[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Able to restrain your temper, your impulses, your anger enough to keep listening to the other side and looking into their eyes and trying to determine when they're serious and when they're bluffing. All these things are basic human nature, but doing it under high pressure circumstances and never forgetting what you will not do. It's an art as well as a science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, would apply mostly, obviously, to, to public figures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think hard about what you're gonna say in public as opposed to what you're gonna say in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] private and how you're gonna say it. So the temptation that I've, and I've seen it over and over and over again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is for people to be incredibly tough and extreme in their language in public. To grab their 10 seconds of airtime. And keep their side gened up. And then to be reasonable and private and just assume that everybody knows


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be really blunt and tough in private about how you feel, what you want, what you think is right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If your strategy is to be very tough in public with rhetoric and accommodating in private, after that happens about three times, then you have a really tough time staking out a strong position in private. You become the boy who cried wolf, but you have to be aware that whichever path you take has upsides and downsides and consequences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to ignore that and how you present yourself to the public outside the room is an error.


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[Assistant] Any unilateral American intervention in the absence of an external attack upon ourselves or an ally would have been contrary to our traditions and to our international obligations.


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[Assistant] In a previous video, you saw how looking at training error and depth error can help you diagnose whether your algorithm has a bias or a variance problem or maybe both.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that this information that lets you much more systematically using what I call a basic recipe for machine learning, it lets you much more systematically go about improving your algorithm's performance. Let's take a look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When training a neural network, here's a basic recipe I would use. After having trained an initial model, I would first ask, does your algorithm have high bias? And so to try to evaluate if it has high bias, you should look at


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so if it does have high bias, it's not even fitting the training set to that well, some things you could try would be to try a bigger network, such as more layers or more hidden units, or you could train it longer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, maybe run longer or try some more advanced optimization algorithms, which we'll talk about later in this course. Or uhm, you could also try, this is kind of a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe it'll work, maybe it won't, but we'll see later that there are a lot of different


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Neural network architectures, and maybe you can find a neural network architecture that's better suited for this problem. Putting this in parenthesis, because one of those things that, you know, you just have to try, maybe you can make it work, maybe not. Whereas, uh, getting a bigger network almost always helps, and training longer, well, doesn't always help, but it certainly never hurts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But so when training a learning algorithm, I would try these things until I can at least get rid of the bias problems as I go back after I've tried this until, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And keep doing that until I can fit, at least fit the training set pretty well. And usually, if you have a big enough network, you should usually be able to fit the training data well, so long as there's a problem that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is possible for someone to do, right? If an image is very blurry, it may be impossible to fit it, but if at least a human can do well on the top, so if you think Bayes' error is not too high, then by training a bigger dump network, you should be able to hopefully do well, at least on the training set, to at least fit or overfit the training set. Once you've reduced bias to a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, acceptable amounts, I would then ask, do you have a variance problem? And so to evaluate that, I would look at the depth set performance. Are you able to generalize from a pretty good training set performance to having a pretty good depth set performance? And if you have high variance, well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Best way to solve a high variance problem is to get more data. If you can get it, this, you know, can only help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could try regularization, which we'll talk about in the next video to try to reduce overfitting. And then also, again, this is, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes you just have to try it, but if you can find a more appropriate neural network architecture, sometimes that can reduce your variance problem as well, as well as reduce your bias problem. But how to do that? It is harder to be totally systematic how you do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But so I try these things and kind of keep going back until hopefully, uhm, you find something with both low bias and low variance whereupon you would be done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So couple points to notice. First is that depending on whether you have high bias or high variance, the set of things you should try could be quite different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'll usually use the training dev set to try to diagnose if you have a bias or variance problem and then use that to select the appropriate subset of things to try. So for example, if you actually have a high bias problem, getting more training data is actually not going to help. Or at least it's not the most efficient thing to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So being clear on how much of a bias problem or a variance problem or both can help you focus on selecting the most useful things to try. Second,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the earlier era of machine learning, there used to be a lot of discussion on what's called the bias-variance trade-off. And the reason for that was that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a lot of the things you could try, you could increase bias and reduce variance or reduce bias and increase variance, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Back in the pre-deep learning era, we didn't have many tools, we didn't have as many tools that just reduced bias or that just reduced variance without hurting the other one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in the modern deep learning big data era, uhm, so long as you can keep


