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[Assistant] In the first of which he had exposed the atrocious conduct of Colonel Upwood in connection with the famous card scandal of the Nonpareil Club, while in the second he had defended the unfortunate Madame Montpensier from the charge of murder which hung over her in connection with the death of her stepdaughter, Mademoiselle Carrère.


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[Assistant] The young lady, who as it will be remembered, was found six months later alive and married in New York.


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[Assistant] My friend was in excellent spirits over the success which had attended a succession of difficult and important cases, so that I was able to induce him to discuss the details of the Baskerville mystery.


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[Assistant] I had waited patiently for the opportunity for I was aware that he would never permit cases to overlap, and that his clear and logical mind would not be drawn from its present work to dwell upon memories of the past.


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[Assistant] Sir Henry and Dr Mortimer were, however, in London on their way to the long voyage which had been recommended for the restoration of his shattered nerves.


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[Assistant] They had called upon us that very afternoon, so that it was natural that the subject should come up for discussion.


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[Assistant] The whole course of events, said Holmes, from the point of view of the man who called himself Stapleton, was simple and direct.


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[Assistant] Although to us, who had no means in the beginning of knowing the motives of his actions, and could only learn part of the facts, it all appeared exceedingly complex.


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[Assistant] I have had the advantage of two conversations with Mrs. Stapleton, and the case has now been so entirely cleared up that I am not aware that there is anything which has remained a secret to us. You will find a few notes upon the matter under the heading B in my indexed list of cases.


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[Assistant] Perhaps you'd kindly give me a sketch of the course of events from memory.


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[Assistant] Certainly, though I cannot guarantee that I carry all the facts in my mind,


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[Assistant] Intense mental concentration has a curious way of blotting out what has passed. The barrister who has his case at his fingers' ends and is able to argue with an expert upon his own subject finds that a week or two of the courts will drive it all out of his head once more.


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[Assistant] So each of my cases displaces the last, and Mademoiselle Carrère has blurred my recollection of Baskerville Hall.


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[Assistant] Tomorrow some other little problem may be submitted to my notice, which will in turn dispossess the fair French lady and the infamous Upward. So far as the case of the Hound goes, however,


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[Assistant] I'll give you the course of events as nearly as I can, and you will suggest anything which I may have forgotten.


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[Assistant] My inquiries show beyond all question that the family portrait did not lie, and that this fellow was indeed a Baskerville.


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[Assistant] He was a son of that Roger Baskerville, the younger brother of Sir Charles, who fled with a sinister reputation to South America, where he was said to have died unmarried.


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[Assistant] He did, as a matter of fact, marry, and had one child. This fellow, whose real name is the same as his father's.


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[Assistant] He married Beryl Garcia, one of the beauties of Costa Rica, and having purloined a considerable sum of public money, he changed his name to Vandeleur and fled to England, where he established a school in the east of Yorkshire.


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[Assistant] His reason for attempting this special line of business was that he had struck up an acquaintance with a consumptive tutor upon the voyage home


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[Assistant] And that he had used this man's ability to make the undertaking a success. Fraser, the tutor, died, however, and the school which had begun well sank from disrepute into infamy.


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[Assistant] The Vandalers found it convenient to change their name to Stapleton.


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[Assistant] And he brought the remains of his fortune, his schemes for the future, and his taste for entomology to the south of England.


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[Assistant] I learned at the British Museum that he was a recognised authority upon the subject, and that the name of Vandeleur has been permanently attached to a certain moth which he had in his Yorkshire days been the first to describe.


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[Assistant] We now come to that portion of his life which has proved to be of such intense interest to us. The fellow had evidently made inquiry and found that only two lives intervened between him and a valuable estate.


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[Assistant] When he went to Devonshire his plans were, I believe, exceedingly hazy.


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[Assistant] But that he meant mischief from the first is evident from the way in which he took his wife with him in the character of his sister.


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[Assistant] The idea of using her as a decoy was clearly already in his mind, though he may not have been certain how the details of his plot were to be arranged.


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[Assistant] He meant in the end to have the estate, and he was ready to use any tool or run any risk for that end.


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[Assistant] His first act was to establish himself as near to his ancestral home as he could


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[Assistant] And his second was to cultivate a friendship with Sir Charles Baskerville and with the neighbours.


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[Assistant] The baronet himself told him about the family hound, and so prepared the way for his own death.


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[Assistant] Stapleton, as I will continue to call him, knew that the old man's heart was weak and that a shock would kill him. So much he had learned from Dr. Mortimer.


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[Assistant] He had heard also that Sir Charles was superstitious and had taken this grim legend very seriously.


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[Assistant] His ingenious mind instantly suggested a way by which the baronet could be done to death.


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[Assistant] And yet it would be hardly possible to bring home the guilt to the real murderer.


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[Assistant] Having conceived the idea he proceeded to carry it out with considerable finesse.


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[Assistant] An ordinary schemer would have been content to work with a savage hound.


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[Assistant] The use of artificial means to make the creature diabolical was a flash of genius upon his part.


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[Assistant] The dog he brought in London from Ross and Mangles, the dealers in Fulham Road. It was the strongest and most savage in their possession.


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[Assistant] He brought it down by the North Devon line and walked a great distance over the moor so as to get it home without exciting any remarks.


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[Assistant] He had already on his insect hunts learned to penetrate the Grimpen Maya, and so had found a safe hiding place for the creature.


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[Assistant] The old gentleman could not be decoyed outside of his grounds at night.


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[Assistant] Several times Stapleton lurked about with his hound, but without a veil.


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[Assistant] It was during these fruitless quests that he, or rather his ally, was seen by peasants, and that the legend of the demon dog received a new confirmation.


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[Assistant] He had hoped that his wife might lure Sir Charles to his ruin, but here she proved unexpectedly independent.


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[Assistant] She would not endeavour to entangle the old gentleman in a sentimental attachment which might deliver him over to his enemy.


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[Assistant] She would have nothing to do with it, and for a time Stapleton was at a deadlock.


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[Assistant] He found a way out of his difficulties through the chance that Sir Charles, who had conceived a friendship for him, made him the minister of his charity in the case of this unfortunate woman, Mrs Laura Lyons.


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[Assistant] By representing himself as a single man he acquired complete influence over her and he gave her to understand that in the event of her obtaining a divorce from her husband he would marry her.


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[Assistant] His plans were suddenly brought to a head by his knowledge that Sir Charles was about to leave the hall on the advice of Dr Mortimer.


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[Assistant] With whose opinion he himself pretended to coincide.


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[Assistant] He must act at once, or his victim might get beyond his power. He therefore put pressure upon Mrs Lyons to write this letter, imploring the old man to give her an interview on the evening before his departure for London.


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[Assistant] He then, by a specious argument, prevented her from going, and so had the chance for which he had waited.


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[Assistant] Driving back in the evening from Coombe Tracey he was in time to get his hound.


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[Assistant] To treat it with his infernal paint, and to bring the beast round to the gate at which he had reason to expect that he would find the old gentleman waiting. The dog, incited by his master, sprang over the wicked gate and pursued the unfortunate baronet, who fled screaming down the yew alley.


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[Assistant] In that gloomy tunnel it must indeed have been a dreadful sight to see that huge black creature, with its flaming jaws and blazing eyes, bounding after its victim.


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[Assistant] He fell dead at the end of the alley from heart disease and terror.


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[Assistant] The hound had kept upon the grassy border while the baronet had run down the path, so that no track but the man's was visible.


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[Assistant] On seeing him lying still the creature had probably approached to sniff at him, but finding him dead had turned away again.


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[Assistant] It was then that it left the print, which was actually observed by Dr Mortimer.


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[Assistant] The hound was called off and hurried away to its lair in the Grimpen Mire, and a mystery was left which puzzled the authorities, alarmed the countryside, and finally brought the case within the scope of our observation. So much for the death of Sir Charles Baskerville.


