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[Assistant] We're in an interesting position right now because we've come a long way, we've grown a lot, we've got some sustainability, and then we've got competitors that are really large businesses. And with lots of money they can just be like, we're gonna enter this market. And we're like, oh, we're the small guys.


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[Assistant] There's lots of machines now. When we started, we were the only one. Now...


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[Assistant] We're kind of, I guess we're sort of in the middle, like we've got the big guys out there that are much bigger than us, and we're competing with them, and then we've got lots of small guys.


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[Assistant] And gals who are competing with us that think we're the big guys.


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[Assistant] In many ways, it's a frontier. It's still young. Like, people haven't done everything yet with 3D printing. So, you get to sort of like, make a trail. It's cool.


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[Assistant] For me personally, I got into open source by being a teacher. Uh, I would take my lesson plans and put them up on GeoCities back in the day and other teachers would do the same thing. Because we were sharing, it lightened the load for everybody. And it meant that we saved time and built a community.


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[Assistant] When we started MakerBot, we knew we were going to be open source hardware.


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[Assistant] If you want to solidify the future where open source is the norm, you have to support companies that do open source. Because I want to live in that future where we share things and the world is a better place for it.


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[Assistant] Matt and Rose are taking those parts and putting them together in kits.


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[Assistant] We're like 5,000 square feet. This is going to take us years to fill up.


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[Assistant] And then like two months later, it was full. And three years later, we're 85 people, which just boggles my mind.


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[Assistant] When we started, we started, we had to take investment from friends to be able to actually initiate it.


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[Assistant] When you do that, when you take investment, you have to, you have a responsibility to grow the company.


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[Assistant] We decided to look for a bigger space and so we moved the office here.


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[Assistant] It's a little bit of a different game when you have this many people. I mean, I suppose it's kinda like going to the major leagues or something like that.


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[Assistant] Maybe it's 260 today. Uhm, we've literally hired like 80 people in the last month. It's a bigger team so it requires more infrastructure.


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[Assistant] And I can only get so much done in a day. And I can optimize a day to get a lot of stuff done, but it's still very limited in what you can do.


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[Assistant] I get to take it to the next level. I'm going to learn a lot about how to operate a company at this level and going and have inspiration and


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[Assistant] And mentorship going forward about how to take things even farther.


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[Assistant] This is probably my favorite talk to give of the year, because you all are my people. I would guess that there's probably somewhere between 2 and 20.


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[Assistant] Companies in this room, something emerging from a hacker space or


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[Assistant] You know, a project that somebody's doing that they did on the weekend and then all of a sudden they're finding that it's really popular and they have to start a business.


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[Assistant] Coolness. Cool, good to meet you. A pleasure. Excellent.


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[Assistant] One of the things though is when I see a competitor or when I see somebody entering the space, I'm actually curious about what they did differently. If there's anything they did that pushes it farther.


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[Assistant] Like when Form 1 came out, that's a different type of material. They're using lasers and goo.


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[Assistant] And, uh, I was like, oh, someone's finally entering that space. That'll be interesting. I want, I'm gonna see where that goes. So I got one. I'm still waiting for it.


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[Assistant] We're out to fuel the next industrial revolution by putting the power to manufacture things in your hands.


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[Assistant] I'm making really hard decisions that are personally painful but are amazing for the business and are accelerating things.


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[Assistant] I actually don't want to put too much energy into talking about secret stuff and, you know, I can't really, this is why I don't talk about, this is why. Cut, cut, cut.


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[Assistant] Everyday I go to our website Thingiverse.com and I get inspired by people who have MakerBots and are doing amazing things.


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[Assistant] We created Thingiverse to be like the ultimate place to go and share downloadable digital designs.


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[Assistant] When we launched the Robohand project and launched the video, I tweeted, you know, this is why we do what we do at MakerBot, so that people can do projects like Robohand.


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[Assistant] So this countdown clock is counting down to CES, where we're...


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[Assistant] Where it, where something might happen. And, uh, the pressure's on here to do, to get everything ready for that.


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[Assistant] You know, I think if you look at Steve Jobs, he was somebody who was pretty messed up, just like all of us. He was somebody who was driven, like some of us. And he was somebody willing to put everything on the line to make things work.


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[Assistant] Not everybody is gonna make the, the rocket ship ride all the way to the end or not everybody's gonna make it to the, to the top of the mountain. As a CEO, you have to make those tough decisions and when I started making those decisions, that's when it's like, okay, now this isn't just a game, this isn't just a project, this is a company. We're growing it, we're going big.


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[Assistant] Got the Form 1. Yea, I made something. You know, it promptly broke. Trying to get it off the build plate. It's... I think that...


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[Assistant] It's an exciting new day here at MakerBot, and we're really happy that you could come on such short notice.


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[Assistant] And the announcement that I get to make is that at MakerBot


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[Assistant] We're merging with Stratasys and becoming a public company. This is huge. This is a dream come true for an entrepreneur.


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[Assistant] I get to now share this baby with a bunch of other, I don't know, maybe there's not a good metaphor here, but like, a bunch of babies are getting together for a party now, you know, with this merger. I'm not sure if that really makes sense, but yeah, there's a baby party.


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[Assistant] If you want to have a company that thrives, that survives, then you have to play the game of the big kids. You have to play the big company game.


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[Assistant] And it's hard because I actually haven't had time to do much self-reflection. So in terms of being able to look back...


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[Assistant] I'm still on the rocket ship and the pedal is to the metal and we're burning as hard as we can, we're going as hard as we can.


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[Assistant] When we were done, it was funny, Hiawatha Bray, who's with the Boston Globe, came up and was like, that was the best, you know, presentation I've seen since Steve Jobs gave keynotes. And he said, except you're not an asshole. I was like, print that.


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[Assistant] I wish we were ultra ultra pure and could live in a world where there was no money and no competition and no greed and...


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[Assistant] And the menu, and all that, and IP wasn't an issue, it is. So we have to live in that world. And we live in the world in the best way we possibly can, with the most integrity and the most sharing that we possibly can.


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[Assistant] Oh, there we go. What a neat kid. Nice looking kid.


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[Assistant] I just sat next to her on that bus and had a conversation all the way to school.


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[Assistant] No one ever talked to me or asked me questions.


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[Assistant] From that day on, we was always together. Jenny and me was like peas and carrots.


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[Assistant] Sometimes we just sit out, wait for the stars.


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[Assistant] Now my mom always told me that miracles happen every day. Some people don't think so, but they do.


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[Assistant] Now you wouldn't believe it if I told you. But I can run like the wind blows.


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[Assistant] Now remember how I told you that Jenny never seemed to want to go home?


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[Assistant] Well, she lived in a house that was as old as Alabama. Her mama had gone up to heaven when she was five and her daddy was some kind of a farmer.


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[Assistant] He was a very loving man. He was always kissing and touching her and her sisters.


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[Assistant] And then this one time, Jenny wasn't on the bus to go to school.


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[Assistant] Mama always said that God is mysterious. He didn't turn Jenny into a bird that day. Instead,


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[Assistant] Some nights Jenny'd sneak out and come on over to my house just cause she said she was scared. Scared of what? I don't know, but I think it was her grandma's dog. He was a mean dog. Anyway,


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[Assistant] Jenny and me was best friends all the way up through high school.


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[Assistant] I assume would make someone very guarded, kinda cynical of the world, kinda cynical of people around him.


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[Assistant] Having people trust him and him trust people and them working together for this one thing, I think has opened them up a lot.


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[Assistant] I mean, because he feels in a place where he belongs.


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[Assistant] Wow. Thank you guys.


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[Assistant] Hello Young Explorers! Welcome to X-Radio!


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[Assistant] Life on earth depends on fresh water. Fresh water has many forms.


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[Assistant] Rivers, lakes and streams are all fresh water.


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[Assistant] They are formed due to different reasons. Some lakes were formed during the last ice age. Giant ice pieces moved and left hollows in the land. These hollows were filled with water in the rain. Then the lakes appeared.


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[Assistant] What about rivers? Snow or ice melts away. Water runs down the mountains and follows channels on the ground. This is how a river is formed.


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[Assistant] A river always flows to an ocean. Do you know the longest river in the world? Have a guess. Yes, it is the Nile.


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[Assistant] If you think only fish live in fresh water, you are wrong. Many other animals live there, such as frogs, turtles, and insects.


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[Assistant] Well, young explorers, thanks for listening. See you next time!


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[Assistant] A lot of times, you know, you're starting a little company or you're in charge. There's a lot of.