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And getting more data pretty much always reduces your variance and doesn't hurt your bias much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what's really happened is that with these two steps, the ability to train bigger network or get more data, we now have tools to drive down bias.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just dry down bias or dry down variance and just dry down variance without really hurting the other thing that much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think this has been one of the big reasons that deep learning has been so useful for supervised learning, that there's much less of this trade-off where you have to carefully balance bias and variance, but sometimes you just have more options for reducing bias or reducing variance without necessarily increasing the other one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in fact, uhm, so long as you have a well-regularized network, we'll talk about regularization starting from the next video, trading a bigger network almost never hurts. And the main cost to trading a neural network that's too big is just computational time, so long as you're regularizing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I hope this gives you a sense of the basic structure of how to organize your machine learning problem to diagnose bias and variance and then try to select the right operation for you to make progress on your problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things I mentioned several times in this video is regularization. Uh, it's a very useful technique for reducing variance. There is a little bit of a bias variance trade off when you use regularization. It might increase the bias a little bit, although often not too much if you have a huge enough network.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but let's dive into more details in the next video so we can better understand how to apply regularization to your neural network.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this video, we are going to take a look at the different types of monitoring APIs


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[Assistant] Then we will do a hands-on demo on using these monitoring APIs.


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[Assistant] We will use a browser to test these APIs as all these API calls are using get method.


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[Assistant] Now let us see how to use these APIs. Over here you can see a message that Logstash API endpoint is allocated to run on the port 9600. So let's hit the localhost on the port 9600.


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[Assistant] Okay, the result isn't formatted. So let's make use of the pretty query parameter to get it aligned.


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[Assistant] We can see that the call has written the hostname in which Logstash is running, followed by the version of Logstash with many other details as well.


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[Assistant] The NodeInfo API provides information on the node. Let's go ahead and use the NodeInfo API now.


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[Assistant] We can see that we have got the details of the node which includes the details of the pipeline, OS and JVM. Under pipeline, we can see the number of worker details along with the batch size and other properties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under the OS results, we can see the operating system in which the LogStash pipeline is running and we have the other related properties with respect to the OS as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, we have the JVM properties which retrieves node-level JVM info including info about the threads. Next, let us have a look at the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plugin info API. The plugin info API retrieves the information about all Logstash plugins that are currently installed. We can see that we have a total of 92 plugins installed in this server. The plugin name and the version of the plugin is also listed over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, we will have a look at the node stat API.


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[Assistant] We can see that by default all the stats are returned.


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[Assistant] We can see the JVM details listed over here. Next, we can see the process pipeline and the plugin details. If you remember, we got 31,166 records indexed as part of the demo in the first video in this section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can see those stats over here as well, which provides the count of input, filter and output events.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, we will have a look at the HotThreads API. First, let us understand what a hot thread is. A hot thread is a Java thread that has high CPU usage and executes for a longer period of time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using the hotthreads API, we can retrieve the current hotthreads running in logstash. If you think this isn't readable format, then we can make use of the human query parameter which makes it easy for the users to read the report about the current hotthreads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, let's summarize the things that we have learned in this section. First, we learned how to stash an event with Logstash. Then we looked about the different types of plugins available in Logstash. Finally, we saw about the monitoring APIs available in Logstash. In the next section, we will see about how to find insights using Kibana.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Query DSL and mapping. In this video, we're going to take a look at query DSL with the different types of queries and classes supported in Elasticsearch. Then we will have a look at mappings in Elasticsearch. Finally, we will have a hands-on demo on how to use query DSL and mapping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, let us see what Query DSL is. Query DSL is a JSON style domain specific language that can be used to execute queries in Elasticsearch. The structure of Query DSL is quite simple and we will learn about the syntax now. First, we need to specify the query name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The field and the argument values aren't mandatory. Next, we will have a look at the difference between query and filters.