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[Assistant] You perceive the devilish cunning of it, for really it would be almost impossible to make a case against the real murderer.


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[Assistant] His only accomplice was one who could never give him away, and the grotesque inconceivable nature of the device only served to make it more effective.


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[Assistant] Both of the women concerned in the case, Mrs Stapleton and Mrs Laura Lyons, were left with a strong suspicion against Stapleton.


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[Assistant] Mrs Stapleton knew that he had designs upon the old man, and also the existence of the hound.


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[Assistant] Mrs Lyons knew neither of these things, but had been impressed by the death occurring at the time of an uncancelled appointment, which was only known to him.


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[Assistant] However, both of them were under his influence, and he had nothing to fear from them. The first half of his task was successfully accomplished, but the more difficult still remained.


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[Assistant] It is possible that Stapleton did not know of the existence of an air in Canada.


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[Assistant] In any case he would very soon learn it from his friend Dr. Mortimer, and he was told by the latter all details about the arrival of Henry Baskerville. Stapleton's first idea was that this young stranger from Canada might possibly be done to death in London without coming down to Devonshire at all.


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[Assistant] He distrusted his wife ever since she had refused to help him in laying a trap for the old man.


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[Assistant] And he dared not leave her long out of his sight, for fear he should lose his influence over her.


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[Assistant] It was for this reason that he took her to London with him.


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[Assistant] They lodged, I find, at the Mexborough Private Hotel in Craven Street, which was actually one of those called upon by my agent in search of evidence.


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[Assistant] Here he kept his wife, imprisoned in her room while he disguised in a beard, followed Dr. Mortimer to Baker Street, and afterwards to the station and to the Northumberland Hotel. His wife had some inkling of his plans,


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[Assistant] But she had such a fear of her husband—a fear founded upon brutal ill treatment—that she dare not write to warn the man whom she knew to be in danger. If the letter should fall into Stapleton's hands, her own life would not be safe.


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[Assistant] Eventually, as we know, she adopted the expedient of cutting out the words which would form the message and addressing the letter in a disguised hand.


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[Assistant] It reached the baronet and gave him the first warning of his danger.


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[Assistant] It was very essential for Stapleton to get some article of Sir Henry's attire, so that in case he was driven to use the dog he might always have the means of setting him upon his track. With characteristic promptness and audacity he set about this at once.


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[Assistant] And we cannot doubt that the boots or chambermaid of the hotel was well bribed to help him in his design. By chance, however, the first boot which was procured for him was a new one, and therefore useless for his purpose. He then had it returned and obtained another,


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[Assistant] A most instructive incident since it proved conclusively to my mind that we were dealing with a real hound.


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[Assistant] As no other supposition could explain this anxiety to obtain an old boot, and this indifference to a new one.


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[Assistant] The more outre and grotesque an incident is, the more carefully it deserves to be examined.


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[Assistant] And the very point which appears to complicate a case is when duly considered and scientifically handled, the one which is most likely to elucidate it.


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[Assistant] Then we had the visit from our friends next morning, shadowed always by Stapleton in the cab,


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[Assistant] From his knowledge of our rooms and of my appearance, as well as from his general conduct, I am inclined to think that Stapleton's career of crime has been by no means limited to this single Baskerville affair.


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[Assistant] It is suggestive that during the last three years there have been four considerable burglaries in the West Country, for none of which was any criminal ever arrested.


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[Assistant] The last of these, at Folkestone Court, in May, was remarkable for the cold-blooded pistoling of the Page, who surprised the masked and solitary burglar.


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[Assistant] I cannot doubt that Stapleton recruited his waning resources in this fashion, and that for years he had been a desperate and dangerous man.


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[Assistant] We had an example of his readiness of resource that morning when he got away from us so successfully.


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[Assistant] And also of his audacity in sending back my own name to me through the cabman.


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[Assistant] From that moment he understood that I had taken over the case in London, and that therefore there was no chance for him there. He returned to Dartmoor, and awaited the arrival of the baronet.


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[Assistant] You have no doubt described the sequence of events correctly, but there's one point which you have left unexplained. What became of the hound when its master was in London? I have given some attention to this matter, and it is undoubtedly of importance.


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[Assistant] There can be no question that Stapleton had a confidant, though it is unlikely that he ever placed himself in his power by sharing all his plans with him.


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[Assistant] There was an old manservant at Merripit House whose name was Anthony. His connection with the Stapletons can be traced for several years, as far back as the schoolmastering days, so that he must have been aware that his master and mistress were really husband and wife.


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[Assistant] This man has disappeared and has escaped from the country. It is suggestive that Anthony is not a common name in England, while Antonio is so in all Spanish or Spanish-American countries.


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[Assistant] The man, like Mrs Stapleton herself, spoke good English, but with a curious, lisping accent.


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[Assistant] I have myself seen this old man cross the Grimpen Mire by the path which Stapleton had marked out.


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[Assistant] It is very probable, therefore, that in the absence of his master it was he who cared for the hound, though he may never have known the purpose for which the beast was used.


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[Assistant] The Stapletons then went down to Devonshire whither they were soon followed by Sir Henry and you. One word now as to how I stood myself at that time.


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[Assistant] It may possibly recur to your memory that when I examined the paper upon which the printed words were fastened, I made a close inspection for the watermark.


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[Assistant] In doing so I held it within a few inches of my eyes, and was conscious of a faint smell of the scent known as white jessamine.


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[Assistant] There are seventy-five perfumes which is very necessary that a criminal expert should be able to distinguish from each other, and cases have more than once within my own experience depended upon their prompt recognition. The scent suggested the presence of a lady.


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[Assistant] And already my thoughts began to turn towards the Stapletons.


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[Assistant] Thus I had made certain of the hound, and had guessed at the criminal before ever we went to the west country.


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[Assistant] It was my game to watch Stapleton. It was evident, however, that I could not do this if I were with you since he would be keenly on his guard.


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[Assistant] I deceived everybody therefore, yourself included, and I came down secretly when I was supposed to be in London.


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[Assistant] My hardships were not so great as you imagined, though such trifling details must never interfere with the investigation of a case.


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[Assistant] I stayed for the most part at Coombe Tracy, and only used the hut upon the moor when it was necessary to be near the scene of action.


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[Assistant] Cartwright had come down with me, and in his disguise as a country boy he was of great assistance to me. I was dependent upon him for food and clean linen.


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[Assistant] When I was watching Stapleton Cartwright was frequently watching you, so that I was able to keep my hand upon all the strings.


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[Assistant] I've already told you that your reports reached me rapidly, being forward instantly from Baker Street to Coombe Tracey.


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[Assistant] They were of great service to me, and especially that one incidentally truthful piece of biography of Stapletons.


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[Assistant] I was able to establish the identity of the man and the woman, and knew at last exactly how I stood.


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[Assistant] This also you cleared up in a very effective way, though I had already come to the same conclusions from my own observations.


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[Assistant] By the time that you discovered me upon the moor, I had a complete knowledge of the whole business, but I had not a case which could go to a jury.


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[Assistant] Even Stapleton's attempt upon Sir Henry that night, which ended in the death of the unfortunate convict, did not help us much in proving murder against our man.


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[Assistant] There seemed to be no alternative but to catch him red-handed.


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[Assistant] And to do so we had to use Sir Henry, alone and apparently unprotected, as a bait.


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[Assistant] We did so, and at the cost of a severe shock to our client, we succeeded in completing our case and driving Stapleton to his destruction.


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[Assistant] That Sir Henry should have been exposed to this is, I must confess, a reproach to my management of the case. But we had no means of foreseeing the terrible and paralyzing spectacle which the beast presented.


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[Assistant] Nor could we predict the fog which enabled him to burst upon us at such short notice.


