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[Assistant] Alright lads, you're tasting the same biscuit, right? Want me to taste?


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[Assistant] Okay, biscuit number two. I don't think it's ever been a more important biscuit. While riding on this, go straight away fellas.


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[Assistant] Okay, Tom, let's see yours. Peanut. Dan, sesame. I can tell you there's one that is correct.


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[Assistant] Majela, any final words of wisdom?


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[Assistant] On the left. Keep going, Con. Keep going. Ooh, hot, hot, hot. Good job, Conno.


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[Assistant] I still get nervous for a bug on that first cut, cause you know a lot about what's gonna happen off that first cut. Yea, you can kinda feel it.


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[Assistant] I must say, with six minutes to go, I didn't think there'd be anything there. You should congratulate yourself and be happy that you got something up.


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[Assistant] The fact that you did get something out means we'll taste it and it does come down to taste. Thanks YoYo. Thanks YoYo. Thank you.


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[Assistant] That's upsetting for yo-yo. Uhm, I think it's a classic case of when one thing goes wrong, everything can go wrong. And unfortunately, there's not much positive to say about it.


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[Assistant] Needs another five minutes in the, in the mixer. And because of that, it's not holding its shape and those really lovely stiff peaks that Nigella got were because of that and it's just not here. The rhubarb was crunchy. Yeah, it was very under.


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[Assistant] Nigella tasked you with making her rhubarb and meringue cake and that surprise custard. And you didn't have a recipe, you had no visual reference at all. And on top of that, you never even tasted it.


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[Assistant] It was always going to be a really tricky challenge, but you handled it with strength and good humour, so well done.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, welcome back to Reading for Vocabulary. I'm your host Brian Stewart. We're going over the same topic, we're talking about caring for animals. But in this lesson, lesson 9, we're going to focus on who helps sick or injured pets.


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[Assistant] The title of course is, a healthy pet is a happy pet. So if your pet is not healthy,


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[Assistant] What happens? Who helps that pet? Who helps a sick or injured pet? Well that's what we're going to read about in today's lesson. But as usual, let's learn some vocabulary first. Now our first word is uh-oh. Here we have a problem, right?


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[Assistant] Uh, many types of injuries. Uh, but you are injured. Part of your body is damaged. That means injured. Now be careful because injured doesn't mean the same as sick.


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[Assistant] If you're sick, that means you have a virus or some kind of disease, right, that's affecting your body and you don't feel right. If you're injured, there's been some kind of physical damage to your body, okay?


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[Assistant] Injury and sickness are different. Remember that. Okay? And that's how in the title we had to say who helps sick or injured animals. Because they're different. A sick animal is not the same as an injured animal.


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[Assistant] A medicine that helps, that keeps you from getting sick. Now, right, it's terrible and probably you were in this situation before, but it's very important that you go to the doctor and the doctor gives you medicine, usually a shot, right, that helps you


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[Assistant] It's a, it's a medicine that you get when you're young to prevent you from getting sick later. Some people still have the bump on their arm from where they got a shot when they were young. Usually it's for smallpox or some other disease like that, like polio.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and this is a vaccine. Of course, we live in a very convenient age. The modern age that we live in is very convenient. We don't think about it. But medicine has developed so we can take these vaccines when we're young. We don't have to worry about these diseases. A hundred years ago,


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[Assistant] Two hundred years ago, people died by the thousands, by the millions from diseases that we don't worry about today because of vaccines.


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[Assistant] So yes, it hurts, but it's important to get a vaccine. People will say shot. Have you gotten your shots yet? Or I need to get a shot. So to get a shot, get a shot.


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[Assistant] Three. Sharing equally with others. So these two artists or producers or I'm not sure what's going on here, they're sharing their award equally. What they have that award, what do they have? They have it in


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[Assistant] In appearance, right, your appearance, you share your appearance in common. If you and your father have the same sense of humor, right, you share that same sense of humor, then you have a sense of humor in common.


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[Assistant] Okay, next one, number four. Whoa, that's kind of a funny looking picture, right? Here's a little boy, and he's meeting his younger brother or sister, but not yet. His younger brother or sister is still in his mommy's belly, right?


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[Assistant] Having a baby growing inside one. So mom here, what can we say about mom? She has a baby inside of her, uh, womb, inside of her belly, right? Uh, it's, she is pregnant. So she is pregnant. Sometimes people will say she's with child, but she is pregnant. Okay. Next one, difficult.


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[Assistant] Something that is very difficult to do, like climb, uh, uh, the rocks without a shirt on, that's, that's tough. Okay, I'm just kidding about without the shirt on. It's, it's tough even with a shirt on. But uhm, it's difficult, it's tough, right? So, there's synonyms basically. If you say something's very difficult, you can say, oh it's very tough.


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[Assistant] For example, if you have a difficult test, you can say, woah, that test was very tough. It was a tough test. It was a difficult test. Right? It was tough or it was difficult. Next one.


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[Assistant] And fixes you. That's what's going on here. And this is


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[Assistant] This is something that's extreme, right? Thankfully, it's not very common. But sometimes, some people, maybe us, maybe you, maybe me, might have a situation where the doctor needs to cut, actually cut open our body and fix something inside.


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[Assistant] What do we call that procedure? We say it is surgery. Okay? Now the verb that we usually use with surgery is perform.


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[Assistant] So if I say, if I'm in the hospital and I say, I have to have an operation, that means the doctor will perform surgery on me, right? The doctor performs surgery on me.


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[Assistant] I need to have an operation. Those are the common ways we talk about this situation.


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[Assistant] Also, surgery can be used as an adjective. For example, the surgery room. Uh, this is the surgery preparation room, or this is the surgery area of the hospital. So sometimes surgery can also be an adjective, not just a noun.


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[Assistant] Okay, but remember, when it is a noun, we usually use, say, perform surgery and we also say, I need to have an operation or you need an operation. That's the same idea. Okay, so a couple of common expressions for that situation. Next one.


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[Assistant] A visit to the doctor to check your health. Now you should do this every year. Some people go every six months, right? Maybe when they're younger, it's important to do that. But you need to regularly go to the doctor to check your health. And that's part of the word, right? Check up. Because the doctor needs to check on you. They need to check to make sure you're not sick.


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[Assistant] It's called a checkup and usually people go once a year for their annual checkup. Okay, number eight.


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[Assistant] When you go to the doctor to check for sicknesses or if you have an injury,


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[Assistant] Who do you go to? What do you call that person? I think I just said it, doctor, right? This person, this lady, she is a doctor, right? And there are many different types of doctors, right? Some doctors will only specialize in like the nose, the throat, and the ears.


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[Assistant] Some doctors will only specialize in treating children. Some doctors will only specialize in fixing broken bones, right? There are many different types of doctors. Okay, number nine.


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[Assistant] Happening at the same time, every time. So this is like, uh, uh, something that happens every time. If you wind this up, this is what musicians usually use, right?


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[Assistant] Every time at a certain time. What do we say? It's regular. It's regular. Clocks are regular. They show us the time.


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[Assistant] All the time, every time, right? And one hour, they go around the clock, uh, regularly. Our clocks are very regular. We can depend on them.


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[Assistant] Sometimes we have habits that are regular. For example, every morning you get up, you take a shower, you brush your teeth, or you eat breakfast, then you brush your teeth. That's your regular morning routine. That's regular. If you do something different, that's unusual, right? That would be the opposite.


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[Assistant] But happening at the same time every time, that's regular. Okay, next one.


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[Assistant] Right, we have a couple of cows here. A baby cow, right? Animals will have different names for


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[Assistant] Different sexes, right, male or female, they'll also have different names for their age, right? We don't really say, we can say baby cow, but you could also say calf. Calf is more specific, right? A baby horse, you could say it's a baby horse, or you could say it's a colt.


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[Assistant] Right? You could say a baby dog or you can say puppy. Right? Isn't it interesting? In English, uh, I don't know if it's the same in Korean.


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[Assistant] In English, we have all these special words for baby animals. They're usually a lot different, right? There's also cub, right? For bears and lions and tigers have cubs. Dogs have puppies. Uh, horses have colts. Cows have calves.


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[Assistant] So many words to remember, okay, but it's very interesting. Okay, next one. Oh, what's wrong with him?


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[Assistant] He had a bad haircut, right? He should sue his barber.


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[Assistant] No, I'm just kidding. He wanted it that way, obviously. You have to, you have to, uh, specifically ask for this type of haircut. Okay? Strange and unusual. I'm making a comment about it because it's not normal to see somebody with a haircut like this.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you could say weird, okay? These strange, these unusual, you could also say unique.


