his pants. Okay, but uh, it's maybe he's doing some kind of move here for the dancing, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Jonathan takes dancing lessons that children learn to step and clap to the beat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the beat. To the beat. If you do something to something else, it means like you're going along with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listen to some music and listen to the beat of the music. Usually the drums have the beat, or they're doing the beat of the music. It's a boom, boom, boom, boom, maybe like that. So you want to step to the beat to get in the rhythm to the same, uh, timing as the beat of the music. Or you clap your hands to the beat of the music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The boys stamp their feet. Maybe he's stamping his feet here. We're just catching him when he's going down. The girls spin around, right? The girls spin around like this here. This girl is probably spinning around and so is she. She's spinning around with her dress. And they dance together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Around and around they go. So a lot of times in the dancing, especially like this you know, they can be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, going around and around. Around, around they go. Especially for Mexican, uh, folk dancing and also for American Western, like, cowboys, uh, dancing, uh, Western music. They dance like this. They go around and around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay? So, and around and around they go. Around and around they go. Okay? It sounds, it even sounds like the motion that they're doing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So folk dancing is very good exercise. Of course, dancing...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is good exercise. You know, it's not good to stay home reading a book all day or playing video games. You should get outside or you should get up on your feet. You should use your body. You should exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Folk dancing is very good exercise. It makes you use your body. And if you use your body, you make a strong body. So it's good exercise for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now here are some pictures of Jonathan with his dance group or learning how to, uh, do folk dancing, learning how to dance in the folk dancing style.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here we see a picture here with some text. He says, Jonathan likes his dance instructor a lot. There's his dance instructor. He likes her a lot. She's probably a good dance instructor, but she's also a special person, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well she knows all about folk dancing. So she's very smart about folk dancing. She's an expert. She knows all about. I know all about something. You are an expert. So Jonathan's dance instructor knows all about folk dancing. She is an expert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is extra special though. She's extra special. How is she extra special?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is his mom. Oh, okay. Well of course, Jonathan likes his dance instructor a lot. It's his mom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not just, not just that she's an expert in folk dancing, it's also, and more importantly, because she is his mom. So of course he likes her a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's great that he can learn from his mom folk dancing with his friends, right, with other kids his age. So here's Jonathan with a young girl and he's learning how to dance together here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, it's the same girl, same dress, and they're going around and around, right? And there's his buddy, right? There's one of his friends, and they're learning how to dance. Now you can see the older children in the background. So they have different age groups.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here again, we can see, uh, that they're dancing, uh, and the girls are like twirling their skirts, spinning around and using their dresses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we'll take a break here and we'll come back and we'll see more about Jonathan and his folk dancing. We'll see you in the next part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Paige today, uh, it is my understanding that we are going to talk about the possessive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, what, what even is the possessive in English? What does that mean when, when we say that? Like, what does it mean to possess something?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this relates to the apostrophe and that we use the apostrophe in many cases, we use the apostrophe s in many cases to show possession.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so if I were talking about, there are a couple of ways to show that something belongs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To someone or something in English, like, I could say...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The carrot that belonged to the rabbit was delicious.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you're actually containing, there's like a lot of information that's contained within the rabbits, that little thing. Because you're expressing the relationship between the rabbit and the carrot, just with that little apostrophe S that contains so much information in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Common nouns like rabbits, this can also apply to proper nouns like people, or countries, or businesses, or whatever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Completely random figure from American history. Let's say Alexander Hamilton had a surfboard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we could say, using the apostrophe S construction, we could refer to Alexander Hamilton's surfboard, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so that, that seems pretty straight forward. If we want to show possession, we just add an apostrophe S. Is that true?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I wanted to say that surfboard is his, there's no apostrophe in there, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or, or we could just as easily say, his surfboard. And I think that's, I mean that's the same as saying that surfboard is Alexander Hamilton's. Uh, and you can see that there's this real, it makes sense to want to put a possessive apostrophe S in there, right? But that's not, that's not what you do. This is this one,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of obnoxious exception to the rule, so for possessive pronouns, they don't, they just, they never take apostrophes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So okay, so the possessive in English usually formed with apostrophe s. The rabbit's carrot was delicious. Alexander Hamilton's surfboard. But when we're talking about possessive pronouns like his or hers or ours or theirs or my or its, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No apostrophes are needed. Possessive pronouns never take apostrophes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Too high. Written by Gabriel Harper. Illustrated by Laura Zarin. Focus question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is too high for the boy?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This chair is too high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This hook is too high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This shelf is too high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This sink is too high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This tree is too high.


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[Assistant] This roof is too high.


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[Assistant] This hoop is too high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This head is just right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Connections Writing and Art


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[Assistant] What is something that is too high for you? Draw a picture and label it. Social studies. How would you help the boy?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Share your ideas with a partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Partly it's because there are people who live up above the shops, and they don't like too much noise, that's right. They don't like a lot of noise later in the afternoon. So this is why they have a four o'clock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stop That Cat. Written by Edie Evans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Illustrated by Martin Fagan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Focus question. Where does cat zoom?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cat zooms past the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cat zooms past the fence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cat zooms past the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cat zooms past the dog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cat zooms past the boy.


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[Assistant] Cat needs a long nap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Connections. Writing and art.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why does cat need a long nap?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Draw a picture and write a sentence. Use details from the book to support your answer. Math


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Count how many times cat zooms in the book. Share your answer with a friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A good cocktail can bring you pure bliss, while a bad one only brings you to the nearest toilet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On our tour of Hawaii, how could we possibly not have some of Hawaii's best-selling beverage?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kevin is visiting an Oceanside Mai Tai bar today to see if he can taste the flavor of Hawaii here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anytime you use public parking, there's a really good chance that you're going to encounter one of these parking meters. Uh, it usually costs about a dollar per hour. This meter is one dollar per hour, two hours maximum. So if you want to stay longer than two hours, you need to come back and put a little more money in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're using your credit card, you put your credit card in. If you're using coins, you just put the money in there, and that's it. I put...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One quarter in there, and that's about fifteen minutes. So if you put a dollar, that's a full hour. You pick how much time you want, up to two hours, and then you hit okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're finished. And if you don't pay this, you could get a ticket or even worse, your car could get towed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is the last thing that you want because if your car gets towed, well, you'll be up the creek without a paddle. So we just parked our car and we're going to run to the supermarket and pick up a few snacks for the road. I'll be right back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the way, while we're here, I noticed you can see the different color lines down here. This red line means no parking ever. So if you're ever hesitant about where to park your car, you know that you can't park if there's a red painted curb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just in case it's ever unclear, you can check the sign up here and it'll tell you when you can and can't park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it'll tell you how long you can park. Really the most useful information should be up on these signs. There are other colors, like for example, blue is a handicapped parking space. So unless you have a handicapped tag in your car, then you can't park there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, that's reserved for people with some kind of disability. If you see yellow, then again, it's not relevant for you. You can't park at yellow because it's only for loading. If you see a green color curb, then you should first check the sign to make sure that the hours are correct. If the hours are okay, then green is okay to park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, we really lucked out beating the rush hour traffic. The traffic in Los Angeles