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[Assistant] We succeeded in our object at a cost which both the specialist and Dr. Mortimer assure me will be a temporary one.


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[Assistant] A long journey may enable our friend to recover not only from his shattered nerves, but also from his wounded feelings. His love for the lady was deep and sincere, and to him the saddest part of all this black business was that he should have been deceived by her.


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[Assistant] It only remains to indicate the part which she had played throughout. There can be no doubt that Stapleton exercised an influence over her which may have been love, or may have been fear, or very possibly both, since they are by no means incompatible emotions. It was at least absolutely effective.


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[Assistant] At his command, she consented to pass as his sister, though he found the limits of his power over her when he endeavoured to make her the direct accessory to murder.


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[Assistant] She was ready to warn Sir Henry so far as she could without implicating her husband, and again and again she tried to do so.


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[Assistant] Stapleton himself seems to have been capable of jealousy, and when he saw the baronet paying court to the lady, even though it was part of his own plan, still he could not help interrupting with a passionate outburst which revealed the fiery soul which his self-contained manner so cleverly concealed.


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[Assistant] By encouraging the intimacy he made it certain that Sir Henry would frequently come to Merripit House, and that he would sooner or later get the opportunity which he desired.


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[Assistant] On the day of the crisis, however, his wife turned suddenly against him.


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[Assistant] She had learned something of the death of the convict, and she knew that the hound was being kept in the outhouse on the evening that Sir Henry was coming to dinner.


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[Assistant] She taxed her husband with his intended crime, and a furious scene followed, in which he showed her for the first time that she had a rival in his love.


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[Assistant] Her fidelity turned in an instant to bitter hatred, and he saw that she would betray him


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[Assistant] He tied her up, therefore, that she might have no chance of warning Sir Henry. And he hoped, no doubt, that when the whole countryside put down the baronet's death to the curse of his family, as they certainly would do,


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[Assistant] He could win his wife back to accept an accomplished fact and to keep silent upon what she knew.


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[Assistant] In this I fancy that in any case he made a miscalculation, and that if we had not been there his doom would none the less have been sealed. A woman of Spanish blood does not condone such an injury so lightly.


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[Assistant] And now, my dear Watson, without referring to my notes, I cannot give you a more detailed account of this curious case. I do not know that anything essential has been left unexplained.


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[Assistant] The beast was savage and half-starved. If its appearance did not frighten its victim to death, at least it would paralyze the resistance which might be offered. No doubt. There only remains one difficulty.


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[Assistant] If Stapleton came into the succession, how could he explain the fact that he, the heir, had been living unannounced under another name, so close to the property?


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[Assistant] How could he claim it without causing suspicion and inquiry?


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[Assistant] It is a formidable difficulty, and I fear that you ask too much when you expect me to solve it.


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[Assistant] The past and the present are within the field of my inquiry.


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[Assistant] But what a man may do in the future is a hard question to answer.


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[Assistant] Mrs Stapleton has heard her husband discuss the problem on several occasions. There were three possible courses.


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[Assistant] He might claim the property from South America, establish his identity before the British authorities there, and so obtain the fortune without ever coming to England at all, or he might adopt an elaborate disguise during the short time that he need be in London.


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[Assistant] Or again, he might furnish an accomplice with the proofs and papers, putting him in as heir, and retaining a claim upon some proportion of his income.


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[Assistant] We cannot doubt from what we know of him that he would have found some way out of the difficulty.


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[Assistant] Have you heard the Duretzky's? Might I trouble you then to be ready in half an hour, and we can stop at Marsini's for a little dinner on the way.


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[Assistant] Mystery solved. But nobody gets a reward.


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[Assistant] I went to the bathroom and saw my best friend Chloe get shot by Nathan Prescott. You with me so far? Where else could I be? Go on. Then I found out that I could rewind time.


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[Assistant] I should never have run away from you like I did when we left Arcadia Bay. I know I hurt you. All I ever wanted was to make it up to you. Please don't run away from me.


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[Assistant] Who are you? Holy shit, are you serial? I'm you dumbass. Or I'm one of many maxes you've left behind. Can you get me out of here? Oh, so you want help? Thought you could control everybody and everything, huh? Twist time around your fingers?


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[Assistant] You've left a trail of death and suffering behind you.


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[Assistant] What about the crap that was your fault? Wait wait, lemme guess.


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[Assistant] She's my best friend. Oh yeah, you ignored your best friend for five years while she went through hell.


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[Assistant] Some friend. Chloe does a better job of guilt tripping me than you do. Because you let her bully you. It's called Stockholm Syndrome. But you didn't do that homework, so you'll have to learn the hard way. Like Rachel. Just shut up!


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[Assistant] You're not scaring me anymore. I'd be more worried about Chloe killing us than Jefferson. Max, do you really think she's our friend?


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[Assistant] That she respects us in any way. Man, you are so stupid. I'm embarrassed to have the same name. And someday Chloe will destroy- Oh hell, speak of the devil.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I just want everybody to be happy, but don't put me in the middle.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you know, Kendall's stuck in the middle, so that's not fair to do to her either.


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[Assistant] She feels terrible. I don't like it when anybody's arguing, especially my kids. And Scott really needs to get a hold of his emotions right now and not get so rattled.


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[Assistant] Tristan is in town and my house is still being built, so we get to use Kim's gym. Kim has been sharing her gym with me for a good year and a half now, so God bless her. Everything is supposed to go a certain way. I don't understand.


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[Assistant] What did the fan say when you got the fan ejected at the game? I know you said it was directed at me or was it directed at everyone?


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[Assistant] That a fan got ejected and blah blah blah, but not details. So I really am just so curious as to the details.


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[Assistant] I've had six boyfriends. Three of them have been in the NBA. Thank you.


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[Assistant] of his family. He doesn't like people talking about any one of us. And that's just, I mean, it's


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[Assistant] Really cute and it's just how, I think how everyone should be. You just are supposed to protect your family. Coming in the same morning! Hey guys!


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[Assistant] On a scale, let me just really ask you something, Tristan. And be as honest as you want. Okay?


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[Assistant] We have a very loyal, strong vibe in our family. We are great co-parenters. We are great at blending families. We've learned that from my mom and my dad.


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[Assistant] That's just how we are. That's how we were raised. Like my mom and my dad were best friends. My dad and my stepdad played golf together twice a week.


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[Assistant] Like Scott is never leaving. Kanye's never leaving. Looks like you're never leaving. Like we're all here. Forever.


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[Assistant] You know, there's a follicle here. So what you really have is one good follicle.


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[Assistant] Hey guys, in this section we're going to be learning about the Bootstrap framework. And this is one of many external CSS layout systems. But this is probably one of the most popular and the one that you're most likely to come across out in the wild.


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[Assistant] Bootstrap, as I said, is a CSS framework created in 2010 by two Twitter developers, Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton.


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[Assistant] Now the power of Bootstrap and the reason why it became so popular is it contained pre-made CSS files, which you can simply include into your project in order to use their pre-built components and styling.


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[Assistant] For example, if you wanted to have some tags in your website, you could create a look like this by simply adding a few classes to your HTML.


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[Assistant] On top of that, one of the biggest reasons why Bootstrap took off is because of their 12 column layout system built on top of Flexbox that makes it really easy to create responsive websites and websites that simply just work and look great on mobile as well as desktop. The so-called mobile first approach.


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[Assistant] How exactly does it work? Well, let's say you had a button which just said home. You can see that the standard button rendered from HTML doesn't look fantastic.


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[Assistant] If we included just five classes, which come from the Bootstrap CSS,


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[Assistant] So we include the pre-built CSS into our project and we add the styling and the components by adding these classes to our HTML. Then all of a sudden what you'll end up with is something that looks beautiful and pre-styled like this.


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[Assistant] And because we don't have to worry about writing all of the CSS code, all we need to know is which classes we need to add to our HTML. Then it makes everything so much easier and so much quicker when we want to build components into our website.


