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[Assistant] The area was searched for months, but nothing was found. The family were very frightened.


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[Assistant] But Mrs Lang refused to move her family away until her husband was found. Seven months later, while she was playing, their daughter heard her father crying for help.


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[Assistant] She found a circle of dead grass in the place where he was seen for the last time.


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[Assistant] She screamed for her mother and Mrs. Lang ran to her daughter. She saw the circle of dead grass, but she couldn't hear her husband. This frightened her again and she moved her family to another town. The Vaughan children.


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[Assistant] In 1906, three young children disappeared while they were playing in a field near their home. Searches quickly began.


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[Assistant] But after three days, the children were still missing.


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[Assistant] On the morning of the fourth day, a farm worker found them lying asleep on the ground. The children were clean and they weren't hungry or frightened, but they didn't remember anything.


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[Assistant] They were very surprised that everyone was looking for them. They could only remember waking up.


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[Assistant] For the rest of their lives, the children didn't know what happened to them during those three days.


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[Assistant] Nessie, the Loch Ness Monster, is probably the most famous lake monster in the world.


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[Assistant] There are well known lake monsters in Canada, the US, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and other countries.


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[Assistant] But Nessie feels like part of the family to many of us, because we have known about her for so long.


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[Assistant] The first description of a monster in Loch Ness, Scotland was more than 400 years ago. There have been many reports since then. Some of these have been honest mistakes.


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[Assistant] But sometimes people have lied to make money from the Nessie story.


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[Assistant] No one has proved that a monster really lives in Loch Ness. But some people have taken good photographs.


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[Assistant] Many tourists come each year to try to see the monster.


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[Assistant] Nessie Watchers travelled to Scotland to look for her. Since 1930.


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[Assistant] More than 3000 people have reported seeing the Loch Ness Monster.


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[Assistant] The first newspaper story about Nessie was in 1933.


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[Assistant] Dr. Kenneth Wilson took one of the most famous black and white photographs of Nessie.


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[Assistant] There wasn't a better photograph until 1977 In that year


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[Assistant] Doc Shields took some colour photographs of the monster while he was on holiday. Some of these photos were lost or destroyed. This has often happened.


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[Assistant] People have broken or lost their cameras and sometimes important photographs too. It's part of the mystery.


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[Assistant] Many scientists agree that there is some kind of living thing in the lake.


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[Assistant] This thing is very large and has a long neck.


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[Assistant] But no one has proved yet that a monster lives in Loch Ness.


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[Assistant] You are lying on a beautiful beach, looking at the lovely blue water.


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[Assistant] But what is under the water, deep down in that terrible black world?


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[Assistant] A fisherman fought a long bloody war with a terrible whale.


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[Assistant] When Steven Spielberg's film Jaws was first shown, people of all ages screamed in cinemas around the world.


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[Assistant] But sea monsters aren't only in films and books.


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[Assistant] People have discovered real monsters in the seas and oceans.


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[Assistant] These are often more frightening than a monster from a story.


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[Assistant] The idea of a giant squid is very frightening, but people have seen them.


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[Assistant] A US military ship was sailing near Newfoundland, Canada.


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[Assistant] When suddenly, a very large whale jumped out of the water. It was fighting with a giant squid.


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[Assistant] The whale looked about 18 meters long, but the squid was trying to kill it with its long arms. The squid was as big as the whale. The men on the ship were very frightened. They didn't want to get close enough to take photographs.


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[Assistant] These giant squid are true monsters.


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[Assistant] It still isn't understood why they grow so large.


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[Assistant] The monster sometimes jumped six meters out of the water and hit the whales with its tail. The whales won the fight and swam away.


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[Assistant] The dead monster was then pushed onto the beach by the water. People couldn't believe what they saw.


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[Assistant] It was a very large, shapeless thing with a long neck and no head.


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[Assistant] It was fourteen meters long, three meters wide, and one and a half meters high. No expert could name the animal.


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[Assistant] Many people, often fishermen, have reported seeing these large ugly monsters. Monsters that walk the earth.


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[Assistant] Many people have seen monsters in China, Nepal, Russia, North America, and other places that are half man and half animal. No one has ever caught one.


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[Assistant] Yeti have walked in the Himalayan mountains of Nepal and China for hundreds of years.


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[Assistant] Reports from climbers in the Himalayan mountains have described them as very tall, nearly three meters.


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[Assistant] A Yeti stands like a man and has hair all over its body. It is dangerous and can attack people.


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[Assistant] Most people have seen signs of the Yeti in the snow. These have the shape of a man's foot, but are very large. They can't be the feet of an animal.


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[Assistant] The most famous report came from Don Willans, a British climber in 1970.


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[Assistant] In the mountains of Nepal, he watched a yeti playing in the snow by the light of the moon for about 20 minutes.


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[Assistant] Reports of Bigfoot have continued since the early 1900s.


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[Assistant] Descriptions are similar to descriptions of the Yeti.


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[Assistant] The most frightening story came from Albert Ostman, a Canadian in 1924.


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[Assistant] A large strange looking animal picked him up and carried him for three hours.


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[Assistant] We are learning about new mysteries everyday. There are reports of alien activity.


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[Assistant] Strange new monsters. Unexplained stories in medicine. Strange activity in space. It seems that the number of mysteries is growing. Or are we just more interested?


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[Assistant] Examples of mysteries come from the early days of our life on earth. How did they do it? Stonehenge


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[Assistant] Stonehenge in the UK is different from anything of its kind in Europe.


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[Assistant] After 5000 years, it is still standing. But why was it built?


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[Assistant] Was Stonehenge used like a giant computer to make predictions from the position of the sun, moon and stars? This is the most popular opinion. How was it built?


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[Assistant] Many of the heavy stones were brought from 240 kilometers away.


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[Assistant] So 1,500 men had to work every day for over five years, in one expert's opinion.


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[Assistant] This needed tools and skills that people didn't have at that time.


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[Assistant] Experts agree that a higher intelligence was needed. So who built Stonehenge? No one knows.


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[Assistant] For this reason, it is still one of the world's most interesting mysteries. The Easter Island statues.


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[Assistant] The statues are between 1 and 10 meters tall and have similar faces.


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[Assistant] They stand by the sea, facing the land.


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[Assistant] Why did the people of Easter Island build them?


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[Assistant] People built the statues, and then moved them to another part of the island, 25 kilometers away, and put them on platforms.


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[Assistant] In the early 1990s, 40 scientists moved 15 of the statues and put them on new platforms.


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[Assistant] They used modern equipment and worked every day, but it took them four years.


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[Assistant] So how did the people of Easter Island move more than 300 statues? Scientists have found no answers.


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[Assistant] They were built for the bodies of the pharaohs after they died almost 5,000 years ago.


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[Assistant] The Pharaoh's gold was put with them for the next life. The Great Pyramid is the largest.


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[Assistant] It is 140 meters high and 228 meters wide at its widest point. King Kufu's body is there.


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[Assistant] People think that the pyramid shape helped the pharaohs climb to the sky after their death. So how were the pyramids built? That is still not known.


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[Assistant] Scientists think that over 100,000 men worked for more than 20 years to build the Great Pyramid. More than 2 million stones were used.


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[Assistant] It is 20 meters high and more than 73 meters long.


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[Assistant] The face is four meters high and each eye is nearly two meters long.


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[Assistant] The Sphinx has the head of King Cufu's son, King Caffrey.


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[Assistant] The body of an animal shows how strong the king was.


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[Assistant] Experts still can't explain how it was built.


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[Assistant] The Valley of the Kings is near the city of Luxor in Egypt.


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[Assistant] The bodies of the most famous pharaohs were put in special rooms there.


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[Assistant] A sign at the entrance promised death to the people who opened it. Carter didn't believe this, but before the year ended,


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[Assistant] Twelve of the twenty scientists from his team were dead.


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[Assistant] Were there really perfect civilizations thousands of years ago? Were the people beautiful and intelligent? Did they live without war?


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[Assistant] Were their lives more wonderful than we can imagine?


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[Assistant] Or is this just our hope for a perfect world?


