[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the, these pathways uhm, you can see uhm, there's a nice figure in uhm, your textbook, figure 3.35.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That talks about this as well. I liked this one better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but it's, there's a compliment, there's a similar, uh, figure in your textbook. Uhm, it's called the Manos binding lectin pathway. Uhm, sometimes also just referred to as the lectin pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've asked this question of students many times in the past. The answer is almost always no. So if the answer is no, that is okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But lectin is actually a general biochemistry term. Does anyone know what a lectin is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not seeing anyone like jump at answering. No. So a lectin in general is a protein that binds a carbohydrate. Uhm, we'll see a few different lectins this time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Specifically, the lectin in this case is called mannose binding lectin. It binds to a special carbohydrate. Guess what that carbohydrate is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, this, uh, pathway actually starts with a protein called mannose binding lectin, or MBL.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the lectin pathway starts with the lectin, MBL, mannose binding lectin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those mannoses are found really frequently on the surface of microbial cells. The reason why I didn't show the picture of this from your textbook is for some reason your textbook didn't show you any mannoses. There's also like, mannose binding lectin magic. No, there's mannoses. So we've got, so usually there are mannoses on microbes. And so we've evolved a protein that binds to those mannoses. The mannose binding lectin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can remember the name, you pretty much got it down, what it does.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you look at Mano's binding lectin, which is shown here in green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does it remind you of anything or does it make you, you know, start to think about anything? Yeah, come here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looks an awful lot like that C1 protein that you saw with the classical pathway, right? Looks like an upside down bouquet of flowers just like C1. Guess what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When it is bound to Manos, acts exactly like C1. So in fact, what happens with MBL,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is that? MBL turns on C4 and C2 and everything else happens exactly the way we talked about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, life gets slightly trickier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the third pathway. And the third pathway is, uhm, known as the alternative pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Electron Pathway is pretty good. It, you know, me, it works when...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anytime a microbe has mannose on it, which is like most of the time. But, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also need to have, and so you don't have to have a pre-made antibody. Note we haven't seen any situation where we had to have a cell come and do something. We didn't need to wait for any transcription or translation. So these microbes are going to be able to be attacked fast with these pathways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we've realized is that the alternative pathway is probably the first to have evolved, and the alternative pathway is...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In many cases within like a minute of that microbe coming into the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, the trick about the alternative pathway...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that the alternative pathways initiation process is a little...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Strikes people as odd. This is gonna be one of the first places where you learn about something this semester where you're gonna be like, that is not intuitive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is weird, and I don't know if I totally believe you because I don't like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I know that some parts of the alternative pathway are a little bit uncomfortable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to fully understand the alternative pathway, we have to talk the teensiest bit about uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is what the C3 protein looks like at rest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This bond inside of it called a thioester. So we have this thioester in the C3 protein.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that thioester is so strained and stressed, it just breaks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so sometimes, C3 spontaneously breaks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] C3 spontaneously breaks. We have this bond free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that bond is a really good nucleophile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It wants to attack something. It wants to react. It's really, really, really, really, really, really, really reactive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It reacts with water. Cause water's the closest thing. And if it reacts with water...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then you get this weird piece of C3 that isn't attached to anything and basically no one ever cares about it ever again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But sometimes, it doesn't react with water. Sometimes it might react with...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An R group with an OH or an R group with an NH2, so a hydroxyl or an amine. And in that case,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll see the C3 bound to the hydroxyl or the amine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you think about biological molecules that you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do any of them have any hydroxyls or amines?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you think of anything that has an OH or an NH in it? DNA, what are you going to say, Kat? Amino acids? Um, sugars?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so basically all proteins, carbohydrates, DNAs, every biological molecule.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if there's something other than water as the closest molecule, say, oh I don't know, a cell. If this happens near a cell, this is going to automatically attach itself to the cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so right now, C3 is automatically breaking and attaching to cells in your body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if there happens to be a microbe around, it's gonna get C3 stuck to it almost immediately. Uhm, and so C3, or the alternative pathway, starts with C3. Activating itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there are other proteins that help this process out and stabilize it. I'm going to show you the next two slides very quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just point out a couple of quick things. Don't stress about this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are other proteins that help stabilize C3 in this part of the alternative pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These can include things like something called factor B or factor D.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This can also include uhm, something called Preparadin. What you can notice...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that these proteins have very different types of names than the ones that are involved in the other parts of the pathways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, if you hear about factor B in complement, that just sounds so different than all of the other ones, that should hopefully trigger in your mind. That's alternative pathway. That's that weird one. Cause it's the one with the weirder names. Not, uhm, the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Official, uh, sort of C1, C2, C3 names.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these will all come together to help C3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, B starts to be stable on the surface and cleave more C3B. Sometimes you get fun names, and this is actually true, there is a protein as part of this that's called C3BBB. Uhm, and all sorts of fun stuff like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one of the reasons why the alternative pathway is so important


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Compliment cascade through any one of these pathways. Once we get to C3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can actually amplify more with the alternative pathway. So maybe there was only one antibody that bound in the classical pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, by the time we get C3 present, we can now turn on the alternative pathway 2 and get tons and tons of C3 on the surface of that cell. So that we can do things like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Get holes all over the place on the surface of that cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so not only is the alternative pathway really great because it is super, super, super fast. It's basically instantaneous, uhm, when those microbes come in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it also can serve to amplify, uhm, the other, uhm, aspects of the complement pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a problem with the alternative pathway. I'm going to tell you the problem with the alternative pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm going to leave you hanging over the weekend and give you the solution, uhm, on Wednesday. Or yeaah, you could look at the textbook. Uhm. But the problem with the alternative pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is I showed you this sort of automatic binding to uhm, the pathogen surface with the RNH2 or ROH group. The thing is uhm, all of your cells also are covered with these things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the alternative pathway, not only is the alternative pathway binding to any microbial cell in your body right now, find and emit lots of your cells too. Your cells are also getting C3B stuck on them right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so how in the world we destroy just the bacteria without destroying all of our cells?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, is the challenge of the alternative pathway and the thing that we're going to start with on Wednesday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I promise that you will not be liced by your membrane atot complexes between now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and Wednesday. Uhm, and I will see you then. Uhm, remember that there is the inquisitive by five on Wednesday. It's, uhm, all questions having to do with aspects of complement and to microbial peptides. So have a great weekend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lesson 22. A glass envelope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My daughter Jane never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Last year, we were travelling across the channel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, they have decided to use the post office.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I started out, I grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, I was a big sailboat racer actually, and went to, uhm, got an undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering, and, uh, then, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ended up at MIT studying naval architecture, got a master's degree there. And, uh, came out to the west coast because I, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're, we're kind of windsurfing. We got out here and I thought it was a pretty nice place. And, uh, uh, most of the jobs were actually in Texas. And, uh, I talked my way into a job here and, and, uh, so I was here and, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doing naval architecture, uh, offshore, uh, platform design, and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Got very involved in windsurfing and took some time off and actually moved to Hawaii for a while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and came back and decided to go to graduate school in computer science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, when I was in naval architecture, I'd done a lot of computer modeling of the hydrodynamic forces. And so I went back to Berkeley and got a masters there. Uhm, and then went to work for Cybase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, which before they were public company and, uh, then actually interestingly enough the VP of engineering there was a woman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she got fired and I came in the next morning and I have a little note from her, call me. And uh, so I called her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she went over to tandem to run all the software at tandem, so I immediately went to tandem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With her because she'd been giving me a lot of breaks and, uh, to do some very innovative things. And, uh, so I worked at Tandem, uh, until, uh, I had my first kid at which point I,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I took about two months off and then I went to work at SGI, uhm, got involved in their interactive television.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, project which was a very entrepreneurial project and it was really quite exciting and fun and I brought database technology to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And out of that a lot of Silicon Valley, uh, Netscape came with, a lot of the Netscape people came out of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, video serving low bandwidth streaming video and that got bought by Microsoft and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, when I started that company, I didn't start it, I co-founded it with some Stanford people and, uh, they, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We couldn't find a CEO, we couldn't convince anybody to be the CEO, so I just kind of ran it while we were looking for a CEO. Uhm, but uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyhow, so after that I took some time off and then actually Hummer Windblad convinced me to go consult for them for a little company down in Southern California, which I did for a while while I was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My husband is a professor at Stanford in computer science and he was doing some very interesting research and we kept saying we should really do something with this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Vmware, the company I'm the CEO and president of now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that was 10 years ago, and it's now, we just, in 2007 did 1.3 billion on 88% growth year over year. And we're, uhm, we had an interesting history with VMware. We're sort of a partially public company now, uhm, without going into too much more detail. Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I guess I'll just, I, you know, I'll talk about my personal experience and then later I guess we'll, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was in one startup before the one with Hummer Windblad where uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I found it very difficult to get people to have confidence in me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, they really needed to do some things and I had found it very difficult to get the VC board to have confidence in me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, so I decided to go off and start my own company and they brought in the CEO that they brought in. And uhm, and so when I started VMware, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I actually thought, well I'm not going to do this for very long, but I'll help these guys get it going because I clearly know how to get these things going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They thought we were doing and we thought they would destroy us if we took their money. So we didn't take their money. Uhm, and,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another one was Andy Bechtelsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems. So there were some very good people that I knew.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That I thought that this was going to be a good company and we had a lot of very good