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[Assistant] Now, as I mentioned, Bootstrap is a type of CSS framework. What exactly are these? Well, they're pre-made CSS files, which you can include into your projects.


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[Assistant] If we had a look at the Bootstrap GitHub and because Bootstrap is completely open source, then all of the code is visible.


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[Assistant] And you can see it's got styling defined for all of the different components. For example, this is inside the card component.


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[Assistant] And it's got classes that define what a card body should look like, what kind of layout it should have, what kind of color it should have, as well as what the card title should look like, subtitle. And it's got all of this predefined CSS, which we can simply insert straight into our HTML.


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[Assistant] Now the two most popular external CSS frameworks are Bootstrap and Foundation, but there are lots more like MUI and Tailwind and a whole bunch more. And the reason why they're so great is because they allow us to add in pre-built components and develop websites quickly and efficiently.


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[Assistant] If we look at the usage percentages across the internet, you can see that the biggest CSS external framework is still Bootstrap with close to 80% of the market share.


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[Assistant] But just because we learn about Bootstrap, it doesn't mean that everything we learned about CSS is null and void. In fact, if you look at the top here,


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[Assistant] When we look at the absolute usage percentages of all of the different frameworks across the internet, you can see the largest percentage are still websites that don't use any external CSS frameworks.


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[Assistant] What does it mean when there are no CSS frameworks being used? Well, it means you're probably using native CSS like Flexbox and Grid and Float and all of the great things that we learned before.


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[Assistant] So Bootstrap doesn't replace any of that knowledge. And in fact, we should be in a situation where we don't actually need to depend on any sort of external framework.


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[Assistant] They are really useful when we want to develop websites quickly and easily, and we don't want to spend a ton of time designing our websites because it comes with all the pre-made styling and all of the styling rules that we can easily conform to by using their components.


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[Assistant] So what are the pros of external CSS frameworks? Well, they're easy and they're fast to use. And you get a ton of pre-built components like this pricing plan, which took us ages to build ourselves.


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[Assistant] And you also get really consistent styling across your website. It's almost like you hired a professional developer who kept everything looking on brand.


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[Assistant] And finally, you have really good browser compatibility because they've tested all of the different browsers, Safari, Chrome, Brave, and whichever browsers that your user might be using so you don't actually have to do all of this complicated testing. You can just trust that it works out of the box.


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[Assistant] Now what are some of the downsides of CSS frameworks? Well, one of the biggest downsides is something called class bloat. Remember previously we mentioned that it's a really good idea to separate structure from style, where we said that HTML is for structure.


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[Assistant] So adding in elements that describe what the purpose is and CSS is for style.


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[Assistant] Using external CSS frameworks, because we're adding everything into the classes, then very quickly you end up with what's called class bloat, where you have a lot of styling going into the actual HTML file.


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[Assistant] And it looks a lot less clean than if we had just used something like grid or flexbox where we have all of our predefined classes and we go easy on the classes that we add in to our HTML file. The other downside is customization.


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[Assistant] But then, external CSS frameworks is probably not the way to go. Because in order to customize each and every component, it can be really time consuming. So when should you use these CSS frameworks like Bootstrap and when should you not?


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[Assistant] Well, when you are building a mobile first responsive website that you want to put online very quickly and access beautiful components designed by professional designers, keeping everything on your website looking slick and uniform, then you probably want to consider using bootstraps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you're building a very simple website where you just need HTML and CSS and you can quickly throw it up, or if you're building a really complex custom design website and you want complete control over the design, then it's probably not a good idea to use an external CSS framework like Bootstrap.


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[Assistant] So we've spoken so much about the pros and cons, when to use, when not to use, but how do you actually use it? Well, one of the easiest ways is to include it via a CDN link.


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[Assistant] We've seen how we can use the link tag in order to add our style sheets. And in a similar way, we can use these link tags that simply gets hold of the style sheet from an external resource. So in this case, it's through a CDN, which stands for content delivery network.


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[Assistant] And it knows where your users are located. So when they load up your website and try to access this particular CSS file that contains all of the bootstrap code, then it can find the closest location with the shortest distance to the server that has that content.


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[Assistant] And that just means that even though this has to be downloaded from somewhere, it can be delivered to your user and rendered very, very quickly.


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[Assistant] And from our point of view as developers, all we need to do is simply include this link into the head section of our HTML.


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[Assistant] And if we want any of the functionality like dropdown menus or clickable buttons, then we want to include the bootstrap script just before the end of the body section.


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[Assistant] Somewhere right about here. Now let's go ahead and try an exercise and see if we can upgrade our website quickly by using Bootstrap. Download 11.0 Bootstrap intro.


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[Assistant] And if you open it inside of VS code, open the index dot HTML, you can see there are four to do's for you to complete.


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[Assistant] And once you've completed all of these four steps, you should end up with a card that displays a sunflower image. And this is one of the pre-built Bootstrap components.


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[Assistant] Now, how are you going to do this? Well, firstly, you can head over to getbootstrap.com, which is the main Bootstrap website. And then I want you to include the Bootstrap files using CDN. You only need the CSS file through this link element for now.


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[Assistant] And then I want you to go into the documentation if you want to look up anything regarding the card component.


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[Assistant] Which is all the way down here in components under the card section.


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[Assistant] Now you know what the goal should look like. You've got all of the resources to get started and you should be able to work through each of the to-dos one by one. Pause the video and see if you can complete this challenge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, hopefully you've given that a go and you've seen that the bootstrap card has some example code which you can straight up just drop into your file. If you haven't given this a go,


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[Assistant] Pause the video now. Don't continue because things will get harder and harder as we go on in the course. And if you just watch the videos, eventually at some point, things are not going to make sense because you haven't had the practice. Make things easy for your future self by putting in lots of effort and practice now.


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[Assistant] All right, enough said. First thing, let's walk through the solution together and hopefully you can check it against your work.


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[Assistant] Now the first thing we're gonna do is add the Bootstrap link, which comes from the homepage, and we just want this first link that is going to include the style sheet. And you can see this is a link with a relationship of style sheet. So instead of using our own style sheet, we're now using the Bootstrap CSS.


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[Assistant] And if you're wondering what that min stands for, it's basically a file where all of the spaces are taken away so that it's as short as possible. So it loads up quicker because there's no spaces and everything's all jumbled, which is impossible for humans to read, but it works just fine for the computer.


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[Assistant] To do number two is to add the Bootstrap pre-built card. So if we go into our docs and find our card component, you can see the first example is pretty much the card we want to build.


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[Assistant] If we look at the goal, we've got our car title, some example text, a button and an image. And this is exactly the same as this example. So let's copy the HTML and paste it into here under to do number two.


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[Assistant] Now let's check our work. Let's show it in preview and see what it looks like. It looks pretty good other than the fact that the image is pretty much completely broken. So step three is to change the image source to display the flower JPEG image. The image is right here.


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[Assistant] And right now the source is completely empty cause it's an example. Let's go ahead and change it to our image, which is flower.jpg. You see it show up immediately. And as always with images, let's add a alt text so that people with screen readers know what it's all about.


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[Assistant] Alright, now the final step is a little bit of a revision step because I wanted you to use Flexbox to center the card in the vertical and horizontal center. If we take a look at this URL.


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[Assistant] On our browser, you can see it's stuck all the way to the top left, which is default HTML layout.


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[Assistant] What do we need to target? Well, we need to target the entire card and the topmost level is this flex container.


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[Assistant] The reason why it's of class flex container is because this comes from the bootstrap CSS and it's got some styling in there that defines that container.


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[Assistant] But we can always override it. And this is really, really important. When we want to override a particular bootstrap style, we have to make sure that it's more specific.