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[Assistant] Now it's interesting because if we say weird, weird has a little bit of a negative, uh, feeling.


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[Assistant] If you say it's weird, it's like, oh, that's weird. But if you say it's unique,


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[Assistant] Be careful using weird because weird usually means you have a negative feeling about something or unique.


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[Assistant] Next, a container for carrying something. This is a container for carrying something. If you have to carry your pet, for example, you will carry your pet in a carrier.


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[Assistant] Usually, we only use this word though, it's usually used for transporting animals, a carrier. If you have a container for carrying your books,


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[Assistant] You don't call it a carrier, you call it a backpack. If you have a container for carrying your food to, uh, school or to your office, we don't really call it a carrier. You could, but it's a little strange. We just say it's a food container, or if you use the brand name, it's Tupperware, right?


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[Assistant] So we, carrier is usually specifically used for a container that carries animals for transportation. Next one, number 13.


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[Assistant] A place where animals are raised for food. Now a lot of people, they don't know where their food comes from. They think, oh, food comes from the supermarket.


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[Assistant] But that's not true. Where does the supermarket get the food? The supermarket is not the original place where the food comes from. The food comes from animals, a lot of animals, and also plants, uh, where the animals are raised for food, like for example, pork or, uh,


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[Assistant] Beef, so gogi, right? If you want to have, uh, uh, uh, uh, sorry.


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[Assistant] Bulgogi, I had a hard time just remembering that. Bulgogi or dweji kalbi, right? That meat comes from where? It comes from a farm.


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[Assistant] A little bit of a different idea. A ranch is much bigger than a farm and a ranch is usually where you have a lot of cows or cattle. That's usually where cattle is raised and it's usually very big. Farms tend to be small and farms are also places where they grow


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[Assistant] Okay, so anyway, farm and ranch. We usually talk about farm, a place where animals are raised for food. Okay, next one.


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[Assistant] Now she's, looks like she's doing yoga, right, and she's stretching her body so that her hands are pointing where? They're facing away from the front. Her fingers are pointing away from her front, they are pointing


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[Assistant] Now, if you turn around, right? Right now I'm looking at you, I'm looking at you in the front. But I can turn this way, now I'm looking backward. Okay? It just means facing away from the front. Looking backward or stretching backward. Okay.


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[Assistant] Next one, a doctor who cares for animals. Now there's a very long word, veterinarian. We'll see that word later in the reading, veterinarian, but that's a himdero word to pronounce. So a lot of people just say vet. So veterinarian, woo!


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[Assistant] Just say vet, because it's a lot easier. And most people just say vet. A vet is a doctor who cares for animals. But be careful!


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[Assistant] Because vet sometimes also can mean something else that is completely different. A veteran


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[Assistant] A veteran is a soldier who served in a war or served for their country in the military. Sometimes people will call those people a vet too. He's a vet. He served in the Iraq war.


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[Assistant] They're not talking about a person who cares for animals, okay? So be careful. Vet can mean a former ex-soldier, right? A person who used to be a soldier. Or it can be a doctor who cares for animals. So be careful, don't be confused. If somebody says vet, you have to know the situation. What is the context of the situation? Okay. Last word. Ha ha ha. Kanjiro!


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[Assistant] A hard cover that goes over a part of your body. Now unfortunately this girl, she doesn't seem to be upset about it, but she's been injured, right? She probably broke or sprained her ankle or her foot.


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[Assistant] So she has to put something on that part of her body to keep the bones from moving. You want to keep the bones in the same position so they can heal.


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[Assistant] Now, when I first came to Korea, it was Konglish. People called it Gips, right? Gips. But that's Konglish. The word is cast. Now, I was very confused. I was like, why do my students call this a Gips? Where does that come from?


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[Assistant] Well, I learned that this is made of the same material that chalk, white chalk in your classroom is made of. And that's gypsum. Ah, very interesting.


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[Assistant] Gips comes from the material that the cast is made from, right? And so I don't know where that started, whether it comes from Japan or, or, you know, a lot of Konglish comes from Japan. I don't know where that came from, but some, somewhere people were thinking, okay, well the cast is made of gypsum, so they just thought gips, and they called it that. Well that's Konglish.


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[Assistant] Now, even though you wear it, it's not like a shoe, you can't take it off and put it back on, alright? The doctor puts it on, and then six weeks later, the doctor has to cut it off, right?


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[Assistant] So, uh, it's not normal piece of clothing, but we use the same verb. Wear a cast. I have to wear a cast for six months. And don't say this, that's Congo.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's review how well do we remember these words. Uh, let's go over the, uh, comprehension questions here.


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[Assistant] Just the same as usual, we have a blank. We need to choose the best word to fill in the blank. Number one, smallpox. I talked about that before. Smallpox was a disease. A hundred years ago, two hundred years ago. Terrible disease. Killed many, many people. It was a sickness that is gone now.


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[Assistant] Thanks to people getting what? Remember I told you when you're young it's important to get that medicine, to get a shot. What's in the shot? Is it a checkup? Is it a vaccine? Is it an injury? Or is it a doctor?


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[Assistant] Well of course it's not a doctor. You can't put a person inside that shot. That's crazy. It's not an injury. That doesn't make sense. It's not a checkup. It's of course a vaccine. Right?


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[Assistant] Thanks to people getting the vaccine, smallpox is gone. Nobody ever gets smallpox anymore because medicine has advanced so much that we just get the vaccine and the disease has died out in human beings. It's not there anymore.


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[Assistant] Okay, number two. The pilot was beep badly when his plane crashed. Think about that. Somebody's flying a plane and they don't land correctly. The plane crashes. Well, what's going to happen? The pilot was what? Celebrated, injured, pregnant, or treated.


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[Assistant] You can't get pregnant from crashing your plane. That's crazy. Okay? Uhm, you're probably not going to be celebrated. Was celebrated badly? That doesn't make any sense. Celebrated is a good thing.


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[Assistant] Uh, treated, he was treated badly when his plane crashed? That's possible actually, right? People said, oh, you shouldn't have crashed a plane. But more logically, he was injured badly.


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[Assistant] That makes more sense, because of course when you think about it, if you crash a plane, or even if you crash a car, or even your bicycle, you crash, you could get badly injured. So be careful when you're in a vehicle or riding your bike.


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[Assistant] You can become injured badly when, uh, your vehicle crashes, whether it's a plane, it's a car, or a bike. Be careful and follow the safety, uh, rules and regulations.


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[Assistant] Okay, number five, skipping up to number five. I get along well with my girlfriend. Do you have a girlfriend or boyfriend? Okay. Do you get along well with that person?


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[Assistant] We have a lot what? If you get along with your girlfriend, it doesn't have to be girlfriend, it could just be friend. You get along well with your friend. Because we have a lot of what? Of problems?


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[Assistant] We have a lot of boredom. We have a lot to forget.


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[Assistant] Or we have a lot in common. What makes sense?


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[Assistant] If you have a lot of problems with your girlfriend, you don't get along well. Maybe it's time to break up and go find somebody else who you don't have problems with. We have a lot of boredom.


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[Assistant] That doesn't make sense, right? That doesn't, you get along with somebody because you're both bored together? That's Yisong Heo. Uhm, we have a lot to forget.


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[Assistant] Strange too. We have a lot in common. Ah, remember, in common means you share something with somebody else. So if you share something with somebody else, you can understand them better. So if you have a lot, and we say a lot in common, that's a common expression, we have a lot in common.


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[Assistant] Like the same things that you do. They don't like the same movies or the same, uh, music. They don't like the same books. They don't like the same hobbies that you do.


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[Assistant] You're not going to be able to spend a lot of time with them because you don't like the things they do. You don't have anything in common. You have nothing in common. But on the other situation, if you have many things in common, you have a lot in common. You like the same books. You like the same hobbies. You like the same movies. Then you can get along with that person well. Okay, number seven.


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[Assistant] What are they? Are they necessary? Are they small? Are they slow? Or are they pregnant? Well of course the only one that makes sense is pregnant. I can't believe you're pregnant. And you're gonna have twins. Not just one baby, but two babies, right? At the same time. You're gonna have twins. Necessary doesn't make sense. I can't believe you're small.