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[Assistant] Query DSL can be used in two different contexts. The first one is filtering context and the other is querying context. In query context, the search results are fetched based on the relevancy of the search query. Let us assume we have two documents indexed in the cluster and let us assume that we have a field by the name, first name. The value in both the documents


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jackie and Jackson respectively. When you search in the querying context with the search query Jack, we will have both the documents fetched as querying is based upon relevancy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if we had used filtering context, no results could have been fetched as it searches for the exact value. Also remember, non-scoring queries is the other name for filtering queries and scoring queries are the other name for the general query.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The filtering queries are cacheable, whereas the query in general are incachable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of this, the performance of the filtering queries are faster than the query. Next, we will have a look at the different types of classes. The first one is called LeadQuery class and the next one is called CompoundQuery class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A leaf query class looks for a particular value in a particular field, and a few examples of such queries and a few examples of such query classes are match, term,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Range queries. The compound query class combined the leaf query classes or other compound query classes to form a query.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next we will see about the different types of queries available in Elasticsearch. The queries are classified into seven types and the first one is full text queries. Then we have the term level queries, compound queries, joining queries, geo queries, specialized queries and span queries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, let us see how DSL query works. We will start with a simple match all query.


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[Assistant] The method will be a get method and we will make use of the search APIs. Under query, the property should be match underscore alt.


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[Assistant] We have a total hit of 21 documents and this query returns the documents from all indices as we haven't mentioned any specific index name in the endpoint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have already loaded a few documents under the index name movies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, let us match a particular value in a field and to do it, we will make use of the match query. Once the match query is selected from the list, the field name and the value parameter should be entered. You can notice that the field name is listed as you enter it in the parameter field.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is really a very useful feature in Elasticsearch. Now, let us provide the field name as title and the value to be matched as Titanic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can see that we have a document matched by the title Titanic and the total number of hits is 1. Now, let us assume that we know only the first few characters of the title name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we use the match query, it checks for the exact match and returns no document.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To perform a search with the prefix name, we will make use of the match phrase prefix query.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we can see that a document has been retrieved by the title Titanic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The match phrase prefix query works only if we know the prefix of the field we need to search. In case if we need to do a wildcard search, we will be using a wildcard query.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let us see how a multi-match query works. Let us assume that we have a requirement to fetch the document which matches the name James in the fields, directors and actors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the query parameter, we need to pass the string which needs to be searched for which the value will be James and in the fields parameter, let us provide the names of the field in which we need to perform the search.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The actor name contains the string James in this document. And over here, the director name contains the string James. Next, we have the director name with the string James. And finally, we have the string James in the actor's name in this document.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let us see how a range query works. Let us try to filter the documents based on the field named Metascore for a particular range of value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Below you can see two parameters named GTE and LTE which stands for greater than or equal to and lesser than or equal to.


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[Assistant] We can see that a total of five documents has matched the query and the value of the field metascore for all the documents retrieved is in the range between 70 to 80.


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[Assistant] To explain the concept of mapping, let us use an aggregate function to get the average value of the field metascore data of all movies in the index.


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[Assistant] When executed, we can see that we have encountered an error. Field data is disabled on text fields.


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[Assistant] Checking the mapping of all the index in this cluster using the underscore mapping as the URI for the get card.


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[Assistant] In general, the mapping for existing fields cannot be updated. So I have got the index movies deleted from the cluster.


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[Assistant] We will recreate it by specifying the mapping for each field. The field title is mapped with the type as text.


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[Assistant] Followed by year for which the type is integer. Next we have a field released for which the type is defined as date and the format is DDMMYYYY. We have defined a few other fields as well. Now let's create the index.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, let us try to load a document into the index.