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[Assistant] The Greek writer Plato told a story about an island in the Atlantic Ocean called Atlantis. It was a beautiful place.


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[Assistant] So the island was a center for farming and business. Their buildings were beautiful and well built.


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[Assistant] Their kings and queens had great power in Europe and Africa. This was more than 11,000 years ago. And then the city disappeared under the sea. Was there really an Atlantis? If there was, why did it disappear? Some experts agree on one idea.


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[Assistant] Perhaps the story of Atlantis is really the story of the Greek island Santorini. People still want to know about Atlantis. They are still looking for this lost civilization.


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[Assistant] There have also been reports about the ancient civilization of Mu near Japan.


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[Assistant] There are photographs of this mystery city under the sea.


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[Assistant] People believe they have seen buildings, statues and roads.


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[Assistant] In Peru, very large drawings of animals and 1,300 kilometers of straight lines cover more than 500 square kilometers of land.


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[Assistant] These were made by the Nazca people thousands of years ago.


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[Assistant] Scientists have traveled to Peru to study these shapes and lines.


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[Assistant] Many of the animal shapes are as big as two football fields. You can't see them from the ground because they are so large.


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[Assistant] So scientists have to take photographs from the air. There are many questions about the Nazca lines. Why are they so large?


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[Assistant] How could the Nazca people make perfect shapes like these when they couldn't see them from the ground? Who or what were they made for?


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[Assistant] Perhaps they were used to predict the weather and the best time for planting crops. Some people think the lines have a religious meaning.


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[Assistant] We know that our bodies aren't just simple machines.


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[Assistant] But what powers do our minds have over our bodies?


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[Assistant] How can an ordinary man suddenly lift a car to save someone's life?


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[Assistant] He used the power of his mind to change the shape of metal things like spoons, forks, and keys.


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[Assistant] He has shown his very unusual skills many times. He can see when his eyes are covered. He can describe a picture or read a letter. He has stopped clocks working.


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[Assistant] Geller discovered his powers when he was only four years old.


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[Assistant] Scientists still can't explain how he does these things. Not everyone believes in his powers, but no one has proved that they aren't real. Nostradamus. Would you like to see into the future? Do you know anyone who has this power?


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[Assistant] The earliest known person with this power was Michel Nostradame, Nostradamus, 1503-66.


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[Assistant] He had great skill as a doctor, and he was very brave.


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[Assistant] But he couldn't save his wife and children from this terrible illness. When they died, he left his home.


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[Assistant] Other peoples soon discovered his power to predict the future.


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[Assistant] He became very well known in Europe and wrote a famous book.


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[Assistant] Leprophetes of more than 1,000 predictions.


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[Assistant] Nostradamus correctly predicted many important things, the power of Hitler in Germany, the second world war, and the deaths of some important people. He wrote of President Kennedy, his death will be sudden and sad.


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[Assistant] Nostradamus even correctly predicted his own death. He described exactly how he would die.


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[Assistant] When something important happens in the world, experts still read his predictions.


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[Assistant] Other people with this power have become famous since Nostradamus' time.


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[Assistant] But Nostradamus' work still interests people after 500 years.


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[Assistant] Some people have a strange feeling, often a dream, that something usually bad is going to happen in the future. They can't explain the feeling, but they are very sure.


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[Assistant] Many people have seen terrible things that have happened in the world. They have known about them before they happened.


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[Assistant] A girl had a dream about the end of the great ship Titanic on the night that it happened.


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[Assistant] She saw a large ship with many people on it. Suddenly, she heard a loud scream and one end of the ship went up into the air.


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[Assistant] The ship then disappeared quickly into the sea. Ocean travel was dangerous in those days, but how can we explain stories like hers?


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[Assistant] In 1979, David Booth had the same dream night after night. In his dream,


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[Assistant] A plane crashed at Chicago airport and everyone on the plane was killed.


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[Assistant] The night before the attacks on New York in September 2001, a woman dreamt that she met a friend in New York. He was crying and pointing to two tall buildings. They were burning. The next morning, the attacks happened. John Snell lived in Poole in England.


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[Assistant] On holiday, he paid a woman to look into his future. She told him, you will die on your 45th birthday. He wasn't frightened because he didn't believe her.


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[Assistant] For 20 years, he worked long hours and enjoyed drinking.


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[Assistant] But as his 45th birthday came nearer, he started to worry. He stopped drinking. On his birthday, he refused to go out.


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[Assistant] The next day he read a local newspaper report about the death of John Snell of Poole on his 45th birthday. The woman was right and wrong. There were two John Snells living in Poole. The other John Snell died.


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[Assistant] Some of these stories show the power of the mind over the body.


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[Assistant] Others show frightening things that have happened to people's bodies. All are mysteries. Fire.


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[Assistant] How can a person suddenly start burning for no reason? There have been many terrible examples of this. The person is burnt to death very quickly, but nothing around them is burnt.


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[Assistant] Jacqueline Fitzsimmons, a 17 year old student, was walking down the college stairs with two friends when she suddenly started burning. Three people tried to stop the fire, but it was too fast. She died in minutes.


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[Assistant] Fireman and police could find no reason for the fire or why it was so sudden. The light woman.


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[Assistant] In April 1934, a young woman from Pirano in Italy began to have a very strange problem.


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[Assistant] When she was sleeping, a blue light came from her body. When she woke up, it disappeared. Her family called in scientists. The scientists watched her sleeping for a week, but they couldn't explain it. After three weeks, the blue light disappeared and never returned. Fire walking.


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[Assistant] We have heard stories for many years about religious men walking on fire. In 1935 this was tested for the first time.


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[Assistant] An Indian man, Khuda Bux, walked over a fire.


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[Assistant] The fire's temperature was 300 degrees centigrade but his feet weren't burnt and he felt no pain. Scientists watched and it was filmed. Scientists now agree.


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[Assistant] That this is an example of the power of the mind over the body.


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[Assistant] In this photo, a firewalker in Sri Lanka walks calmly across hot stones. Up, up and away.


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[Assistant] Some people are able to lift themselves off the ground and stay in the air with no help.


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[Assistant] Most reports of this are about religious people.


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[Assistant] While people watched, he flew out of a third floor window.


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[Assistant] He then flew back into the building through an open window in another room. Asian countries have many stories like this.


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[Assistant] A Tibetan religious man, Milarepa, slept, ate.


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[Assistant] In 1863, a large house was built next to Boreley Church near the town of Bury St Edmunds.


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[Assistant] The house became famous because many strange things happened there. There were noises. Things flew through the air.


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[Assistant] Some people heard a person walking through the house. Ghosts were seen. The most famous ghost was a young woman. Her ghost was often seen in the gardens. In 1928, Lionel and Marianne Feuster moved into the house.


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[Assistant] Marianne immediately hated the dark, ugly building.


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[Assistant] Soon after they moved in, frightening things began to happen.


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[Assistant] When a ghost wrote messages to Marianne on the walls, photographs were taken.


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[Assistant] Local people didn't believe Marianne's stories.


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[Assistant] When the house was destroyed in a fire in 1939, that seemed to be the end of the story.


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[Assistant] Then local people began to talk about strange things happening in Bolly Church.


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[Assistant] They put sound equipment inside and watched the church. They heard loud noises, people talking, a door opening and closing, heavy footsteps.


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[Assistant] But the door didn't open or close, and they found no one. All the sound equipment in the church was destroyed.


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[Assistant] One night, two of the BBC filmmakers saw the ghost of the young woman in the garden. They watched her for 12 minutes.


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[Assistant] Since the BBC visit, many more mysterious things have happened at Bully Church.


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[Assistant] You can visit the church on your next trip to England if you are brave enough.


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[Assistant] A house in Norfolk, England is famous for the ghost called the Brown Lady.


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[Assistant] She was first seen in 1835, very late at night.


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[Assistant] She wore a beautiful brown dress and her face shone with light. But she had no eyes, only two black holes.


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[Assistant] In 1936, two photographers from Country Life magazine came to take photographs of the house. They saw the brown lady moving up the stairs. They were very frightened, but they took this famous photograph. It is one of the best photographs of a ghost. Since this time,


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[Assistant] Nobody has seen the brown lady in the house. Did the photo frighten her away?