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[Assistant] What does that mean? How does that have to do with, uh, twins? And, uh, I can't believe you're slow is kind of funny too. The only one that makes sense is pregnant. Okay, well, let's take a break now and we'll come back and go over the reading together.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's go over the reading together. Now we're talking about a healthy pet is a happy pet. We're going to be talking about people who take care of sick or injured animals. So let's begin. Doctors help sick and injured people.


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[Assistant] There are many kinds of doctors. If you break your foot you go to one doctor. If you have a stomach ache you see another doctor.


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[Assistant] Okay, so first of all, this is like an introduction. Uh, we're introducing the subject here, and we're starting with something that is familiar to most people.


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[Assistant] Everybody knows who a doctor is, right? You go to a doctor many times during your life. Hopefully you go to a doctor once a year. When you're younger, you might go to a doctor more than once a year.


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[Assistant] But we know that doctors help sick and injured people, right?


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[Assistant] We're talking about people. Everybody knows about this because we go to doctors all the time.


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[Assistant] There are many kinds of doctors, right? I talked about that before, right? And they give two examples. One example, break your foot, you go to one type of doctor. If you have a stomach ache, that's the second example, you see another doctor.


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[Assistant] This is something that everybody's familiar with, a common way


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[Assistant] To introduce the subject is the writer will start with something familiar and then narrow down to something more specific.


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[Assistant] There are even doctors for different kinds of people. Teenagers, babies, women, and children each have their own kind of doctor.


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[Assistant] But what about animals? Okay, so you see what we've done here, we've started with a very more general idea that everybody knows about, and that's doctors. We became a little bit more specific in that area, different types of doctors for different problems, and even


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[Assistant] Different types of doctors for different kinds of people, right?


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[Assistant] Teenagers, babies, women, and children all have their own type of doctors, right? There are doctors who only treat teenagers. There are doctors who specialize in treating babies, or not treating but caring for babies, making sure babies are healthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are doctors who specialize in women's health. There are doctors who specialize in men's health. There are doctors who specialize in children's development, making sure children are developing correctly with no problems.


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[Assistant] Introduce the topic of the passage. So a lot of writing passages will use this technique. They'll start with something very broad, very general. Everybody knows about it. They'll get a little bit more specific. Then they'll ask a question and that question is the key. That is where you can find the topic.


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[Assistant] of the passage. It introduces or sets up the topic of the passage.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now we're getting into what the passage is actually about. There are many kinds of animals, but only a few kinds of animal doctors. They are called veterinarians. Veterinarians. That's a difficult word we talked about before.


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[Assistant] And they have to know a lot. They have to know a lot of things. Okay? So that's our subject. We're talking, we're going to be talking about veterinarians.


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[Assistant] Now if you have a hard time again pronouncing that word, it's a good idea to try to practice that word so you can pronounce it well. But like we saw before, a lot of people will just say vet or vets for the plural. Vets. They are called vets or veterinarians.


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[Assistant] So, uh, here we see there are many kinds of animals, just like there are many kinds of people, but only a few kinds of animal doctors, right? You don't have a different doctor for each type of animal, there's just a few kinds of animal doctors. But they're all called veterinarians. Just like you have many different types of doctors for people,


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[Assistant] Uh, you have special names for them, sure. Uh, for example, surgeon, uh, pediatrician, uh, those are special types of doctors, but they're all doctors. Same idea here, veterinarians, uh, means animal doctor.


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[Assistant] They have to know a lot, of course. These doctors have to know a lot.


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[Assistant] Most vets care for our pets. Most vets specialize in caring for pets. But other type of veterinarians might specialize in farm animals. Right? That's a different type of veterinarian. Okay? But most vets care for our pets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because they are so close to us, we take good care of our pets. So they, not, when they hear, because they are so close to us, we're not talking about vets, we're talking about pets, right? They refers back to pets.


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[Assistant] Why? Because they're so close to us. We need to take good care of them, right? So we need to take them to the vet at least once a year because that means we're taking good care of our pets. We're making sure there's no problems with our pets.


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's take a look. This is a veterinarian caring for the dog. Looks like the dog is in for a checkup. The dog is very relaxed, right? This is a good veterinarian.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, treating the dog, she's listening for the heartbeat, right? Making sure the heart is beating correctly. Maybe listening to the lungs. And at the end of the checkup, or maybe during the checkup, she's, you know, petting the dog and encouraging it, right? Because the doggy doesn't understand what it's doing there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the veterinarian, a good veterinarian, will treat the dog well during the checkup.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, like people, they need regular checkups to make sure they are healthy. In fact, they are cared for much the same as people. Now, we have the video to break it up, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't need to be confused here because we have they.


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[Assistant] Sometimes we're not sure what they, a pronoun, refers back to. Of course, in this case, they refer back to pets, right? We just saw the video of the pets. So, like people, pets need regular checkups to make sure pets are healthy.


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[Assistant] Of course you don't want to keep repeating pets pets pets, so that's why we use pronouns.


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[Assistant] But be careful to make sure that you know what noun


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[Assistant] Uh, proper noun, that pronoun refers back...


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[Assistant] In fact, they, pets, are cared for much the same as people.


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[Assistant] So when the dog or the cat or your pet, whatever it is, goes to the veterinarian, they're cared for in much the same way that people are. And you saw the doctor listening to the heart of the dog. And that's what doctors do too, to people. They will listen to your heartbeat to make sure it's okay. Because if you think about it,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our bodies are very similar to animals, right? We are just another type of animal, really. We have hearts.


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[Assistant] Pets have hearts. We have lungs. Pets have lungs. Right? We have skin. Pets have skin. So, a lot of the procedures, or a lot of the, uh, checkup, uh, is the same, uh, same thing. Uh, much the same as people. Not exactly the same, but pretty similar.


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[Assistant] They get vaccines to keep them from getting sick, they have surgery, and they even wear a cast if they break a leg. These are more examples of how treating for sick or injured, uh, pets is the same as people. It's the same.


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[Assistant] They get vaccines. Pets, of course. We're still talking about pets, right? They still refer back to pets. Pets get vaccines to keep them from getting sick.


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[Assistant] People get vaccines to keep us from getting sick.


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[Assistant] They, pets, have surgery. People have surgery. And they, pets, even wear a cast if they break a leg. Well, it's the same thing with people. So in many ways, uh, treating for pets is the same as treating for people in many ways.


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[Assistant] All animals are not treated the same. Each one gets different sicknesses, eats different foods, and behaves differently.


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[Assistant] Uh, that has to know what is right for each and every pet they see. So even though some of the treatment is similar, right, you do the same thing if the pet has a broken leg, maybe you give surgery on different types of pets for maybe the same problem, right, those things are similar.


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[Assistant] If you think about it, it's not all the same, right? Because a dog, of course, is different from a cat. And a bird is different from a dog as well, right? So depending on what kind of animal you have, or even if it's a veterinarian who doesn't take care of pets, but takes care of farm animals like cows and horses,


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[Assistant] There will be different procedures because, uh, the sickness of a cow, you know, cows will get certain diseases that dogs don't get.


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[Assistant] Pigs get certain sicknesses that, uh, cats don't get.


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[Assistant] So they get different sicknesses. They, of course, they eat different foods. The cows don't eat dog food. I don't know what they do with dog food. Okay? And of course they behave differently also.


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[Assistant] Cows don't sit and come when we call them. Okay?


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[Assistant] Okay, but, so because there's many different types of animals, different behaviors, different diets, a vet has to know what is right for each and every pet they see.


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[Assistant] It's not just pet either. Cows are not pets, right? So it's not just pets. But vets will treat pets and they'll also treat farm animals. So a vet has to know all these different things.


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[Assistant] Right, so it's a little bit more complicated than just being a doctor.


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[Assistant] Treating farm animals can be weird, right? And maybe a little negative too. Treating farm animals can be weird. What's an example? Can you imagine putting your hand up a cow's bottom? Gross.


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[Assistant] Vets do it to pregnant cows to make sure their calves are growing right.


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[Assistant] So the vet will put her hand or his hand up the cow's bottom.


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[Assistant] To check on the calf, the baby cow inside the mama cow.


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[Assistant] Right? To make sure that it's okay. Of course they don't just stick their hand in. They usually put a really long plastic glove in there, because you don't want to put your bare hand in there. That's gross, right?


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[Assistant] Uh, what do you say, yuck you walk, right? Okay, so, but they have to do that because they have to make sure that the baby cow is in the right position and that it's growing correctly.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's kind of weird, that's what they're talking about. Can you imagine doing that? Well, vets do it a lot to pregnant cows, because they want to make sure that the babies are okay.