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[Assistant] You can see that the date format of the field released doesn't adhere to the format of the mapping specified. The month should have been 03 instead of MAR over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, we have another field imdbOats for which the type is long. But in this example, the field has a couple of special characters included as well. Now, let us execute it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can see that we have got a mapping parsing exception and it is due to the invalid date format.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let us change the document to reflect the correct date format.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, we face a number format exception as there were a couple of special characters in the IMDB votes field. Let's fix that as well and add the document again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you can see that the document has been updated to the index successfully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A hundred years ago, the ships that plied these waters were an absolute lifeline for Australia's coastal communities. Critical for moving goods and passengers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The SS Yongala was operating along the busy East Coast passenger route. The Yongala was renowned for its luxury.


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[Assistant] This was the first class lounge. As you can see, it was extremely comfortable.


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[Assistant] It had serviced the Melbourne to Cairns route from 1907 to 1911 without incident.


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[Assistant] But it was the 99th journey in Australian waters that was destined to be its last.


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[Assistant] By 2pm, on the 23rd of March 1911, the Yongala had left Mackay, bound for Townsville.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With no radio on board, warning of a cyclone to the north never reached the ship's captain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By early evening, the Yongala was seen by a lighthouse keeper in the Whitsundays, heading into worsening weather. Due into Townsville the following day, the Yongala never arrived.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Paul Brown's great grandparents were amongst those who never made it home to Townsville.


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[Assistant] The mystery endured for nearly 50 years until a local salvager snagged the young gala's hull in 1958. I'm hoping to learn more about his disappearance.


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[Assistant] The site lies about 20 kilometres off the coast, 80 kilometres from Townsville.


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[Assistant] 30 meters beneath us lies the largest and most intact historic shipwreck in Australian waters.


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[Assistant] Under violent waves the wooden hatches could be ripped open, leaving the holds exposed.


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[Assistant] Our best guess is that the ship was desperately trying to reach Townsville, but caught in the open with nowhere to shelter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cargo holds brought it down, swamped by enormous waves.


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[Assistant] When it was recovered, the ship's chronometer showed the Yongala sank at 11.45pm.


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[Assistant] It would have been a terrifying end in the darkness.


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[Assistant] A disaster that caused immeasurable pain for their loved ones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Postcards always spoil my holidays.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every day, I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day, I made a big decision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I got up early and bought 37 cards. I spent the whole day in my room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I did not write a single card.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, look, this is one of the ways in which Savile Kent was an amazing pioneer. He, uh, used photography in the study of biology and fisheries for the first time. What was the character of the man?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was a meticulous scientist, but he was also, I think, a visionary and an innovator. A lot of the ways that he used science to inform the management and development of fisheries was groundbreaking at that time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Savile Kent was already observing that we'd overfished some of these resources.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course this was part of Savile Kent's intention. He made detailed notes about where he took the photographs and he took them with a horizon that was recognizable.


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[Assistant] Lesson seven. Too late.


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[Assistant] The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.


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[Assistant] Someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.


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[Assistant] Some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield


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[Assistant] Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the customs house.


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[Assistant] While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.


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[Assistant] To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand.


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[Assistant] The residents flowed in after the water started flowing both in and out. And that's how Surface Paradise found another 400 kilometres of coastline and converted itself into a mini-Miami with all the glamorous trimmings.


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[Assistant] That's the old rusted board in there.


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[Assistant] My name would have been there and that's the position you would have taken on the gun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The relief clue would be sleeping in this room in here, and you would watch what one...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they would come down and take your bed, and you'd get up there, and they'd take your place up there.


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[Assistant] That's where the barrel come out there, the shooting end of it come out there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It could traverse from that side to that side.