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[Assistant] Testosterone, ego, lots of, and that's just, I think, gonna be natural, that's gonna happen, but often that means that you don't listen and you don't hear.


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[Assistant] What about someone sitting over there? Would you be opposed to any one of those three? To any one of those three?


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[Assistant] You gotta tell me because I don't know anybody yet. I just pointed at three people sitting on the beach.


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[Assistant] My teacher told me, as you get older,


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[Assistant] Well, no one wants to be in a lawsuit. I mean, no sane person wants to be in them. They're very expensive. Even if you think you've got the rights of it, it could cost a fortune to prove it, and you may lose. But it's also not a lawsuit that we think that we're wrong in.


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[Assistant] We've tried to move to dismiss the case, uh, and we've made some legal arguments about how it wasn't properly brought in the first place. But the case is in its really very early stages, and it's likely to go on for quite a while if it continues at that pace.


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[Assistant] Handy, dandy, riddle-dee, row. Which hand will you choose? Which hand will you choose? High or low?


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[Assistant] Well Joel, after playing the President of the United States on Scandal, I feel it is my duty to inform all Americans of their right to free speech.


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[Assistant] Forest, you don't know what love is.


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[Assistant] Crystal and Will are definitely wondering if you're going to like...


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[Assistant] Well, probably down there somewhere.


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[Assistant] Hello kids, welcome back to American Textbook Reading. In this lesson, we're going over life science, part one.


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[Assistant] What is the subject of part one? We're going to be talking about what plants need to grow. What do plants need to grow? So in this lesson, you will discover what plants need to grow, big and strong.


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[Assistant] Everything needs something to grow big and strong. You need something to grow big and strong. Animals need things to grow big and strong. But in this lesson, we're going to concentrate on what plants need to grow big and strong. So, are you ready? Let's get started.


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[Assistant] There are actually six things, six things that plants need to grow big and strong. The first one is sunlight. Sunlight. What is sunlight? Well of course we know we have the sun. It rises every day.


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[Assistant] And it gives us light, and that is what sunlight is. Sunlight is the light, and of course we have that word again, the light from the sun. We put these two words together, and we get sun-light.


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[Assistant] It's very warm, isn't it? If you go outside, let the sunlight on your body. Ah, it's very warm, very nice. That sunlight, it helps plants to grow.


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[Assistant] It also helps us to grow a little bit. I mean, if we stay inside out of the sunlight, we're not very happy. So go out, enjoy the sunlight. It'll make you happy. Of course, if it's not too cold outside, right? Okay, so that's the first thing that plants need to grow. What's the second thing?


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[Assistant] The second thing is air. We need air too, of course, but plants need air as well.


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[Assistant] Air, if you take a look at this picture, most of this picture is air. All of this part of the picture is air, right? This is the ground.


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[Assistant] Is the gases that surround the earth. There are many different kinds of gases that surround the earth. We use some of those gases. Plants use different gases, but they're all mixed together, and we call that air.


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[Assistant] We cannot see air, right? You can't see it. It's invisible.


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[Assistant] Water. Of course, water is very important. How do we describe water? How do we define water?


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[Assistant] Water is basically a liquid. Uh, remember we talked about a liquid is something that is, that can flow. It doesn't have any shape. It can move from one place to another very easily. It flows.


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[Assistant] A liquid that is necessary for life. Water is necessary for all life, not just plants. But what does water do for plants? Do plants drink water like we do? No, plants need water, uh, to move food to the parts of a plant.


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[Assistant] There are nutrients and, you know, you can say like, uh, minerals and maybe, you know, like nutrients.


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[Assistant] And that is space. Of course, everything needs space, room to grow. If a plant cannot grow, if there's no space, right, where is it gonna grow? Especially think about a tree, right? A tree needs a lot of space to grow.


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[Assistant] So if you take a look at this picture, right, you see that there is space between the rows. Space is the area available for use. So if you have space, you have area that you can use. It is available for you to use that space, that room.


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[Assistant] If there is space, a plant can grow big and strong, right? If there's enough space between the plants, these plants can grow


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[Assistant] So that is space. What's the next thing that plants need? The next thing?


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[Assistant] Soil is the top part of the earth. But remember, not the entire earth is covered with soil. If you go to the desert, there's no soil in the desert. It's just sand.


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[Assistant] So in order for plants to grow, we have to find very good soil. And we call it the, it's the top part of the earth. Sometimes people call it top soil. And if it's very rich and dark brown and wet like this, that's really good soil for growing plants. Farmers really like that style. Okay.


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[Assistant] So, the next thing that plants need is warmth.


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[Assistant] Warmth is a state or quality of being warm. Are you warm right now? That means, ah, you're comfortable, right? You're not cold. You're warm. Take a look at these plants in the picture. They look like strange plants, don't they?


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[Assistant] Actually we can't see the plants. It looks like straw.


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[Assistant] Uh, things have been put over the plants. We could say that somebody, maybe a farmer or somebody who's caring for the plants, put these straw hats on top of the plant. We could say that these are like plant clothes, right? These are clothes for plants. Of course, you don't see this all the time.


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[Assistant] But what the farmer or the person who is caring for these plants, what are they doing? Why did they put these things on the plants? To keep them warm.


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[Assistant] If the plant gets too cold, it will die, right? Just like any living thing. If it gets too cold, it will die.


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[Assistant] So somebody is protecting these plants by putting plant clothes on the plants, right? Actually, don't say plant clothes, it's just kind of a funny thing. But it looks like these straw, uh, over coverings, these straw coverings are on top of the plants to keep them warm and healthy. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we have another word here. Carry means to take something from one place to another. Carry. If I carry these pens from here to over there, I'm carrying them. What are these butterflies doing?


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[Assistant] And there's a bee here too. What are these insects doing? Here's a little ladybug. Ladybugs are cute, aren't they? They're very cute.


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[Assistant] Animal, these insects, sorry, these insects are carrying pollen from the plant, one plant to another plant. They're helping those plants to live. So to carry is to take something from one place to another.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on. We have ground. Ground is the earth where plants live.


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[Assistant] This is an interesting shaped piece of ground. Of course, it's supposed to look like the Earth, right?


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[Assistant] But basically, plants grow from the ground. Now remember, not all ground is good for plants. We need soil. This looks like good soil. But plants don't really grow well in sand in the desert. That's why there are no plants in the desert.


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[Assistant] So this is good ground for, uh, plants to grow. It's the earth where plants live. In the ground. In the ground. Okay.


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[Assistant] So let's go over the different things what plants need.


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[Assistant] We, I said that there were six things. Here's a nice chart showing the six things that plants need to grow. First, uh, we have air, right? Air is invisible. We can't see it, right? But it's all around us and plants need certain gases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to breathe, right? Plants breathe just like we breathe. They need air.


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[Assistant] Water. Water. What does water do again? Water helps the plants get the materials from the soil. Water helps move, uh, the nutrients, the food that plants need from the soil up into the plant. So that's what water does.


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[Assistant] Space, we talked about space. Plants need a lot of space, right? They need space to grow. If the plant doesn't have any space, it can't grow to be big and strong.


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[Assistant] Warmth. Plants need warmth. Again, we can see here, looks like a tree, uh, that has been wrapped with a straw. Again, somebody's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're trying to keep this tree, maybe it's a coconut tree, they're trying to keep it warm by putting clothes on it, right? So it's very interesting. I didn't know that plants had clothes. But here somebody's putting, uh, like a protective, uh, uh, shield or protective covering on the plant to keep it warm. Okay, because we need warmth to stay alive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, plants also need soil. Soil is where plants find their food. And this, again, this looks like very good soil. It's very dark and rich brown color. It's very good soil. It has a lot of food that helps plants grow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, we have sunlight. That was the first thing we talked about. Sunlight, of course, everything needs sunlight, right? We all need that kind of warmth. We need the, uh, the energy from the sun, okay? So sunlight is very important to plants. Without sunlight, plants cannot live.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, that's very important for plants to get sunlight. So this is a nice chart to show you what plants need. Okay, so let's move on.


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[Assistant] Let's do an exercise with the words. Now we've just covered a lot of different words having to do with what plants need to grow. Let's review and let's make sure we remember those words, that vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Let's go over the first exercise here. The first one is the state or quality of being warm. This one actually is an easy one, right? Because these are our words up here.