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the afternoon from about four until four in the afternoon until eight p.m. at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is like bumper to bumper traffic in Los Angeles, but I think we really lucked out. We're basically out of the city.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we didn't really encounter much traffic, so we left at the right time. Good timing, guys. Good timing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we are making some headway on the highway here, and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's kind of an easy way to know which direction you're heading, just based on the name of the highway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Total country road, no lights, no cars, and it's actually a little bit scary, uh, because we're low on gas, the gas light is blinking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, it's actually, it's kinda, this is an adventure. Hey, you know, you only live once, right? So this is just a fun little adventure. No big deal. We'll be out soon. Uh, but still a little scary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know what? We have all of us together. The whole tomato team is here. We'll cross that bridge when it comes. And we're gonna prevail. We're gonna get out of this mess. No problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, we've reached the highway. Oh. Okay, I never thought I would be so happy to see the cars of strangers passing by. Oh man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, okay, it feels like it was right out of the movie. Okay, well, yeah, let's split, uh, let's say 20 bucks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is like bumper to bumper traffic in Los Angeles. The pictures don't do it any justice. We'll cross that bridge when it comes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dear Kevin, today's mission is a film fanatics fantasy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will find the shooting locations from three individual movies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To help you locate each spot, we will show you three video clips and provide a few hints.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've arrived in Chinatown, and we're here to find the set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The shooting location of our first movie. We're gonna have a great time finding the location. Come on!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Huge Bruce Lee statue right here. Wow. This is awesome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, two legends, even in my childhood. Love them growing up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Guys, I don't want to get caught up in this Kung Fu Jabber. I need to keep looking for the first shooting location.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everybody. Hi gentlemen. Have any of you seen this restaurant? The Fuzhou Fan Dian. Do you know this restaurant? It's this way?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There it is! Fuzhou Fan Dian! We found it! That wasn't too hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So check it out, you can see the rush hour was shot here, this huge sign printed underneath the name of the restaurant. It's like, it's bigger than the sign itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee were both pioneers for Chinese actors in Hollywood. They kind of, uh, they really blazed the trail for more Chinese actors who want to come to Hollywood, so Americans really do want to pay them a lot of respect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just notice it, you know? But uhm, honestly, I hate to say it, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chinatown really didn't impress me that much. Uh, it's not the same as China. It just doesn't do it for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like it's trying way too hard. It looks like it's something set up just for the movies. I still think that LA's Chinatown could do better than this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, I guess, uh, we could start looking around. I have no idea though, I mean this, this is gonna be hard to find, it's inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know what, I'm really, I'm drawing a blank right now. Maybe I could ask some people on the street if they've seen this. Excuse me, miss?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, check it out. Here's some information about the Bradbury building here. And it looks like the exact same scene from Blade Runner that you just showed me. Oh, and uh, check it out. Here's some other...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes! Success! I found the Bradbury building. I'm a big fan of these types of movies. Sci-fi movies always take the cake for me. I'm a big sci-fi fan, so that was a cool experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've arrived at Angel's Flight. You can see it behind me. It's this beautiful trolley. It runs on a 99 meter rail, which makes it the shortest rail in the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The shortest trolley running on a railway in the country. If you visit LA, this is a must see site. And it's super cheap, only a dollar to get a ticket. It's time we get on this trolley and try it for ourselves. Come on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Guys, we're riding the trolley up right now. This is the Angels Quiet Trolley. The same trolley that Sebastian and Mia took in the movie La La Land. And it's super romantic. In fact, when they get off at the top, they get out and do this like really romantic, cool tap dance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The movie La La Land was filmed right here. And there's like a scene where they get out of the trolley and they do a little tap dance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, alright. Hey, awesome. Thank you so much. What's your name?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They really blazed the trail for more Chinese actors. Honestly, I hate to say it, but it just doesn't do it for me. I'm drawing a blank right now. Sci-fi movies always take the cake for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I'm just kidding. It's for a series we're filming that's for a Chinese audience called Tomato English. It's like entertainment and education together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeaah, this is part of a challenge I'm trying to complete. And you know what? You two really helped me out. Thank you so much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cheers, man. Hopefully when we dock up, let's have a drink together, dude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my goodness, it's so beautiful. The sun is about to go down. We're going to have an amazing sunset ahead of us. And you know what? This is so much better than yesterday. I couldn't believe it. We were standing on the shore watching the sunset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And right as the sun was meeting the horizon, a cruise ship crossed its path and completely covered the sun. So all of us had our cameras out and none of us got to take a picture of the sunset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chui-Ar Mountain is located in southwest China and the northernmost part of the Hongduan Mountains.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is also one of the few snow mountains named after birds in China.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And towers above meet ten 5,500 meter high peaks around it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which way our mountain is a remnant of a geological movement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And with the rise of the Jinghai Tibet Plateau, it has become a huge mountain, towering above the surrounding area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Due to the steep terrain, narrow roads, high altitude, coldness and oxygen deficiency,


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[Assistant] In the 1950s, Chinese people, with sweat, blood, and even lives, built this miraculous mountain road.


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[Assistant] Cuiar Mountain, which is high and precipitous with many glaciers, gained its fame because of this road.


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[Assistant] Including the Chui-Ar mountain tunnel with an average elevation of 4,300 meters.


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[Assistant] For this mountain, at once even the eagle couldn't fly over.


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[Assistant] It now only takes a ten minute drive to traverse the mountain.


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[Assistant] The Yangtze, China's longest river, rising from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.


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[Assistant] Flows eastwards for 6,300 kilometers, eventually reaching Yuantuojiao in Jiangsu province in eastern China, where it flows into the sea.


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[Assistant] A large amount of sediment carried by the Yangtze River has been deposited here due to the tides.


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[Assistant] Gradually, the sandbar is becoming a growing and extending beach plain.


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[Assistant] It has also become a popular stopover for a large number of migratory birds.


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[Assistant] In the Yangtze River Delta to the north of Yuen Tuo Jiao.


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[Assistant] Piling up to form fertile coastlands and unique sandy ridges and sandbars.


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[Assistant] Hundreds of kilometers of coastal wetlands and ecological zones have formed.


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[Assistant] Nearly 3 million migratory birds around the world stop here to replenish themselves.


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[Assistant] The Yangtze River Delta, next to the Yellow Sea, is one of China's most economically developed and densely populated regions.


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[Assistant] While the economy is developing rapidly, a large number of coastal wetlands have been preserved.


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[Assistant] This creates valuable habitats for millions of migratory birds and endangered species that prefer not to be disturbed.


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[Assistant] Today, sediment accumulation and continental shelf settlement are two dynamic geological forces.


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[Assistant] Which are constantly shaping the landscape and ecological processes of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Wetlands.


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[Assistant] Making it one of the most diverse and richest coastlines in the world.


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[Assistant] It is an organic combination of natural, biological and human functions.


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[Assistant] And a key hub on the East Asian Australasian Flyway of migratory birds.


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[Assistant] You and I have lots of fun.