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[Assistant] Next, there is one thing most animals have in common. They hate going to the vet. Here's a tip for bringing your cat to the vet. Now, many pets, if they know you're going to take it to the vet, they don't want to go because


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[Assistant] And like I said before, animals usually don't like to go there. They don't understand what's going on. They go there, they know that there's other animals there. Some of those animals seem to be being hurt because they're getting shot or maybe they're having surgery.


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[Assistant] So they can sense that. And they also, it's kind of strange, there's a strange person touching them and doing strange things to them and maybe hurting them by giving them a shot. And they remember that. And they don't want to go back.


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[Assistant] So they hate going to the vet. And that's one thing that all, most animals, not all animals, but most animals have in common. They all share that memory.


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[Assistant] So, here's a tip. Here's a tip means here's good advice.


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[Assistant] If you have a cat that hates going to the vet, really doesn't want to go,


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[Assistant] What's some good advice for bringing your cat to the vet?


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[Assistant] Putting a cat in a carrier can be tough, right? If you want to take your cat, you know, you put it in the carrier, the cat doesn't want to get in the carrier. It's a small space and the cat doesn't feel comfortable and the cat remembers, ah, if I go in the carrier, I'm going to that bad place where that person's going to stick me and hurt me.


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[Assistant] So when they see the carrier, they start fighting. They run away and they start fighting you, scratching you, right?


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[Assistant] Well, put them in backward. In other words, take the cat


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[Assistant] And don't, don't let the cat see the carrier and put the cat in backwards. Not in the front, but in backwards.


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[Assistant] That way, they don't know where they are going. They can't see where you're putting them until it's too late. You put them in the carrier, like, oh, I'm in the carrier. Clip, and then you got them in the carrier. You put them in front first, they're like, no, I don't want to go there.


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[Assistant] But if you put them in backwards, they don't know until they're in the carrier. That's what they're saying. This is a tip, some advice for putting in, uh, a nervous cat into a carrier.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's talk about the story. How well do you remember the passage, the reading passage? Well again, question number one is usually about the topic. This story is about


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[Assistant] Beep. Right, what is this story about? This story is about A. Doctors B. Pets C. How vets care for animals or D. How to care for your pets.


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[Assistant] So is this story about doctors? No, it started out talking about doctors, but remember, that was the technique the writer was using. Starting off with something general, but getting to the subject, right? What about animals? Right? So we're not talking about doctors for like, uh, doctors who take care of people.


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[Assistant] We're not talking about pets, right? We're not talking about pets, we're talking about the people who take care of pets.


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[Assistant] C is our answer. How vets care for animals. This story is about how vets care for animals because that's what we learned about, right? We saw how do vets care for animals.


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[Assistant] D, how to care for your pets. That means how, how you care for your pets. How to care for your pets. That's not what we were talking about. We were talking about how vets care for animals. Not how you take care of your animals, but how veterinarians take care of animals. So that is the subject of our reading passage. Okay, next one, number two.


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[Assistant] Like people. So we talked about this. Uh, caring for pets is sometimes similar to caring for people. So, like people, animals, what? What's one way, uh, that animals and people are the same? A. Hate going to the vet.


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[Assistant] Now, this could be a little bit tricky. Like people, animals hate going to the vet. Now maybe a lot of people hate going to the doctor. But people don't hate going to the vet. They don't care. Because the vet is not going to treat them. Right? So that doesn't make sense. Right?


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[Assistant] Like people, animals are all treated the same. No. People are not treated the same. Animals are not treated the same. There are different types of people. There are different types of animal.


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[Assistant] Animals, so they're not all treated the same. There might be some similar ways, but they're not all treated the same.


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[Assistant] Like people, animals, what? Get vaccines. Is that true?


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[Assistant] Yes, that is true. People get vaccines. Animals will also get vaccines. That is one of the ways that caring medical care for people and animals are the same. We saw different, different, uh, examples. Vaccine is one of them. Uh, breaking a leg is another one. Having surgery is another one. Those were all in the reading passage.


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[Assistant] What is an important part of keeping our pets healthy? What is an important part of keeping our pets healthy?


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[Assistant] A different foods are an important part of keeping our pets healthy. Did the reading passage talk about that? No, the reading passage didn't say anything about, uh, giving your pet different foods. It didn't talk about that.


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[Assistant] Stomach aches are an important part. What? Stomach aches are an important part of being healthy? That's crazy. That doesn't make sense.


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[Assistant] Treating farm animals is an important part of keeping our pets healthy.


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[Assistant] How does treating farm animals affect our pets at home? It doesn't match. There's no connection.


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[Assistant] So, as we can see, B is the only correct answer. Regular checkups are an important part of keeping our pets healthy. By the way, regular checkups is also an important part of keeping you healthy, ourselves healthy. So make sure you visit a doctor at least once a year. Okay, next one. Number four.


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[Assistant] A vet has to know more than a doctor because. Why does a vet, a veterinarian, have to know more than a doctor? Why? Well, the passage said something about that. A, all animals get sick. B, animals need surgery sometimes.


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[Assistant] That's not true. Some animals don't get sick. They go through their lives without getting sick.


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[Assistant] Animals need surgery sometimes. So what? People need surgery sometimes too. So that doesn't make sense. Animals need vaccines. Well again, people need vaccines too. So it doesn't explain why a vet needs to know more than doctors. What about D?


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[Assistant] Ah, okay, sure, there are many kinds of people, but they're just usually, people are pretty much the same, they're just different stages, right? Baby, children, teenager, and adults, right?


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[Assistant] There's a much difference, there's a lot of difference between, uh, a cat and a dog. There's more difference between a cat and a dog than there is between a baby, uh, human being and an adult human being, right? So vets need to know about all these different types of animals. So that's the answer, D.


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[Assistant] That has to know more than a doctor because there are many kinds of animals. And that was in the reading passage.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that wraps it up for this lesson.


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[Assistant] In this lesson, we learned a little bit more about veterinarians, right? Veterinarians are special doctors


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[Assistant] Who take care of animals, especially pets. But remember, there are other types of veterinarians, too, that take care of farm animals. And maybe some veterinarians that take care of certain special animals, maybe at zoos or at circuses, for example. And these are different types of animals than maybe farm animals or the animals in your house.


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[Assistant] Okay, there are many different, there's a few different types of vets. Vets have to know a lot.


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[Assistant] If you're considering becoming a veterinarian, this might be of an interesting passage to you. You have to study hard, you have to know a lot about animals, and more importantly, you have to love animals and love taking care of animals. If you do, why not consider becoming a vet? It could be a very rewarding career for you.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that about wraps it up for today. We'll see you guys next time. Take care everybody.


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[Assistant] Taylor, the person that cooks the least impressive dish in round two, will be going home.


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[Assistant] Which came first, the chicken or the egg? There were thousands of dishes that you could have chosen.


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[Assistant] On paper, this dish is a very, very good dish. Execution-wise, not so much.


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[Assistant] If I call your name, you cooked one of the five least impressive dishes and therefore you are in round two.


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[Assistant] And Linda, you are in round two.


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[Assistant] But the fact that a yolk can give a sauce that much body and that much velvety texture is deeply impressive. She really knows how to make a really great egg noodle. So simple, but I would eat it again and again and again and again and again.


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[Assistant] Your chicken was beautifully spiced and your shawarma was perfectly balanced.


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[Assistant] But the real hero was the soft-poached egg.


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[Assistant] Enough. What a hot face we have here.


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[Assistant] Today, your first elimination, we've had some chicken that has been cooked expertly, perfectly.


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[Assistant] Yeah, look. Custard has just fallen out everywhere, so it's non-existent.


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[Assistant] I can't believe how much this dish rides on that poachie, eh?


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, Trent. Unfortunately, your chicken...


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[Assistant] It's been great to meet you mate, and we wish you all the best. But unfortunately, now it's time to go.


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[Assistant] I think it's incredible that people have discovered their inner cooks.


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[Assistant] And it's another homage to vegetable.


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[Assistant] And in flavor, it's all about injecting more flavor into vegetables.


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[Assistant] I'll tell you what kids love is fritters.


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[Assistant] If I do need to choose, it takes me back to my childhood.


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[Assistant] My grandma was from Italy and she used to make gnocchiala romana.


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[Assistant] Which are lovely little semolina dumplings that are just grilled with cheese and butter.


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[Assistant] So it's got tomato paste, Szechuan peppers, chilies.


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[Assistant] Pungent, it's wonderful, it could go on almost anything. I've got Chipotle peanut.