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[Assistant] So, the state or quality of being warm, which of these words


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[Assistant] Sounds similar to that. Actually, it's very easy. We can see that it's warmth, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we are warm, then we're talking about warmth, right? If we're saying, talking about the state or the quality, the condition of being warm, ah, that is warmth. Warmth is good, isn't it? Especially in a cold winter day. So warmth, of course, is the answer there. Okay, so that one was pretty easy. Let's move on to number two.


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[Assistant] The gases that surround the earth. Now we don't have a similar word here, but remember what we talked about, the gases that surround the earth. We need this to breathe.


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[Assistant] Plants need this to breathe as well. We can't see it, but it's everywhere. Can you remember what it is? If you guessed air, that's correct. Gases that surround the earth, that is air. And all living things need air to breathe. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's move on to number three, the light from the sun. Now this one's going to be easy, right? The light from the sun because we already have it. We have sun and we have light, right? So right there we can see sunlight. That's right. The light from the sun. So we have sunlight.


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[Assistant] So of course that's a very easy word to think about. We're just putting two words together. The first word sun, the second word light.


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[Assistant] Okay, so those are some, those are the answers for these three, uh, exercises here. Let's move on, and we have three more exercises to go over. Again, the same words, okay?


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[Assistant] So let's match these words with their definitions. We have number four, the top part of the earth.


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[Assistant] So the top part of the earth, the very surface of the earth, when you go outside and you play, you're probably walking on this part, especially if there's grass, if there's a lot of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plants need good soil to grow big and strong.


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[Assistant] Okay, so let's move on to number five. A liquid that is necessary for life.


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[Assistant] All life needs this liquid. It's a liquid. Remember, there are three types of uh, uh, matter. Uh, there's solid, there's liquid, and there's gas, right? But we're talking about a liquid. Which one of these is a liquid? Air is a gas, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But water, ah, water is a liquid. So water is a liquid here.


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[Assistant] A liquid that is necessary for life, well that of course would be water. Okay?


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[Assistant] So everything needs room. We need, what kind of?


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[Assistant] Uh, word can we use for room? Another word for room? Of course, that word is space. Okay? We need space. And that came up right there. Space. So, an area available for use is space. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We all need space to live in, and of course we as human beings, we need a lot of space to move around and play and work and live in.


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[Assistant] Plants also need space because they need to grow. They need to expand. Okay? So, uh, space is needed by plants, uh, to be able to grow. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's move on here. Let's take a look at a couple of different, uh, uh, interesting plants here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have insect eating plants. Did you know there was such a thing? A plant that eats insects? Well that's pretty cool, isn't it? We have two different kinds of plants here. Now this plant, this looks kind of interesting. Here, what's going on? This of course is a Venus flytrap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Venus flytrap opens its leaves and then catches the insect and this poor fly right here, he's got, he's been caught in the Venus flytrap. That's one way that plants will eat insects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is another type of plant. This is called a pitcher plant. Now take a look at this interesting part of the plant. In this case, the plant does not close around the insect. In this case, the insect goes inside. It smells something good and it goes inside there and it gets trapped. It can't get out. And then the plant will eat the insect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These plants grow in areas where the soil is not that good, or maybe the soil is too far away. These plants may be growing on trees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They cannot reach the soil, so they have to find their food in a different way. And they find their food with insects. Let's take a look at a Venus flytrap in action. Okay? Let's take a look at that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a Venus flytrap here. How does it work? Let's take a look here. Uh, it's very interesting, very amazing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The plant just got the fly. Wow, isn't that amazing? Now that fly, poor fly, he can't get out of there. So the plant will eventually, over a long time,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eat that fly. It's not very quick, you know, it takes a while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the plant will eat the fly eventually. Okay, poor fly. But that's nature.


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[Assistant] But it's a really amazing, if you look around, there's so many different styles, so many different types of plants and animals and, uh, it's just very amazing to take a look at nature and see all the different ways that different living things can survive. Okay.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on here. Let's, we've got a couple of, uh, we've got several sentences. We're gonna find out, are these sentences true?


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[Assistant] Or are they false based on what we've learned so far? So we have, we, the directions of course are circle T for true, circle F for false. So if the answer, if the sentence is true, we circle T. If the sentence is false, we circle F. Number one, we can see air.


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[Assistant] Think about that, right? I already said it's invisible. If it's invisible, can you see it?


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[Assistant] No, you can't see it. If something is invisible, you cannot see it. So this is false. We can see air? No, we can't see air. There's air in this room, but I can't see it. There's air in front of my face. There's air in front of your face, but you can't see it. It's invisible. Invisible. By the way, how do you spell invisible?


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[Assistant] Soil is the top part of the earth. Is that true or false? We talked about soil.


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[Assistant] So soil is needed for plants to grow. It's usually in the top part of the earth.


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[Assistant] Third sentence, warmth is where plants grow.


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[Assistant] Does that sound strange to you? Sounds strange to me. Because in this case, warmth would have to be a place, right? Is warmth a place?


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[Assistant] Warmth is not a place. It's a condition. It's a status or a quality of being warm. So warmth is not a place. We can't say it's where, right? Where refers to a place, but warmth is not a place.


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[Assistant] It's a condition or a state, quality of being warm. So this sentence is obviously false. It's not true.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that about wraps it up for this section of the lesson. I hope that you've learned a lot. Let's take a short break here.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, did you have a good break? It's time now to go over the reading section for this lesson.


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[Assistant] So we have a passage here, we have a, it's a short essay we could say, and of course it's talking about what we have just learned. We have just talked about what plants need to grow, and we have learned a lot of useful words.


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[Assistant] For this subject, we'll see these words in the reading passage. So let's go over it together, okay?


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[Assistant] So what we have here, we have the topic sentence. The first sentence is the topic sentence. The topic sentence is a plant needs many things to help it grow. Many things, right?


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[Assistant] That's the key right there. So basically this reading is going to be talking about


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[Assistant] Remember when we did the lesson, we saw that there were six things that a plant needs to grow. So this passage will list those things. They'll talk about those six different things that a plant needs to grow. We can see several of them already on this first slide.


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[Assistant] So already we've talked about three things, right? Let's, it lists three things. Let's take a look at a little description of each thing. First of all, it said sunlight, so what does sunlight do?


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[Assistant] So that's more description. We have more details about the first item. Sunlight, of course, comes from the sun. It's sunlight. It's not moonlight, it's sunlight. So it comes from the sun.


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[Assistant] It gives the plant warmth, and that's another thing that a plant needs to grow. So sunlight comes from the, from the sun, it gives the plant warmth. It also gives us warmth.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's the first thing. A plant needs water to grow.


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[Assistant] Water helps carry food from the soil to all its parts. So we can see a pattern here. We're listing the different things, then we have more detail about each thing. So the next one is water needs water. What does water do? It carries food, carries food from the ground into the plant.


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[Assistant] From the soil. Remember we talked about soil. Soil is the part of the ground or the top part of the earth where there are many nutrients, where there is a lot of different ingredients that supply food for the plant.


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[Assistant] Just like you need good food, right? Fruits, vegetables, uh, meat, uh, rice, pasta, things like that. You need those different foods to grow big and strong. Well, plants need soil to grow big and strong.


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[Assistant] Of course, we don't need soil. Don't eat soil. It's horrible, right? But plants will eat soil. Uh, they need soil to grow big and strong. And water helps them get that, uh, material, those ingredients that are good for the plant up into the plant so that the plant can use those things. Water is very important.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on to the next one. We cannot see air, right? Air is invisible. We talked about that. But it is also important for the plant to grow. All living things need air to grow. They need that, uh, certain type of gas to grow. Plants grow on the ground.


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[Assistant] Okay, so plants grow on the ground. We talked about that. Ground is where the soil is, right? So plants grow on the ground.


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[Assistant] But they also need space around in the ground in order to be able to expand to grow big and tall. Think of a tree. A tree needs a lot more space than, for example, maybe a strawberry bush. A strawberry bush just needs a little space.


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[Assistant] But they all need space. Every plant needs space, room in the ground to grow bigger. Okay, so you need room to expand, right?


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[Assistant] So, can you remember all the important things a plant needs to grow big and strong? We've talked about six different things. What are those six different things? Okay, let's go over the organization for the reading passage that we just studied.


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[Assistant] We're taking a look at the reading skill here. We have cause and effect. So if we talk about cause and effect, cause, right, is a condition or something, it's a situation that


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[Assistant] If something happens or if this situation is true, then it causes a result. Something happens, something changes. And we call that change or that thing that happens, that is the effect.