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[Assistant] Some countries have similar ghosts but with different names. Do you have any of these ghosts in your country?


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[Assistant] Anachiri is the ghost of a little girl who lives in the mountains.


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[Assistant] She comes into the villages at night to make the children sick.


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[Assistant] Children wear pieces of red cotton around their necks to protect them from the Achiri.


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[Assistant] In many European stories, people also wear red to protect themselves from bad ghosts. Japan. Japan has many ghosts. The Buruburu is the ghost of fear.


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[Assistant] It lives in dark forests and looks like a shaking old man or woman, often with one eye.


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[Assistant] The buruburu jumps on a person's back. The person suddenly feels very cold and dies of fear.


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[Assistant] The faceless woman was first seen in Tokyo hundreds of years ago.


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[Assistant] A man was walking home one night when he saw a woman crying. He tried to help her, but she couldn't stop crying. She finally turned towards him and she had no face. He screamed and ran away.


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[Assistant] The word poltergeist comes from German and means noisy ghost. How does a ghost become a poltergeist?


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[Assistant] Perhaps if a person dies in a terrible way, their ghost stays angry after their death.


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[Assistant] A poltergeist stayed in a man's office in Germany for a year. It destroyed furniture. Threw things.


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[Assistant] Turned lights on and off, and moved pictures round the walls.


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[Assistant] It also made hundreds of expensive telephone calls.


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[Assistant] Experts discovered that it was angry with a secretary. When she moved away, the activity stopped.


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[Assistant] The Muslim world. The Tsar is known in Muslim countries. It is a man-hating ghost.


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[Assistant] It comes into a house and makes a wife crazy.


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[Assistant] As a result, she shouts at her husband all the time.


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[Assistant] There is only one way to send the Tsar away.


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[Assistant] When a family moves house, they welcome the domovic to his new home with a fire in the cooker. The domovic looks after the house, but if you make him angry, he will burn your house down.


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[Assistant] A razelka is the ghost of a young woman who has died in water.


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[Assistant] Rizalkas are beautiful with long green hair.


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[Assistant] They live in lakes and rivers and secretly help poor, hard-working fishermen.


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[Assistant] Have you ever thought, I've been to this place before, or I've already met this person?


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[Assistant] Here are some stories of people who lived complete lives in other times. Bridie Murphy


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[Assistant] Virginia Tai was the wife of a businessman in Wisconsin in the US. But this wasn't her only life.


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[Assistant] One hundred years before, she was a young Irish woman called Bridie Murphy.


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[Assistant] Virginia's story is one of the most famous in the world. Why have so many experts believed her?


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[Assistant] Virginia never traveled and knew nothing about Ireland.


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[Assistant] But she knew many important things about Bridie's life and town. The language, the names of local shops and people, the type of money, even popular songs.


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[Assistant] Experts have checked Virginia's story for over 30 years. They haven't proved that it isn't true. Shanty Devi.


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[Assistant] Shanti Devi was born in 1926 in Delhi, India.


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[Assistant] When she was four years old, she began to talk about her other life as a wife and mother in the town of Mathura. She said things like, this was my husband's favorite food.


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[Assistant] She remembered many things about her life in Mathura.


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[Assistant] Her husband wore glasses and had a clothes shop. She died when she had her second baby.


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[Assistant] At nine years old, Shanti remembered her husband's name, Pandit Kandanath Choubi. Shanti's parents wrote to him and invited him to their house. Shanti knew him immediately. She then wanted to go back to her old home. Family and friends weren't with her.


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[Assistant] When they arrived in Mathura, she saw her husband's brother. She immediately knew who he was. She found her old house without help. She knew where her bedroom was. She found some of her things there. Pandit agreed that they were hers.


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[Assistant] Shanti's story interested people all over the world. Mahatma Gandhi invited her to his home.


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[Assistant] But Shanti always missed her first life and never married. She died sad and lonely. The Pollock Children.


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[Assistant] In 1957, sadness came to the Pollock family of Hexham, England.


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[Assistant] The only children, two sisters, were killed by a car.


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[Assistant] The Pollocks found happiness again when Mrs. Pollock had more children, two more girls. But something was strange about these children.


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[Assistant] They knew all about their dead sister's lives.


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[Assistant] They knew about their school, their friends, and even their toys.


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[Assistant] When the girls were older, their parents sometimes found them crying.


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[Assistant] When cars drove quickly along the road, they screamed. All of this stopped when the girls became older. After that they couldn't remember any of it.


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[Assistant] Experts still can't say why these things happened to the Pollock children.


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[Assistant] Strange things started happening on English farms.


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[Assistant] There were many reports of large circles in fields. Crops were flattened, but they were still growing. The circles had beautiful shapes inside.


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[Assistant] The first crop circles were seen on small farms.


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[Assistant] They didn't become well known until later in the 1980s. When more crop circles were seen scientists were called in. They were very interested in the beautiful shapes. The shapes weren't simple.


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[Assistant] Some experts thought that perhaps they were made by an unknown intelligence, by aliens.


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[Assistant] Many of the circles were found near ancient places like Stonehenge. This added to the interest in aliens, but other scientists disagreed. They thought they were made by strange winds. By the end of the 1980s, crop circles were very famous.


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[Assistant] But were they made by aliens, or winds, or were people just playing games?


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[Assistant] Some people thought that the shapes were an ancient language. They read predictions in the circles.


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[Assistant] In 1990, many more crop circles were reported, with some of the most beautiful shapes.


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[Assistant] People from other countries came to England to see them. Filmmakers waited in fields at night and tried to film the circle making, but they were never able to see it, only the finished circles. Crop circles were a bigger mystery than ever. Who was making them? How were they making them? And why? In 1990,


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[Assistant] It was discovered that ordinary people were making some of the circles


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[Assistant] Two of these people were artists, Doug Bower and Dave Chauley.


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[Assistant] Their circles were called the Doug and Dave circles.


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[Assistant] Experts wanted to be sure that people really could make these.


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[Assistant] £15,000 was offered to the person who could make the best crop circle. Some beautiful shapes were produced.


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[Assistant] This proved that ordinary people could make crop circles. Many experts lost interest then. But every year, new crop circles are seen.


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[Assistant] Many crop circle makers can't explain some of these new shapes. They are so perfect, too difficult to draw on paper.


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[Assistant] How can someone make these beautiful shapes in the short summer night?


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[Assistant] Why hasn't anyone ever seen a person making a crop circle? The mystery continues.


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[Assistant] In some of the stranger earth mysteries, surprising things fall from the sky or come out of the ground.


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[Assistant] Sometimes there is a sudden, unexplainable change in the weather.


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[Assistant] Small fish fell into a man's back garden when he went outside.


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[Assistant] Hundreds more living fish fell out of the sky.


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[Assistant] Sand rained from the sky four times. Scientists tested the sand. They discovered that it was from the Sahara. Animals in stone. In 1960.


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[Assistant] Workers were breaking stones when they found small frogs inside. Some living and some dead.


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[Assistant] One scientist said, they've probably been in the rocks for thousands of years. Some of their mouths have grown shut.


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[Assistant] Scientists can't explain why some of the frogs were still alive.


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[Assistant] In January 1984, a ball of light flew through a Russian plane above the frightened passengers.


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[Assistant] It then broke into two parts, formed a ball again, and suddenly disappeared.


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[Assistant] Ghost lights are moving balls of light that change color. They are only seen away from cities. They disappear if you go near them. Many people think they are ghosts.


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[Assistant] They are only seen in places where people have died in terrible ways.


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[Assistant] Reports of these strange lights have come from Britain, the US and Japan. Weather changes.


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[Assistant] At 7.30am on the 7th of July 1987, the temperature in the American town of Greensburg, Kansas went up 11 degrees centigrade in 10 minutes.


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[Assistant] From 24 degrees centigrade to 35 degrees centigrade. No one has found a reason for this.