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[Assistant] If I go to a party and tell someone I study dreams, almost without exception, the next eight words out of their mouth are, oh, I had the most amazing dream. And then they tell me this really stupid, uninteresting dream.


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[Assistant] Our dreams are constructed entirely from our memories.


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[Assistant] When you woke up the entire dream happened in that moment of awakening. And we now know that that's not the case.


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[Assistant] The brain in REM sleep looks uniquely different.


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[Assistant] And the entire emotional part of the brain lights up like a, like a fire, even now more active than during waking. So it looks like when we're in REM sleep, the emotional brain is cranked up.


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[Assistant] When people ask me how can I remember my dreams, I say drink three large glasses of water before you go to bed. If they do, they're going to wake up multiple times during the night and they'll discover that they do remember dreams.


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[Assistant] And it looks like that when serotonin releases shut off, it biases the brain to think that whatever it's observing, whatever it's connecting, uh, is important.


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[Assistant] And we see this across thousands of years of history. We see this across hundreds of cultures.


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[Assistant] Go back a couple thousand years, there was sort of unanimous agreement that dreams were messages from the gods. They were portents, they were warnings, they were instructions.


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[Assistant] And getting away from the concept that dreams were from the gods or that dreams reflected stomach ailments, that was all progress.


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[Assistant] Although everybody knows that our dreams relate strongly to the events that happened during the day, there were actually no good studies that had shown the incorporation of our waking life into our dreams.


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[Assistant] I don't think the dreaming brain is trying to give our conscious mind some sort of a message. But there is a story there and it's created from our own memories and our own emotions. One could think of dreams as being sort of an idiosyncratic, a personal Rorschach test.


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[Assistant] If you look at the activity of the brain when someone is in lucid dreaming, the frontal cortex, the part right up in the very front, the prefrontal cortex, that seems to almost wake up.


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[Assistant] While the rest of the brain remains asleep. So the frontal cortex can say, oh boy, it would be fun to fly.


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[Assistant] And what we found is that it was the people who reported when we woke them up early in their nap that they had been dreaming about the maze.


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[Assistant] That those were the people who showed the largest improvement after the NAP was finished.


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[Assistant] So it looks like that dreaming about the task is part of that process of enhancing and improving the memory while we sleep.


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[Assistant] The brain is creating dreams that are not designed to settle on a single answer but to help us realize all the possible answers that are out there.


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[Assistant] It might be that part of the function of REM sleep dreaming is to identify sort of wacky associations, connections that we would never discover while we're awake.


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[Assistant] Welcome to part two of three in the stack series. This is going to be a short video on one way to implement a stack.


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[Assistant] Here I will cover how to push nodes onto a stack with a singly linked list.


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[Assistant] This means that the stack is initially empty.


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[Assistant] Then the trick to creating a stack using a singly linked list is to insert the new elements before the head and not at the tail of the list. This way, we have


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[Assistant] The next element, however, we need to push onto the stack is a two. So let's do that.


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[Assistant] So create a new node, adjust the head pointer to be the newest node and then hook on the nodes next pointer to where the head was before.


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[Assistant] Now let's have a look at popping elements. This isn't too hard either.


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[Assistant] So here we pop the first node off the stack and set the nodes reference to be null.


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[Assistant] So that will be picked up by the garbage collector if you're coding in Java.


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[Assistant] If you're in another programming language that requires you to explicitly deallocate free memory yourself like C or C++, now is the time to do that, or you will get memory leaks.


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[Assistant] Getting a memory leak in a data structure is one of the worst kinds of memory leaks.


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[Assistant] Especially if it's a custom data structure that you intend on


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[Assistant] Watching out for that, not only in this video, but in all the data structures that we will be covering.


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[Assistant] Or send a pull request to the GitHub repository so we can patch that. Okay.


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[Assistant] So we keep proceeding by removing the head and advancing the head pointer down to the next node. Pop again and pop again.


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[Assistant] There we go, we've stopped popping, we've reached the last node and the stack is now empty.


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[Assistant] Alright, time to look at some source code I implemented a stack using a doubly linked list that we can look at in some detail if you're interested in the source code for the stack.


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[Assistant] A poster that shows things that are okay to share.


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[Assistant] Memory that everybody has is a gold mine of unexplored and untapped potential.


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[Assistant] Ma va un po', ma ti vieni in questo locale e mi fai tutte ste domande ancora? Ma va, va, pigliato.


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[Assistant] Ma va un po', meti via in questo locale, mi fai tutte ste domande ancora, ma va, va a pigliare.


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[Assistant] That's right, we're gonna give you some real English to talk about travel.


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[Assistant] Okay, so today we are going to listen as a husband and wife get ready to go on a trip.


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[Assistant] Road trips are great. You get to get in a car with your family and drive on a vacation.


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[Assistant] Really popular. I've been on a million road trips.


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[Assistant] Okay, this dialogue will be at normal speed. It will be fast. But don't worry if you don't understand everything.


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[Assistant] This happens to me on almost every road trip.


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[Assistant] And the first word is munchies.


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[Assistant] Alright, our last language takeaway today is...


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[Assistant] You can use this in many situations. If I'm at work, I could say, alright, we've got a really good marketing plan. We've got all our bases covered.


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[Assistant] Uhuh, let's listen to a couple of examples.


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[Assistant] It'll be a little bit slower and you'll understand much better.


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[Assistant] Influency Builder, we give you some great useful phrases to help you express your ideas clearly.


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[Assistant] Alright, so we all know how to ask the question, are we ready to go?


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[Assistant] Wow, that sounds really good. It sounds a lot more fluent.


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[Assistant] Okay, well maybe not a million road trips, but many road trips. Every summer I used to go on a road trip with my family and we would drive many, many hours, probably eight hours in one day up to northern Canada.


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[Assistant] I'm sure we've got all our bases covered.


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[Assistant] But we've only been on the road for 10 minutes.


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[Assistant] 30% of humans or so were destined to be seriously impaired with


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[Assistant] A warthog is not often sort of wallowing in the sort of anxiety that we think of in an everyday sense. If you're a warthog, pretty much what anxiety is about is seeing a lion at the end of the field, so you better be vigilant.


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[Assistant] Everything that's going on in his body at the time is wonderfully adaptive.


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[Assistant] Oh no, only three months until April 15th and paying taxes or oh no how many more decades of this or that or oh no this traffic jam is horrible. And the key thing in all those cases is


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[Assistant] We're filled with fear, we're filled with distress, we're filled with anxiety, and what your body is doing is every perfect adaptation to send energy to your thigh muscles to run for your life.


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[Assistant] If you as a human are spending your early years seeing a loved one physically abused by somebody else, being tossed out on the street, being brought up as a refugee with shelling all around you, you're just another primate whose brain is being taught to have a lifetime of vigilance.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it could feel great to go work out, to get out some of that tension.


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[Assistant] They can do wonders to this sticky, obsessive rumination about sadness, and the same exact drugs working on the same neurochemical system can do wonders about that sticky, obsessive sense of fear and disquiet that anxiety is about.


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[Assistant] I'm in this business and proud of the progress we've made, but all things considered, we are pitifully incapable of dealing with these disorders.