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the founding team was very, very strong engineers. Uhm, as we went along, there were a few times


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First thing they were going to do was fire me. It was just so obvious and, and I went back to them and asked them and they agreed. They said, yes, we would have fired you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it's very difficult as a woman to build a company if you need VC money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, awareness is out there. More and more women become venture capitalists. I thought that was fascinating that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, cause there were never any women at any of the VC firms that I talked to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or any women in the groups that I talked to, maybe there were women there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, actually he was back at Stanford when we were talking to VCs. I, I didn't have that. I did have that problem. He stayed involved with the company, you know, sort of one day a week and in recruiting, uh, senior


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, male executives to the company, it was a big issue for them. I always had to go to great lengths to show them how different our roles were.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, that was really well put. I agree with everything you said.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess the only thing I would have to add is, I think if you're founding a company, the founding team is extraordinarily important. Uhm, and, and they really, you want to,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, have a long-term strategy with these people around the company and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've still got four of the five founders at VMware ten years later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think I read somewhere that at Google they did some kind of pack that they would stay for, I forget how many years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 20, 30 years or something together, but anyhow, uhm, I think having, you know, uh, companies all around the founding team


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you're going to be the leader of the founding team, you want to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it's just a team effort and so you don't want to try and do it alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You want to be deeply integrated with the other founders and be very inclusive, uhm, of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you build the company, because you can't build a company by yourself at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and, and it ends exactly right. You have to really enjoy learning and, and adapting, uh, yourself to, in order to, uhm, you know, go through the growth of a company and change roles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So many times, I mean, I joke that at the very beginning I was choosing the waste baskets, but I literally was. And, uh, you know, so, it just changes over time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's the fun of it. You know, if you like that, you're going to thrive in it and, and, uh, and I think, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, if I were going to stereotype, I think women have, you know, are sort of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] tend to be very flexible people, tend to be very collaborative people, which I think


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the long run, it's going to prove that they're really fantastic CEOs, but it's uhm, you know, it's not the most nurturing environment to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Praise things in a way that makes people comfortable giving them feedback


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can actually build a relationship and evolve it into an investment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I, I would agree. Uhm, I think that what Anne said about being very hard working and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Enjoying learning are really those two things along with an appetite for risk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think you do need an appetite for, you know, be very comfortable with risk so that you, and you know, because you get a vision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I really enjoy learning new things, but I wouldn't say I have any particular talent at anything. Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because I grew up racing sailboats and I would say that I, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I periodically am starting, you know, it's a new race, okay, there's new wind, there's new current, you know, I got some new sails on my boat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and, and, and I'm gonna, you know, get to the, get to the finish line first, but it's, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's one sort of uber race going on, certainly, but there's a lot of new races every day that uhm, have nothing to do with the race today before. Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I actually just wanted to add to that, just perfectly, uhm, I had a really interesting conversation recently with the president of MIT, Susan Hockfield.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that one of the strongest predictors of success


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Filters they put in their admissions process, which I found very interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If, if you were presenting to other women, they might not perceive you as lacking confidence whereas men would. I, I think that's a very real observation. And I think that perhaps is one of the reasons


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Different style of talking, it's not that I don't have confidence, it's just I don't express it the same way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, there's 24 hours in a day and you just arbitrarily decide how many hours you have to work. And, uh, and so I, I'm pretty rigid about the number of hours I'll work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and had the number of hours I want outside of my job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, and what that does is it's a forcing function to find other people to do the things that I'm not getting to. And I'm, you know, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it is. I uhm, I have someone deliver fully cooked meals. You know, for all three meals every day, for example. I just don't make any attempt to shop or cook anymore. Unless I have time on the weekend at WANU.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Together and we don't have to go out and, and, you know, and I have someone that cleans the house and so forth, you know, I have a lot of help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, because I simply don't have time, you know, I don't want to be doing laundry. I want to be spending time with my family. And uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because I'm so busy, I'm actually making some money that I can afford to pay people to do the things that...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't have time to do, but I can choose which things they are and so, you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first, I think it is an advantage to have a technical background if you're building products. It's a huge advantage. It helps you be completely substantive all the time and, and, you know, you have a little bit of a more waterproof sometimes perhaps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of your gender, I'm not positive. I actually haven't, I've felt pretty comfortable in every, you know, my business dealings, but, but I, it's nice to fall back on the technology. Uh, in terms of would you have different products?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know, I think it really depends on what your interest is and if your interest is not related to a social cause.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That said, uhm, the company perhaps, I mean, a lot of companies today have a lot of social conscience, but we, you know, I know VMware does a lot of outside, uh, social, uhm, you know, community, you know, we won the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The harvest food drive for the whole year and, and think, you know, things like that but, uh, and so I certainly set a culture where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I actually think Silicon Valley is doing fairly well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know, Meg Whitman's been a fabulous CEO and Carol Bartz and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then there's COOs at Facebook and Yahoo. Uhm, and so I think women are, you know, you're seeing a lot of executive women starting in Silicon Valley certainly have a long way to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the thing is, when you're choosing a career and you're coming through college, uhm, hopefully you get very passionate about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever it is you're going to study, and uhm, it's, it's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that that's gonna be the biggest predictor of your success.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, choosing it, uhm, I mean, certainly role models are helpful, but, uh, you know, I think


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Biotech Life Sciences is a pretty darn exciting area right now. So I would, you know, I think I can see why a lot of women are going into it. And in addition, they have role models. But uhm, but hopefully,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it's certainly, uhm, the information IT's lost to not have women when we're missing half the workforce, but uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People shouldn't go into it if they're not really, really excited about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bring the kids to work and we actually teach them how to use our software.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we started age five, it's, and the kids just love it. It's really fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on man, time to get back on that horse cowboy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are still a bunch of other people though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now the two are out, at least it feels like some progress.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need to learn more about the basic nature of what the WOM even is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll know soon. The UN is currently holding a conference to deliberate over the WOM.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Security Council had their vote. They passed Resolution 2246 unanimously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They'll mask their own financial interests with concerns for global safety, and they'll block all forms of proliferation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nuclear weapons will be their only example. Even with the offer of infinite energy, is this pessimistic decision the best we can do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I've been a janitor and a baker and a heating maintenance man. Uhm, I, uh, when I graduated from Brown a long time ago, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I, I worked in a couple of different areas. Uhm, I was a rock promoter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I worked in community development. I helped run a community development program for the city of Providence, Rhode Island.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I taught economics at a small college in Rhode Island. And from there I went on to law school, which was actually a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I went to law school, I went to Harvard Law School, when I graduated from Harvard Law School, I thought I was going to be a, go back into the music business, but instead I got very intrigued by technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, I found myself first practicing law as a litigator.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Boston and then coming out here to the west coast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which was a software company in the 80s that we spent out of Apple. After that I went


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[Assistant] To do another startup called Go Corporation, which was a Kleiner Perkins backed startup. It was the first time I worked with Kleiner Perkins. That was one of the pioneers in pen computing. Didn't go so well with Go Corporation. We sold that to AT&T.