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[Assistant] The orderly sergeant come up here one day and said, get your rifles and the bayonets, we're going down the Clounder end. And of course there was a heap of mothers and children on the end of the Clounder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a raft. If we do see a crocodile or a shark do we have a safe word?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These waters are well known for their huge tidal movements. Tides up to 12 meters flow through this bay every single day. It's a fact that the traditional owners of this land acknowledge and respect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The local Barney people use the power of the tides to move around the coast.


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[Assistant] I'm meeting Bardee tribesman Albert Wiggin, who's going to show me how they did that, and hopefully catch some dinner too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you. It is absolutely stunning. This water is something else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell me about the design, like it looks pretty simple, but I'm sure that there's more than meets the eye there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so what's the plan? Where are we going? What are we doing?


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[Assistant] The Barty people have been living in and around One Arm Point since the last Ice Age. The sea has been central to their lives as a source of food and spiritual significance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You get that overwhelming sense of just how beautiful the Australian coastline can be, how pristine it is and how much of it has this innate sense of spirituality. So much so that this place is truly timeless.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moreton Bay penal settlement was probably one of the harshest and most brutal in the whole of Australia's penal history, particularly under Captain Logan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do a bit of detective work on the mudflats of Moreton Bay, and there are clues to be found about the presence of a curious local inhabitant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is sea grass, the preferred diet of the sea cow or dugong.


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[Assistant] The majority of this internationally endangered species are now found off the coast of northern Australia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there are only about a thousand left in these waters. And today I'm going on a dugong hunt. Janet!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Marine biologist Janet Lanyon and her team are carrying out work vital to protecting the dugong population, and these hunts are critical to their studies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're looking for a large grey sea mammal that can grow up to 3 metres long and 500 kilograms in weight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Historically, and still today, dugongs have strong social and cultural significance for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders living in coastal regions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in the mid-1800s, it was the non-indigenous hunters that truly decimated their numbers. Dugong blubber was a prized commodity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was used to treat a variety of ailments including lung disease and rheumatism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as this ad shows, it was even sold as a cure for baldness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, apart from hunting by traditional owners, dugongs are fully protected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Catches are strictly limited to five minutes to minimise the animal's stress at all the attention.


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[Assistant] A female may only have a few calves in her lifetime, and every year about 95% of the adult population have to survive just to keep numbers stable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does the medication Tylenol, which you may know by some of its other names, acetaminophen or paracetamol, do to the human body? Now this is a very common medication. You may have used it for things like aches and pains or even fevers. So I think it's reasonable for us to answer a few questions. Like, how safe is it? What are some of the side effects?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How much should you be taking? And what would happen if someone were to take too much? You may have heard it could affect the stomach, the liver, even the kidneys. So in this video, we're going to take a look at some of those organs by utilizing the cadavers behind me so that we can figure out what Tylenol does inside of you. So, let's do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just like we've done in previous videos about medications, we've got to figure out how we get these tablets in through the GI tract so they can be absorbed into the bloodstream so that the medication can take its effect. But before we do that and trace the medication through various organs, I do want to clarify some of the names I mentioned in the intro.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tylenol is the brand name used in the United States. Acetaminophen is the generic name used in the United States. So I will probably use those names. So if you're in another country, typically European countries that use paracetamol for the same medication, don't hate me. But all three of those names do mean the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tylenol is classified as an analgesic, which means it's a pain reliever. It's also used as an antipyretic, which is a fever reducer. So let's say you're having a little bit of a bad day. Maybe you've got a fever or you've got some aches and pains that you want to take care of. So you reach for this trusty tablet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, what we call Tylenol, or other names as we just mentioned, and you pop it in your mouth. But in the land of anatomy, we call the mouth the oral cavity that you can see the tablet hovering over right there right by the tongue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we'd then move it back to the throat or the pharynx and then we'd swallow it and it would move down the esophagus which is posterior to the windpipe. If I just clarify that here, here's the collapsed esophagus and there's the windpipe. We don't want food or tablets going down there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as I continue on this trace, you can see here's the esophagus from a front view, tablet moving down, and then it moves into the stomach. Now here we can kind of pause and have a little bit of a discussion around the stomach. Because the stomach, if you look at this other dissection of the stomach,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The digested portion or the dissolved portions of the medications are going to continue into the first part of the small intestine here, specifically referred to as the duodenum. And this is where the majority of the medication will be absorbed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I also think it's reasonable for us to ask, how long would that take? You pop a pill, how long can you expect for it to take for you to get some relief?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And generally, that's about one hour from taking an oral tablet of Tylenol. Takes about an hour to move down here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And on top of that, sometimes people confuse Tylenol with something like ibuprofen, which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. And there are some similarities, but there are also some significant differences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And those non-steroidal anti-inflammatories have definitely been shown to cause irritation or even erosions with chronic use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But with Tylenol, you don't see that. Tylenol is very well tolerated comparatively in the GI tract for most patients. Now that doesn't mean you can't see some or hear some reports of patients having things like nausea or even vomiting. Some have even reported constipation or diarrhea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But those are not very common, and even those patients who do experience that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're still not getting this irritation or eroding of the mucosal lining. Another thing worth mentioning is that Tylenol can be delivered into the body through other ways. You don't just have to take a pill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can also be delivered intravenously or even rectally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we were to inject or do an IV, we could inject Tylenol into these veins here, and it would bypass the GI tract. Now again, we're not terribly concerned about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The stomach side effects, because we already mentioned it's pretty well tolerated, but we want to talk about the timing. Remember, taking a tablet took about an hour, but if you inject it through a vein, you'll start to see pain relief within 5 to 10 minutes. Fever takes a little bit longer, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what's crazy about Tylenol is that this medication has been around for years and it's used all the time.