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[Assistant] So if we take a look here, what plants need. We have a cause. A plant gets, a plant gets these things. If that's true, then what is the effect? What is the change? What happens as a result of this condition?


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[Assistant] Now over here we can see that a plant gets several things. We've talked about the six things that a plant needs.


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[Assistant] Right? Uh, and those are kind of listed here. Uh, we need to fill in the blanks here. Uh, we have three things that are already in this box. Warmth, soil, and space. Those three things are there. We need three more things to complete this box. Down here are our clues. Now be careful. We have


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[Assistant] Strange, something strange here. We have IR. Err? Well, we have to match it with the first letters. See, we see the first letter of these words. That helps us, right? That gives us a clue as to what to put in these blanks. So we have err, we have atter, and we have unlike.


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[Assistant] Okay, but that's kind of easy for us because we can match them with the first letters of the word. Here we just have big and strong, that's just by itself. Okay, let's go over these.


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[Assistant] A plant gets A. A is our first blank that we need to fill in. Which one of these words needs an S at the beginning? And what is something that a plant needs as well?


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[Assistant] Saturn? No. Sunlight? There we go. Okay, so.


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[Assistant] A plant gets sunlight, right? That's one of the things that it needs. It needs warmth, second thing.


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[Assistant] Here we have another word that starts with a W, right? Warmth, wuh. We need something else that starts with a W.


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[Assistant] Over here we can find, ah, it's probably this one, right? Water. Sunlight, warmth, water.


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[Assistant] Another thing, A starts with an A, uh, it would probably go here, right, A-I-R, air, soil, and space. So a plant needs sunlight, or a plant gets, that's a cause, a plant gets sunlight, warmth,


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[Assistant] Water, air, soil, and space. Those are the six things that a plant needs. Now, if a plant gets those things,


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[Assistant] Is that the plant grows? What will the plant do? It will grow, of course it will grow big and strong. That is the effect. That's the result. That's what happens if this is true. So that's what we're talking about here with cause and effect. Okay, let's move on to the next slide.


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[Assistant] So we need to choose the correct answer. We have three choices, A, B, and C, to fill in the blank for these sentences. Let's take a look at number one. Number one, beep, has food for plants to grow.


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[Assistant] We talked about this before. Where do plants find the food they need to grow? Do they find it in sunlight?


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[Assistant] Do they find it in air or do they find it in the soil, right? We talked about this before. If you choose soil, that is correct. Soil has food for plants to grow. Sunlight doesn't have food. You know, food's not coming out of the sun, right? The sun is sending out warmth and energy, but not food.


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[Assistant] Air doesn't contain food, it's a gas, right? We, we, we breathe air, but we're not getting our food from air. Soil is where plants get their food, okay?


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[Assistant] Okay, number two. A plant needs beep in the beep to grow bigger, right? So this is a little difficult. We need two words here. So as you can see, A, B, and C, there's two words. The first word goes in the first blank. The second word goes in the second blank.


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[Assistant] A plant needs something in the something to grow bigger. This is important in the. So the first thing


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[Assistant] Excuse me. The first thing we're talking about, of course, is uhm, that the first thing


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[Assistant] occurs in the second thing, right? So let's take a look at the choices here. A plant needs space.


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[Assistant] In the ground to grow bigger. Does that make sense? A plant needs space, a plant needs room in the ground where it is, because a plant can't move, right? The plant has to stay put, so it needs space around it in the ground to grow bigger.


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[Assistant] That makes sense, right? And that is the correct answer, right? A plant needs space in the ground to grow bigger.


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[Assistant] The other answers don't make sense, right? A plant needs air in the sunlight?


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[Assistant] Error in the sunlight? That doesn't make any sense. So obviously B is not correct.


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[Assistant] See, a plant needs soil in the air. There's soil in the air. No, it would fall down, right? So that obviously is incorrect too. The correct answer, space in the ground. That makes sense.


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[Assistant] And that's what we talked about. A plant needs space, room in the ground in order to grow bigger. Okay, let's move on to the next three questions, or actually the next two questions, right? Uh, the first one, number three, we cannot see air


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[Assistant] Okay, that's a long B because it's a long answer. Look at these answers, they're very long, right? We have A, B, and C. So, we cannot see air, and then we have a blank. It's very important to pay attention to this part right here. We cannot see.


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[Assistant] So, air would be the first thing, and then we might have a list of other things, but we cannot see.


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[Assistant] Right away we f- we find out that doesn't make sense. Because of course we can see water.


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[Assistant] We can see soil, remember we were looking at the pictures, the dark brown soil is very good for plants. We can see that.


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[Assistant] So this answer doesn't make sense, right? We cannot see air, water, or soil, but they are important for a plant. Doesn't make sense. We can see water and soil. It's true that air, water, and soil are important for a plant. That's true. But it's not true that we cannot see water or soil. So A is not the correct answer. Let's move on to B.


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[Assistant] We cannot see air, but, oh okay, so it's not a list, we're talking about air. We cannot see air, but this gas is important for a plant to grow. Is that a true statement?


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[Assistant] Air, is air an important thing for a plant to grow? Yea, you bet. It certainly is an important thing for a plant to grow. So we cannot see air, however, but on the other hand,


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[Assistant] This gas is important for a plant to grow. So probably B is the correct answer, right? And that's true. B is the right answer. Let's just take a look at C for practice.


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[Assistant] We cannot see air, but it gives food and warmth to a plant. Is that true?


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[Assistant] If you've been paying attention and you've learned about the, uh, the concepts we have been studying, you know this is not true. Air does not give food or warmth to a plant. Soil gives food to a plant.


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[Assistant] Sunlight gives warmth to a plant. So air does not give these things. C is also incorrect. B is our correct answer. Okay?


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[Assistant] Let's move on to number four. If a plant does not have enough food or water. Okay, so imagine this is saying the first part of the sentence is saying if in the condition if the situation is


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[Assistant] That a plant does not have food or water, what will happen to the plant? We have three choices here.


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[Assistant] A. The plant will get more sunlight to help it grow.


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[Assistant] That sounds strange, doesn't it? If a plant doesn't have food or water, how can the plant tell the sun, hey, give me more sunlight? That's crazy, right? So that's obviously incorrect. How can the plant get more sunlight to help it grow? That's very strange. It doesn't make sense. Let's take a look at B.


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[Assistant] B, the plant will move to another area. Sounds great, right? But plants can't move. Plants can't just pick themselves up on the ground and walk on over to another place, right? That's crazy. So B is also strange, right? Plants don't move.


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[Assistant] We can move the plant, we can carry the plant to another place.


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[Assistant] The plant can't do it by itself, so if a plant does not have enough food or water, it will move to another area. Have you ever seen a plant walking? No, that's crazy.


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[Assistant] Okay, so let's take a look at C. The plant will not grow big and strong. Aha, there is our answer, right? Because if a plant does not have enough food or water, the plant will not grow big and strong, and that is correct. That is


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[Assistant] Uh, the result or the effect of this condition. This sentence actually is a good example of cause and effect. The first part is cause. If it's a condition.


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[Assistant] If, imagine, think about this, this is the condition or the, uh, cause. If it doesn't have enough food or water, that's the cause. What is the effect? The effect is the result, the plant will not grow big and strong. So, cause and effect is a good example of that. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's sum up, let's finish up our lecture with a review of what are the six things that a plant needs. So what plants need. This is a good chart. We can go clockwise around the chart and we can talk about the different things. We have the pictures as clues. We saw this before, right? Let's fill in the chart.


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[Assistant] What is this picture of? What is one of the things, one of the six things that a plant needs to grow? Of course, whoa, it came in from the top, right? Air. Air is something that the plants need to grow. Okay?


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[Assistant] This picture here, of course, we're focusing on this liquid coming out of this red canister here. What is that? Of course, that is uhm, water.


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[Assistant] Water is needed by plants to move the food from the soil into the plant. So water.


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[Assistant] Here we can see this picture here. We saw this picture before. It's showing the distance between the plants. Oh, just here with the arrow. But of course we can also look at the other side too. So we need room around a plant. That is the same as saying space. A plant needs space to grow big and strong.


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[Assistant] Okay, over here, what have we got going on here? We talked about this. I made a joke about the plant is wearing clothes, right? Why do you wear clothes? Why does a plant wear clothes? Because we're cold, right? So what do we need in order to survive? We need


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[Assistant] So a plant needs warmth also in order to grow.


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[Assistant] Over here we talked about this. We talked about the color. This is important also for a plant. This is where the plant gets the food it needs in order to grow. Everything, every living thing needs food.