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[Assistant] Uh, and I went off to run LucasArts Entertainment as a CEO for George Lucas. So I got back into the entertainment business for a few years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I moved from there to, uhm, Crystal Dynamics, another KP company. I ran that for KP. And then I


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[Assistant] And, uh, I then took that model, uhm, into social ventures in the tw- in, after year 2000. I got out of the, the, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The, the, the for-profit venture business around 1999.


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[Assistant] Started teaching with my, uhm, with my good partner Tom Byers, and we started teaching here at, uh, at Stanford in, uhm, high-tech entrepreneurship.


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[Assistant] John Mullins was here from London School of Business about 2006 or 2007 and he was working on a thesis around business models and he came to me with this idea that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and in my experience that didn't work very well.


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[Assistant] The vast majority of Plan A's fail. And the vast majority of the successes that we think about out there. The Googles of the world.


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[Assistant] The Facebooks of the world, the Intuits, the Suns, the Apples of the world, they didn't succeed with Plan A. And that's sort of a little known fact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, most people sort of sweep that under the carpet and sort of talk about these companies as if they had executed, uhm, well from the idea to conception, from conception to product, from product to customer, from customer to business. That's not the way it normally goes. And so the premise behind Plan B,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Getting to Plan B, the new book that I just wrote with John Mowens, is that if Plan A's most often fail, which they empirically do, then should we have a different methodology for how we in fact run startups and get to the right plan, Plan B?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, one of the questions that always gets asked is, if you don't believe Plan A is going to succeed, why create it? The process of creating Plan A is important in and of itself.


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[Assistant] And the reason it's important is that it forces you to confront your assumptions, it forces you to have to model out your challenges, and it forces you to have to deal with mitigating your risks.


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[Assistant] That you can share with other people in the business community, the language of the business plan, the language of revenues, of profitability, of growth, of customers and customer value and pricing.


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[Assistant] This language is really important and it's just to translate your idea into a business.


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[Assistant] So, it is important to have a plan A, and it's important because it allows you to tell the story well and to begin to call out your assumptions and your risks.


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[Assistant] Two very seasoned entrepreneurs that came out of the handspring and palm companies, early smartphone companies, and uhm, they've been very successful there.


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[Assistant] And we're looking at texting and saying, you know, this is a weird interface. Using your thumbs to sort of triple tap the keys in order to text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seemed like a very odd interface for a device that was designed around voice. So couldn't we design a better voice interface?


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[Assistant] So for a couple of million dollars, we were able to go off and test that premise. They built a wonderful product, and it failed to catch on. Now mind you, this is pre-smartphone, uhm, SMS is just taking off in the US.


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[Assistant] There's a lot of circumstances around this, but fundamentally the customers aren't buying the value proposition.


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[Assistant] They're measuring constantly to see who's using what. Testing their hypotheses. They see it's not working.


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[Assistant] They come back and they say, you know, we actually see a lot of social behaviors going on here. Uhm, maybe we can harness those. And so they build a, a, uh, an application.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a feature phone, not a smartphone, that has a whole bunch of things in it, including voice, but also some texting. Well, they go out with this in the feature phones, and guess what?


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[Assistant] They decide that they're going to retreat one more time and design an application for smartphones specifically around texting. And they design their first product for the iPhone. It takes off. They design a second product for the iPhone. It takes off. They have now launched 15 products, 13 of which have been in the top 10 in, uh, on the Apple iPhone. That's out of 150,000 applications. And they are cash flow positive.


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[Assistant] And they're continuing to improve upon the platforms they've built around monetization and promotion that allows them to add not just communications products but a variety of other products. They become the master publisher. They're one of the top five producers for all of the iTunes store. That's a fascinating story because if


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so the premise of getting to Plan B is, of course, the Plan A's most often fail. What is the right process to start this flexible iterative?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Innovation process, uh, uh, goal, you know, the experiment. And uhm, I start with defining the problem.


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[Assistant] Yes, everybody comes and tells me what they're doing is absolutely novel. Nobody's ever done it before. I've never seen anything like it. It is revolutionary. If I hear that term again in a pitch, I'm gonna walk out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything is drawing upon and synthesizing upon something else. There's some behavior out there, there's some application, there's some solution, there's some service that has touched upon this in some way.


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[Assistant] In the sense that it changed the way in which we all started to listen to music by music. Probably the more important revolution there was in how we bought music.


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[Assistant] What's interesting about it is that it didn't have to answer some key questions. If you came into me


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[Assistant] And we didn't know that the iPod existed, we never knew the Walkman existed, and you said, I have a device for listening to music in public on headphones. There's a critical question that needs to get asked. Will people actually listen in an anti-social way, in a public setting, to music? Now you might say, that's a dumb question. It's only dumb because we already know the answer, not because it's a dumb question.


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[Assistant] That question was answered by Sony. And by the way, when Sony had answered the question, it was a really hard question.


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[Assistant] We know that people are downloading digital music not to digital portable players, but to the PC. But we didn't know they would pay for it. Apple had to answer that question in the affirmative to have a business. Because without iTunes,


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[Assistant] So, I, what, what the Getting to Plan B process recommends is focusing in on no more than three leaps of faith that are definitive of your opportunity.


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[Assistant] They're not as quick and they're not as dirty. But, but the process is the same.


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[Assistant] That doesn't change the process of analogs and antilogs. It doesn't change the process of, of identifying leaps of faith. It doesn't change the process of creating a dashboard where you can go and co- and collect immediate information about it. In fact, what's interesting about it is, and you know this from your background, uhm, these are the sorts of players, the people who are building things like, uh, Syngas, uh, companies.


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[Assistant] The more comfortable you are in the lab, the more your roots are in the lab, the more obvious this process is to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rather than against a revenue line, a gross margin line, a, a, a, an expense line. That does help you focus.


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[Assistant] You're investing in real data. When they come back to you and say we're changing course to build this SMS product for the iPhone, you're not sort of saying


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[Assistant] That they are running on both the adoption side and myization side every few minutes. Like quotrons.


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[Assistant] Well, you can certainly think back to the experience of probably a lot of people in this room. As you begin to think about what you're going to do with your life. You know, what's your major? You know, what are you going to do after you graduate?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, how are you, are you gonna go to graduate school or are you gonna go into business? What sort of business? The process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] are predominate over the knowns as you begin to look at these questions in your lives. So where do you, what do you draw upon?


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[Assistant] And I think you draw upon the experience of others, the analogs and antilogs out there.


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[Assistant] You draw upon those leaps of faith questions that are really critical to you in your life, right now.