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[Assistant] Or it goes inside an inline style property, or if we're using our standard external CSS and we use a link linking to, I don't know, say forward slash CSS, forward slash style dot CSS, and we have a style dot CSS file somewhere in our project.


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[Assistant] Then you got to make sure that your custom CSS file occurs below the bootstrap link.


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[Assistant] That way this is first looked at and then the browser looks at your custom style sheet and you can override any of the classes that come from Bootstrap.


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[Assistant] So this is an important point to remember for the future when you're creating your own custom style sheets.


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[Assistant] Alright, so now in order to override the style here, now we might be building on top of existing bootstrap styles or we might be specifying something they don't even care about and it's not defined in the bootstrap CSS at all.


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[Assistant] In our case, we want to change this flex container to display flex because we know that this is one of the simplest ways to center anything in CSS.


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[Assistant] And the first thing we need to change is the justify content set to center. And the second one is align items set to center.


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[Assistant] And finally, we need to make sure that the entire container takes up the full height


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[Assistant] And not just some proportion of the height, that's enough for the content. So let's set the height to 100 viewport height. And now you can see our card.


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[Assistant] Is perfectly centered in the middle using Flexbox. It's a component that we've borrowed and customized from Bootstrap. And you can see how easy it was and quick to create this layout by leveraging the power of Bootstrap.


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[Assistant] In the next lesson, we're going to dive deeper into Bootstrap and we're going to look at how the Bootstrap 12 column layout system actually works in practice. So for all of that and more, I'll see you in the next lesson.


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[Assistant] Most of the talks that you've heard in the last several fabulous days have been from people who have the characteristic that they have thought about something, they are experts, they know what's going on.


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[Assistant] All of you know about the topic that I'm supposed to talk about, that is, you know what simplicity is, you know what complexity is. The trouble is, I don't.


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[Assistant] And let me just read it, the important details here.


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[Assistant] Shorthand description, hardcore pornography, and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly defining it, but I know it when I see it. I'm going to come back to that in a moment.


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[Assistant] Which has a container, yes, and a handle, yes. The handle enables you to hold it when the container is filled with hot liquid. Yeah. Why is that important? Well, it enables you to drink coffee. But also, by the way, the coffee is hot, the liquid is sterile, you're not likely to get cholera that way.


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[Assistant] So the coffee cup or the cup with a handle is one of the tools used by society to maintain public health.


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[Assistant] Scissors are your clothes. Glasses enable you to see things and keep you from being eaten by cheetahs or run down by automobiles. And books are, after all, your education.


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[Assistant] But there's another class of simple things, which are also very important. Simple in function, but not at all simple in how they're constructed.


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[Assistant] And the two here are just examples. One is the cell phone, which we use every day, and it rests on a complexity, which has some characteristics very different from those that my friend Benoit Mendebrot discussed, but are very interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the other of course is the birth control pill, which in a very simple way fundamentally changed the structure of society by changing the role of women in it by providing to them the opportunity to make reproductive choices.


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[Assistant] So, there are two ways of thinking about this word, I think, and here I've corrupted the Potter-Steward quotation.


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[Assistant] By saying that we can think about something which spans all the way from scissors to the cell phone, internet, and birth control pills by saying that they're simple.


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[Assistant] Functions are simple, and we recognize what that simplicity is when we see it. Or, there may be another way of doing it. Which is to think about the problem in terms of what, if you associate with,


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[Assistant] The teapot problem I'll pose this way. Suppose you see a teapot and the teapot is filled with hot water. And you can then ask the question, why is the water hot?


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[Assistant] One answer would be because the kinetic energy of the water molecules is high and they bounce against things rapidly. That's a kind of physical science argument.


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[Assistant] A second argument would be because he was sitting on a stove with the flame on. That's a historical argument. A third is that I wanted hot water for tea. That's an intentional argument.


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[Assistant] All of these are possibilities. The point is that you get into trouble when you ask a single question with a single box for an answer in which that single question actually is many questions with quite different meanings but with the same words.


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[Assistant] Asking what is simplicity I think falls in that category. What is the state of science?


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[Assistant] And interestingly, complexity is very highly evolved. We have a lot of interesting information about what complexity is.


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[Assistant] Simplicity for reasons that are a little bit obscure is almost not pursued, at least in academic world. We academics, I am an academic, we love complexity. You can write papers about complexity and the nice thing about complexity is it's fundamentally intractable in many ways so you're not responsible for outcomes. Simplicity


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of you really would like your wearing blender in the morning to make whatever a wearing blender does but not explode or play Beethoven. You're not interested in the limits of these things.


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[Assistant] So, what one is interested in has a lot to do with the rewards of the system, and there's a lot of rewards in thinking about complexity and emergence, not so much in thinking about simplicity.


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[Assistant] One of the things I want to do is to help you with a very important task, which you may not know that you have very often, which is to understand how to sit next to a physicist at a dinner party and have a conversation.


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[Assistant] We have actually a pretty good working definition of complexity. It is a system, like traffic, which has components. The components interact with one another. These are cars and drivers. They dissipate energy. It turns out that whenever you have that system, weird stuff happens. And you in Los Angeles probably know this better than anyone.


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[Assistant] Here's another example, which I put up because it's an example of really important current science. You can't possibly read that. It's not intended that you read it. But that's a tiny part of the chemical reactions going on in each of your cells at any given moment.


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[Assistant] And it's like the traffic that you see. The amazing thing about the cell is that that actually does maintain a fairly stable working relationship with other cells. But we don't know why. Anyone who tells you that we understand life, walk away.


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[Assistant] And let me reduce this to the simplest level. We've heard from Bill Gates recently. All of us, to some extent, study this thing called a Bill Gates. Terrific. You learn everything you can about that.


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[Assistant] But then if you know everything you can know about those two things and you put them together,


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[Assistant] What can you say about this combination? The answer is not a lot. And that's complexity. Now imagine building that up to a city or to a society and you've got obviously an interesting problem.


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[Assistant] Alright, so let me give you an example of simplicity of a particular kind.


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[Assistant] And then I want to introduce a word that I think is very useful, which is stacking.


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[Assistant] And I'm going to use stacking for a kind of simplicity that has the characteristic that it is so simple and so reliable that I can build things with it. Or I'm going to use simple to mean reliable, predictable, repeatable.


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[Assistant] And I'm going to use this as an example of the internet, because it's a particularly good example of stacked simplicity.


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[Assistant] We call it a complex system, which it is, but it's also something else.


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[Assistant] The internet starts with mathematics, it starts with binary.


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[Assistant] The question is, why is binary simpler than Arabic? And the answer is simply that if I hold up three fingers, you can count that easily. But if I hold up this, it's sort of hard to say that I just did seven. The virtue of binary is that it's the simplest possible way of representing numbers. Anything else is more complicated.


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[Assistant] You can catch errors with it. It's unambiguous in its reading. There are lots of good things about binary. So it is very, very simple once you learn how to read it.


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[Assistant] Now, if you'd like to represent this zero and one of binary, you need a device. And think of things in your life that are binary. One of them is light switches. They can be on and off. That's binary. Now wall switches, we all know, fail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, our friends who are condensed matter physicists managed to come up some 50 years ago with a very nice device shown under that bell jar, which is a transistor. A transistor is nothing more than a wall switch. It turns things on and off, but it does so without moving parts and it doesn't fail, basically, for a very long period of time.


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[Assistant] So the second layer of simplicity was the transistor in the internet.


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[Assistant] So, since the transistor is so simple, you can put lots of them together.


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[Assistant] And you put lots of them together and you come up with something called integrated circuits. And a current integrated circuit might have in each one of these chips something like a billion transistors, all of which have to work perfectly every time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the next layer of simplicity. And in fact, integrated circuits are really simple in the sense that they in general work really well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With integrated circuits, you can build cell phones.