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[Assistant] You don't find this in the desert. What is this? This is soil. So soil is important for plants to grow as well.


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[Assistant] Our last thing here, we can see what is this very big bright light in the sky. That of course is the sun and what comes from it


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[Assistant] So, plants also need sunlight in order to grow. This is a good chart of the six things that a plant needs. Air. Water. Space.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that was an interesting lesson. We learned a lot about what plants need to grow. So I hope you've learned a lot and we'll see you next time. Take care everybody.


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[Assistant] We're on a level, bruv. But, there's different levels.


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[Assistant] Well, thank you. I'm feeling stronger and leaner. What's your secret, man? Well, I've discovered this new, uh... Hey, is that Joel McHale? He looks great.


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[Assistant] Kate Flannery? Who the hell is Kate Flannery? You know Kate Flannery, the lady who plays Principal Mel in the 2014 movie, Slow Learners. Let's go!


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[Assistant] We're going over lesson nine today and we're continuing with the subject of earth sciences. Lesson nine is talking about natural resources. So we will discover in this lesson, different types of natural resources.


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[Assistant] We have grass, we have an open area, open field. By the way, if we look at this picture, we can see all sorts of resources, but the resource we're going to focus on, of course, is wind. Let's take a look at the video here.


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[Assistant] The video here that we're seeing is wind. And what is wind doing? Wind is actually a resource. We can use it.


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[Assistant] We can use it to get power from it. So if we erect, if we build a windmill like this in


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[Assistant] Uh, in nature or in the, in the plains, uh, what happens is that wind that we're using as a natural resource will spin that, uh, turbine, will spin those blades and it will create electricity. It will generate electricity and we can use that for a home. But if you think about it,


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[Assistant] Actually, all of this, we're using all of these things for resources. We're using the ground, the soil, as a resource to grow plants, right? So there's a lot of different things from nature that we use, and we call these resources.


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[Assistant] A natural resource, we're talking about this, of course is something from nature that people can use.


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[Assistant] Water, air, wood and minerals are natural resources. So like I said in that picture and in this picture too when we look


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[Assistant] All of these things we can use as a resource. We can use the ground to grow crops. We can use the trees to build houses. We can use the wind to capture their energy and turn that energy into electricity.


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[Assistant] So there's, we're surrounded by natural resources. We're surrounded by nature. We can use those resources to help make our lives better. But of course we have to be careful about using those resources. We can't use too much too fast. And we have to make sure that we leave enough


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[Assistant] Uh, for other reasons or other people that will come after us also. So that's an interesting thing, but we use all sorts of different resources or materials as resources. Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] A mineral. One of the things that I talked about on the previous side is minerals. You probably, you of course know water, air, and soil. You know that. But what exactly is a mineral? This might be a different word for you.


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[Assistant] A mineral, though, is very important in our daily lives. We may not think about it, but we use minerals all the time. A mineral is basically a substance that comes from rock and soil.


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[Assistant] Minerals are non-living things. But be careful, uh, a mineral is different from a rock. A mineral is a certain type of chemical element that is, uh, that comes altogether.


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[Assistant] Okay, now this is a rock, right? A rock is not a mineral. A rock is made up of different kinds of minerals all clumped together. That's a rock.


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[Assistant] If we take that mineral apart and we just have the one mineral, then we call that, that's the mineral. Okay? So it's interesting that a rock is not a mineral. Let's take a look at a video of a mineral. Now it might not be an exciting video because minerals don't do anything. They are non-living things. They don't move. But let's take a look at the video. Okay?


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[Assistant] This of course is a mineral and we can see it through a magnifying glass.


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[Assistant] If you take a magnifying glass and you look at minerals, some minerals are very beautiful and very interesting to look at because they have


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[Assistant] You know, some of this, this, you know, this is an okay mineral, but some minerals have crystals, right, and all different kinds of shapes.


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[Assistant] Different kinds of colors. Some of them can be very beautiful. Especially if you look at them with a magnifying glass, by the way. This is a magnifying glass.


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[Assistant] Magnifying glass. Is my head in the way? Magnifying glass. Okay? And we put glass here. Because what does it do? It's a piece of glass which


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[Assistant] Magnifies. It magnifies. It makes it larger. So we call that a magnifying glass. And we can see small things with the magnifying glass. And we can take a really good look at minerals with a magnifying glass.


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[Assistant] Okay, another type of resource that we use that I talked about already a little bit is wood. And of course wood comes from trees. We cut them down, chop the branches off, and what we have left is wood.


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[Assistant] The material from trees used to make paper, furniture, etc. etc. includes houses, walls, right, roofs.


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[Assistant] A long time ago, before people really started using steel or, uh, uh, uh, concrete,


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[Assistant] Wood was the primary source for making homes. Most homes were made from wood.


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[Assistant] But again, we've got to be careful about using too much wood. We have to leave some trees in the forest, uh, to grow and make new trees. We can't take them all at the same time. So we have to be careful about how much wood we use at a certain time. Of course, it doesn't look good either if we cut down a whole forest.


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[Assistant] People will do now, they'll go in the forest and they'll take a tree here and a tree there. They won't cut down the whole forest, they'll cut down trees here and there and leave most of the trees standing. And that's good practice, that's good policy. But anyway, wood is a type of natural resource.


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[Assistant] Okay, another resource is gold. Now gold, we were just talking about minerals, right? Gold is a type of mineral. It's a very famous type of mineral. Why is it so famous? Because gold was used for money


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[Assistant] Precious means expensive, right? It's very expensive. It's very valuable.


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[Assistant] You would only be able to cover a tennis court, one tennis court, up to a certain height with that gold. Think about that. That's not a lot of gold. So gold is rare. That's why it's very precious. Okay?


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[Assistant] It's also yellow. The color is yellow. It's bright yellow. It's a shiny yellow.


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[Assistant] And the reason, uh, that's one more reason why gold is precious is because it's very beautiful. Uh, when people see gold, they say, wow, it's shiny, it, it looks attractive. So people are attracted to it. And one more reason why gold is, is precious is because gold is soft.


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[Assistant] Uh, people who work with gold can easily, uh,


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[Assistant] Change its shape. It's very easy to work with. So it's soft and it doesn't shatter.


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[Assistant] You can make it into a ring. Of course I have a silver ring. I don't have a gold ring. I'm not, I don't have that much money maybe. But anyway, gold can be made into rings. Into earrings. I wouldn't wear earrings. Or necklaces. Sometimes you see guys with big heavy gold necklaces on.


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[Assistant] So gold is also used a lot for jewelry. Okay? So gold, a precious yellow mineral.


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[Assistant] Gold is used for jewelry, as I've just said. Rings, uh, earrings, necklaces, bracelets, all types of different jewelry. So this is why gold is precious and it's very famous. Used for money, used for jewelry. Okay.


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[Assistant] Also, another, uh, famous type of mineral is silver. Now silver is similar to gold. Uh, it's also been used for money. It's also used for jewelry. But it's not as sh- as colorful as gold. And it's not as rare. Silver is more common than gold. So it's not as expensive.


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[Assistant] Silver, we can see the color, we can say it's a shiny gray mineral. Like I said, my ring is silver, right? So it's a shiny gray colored material, as you can see here.


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[Assistant] Silver is used for making knives and forks. In fact, uh, we have a word in English that we usually use to talk about that, and we call it silverware.


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[Assistant] Silverware, if you go to somebody's house and they talk about where is the silverware, they're talking about the knives, the forks.


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[Assistant] And the spoons. So knives, forks, and spoons made from silver, we call that silverware. Now rich families in the past, their knives, forks, and spoons were actually made of silver. So that's why they called it silverware. And of course, silver is also used sometimes for money. It's also used for jewelry.


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[Assistant] Okay, but silver, uh, is another very common type of mineral.


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[Assistant] Another very common type of mineral that's similar in, uh, style as gold and silver is copper. Of course, copper is, is a very, is a lot more common than gold. And copper is an orange mineral.


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[Assistant] Why do we use copper? By the way, copper is also used as money. A long time ago, they used copper also as money. So the most expensive mineral we've talked about, we can go gold.


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[Assistant] Is the most expensive, right? Gold is the most. Then we have silver. That's in the middle. Oops, I forgot my L. Silver is here. My V is very big. Okay. Okay, silver. And then we have copper. That's in the middle.