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[Assistant] And you again touched upon this as you described the Plan B process and the venture process. Every venture capitalist says, I invest in people. Every one of them. It's almost a cliche. I don't even know what that means for half of them. Getting to Plan B taught me a little bit of what it means for me. And exactly as you said earlier, finding people who are flexible,


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[Assistant] Finding people who have the tenacity and dedication to course correct in the near term against a bigger idea and who can separate the big idea from the immediacy.


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[Assistant] The, the team that can actually respond to the market and as their idea gets, gets morphed by the market, that's what I'm looking for.


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[Assistant] Uhm, whether, whether other vegetables do or not, I don't know.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I do, when I'm looking at these, uhm, my founders or my candidate founders, uh, when I'm beginning to think about what the venture needs next.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I will tell you my preferences for great people. And because I think they can find a good market.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but if the good market changes, mediocre people will fail. And so I...


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[Assistant] Particularly when I look at things like consumer internet, it's so fickle and it changes so rapidly that the last thing I want to do is get stuck with a team


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[Assistant] That is mediocre in the middle of what looks like a tsunami only to find that it dries up when it hits shore. So I'd rather have a group like Pinger.


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[Assistant] Versus having a team that sort of says, the iPhone, that's a great market, I think I'll build apps for it.


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[Assistant] I think what's going on in green, sustainable investment, is really interesting.


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[Assistant] That, uhm, that can be sustainable, can build legacy businesses because it delivers real value. More complicated to invest in because it usually requires more capital as Tina referred to.


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[Assistant] And, uh, I've got companies working, for instance, in patents and IP area. The companies working in home equity protection. I mean, these areas may sound mundane. They are growing like weeds and they provide real substantial value. So, there are lots of interesting areas outside of the ones that get, uhm, that get twittered on all the time.


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[Assistant] First of all, it is hard to gauge a team coming in that you haven't met before. You reference them. I like to work with them for a while if I can. Do some initial work sort of pro bono.


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[Assistant] But often times you'll start down a path and find out that if the path changes enough, the team is no longer suitable for the path.


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[Assistant] It really depends what sort of relationship you've struck up with the team as to whether or not you're going to be able to course correct in that situation. If the team is very fluent in the issues, then you will, you can very well find that you might be able to complement the team, change the complexion of the team a bit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Change the leadership of the team but retain the team in different roles and continue down your path. You may find that it requires a new team and the founding team has to think more like investors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] than like the, the, the actual operators in order to support that transition.


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[Assistant] Uhm, as I've had companies move from B to B to B to C, for instance, from business to business to business to consumer.


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[Assistant] It's about finding those compliments and mixing and matching people to get the best out of every player on the team.


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[Assistant] Well, as I said, venture capital is practiced many different ways.


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[Assistant] I am an odd venture capitalist because I really focus on very early stage projects, I roll my sleeves up, and I tend to work more like an entrepreneur.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just like I did as a virtual CEO. So my practice is very different than a lot of investors who invest in companies sort of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Check in with them once a month at the board level or once every six weeks and replace the CEO if it's not working.


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[Assistant] I'm a venture capitalist because I work in venture capital. I don't very well fit the mold of how venture capital is often practiced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My day is, uhm, largely around touching base with most of my companies. Today, for instance, I probably spoke to three or four of my ten CEOs. Uhm, get a sense of what's going on in their business.


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[Assistant] One thing that, that's clear to me is innovation is evenly distributed where there are smart people. And there are smart people every place in the world. Innovation is not


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[Assistant] Uh, that I think we find in the human condition everywhere. Entrepreneurship is a profession.


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[Assistant] In fact, it took 70 years to build Silicon Valley up as a center of excellence in entrepreneurship.


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[Assistant] I'd say there's a fundamental ethos in this valley that differentiates it from most of the centers of entrepreneurship in the world. And that is that failure is not personalized in Silicon Valley. Why is that important?


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[Assistant] It's important if you get what I was saying about getting to Plan B. Which is, if Plan A's are most often flawed, if we judge people on the ability to execute Plan A, and we judge them as individuals, rather than as ventures, then we're gonna have an awful lot of false negatives. And we're gonna throw a lot of people out as failures.


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[Assistant] Big consumer products companies, et cetera, and they always ask the same question. And, and I pose a question back to them, which is, is it okay in your business to fail 70% of the time? And they look at me like I'm crazy. And then I say, then you, then you can't build up innovation excellence in your business. There's no way you can be an innovator if you're not going to allow people to fail


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To reinvent your business, your products, serve your customers. That you're willing to tolerate a high degree of failure. Intuit.


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[Assistant] Overinvesting. They were investing beyond the time that the information was coming back negative. Because there was no way to hold projects accountable. Now that they put the getting to plan B process in place,


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[Assistant] In fact, if you look at the patents being filed by the pharmaceutical industry, by and large the ones that are filed internally are incredibly incremental, you know.


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[Assistant] Whereas on the other hand, if you take a look at the, the big bold inventions that are being patented in pharmaceutical industry, they're largely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, being created by small companies that are then acquired into companies whose best practice is sales and marketing.


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[Assistant] There is a threat of thinking in the innovation business that you respond to your customers.


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[Assistant] The way in which you need to innovate is you need the input from the customer but you can't ask them the final question. You can't ask them whether or not


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[Assistant] You gotta ask them the questions that allow you to know whether or not you think that innovation is something that they'll respond to when it's ready.


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[Assistant] You want to pull together as much contextual information as possible to come up with your decision.


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[Assistant] And, uh, showed AT&T the product, and AT&T looked at it and said, well that will never work. Because...


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[Assistant] We're finding outside the Bay Area, because the Bay Area wasn't working in this area. Purdue is working in this area. Iowa, uhm, Munich.


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[Assistant] Uh, a lot of European centers of excellence in innovation in green. Where are they building their companies? They're gravitating to come back over here. Because even though their innovation was someplace else, they're, they see the power


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] of the entrepreneurial culture of Silicon Valley to rapidly build a great business.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's about this entrepreneurial process which can apply itself to any industry. It's quite amazing when you think about it because it started here in, of course, silicon, you know, and it moved from silicon into, uhm, PCs, mainframes, PCs, ultimately into the web and services, software, uh, and now we're finding it moved into green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Medical, and I'm even talking about what's going on in life sciences, which this is a perennial in the valley of great innovation in life sciences. So, there's a lot going on. I actually think the biggest threat to entrepreneurship in the valley is if the visa system makes it impossible for the best and brightest to come here to build their businesses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that the biggest threat to the valley is what's happening in HP1 visas.


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[Assistant] To learn entrepreneurship, to build their businesses, to make their fortunes. If that stops, then the valley is on borrowed time.


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[Assistant] And it is very difficult for me often times to find an MBA coming from some place else in the country who is just not as exposed to it as a Stanford student.


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[Assistant] So I think Stanford is a, there's a great advantage to being at this place, uhm, in this institution, in this time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I mean, there's a lot of different ways. I mean, clearly, the best way to do it is through a trusted source. I mean, we see way too many project ideas every year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do you, how do you sort of fall, get into that groove? Two ways. One is you go off with your own money and prove your idea works and I'm a fool not to be part of it. I don't generally like those, but I have partners who do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other is that you get to me through a trusted source, somebody who has looked at what you're doing, believes in it, and that's somebody I know and believe in. And that's how you sort of get to be part of that 300.


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[Assistant] So, so the question is, uhm, in my own career, I've changed course many, many times.


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[Assistant] And she so kindly said that I've been sort of looking for my sweet spot. Uhm, and so the question then is, in getting to my sweet spot,


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[Assistant] My career only makes sense in the rear view mirror. I didn't get here by design. I got here through some basic principles. And I apply them every day. Those principles are really simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Find the best people in the world that I can associate with and learn from.


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[Assistant] Find the best source of opportunities long term. What's the richest vein of opportunities that are going to, that I can find and that are going to come my way? And find something today, this moment, that engages my passion. Three very simple principles.