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[Assistant] But, in fact, if you have cell phones, you can now go to this nice lady, who's somewhere like Namibia, and who is extremely happy with the fact that although she does not have a master's degree in electrical engineering from MIT, she's nonetheless able to hack her cell phone to get power in some funny way. And from that comes the internet.


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[Assistant] This is a map of bit flows across the continent. Those, the two blobs that are light in the middle there are the United States and Europe. And then back to simplicity again.


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[Assistant] So here we have what I think is one of the great ideas, which is Google, which in this simple portal,


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[Assistant] Makes the claim that it makes accessible all of the world's information.


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[Assistant] But the point is that that extraordinary simple idea rests on layers of simplicity, each compounded into a complexity that is itself simple in the sense that it's completely reliable.


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[Assistant] The uh, characteristics which I think are useful to think about for simple things. First, they are predictable. Their behavior is predictable.


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[Assistant] Now, one of the nice characteristics of simple things is you know what it's going to do in general. So simplicity and predictability are characteristics of simple things.


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[Assistant] The second is, and this is a real world statement, they're cheap.


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[Assistant] If you have things that are cheap enough, people will find uses for them even if they seem very primitive. So, for example, stones. You can build cathedrals out of stones. You just have to know what it does. You carve them in blocks and then you pile them on top of one another and they support weight.


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[Assistant] So there has to be function, the function has to be predictable, and the cost has to be low.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What that means is that you have to have a high performance or value for cost.


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[Assistant] And then I would propose as this last component that they serve or they have the potential to serve as building blocks. That is, you can stack them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And stacking can mean this way, or it can mean this way, or it can mean in some arbitrary n-dimensional space. But if you have something that has a function,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's really cheap. People will find new ways of putting it together to make new things. Cheap, functional, reliable things unleash the creativity of people who then build stuff that you could not imagine. There is no way of predicting the internet based on the first transistor. It just is not possible. So, these are the components.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the example is something that I want to give you from the work that we ourselves do. We are very interested in delivering healthcare in the developing world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one of the things that we wish to do in this particular business is to find a way of doing medical diagnosis at as close to zero cost as we can manage. So how does one do that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I don't want to spend your time in going through the details, but in the lower right hand corner you see an example of the kind of thing that we have. It's a little paper chip.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you put a drop in this case of urine at the bottom. It wicks its way up into these little branches. You know, no power required. It turns colors. In this particular case, you're reading, uhm, kidney function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And since the healthcare worker of much of this part of the world is an 18 year old with an AK-47 who happens to be out of work and is willing to go around and do this sort of thing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He can take a picture of it with his cell phone, send the picture back to where there is a doctor and the doctor can look at it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what you've done is to take a technology which is available everywhere, make a device which is extremely cheap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And make it in such a fashion that it is very, very reliable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we can pull this off, we can build more function. It will be stackable. That is to say, if we can make the basic technology of one or two things work, it will be applicable to a very, very large variety of human conditions, and hence extendable in both vertical and horizontal directions. Part of my interest in this, I have to say, is that I would like to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me close with my two aphorisms. One of them is for Mr. Einstein, and he says everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think that's a very good way of thinking about the problem. If you take too much out of something simple, you lose function. You have to have low cost, but you also have to have a function. So, you can't make it too simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the second is a design issue, and it's not directly relevant, but it's a nice statement. This is by Saint-Exupéry.


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[Assistant] And he says you know you've achieved perfection in design, not when you have nothing more to add, but when you have nothing more to take away. And that certainly is going in the right direction. So, what I think one can begin to do with this kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cut at the word simplicity, which doesn't cover Brancusi. It doesn't answer the question of why Mondrian is better or worse or simpler or less simpler than Van Gogh and certainly doesn't address the question of whether Mozart is simpler than Bach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it does make a point which is one which in a sense differentiates the real world of people who make things and the world of people who think about things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is, there is an intellectual merit to asking how do we make things as simple as we can, as cheap as we can, as functional as we can, and as freely interconnectable as we can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we make that kind of simplicity in our technology and then give it to you guys, you can go off and do all kinds of fabulous things with it. Thank you very much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I think you could. Because if you look at the components from which the system is made and examine their fragility or their stability, you can probably build a kind of risk assessment based on that basis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this person was very forceful and said, look, that's the only way you'll ever do it. So I said, okay, if I have to do it, I had a sabbatical. I said, I'll write about my research if there's no other way, and then I'll get to do my cookbook. So I wrote a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brown, thank you. The bottom one? Yellow. Turns out they're identical. Can anybody see them as identical? Very, very hard. I can cover the rest of the cube up, and if I cover the rest of the cube, you can see that they're identical.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to think about illusion as a metaphor. You know, vision is one of the best things we do. We have a huge part of our brain dedicated to vision, bigger than dedicated to anything else. We do more vision, more hours of the day than we do anything else. And we're evolutionary designed to do vision. And if we have these predictable, repeatable mistakes in vision, in which we're so good at,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these are different countries in Europe and you basically see two types of countries. Countries on the right that seems to be giving a lot and countries on the left that seems to be giving very little or, you know, much less. The question is why? Why do some countries give a lot and some countries give a little?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, Sweden is all the way on the right, and Denmark, that we think is culturally very similar, is all the way on the left. Germany is on the left, and Austria.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is on the right. The Netherlands is on the left, and Belgium is on the right. And finally, depending on your particular version of European similarity, you can think about the UK and France as either similar culturally or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Turns out the secret has to do with the form at the DMV. And here's the story. The countries on the left have a form at the DMV that looks something like this. Check the box below if you want to participate in the organ donor program. And what happens? People don't check and they don't join.


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[Assistant] Now it's also very hard to intuit these results. Think about it for yourself. How many of you believe that if you went to renew your license tomorrow, and you went to the DMV, and you would encounter one of these forms, that would actually change your own behaviour?


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[Assistant] But in fact, it's not because it's easy, it's not because it's trivial, it's not because we don't care, it's the opposite. It's because we care, it's difficult and it's complex, and it's so complex that we don't know what to do. And because we have no idea what to do, we just pick whatever it was that was chosen for us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they said, you know, this effect also happens to experts. People who are well paid, experts in their decisions, do it a lot. And they basically took a group of physicians.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they presented to them a case study of a patient. And they said, here's a patient. He's a 67 year old farmer. He's been suffering from a right hip pain for a while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then they said half the physician, they said yesterday, you review the patient's case and you realize that you forgot to try one medication. You did not try ibuprofen.


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[Assistant] But guess what happened? The moment you add Rome without coffee, Rome with coffee becomes more popular and people choose it. The fact that you have Rome without coffee makes Rome with coffee look superior and not just to Rome without coffee, even superior to Paris.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I decided to do the experiment that I would have loved the economist to do with me. I took this and I gave it to a hundred MIT students. I said, what would you choose? And these are the market share. Most people wanted the combo deal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now if you have an option that nobody wants, you would take it off, right? So I took, I printed another version of this when I eliminated the middle option and I gave it to another hundred students. Here's what happens. Now the most popular option became the least popular and the least popular became the most popular. What was happening is that option that was useless


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now that you've learned all about Bootstrap, it's time to apply what we've learned and build a project.


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[Assistant] I want you to imagine that a startup has approached you to build their landing page. So the company is called TinDog and they make basically Tinder for dogs, helping dogs meet new and interesting dogs nearby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Obviously this is a fake startup that I've, um, created. Now if you want to go ahead and steal this idea, then I fully support you. But essentially the idea is very simple. You have a dog, you want your dog to have friends, so let's use Tindog.


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[Assistant] Now our website is pretty fully fledged and if you want to look at what the finished product looks like, head over to apri.github.io.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is what you'll see. It's a really simple startup website with a animated gradient background, with buttons to download the app, as well as features, testimonials, pricing, and a footer.