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[Assistant] The plan is not to get rid of it, the plan is to just have the biologically rational, real basis of it turning our systems on.


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[Assistant] I think we have a bit of an issue. It's extremely misty. I know we're at the Three Sisters in the Blue Mountains National Park, but I don't see any sisters, do you?


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[Assistant] Oh my gosh, all these surprises. Should we go now? Okay.


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[Assistant] Conquering hearts is even more of a challenge. Today, besides working out your muscles, you are also expected to hone your persuasive skills. If you manage to talk one teacher into challenging the top height ab sale, you get to dine at a top rated restaurant in Ka Tumba. I hope I said that right.


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[Assistant] Okay, well, I will still try my best, even though...


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[Assistant] Either way, I'll be happy. Uhm, let me try to ask maybe... Oh, hey. Uhm...


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[Assistant] As it always does. Uhm, I don't know if you knew this, but I just went abseiling and I had the time of my life. Would you like to join me in this once in a lifetime experience?


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[Assistant] Okay. No, it's okay. I totally get it. Heights are a scary thing. We all have our phobias and our fears. No problem. Thank you though for, for considering it. Thank you for understanding. Yeah, no problem.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so you probably just heard me ask Emily a little question, but would you?


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[Assistant] Like, to, go, ab, sailing, or rappelling, or ab-sliding, as I like to call it. It's a great workout. I feel my muscles are stronger. I'm ready for summer 2018. I know you were trying to work on your fitness, so come on, come ab-sailing with me. Yes?


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[Assistant] Too much, uh, quite literally too much of a jump. Okay. I'm sorry. No, don't be sorry. I completely get it. No problem. My girl, Amy. My sweet, sweet friend, Amy. We're out here.


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[Assistant] In this beautiful setting miles away from the city.


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[Assistant] Have these spectacular memories. So many great photos and videos to put on your Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, Weixing, Weibo. I can name all the other social media outlets you could post these videos on. But besides all that, I really, really had a wonderful time and I think you'd enjoy it too. So Amy, care to give it a shot?


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[Assistant] Care for an adventure anyway? You know we're always saying we need to get out and do more things, right? Maybe. Maybe? What'll it take? Should I get down on one knee? Look you in the eye?


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[Assistant] When are we ever going to be here again? I'm gonna pop the question.


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[Assistant] I am a nurse.


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[Assistant] Let's talk about queues, probably one of the most useful data structures in computer science.


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[Assistant] So this is going to be part one of three in the Q series. So the outline of things we'll be looking at


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[Assistant] Well, first we're going to begin by talking about cues and what they are.


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[Assistant] Then we're going to go into some complexity analysis concerning queues that will discuss the implementation details of N queuing and de queuing elements from a queue followed by some source code at the very end in the last video.


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[Assistant] A queue is just a linear data structure that models a real world queue.


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[Assistant] Having two primary operations we can do, which are enqueuing and dequeuing.


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[Assistant] We insert elements through the back and remove through the front. Adding elements to the back of the queue is called enqueuing. And


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[Assistant] Of terminology surrounding cues, because there's not really any consistency. When we refer to enqueuing and dequeuing, many people will use multiple different terms. So enqueuing is also called adding but also offering.


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[Assistant] A similar type of thing happens when we're talking about D queuing. So this is when we remove things from the front of the queue. This is also called polling elements.


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[Assistant] However, some people will also refer to this as removing an element from the queue. But the problem with saying that is that can cause some ambiguity.


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[Assistant] Did they mean removing from the front of the queue specifically or from the entire queue?


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[Assistant] Make note that if I say removing, I'm going to be referring to removing from the front of the queue unless I say otherwise.


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[Assistant] First instruction says to enqueue 12. So we add 12 to the end of the queue, then dequeue. So we remove the first element from the front of the queue, which is 55.


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[Assistant] So now that we know what a queue is, where does this data structure actually get used?


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[Assistant] Well a classic example of where a queue gets used is to model a real world queue where you're waiting in a line at a movie theater or in the line at a restaurant.


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[Assistant] For instance, have you ever been to say McDonald's, where all the caches are full?


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[Assistant] And as soon as one of them gets freed, the next person in line gets to order food. Well, that's a cue.


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[Assistant] So queues can also be really useful if you have a sequence of elements coming in, but you only need to keep track of say, the x most recent elements. Well, you can add those elements to your queue. And once your queue gets larger than x elements, just dequeue essentially.


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[Assistant] That's idly waiting for requests from people to use your website that


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[Assistant] At any given moment you can simultaneously serve up to five people but no more. If 12 requests come in,


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[Assistant] As new ones come in. So what you do is you process the five that you're able to and the remaining seven gets a chill and a queue waiting to be served.


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[Assistant] And whenever you finish processing a request, you DQ in the next request, and then you start processing it and you do this until the queue is empty.


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[Assistant] While you're doing this, more requests come in to access your web page, while you just add them to the end of the cube.


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[Assistant] Qs are also using graph theory to perform a breadth first search traversal on a graph, which is actually really useful. We're going to see this example in the next video.


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[Assistant] There's also another operation on a queue I have not mentioned yet and this is peaking.


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[Assistant] There's also element removal in the sense, not in the sense of dequeuing or polling.


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[Assistant] But in actually removing an element from the queue internally, this also requires linear time.


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[Assistant] Okay, in the next video, we're going to look at some implementation details concerning Q. So how it's actually done. So guys, thank you so much for watching.


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[Assistant] Okay folks, we're here seaside and I've got... Damien. Damien. Yes sir. Damien, I'm Kevin. Nice to meet you, Kevin. Nice to meet you too. This is my first time doing a tour like this.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I'm really excited. Tell me again the name of the tour. Uhm, this is Lava Ocean Tours. Typically, how long does the tour take?


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[Assistant] Thank you so much, Damien. You're welcome. Looking forward to it. We'll see you aboard. Yeaah. And you'll be swimming, right? Oh, I'll be swimming. I'm looking forward to that sauna water. Nice. Alright, cool. We'll see you on the boat. Sounds good, guys.


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[Assistant] Yeah, definitely. Wow, it's like bathtub water. Oh man.


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[Assistant] Well, actually I've always liked writing a lot. Uhm, it's, I studied journalism in university.


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[Assistant] If you hesitate when you're trying to talk to someone, if you seem afraid, just, just sack up. Put a smile on your face and


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[Assistant] Chopstick challenge, team United States versus team China. I barely lost that challenge and


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[Assistant] All right, welcome back. Today we're going to talk about everything to do with priority queues.


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[Assistant] From where they're used to how they're implemented. And towards the end, we'll also have a look at some source code


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[Assistant] Along with all the priority queue stuff, we're also going to talk about heaps, since both topics are closely related, although not the same.


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[Assistant] So the outline for the priority queue series


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[Assistant] Is we're going to start with the basics, talking about what are priority cues and why they're useful.


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[Assistant] Then we'll move on some common operations we do on priority queues and also discuss how we can turn


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[Assistant] Min priority queues into max priority queues followed by some complexity analysis.


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[Assistant] Then we'll talk about common ways we implement priority queues.