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[Assistant] In March 1978, workers in a field in France heard a very loud noise, and the earth shook. The noise came from the next field.


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[Assistant] They ran to the field and found a very large hole in the ground.


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[Assistant] In the hole was a 25 kilo piece of ice. The ice stayed in one piece for an hour.


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[Assistant] In the early morning of the 30th of June 1908, a very large ball of fire came from the sky and hit the Tunguska River valley in Siberia. In seconds,


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[Assistant] Everything for 65 kilometers was destroyed.


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[Assistant] Farmer Sergei Semenov was 80 kilometers away, but he saw a very large light in the sky and felt terrible heat. It almost burnt his shirt off his back.


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[Assistant] Suddenly, a very large ball of fire covered most of the sky. Then everything went black.


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[Assistant] When scientists visited the Tunguska valley after this, they couldn't believe their eyes.


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[Assistant] There were no living trees or plants of any kind. The Tunguska River was boiling hot.


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[Assistant] Later, it was reported that people 70 kilometres away were thrown into the air.


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[Assistant] Scientists have tried to find out why this happened for almost a hundred years.


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[Assistant] It is still one of the world's greatest earth mysteries. It's all a mystery.


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[Assistant] Black holes are formed from stars that are much larger than our sun.


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[Assistant] The center of the star is pressed until it breaks. In less than a second, it becomes a black hole. What happens then?


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[Assistant] Some experts think that black holes are the reason for some of the Earth's strange disappearances in places like the Bermuda Triangle. One thing is sure.


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[Assistant] Black holes are the greatest mystery of space and time.


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[Assistant] We are discovering more and more about our world.


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[Assistant] But as we learn more, we have more questions.


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[Assistant] Many things about this world are still a mystery.


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[Assistant] Hiding somewhere, wondering where you are, I should think.


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[Assistant] I think it would be amazing if we also take time to focus on all the positives and things that perhaps you've learned and how you've grown throughout the experience of this experiment.


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[Assistant] And with that, it's time to take a look back to where it all began.


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[Assistant] Well now it's time to talk to our first couple. One of our great success stories.


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[Assistant] It's really good to see you guys. I'm still going so strong. How are things between you two?


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[Assistant] So you set it up beautifully, Johnny. My question is, are you in love?


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[Assistant] So you're taking really strong, firm steps. Yeaah.


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[Assistant] What's in store in the future? How do you envision? Like, where are you headed? What's the direction?


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[Assistant] That's fabulous. We wish you all the best and we hope you continue growing your love for one another.


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[Assistant] Your friends talking about when they did not think the cameras were rolling.


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[Assistant] Very low voice conversation between the three of them.


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[Assistant] What happened to you when you saw that? What was your reaction? Were you jealous?


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[Assistant] That must bring a lot of memories back for you guys. What's it like to watch?


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[Assistant] Yes, they're mulberries. Very good to eat.


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[Assistant] I know. If the rainbow is not in the sky, then it must have disappeared.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid rainbows don't stay where you want them to. Why not? Oh, rainbows only appear when the sun comes out after the rain. But only sometimes. That's why they're so special.


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[Assistant] It's probably hiding now until the next time it rains.


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[Assistant] Why don't you two go and have some fun? I'll stay here to keep an eye on the sky. Just in case the rainbow comes back.


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[Assistant] I was completely deceived by his charming manner. Take in.


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[Assistant] I was completely taken in by his charming manner.


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[Assistant] I never base my judgements on first impressions.


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[Assistant] She gave the impression of being a very kind person.


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[Assistant] Seven. You won't escape being punished for this.


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[Assistant] From this point, the empire was changed. All obeyed a woman. But this was a woman without feminine frivolity.


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[Assistant] She was openly severe and often arrogant. Agrippina's dominance was almost masculine.


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[Assistant] Agrippina did not want to be known only for wicked deeds. So she obtained a pardon for Seneca.


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[Assistant] She assumed this would please the public because he was a popular author. She also wanted Seneca to tutor her young son.


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[Assistant] Seneca, she believed, would join her plans for supremacy out of gratitude for her favors.


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[Assistant] Her plans for murder were firm. As she bided her time, waiting for opportunity, Agrippina sought the right poison. A specialist in the field was chosen, and by her skill, a potion prepared.


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[Assistant] It was delivered to Claudius by the eunuch who served and tasted his food.


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[Assistant] The ship had just set sail. Agrippina was attended by two servants. One of them stood near the rudder. The other leant over her feet.


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[Assistant] Happily recalling the apologies of Nero and Agrippina's restored favor.


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[Assistant] But chance intervened. Agrippina was saved by her sturdy cow.


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[Assistant] It is unclear if they'd been advising Nero from the beginning, but the Emperor summoned these men immediately.


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[Assistant] Shuddering, Nero shouted that Agrippina could appear at any moment. She could incite the soldiers. She could arm her slaves.


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[Assistant] Seneca and Burris were silent for a long time.


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[Assistant] They found her in a dimly lit room with a single maid. The assassin surrounded her bed.


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[Assistant] This year saw many omens, unlucky birds settled on the capital, houses fell in numerous earthquakes.


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[Assistant] Fanned by the winds and fed by merchandise, the flames engulfed the entire district. They surged up the hills, consuming all in their path.


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[Assistant] Gaining strength in the city's narrow, twisting roads.


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[Assistant] The cries of women, children, invalids, frantic people trying to help themselves or others, all added to the panic.


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[Assistant] To suppress the rumor, Nero shifted the blame for the fire onto that band called the Christians. Hated for their shameful practices.


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[Assistant] The founder of that sect, Christ, had been executed. His death had briefly suppressed the destructive cult but again erupted.


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[Assistant] Not only in Judea, the birthplace of the evil, but also in Rome.


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[Assistant] Epicurus began by listing the emperor's crimes. There was only one way, she said, to punish Nero.


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[Assistant] And the officer could expect a worthy reward.


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[Assistant] Assuming a woman's body was not equal to the pain of torture, he ordered her torn to pieces.


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[Assistant] But neither whips nor fire could break her iron will.


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[Assistant] Even when dragged back a second day on dislocated limbs, she did not betray her co-conspirators.


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[Assistant] Thus this freed slave woman outshone freeborn men, knights, and senators.


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[Assistant] And gently begged her to live and temper her grief. But she chose to die with him.


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[Assistant] With a single stroke of the blade, they sliced their arms.


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[Assistant] Seneca, hardened by frugal living, did not bleed easily.


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[Assistant] He cut the veins of his knees and thighs, but still he did not die. He asked his doctor to dispense some poison hemlock. He drank it in vain.


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[Assistant] Finally, he was carried into the baths, where he suffocated in vapor.


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[Assistant] So, what do you want to play today? Oh, I can't play with you today.


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[Assistant] Do you know what kind of berry this is? Oh yes, a honey berry. They're good to eat. Big Nut Brown Hair told me. Hmmm. What are you two up to anyway? Well I promised to help Big Nut Brown Hair today.


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[Assistant] Tasting honey berries, to make sure they're ready to eat. Me too! And, are they ripe yet? Well that one was. But, I'd better try this one, just to make sure.


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[Assistant] Good. But it feels much better to keep one than to break one.


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[Assistant] I felt exactly the same. We walked down the aisle and like genuinely looked so happy to see each other. But it was like I was marrying someone that I already knew. I just remember looking at you and being like, yep, you're perfect.


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[Assistant] At the dinner party, without warning, you turned on me, you humiliated me, and you degraded me. In front of everyone.


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[Assistant] Even so, I'm giving you another chance.


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[Assistant] I forgive you. You've never had someone love you so you don't know how to be loved. Be open to love. Be open to what family could really mean.


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[Assistant] Today could be the first day of the rest of your life. A life full of love and possibilities. So don't let it walk away.


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[Assistant] Is that true, Georgia? No. You know, he will always be a part of me. I think he was my first real love.


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[Assistant] See if you can guess. Oh, a riddle! What's big, round, bright, and only shows itself at night?


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[Assistant] The sky. What lives in the sky? Clouds? The sun!