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[Assistant] Which are obviously peanuts cooked with smoky chipotle chilies and it's got sweetness, it's got the heat of chili and it's got smoke. And I've got fenugreek marinade. It's quite harsh. It's got raw garlic, fenugreek, but so it's a little bit bitter, so it needs a little bit of cooking. All of them are pungent and delicious.


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[Assistant] What are you going to use that for today? I'm going to take some tofu, some shiitake mushroom, chestnuts and pine nuts, and I'm going to stuff little lettuce leaves with this mix.


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[Assistant] And then cook it like potstickers, like gyoza essentially. And serve it with a numbing oil and a bit of soy sauce as a real simple starter.


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[Assistant] I'm going to use it to cook some prawns. It's absolutely fantastic.


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[Assistant] Of course, so for my starter I made these lettuce pot stickers. They're stuffed with tofu, shiitake mushroom, chestnuts, pine nuts, and


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[Assistant] Then I made these prawns with the fenugreek marinade. And for pudding, I made a tapioca pudding.


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[Assistant] With the chipotle peanuts on top, passion fruit, lychee, lime, pandan. That's it.


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[Assistant] Dan's under there, what else do you need? Kicking ourselves in the first round of the cook, we've got Dan on the entree, Trina on the main, Therese on dessert.


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[Assistant] Are you good with this? Chocolate ganache? Is it in? No. This is the one thing that we need you to do. Just want a bit more peanut through the dish because we haven't got a huge amount.


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[Assistant] We have fenugreek marinated chicken with a herb pomegranate and lentil salad. And we have a chipotle and peanut dessert with flavors of Jaffa.


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[Assistant] They're not cooked, they're not cooked. Same, longer. Last minute, yeaah, take it out. Oh man, this is mental.


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[Assistant] It's unreal watching Massimo today. He's an absolute weapon. What he whips out is just epic.


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[Assistant] I'm looking down at Katrina and I'm worried because there's a lot of creme anglaise. This is a bread challenge. If bread doesn't shine, she's in big trouble.


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[Assistant] Yes. Hohohohohohohohoho.


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[Assistant] So, sometimes I get angry, and it took me many years to be able to say just those words. In my work,


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[Assistant] Sometimes my body thrums. I'm so enraged.


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[Assistant] But no matter how justified my anger has been throughout my life,


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[Assistant] I've always been led to understand that my anger is an exaggeration, a misrepresentation, that it will make me rude and unlikable.


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[Assistant] Mainly as a girl, I learned, as a girl, that anger is an emotion better left entirely unvoiced.


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[Assistant] Think about my mother for a minute. When I was 15, I came home from school one day and she was standing on a long veranda outside of our kitchen, holding a giant stack of plates.


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[Assistant] Now you can see, you can see how a child would look at an incident like this and think that anger is silent and isolating, destructive and even frightening.


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[Assistant] Anger is a human emotion, neither good nor bad.


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[Assistant] It is actually a signal emotion. It warns us of indignity, threat, insult and harm.


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[Assistant] And yet, in culture after culture, anger is reserved as the moral property of boys and men.


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[Assistant] Now, to be sure, there are differences. So in the United States, for example, an angry black man is viewed as a criminal, but an angry white man has civic virtue.


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[Assistant] Regardless of where we are, however, the emotion is gendered. And so we teach children


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[Assistant] To disdain anger in girls and women and we grow up to be adults that penalize it. So what if we didn't do that?


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[Assistant] What if we didn't sever anger from femininity? Because severing anger from femininity means we sever girls and women from the emotion that best protects us from injustice. What if instead we thought about developing emotional competence for boys and girls?


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[Assistant] The fact is, we still remarkably socialize children in very binary and oppositional ways. Boys are held to


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[Assistant] Absurd, rigid norms of masculinity told to sort of renounce the feminine emotionality of sadness or fear and to embrace aggression and anger as markers of real manhood. On the other hand, girls learn to be deferential and anger is incompatible with deference.


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[Assistant] In the same way that we learn to cross our legs and tame our hair, we learn to bite our tongues and swallow our pride.


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[Assistant] What happens too often is that for all of us, indignity becomes imminent in our notions of femininity.


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[Assistant] There's a long personal and political tale to that bifurcation.


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[Assistant] In anger, we go from being spoiled princesses and hormonal teens to high-maintenance women and shrill, ugly nags. We have flavors, though. Pick your flavor.


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[Assistant] Are you a spicy hot Latina when you're mad? Or a sad Asian girl?


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[Assistant] But in fact, the effect is that when we say what's important to us, which is what anger is conveying, people are more likely to get angry at us for being angry. Whether we're at home or in school or at work or in a political arena,


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[Assistant] Anger confirms masculinity, and it confounds femininity. So men are rewarded for displaying it, and women are penalized for doing the same.


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[Assistant] This puts us at an enormous disadvantage, particularly when we have to defend ourselves and our own interests.


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[Assistant] If we're faced with a threatening street harasser, a predatory employer, a sexist racist classmate, our brains are screaming, are you kidding me? And our mouths say, I'm sorry, what? Right?


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[Assistant] And it's conflicting, because the anger gets all tangled up with the anxiety and the fear and the risk and retaliation. If you ask women what they fear the most in response to their anger, they don't say violence. They say mockery. Think about what that means.


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[Assistant] If you have multiple marginalized identities, it's not just mockery. If you defend yourself, if you put a stake in the ground, there can be dire consequences.


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[Assistant] Now, we reproduce these patterns not in big, bold and blunt ways, but in the everyday banality of life.


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[Assistant] When my daughter was in preschool, every single morning, she built an elaborate castle, ribbons and blocks, and every single morning, the same boy knocked it down gleefully.


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[Assistant] His parents were there, but they never intervened before the fact.


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[Assistant] They were happy to provide platitudes afterwards.


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[Assistant] Boys will be boys. It's so tempting. He just couldn't help himself. I did.


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[Assistant] What many girls and women learn to do. I preemptively kept the peace and I taught my daughter to do the same thing. She used her words. She tried to gently body block him.


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[Assistant] She moved where she was building in the classroom to no effect.


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[Assistant] So I and the other adults mutually constructed a particular male entitlement. He could run rampant and control the environment,


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[Assistant] And she kept her feelings to herself and worked around his needs. We failed both of them.


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[Assistant] By not giving her anger the uptake and resolution that it deserved.


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[Assistant] Now that's a microcosm of a much bigger problem.


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[Assistant] We preference the performance of masculinity and the power and privilege that come with that performance over the rights and needs and words of children and women.


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[Assistant] So it will come as absolutely no surprise, probably, to the people in this room that women report being angrier.


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[Assistant] In more sustained ways and with more intensity than men do.


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[Assistant] But we also have to find socially palatable ways to express the intensity of emotion that we have.


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[Assistant] And the awareness that it brings of our precarity. So we do several things.


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[Assistant] If men knew how often women were filled with white hot rage when we cried, they would be staggered.


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[Assistant] We use minimizing language. We're frustrated. No, really, it's okay.


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[Assistant] We self-objectify and lose the ability to even recognize the physiological changes that indicate anger. Mainly, though, we get sick.


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[Assistant] Anger has now been implicated in a whole array of illnesses that are casually dismissed as women's illnesses. Higher rates of chronic pain, autoimmune disorders, disordered eating.


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[Assistant] Mental distress, anxiety, self-harm, depression.


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[Assistant] Anger affects our immune systems, our cardiovascular systems. Some studies even indicate that it affects mortality rates, particularly in black women with cancer.


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[Assistant] There is anger that's acceptable. We can be angry when we stay in our lanes and buttress a status quo as mothers or teachers.


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[Assistant] We can be angry at our mothers, let's say as teenagers. Patriarchal rules and regulations, we don't blame systems, we blame them. We can be angry at other women, because who doesn't love a good cat fight?


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[Assistant] And we can be angry at men with lower status in an expressive hierarchy that supports racism or xenophobia.


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[Assistant] But we have an enormous power in this. Because feelings are the purview of our authority, and people are uncomfortable with our anger,


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[Assistant] We should be making people comfortable with the discomfort they feel when women say no unapologetically.


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[Assistant] We can take emotions and think in terms of competence and not gender.


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[Assistant] People who are able to process their anger and make meaning from it are more creative, more optimistic, they have more intimacy, they're better problem solvers, they have greater political efficacy.


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[Assistant] Now, I'm a woman writing about women and feelings, so very few men with power are going to take what I'm saying seriously as a matter of politics.