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[Assistant] Most people think heaps are the only way we can implement a priority queue or that priority queues somehow are heaps. I want to dispel that confusion.


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[Assistant] Next we're going to go into some great detail about how to implement the priority queue using a binary heap. There we'll look at methods of sinking and swimming nodes up and down our heap. These terms are used to


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[Assistant] And shuffle around elements in a binary heap.


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[Assistant] So there's a lot to cover, so let's get started.


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[Assistant] Discussion and examples. This is going to be part one of five in the priority queue series. So what is a priority queue?


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[Assistant] Priority queue is an abstract data type that operates similar to a normal queue except for the fact that every element has a certain priority. So elements with a higher priority come out of the priority queue first. As a side note, I'd like to remark that


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[Assistant] Priority queues only support elements that are comparable.


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[Assistant] Meaning that data we insert into the priority queue must be ordered in some way either from least to greatest or greatest least. This is so we can assign relative priorities between elements. Okay, let's go into an example.


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[Assistant] So suppose we have all these values that we insert into our priority queue on the right, and that we impose an ordering on the numbers such that we want to order them from least to greatest.


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[Assistant] So what the poll operation means is remove the element that has the highest priority in our priority queue. So let's see how this works.


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[Assistant] So if I say poll, then I remove the element with the highest priority, which happened to be one.


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[Assistant] Now I say add two. So we add two to our priority queue and poll. So


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[Assistant] Next we pull the smallest elements in our priority queue and that happened to be the two we just added. Next we add four, pull the smallest, this is three, add five, also add nine and then pull the rest.


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[Assistant] As we add and pull numbers from the priority queue, we do not necessarily end up getting an ordered sequence.


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[Assistant] We are only guaranteed that the next number that is removed from the priority queue is the smallest number that was currently in the priority queue.


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[Assistant] So how does the priority queue know which is the next smallest number to remove?


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[Assistant] As humans, we could see the numbers visually inside the priority queue.


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[Assistant] And look and know what one was the smallest the whole operation was going to return. But fundamentally, how does the machine know this?


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[Assistant] Does it resort all the elements inside the priority queue before each pull operation? No, in fact, that would be highly ineffective.


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[Assistant] Instead, it uses what is called a heap.


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[Assistant] A heap is a tree based data structure that satisfies the heap invariant, also called the heap property. If a is a parent node of B,


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[Assistant] Or the other way around that the value of the parent node is less than or equal to the value of the child node for all nodes.


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[Assistant] This means we end up getting two types of heaps, max heaps, and min heaps. So max heaps are the one with where the parent node is always greater than its children and the min heap is the opposite.


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[Assistant] So both of the following are actually binary heaps binary because every node has exactly two children.


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[Assistant] And the children cannot see our null values I have not drawn in. So why are we interested in heaps? Well, heaps


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[Assistant] Form the canonical underlying data structure for priority queues.


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[Assistant] Since the priority queue again is an abstract data type.


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[Assistant] So inspect the following structure and try to determine whether it's a heap or not.


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[Assistant] No, we have a violation of the heap invariant in this tree, so it's not a heap.


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[Assistant] It satisfies the heap invariant and it is a tree.


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[Assistant] So we often see hips like these in what are called binomial hips.


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[Assistant] Note that heaps aren't necessarily binary heaps, they can have any number of branches. On to our next one. So is this a valid heap?


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's a valid heap. Because even though this one is strangely, strangely structured, we're free to move around the visual representation of the nodes as we please. So yeah, it's a valid heap. How about this one?


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[Assistant] No, this structure is actually not even a tree because it contains the cycles. All heaps must be trees.


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[Assistant] All all nodes are less than or equal to or greater than or equal to its parent. How about this one?


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[Assistant] However, if we do change the root to be 10, then we can satisfy the heap invariant via a min heap. Or rather, sorry, a max heap.


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[Assistant] Probably one of the most popular places we see priority queues is in Dijkstra shortest path algorithm to fetch the next nodes we explore.


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[Assistant] Priority queues are really handy anytime you also need a behavior in which you need to dynamically fetch the next best or the next worst element.


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[Assistant] They're also used in Huffman encoding, which is often used for lossless data compression.


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[Assistant] And finally, we also see priority queues in prims minimum spanning tree algorithm on directed graphs. So


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[Assistant] It seems priority queues are really important, especially for graph theory algorithms, which is where we see them often. Okay, on to some complexity with


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[Assistant] Priority queues implemented as a binary heap. So to begin with,


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[Assistant] We're not going to cover this algorithm, but it's pretty cool. And it forms the basis for the sorting algorithm heap sort. Next is polling and


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[Assistant] The root of the heap, this takes logarithmic time because you need to restore the heap invariant, which can take up to logarithmic time.


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[Assistant] So peaking or seeing the value at the top of our heap can take constant time, which is really nice.


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[Assistant] Adding an element to our heap takes logarithmic time again, because we possibly have to reshuffle heap by bubbling up the value as we will see in a later video.


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[Assistant] Then there are a few more operations we can do on priority queues. So removing a an element which is not the root element.


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[Assistant] So the naive way of removing an element in a heap is to do a linear scan.


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[Assistant] Find the item's position and then remove it.


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[Assistant] But generally, you don't do this, and it's not a problem, which is why most implementations are just as lazy and do the linear scan solution.


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[Assistant] However, there does exist a way to reduce the removing time complexity, which I will go over


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[Assistant] Later in a later video in great detail in this video series. So stay tuned for that. This method uses a hash table to reduce the removing time complexity to be logarithmic.


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[Assistant] Which is super critical actually, if you're removing as much as you are adding. Now the naive method to check containment within a heap


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[Assistant] A binary heap is linear. Again, you just scan through all the elements. But with the help of a hash table,


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[Assistant] We can reduce this to be a constant time, which is super neat, especially if we use the hash table implementation for the removing speed up, we get that as a free bonus.


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[Assistant] The downside however to using the hash table implementation is that it does require


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[Assistant] An extra linear space factor and it does add some constant overhead because you're accessing your table a lot during swaps.


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[Assistant] So I implemented a priority queue using a binary heap with the complexities I have outlined in the last two slides which you can check out at the URL provided below.


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[Assistant] I will be creating a video going over the source code after I finish explaining everything to do with priority queues. So stay tuned for that.


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[Assistant] Thank you for watching and see you in the next video. There's still a lot to cover in the topic of priority queues.


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[Assistant] Hello English learners and welcome to another great podcast with EnglishPod. My name is Marco. And I'm Erica. And today we have another really great lesson for you, elementary lesson.


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[Assistant] Alright. Okay, so let's get started. Let's take a look at our vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] I really don't know, why don't you tell me Erica, cause this isn't my topic for today.


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[Assistant] In a recession, the country is making less money.


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[Assistant] Right, so for example, in a recession, many people lose their jobs.


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[Assistant] And also, people start spending less money.


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[Assistant] And that's what's going on now in the United States. Very true.


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[Assistant] Okay, so let's take a look at our second word, and it has to do with recession. It's broke. Broke.