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[Assistant] Okay, and then copper is very common. It is also the least expensive. Copper is common. It's also the least expensive. So we could say least


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[Assistant] And that's important because I'll explain in a bit. But copper is the least expensive. Gold is the most expensive. Silver is in the middle. Okay. So copper is an orange mineral. It's orange. Okay, if you take a look at it.


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[Assistant] Electricity travels through copper. So although we did use copper a lot for, for money, and we still do, if you look at the American money, the penny, the penny is made of copper. So, you know, it's a very small coin, but you know, it's not that valuable. Copper is the least expensive.


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[Assistant] The most we use copper for is for wires, electricity. When we want our electricity to come from our plug in the wall to our computer or to our electronic device, that wire is made of copper.


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[Assistant] By the way, it's interesting to note, we can use gold, silver, or copper to move electricity. In fact, gold is a much better


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[Assistant] Mineral for removing electricity. Electricity moves much more quickly and efficiently.


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[Assistant] So we have to use copper. Copper is good enough to use to move electricity through. By the way, we could also use silver.


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[Assistant] But again, silver is too expensive to just use in a wire. So most of the time we use copper in, uh, uh, in electronic devices or in the wiring in our houses. Okay.


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[Assistant] So let's move on. Now, we were talking about natural resources before and I made the point that, you know, we have to be careful when we use natural resources. We don't want to harm the environment. Now, things that are harmful, things that are harmful cause harm.


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[Assistant] They might be burning something. Another natural resource that is not talked about here is coal.


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[Assistant] Coal is another type of mineral. And perhaps a factory will burn coal to produce electricity. What happens when you burn something? You get a lot of smoke.


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[Assistant] Right? You get a lot of smoke. And if there's a lot of smoke in the air, that coal is going up, it's getting into the air, that's not good for the atmosphere. We, if we breathe it, that can be harmful to us. If it falls down and gets into our water, that can be harmful to us. So we have to be careful how we use natural resources.


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[Assistant] We want to protect the environment. We want to keep our environment clean. We don't want to cut down too many trees. We don't want to use up all the water.


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[Assistant] Uh, most of our environment, we have to keep it clean. Clean, of course, means not dirty, right? When you go home, uh, if you've been playing outside and you go home, it's time to eat dinner, your mom looks at your hands and says, hey, your hands are not clean, they're dirty. Okay? So go clean your hands.


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[Assistant] Get rid of all the dirt, all the pollution off all the pollutants, the dirt off of your hands. So clean air and water is good for people.


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[Assistant] Breathe in clean air. That's very good for us, right? There's no smoke in the air. There's no harmful substances in the air. We need clean air. We also need clean water. When we drink water, it has to be clean. There shouldn't be any harmful things in the water that we drink. Okay.


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[Assistant] Now let's take a look at a chart for natural resources. And these are a lot of different types of natural resources. Most of them we've covered. Some of them we really didn't talk about, but let's talk about them now.


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[Assistant] So we have very interesting natural resources or lots of different natural resources here. First, let's talk about air. We've talked about air a little bit. Of course we use air.


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[Assistant] But we can also use air, especially the movement of air, which we call wind, we can use that to generate electricity, uh, so that we can get, and that's, by the way, that's a very clean source of energy, right? We don't have to burn anything to capture wind energy and turn it into electricity.


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[Assistant] The next one, mineral. We talked about different types of mineral.


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[Assistant] Minerals, we talked about gold, silver, copper. There are some different types of minerals pictured here. Let's take a look at a video of a certain type of mineral here. Now this is a, like I said, you know,


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[Assistant] You take the magnifying glass and you look at minerals, right, you have different kinds of crystals here. And this is, you know, this is a, uh, a very nice or beautiful, uh, sample or example of a mineral.


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[Assistant] And of course it looks like somebody has collected lots of different minerals and they're kind of showcasing it.


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[Assistant] But minerals occur naturally in rocks, right? We can take them from nature and, you know, even if it's not valuable or we're not going to use it for anything, we can admire it for its beauty and we can study it for its structure and its color and its shapes. That's a very, uh, interesting


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[Assistant] Uh, as a natural resource before, but if you think about it, of course we can use animals as natural resources. Most of us eat meat, right? Where do we get it? We get it from animals. We can also use animals for their skins, right? Sometimes you see leather. A leather jacket is made from an animal's skin.


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[Assistant] So we use animals for natural resources as well. Okay?


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[Assistant] Uh, the next one we use are trees, and we talked about that before. This is a forest. It's a very thick forest. There's lots of trees here. Again, we shouldn't go in and cut down all the trees, right? That would be terrible. It would look horrible, and it would not be good for the environment.


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[Assistant] The next one on our chart is soil. We didn't talk about that. We talked about that in a previous lesson, but soil of course is a


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[Assistant] Grow these types of plants in soil. So soil is a very important natural resource and we have to protect soil.


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[Assistant] Sometimes if we, if we, uh, cut down all the plants in an area and there's a strong wind, the wind can blow that soil away and it's gone.


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[Assistant] Right? So we have to be careful about protecting the soil because we need it in order to grow the food that we need to eat to survive.


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[Assistant] Our final roundup of natural resources over here is water. And of course we, obviously we, we drink water, so we need water. We drink, we should drink a lot of water every day to keep our bodies healthy.


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[Assistant] So we use water for a natural resource and the most important way is that we drink it. But we can also use water in other ways. Just like we use moving air to generate electricity, we can also use moving water


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[Assistant] To generate electricity. And these are called hydroelectric dams, right?


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[Assistant] So we can get electricity from water as well. And we also need water to uh, put into the soil to grow our plants. We also need water to give to the animals that we raise on farms. So water is a very, very important natural resource. We use it for a lot of different things. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's move on to the exercise, kind of a comprehension. Uh, let's, uh, have a little test to go over the words that we've just learned, the vocabulary. Our words that we're going to use in this exercise, uh, we're gonna use mineral, copper, wood,


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[Assistant] I'm going to single out natural resource. Natural resource right here doesn't belong on the same level as all of these other words because natural resource describes the large group and all these other words fit inside that group.


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[Assistant] Natural resource is our umbrella word. It's our, it's our word that describes the entire group. Wood, copper, gold, mineral, silver belong inside that umbrella, inside that group, uh, that is defined by natural resource.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's go over the sentences here. The definition is an orange mineral which electricity travels through. Now the important point here is


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[Assistant] Is also an umbrella word because copper, gold, and silver fit inside that word, right?


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[Assistant] So, natural resource, mineral, copper, if you're going to go, uh, on like a chain. You have the biggest word natural resource, smaller word mineral, inside mineral, copper, silver, gold. Okay? So, but anyway, we're talking about this definition here, and the important point, like I said, is orange.


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[Assistant] Uh, if you got rid of orange, if you just said a mineral which electricity travels through, you could choose copper, gold, or silver, and that would be correct. But the key point is orange. Is silver orange? No. Is gold orange? No. It's yellow.


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[Assistant] Is copper orange? Yes, copper is orange. So copper is the only one that fits with that definition. That is their answer there because of the color.


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[Assistant] But it's interesting to note that electricity will pass through all of those three minerals. Okay, number two.


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[Assistant] Something from nature that people can use. Something from nature. Sounds like one of those big words, those umbrella words, right? Something, anything from nature that you can use. We call that a natural resource. That's our umbrella word. That's the biggest word that encompasses all of those other small words.


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[Assistant] Okay, three, a shiny gray mineral, which is used for making knives and forks.


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[Assistant] A shiny gray material is our key part right here. Just, oops, I went too far. Our shiny gray material. Shiny gray is our color. Is, and of course we're looking at these three minerals here. Do we make?


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[Assistant] Knives and forks from copper? We could, but is copper shiny gray? No. Do we make?


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[Assistant] Knives and forks from gold? Well, some people actually do. Some very, very rich people do have gold knives and forks in their houses. But is gold shiny gray? No. Is silver shiny gray? Yes. And actually silver is the most common


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[Assistant] I mean we could use any one of these minerals to make knives and forks, although I don't know of anybody, well, actually some copper pots and pans are common, but a gold


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[Assistant] Very rare, very expensive, but silver is the most common one. So if you chose silver, that's correct. But of course the most important part here is shiny gray, the color.


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[Assistant] That's the color of silver. Okay, let's move on to four, five, and six.


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[Assistant] For as the material from trees used to make paper, furniture, etc. The material from


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[Assistant] Trees, right? Before I said mineral is one of our big words. Copper, gold, and silver fit inside of mineral. Minerals are from the ground. Wood does not fit underneath mineral, right?