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[Assistant] We're going to be creating this beautiful website and the way we're going to do it


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[Assistant] Is through the use of the different snippets that are provided by Bootstrap as well as the different components and using Bootstrap layout to get it responsive and looking beautiful on desktop and mobile straight out of the box.


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[Assistant] To get started, first download the Tindog project, unzip the file, and open it inside VS Code.


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[Assistant] Now here I want you to open up the index.html and you can see I've provided some comments and some section HTML elements.


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[Assistant] These section elements are mostly used to separate different sections of a website.


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[Assistant] So it's just a group or area of the website. And in modern websites, you'll see very often these sections. So this one is a section, this is a section, this is a section, and it keeps the code nice and organized.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're going to be writing your code in between these section elements in order to create each of these areas.


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[Assistant] Now, what are you aiming for? Well, you can always refer to the live website apri.github.io forward slash tindog to see what everything should look like. But I've also provided goal images for each individual section that's marked up to point you to certain areas that need more attention.


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[Assistant] For example, what's the name of the image that's going to be displayed here? Well, it's iphone.png and you can find it inside the images folder.


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[Assistant] Different sizes and instead of getting it from the bootstrap website, which this is from, I want you to use this version. So just copy and paste it into your code.


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[Assistant] Also, if you scroll down, there's the text copy that you'll need on your website. And so you can either copy it straight from the final finished website, or you can use the text from the readme and just copy it from here.


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[Assistant] If you're working as a web developer, this is a very common workflow. You'll want your client to create the text copy because they know the most about what they want on their website. And all you have to do is just to place it and style it in the right ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the final thing I want to mention is if you look inside the style.css, this is going to be your CSS style sheet for the website. You can see that already in there, I've got a class called gradient background.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this code comes from a code pen by Manuel Pinto where he created a pure CSS gradient background. And we're simply just using this code, but defining some unique colors of our own.


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[Assistant] And you can see in here we are having our animated gradient hovers between these three colors. A blue, a red, and a sort of peachy color.


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[Assistant] And that's how we're going to get this gradient background. Similar to other things you've been doing with Bootstrap, in order to get this gradient to show, all you have to do is to add this class to your HTML element and then it will automatically animate with this beautiful color scheme.


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[Assistant] This project is going to require a little bit of exploration, a little bit of looking around the bootstrap example, seeing which ones might work.


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[Assistant] And comparing them, for example, which of the heroes might be the one that we could use or which of the features might match the one that we've got here.


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[Assistant] And customizing it and checking its CSS and making sure that things look pretty much the same as the final outcome.


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[Assistant] Now it's time for you to pause the video and give this challenge a good go. You might have to spend half an hour, an hour on it. Just give yourself lots of time to make mistakes, try things out. Don't be too harsh on yourself. This is a big project, but I believe in you. I think you can do it. Pause the video now and see how you get on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, hopefully you've completed this challenge and you're just here to see how I'm doing it. If you haven't given this a go, I really recommend you to stop


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pause the video and actually try it first because you can listen to me all day long, but you're not going to learn until you actually take the first step and write the code yourself. I know it can be really, really tempting.


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[Assistant] I promise you, this is the only way you're going to be able to move on to harder things in the future by struggling through each and every single step. Because once we start moving on, I'm going to assume that all of these things are in your tool belt. So make sure you practice, practice, practice, and this is a perfect opportunity.


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[Assistant] Now the first thing I'm going to do is build out this title section. So if we take a look at the title goal, we can see it's pretty much what we call a hero section. If we take a look inside the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bootstrap examples and we look inside the heroes area. You can see it looks incredibly similar to the layout here. It's got some big text, some buttons and an image to the right, which is pretty much what we have. So let's go ahead and right click, inspect.


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[Assistant] And scroll up to the top level that contains everything just after the divider and let's copy the entire element.


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[Assistant] I'm going to paste that element into this section area and let's hit save and see what it looks like. So I'm going to show preview just to get this URL and I'm going to open it inside Chrome so I can see it in full screen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you can see this doesn't look like bootstrap at all. The text is not the right font. The buttons are not styled. This is just pure HTML. This should give you a big hint as to what is wrong. And that is because we have not yet added a link to the bootstrap CSS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's go ahead and do that now. So if we go back to the main bootstrap docs,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And go to the homepage. We should be able to grab hold of the link and we can paste it into our project. So now let's hit save and go back to our Tindog. We should see that we have what is closer to the example that we saw right here.


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[Assistant] There's a couple of things that we will need to fix. First, let's go ahead and get rid of this broken image and put in the image that we want.


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[Assistant] Here is the image. So let's go ahead and change the source to our image, which is inside the images folder and it's called iphone.png.


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[Assistant] And let's change the alt to app demo. Let's hit save and go back and we can see this is absolutely massive. So now we're going to have to adjust the size. So here it's set to width 700.


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[Assistant] Height 500, I'm going to keep the aspect ratio, so I'm gonna delete just the width and hopefully it will adjust proportionally. And I'm gonna change the height to 200 pixels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this looks more or less the right size. Now yours might be a little bit bigger, a little bit smaller. It doesn't really matter as long as it looks good to your eye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the next thing we're going to do is let's change all of this text so that it reads the same as the final copy. And to do that, I'm going to find the text inside my readme, go ahead and copy and paste it into the right areas. So we've got an H1 and that's where we're going to replace with our big heading.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meet new and interesting dogs nearby. And then I'm going to delete this paragraph element because we don't actually have it in our final design. And I'm going to change the two buttons to both say download.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition to the download, there's obviously two SVGs as well and these are the icons from Bootstrap. But remember I mentioned that you can get hold of these SVGs in the readme file. So I'm going to wholesale just copy this Apple SVG.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And paste it into here, add a space between the SVG and download. And now hopefully we have a good looking Apple symbol in the download button. And I'm going to do the same with the Google Play logo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's hit save and that's it. There it is. We're going to change the color scheme here a little bit. We've got a button light and we've got a button outline light so that it would look the same as the final design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now right now this button is a button primary, so we're going to have to change that.


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[Assistant] We're going to change that to light, and this one, is it a button outline secondary? We're going to change that to button outline light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's hit save and see what we have. Now you'll notice that this button's almost completely disappeared if not for this rollover effect. And the reason is because it's more or less a white outline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order for this to show, we need a background. So let's go ahead and set it up with this CSS gradient background.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember I mentioned that if you look inside the style.css file, there is already a class called GradientBackground, which we can add into our HTML for it to show up. Now, where do we add it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we can add it, we need to import our CSS. And as always, we put our custom CSS after the bootstrap. So in case there are any collisions in terms of targeting the same selectors, the final one wins out, which hopefully is our CSS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to link to the style.css and then I'm going to put that class gradient background into my title section. So where do I put it? Now, if I put it inside the container, you'll see that it's only inside the container and the container has got these big margins on the left and right. So this is not the look that we want.


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[Assistant] We can't put it into the ID because it's not an ID, it's actually a class. So make sure you've got it set inside the class property. Now let's take a look and this looks pretty good. Now the only difference between what we have and what we're aiming for is a lot of padding.


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[Assistant] Now the reason I can tell it's padding and not margin is because padding extends the background. So if this was an extra margin, then this area would be white, but instead it's actually the same as the background


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So where does this margin come from? Let's go ahead and hit inspect and make this just a little bit smaller so we can see this padding.


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[Assistant] And if we scroll up until we see the padding show up, you can see that orange down there when I hover over it.


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[Assistant] Well, that is what we need to get rid of. So you can see we've got padding top and padding bottom. And if we get rid of the top and bottom, it will look a little bit too much. So if we just target the bottom, then we've got more or less the right layout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's go in here and find that py5 for the container, which is right here. And remember the P stands for padding, the Y stands for the Y axis. So it means it's adding padding to the top and the bottom. So if we want to change this to only have it on the top, then we change this to PT padding top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we've got another div that has the padding on top and bottom as well, so let's change it there. And then when we go back, we should see that we have pretty much the same layout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now if we compare our layout to the final outcome, it looks pretty much exactly the same.