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[Assistant] Sorry to wake you up little grey squirrel, but we came to invite you to a special celebration. Oh, what are you celebrating? What's big?


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[Assistant] Hello, little wa-chao. Oh, hello.


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[Assistant] And only shows itself at night. The moon.


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[Assistant] And now, we wait for our special guest to arrive.


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[Assistant] Went nose deep I guess, really wanted to see Jake. Jake came over, uh, to Perth.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I guess a boundary was crossed.


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[Assistant] I told Jake to go home and spend New Year's with his family and friends, uh, but he chose to stay in Perth.


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[Assistant] From what I understand now, I guess, had a few too many drinks and things got a little bit out of hand. Uhm, but a kiss was shared between Booker and Jake.


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[Assistant] I think we've talked this through now, and we were, and uhm, and that's when I was just so frustrated and I think that was just kind of the undoing.


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[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, I was definitely jealous. Look, the hardest part for me though was the, just kind of the comments afterwards, like it was a kiss on the cheek when, you know, I had seen the footage and things like that. And I think that's where we kind of just kind of gridlocked. I started feeling like it was my fault and I should have been there and it really triggered me.


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[Assistant] I'm always someone with really good teeth.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm a brusher twice a day, you know, extra floss. You may now kiss your bride.


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[Assistant] In the most awkward moment of a conversation with no essence, he thinks it's the perfect opportunity to lean in and kiss me.


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[Assistant] The Jake that Jake's putting forward is absolutely great.


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[Assistant] As well as Jake is so different from what I see at the start of the experiment. What do you see when you look at Jake now?


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[Assistant] It's like you kiss your friends, like you're telling me you kiss Booker like a friend.


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[Assistant] Uhm, my dog needed transporting and I reached out to an old bird, uhm, who actually took Oscar to the clinic for me and when I seen him,


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[Assistant] Look, it was a mistake, but I'm telling you now- I'm sorry I keep swearing.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I get that, I get that. I'd be frustrated too, but it wasn't, it wasn't romantic for me at that time. And I did, I wanted to give it a go with Jake.


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[Assistant] We just didn't connect as well as obviously I hoped.


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[Assistant] Well absolutely not, that's three whole months away from home with you and dedicated to you. So did you go home for the dog?


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[Assistant] Uhuhuhu. Was that your brother?


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[Assistant] Julia had a love of letters and was well-educated, a given in that family.


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[Assistant] She also had a gentle nature and no cruel intentions.


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[Assistant] Several times her father ordered her in a manner both doting and scolding.


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[Assistant] The next day in a different dress she embraced her father with modesty. He could not contain his joy and said,


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[Assistant] Our apartment block is a tottering ruin. The building manager props it up with slender poles and plasters over the gaping cracks.


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[Assistant] Then he bids us sleep safe and sound in his wretched death trap.


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[Assistant] I would love to live where there are no spheres in the dark of night.


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[Assistant] The women were not cultural imperialists who came in and said, you've got to do just like we are doing. Quite the opposite. They gave a lot of freedom.


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[Assistant] It is not simply warm coming in, laying things down from the top. The local cultures are being given the opportunity to make their own contributions in many different ways.


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[Assistant] Sejanus was brazen, with great physical endurance.


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[Assistant] Outwardly, he appeared honorable, but inside, he nursed a greedy nature.


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[Assistant] And to senators, he hinted at offices and provincial posts for those who supported him.


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[Assistant] It was a time of corruption, greed and subservience.


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[Assistant] Not only the elite felt insecure in their positions, but even lower ranked officials competed to perform foul and slavish acts.


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[Assistant] He told their guards and their commander to kill Messalina. A freed man was chosen to carry out the deed.


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[Assistant] Rushing ahead of the officers, he found her cowering on the ground, with her mother sitting nearby.


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[Assistant] She had often disapproved of her daughter, but was now overcome by pity.


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[Assistant] Life is past, she said, and there is nothing left but to seek an honorable death.


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[Assistant] But there was no honor in that spirit so corrupted with lust. The doors gave way to the oncoming attack


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[Assistant] The commander stood before her in silence as he delivered the fatal blow.


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[Assistant] Is life not more than food and the body more than clothes? Behold, the birds in the sky.


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[Assistant] Blessed are the poor in spirit, for the kingdom of heaven is theirs. Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth.


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[Assistant] I have not come to bring peace but a sword. For I have come to pit a man against his father and a daughter against her mother.


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[Assistant] Why should you obey like slaves? When will you dare demand payback if not with a new and wavering emperor?


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[Assistant] Seneca was the leading Stoic philosopher of his day. The main teaching of Stoicism was the acceptance of one's fate to play the role that one had been assigned by fate in the world. And so Seneca's fate was to participate in court politics.


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[Assistant] Welcome to the American Accent Course. I'm Lisa Moyson.


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[Assistant] In the following lessons, you're going to learn the correct rhythm and intonation and melody of American English.


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[Assistant] It's the music of language, and it's one of the most important things that you need to know to have a good American accent.


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[Assistant] I would say it's probably even more important than learning correct vowel in consonant pronunciation.


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[Assistant] The words sound flat and each word is pronounced the same way and each syllable is pronounced the same way.


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[Assistant] If you're speaking English quickly and you're speaking with that kind of rhythm and melody, people will have a really hard time understanding you. On the other hand,


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[Assistant] If you're stressing the wrong syllable or stressing the wrong word and your music is different than it is with an American accent, once again, your speech will be very difficult to understand.


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[Assistant] So in the following lessons, you're going to learn all of the major rules that you need to know so that you can have the natural sounding rhythm and melody of American English. Let me show you how this works. For example, if we have five words, it's nice to meet you. Five different words.


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[Assistant] In the first several videos, you're going to learn about the stress of syllables.


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[Assistant] After that, you will learn about word stress within sentences.


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[Assistant] And finally in the last part, you will learn about intonation, which is the pitch going up.


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[Assistant] Or the pitch going down. Do we say it's nice to meet you? Or do we say it's nice to meet you? There are some specific rules you need to know about that.


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[Assistant] What I recommend is as soon as you learn these rules, I want you to find something to read,


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[Assistant] Read it out loud and also record your voice. And then analyze your voice and ask yourself if you're stressing the right part of the word and the right part of the sentence according to the rules that you're going to learn in these videos.


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[Assistant] Keep recording your voice over and over again and practicing these rules and you will very soon have a very good American accent. Okay, let's get started.


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[Assistant] Having endured such a tempestuous emperor for almost fourteen years, the world at last dismissed him. The uprising began in the northern territories.


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[Assistant] Although he was barefoot and wearing only a tunic, he grabbed a hooded cloak and galloped away to an old villa.


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[Assistant] The unexpected and still new emperor lacked authority and majesty, but both these traits were offered to him.


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[Assistant] As Vespasian held court before a large audience, two men approached. They begged Vespasian to cure their afflictions.


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[Assistant] They told him a dream had predicted that sight would return if Vespasian spit in the blind man's eyes, that the other would walk if Vespasian's heel touched his lame leg. The emperor was dubious and at first refused, but his friends persuaded him to try openly before the crowd.


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[Assistant] This patient was almost always in high spirits.


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[Assistant] His sense of humor, often scurrilous and off-color.


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[Assistant] Once, his son Titus scolded the emperor for his unseemly new tax on public toilets.


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[Assistant] Vespasian held a coin up to his son's nose and asked whether the odor caused offense.


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[Assistant] Vespasian was stocky, with strong, firm limbs and a strained expression. Once, when Vespasian invited a local wit to take a jab at him, the man replied, I will, when you have finished unloading your bowels.


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[Assistant] Early in his rule, he would seclude himself for hours.


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[Assistant] Catching flies and sticking them with sharpened pins. So that once


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[Assistant] When someone asked whether anyone was inside with the emperor, a palace wit cleverly replied, not even a fly. Domitian savagery was unexpected. He once called a steward into his bedroom to dine. The next day, the man was crucified.


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[Assistant] At the baths there is no way to escape monogenies. If you take some towels, he will call them whiter than snow, although they may be dirtier than a baby's lap.


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[Assistant] As you comb your thin hair, he will say you look like Achilles. He will praise everything.