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[Assistant] We think of politics and anger in terms of the contempt and disdain and fury that are feeding a rise of macho fascism in the world.


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[Assistant] It's related to compassion and empathy and love. And we should recognize that anger as well.


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[Assistant] It's that, it exactly shows how seriously we take ourselves and we expect other people to take us seriously as well. When that happens,


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[Assistant] Chances are very good that women will be able to smile when they want to.


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[Assistant] 1B, Unit 10. Dance your fingers.


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[Assistant] Green team's on the board. Let's get it! If I get the second point, we're in a really, really good position here. I'm pretty happy with my fillet. Got all the bones out, so should be good to go.


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[Assistant] In the second round, going up against Scott and Sabina.


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[Assistant] The only thing we are doing is filleting this fish and cooking it.


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[Assistant] Probably about 40 seconds of holding it down and then I'll turn it and I'll finish just in the warming pan.


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[Assistant] The amazing things about the underbench staples is that you can make so many things out of that. It caters to sweet and savory as well. These are things that people find everyday in their homes.


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[Assistant] Because usually my cooking style is kind of an Asian fusion twist. I kept it very simple today. Doing a simple dish like this, I've got nowhere to hide. All the elements have to actually be pretty much perfect.


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[Assistant] Today I've made a ricotta ravioli with a society garlic whey broth and a basil oil.


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[Assistant] It's ricotta and fried onion portolini with a burnt butter sword and a candy chilli on top.


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[Assistant] There were so many strong cooks today and to be amongst the top five.


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[Assistant] The chili jam is burnt. I cannot serve that, but I want that sweet spicy element to go with the rest of the dish. I have one chili left. So my immediate thought is to make candy chilies. I just hope I'll be able to get it done.


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[Assistant] Hello young explorers, welcome to X-Radio. Koalas are mammals native to Australia. They mainly feed on leaves. A special system inside their bodies enables them to process their diet.


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[Assistant] Female koalas have a pouch on their bellies. Babies are braised there.


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[Assistant] A mother mostly gives birth to one baby at a time. At birth, the tiny creature instinctively crawls toward the pouch using its strong front legs. It stays there for about seven months to one year.


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[Assistant] A newborn koala is only the size of a bean. It has no hair, no ears, and is blind. At this time, it only feeds on its mother's milk.


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[Assistant] It helps the baby develop the ability to process the leaves. At about seven months the young koala leaves the pouch to eat leaves, but it still returns to drink milk.


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[Assistant] At about one year old, it stops drinking milk and only eats leaves. Well, young explorers, thanks for listening! See you next time!


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[Assistant] Just wanna ride on my motorcycle.


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[Assistant] Cause I'd rather ride on my motorcycle.


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[Assistant] This pasta dough needs to come together really quickly so we have enough time to both rest it, roll it out and dry it out.


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[Assistant] I'm just rushing a bit because I know time's not on my side. I think he just pushed it. I roll it out. Oh my god. It's held its shape.


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[Assistant] If it's not up to shape, then it's not gonna cook evenly.


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[Assistant] It's time for the lamb to come out of the pressure cooker. Is that coming apart?


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[Assistant] Or are there other people here that are a little bit disappointed with democracy?


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[Assistant] So let's look at a few numbers. If we look across the world,


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[Assistant] And we look at people that participated in EU parliamentary elections. The median turnout in those elections is just 42%. Now let's go to New York.


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[Assistant] And let's see how many people voted in the last election for mayor.


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[Assistant] Nowadays, people use likes to target propaganda at you before they use your zip code or your gender or your age. Because the idea of targeting people with propaganda for political purposes is as old as politics.


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[Assistant] And the reason why that idea is there is because democracy has a basic vulnerability. This is the idea of a representative. In principle, democracy is the ability of people to exert power.


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[Assistant] But in practice, we have to delegate that power to a representative that can exert that power for us. That representative is a bottleneck or a weak spot.


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[Assistant] It is the place that you want to target if you want to attack democracy.


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[Assistant] Because you can capture democracy by either capturing that representative or capturing the way that people choose it. So the big question is, is this the end of history? Is this the best that we can do? Or actually, are there alternatives?


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[Assistant] Some people have been thinking about alternatives, and one of the ideas that is out there is the idea of direct democracy.


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[Assistant] If you look at the 114th US Congress, you would have seen that the House of Representatives considered more than 6,000 bills, the Senate considered more than 3,000 bills, and they approved more than 300 laws.


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[Assistant] So there's a big cognitive bandwidth problem if we're going to try to think about direct democracy as a viable alternative.


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[Assistant] But this idea also doesn't solve the problem of the cognitive bandwidth, and to be honest, it's also quite similar to the idea of having a representative. So what I'm going to do today is I'm going to be a little bit provocative, and I'm going to ask you, well, what if instead of trying to bypass politicians, we try to automate them?


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[Assistant] The winner of that industrial award was Joseph Marie Jacquard.


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[Assistant] He could now make fabrics that were more complex and more sophisticated than the ones that were able to do by hand.


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[Assistant] The way that we automate things for the last 300 years has always been the same. We first identify a need,


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[Assistant] Then we create a tool to satisfy that need, like the loom in this case.


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[Assistant] And then we study how people use that tool to automate that user. That's how we came from the mechanical loom to the autonomous loom. And that took us a thousand years.


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[Assistant] Now it's taking us only a hundred years to use the same script to automate the car.


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[Assistant] But the thing is that this time around, automation is kind of for real.


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[Assistant] This is a video that a colleague of mine from Toshiba shared with me that shows a factory that manufactures solid-state drives.


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[Assistant] The entire factory is a robot. There are no humans in that factory.


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[Assistant] And the robots are soon to leave the factories and become part of our world, become part of our workforce. So what I'm doing in my day job is actually create tools that integrate data for entire countries so that we can ultimately have the foundations that we need for a future in which we need to manage also those machines.


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[Assistant] Are designed for executive decisions. These are decisions that can be cast in some sort of term of objectivity. Public investment decisions. But there are decisions that are legislative.


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[Assistant] And if we would have that technology, we'd be able to offload some of the communication and help maybe make better decisions or decisions at a larger scale.


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[Assistant] We use software agents to choose the way that we're going to drive to a certain location, the music that we're going to listen to, or to get suggestions for the next books that we should read.


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[Assistant] A steam engine with a loom at the time of Jakarta. And that idea is combining direct democracy with software agents.


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[Assistant] Imagine for a second a world in which instead of having a representative that represents you and millions of other peoples, you can have a representative that represents only you.


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[Assistant] With your nuanced political views, that weird combination of libertarian and liberal and maybe a little bit conservative on some issues and maybe very progressive on others. Politicians nowadays are packages and they're full of compromises.


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[Assistant] But you might have someone that can represent only you if you're willing to give up the idea that that representative is a human.


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[Assistant] In fact, thinking of a robot coming from the future to help us run our governments sounds terrifying. But we've been there before. And actually, he was quite a nice guy.


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[Assistant] How would the Jacquard Loom version of this idea would look like? So it would be a very simple system.


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[Assistant] Imagine a system that you log in and you create your avatar, and then you're going to start training your avatar.


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[Assistant] So you can provide your avatar with your reading habits, or connect it to your social media, or you can connect it, you know, to other data, for example, by taking psychological tests.


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[Assistant] And the nice thing about this is that there's no deception. You are not providing data to communicate with your friends and family that then gets used, you know, in a political system. You are providing data to a system that is designed to be used to make political decisions on your behalf.


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[Assistant] And eventually you can audit the system. You can see how your avatar is working, and if you like it, you can leave it on autopilot. If you want to be a little more controlling, you can actually choose that they ask you every time that they're going to make a decision, or you can be anywhere in between. One of the reasons why we use democracy so little may be


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[Assistant] Because democracy has a very bad user interface.


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[Assistant] And if we improve the user interface of democracy, we might be able to use it more. Of course, there's a lot of questions that you might have.


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[Assistant] Well, how do you train these avatars? How do you keep the data secure? How do you keep the systems distributed and auditable? How about my grandmother that is 80 years old and doesn't know how to use the internet? Trust me, I've heard them all.


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[Assistant] So, when you think about an idea like this, you have to beware of pessimists, because they're known to have a problem for every solution.


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[Assistant] So what I want to invite you is to think about the bigger ideas. The questions that I just showed you.


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[Assistant] Our little ideas, because our questions about how this would not work.