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[Assistant] But there are still mysteries surrounding how Tylenol actually works.


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[Assistant] And we're gonna talk about these mysteries. But first, I think we need to talk about how all of us can be a little bit more mysterious


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[Assistant] With our online activity. And that's why I want to say thank you to the sponsor of today's video, Private Internet Access. Private Internet Access is the world's most transparent VPN with over 30 million downloads. And if you don't know what a VPN is, it just stands for Virtual Private Network.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So picture this. You're online, rousing, doing your things. What's happening is these websites are data mining, just gathering as much information about your location, about your device, and even gathering information about your rousing habits. But because private internet access changes your IP address and reroutes your internet traffic through an encrypted tunnel,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of your online activity is kept hidden and private from internet service providers, network administrators, and government sensors. This is also one of the most customizable VPNs out there, and you can protect up to 10 devices at the same time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, there's one other benefit I need to mention. If you find yourself outside of the country like I did a few weeks ago, and you open up your beloved online streaming


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Private Internet Access as a VPN, it will change your location to your country of origin, if you will, and you'll be able to access all of that online content that you know and love. If you're interested in being a little bit more mysterious, go to privateinternetaccess.com slash IHA and they'll give our viewers complete digital privacy for less than $2 a month, as well as four free months on top of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That comes out to about $1.98 a month if we're getting specific and 83% off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The link is in the description below. So back to Tylenol and these mysteries that I mentioned. Again, we know that Tylenol can help with pain and fevers, but the exact mechanism of action, or exactly how it works, still remains unclear, especially with the pain component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the fever component, we know that Tylenol interacts with the central portion of the brain that I'm going to show on this cadaver dissection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is important because it helps to regulate body homeostasis. And part of regulating body homeostasis is regulating body temperature. So let's say you get an illness and you've got some nasty cold or the flu. The hypothalamus is going to respond to substances released during that illness called pyrogens. Pyrogens just means fever producing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so these pyrogens, they can be released by pathogens and even from the body itself. And we could do a whole video just on how a fever works, and we will, but for now, just know that the pyrogens are going to stimulate the hypothalamus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To kind of act like the thermostat of your body. And so, think of the hypothalamus as when you're not having a fever and you're feeling great, it sets the temperature about 98 degrees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But say during an illness, it might set the temperature up a little higher to maybe like 101 and boom, you've got a fever. Now we know that Tylenol interacts with the heat regulating center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within the hypothalamus, thereby helping to reduce that fever. But back to this uncertainty on how Tylenol works with pain. There are some studies that have shown that Tylenol may inhibit these enzymes called cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2, or COX-1 and COX-2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, COX-1 and COX-2 get involved in producing these other substances called prostaglandins, which promote pain and inflammation. So the idea is if you can inhibit these enzymes, you could inhibit