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[Assistant] Broke. I'm broke. Broke. It means that you have no money. You're broke. I'm broke. Right, so these are our two words for vocabulary preview today, and you're going to hear them in dialogue.


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[Assistant] No, he went to the mob, and the mob is broke. Oh no, you know it's a bad recession when even the mob runs out of money. Alright, so why don't we start by looking at our language takeaway.


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[Assistant] Yes. So why don't we start with the first one? Lone.


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[Assistant] So Erica, tell us about alone. What is alone?


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[Assistant] Alone, yes. Not to be confused with alone, like by myself. No.


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[Assistant] Lone. Right. Okay, great. Let's take a look at our second word. Mortgage. Mortgage. Mortgage.


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[Assistant] Now this is very common, I'm sure many of you have mortgages. What is a mortgage?


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[Assistant] Yeah, it has a T in it, but you don't pronounce it. You say mor-gage.


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[Assistant] Right, uhm, usually it's in college, right, or university.


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[Assistant] Okay, great, so it's time to listen to our dialogue again, and it's gonna be slower, so we can listen to all the words that we just talked about.


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[Assistant] Anything for you, Charlie. Your father was like a brother to me.


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[Assistant] What? At a time like this? I'm broke too, you know.


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[Assistant] You're not the only one who has been hit by the recession. I lost half my money in the stock market crash. Go on, get out of here.


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[Assistant] Yes, I did too. So let's start with Luency Builder.


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[Assistant] Exactly, and today we have three of these examples. Let's start with the first one.


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[Assistant] Right, so instead of saying, can I help you? Or, I don't know, what do you need? We can just say, what can I do for you?


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[Assistant] Okay, so now let's take a look at our last phrase for Fluency Builder. On top of all that.


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[Assistant] Well, for example, today I lost my job. Oh no. My car got stolen. Oh my god. And on top of all that, my girlfriend broke up with me. That was a terrible day. It was. But don't worry, you can use this phrase also in a positive way.


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[Assistant] That is a great day. So you can use on top of all that in this way.


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[Assistant] So we are ready to listen to our dialogue a third time. We can hear all the words that we just talked about and all the phrases and you'll definitely be able to understand a lot better now.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's true. For example, in North America and in Canada, it's a really common thing. Yeah, it's actually almost good to be in debt.


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[Assistant] It's more than good, it's necessary to be in debt.


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[Assistant] Right, that's called a credit history. So you must have a good credit history in order to be able to, like you say, buy a car or buy a house.


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[Assistant] And not only do they offer you credit cards, they give you like free gifts if you sign up for a credit card. I know, they really want you to have a credit card. Of course, they want you to spend more money. That's the trick.


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[Assistant] Well yeaah, I mean in North America it's crazy the way that people are in debt and it's showing now with the recession, right? Yeaah, that's true. So, everyone be sure to handle your money carefully, don't be in debt unless you really really have to.


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[Assistant] From EnglishPod. EnglishPod Financial Advising Service.


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[Assistant] Right, Erica and I are always there to answer all the questions, and we really like to receive comments and suggestions from all our users, so be sure to go and leave us your comments. Okay Marco, it's been fun! Yes, it has, but sadly we have to go now, so until next time, it's goodbye!


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[Assistant] Is the area that connects the sea surface to the, the sea floor. And there aren't very many, uh, ways in which you can access and study that system. And so, uh, fortunately for us, the research vessel FALCOR along with the ROV Sebastian has the capability of doing midwater studies.


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[Assistant] Iris is a very different approach to, um, volumetric imaging or 3D imaging where, you know, DPIV requires a scan to recreate a three-dimensional object. Iris doesn't. So Iris in a single frame will capture


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[Assistant] Nick, how's it going? Oh, hey. What are you doing in this neighborhood? Do you live around here?


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[Assistant] It was great to meet you last week at the conference. I really enjoyed our conversation about foreign investment.


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[Assistant] Sure, my name is Anna Faris. Don't worry about it. It happens to me all the time. I'm terrible with names too.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry I forgot to respond to your email. It just slipped my mind.


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[Assistant] What are you doing in this neighborhood? Do you live around here?


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[Assistant] It was great to meet you last week at the conference. I really enjoyed our conversation about foreign investment.


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[Assistant] Sure, you still have my contact details, right?


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[Assistant] Sure. My name is Anna Faris. Don't worry about it. It happens to me all the time. I'm terrible with names too.


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[Assistant] It was great to meet you last week at the conference. I really enjoyed our conversation about foreign investment.


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[Assistant] Sure, my name is Ana Faris. Don't worry about it. It happens to me all the time. I'm terrible with names too.


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[Assistant] That's right, we've got some excellent real English for you all about cleaning the house.


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[Assistant] Exactly, so in today's lesson we're gonna look at language about cleaning the house. We're also going to learn a few phrases that you can use if you want to ask someone for help.


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[Assistant] So language takeaway is the part of our lesson where we teach you what we think are some really important words that are found in the dialogue.


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[Assistant] It's a strange sounding word. It is a little bit funny sounding, but it basically means a large building with many shops inside, many different stores inside.


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[Assistant] So groceries are all of the food items that you need to buy at the supermarket. So like your bread and milk and meat and stuff.


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[Assistant] You know, grocery store, I think this is quite a common word in Canada.


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[Assistant] Yeah, do you say grocery store in America? Well, if it's a small one. Really?


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[Assistant] All of these little differences in American Canadian English. Okay, I think it's time for us to listen to our dialogue another time. This time it'll be a little bit slower.


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[Assistant] In this dialogue, there was some really interesting language that you can use if you don't want to do any chores in the house.


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[Assistant] You know, Fluency Builder is a part of our show that we use to take a common phrase or a word that you already know and show you how to express that idea more fluently and more naturally.


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[Assistant] Let's say you're watching TV like the woman in this dialogue and your husband wants you to help him do the chores. And you say, no, I'm busy.


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[Assistant] Those are two great expressions, but we heard something a little bit different in the dialogue.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you know what, I think I use this phrase almost every day. I'll be there in a second.


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[Assistant] You know, this word vacuum, uhm, is really a very American word.


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[Assistant] In the depths of the ocean, going alone is rarely an option.


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[Assistant] The harsh environments of this seemingly infinite void are an imposing challenge for any lone organism to face.


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[Assistant] While dazzling lights deceive unwitting prey.


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[Assistant] Animals in the ocean tend not to spread out.


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[Assistant] Instead, wherever possible, they come together in their masses.


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[Assistant] Hotspots of biodiversity in stark contrast with the otherwise barren stretch of darkness.


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[Assistant] Evading predation or having reproductive success in the endless blue.


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[Assistant] From vibrant coral gardens and scavenger communities to expansive blooms that cloud the ocean surface.


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[Assistant] These are the animal aggregations of the oceans.


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[Assistant] Aggregations are an incredibly common phenomenon in the pelagic zone due to the challenges of living here.


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[Assistant] Strong winds, towering waves, and vast empty regions of low prey availability mean animals can either adapt to life as solitary migrators, with streamlined bodies and powerful tails for covering large distances in search of food,


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[Assistant] Or they can gather together and find sanctuary in huddled congregations of life. They can migrate or aggregate.