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[Assistant] Wood, where does wood come from? Wood comes from trees. So that's our answer. The material from trees.


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[Assistant] And of course we make paper, we make furniture, we make walls of our house, we make floors on, you know, the, the nice wood floor above the undle, you know, it's usually wood, it's a nice, uh, nice look to it, so we use wood to make those types of things.


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[Assistant] Five, a precious, we have two key words here, precious, we also, precious, no I'm just kidding, okay, we also have yellow.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have a precious yellow mineral. Of course, our key word is yellow, because we're talking about mineral. Remember, copper, gold, and silver are all minerals. Silver is precious, true. Copper is precious, but gold is the most precious, right? Okay, gold is the most expensive, and it's also yellow.


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[Assistant] Mineral used for making jewelry, which is used for making jewelry. Of course, we're talking about gold. It gives it away by yellow and also by precious. Gold is the most precious.


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[Assistant] Six. So some type of substance that comes from the rock, okay? And it also comes from the soil. There's little parts in the soil, actually. Minerals are also good for plants.


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[Assistant] In, in your food, you have, do have small minerals, small, you do need zinc, for example.


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[Assistant] Uh, usually they have minerals in those too, and that's good for you. Although these things are non-living, they come from rock and soil. It is a non-living thing.


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[Assistant] These of course are minerals. So it's also important when you take your vitamins in the morning, your vitamins should probably have some minerals in it. And by the way, copper is also something that our body uses, right? We can eat copper. Don't go eating the wires in your house. That's crazy, right? You'll get electrocuted. But we have very, very, very small


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[Assistant] Uh, parts of copper, zinc and other minerals in the food that we eat and where our body needs those minerals in order to be healthy. So that's another interesting point about minerals. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's go over a chart here, and we're gonna talk about different types of minerals, since we're talking about minerals anyway. Uh, we have, uh, the types of minerals here, and these are different ones. We talked about gold before, but we can also talk about graphite, and we can talk about aluminum.


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[Assistant] So this word actually split a long time ago, and it's kind of a long story behind it.


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[Assistant] Just remember, Americans will say aluminum.


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[Assistant] British people will say aluminium. Okay? So depending on the pronunciation, you can tell if a person is from America or from Britain or a former British, uh, a British, uh, country that's, uh, a country that's closely associated with Britain, for example Australia or New Zealand. Okay.


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[Assistant] We have those types. We have the pictures in the middle and on the bottom we have some descriptions about those. Minerals come from the land. Minerals are found in rocks and soil. We actually have a video of gold. I'm going to show the video first and then we'll come back to this. But you can see the gold here.


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[Assistant] Remember when I said gold is used as money? It's also used as coins. This looks like an Olympic coin. Now of course people don't


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[Assistant] You wouldn't go into a supermarket with this coin and say, here I'm going to pay for my groceries. No, you wouldn't do that.


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[Assistant] Usually, I mean, you could use it for money. You could go to the bank and they will give you money for this coin. But usually people, when they have this type of coin, it's a collector's item. They want to collect it and keep it because it's nice. It's neat to look at. It's nice to collect. Kind of like stamps, the same thing.


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[Assistant] But this is the mineral, and when they finish melting it down and making it into a shape, like I said before, gold is used to make a shape, they can make coins like this. Let's take a look at a video of gold.


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[Assistant] This is what gold looks like when we take it out of nature, before we change its shape and make it into jewelry or a coin. You can see the person is moving it. Look at how shiny


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[Assistant] It is. Look at how bright yellow it is. It's very attractive, isn't it? And that's one of the things that makes gold expensive and precious. That's why it's so, eh, you know, it, it's very expensive. It takes a lot of money to buy gold. By the way, gold is very heavy too. If you had a gold bar, just a gold bar like this,


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[Assistant] Uh, just this size, that would be very, very heavy to carry around.


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[Assistant] So this person, they have a small nugget or a small chunk of gold. By the way, when you have a pure gold, uh, gold like this that has a


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[Assistant] You know, a random shape, we call that a nugget. Especially if you go into the, uh, uh, nature and you just see, if you're very lucky, you see gold nuggets lying around. That's what old, a long time ago in the, especially in the American West,


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[Assistant] Old prospectors would go around looking for gold nuggets and they would take the, the sand and the soil with the water, swirl it around and try to find gold nuggets on the bottom. If some guy found a gold nugget this big, he would really, really be happy. He would have a lot of money right there. That's worth a lot of money.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's gold. We also have graphite. Graphite. What is graphite used for? As you can see, graphite is kind of a dull, uh, gray, almost black color.


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[Assistant] Graphite is very, very popular. You probably carry around graphite with you everyday. When you go to school, you use graphite. As you can see, graphite is the material


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[Assistant] This core in the side of your pencil to the paper to make letters and words. So it's very, very useful mineral.


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[Assistant] Over here, aluminum or aluminium, depending on where you're from, is used to make cans, usually. Okay? And this is what aluminum looks like in the, in the, in nature, right? It has a different color. If we, if we, uh, uh, melt it down and


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[Assistant] Create a can from it, you shine it up, it's very shiny, uh, gray of course in color, but it's very useful. We can see aluminum all over the place, you know, soda pop cans also are usually made of aluminum. It's very lightweight as opposed to gold, which is very heavy.


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[Assistant] Okay, so all these minerals, they come from the land. We find them in the ground. Minerals are found in rocks and soil. Okay, so let's move on.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look. Write the correct mineral for each picture. Here we have aluminum, graphite, and gold. We've just talked about these different materials, so let's take a look. Uh, I will describe the picture to you. The first picture of course is of a pencil. And remember we talked about that inner core of the pencil. The wood surrounds this mineral.


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[Assistant] What do we use it for? What is it called? It's called graphite, and we use it to write our notes at school. Or to write a note to your friend.


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[Assistant] Okay, over here we have a piece of jewelry. Now this is an interesting piece of jewelry. It looks perhaps like a bracelet that somebody might put around their arm. It's shiny, it's yellow in color, and it's very attractive.


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[Assistant] By the way, another thing about this particular material, like I said, it's very easy to work with. You can see some very nice


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[Assistant] Detailed patterns. That's another feature of this mineral that people who work with it can


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[Assistant] So what do we call this material? What is this mineral? This horse is gold, okay? So this will be gold because it's yellow in color, it's very expensive and beautiful.


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[Assistant] Over here, this is more of a useful mineral, right? We use it a lot. It's a lot more common. It's not as expensive as gold, but it's usually used to make cans and containers, okay? And we of course call that mineral, this is called aluminum. Aluminum.


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[Assistant] Okay, we've got one more thing to do before we get into the reading and that of course is true or false. We have these sentences here that we need to figure out if they are true or if they are false.


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[Assistant] So number one, minerals come from rock and soil. We just talked about this actually, right? Where do minerals come from? Where can we find minerals? Of course, it is in the rock and soil. This is true. Minerals don't come from trees. It doesn't come from air. They don't come from water. They come from rock and soil.


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[Assistant] Okay, number two, minerals are living things. Is that true? If we see a piece of gold


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[Assistant] Can we, if we watch it long enough, will it, will it start to move and maybe crawl around on the table? No, it won't. Gold is not living. Not living. Minerals are not living things. So whether it's gold, it's silver, copper, graphite, aluminum,


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[Assistant] Does not live, uh, it is non-living. Okay, so they are not living things.


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[Assistant] Number three, natural resources are things from nature that people cannot use. So that people can't use natural resources. Is that true? No, that's not true because one of the definitions we talked about, a resource is something that you can use.


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[Assistant] Natural means it comes from nature. But the most important point is resource. You can use it.


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[Assistant] All of us here are hard-headed, and it's not easy to make someone follow you, obey you.


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[Assistant] Where can you train a thousand drug-crazed killers, thieves, and hold-upers, dancing, you know. They're happy doing it.


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[Assistant] And I'm the consultant for, uh, jail management at the Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center.


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[Assistant] That's what my philosophy is like. You can't guard a jail if you're not an inmate.


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[Assistant] We don't look at jail as, you know, something bad, so why don't we make it like a happy jail for happy inmates.


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[Assistant] So you're the guy who came from prison, you take over the provincial jail.


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[Assistant] Uh, take care of what the inmates need, like their cases, what we can do with their cases. Like, if they had a problem, they come up to me and tell me about their problem. Usually their problem is about their wife leaving them or not visiting them. All those things, you know, it's hard.