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[Assistant] Marvel at everything until, worn down by his boring efforts, you invite him home.


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[Assistant] My friend swears that he has never dined at home, and that is so. He just doesn't eat without an invitation.


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[Assistant] At the entrance stood a doorkeeper shelling peas into a silver bowl.


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[Assistant] Welcome to English at the Movies, where we teach you American English heard at the movies.


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[Assistant] Our saying today is, dump me. From the movie, The Truth About Lies.


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[Assistant] In this film, a young man loses his job and his girlfriend because of all the lies he tells.


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[Assistant] But that leads him to meet another girl who forces him to change his ways. Listen for the expression dump me.


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[Assistant] So what do you think dump me means? Is it


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[Assistant] Push me down the stairs? Or break up with me? Listen again. Did you have the right answer?


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[Assistant] In this film the young man loses his job and then his girlfriend because he is a liar. By dumping him


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[Assistant] His girlfriend is getting rid of him and all his lies. And that's English at the movies.


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[Assistant] Like our second child, yeaah. One is Luca and the other one is this restaurant.


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[Assistant] We own the whole ground floor of this building where we have bar and restaurant connected.


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[Assistant] The plan for the future is to maybe let this business to Luka, to our son, but we are still, like, in the game and, uh, we just don't want to leave him alone in this. Lately, the business is not going as good as we wanted, so we hope that the place will be much better than now. We will help him as much as we can.


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[Assistant] I would just love our restaurant, but now we needed some new direction and I think that you just came in the perfect time for us to make something newer.


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[Assistant] Because we had better times, that's true. We are 23 years on the, on the market in this business and, uh, we were 23 years younger with more energy, but we are still, uh, very...


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[Assistant] Well, already its name says a lot about it. The name is Predjama, which means in front of the cave. And it was built in front of the cave to make it as safe as possible. It was impossible to get in.


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[Assistant] Yeah, we wanted to have the, like, honored heritage of this building. The house is longer, uh, older than, uh, Finland as a nation, so.


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[Assistant] It's called Ikki Aika, which means like, uh, the eternal. And it, it was inspired by the cave paintings found in Finland.


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[Assistant] We are really interested in folk and craft history of Finland, so that has a major influence in all of our collections.


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[Assistant] Today we will read a story together and answer some questions about it.


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[Assistant] So for today's lesson, I will let you see the questions first. Then we will spend three minutes reading the story.


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[Assistant] Number one, what is this story about? When you see this type of question, there is no keyword. You must simply understand what you read and match to the answers. So no keywords here. We have some keywords here. Can you see them?


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[Assistant] We have some keywords here. Can you see them?


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[Assistant] You must simply understand what you've read and match the answers. So, no keywords here.


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[Assistant] Take a minute to read these questions, then we'll start the story.


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[Assistant] The Jackal and the Sun Child. I will give you three minutes to read the story. Then we will look at the questions. Take your time. Pause the video if you need to.


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[Assistant] Let's not be why a wild dog hurt a son child.


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[Assistant] The sun child does have a beautiful smile, but the story isn't about the smile. So, the answer is D, how the jackal got its visible black mark. And this is correct.


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[Assistant] Hmm, well it's not A to continue his journey.


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[Assistant] The Jackal never wanted a nap in the story.


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[Assistant] After reading the story, you will know how it ends. The answer here is the final event in the story. Hmm. It's not A.


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[Assistant] The jackal was able to get the son child off his back, so it didn't stay. So the answer must be C. The son child rolled off the jackal's back.


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[Assistant] Correct. Once the jackal made it to the field,


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[Assistant] He was able to get the son child to roll off his back so he could get away.


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[Assistant] Here is your last question. Answer it in the comment section of the video. What did the son child request? I hope you liked today's lesson. I will see you for our next lesson.


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[Assistant] But before I go, I want to remind you that you can help the channel.


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[Assistant] And subscribe to my Patreon to make sure that we always have money to make the videos.


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[Assistant] Welcome to English at the Movies, where we teach you American English heard at the movies. Our saying today is Master of Disguise from the movie Paddington 2. The film is about a friendly teddy bear. In this movie,


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[Assistant] Paddington tries to find a thief who has stolen a special book.


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[Assistant] But then Paddington becomes a suspect in the crime. Listen for the phrase, master of disguise. Mysterious things have been happening all over town.


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[Assistant] So what do you think Master of Disguise means? Is it, talent and writer? Or, expert at changing one's appearance? Listen again. Did you have the right answer?


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[Assistant] Such a person may have many different costumes and identities.


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[Assistant] Even though master can mean a person who is talented at a certain craft,


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[Assistant] The phrase Master of Disguise is not really a compliment.


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[Assistant] It suggests that the person has something to hide. And that's English at the Movie.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome back to your basic English lesson. Today we will go to Yuna's birthday party. But first, Mikai and Peanut need to buy a gift for Yuna. Let's go shopping with them together.


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[Assistant] Yeaah. Let's go get Yuna a gift.


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[Assistant] Let's go into the fashion shop. Okay.


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[Assistant] Wow, look at all the nice things for sale. Let's look at everything.


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[Assistant] Yeaah. Look at those caps. How much are they?


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[Assistant] Yeaah, that's a great price. Do you think Yuna would want a hat?


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[Assistant] I don't know. Look at those t-shirts. How much are they?


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[Assistant] They are seven dollars. That is a good price too. How much is that case?


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[Assistant] $350. That is really expensive. We can't buy that.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, that's too much money. Do you think she would like the red hat?


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[Assistant] Yeah, if you buy the red hat, then I will get a red shirt for her too.


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[Assistant] Good idea. Let's get them and go to the counter.


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[Assistant] We would like to buy the red hat and a red shirt.


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[Assistant] That will be fifteen dollars, please. Bling.


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[Assistant] Okay great. Here you are. Thank you very much.


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[Assistant] Thank you. Thank you. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] This way is fast. I hope she likes the gifts.


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[Assistant] I think she will. Let's get there soon. Yeaah, let's hurry. I want to have cake.


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[Assistant] We are good. We are walking to Yuna's house. Yea, me too. Where is Ferdinand?


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[Assistant] He is at my house. He can't go to the store.


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[Assistant] Oh, okay. Let's go. We can see if Yuna needs any help.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's go. Peanut really wants some cake.


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[Assistant] Hi everyone. Thanks for coming to my birthday party.


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[Assistant] Come inside, the party is almost ready.


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[Assistant] Will you and Peanut go to my room and get the two presents?


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[Assistant] Awesome. Mikai, can you help me get the cake in the kitchen?


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[Assistant] There they are. I will get the yellow gift.


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[Assistant] Wow, this cake looks beautiful.


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[Assistant] Thanks, my father and I made it. He's a baker.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, I want to eat some. Thanks. And thank you all for coming to my birthday party.


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[Assistant] Thank you all for coming to Yuna's birthday party. She was really happy everyone was there.


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[Assistant] Today is actually my real daughter Mikai's sixth birthday. So happy birthday. Daddy loves you. When is your birthday? Leave me a comment. I will see you for the next lesson. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome back to your basic English lesson. Today we will review the last three lessons.


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[Assistant] Today's question for you is, how many lessons have you watched?


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[Assistant] Okay, let's check how well you learned these words. Write these questions in your notebook and then choose the answer. We will check the answers in one minute.


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[Assistant] They wash their hair with a nice shampoo and...


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[Assistant] We are going to the school party.


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[Assistant] Write these questions in your notebook and then choose the answer. We will check the answers in one minute.


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[Assistant] She is my elementary school teacher. I want that pizza for lunch. He wants to get a haircut. They need a clean jar.


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[Assistant] Write these questions in your notebook and then choose the answer. Then write the sentence with the answer. We will check the answers in one


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[Assistant] Let's check. What is Michelle doing? B. She is going home. She is going home after school. Are Peanut and Vincent friends? Yes, they are friends.


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[Assistant] Yes, they are best friends. Where does Mikai like to play? Hey, she likes to play outside. She likes to play outside in the park. Is Omar reading a book? Yes, he is reading a book. Yes, he is reading a book in his bedroom.