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[Assistant] Creatures that chose the former option, like the ones we discussed in the previous video.


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[Assistant] Often need to journey for thousands of miles each year between breeding and feeding grounds.


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[Assistant] But for some creatures, this simply isn't an option.


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[Assistant] Current induced blooms of jellyfish get swept together by colliding currents.


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[Assistant] Here, they coincide with a rich supply of plankton.


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[Assistant] On which they gorge themselves until the entire food source is depleted.


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[Assistant] What follows is a mass die-off in the jellyfish swarms, and another remarkable phenomenon takes place. Their corpses begin to sink en masse.


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[Assistant] Triggering a major nutrient cycling event that provides abundant nutrition to benthic communities on the sea floor.


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[Assistant] These jellyfish blooms demonstrate how animal aggregations that form rapidly can sometimes strip one region of its nutrients, and in death, export them to another.


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[Assistant] Rather than being a product of currents, it is the behavioural adaptations of fish that leads to them forming two kinds of aggregation. Shoals and schools.


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[Assistant] In a shoal, they swim together loosely and without much organization. But in a school, the movements of fish become mesmerizing.


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[Assistant] Hundreds or thousands of individual sardines move together as if performing a well rehearsed ballet.


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[Assistant] These schools demonstrate a phenomenon called self-organizing.


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[Assistant] The effectiveness of schooling behaviour is demonstrated by these lanternfish. The display visually confuses predators, like the voracious Humboldt squid.


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[Assistant] Aggregations of zooplankton rising from the depths triggers the largest marine gathering of all.


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[Assistant] A host of vertical migrators amassed near the surface.


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[Assistant] From opportunistic cephalopods to filter-feeding behemoths like the megamouth shark.


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[Assistant] Gathering in swarms of up to 60,000 individuals per cubic metre. In total,


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[Assistant] And unwittingly play a very important part in supplying deeper waters with nutrients.


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[Assistant] As these migrators descend once more as the sun rises, they defecate.


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[Assistant] Releasing organic material in the form of large fecal pellets that sink quite rapidly.


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[Assistant] By defecating at depth rather than the surface, the pellets make it to the bottom much faster.


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[Assistant] Benthic animals, confined to life near the bottom, cannot participate in this migration. They instead rely on the pellets. So, just like jelly fools,


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[Assistant] The vertical migration ends up nourishing the benthos and allowing life to thrive at the very bottom of the ocean.


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[Assistant] Down in the depths of this hidden world, these creatures of the sea floor form aggregations of their own.


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[Assistant] Decaying corpses and the fecal pellets of vertical migrators settle on the sea floor. It's not much.


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[Assistant] Only a small proportion makes it all the way to the bottom, but it's vital for the animals that live here.


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[Assistant] Groups of scavengers looking for a meal arrive very quickly.


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[Assistant] While sea cucumbers sift through the sediments to feed on smaller particles.


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[Assistant] A sunken whale carcass provides the benthos with a sudden concentrated source of food, which animals make sure to take advantage of.


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[Assistant] Crustacean hordes like these pink amphipods are massed to feast on the whale's flesh.


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[Assistant] Some organisms have become wholly reliant on whale falls for survival.


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[Assistant] Like bone-eating ozodax worms, which burrow down into the whale's skeleton and feed on the enclosed lipids.


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[Assistant] Unlike the open ocean where fish aggregate for protection.


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[Assistant] Tend to settle together in far reaching communities.


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[Assistant] Aggregations of thousands of mother octopuses tuck themselves away in crevices at the base of a seamount to lay their eggs.


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[Assistant] Attracted by warm seeps in the sea floor.


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[Assistant] Cold water corals are responsible for creating one of the largest of all deep sea aggregations, expansive coral gardens.


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[Assistant] And the upwelling zones of monumental ocean seamounts, where they are bathed in nutrient-rich currents.


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[Assistant] Sea mounts are of significant importance to all kinds of marine life.


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[Assistant] The concentrated upwelling of nutrients that rise from the ocean floor fuels productive hotspots for both sessile communities and migratory fishes.


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[Assistant] Even pelagic wanderers that tend to go it alone are drawn here, unable to resist the abundant food.


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[Assistant] In fact, seamounts are common feeding grounds for solitary sharks and migrating whales.


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[Assistant] Corals are just one example of the deep sea's many reef builders.


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[Assistant] A high diversity of symbiotic life can be found inhabiting the intricate structures of these pale deep sea sponges.


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[Assistant] Animals can develop symbiotic associations with one another, and can adapt in ways that would not be possible without the presence of their symbiont.


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[Assistant] The corals provide a perch that grants the brittle stars access to faster, more nutrient-rich currents.


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[Assistant] In return, the brittle stars may prevent parasites from damaging the coral.


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[Assistant] Meaning both species can survive without the relationship, but coming together allows them to thrive rather than just survive.


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[Assistant] We've discussed the symbiotic associations of chemosynthetic bacteria with deep-sea organisms many times in this series.


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[Assistant] But not yet considered how this influences the formation of aggregations.


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[Assistant] Around hydrothermal vents, the presence of these bacteria converting dissolved chemicals into nutrients,


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[Assistant] It's chemicals that are used to form organic materials.


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[Assistant] Muscle beds of epiphornal bivalves encrust the rocks, building an extensive reef on which many other organisms rely, like these predatory crabs. This goes to show that regions of productivity are especially important when it comes to the formation of aggregations.


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[Assistant] Aggregations are a vital feature of marine ecosystems.


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[Assistant] Arising in areas of productivity, stability, or high in nutrient density.


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[Assistant] Here, increased survival rates directly influence biodiversity in both the midwater and for the benthos. For although these aggregations are physically isolated,


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[Assistant] It is a prime example of how a behavioral adaptation can be a powerful tool for survival. So, whether it be for protection from predators, foraging, or scavenging,


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[Assistant] Squarespace gives people a powerful and beautiful online platform to help create your own website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go to Squarespace.com for a free trial, and when you're ready to launch your site, go to Squarespace.com slash Natural World Facts to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.


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[Assistant] They sell baby formula and they sell coffins. You can literally buy everything you need.


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[Assistant] Today's video is sponsored by Omaze.


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[Assistant] With fierce competition, no sunlight and scarce food and nutrients.


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[Assistant] Organisms at these depths have developed a number of peculiar lifestyles in response to such an extreme environment.


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[Assistant] It isn't much, but it's enough to sustain scattered communities of detritivores who rely on this organic matter for food.


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[Assistant] Every now and then, a cetacean carcass will sink to the sea floor.


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[Assistant] And draw scavengers from miles around to feed on the nutrient-rich carrion. This is a whale fool.


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[Assistant] An event that creates complex localized ecosystems on the sea floor, which can support life for decades.


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[Assistant] As a whale dies and sinks, the carcass provides a sudden concentrated food source in the otherwise food-poor abyss.


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[Assistant] In fact, when whale fall ecosystems were studied in 1988 by a team of researchers at the University of Hawaii,


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[Assistant] In a region of the ocean where food is often just a slow trickle from above, these events are significant. The body can last for decades.