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[Assistant] When a door opens, the monk in the riddle, when the, when, when Harvard came to me and said, would you be interested in writing a book?


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[Assistant] And I went back to them with a crazy idea. I'm going to write a book about nothing. I'm going to write a book about the simple notion of what it takes to sort of be in the industry of innovation. And it worked.


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[Assistant] You got, you got me, for sure. I mean, and I, and I know it well, and I think it's great. It's very important. Very important.


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[Assistant] Incubator's been around a long time. The concept's been around a long, long time. The yield out of incubators is just historically low. That doesn't mean, as an entrepreneur, you shouldn't take advantage of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The opportunity to get a little money, some space, make things easier, faster, grease the wheels, expose you to other entrepreneurs so that you can share your, your information, your contacts, your stories, very good thing. From an investor standpoint, historically they have not been great payoffs. So uhm, in Silicon Valley, the whole valley is an incubator.


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[Assistant] To be in an incubator in Silicon Valley is almost a wall yourself off. To be in an incubator in Santiago, Chile, that might actually be a good thing.


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[Assistant] Because you need to create a culture which is going to be highly supportive of what, of what you're doing and the broader culture may not be.


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[Assistant] You know, this is, this is one of the areas that I must say I feel constant frustration because uhm, because I've spent time in Santiago and, and, and Buenos Aires, etc., and I get lots of people asking me for help with entrepreneurship down there. And to be frank, I don't know the market well enough. It's an area that I've been loathe to invest in because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And given how little we know about the market, from here I have, uhm, I have been reluctant.


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[Assistant] To try to help, largely because I don't think I can help as much. Uhm, but I will give you a general piece of, of, of advice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's the same advice I gave when I travel and travel to India or to travel to China. A lot of times what you'll find is in the uhm, developing economies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I would consider even Chile and Argentina and Brazil to be developing economies.


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[Assistant] You'll see that entrepreneurship is largely focused on trying to sell me something here in the United States because they see me as having a deep pocket and a big market. I think that's wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that the strengths that they've got are exactly the weaknesses I've got. I don't understand your market, and you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's going to broadly apply, not just in Chile, not just in Argentina, not just in Brazil, but potentially in places like India and in, in Southeast Asia, etc. So my general feeling is to focus in on what you know, the markets you know, serve those markets really well, innovate in the markets that are harder for my entrepreneurs to innovate in, and build success from there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, I was a very active sort of participant in what was going on in the music, entertainment area, all through the 90s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I was translating a lot of that into web businesses. Social media perplexed me at first, and I'm making peace with it. But it perplexed me at first because I couldn't understand a number of things. I couldn't understand why people were so interested in being distracted constantly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I couldn't understand the lack of privacy. I couldn't understand the concept of having a thousand friends. I couldn't understand the, the phenomena. But.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There very well may be a bubble brewing in the valuations of a lot of the companies that are seen as leaders in this area. But I don't believe social media is a bubble.


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[Assistant] I think we moved from that to a web that was largely driven by information. Content. I think we then moved to a web that was largely driven by media.


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[Assistant] As, as little as I am a denizen of the social web, when somebody comes into me and uses the term social, by and large I figure they don't get it. Because it is just in the air.


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[Assistant] It isn't a, it isn't something unique any longer. It needs to be built into almost every behavior model for how people, for how people are going to interact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With digital information, digital content, digital anything.


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[Assistant] And so I think it is that the, that the adding people to the web, natural, obvious, continued. Now the question is what happens after people? Uhm, my feeling is that we're still very much overwhelmed on the web.


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[Assistant] We're gonna have to have ways to navigate the web. Find stuff.


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[Assistant] Share stuff that takes a lot less of our attention. Attention is the scarce resource nowadays. Not information, not data, not people. Attention.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and I think we're going to see some very cool ideas, like what you see at a company like Cool Iris, which is designed around how do you navigate, visually navigate, all of this.


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[Assistant] available average avoid awake award aware away awful awfully awkward awkwardly baby


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[Assistant] Back. Background. Back up. Backward. Backwards. Bacteria. Bad. Badly. Bad tempered. Bag. Baggage. Bake.


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[Assistant] balance ball ban band


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[Assistant] Bandage. Bank. Bar. Bargain. Barrier. Base. Based. Base on. Basic. Basically. Basis. Bath.


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[Assistant] Bathroom. Battery. Battle. Bay. Bee. Beach. Deak. Bear. Beard. Beat. Beat up. Beautiful.


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[Assistant] beautifully duty because because of become bed bedroom beef beer before begin beginning


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[Assistant] Behave Behaviour Behind Be left over Belief Believe Believe in Bel Belong Belong to Below Belt


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[Assistant] Bend Beneath Benefit Bent Beside Best Bet Better Betting Between Beyond Bicycle


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[Assistant] Big Bike Bill Dillion Bin Biology Bird Birth Birthday Biscuit Bit Bite


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[Assistant] bitter bitterly black blade blame blank blind block blonde blood blow blow out


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[Assistant] bone book boot border bore


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[Assistant] Boy Boyfriend Brain Branch Brand Brave Bread Break Breakdown Breakfast Break-in Break into


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[Assistant] Break off Break out Break up Breast Breath Breathe Breathe in Breathe out Breathing Breathe Brick Bridge


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[Assistant] Brief, briefly, bright, brightly, brilliant, bring, bring back, bring down, bring forward, bring out, bring up,


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[Assistant] Broad Broadcast Broadly Broken Brother Brown Brush Bubble Budget Build Building Build up


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[Assistant] bullet. bunch. burn. burn down. burnt. burst. burst into. burst out. ferry. bus. bush. business.


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[Assistant] business man busy butt butter


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[Assistant] button buy buyer buy buy cabinet cable cake calculate calculation call call back


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[Assistant] called call for call off call up


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[Assistant] Calm Calm down Calmly


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[Assistant] camera camp campaign camping can cancel cancer candidate candy cannot cap


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[Assistant] capable capacity capitol captain capture car card cardboard care career care for


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[Assistant] Careful Carefully Careless Carelessly Carpet Carrot Carry Carry on Carry out Case Cash Cast


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[Assistant] Castle. Cat. Catch. Catch up. Category. Cause. CD. Cease. Ceiling. Celebrate. Celebration. Cell.


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[Assistant] Cell phone. Cent. Centimeter. Central. Center. Century. Ceremony. Certain. Certainly. Certificate. Chain.


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[Assistant] Chair. Chairman. Chairwoman. Challenge. Chamber. Chance. Change. Change round.


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[Assistant] Channel. Chapter. Character. Characteristic. Charge. Charity. Chart. Chase. Chase away. Chat. Cheap. Cheaply.


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[Assistant] cheat cheat of check check in check into check on check out check over check up on cheek cheerful cheerfully


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[Assistant] cheese chemical chemist chemistry


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[Assistant] Check. Chest. Chew.


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[Assistant] chicken sheaf child chin chip chocolate choice choose chop chop down chop off church


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[Assistant] Cigarette Cinema Circle Circumstance Citizen City Civil Claim Clap


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[Assistant] class, classic, classroom, clean, clean up.


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[Assistant] clear clearly clear out clear up clerk clever click client climate climb climbing clock


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[Assistant] Coat Code Coffee Coin Cold Coldly Collapse Colleague Collect Collection College Color


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[Assistant] Colored. Column. Combination. Combine. Come. Come across. Come down. Comedy. Come from. Come in. Come off. Come on.


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[Assistant] Come out. Come round.


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[Assistant] come to come up


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[Assistant] Come up to. Comfort. Comfortable. Comfortably. Command. Comment. Commercial. Commission. Commit. Commitment. Committee.