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[Assistant] So I helped them with the boredom or the hopelessness they feel inside. You don't treat them like animals, you know. Being inside those cells.


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[Assistant] And then I showed them my gang tattoo. Yeaah, you don't get a tattoo like this just anywhere. You only get a tattoo when you're inside. We're all like brothers inside, yeaah. Yeaah, so that's when we started working.


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[Assistant] Most of our inmates are detainees. They're not actually prisoners. Their cases are being heard in court.


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[Assistant] At CPDRC, everybody's innocent until they get convicted. All inmates who get convicted of their crime are sent to the maximum security prison to Mandinglopa.


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[Assistant] And now there's like 200 of them in like six cells. Oh man, this is overcrowded.


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[Assistant] I found it that it was a good exercise for everybody and it was fun. So, you know. We continued it in our time.


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[Assistant] They sleep on the quadrangle with their sleeping bags and everything. It's like camping.


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[Assistant] I had the power to change it, so I did it.


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[Assistant] Lee Tong, he started as a Cabo Milaria, the watchman, the image police. And after a few months, he was elected leader. He was like the president of the BC45 gang and CPDRC.


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[Assistant] The video will be here. They're from, uhm, channel 3. They wanna see how we do things.


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[Assistant] Zippy DRC is known for dancing inmates, but it's also known for a source of drugs.


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[Assistant] They don't know what I'm doing, so I'll show it all to them.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I'm not scared of them because I know how they, you know, how they think, how they feel.


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[Assistant] Because you know, I've been there. I was one of them. I learned a lot of things when I was in jail. Yeaah.


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[Assistant] And a favorite quote of mine, throw me to the wolves and I come back leader of the pack.


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[Assistant] So as long as I'm there, all our enemies are happy. Like if they put somebody else? Somebody didn't come from jail? There's gonna be a big problem, real big problem.


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[Assistant] I went into prison because I committed a certain crime. But that doesn't mean that I am a very bad man.


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[Assistant] Which I don't, I use, I don't deny I use.


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[Assistant] This wasn't supposed to happen. Not to me.


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[Assistant] I was Lieutenant Dan Taylor.


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[Assistant] Hello young explorers, welcome to X-Radio.


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[Assistant] Japan is a country made up of many islands. There are four main islands and four thousand smaller islands.


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[Assistant] Most of Japan is covered with mountains. The highest one is Mount Fuji. In fact, it is a volcano. Japan has about 200 volcanoes, among them 60 are active. Many earthquakes hit Japan every year.


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[Assistant] Japan is famous for its cherry blossom, Sakura. It is a Japanese symbolic flower.


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[Assistant] Thousands of people have picnics under sakura trees when they blossom. There are also many cute animals in Japan, like the sika deer, rabbits, and snow monkeys.


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[Assistant] Japanese people love eating fish. They also eat lots of rice and vegetables, but little meat. With little fat or dairy, their diet is very healthy.


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[Assistant] Japanese people live, on average, longer than other people in the world. The Japanese are famous for their hard work. Children are taught to show respect for others.


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[Assistant] Well, young explorers, thanks for listening. See you next time!


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[Assistant] I'm sorry I ruined your New Year's Eve party, Lieutenant Dianne. She tastes like cigarettes.


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[Assistant] I guess Lieutenant Dane figured there's some things you just can't change. He didn't wanna be called crippled. Just like I didn't wanna be called stupid.


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[Assistant] They invited me and the ping pong team to visit the White House. So I went. Again.


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[Assistant] And I met the President of the United States again.


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[Assistant] Gobble, gobble, gobble. I'm turkey. I'm turkey. Gobble, gobble, gobble.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, welcome back to American Textbook Reading. I'm Brian Stewart.


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[Assistant] Let's continue learning about animals. In this lesson, lesson number three, we're talking about adaptations, adaptations for survival. You will discover adaptations of living things.


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[Assistant] Adaptations is kind of a long word, isn't it? It comes from a verb to adapt.


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[Assistant] We change too. If our environment, if our surroundings change, we have to change with our environment. Think about this. If you move to a new country,


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[Assistant] You have to learn a new language. You have to learn a new culture. You have to adapt.


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[Assistant] You have to change to the new environment. So adaptations are changes that living things make


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[Assistant] When they change environment or when they want to survive in their environment because the environment is always changing. Let's take a look in this lesson how living things change according to their environment and that is adaptation. Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] Of course, adaptation, I talked about an adaptation is a body part or behavior that helps a living thing meet its needs. So we have a body part or a behavior that the animal will change


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[Assistant] Giraffes grew very long necks over a very long time, right?


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[Assistant] Adaptation that animals will use. Look at this cute little puppy.


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[Assistant] We can see that the very beautiful, uh, wolf here, right? And this wolf lives way up north in the Arctic. And there's a lot of snow in the Arctic. Now if this wolf was brown or gray or black, other animals would be able to see it very well.


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[Assistant] These wolves can come close to other animals that they eat more easily, right? They want to hide in the background. They don't want other animals to see them because the other animals will run away. They want to catch the other animals. So their body, uh, fur is white to blend in.


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[Assistant] So the surrounding snow, they're using camouflage to do that.


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[Assistant] And of course, you know, if you see wolves, some wolves will change the color of their fur. In the spring or summer, they'll be brown. And in the winter, their coat, their fur changes to white. So some animals will change, will adapt with the changing seasons. So that's very interesting.


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[Assistant] Another thing that we can talk about animals and adaptation, of course all animals need food, right? There's two kinds of food sources, other animals or plants. Now some animals have developed, they have changed their bodies so that they only eat other animals. We call those animals


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[Assistant] Carnivores. A carnivore is an animal that only eats meat.


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[Assistant] So a carnivore only eats meat. A carnivore is at the top of the food chain. That's an interesting one. Food chain. What is a food chain? If you think about it, plants would be very at the bottom. Plants are at the bottom here. What eats plants?


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[Assistant] Well, deer can eat plants, right? Deer will eat plants, but what eats deer?


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[Assistant] Wolves will eat deers. Wolves. Okay? So this is a very simple food chain. What eats wolves?


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[Assistant] Nothing eats wolves, right? Until they die, of course. But nobody, nothing hunts wolves. That would be very dangerous, right? Wolves hunt other animals. So this is a very simple food chain. The bottom of the food chain is plants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Deers eat plants, wolves eat deer, wolves are at the top of the food chain. Wolves eat


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[Assistant] Other animals. They are carnivores. Just like a bear is a carnivore, it eats other animals. It's eating a fish here.


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[Assistant] What eats a bear? Nothing eats a bear, right? Uh, the bears just grow old and die. Uh, so bears are also at the top, at the top of the food chain. And that's what we mean when we talk about the food chain. You have the bottom and then you have the top.


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[Assistant] Is another type of animal, right? This type of animal only eats plants. An herbivore is an animal that only eats plants. Like this cute little rabbit here.


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[Assistant] And a rabbit is an herbivore. Now think about what I just told you about the food chain, right? We have plants at the bottom, then we have a rabbit that eats the plants. Does anything eat the rabbit? Yes, unfortunately, sorry cute rabbit. Wolves will eat rabbits.


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[Assistant] Uh, eagles, big birds will eat rabbits, foxes will eat rabbits, so rabbits are not at the top of the food chain, they're in the middle of the food chain, right? They eat plants, but something will eat the rabbit. So rabbits are not at the top of the food chain, they're in the middle somewhere. Okay. Wild.


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[Assistant] Being wild means living or growing in natural conditions, right? So these are wild animals. When we think about wild animals, we're not talking about pets, right? Or animals that are in zoos.


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[Assistant] Pets are animals that we keep in our homes. They are not wild animals. Your dog is not wild. If you go to the zoo and see a bear in a cage, it's not in the wild, right? It's in a zoo. It's in captivity.


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[Assistant] In the wild means living or growing in natural conditions. No man-made, uh, surroundings, right? They're not living in homes. They're not living in zoos. They're not living in cages. They're out in nature. In natural conditions, they are out in nature. Out in nature.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that is the quality or the essence of being wild. Wild animals. Okay.


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[Assistant] Spiny is an adjective that we can talk about animals. This is what animals, this is another type of adaptation and this is a very cute little animal here, isn't it? This is a puffer fish.


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[Assistant] And if you go scuba diving, you can see them. They're very, they look really cute. They've got these really big eyes and a small mouth, right? They're very cute little guys.


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[Assistant] Usually they don't look like this. Usually they look like a fish. Uh, they're kind of fat fish. But if they get scared, they blow up.