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[Assistant] The big ideas are ideas of what else can you do with this if this would happen to work? And one of those ideas is, well, who writes the laws? In the beginning, we could have the avatars that we already have,


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[Assistant] Voting on laws that are written by the senators or politicians that we already have. But if this were to work, you could write an algorithm that could try to write a law


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[Assistant] That would get a certain percentage of approval, and you could reverse the process. Now, you might think that this idea is ludicrous and we should not do it, but you cannot deny that it's an idea that is only possible in a world in which direct democracy and software agents are a viable form of participation.


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[Assistant] And we don't start this revolution with picket fences or protests or by demanding our current politicians to be changed into robots. That's not going to work.


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[Assistant] And as we create those systems that have a hundred people, a thousand people, a hundred thousand people voting in ways that are not politically binding, we're going to develop trust in this idea, the world is going to change, and those that are as little as my daughter is right now are going to grow up.


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[Assistant] Good luck today, everyone. It's gonna be a tough one. We'll do it.


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[Assistant] Hardly. In fact, your sanity may be paramount to mankind's survival.


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[Assistant] And of all the things to fear, a specter in a green hood standing before you may be the least of them.


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[Assistant] Even as I stand before you, an act of unspeakable evil has begun to manifest. Armageddon is fast approaching.


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[Assistant] But you know this. You have the dreams.


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[Assistant] I am the spirit of God's righteous vengeance. The Spectre.


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[Assistant] Long ago, I would have judged swiftly, with clarity, but my faculties are not what they once were.


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[Assistant] In order to carry out my task, I must anchor myself to a human whose soul seeks justice.


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[Assistant] Because I came too late in search of the dreamer Wesley Dodds. He saw tomorrow with a power he did not understand. But passed to you nonetheless.


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[Assistant] Now your dreams will guide us both. In order to fulfill my mission.


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[Assistant] That is not my task. Once, Earth boasted other saviors who might have stemmed the tide of destruction.


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[Assistant] But as you will see, they are no longer the solution.


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[Assistant] They are in many ways, the problem.


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[Assistant] We cannot be seen or heard, not even by him. The farmer looks familiar. He should, though he is not of this world. He came to earth with powers and abilities far beyond those of mortal men.


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[Assistant] Felt the crush of Superman's greatest and most necessary failing. His inability to perceive himself as the inspiration that he is. The shock of seeing Superman abandon his never-ending battle took an immeasurable toll on his peers, his friends.


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[Assistant] Some, their spirit stripped, chose Superman's path, and retired. Others, unable to turn their backs completely on the world they knew, continue to use their special abilities to champion order, though in some most clandestine ways.


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[Assistant] In the time of Superman's absence, Keystone City has become a utopia, a protectorate, relentlessly patrolled by a gale force once human. No one sees him. No one hears him. He runs a lonely race.


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[Assistant] But all who live here have felt his presence. He is everywhere at once. A guardian angel who writes even the most harmless of wrongs with lightning speed.


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[Assistant] He lives between the ticks of a second. He is the flesh.


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[Assistant] Some call her a savior. Others, an environmental terrorist.


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[Assistant] There, the Green Lantern, protector of Sector 2814, commands a lonely throne, ever vigilant, ever waiting, for signs of threats extraterrestrial.


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[Assistant] He waits still. The gods of yesteryear, apart from the common man they once gladly served, have left humanity to its own fate.


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[Assistant] Time has little meaning where we walk, Norman McKay. We move freely from moment to moment.


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[Assistant] Refugees of the outside world, hoping to escape its chaos.


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[Assistant] Batman's body has finally failed him after years of battle and strain. His brace allows him to move as he once did.


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[Assistant] Eternal Princess of the Amazons, she is both an ambassador of peace and a master of warfare.


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[Assistant] Come. We have spent too much time wallowing in sin. There are other players that demand our attention.


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[Assistant] I see many things, Norman McKay. But the future is not one of them.


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[Assistant] I do not lead you. You lead me inexorably to an imminent hour, when judgment must be passed, and justice served. Only you foresee the road to Ragnarok.


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[Assistant] Within two weeks of its construction, it filled beyond capacity. Still, the walls hold.


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[Assistant] Thanks in no small part to the Gulag's architect and warden. Once the greatest escape artist of three worlds, Scott Free is an unparalleled master of bonds and tracts.


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[Assistant] Under his command, guards stand ever vigilant over the belligerent and the repentant.


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[Assistant] Yes, his role in this war remains a mystery, even to the old wizard who first called down the thunder for him. Even now, the wizard pleads for understanding, for help from his brethren.


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[Assistant] The galactic lords and immortals who are the quintessence of all power cosmic. Shazam. Ganthot. The phantom stranger. Zeus. High Father. A group that congregates, perhaps to prevent each other from interfering.


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[Assistant] Fearing that they may only make things worse. And now, myself. Excuse me for a moment, Norman McKay. I must confer with the others.


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[Assistant] In this form, in every man, someone who so desperately longed to understand the human psyche, that he finally, in one terrible moment, opened his mind to the world, and was forever shattered by its thoughts. He was once the Martian manhunter. Now he is not much of anything.


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[Assistant] What? Judgment has come, Norman McKay. The hour tolls. Our entire journey has brought us to this moment.


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[Assistant] If it drops, the superhumans will surely die. But humanity will be spared their violence. If not, they will live on. To fight a battle that will, in time, swallow the earth.


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[Assistant] In either case, we face the evil of genocide. And my task is to punish those responsible for evil.


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[Assistant] Almost certainly to confront his human attackers. He feels completely alone. He need not.


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[Assistant] There were survivors, sheltered under the shields of the green lanterns, spirited away by others.


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[Assistant] They are fewer in number, and their pain is great, but their war is over.


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[Assistant] Judgment has been passed. I am no longer needed. Farewell, Norman McKay.


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[Assistant] After ten years, he has finally let free a wrath that could cower Satan himself.


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[Assistant] No one needs suffer any further for the tragedies we have witnessed, Norman McKay. Do not mock me.


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[Assistant] Excellent question. Be well, Norman McKay.


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[Assistant] You have watched the titans walk the earth. You have kept stride. Perhaps you are more like them than you realize. You exist. To give hope.


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[Assistant] By editing DNA and the genes contained within it, the field of genetic engineering is allowing us to change the nature of living beings. That can sound a little scary, and it's certainly not without its controversy. But done correctly, it could help us create more food,


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[Assistant] The world of genetic engineering revolves around DNA, a molecule found in nearly all the cells of most living things, which governs how those cells grow and function. At its simplest, it consists of two long sugar phosphate strands that spiral around one another in the famous double helix formation.


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[Assistant] The sequence of those bases makes up the organism's genes. And if the organism reproduces, it passes on some or all of those genes. There's a lot of cellular machinery that goes into translating the code from DNA.


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[Assistant] Or why sunflowers and roses have different types of petals. And humans have been tinkering with that DNA for thousands of years.


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[Assistant] To crossbreed the new weed with a shorter Japanese variety that was more resistant to falling over.


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[Assistant] We could tweak the development of certain plants for the production of biofuels.


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[Assistant] If we can edit the right genes, we could create large amounts of what are known as diatoms. Diatoms are special forms of algae with cell walls made of silica. They're literally living in glass houses. That special property gives diatoms lots of applications in nanoengineering.


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[Assistant] They can be arranged onto surfaces to produce biosensors, used to detect explosives, or sent to deliver drugs inside the body. Genetic engineering could help synthesize and manipulate diatoms more efficiently. And the medical benefits aren't limited to delivering drugs.


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[Assistant] Which can, in turn, produce the chemicals used in pharmaceutical drugs. For example, the enzyme P450 is used to create drugs for cancer treatment.


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[Assistant] Researchers can create factories of genetically engineered bacteria that generate P450 in greater amounts. This type of strategy can make the drug production process much more efficient.


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[Assistant] On a genetic level, it's like removing an entire disease. Of course, many are concerned that genetic engineering would be used to modify humans for other traits, from the color of their hair and eyes to their intelligence. And whether or not that's something we want to do as a species is still being debated. But modern methods are far from delivering that kind of control.


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[Assistant] While certain diseases are already being tackled with current techniques. So genetic engineering has an enormous amount of potential.


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[Assistant] But the real challenge comes from how we actually chop and change genes. There are a few different ways geneticists do this, but two breakthrough techniques have blown the doors open in genetic engineering over the last decade. Optogenetics and CRISPR. Optogenetics involves modifying cells to make them sensitive to light.