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[Assistant] Common Commonly Communicate Communication Community


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[Assistant] Company Compare Comparison Compete Competition Competitive Complain Complaint Complete Completely Complex


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[Assistant] Complicate. Complicated. Computer. Concentrate. Concentrate on. Concentration. Concept. Concern. Concerned. Concerning. Concert.


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[Assistant] Conclude Conclusion Concrete Condition Conduct Conference Confidence Confident Confidently Confine Confined


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[Assistant] Confirm. Conflict. Confront. Confuse. Confused. Confusing. Confusion. Congratulate. Congratulation. Congress. Connect.


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[Assistant] Connected Connection Conscious Consequence Conservative Consider Considerable Considerably Consideration Consist Consist of


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[Assistant] Constant Constantly Construct Construction Consult Consumer Contact Contain Container


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[Assistant] Contemporary Content one Contest Context Continent Continue Continuous Continuously Contract Contrast Contrasting


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[Assistant] Contribute Contribution Control Controlled


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[Assistant] Convenient Convention Conventional Conversation Convert Convince Cook Cooker


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[Assistant] cookie cooking cool cool down cope copy core corner correct correctly cost cottage


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[Assistant] Cotton. Cough. Coughing. Cooed. Council. Count. Counter. Count on. Country. Countryside. County. Couple.


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[Assistant] Courage Course Court Cousin Cover Covered Covering Cover up


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[Assistant] Crack Cracked Craft Crash Crazy Cream Create Creature Credit Credit card Crime


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[Assistant] Criminal Crisis Crisp Criterion Critical Criticism Criticize Crop Cross Crossout Crowd Crowded


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[Assistant] crown crucial cruel crush cry cry out cultural culture cup cupboard curb core


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[Assistant] Curious Curiously Curl Curl up


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[Assistant] Curly Current Currently Curtain Curve Curved Custom Customer Customs Cut Cut back Cut down


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[Assistant] Cut off Cut out Cut up Cycle Cycling Dad Daily Damage Damp


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[Assistant] Dance Dancer


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[Assistant] Dancing Danger Dangerous Dare Dark Data Date Date back Daughter Day Dead Deaf


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[Assistant] deal deal in deal with dear death debate debt decade decay December decide decide on


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[Assistant] Decision Declare Decline Decorate Decoration Decorative Decrease Deep Deeply Defeat Defense


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[Assistant] Defend Define Definite Definitely Definition Degree Delay Deliberate Deliberately Delicate Delight


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[Assistant] Delighted Deliver Delivery Demand Demonstrate Dentist Deny Department Departure Depend Depend on


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[Assistant] Deposit Depress Depressed Depressing Depth Derive Derive from Describe Description Desert Deserted


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[Assistant] Deserve Design Desire Desk Desperate Desperately Despite Destroy Destruction Detail Detailed


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[Assistant] Determination Determine Determined Develop


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[Assistant] Development Device Devote Devoted Devote to Diagram Diamond Diary Dictionary


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[Assistant] Die Die away Die out Die it Difference Different Differently Difficult Difficulty Dig Digital Dinner


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[Assistant] direct direction directly director dirt dirty disabled disadvantage disagree disagreement disagree with doing


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[Assistant] Disappear. Disappoint. Disappointed. Disappointing. Disappointment. Disapproval. Disapprove. Disapproving. Disaster. Disc. Discipline.


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[Assistant] Discount Discover Discovery Disgust Discussion Disease Disgust Disgusted


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[Assistant] Disgusting Dish Dishonest Dishonestly Disc Dislike Dismiss Display Dissolve Distance Distinguish


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[Assistant] Distribute Distribution District Disturb Disturbing Divide Division Divorce Divorced Doctor Document


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[Assistant] Dog. Dollar.


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[Assistant] Domestic Dominate Door Dot Double Doubt Do up


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[Assistant] Do with Do without Down Downstairs Downward Downwards Dozen Draft Drag Drama Dramatic Dramatically


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[Assistant] draw drawer drawing dream dress


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[Assistant] Dressed. Dress up.


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[Assistant] drink drive drive away drive off driver driving drop drop out drug drugstore drum drunk


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[Assistant] dry dry off dry up


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[Assistant] do dull dump


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[Assistant] During. Dust. Duty. DVD. Dying. Each. Each other. Ear. Early. Earn. Birth. Ease.


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[Assistant] easily east eastern easy eat eat out eat up


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[Assistant] Economy Edge Edition Editor Educate Educated Education Effective Effectively Efficient


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[Assistant] efficiently. effort. egg.


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[Assistant] 8 18 18th 8th 80th 80 either elbow elderly elect election electric


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[Assistant] Electrical Electricity Electronic Elegant Element Elevator


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[Assistant] 11 11th Else Elsewhere Email Embarrass Embarrassed Embarrassing Embarrassment Emerge Emergency


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[Assistant] Emotion Emotional Emotionally Emphasis Emphasize Empire


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[Assistant] Employ Employee Employer


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[Assistant] Empty Enable Encounter Encourage Encouragement End End in Ending End up


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[Assistant] enemy, energy, engage, engaged, engine, engineer, engineering, enjoy, enjoyable, enjoyment, enormous,


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[Assistant] Enough. Inquiry. Ensure.


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[Assistant] Entertaining Entertainment Enthusiasm Enthusiastic Enthusiastically Entire


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[Assistant] Entirely Entitle Entry Envelope


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[Assistant] Environment Environmental Equal Equally Equipment Equivalent Error Escape


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[Assistant] Especially Essay Essential Essentially Establish Estate Estimate Etc. Euro Even Evening


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[Assistant] event eventually ever every everybody everyone everything everywhere evidence evil ex exact


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[Assistant] Exactly. Exaggerate. Exaggerated. Exam. Examination. Examine. Example. Excellent. Except. Exception. Exchange.


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[Assistant] Excite Excited Excitement Exciting


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[Assistant] Exclude Excluding Excuse Executive Exercise Exhibit Exhibition Exist Existence Exit Expand


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[Assistant] Expect Expectation Expected Expense Expensive Experience Experienced Experiment Expert Explain Explanation


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[Assistant] Explode Explore Explosion Export Expose Express Expression Extend Extension Extensive Extent


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[Assistant] Extra. Extraordinary. Extreme. Extremely. I. Face. Face up to. Facility. Fact. Factor. Factory.


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[Assistant] Fail Failure Faint Faintly Fair Fairly Faith Faithful Faithfully Fame Familiar Family


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[Assistant] Famous Fan Fancy Far Farm Farmer Farming Farther Farthest Fashion Fashionable Fast


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[Assistant] Fasten, fat, father, faucet, fault, favor, favorite, fear, feather, feature, February, federal,


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[Assistant] Feel Feeling Fellow Female Fence Festival Fetch Fever


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[Assistant] Few Field Fifteen Fifteenth Fifth


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[Assistant] fiftieth fifty fight fighting figure figure out file fill fill in fill out fill up


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[Assistant] Film. Final. Finally. Finance. Financial. Find. Find out. Fine. Finally. Finger. Finish. Finished.


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[Assistant] Finish off. Fire.


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[Assistant] Firm, firmly, first, fish, fishing, fit, fit in, five, fix, fixed, flag, flame,


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[Assistant] flash flat flavor flesh flight float flood flooded flooding floor flower flow


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[Assistant] flew fly flying focus fold folding follow following follow up food foot football


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[Assistant] for force forecast foreign forest forever forget forgive fork form formal formally


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[Assistant] Former. Formerly. Formula. Fortieth. Fortune. Forty. Forward. Found. Foundation. Four. Fourteen. Fourteenth.