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[Assistant] So we can now move on to our next section, which is the features section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we open up our features goal, you can see that we've got three different areas with all of the features that we want to show off. And we've got this sort of rough layout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we go back to the bootstrap examples, uhm, and if we look inside the snippets at the features, you can see this is pretty much the same layout as what we're aiming for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's go ahead and inspect and find that row that we need to get hold of. Let's copy the element and put it inside our index.html.


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[Assistant] Now once we paste it in, let's hit save and see it. You can see this is occupying pretty much the entire full width, which is not quite what we want. We actually want it all to be roughly along the same vertical line. So why is this? Well, it's because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the top level here is a bootstrap row. If we want it to be contained, then we need to add a container. So let's add that container class and then let's move this closing tag to wrap it around all of this. Hit save and now you can see we've got that perfect alignment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next thing we need to do is we need to get rid of all of these buttons and that is pretty easy. They're just these anchor tags. So there's one there, there's one here and there's one up here.


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[Assistant] So now we're pretty much on the design we're looking for. All we need to do is replace the text. This is probably a little bit boring, so I'm going to use video editing to speed things up a bit for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now that we've got all of our custom copy in, the final thing we need to fix are these SVGs. So let's go ahead and replace the SVGs that are in the example with the ones that we want. So the first one is going to be the checkmark SVG. Let's copy and paste it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second one is the graduation hat.


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[Assistant] And the final one is the heart with an arrow through it.


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[Assistant] So now that we've replaced all of our SVGs, you can see them show up.


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[Assistant] But the background doesn't look quite the same. It should have these rounded corners. It should be a little bit larger. And we will look on the bootstrap example where we copied our code from. They look perfect. But why is it that when it's in our website, it doesn't quite look the same? Now this might be something that you got stuck on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to figure this out, the easiest way is to inspect on it in Chrome. You can see right now I'm highlighting the SVG, but if I go one level above and hover on that div, that is the one with all of that fancy styling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we look inside the styles, you can see there's actually some custom CSS in here.


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[Assistant] Because it's not in the utilities, which comes from Bootstrap. This is actually custom CSS just for this feature section. So what we need to do is we need to copy all of the CSS and put it inside our style.css.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now this icon square, which is the class for this div, can be activated. And when we look at it now, you can see that they all have the right styling that we expected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the final thing we need to sort out is just to add a little bit more margin in this features section and then we're pretty much done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we look at the features goal, you can see I've given you a hint that it's actually margin top five.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we want to add some margin to this entire container, then we can go up to the div class where we have the container and then we add margin top 5, empty dash 5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we should have enough space between that top title section and our feature section. So we're now ready to move on to the testimonial section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, let's take a look at the goal that we're looking for. So the first section is an H2 with an image and some paragraph text.


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[Assistant] This area comes from this Jumbotron section. And if we scroll down, we can see this full width Jumbotron right here. So let's go ahead and inspect on it and let's take the entire section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just after the divider, so let's copy the element and paste it into our testimonial section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's take a look at what that looks like. It looks pretty good, but we need to modify it for our purposes. So let's change the text inside. If we go over to our README, we should see our quote here from Pebbles and we can replace the text inside the H1.


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[Assistant] Remember from our HTML classes, we should only have one H1 per website. And remember at the beginning in our title section, we've already got our big heading. So here it should really not be an H1. Let's turn it into a subheading by changing that to an H2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this paragraph element, I could delete it, but I'm actually going to keep it and use it for showing the name where the quote comes from, which is Pebbles from New York.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And all I have to do now is add an image in between.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the image is going to be our dog image and I'm going to add the alt text as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's take a look at what that looks like. It looks great. Other than the fact that this should be rounded and it should be a little bit smaller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we look at the goal, we can see it should be 100 pixels high and it should be circular.


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[Assistant] So how do we make it custom? Well, we're going to need to create some styling, right? So let's create a class called profile-image.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's set it to have a height of 100 pixels. And in order to make it circular, remember we need to set the border radius to 50%. Now, if we apply that class to our image,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Profile-image and we look at our website and you can see that looks pretty much perfect and similar to what we've got here. Now the only thing we need to add is just a little bit more margin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We should have a margin of five between these two sections and a margin of two between these two sections. So I'm just going to add some margin top to the image. So


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A size five margin to the image, so I can hit space on the class and then do margin top dash five. And then for the text, I'm going to do a class of margin top dash two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we should have enough space in between everything and it looks pretty much the same as the example.


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[Assistant] Now we need to add in all of these outlets that have featured our startup. And you can see from the goal image here that we've got a 12 column grid here from Bootstrap and they're each occupying a fourth of the space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But notice here where I've said it should take up three columns on desktop, but a full width, 12 columns on mobile. So it should be responsive and we can find all these images in the images folder. Let's go ahead and add that below this container.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to create the Bootstrap 12 column layout system, the first thing we always need is a container. So let's create a div of class container.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And inside here is where we need our div that has a class of row. So now we're ready to create our columns. Each of the columns are going to be three columns in the row.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And inside here we can place our image, which is from the images folder. And we're going to start off with TechCrunch and I'm going to add the alt text as that. Now I'm going to copy this and paste it three times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now I'm just going to replace each of these images with the ones that we have here. So Mashable, Business Insider, and TNW.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now we should have all of our images, but they are a little bit large.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One thing we can do is we can limit their height so that they are all equal in height instead of having this uneven start and end line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to set the height to 30 and that should be enough height to be visible, but not so much height that it takes up too much space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that looks pretty good. So now we're done with our testimonial section and we are on our penultimate section, which is the pricing plan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as you'll remember, Bootstrap has the pricing plan section right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these three cards are the ones that we want to get hold of. So let's inspect on that and find the area that we need, which is probably this div row. So let's copy it and put it inside the pricing section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you remember, a div row needs to go inside a container. So let's go ahead and do that. And if we look at our pricing table, then it's already in and looks pretty good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other section we need is a title for the pricing table, which is this area right here. And this is the div that contains all of that content.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's just copy it and put it at the beginning of our container right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we've pretty much got the pricing table down. We just need to update all of the text here to the ones that we have in our copy. So I'm going to do this again quickly. I'm going to fast forward and replace all the text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now all the text has been replaced and you should see all of that text inside the pricing section. So now we need to update the design a little bit and the main difference is the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The color scheme here is all using the bootstrap primary color, which is this blue. But we need to change it all to the dark kind of color, which is this kind of black color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you look inside the pricing goal, you can see the parts that we need to change.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This needs to become outline dark. This needs to be button dark, button dark, and this also needs to be dark. A shortcut here is to simply use the Control F on Windows or Command F on Mac in order to bring up our search bar. And if we search for the word primary,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we replace it with dark, then we can actually go through each of these examples and see if we want to replace it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I recommend doing is to actually do this one by one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of doing replace all because that way you can see which parts you're replacing and many times I've done replace all only to find out that I've messed up the entire project in some big way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just a word of advice, go through it one by one, make sure that it makes sense and it's the right area that you're changing. But hopefully when we go back to our website, we can see we've now updated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of the right places to this dark color scheme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Coming back to our pricing goal, we can see that this title needs to be an H2 and this subtitle needs to be a paragraph element. So let's go into our section and make sure that is the case because when we copied it over, it actually gave us an H1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the styling's not gonna change because it actually comes from the display four class. So you won't see the size change that much or the color scheme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it is actually not dependent on the HTML element and this happens very frequently with Bootstrap. So we're able to adjust that pretty easily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we're ready for our final section, which is the footer. So let's find ourselves the footer snippets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's find the one that looks like one that we won or one that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is similar to the one in the example, which is this one right here. And let's find the container that we can copy and put into our footer section.