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[Assistant] In that time, it creates an island of life on the sea floor, supporting an ever-changing ecosystem that blooms out of the benthos.


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[Assistant] And as it decomposes, it provides a miniaturized model of ecological succession.


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[Assistant] The stages of whale decomposition support a number of different scavenger communities.


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[Assistant] Many new species that appear to be specialized to living exclusively at whale falls have been discovered during recent studies.


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[Assistant] These findings suggest that whale falls may help to generate biodiversity on the sea floor.


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[Assistant] Let's take a closer look at the complex, fascinating communities that gather at Whale Falls.


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[Assistant] Soon after death the insides of the whale begin to decompose. As decay sets in,


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[Assistant] But once these gases escape, the whale's body begins to sink into the sunless void of the deep sea.


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[Assistant] Once it settles on the ocean floor at depths of a kilometer or more, it can be classified as a whale fall.


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[Assistant] And now begin the four key stages of ecological succession.


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[Assistant] After the carcass comes to rest on the ocean floor, life arrives at the scene in a matter of hours.


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[Assistant] Hagfish use their dental plates to burrow deep into the carcass, or bite off chunks of food.


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[Assistant] While they eat, they twist their bodies into a knot, then pass the knot along their body and force it against the carcass to increase the power of their bite.


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[Assistant] The mobile scavenger stage of whale-fall ecosystems is characterized by larger organisms visiting the carcass, like this sleeper shark, which can grow to nearly 7 meters in length.


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[Assistant] In a matter of months, the carcass is stripped clean down to the bone.


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[Assistant] Now begins the second phase, known as the Enrichment Opportunist stage. Many of the larger scavengers have moved on, and it's now the turn of smaller organisms.


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[Assistant] Feed on leftover blubber, or burrow down into the nutrient-enriched sediment beneath the whale.


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[Assistant] Over time, as the organic material is slowly depleted, the scavenger populations begin to decline.


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[Assistant] Many of the bones appear to have disintegrated, and there's a much lower density of scavengers.


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[Assistant] The remaining skeleton supports a remarkable community of chemosynthetic bacteria.


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[Assistant] This process forms sulfides as a byproduct, which are released up to eight feet into the surrounding sediment.


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[Assistant] Carpet the whale's bones in a fuzzy red fringe. These have neither eyes nor mouth, but they present reddish plumes that act as gills


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[Assistant] From the marrow, the worm's roots extract fats and oils, which microbes living inside the roots break down.


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[Assistant] It involves the solid mineral remains of the whale bones.


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[Assistant] Out on the abyssal plain, the soft sediments prevent many sessile organisms from finding a solid surface to attach to. As a result, hundreds of years after death


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[Assistant] A whale's corpse may still be able to provide islands of abundance at the bottom of the ocean.


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[Assistant] Show just how important waleful events are to the deep sea ecosystem.


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[Assistant] The immense biomass of whales, and especially high bone lipid content.


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[Assistant] Allows their carcasses to support diverse and complex ecosystems that would otherwise not exist in the energy-poor deep sea.


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[Assistant] An abundance of new bristleworm species have been discovered at these sites.


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[Assistant] This portion of the video is sponsored by Omaze, which has partnered with the charity After School All Stars.


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[Assistant] Donate $10 and you are entered for a chance to win this Lake Tahoe Dreamhouse worth $4.3 million. Built with reclaimed materials and situated at the base of a ski resort, it's the perfect place to hike, explore, and spend your summers kayaking in crystal clear waters.


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[Assistant] Donations support ASAS and their work to provide free, comprehensive programmes and essential resources for low-income US students and families.


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[Assistant] These programs help to improve in-person and remote learning, and serve as a tool to amplify student voices.


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[Assistant] For your chance to win the Lake Tahoe Dreamhouse, and support a great cause, go to omaze.com slash natural world.


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[Assistant] Now this operation is really what makes the union find one of the most remarkable data structures, because it's how the union find gets to boast in its efficiency. So let's dive right in.


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[Assistant] But before we get started, it's critical that you watch the last video so that you understand how the find and the union operation work.


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[Assistant] Otherwise, you won't understand what's going on and what's up with path compression and how we're going to get that really nice, amortized constant time.


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[Assistant] I say hypothetical because with path compression, I'm almost certain it's impossible to achieve a data structure or a structure that looks like this. Nonetheless, it's a good example.


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[Assistant] So now suppose we want to unify nodes E and L.


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[Assistant] Or just unify groups, orange and blue, but we have access to enl. And that's what we're calling the unify operation on.


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[Assistant] Well, we would have two pointers that start on E and L. And what we would want to do is find the root node of E and find the root node of L and then get one of them to point to the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But with path compression, we do that. But we're also going to do something else. So let's start by finding the parent node of E. So E's parent is D, and then D's is C, C to B, and B to A, and then eight F. So we found the root node of E. But with path compression, here's what we're going to do. Now that we have a reference to the root node, we're going to make E point to the root node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And similarly, D's are important to the root node and C and B and A. So now everything along the path


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Got compressed and now points to that root node. And in doing so, every time we do a lookup,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On either A, B, C, D or E in constant time, we will be able to find out


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What the parent or the root node is for that component, because we immediately point to it, we don't have to traverse a sequence of other notes. And we can do this because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a union find, we're always unifying things together and making them more and more compressed. We're never unifying things, if you will.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we do the same thing for L, we find L's parent. So we traverse up all the parents until we find the root.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we compress the path. So j points to G, i points to G, h points to G. And


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we compress that path. But we also have found the parents now. So make one point to the other. And we've unified both groups. So now the group that was once with E and once with L have now been merged into one single group


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the only difference is we've compressed along the way as we've done this, and now it's so much more efficient.


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[Assistant] Now let's have a look at another example. And this one I want to compare and contrast


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The regular union find operations we were doing the last video to the path compression version we now know. So if I run all those union instructions, this is what would happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'd start by getting all these pairs of components, and then executing the instructions on the right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm trying to determine what groups say a and j are in, then I have to traverse a whole bunch of different nodes. So j goes to i i goes to h h goes to e. But now if I include path compression, let's see what happens. So I still get all those components.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now as I execute the instruction on the right hand side,


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[Assistant] This is what happens. So I get the green group, but then because of path compression that J


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Merged into the H. So already that path is a little shorter. And then I keep executing more instructions


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as I'm doing it, the path gets compressed dynamically. So so I'm getting more and more compression. And even up to the very end. So on the last example,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We hadn't even finished all the instructions and we have reached the final state. But with path compression, as long as there's something compress along our path,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we do a lookup on any of our nodes, and we know that the root is E. So we know it belongs to that component. And this structure becomes very stable eventually, because of this path compression. This is why the unit find with path compression is so efficient. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I will be going over an implementation of the union find. You can find it on my GitHub repo at github.com slash William fees slash data structures. And I will be going over in the next video. So don't worry about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we'll look at path compression and the union find operations I also mentioned. Guys, thanks for watching, and I'll catch you next time.


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[Assistant] Illustrated by Marcus Cutler Focus Question