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[Assistant] Fourth Frame Free Freedom Freely Freeze Frequent Frequently Fresh Freshly


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[Assistant] Friday Fridge Friend Friendly Friendship Frighten Frightened Frightening From Front Frozen Fruit


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[Assistant] fry fuel full fully fun function function as fund fundamental


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[Assistant] Funeral Funny Fur Furniture Further Future Gain Gallon Gamble Gambling Game Gap


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[Assistant] Garage. Garbage. Garden. Gas. Gasoline. Gate. Gather. Gear. General. Generally. Generate. Generation.


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[Assistant] Generous Generously Gentle Gentleman Gently Genuine Genuinely Geography Get Get away Get away with


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[Assistant] Get back Get by Get in Get into Get off Get on Get on with Get out of Get over Get round Get round to


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[Assistant] get through get up giant gift girl girlfriend give give away give back give in give off give out


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[Assistant] give up glad glass global glove glue go go ahead goal go away go back go back to


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[Assistant] Go by. God. Go down.


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[Assistant] go into gold good goodbye goods go off go on go on doing go out go out with go over go round


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[Assistant] go through go through with go to go up govern government governor go with go without grab grade


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[Assistant] Gradual. Gradually. Grain. Gram. Grammar. Grand. Grandchild.


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[Assistant] Granddaughter Grandfather Grandmother Grandparent Grandson Grant Grass Grateful Grave Gravely Great Greatly


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[Assistant] green, gray, grocery, ground, group,


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[Assistant] grow growth grow up


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[Assistant] Guarantee. Guard. Guess. Guest. Guide. Guilty. Gun. Guy. Habit. Hair. Hairdresser. Half.


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[Assistant] Hand. Hand back. Hand down. Hand in.


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[Assistant] candle canned out canned over


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[Assistant] Kang. Kang about. Kang about with. Kang around.


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[Assistant] Hang on to. Hang up.


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[Assistant] Happen Happen to Happily Happiness Happy Hard Hardly Harm Harmful Harmless Hat Hate


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[Assistant] have have back have on have to he head headache heel health healthy hear hear from


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[Assistant] Hearing. Hear of. Heart. Heat. Heating. Heat up. Heaven. Cavally. Cavee. Heel. Height. Hell.


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[Assistant] Hello. Help. Helpful. Help out. Hence. Core. Here. Hero. Curse. Her self. Hesitate. Hi.


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[Assistant] Hide High Highlight Highly Highway Hill Him Himself Hip Higher Higher out His


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Historical. History. Hit. Hobby. Hold. Hold back. Hold on. Hold on to. Hold out. Hold up.


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[Assistant] Corn. Horror. Course. Hospital. Post. Hot. Hotel. Hour. House. Household. Housing. How.


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[Assistant] However. Huge. Human. Humorous. Humour. Hundred. Hundredth. Hungry. Hunt. Hunting. Hurry. Hurry up.


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[Assistant] Ice cream. Idea. Ideal. Identify. Identify with. Identity. If. Ignore. Ill. Illegal. Illegally.


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[Assistant] Illness Illustrate Image Imaginary Imagination Imagine Immediate Immediately Immoral Impact Impatient


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Implication. Imply. Import. Importance. Important. Importantly. Impose. Impossible. Impress. Impressed. Impression.


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[Assistant] Impressive Improve Improvement In Inability Inch Incident Include Including Income Increase


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[Assistant] Increasingly Indeed Independence Independent Independently Index Indicate Indication Indirect Indirectly Individual


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[Assistant] Indoors Industrial Industry Inevitable Inevitably Infect Infected Infection Infectious Influence Inform


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[Assistant] Informal Information Ingredient Initial Initially Initiative Injure Injured


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[Assistant] Injury. Ink. Inner. Innocent. Insect. Insert. Inside. Insist. Insist on. Insist on doing. Install.


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[Assistant] Instance Instead Instead of Institute


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[Assistant] Institution Instruction Instrument Insult Insulting Insurance Intelligence Intelligent Intend Intended Intention


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[Assistant] Interest Interested


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[Assistant] Interesting. Interior


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[Assistant] Internal International Internet Interpret Interpretation Interrupt Interruption Interval Interview Into Introduce


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[Assistant] Introduction. Invent. Invention. Invest. Investigate. Investigation. Investment. Invitation. Invite.


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[Assistant] involve involved involvement iron irritate irritated irritating island issue its item its


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[Assistant] itself jacket jam January jealous jeans jelly jewelry job join join in joint


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[Assistant] jointly joke journalist journey joy judge judgment juice July jump


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[Assistant] June Junior Just Justice Justified Justify Keen Keep Keep out Keep out of Keep up


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[Assistant] Keep up with Key Keyboard Kick Kid Kill Killing Kilogram Kilometer Kind Kindly Kindness


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[Assistant] King Kiss Kitchen Knee Knife Knit Knitted Knitting Knock Knock down Knock out Knot


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[Assistant] know knowledge lab label laboratory labor lack lacking lady lake lamp land


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[Assistant] landscape lane language large largely last late later latest latter laugh


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[Assistant] laugh at launch law lawyer lay


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[Assistant] layer lazy lead leader leading leaf league lean learn least leather leave


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Leave out. Lecture. Left. Leg. Legal. Legally. Lemon. Lend. Length. Less. Lesson. Let.


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[Assistant] let down let off letter level library license license lid lie lie around lie down life


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[Assistant] lift light lightly like likely limit limited limit to line link lip


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] liquid list listen literature liter little live lively live on live through live together living


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Load. Lone. Local. Locally. Locate. Located. Location. Lock. Lock up. Logic. Logical. Lonely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] long look look after look at look down on look forward to look into look on look on with look out look out for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look round. Look through. Look up. Look up to. Loose. Loosely. Lord. Glory. Lose. Loss. Lost. Lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] lovely, love, lovely, lover, low, loyal, luck, lucky, luggage, lump, lunch, lun,


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[Assistant] Machine Machinery Mad Magazine Magic Mail Main Mainly Maintain Major Majority Make


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] make into make up make up for mail mall man manage management manager manner manufacture


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[Assistant] manufacturer manufacturing many map march march mark market marketing marriage married marry


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[Assistant] Mass Massive Master Match Matching Matchup Mate Material Mathematics Matter Maximum May


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[Assistant] May. Maybe. Mayer.


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[Assistant] me meal mean meaning means meanwhile measure measurement meet media medical medicine


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Medium Meet Meeting Meet up Meet with Melt Member Membership Memory Mental Mentally Mention


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] menu, mere, merely, mess, message, metal, method, meter, midday, middle,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Midnight. Might. Mild. Mile. Military. Milk. Milligram. Millimeter. Million. Millionth. Mind. Mine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mineral Minimum Minister Ministry Minor Minority Minute Mirror Miss Missing Miss out Mistake


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mistake for Mistaken Mix Mixed Mixture Mix up Mobile Mobile phone Model Modern Mom Moment


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Monday. Money. Monitor. Month. Mood. Moon. Moral. Morally. More. Moreover. Morning. Most.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mostly Mother Motion Motor Motorbike Motorcycle Mount Mountain Mouse Mouth Move Move in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Movement. Move out. Move over. Movie. Movie theater. Moving. Mister. Mrs. MS. Much. Mud. Multiply.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] mum, murder, muscle, museum, music, musical, musician, must, my, myself, mysterious, mystery,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] nail naked name narrow nation national natural naturally nature navy near nearby


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[Assistant] Nearly Neat Neatly Necessarily Necessary Neck Need Needle Negative Neighbor Neighborhood Neither


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[Assistant] Nephew Nerve Nervous Nervously Nest Net Network Never Nevertheless New Newly News


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[Assistant] Newspaper Next Next to Nice Nicely Nice Night Nine Nineteen Nineteenth Nineteeth Ninety


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[Assistant] Ninth, no, nobody, noise, noisily, noisy, none, none, nonsense, no one, nor, normal,


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[Assistant] Normally. North. Northern. Nose. Knot. Note. Note down. Nothing. Notice. Noticeable. Novel. November.