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[Assistant] Studying the brain of those animals can help build a better model of our own. Essentially, we need to be able to turn individual brain cells on and off and see how that affects an animal's behavior to help understand how neurons work together throughout the body. Changing the variables and measuring the outcomes.


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[Assistant] That's the heart of scientific testing. Brain cells have certain proteins on their surfaces, called ion channel receptors, which are chemical channels into the cell that act like switches. They activate or deactivate brain cells when a chemical, like a neurotransmitter, hits them. Here's where it gets clever. Viruses are usually bad news for the organisms they're being hosted in.


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[Assistant] Certain viruses can attack a cell's DNA and insert rogue bits of genetic code, making the cell malfunction. But because some viruses can introduce DNA to cells, they can also be put to good use for genetic engineering purposes. For example, viruses modified to carry certain bits of DNA


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[Assistant] When they succeed in fighting off the invaders, enzymes in the cell actually take parts of the virus' DNA and store it within the cell. If another virus attacks later on, the bacteria produce special attack enzymes, known as Cas9, that carry around those stored bits of viral genetic code, like a mugshot. When Cas9 enzymes come across a virus,


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[Assistant] They see if the virus contains genetic information that matches the mugshot. If it's a match, the cas9 enzyme tops up the virus's DNA to neutralize the threat. These mechanisms are exactly what genetic engineers need.


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[Assistant] Genetic engineers have an incredibly versatile toolkit for editing genes in living beings. So among other things, CRISPR could help cure diseases like cancer, sickle cell disease, and certain kinds of muscular dystrophy. In theory, all you have to do…


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[Assistant] Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios, which also produces Deep Look.


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[Assistant] A show that explores big scientific mysteries by going very, very small. See the unseen, the very edge of our visible world.


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[Assistant] Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History. So we're going to turn our attention today to the Industrial Revolution, one of the most significant developments in human history. Like, imagine with me that it's 1820. I got this idea from the economist Robert Gordon, by the way. You live in, say,


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[Assistant] When you wash your few items of clothing, you do so by hand, you cook over a fire, you think of time not primarily in minutes and hours, but mostly in relationship to solar cycles.


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[Assistant] 1220. Now that's not to say that nothing has changed in those hundreds of years. As we've explored in this series, lots has changed.


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[Assistant] But as Gregory Clark observed, in terms of standard of living,


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[Assistant] Europeans in 1800 basically led lives similar to those of Neanderthals. Now imagine that you close your eyes in 1820 and wake up in 1920.


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[Assistant] By now, most people in England do not work in agriculture. They may work in shops or transportation or mining or workshops or in factories.


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[Assistant] They measure time in minutes. Cars exist. Some people have radios which transmit information through thin air.


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[Assistant] A few people even have refrigerators, which dramatically decrease food spoilage and the risk of foodborne illness.


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[Assistant] Occasionally, you might even see an airplane flying in the sky. Oh, and also, your country has just emerged from an astonishingly deadly war fought with highly lethal weapons like chlorine gas, weapons that people of 1820 could not possibly have imagined. Welcome to the Industrial Revolution.


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[Assistant] In this series, we've already talked about revolutions in agriculture that increased European productivity and revolutions in trade that increasingly distributed goods among people in towns and cities instead of having each individual family produce everything it needed.


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[Assistant] And these forces combined to help create more division of labor, like farmers could focus on farming and textile workers could focus on textile creation, which was more efficient than having each family do every kind of work. So let's begin in the 18th century, when European industrial production is said to have begun.


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[Assistant] Europe's population was growing after centuries of non-stop wars and plagues and the worst of the Little Ice Age.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, products such as coffee and tea and chocolate made with heated water killed bacteria, while products from abroad expanded and varied the pool of nutrients, with corn and potatoes, for instance,


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[Assistant] In short, lives were getting better and longer, and populations were rising. And this meant that, on average, people had a little more time to learn and tinker and experiment.


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[Assistant] Many different artisans invented small improvements to existing mechanical devices. Perhaps most famously, John Kay's flying shuttle increased the pace and productivity of weaving.


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[Assistant] Weaver's then needed a greater amount of thread.


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[Assistant] So tinkerers made that happen by producing inventions such as the Spinning Jenny, created around 1764 by craftsman James Hargreaves. The Spinning Jenny was a machine used by individual women working at home, and it allowed a person using just the power of their hand to spin not one bobbin of thread, but up to 120 at once. In England, Ellen Hacking and her husband John were among those devising carding machines to straighten cotton and wool fibers for spinning, and at about the same time,


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[Assistant] Richard Arkwright and his partners invented the water frame, another kind of spinning machine that used water power.


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[Assistant] And when spinning machines could be linked to a central power source, such as water, many could be placed in a single building. So the world's first factories arose in part from the pressure to increase production of English cloth for global and domestic markets. Did the center of the world just open?


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[Assistant] Is one of my polo shirts in there? This cost like $41. Twice a year I go to a polo outlet in southern Indiana and just buy as many of these things as they'll sell to me. And look, I'm not here to advertise polo shirts, but this thing is incredibly comfortable and also it's like dyed a specific color.


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[Assistant] Everything about this was completely unimaginable in the early 19th century. In fact, you know what? It's so soft to the touch, I think I'm gonna put it on. Is that weird? Oh yeah, I feel like I'm the bad guy in an 80s movie. How do I look, Stan? Oh.


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[Assistant] Stan says I look like Steve Bannon. Okay, thus ends that experiment. Back to the show. Let's talk about porcelain. Another tinkerer was the alchemist Johann Friedrich Boettger, who promised the king of Saxony that he could figure out how to make porcelain.


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[Assistant] Porcelain was such an obsession that wealthy people collected it, and even those with far less would try to buy a piece or two, like a cup or a plate.


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[Assistant] As we see in many Dutch, French, and other paintings. Two things you see a lot in European paintings of the affluent or those who aspired to affluence.


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[Assistant] Didn't know other ways to make heat-resistant dishware for their hot drinks. So Butger was virtually imprisoned until around 1708 when he finally figured out how to make porcelain, although not as beautifully as the Chinese or Japanese did.


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[Assistant] What we're trying to get at here is that while people love a great story of an inventor and their invention, the Industrial Revolution was the result of lots and lots of people working together, making a series of incremental improvements.


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[Assistant] Or fine weaving and spinning, or even metallurgy. Arkwright, for example, mostly copied designs from imported textiles. And it was those cotton textiles that really caught the imagination of consumers and filled pockets first of the people who imported textiles from India and China.


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[Assistant] And then of the daring manufacturers who were successful at copying the lightweight and colorful and washable cotton clothing.


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[Assistant] But industrial production of cotton was really risky, like the rate of business failure during the industrial revolution was over 50%. And because of that, experimenting manufacturers worked to keep labor costs as low as they could.


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[Assistant] One way was to use unpaid orphans from government or religious or charitable institutions as labor. At a time when people didn't know a lot about steam-powered machinery and its dangers,


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[Assistant] Industrial accidents happened all the time, and children were often the victims. Children worked incredibly long hours, and deaths were common. Little Mary Richards was caught up in a machine, and six and seven-year-old orphans working alongside her witnessed the quote,


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[Assistant] Her head appeared dashed to pieces, her blood thrown about like water from a twirled mop. Now I know that's very graphic, but I think it's important to understand the extent of industrial oppression, including the industrial oppression of children. Workers lost arms and eyes and fingers or were otherwise disfigured.


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[Assistant] Production and profits always came first in an attempt to avoid financial ruin. An industry had other repercussions. It initially increased the demand for slaves even more, for instance.


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[Assistant] Slaves produced food for workers who had left farms for factories. Slaves also produced tropical crops such as sugar and tobacco and coffee.


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[Assistant] Do in part to the development of the steam engine.


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[Assistant] In 1776, English inventor James Watt launched a steam engine that improved earlier models. Now, as far back as Roman Egypt and then Ottoman Egypt and China, people had known about steam engines, but Watt's engine was much more efficient, which made it useful in replacing animal and water power not just in mines, but also powering textile factories and then other machinery.


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[Assistant] For millennia, almost all human power came from our muscles. Then we harnessed some animal power and eventually some wind and water power.


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[Assistant] But steam power completely revolutionized how much work could be done on behalf of humans, and also, of course, changed transportation when it was attached to covered and uncovered wagons and ships.


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[Assistant] And the train created in turn another kind of demand, because as urbanization soared around railway hubs, small and grand train stations were built along with all the other buildings needed to house the railway's primary and secondary employees.