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[Assistant] Write these questions in your notebook, then write a sentence with the answer. We will check the answers in one minute.


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[Assistant] What is he doing? He is reading a newspaper. Where are they sitting? They are sitting on a bench outside. What are they doing? They are having a conversation. Remember, yours can be a little different. Just make sure that the grammar matches. Great job today. I hope you did well with the questions. If any were difficult,


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[Assistant] Please, watch the last three lessons again. I will see you next time for our next lesson. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Okay, the ruler from here to here, how long it is. How do we calculate that?


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[Assistant] Number greater than one, and that means, according to the grenade, the length of the ruler has contracted.


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[Assistant] This is about reviving not only the restaurants. Everything's at stake for us. For us, it's life. But also the owners' belief in themselves. Woo! This means the world to me.


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[Assistant] The restaurant's decor is all over the place and Connie has no idea what to focus on first.


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[Assistant] I knew immediately that this was an owner that was really confused about her brand and didn't know where to take her restaurant. There's stuff everywhere. It's cluttered. I really believe in a cluttered space, a cluttered mind.


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[Assistant] She's ready for a transformation. And I want to help her do that.


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[Assistant] She was ready to throw on the towel, and that's a tough spot to be in.


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[Assistant] I really want to shake things up and give her something that she can work with and give her a platform to be successful.


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[Assistant] This place feels disconnected from its location. I want to bring the outside inside so that the design does justice to the view.


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[Assistant] When it comes to the decor and design, Connie wants to embrace and enhance the natural elements that exist in the creative plate. So, why not start by looking for inspiration out of nature?


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[Assistant] I've enlisted the help of local woodworking artisans Dan and Candice, owners of Live Edge Forest. It's a wood shop that uses materials sourced from fallen Muskoka trees to make beautiful pieces of art and furniture. I'm hoping they can make something spectacular for Connie that really embraces Muskoka's natural beauty.


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[Assistant] There's something so nice about being connected to our environment.


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[Assistant] When I see a space that's like creative plate, I do find it overwhelming. You need to think about the tone that you're setting.


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[Assistant] If you pull in an artist's work into a space, you're speaking through that artist in the space. Design is all about connection, it's all about relationship.


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[Assistant] Dan and Candice work out of their basement and their shop is a lot smaller than I had expected.


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[Assistant] Cause I love the textural quality of this. And I've got this big wall in the restaurant where I'm planning on doing a feature wall. So I feel like something like this with local wood cut up all over the wall would be perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simply Cottage is this huge warehouse that is full of tons of different furniture. They've got custom artwork, antique pieces, collected furniture, curated pieces. It's great for cottage inspired vintage and rustic decor, which is exactly what I'm looking for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Muskogee, you see a lot of cottages that have wood architecture with a dark exterior, so we've brought that into the inside of this restaurant. So the walls are dark charcoal grey.


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[Assistant] I'm looking for all of these decor pieces that are light and bright and even these vases, milk jugs, they're white, they're creamy, they're glossy. I'm sort of taking Connie's original decor but reinventing it and making it so much more modern.


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[Assistant] I'm getting rid of all of those old teeny tiny black chairs. Those have to go.


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[Assistant] I am looking for lounge furniture. I want an intimate space where you can have a beer, kick back, order some nachos, relax.


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[Assistant] Sometimes you won't know what the perfect piece is until you stumble on it.


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[Assistant] So this is pretty cool because these are from the late 1800s. I've read all about the Muskoka steamships and how they're woven into the fabric of the history and culture here.


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[Assistant] Faring people to and from the cottages and resorts before the roads were built. The creative plate building was actually used to house steamship workers back in the day before it was a restaurant. So using these steamer trunks in the redesign makes so much sense.


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[Assistant] Okay you guys, I have an amazing plan for this restaurant that I'm so excited about. Here's my main vision. I want to bring the outside inside. Nature is everything and everywhere here. And I really want the restaurant to reflect that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I went out and met this incredible couple, Candice and Dan, and they've got this great woodwork shop.


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[Assistant] They almost look like tree cookies. We're literally bringing the outdoors inside.


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[Assistant] To contrast that room, I wanna do a stencil on the bar. It's gonna give it a little bit of a modern flair. I really like that Connie's got all this artwork.


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[Assistant] Do you remember those stools in front of the bar? The purple, it's gotta go. So I'm reupholstering the stools. Right? Yes. And I've got this really great gray vinyl.


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[Assistant] This feels a little bit more cottage-y, it's very neutral, but I love the idea that there's a print. So now as soon as you walk into the front, you're gonna be greeted with these really adorable bar stools, this grey room, a white bar, and that's gonna set the tone for the rest of the restaurant.


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[Assistant] I love what you're saying about creating a menu that works in the winter and the summer because that's exactly what I want to do with the room. I want to create an environment that works for her all year round. So I'm so excited about this plan.


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[Assistant] As I'm seeing the space come together, I'm thinking, okay, great. I'm so happy with how everything is turning out. The inside and the outside are becoming seamless, there's seating that accentuates the view, and the decor feels so Muskoka.


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[Assistant] Let's walk through this, okay? We really wanted to create a space that brought the outdoors in. That celebrated the natural beauty of Muskoka in a cohesive and comfortable way.


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[Assistant] We freshened up the bar. This is a beautiful stencil. I love that. White and black. High impact. And then these are your original stools which we've reupholstered. Nice!


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[Assistant] Looking out at the lake. Absolutely. The Live Edge Forest guys had made this. The bench is brand new. That's gorgeous. This is yours. And I heard that you love this lounge area.


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[Assistant] You're feeding more than a tummy. It's feeding the mind. It's feeding the soul. You know, you gotta send your food out with love. Nobody likes angry food. So that's big for me.


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[Assistant] Welcome to the dinner table everyone. This is a signature dish that we do here at Sweet Potato Noki. We then move on to pulled pork egg rolls.


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[Assistant] My floor manager came back to the kitchen in tears. When you make my staff cry, then you make Mama Bear mad. Mama Bear was mad.


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[Assistant] I cannot believe this place. I would never envision it this way and it's gorgeous. Like I just, I'm over the moon.


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[Assistant] I wouldn't have ever envisioned this space grey. Or without the purple tablecloths. And I love this cottage-y feel. And you guys have outdone yourselves. This is stunning.


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[Assistant] For today, we're trying to find ironwood, which is gold compared to a softwood like pine. So once we do find some ironwood, we're going to try to cut it in two to three foot lengths, bring that home, and then see what we can do with it.


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[Assistant] Let's check it out. So we're just looking for something more solid that's not rotted.


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[Assistant] These Norwegian pilots came to our hometown and learned how to fly to go back to occupied Norway to fight the, the Nazis.


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[Assistant] We got something special for you over here. We're gonna do a little kava ceremony, kind of, just to welcome you, uh, to get you, you know, acclimated, to get you centered.


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[Assistant] This is something that's part of ancient culture. It's not just part of a, you know, it's not just a modern day thing. From the bowl, to the cups, to the words, what we say, it's not just surface deep, you know, it's gonna center you. If you have a problem, you can solve it over a cup of kava, cause it helps you find like an inner peace kind of.


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[Assistant] Is an experience. Nothing in Hawaii is surface deep. You're not just going to come here and do the motions and fake it. And that's really what the kava is about. That's why I was saying you can solve problems on it because somebody will tell you exactly how they feel. You're not altering your mind.


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[Assistant] By not just our native, like the ancient Hawaii culture, but-


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[Assistant] What we had last time, I mean, the central tool in the whole theory is the Ito formula. So let me just remind it to you.


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[Assistant] Uh, well, uh, okay. What was the setup? The setup was that we had, uh, hi, that we had, uh, several random processes. Xt.


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[Assistant] And then it was like a single,


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[Assistant] The question was, okay, if I think about some function of this, uh, semi-mercingales or the semi-mercingales, uh, what can I say about its increments? And the answer was that,


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[Assistant] Similarly to the standard calculus, what you should, I mean the increment is given by


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[Assistant] G. Right, but then it was another term. One half.