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[Assistant] Now Nowhere Nuclear Number Nurse Not Obey Object Objective Observation Observe


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[Assistant] Obtain Obvious Obviously Occasion Occasionally Occupied Occupy Occur Occur to Ocean O'clock


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[Assistant] October Odd Oddly Of Off Offense Offend Offense Offensive


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] offer office officer official


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[Assistant] Officially. Often. Oh. Oil. Okay. Old. Old-fashioned. On. Once. One. One another.


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[Assistant] Onion. Online.


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[Assistant] Only, onto, open, opening, openly, open up.


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[Assistant] Operate Operation Opinion Opponent Opportunity Oppose Opposed Opposing Opposite Opposition Option


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[Assistant] or orange order ordinary organ organization organize organized origin original originally


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[Assistant] Otherwise, ought to, our, ours, ourselves, out, outdoor, outdoors, outer,


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[Assistant] Outline Output Outside Outstanding Oven Over Overall


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[Assistant] Overcome. Oh. Oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Paste one. Pack. Package. Packaging. Pack it. Pack up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Page. Pain. Painful. Paint. Painter. Painting. Pair. Palace. Pale. Pan 1. Panel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pants Paper Parallel Parent Park Parliament Part Particular Particularly Partly Partner Partnership


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Party. Pass. Passage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pass away Pass by Passenger Passing Pass on Pass out Passport Pass round Pass through Passed Path


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] patience, patient, pattern, pause, pay, pay back,


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[Assistant] Peace Peaceful Peak


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[Assistant] Pen Pencil Penny


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[Assistant] Pension People Pepper Poor Percent Perfect Perfectly Perform Performance Performer Perhaps Period


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[Assistant] Permanent Permanently Permission Permit Person Personal Personality Personally Persuade Pet Petrel Phase


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[Assistant] Philosophy Phone Photo Photocopy Photograph


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[Assistant] photographer photography phrase physical physically physics piano pick pick up picture piece pig


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pile Pile up


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[Assistant] kill. pilot. kin. kink. pint. pipe. pitch. pity. place. plane. plan. plane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] planet planning plant plastic plate platform play play about play air play with pleasant pleasantly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please Pleased Pleasing Pleasure Plenty Plot Plug Plug-in Plus


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[Assistant] Pocket Poem Poetry Point Pointed Point out Poison Poisonous Pole Police Policy Polish


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[Assistant] Polite Politely Political Politically Politician Politics Pollution Pool Poor Pop


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[Assistant] popular population port pose position positive possess possession possibility possible possibly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] post post office pot potato potential potentially pound pour powder power powerful practical


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Practically Practice Practice Praise Pray Prayer Precise Precisely Predict Prefer Preference Pregnant


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[Assistant] premises preparation prepare prepared presence present presentation preserve president press pressure


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[Assistant] Presumably Pretend Pretty Prevent Previous Previously Price Pride Priest Primarily Primary


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[Assistant] Prince Princess Principal Print Printer Printing Print off Prior Priority Prison Prisoner Private


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[Assistant] privately prize probable probably problem procedure proceed process produce producer product


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] production profession professional professor profit program program progress project promise promote


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[Assistant] Promotion Prompt Promptly Pronounce Pronunciation Proof Proper Properly Property Proportion Proposal


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[Assistant] Propose Prospect Protect Protection Protest Proud Probably Prove Provide Provided Providing Pub


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Public Publication Publicity Publicly Publish Publishing Pull Pull apart Pull down Pull in Pull off


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pull out. Pull over. Pull through. Pull together. Pull up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] punch punish punishment pupil purchase cure purely purple purpose pursue push push about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] push forward put put away put back put down put forward put in put off put on put out put through put together


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[Assistant] Put up Put up with Qualification Qualified Qualify


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[Assistant] quality quantity quarter queen question quick quickly quiet quietly quit quite quote


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[Assistant] race racing radio rail railroad railway rain raise range rank rapid rapidly


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[Assistant] rare rarely rate rather raw reach react reaction read reader reading read out


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[Assistant] Read over Ready Real Realistic Reality Realize Really Rear Reason Reasonable Reasonably Recall


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[Assistant] Receipt Receive Recent Recently Reception Reckon Reckon on Recognition Recognize Recommend Record


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[Assistant] Recording Recover Read Reduce Reduction Refer Reference Refer to Reflect Reform Refrigerator


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[Assistant] refusal refuse regard regarding region regional register regret regular regularly regulation


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[Assistant] reject relate related relate to relation relationship relative relatively relax relaxed relaxing


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[Assistant] Relevant Relief Religion Religious Rely Rely on Remain Remaining Remains Remark Remarkable


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[Assistant] Remarkably Remember Remind Remind of Remote Removal Remove Rent Rented Repair Repeat


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[Assistant] repeated repeatedly replace reply report represent representative reproduce reputation request require


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[Assistant] requirement rescue research reservation reserve resident resist resistance resolve resort resort to


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[Assistant] resource respect respond response responsibility responsible rest restaurant restore restrict restricted


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[Assistant] Restriction Result Result in Retain Retire Retired Retirement Return Reveal Reverse Review


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[Assistant] Revise. Revision. Revolution. Reward. Rhythm. Rice. Rich. Rid. Ride. Rider. Ridiculous. Riding.


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[Assistant] right rightly ring ring back rise risk rival river road rob rock roll


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[Assistant] Roll Romantic Roof


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[Assistant] room, root, rope, rough, roughly, round, rounded, root, routine, row, royal, rub,


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[Assistant] Rubber. Rubbish. Rude. Rudely. Ruin. Ruined. Rule. Rule out. Ruler. Rumour. Run. Run after.


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[Assistant] run away runner running run out run over run through rural rush sack sad sadly sadness


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[Assistant] Safe Safely Safety Sail Sailing Sailor Salad Salary Sail Salt Salty Same


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[Assistant] Sample Sand


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[Assistant] Satisfaction Satisfied Satisfy Satisfying Saturday Sauce Save Saving Say Scale Scare


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[Assistant] Scared. Scare off. Scene. Schedule. Scheme. School. Science. Scientific. Scientist. Scissors. Score.


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[Assistant] Scratch Scream Screen Screw See Seal Seal off Search Season Seat Second Secondary


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[Assistant] Secret Secretory Secretly Section Sector Secure Security See See about Seed Seek Seem


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[Assistant] C2 Select Selection Self Sell Sell off Sell out Senate Senator Send Send for


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[Assistant] Send off Senior Sense Sensible Sensitive Sentence Separate Separated Separately Separation September


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[Assistant] Series Serious Seriously Servant Serve Service Session Set Set off Set out Settle


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[Assistant] Settle down. Set up. Seven. Seventeen. Seventh. Seventieth. Seventy. Several. Severe. Severely. So


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[Assistant] Sewing Sex Sexual Sexually Shade Shadow Shake Shall Shallow Shame Shape Shaped


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[Assistant] Share Sharp


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[Assistant] shave she sheep sheet shelf shell shelter shift shine shiny ship shirt


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[Assistant] Shock. Shocked. Shocking. Shoe. Shoot. Shoot down. Shooting. Shop. Shopping. Short. Shortly. Shot.


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[Assistant] should shoulder shout show shower show off show round


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[Assistant] shut shut down shut in shut out shut up shy sick side sideways sight sign signal


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[Assistant] Signature Significant Significantly Silence Silent Silk Silly Silver Similar Similarly Simple