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[Assistant] And here it was a bracket of two semi-mercingales.


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[Assistant] It was, uh, a new paragraph called, uh, Levi's characterization of the Brownian motion.


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[Assistant] And actually, so I thought a bit and, uh, I also would like to include a sort of, of another material into this paragraph, so I'm going to rename it.


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[Assistant] But it's okay, I mean, with the old name too, so. And the local time.


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[Assistant] And here it's not necessary 1z, just the v-characterization of the Brownian motion. So what's, what's the important you think is this local time, uh, which I'm going to discuss today. Uh, so, okay, what theorem says?


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[Assistant] The theorem says, uh, the following, so,


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[Assistant] Uh, assume we have a martingale, which is again vector-valued.


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[Assistant] If I square it, I mean each of the components.


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[Assistant] And subtract t, this is again a local martingale and if I multiply two,


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[Assistant] Of this is t and the quadratic, ehm, the bracket of this two is zero.


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[Assistant] And uhm, what's important is continuous trajectories as always.


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[Assistant] The claim is that in this case Xt,


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[Assistant] Like bt, bt squared minus t, bt cubed minus, minus something, I don't remember what, uh, 3 btt or something like that. And so on and so forth, but, you know, to prove,


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[Assistant] Uh, to prove that Samson is a Brownian motion, it's enough to know only first two.


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[Assistant] And the reason is again, uh, just in the fact that for continuous...


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[Assistant] Continuous local meriting gales, uh, all, it always exceeds, uh, the quadratic variation, so the deep reason.


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[Assistant] Okay, so before giving the proof, let me start with some proposition.


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[Assistant] Remember also we had this notation for the class of local Mercingales. So let, uh, m be a local Mercingale and take some complex number fixed. Then the process


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[Assistant] See, which I also maybe later will denote this way.


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[Assistant] Though we have only two lectures, so it's not clear if I have enough time. So what's that? My definition is the exponential of, uhm,


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[Assistant] So I just introduce a new process. And the claim is that this is again a local marketing game.


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[Assistant] And, uh, simple remark is that we already solved this in the case of the Brownian motion.


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[Assistant] Uh, we already saw it earlier.


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[Assistant] And the proof of course cannot be anything but just a computation. So we have this tool, right, so we know how to proceed if there is a function of


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[Assistant] Okay, so it's just trivial computation. Uh, let us perform it nevertheless.


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[Assistant] So just some function of two variables, which is of course very smooth, c infinity. So just imagine that.


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[Assistant] This is some function from C2, and let us compute df mt, mmt.


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[Assistant] This should follow from here, and indeed it does. Uh, so, what's that? It's... and, uh,


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[Assistant] We want to denote the variables x and v because, okay, this is the variation. This is y, v. Uh, okay, so what's that? This is, uh, the partial derivative, uh, with respect to x by dmt plus


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Empty, plus another term, here partial derivative in v, v and empty. Or maybe it should be here, I don't know.


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[Assistant] It's clear what happened. Maybe it should be here because this is still the first, the first derivative.


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[Assistant] If f satisfies this diff- this partial differential equation, then fmt, mmt is a local merge.


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[Assistant] It's a good question to, it's a good point to ask questions, if you have something. Because this is, you know, the very very standard, standard application of the eta formula. So, if you have some...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, like here, so there's a good question. The point is that if...


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[Assistant] Right, so, uh, if you just write the bracket of quadratic variation m, it's zero. And the reason is that it's smooth enough, I mean, you can just approximate, it tends to zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it was somewhere, it was one of the lemmas for the formula. That actually doesn't infer the result.


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[Assistant] So, okay, this is a local merchant gala, and then, uh,


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[Assistant] Then what I'm saying, okay, this particular function.


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[Assistant] Well, actually I was slightly cheating in this proof. So what was the cheating? The cheating was that...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this is for real-valued processes, right?


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[Assistant] And this guy, okay, it works if lambda is real.


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[Assistant] Probably, and M is a real Mercingale, real-valued Mercingale. But actually what I'm going to do is to apply it for complex values.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let us leave it as an exercise. Do you see the point? I mean, so formally you should do computations, uh, with real parts and with imaginary parts separately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, hopefully everything works as it should, and I'm not going to check it. Just an exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, well, there are several ways, I mean, the most straightforward is just to say, okay,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here I have instead of exponential sine and cosine and I mean the product of sine and cosine and do all the same computations. Or you can just generalize the formula right here to complex value process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm not going to spend time on it. Anyway, this is very straightforward. Okay, good. And now...


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[Assistant] Well, we, we want to prove that some processes


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These just compute the characteristic function as usual, so that's, you know, over and over the same idea as in the central limit theorem. Okay, so let's do it. So let us introduce first


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was a vector-valued process, and this is a total mess with the superindex, I'm sorry, for this. Okay, maybe this is capital N, I mean, it changes all the time, I mean, it's either capital N or small n, and either in parentheses or not, so, okay, that's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, that's now back to our value process. And, uh, let us fix...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just a concrete vect- vector there and consider the scalar product.


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[Assistant] It's just scalar product in RD. So what I'm doing, basically this is a reduction to the one dimensional case. So this is one dimension.


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[Assistant] And this is a trivial computation that first, sure, this is a local martingale.


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[Assistant] And second, the quadratic variation is now...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Uh, these guys are orthogonal, so this is Xi1 squared plus Xi2 squared plus et cetera. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this is just a local marketing case. So, this is nothing but the reduction to one intentional case. Okay, and now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, what I'm saying, okay, done by proposition.


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[Assistant] I know that the exponential of what?


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[Assistant] But actually there is no point to put local here. Why?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just because it's now bounded, right? So this is, uh, this is purely, purely imaginary, so the exponential of that is modulus one, and this does not depend on the probability space. Okay, so I can erase local here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then what I say, okay, then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it allows me to conclude that for any...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is obviously the same as to say that the conditional expectation of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First you see this does, I mean, this is independent of fs. I mean, this is just some number, right? So it means that this variable is independent of fs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, good. And now let us discuss some example. And then...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's see how it goes. Uh, so, okay, let-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be once-mentional.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let us denote a new process. Define a new process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bt, which is the stochastic integral of sine ds dvs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now it is not of big importance. Uuuh, why?


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[Assistant] All the time. So the sign of zero is going to be minus one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, but right now actually it's not of big importance what happens, what happens when bs is zero. Why just, okay, not that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is zero, because the Brownian motion is, I mean the zero set of the Brownian motion is of Lebesgue measure zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so uhm, then, simple claim.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that beta t is again a Brownian motion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we know that... Okay, ABT is a local merchant gale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, good. So quadratic variation is t, so we'll just apply Levy's theorem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what I'm going to draw now on this left part of the blackboard is a discrete cartoon of what's going on on the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I constructed something else by this formula.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I claim again this is a Brownian motion on the same filtration. And actually we'll see, you'll see in the exercise sheet that it's actually defined on a strictly smaller filtration even. But okay, how, I mean, what does it mean? What this construction means? Okay. Discrete cartoon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I use, uh, the trick I already used in my lectures. So it's going to be a simple random walk on z plus one half. So bt, simple random walk on z plus one half. Start it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Starting from this equation, uh, just for ordinary differential equations, just by iterations. Okay? What does it mean for...


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[Assistant] Down, still down, then I must reverse, still down, still down, this is here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, then again I must reverse like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, to make a picture clear, I need some strange color. This one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what's that? Uh, this is the absolute value of the f.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bn is the absolute value of, beta n is the absolute value of Bn minus, uh, the number of intersections.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So remember, this is exactly the picture we had in exercises. Maybe with the opposite sign, it was there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, and this is a straightforward analogy of what's going on there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. And then, uh, let us discuss how one can do, how one can define a similar process in continuum. So, the question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because remember in that discussion, so I mentioned that, okay, we have a maximum process for the Brownian motion, and there is an analog of this guy, which is called the local time. And that's exactly what I'm going to define now. So, okay, need some space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yet another application of the formula. So here is the goal. So the goal is to define that.