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is actually how ibuprofen and other NSAIDs work and we've actually done a video on that so you can watch that afterwards if you want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what was really found is that Tylenol is a weak, if at all, not much of an inhibitor of these COX1 and COX2 enzymes, especially at the peripheral tissue level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Tylenol doesn't help much with pain and inflammation at the peripheral tissue level. And since I said peripheral tissue level twice, well, three times now, I think I should probably explain what that means. Especially since we need to talk about the central nervous system's response to pain and compare that to the peripheral.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think one of the best ways to really explain this is to give an example of like tissue damage or an injury. So let's say I injure my forearm out here. I get a cut or a bruise or whatever it may be. And let's use this cadaver dissection here. This is a right forearm here and then you can see the elbow coming up to the upper arm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But again, let's say I damage or get some tissue damage here. This would be damage or pain at the local level or the peripheral tissue level.


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[Assistant] Now there are nerve endings and pain receptors to, to sense that, but for me to understand that I have pain here, that signal eventually has to make it up to my brain. And so, in this case, it would take this nerve upward through the forearm, and you can see it dive into the tissues here, but then reemerges, that signal would continue up through the upper arm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go through my armpit, enter through my neck, and get into...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make it up to the brain, and then I would be aware of the actual pain. And that takes milliseconds, to us that pretty much feels instantaneous. But the idea is if I were to try to make a pain medication,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I blocked the pain anywhere on that pathway, maybe at the peripheral tissue level, right locally at the site of injury, maybe along the nerve pathway,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or even somehow block the pain in the spinal cord of the brain. If I block it in any of those pathways, I in theory could help with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now again, in that comparison with Tylenol and Ibuprofen, Ibuprofen actually does a pretty good job at helping with pain and inflammation at the local level. Ibuprofen actually can do some, do both and actually work at the central nervous system level too because it can help with fevers. But Tylenol,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Didn't do such a great job at helping with pain or inflammation at the local level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what the research and the theories are kind of pushing towards is that Tylenol is going to work more on the brain and the spinal cord. Yes, we already saw it work on the hypothalamus, but with pain, there's some really cool research that's indicating that it has an effect on the spinal cord on this system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's called the descending serotonergic inhibitory pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, that is a mouthful. Now the word serotonergic may remind you of something called serotonin. And it should because serotonergic neurons release the neurotransmitter serotonin. And we often think of serotonin with its relationship to mood and sleep because we often talk about it with anxiety and depression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Serotonin also gets involved in inhibiting pain. And so with this


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[Assistant] Descending serotonergic inhibitory pathway. If Tylenol can help activate that, that's this theory of how Tylenol might help with pain. So let me show you this pathway. So right here, this portion of the brain stem or this bulge right here is known as the pons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And some of these serotonergic neurons are going to originate here. And they'll take the signal down the spinal cord


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what will happen is, if an incoming pain signal is coming in from the periphery, remember that example of the nerve coming up, sending the signal in,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those serotonergic neurons will release serotonin on some other neurons that would inhibit that pain signal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Coming right into the spinal cord here, so that pain signal could not make it up. The spinal cord is effectively into the brain, so therefore making you less aware of the pain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's this idea of how Tylenol could get involved in that system. Yes, we still need some more research regarding Tylenol's interaction with this system, but I think we can all agree that it's totally awesome to learn about nonetheless. So yes, I fully admit that it's completely crazy that we still have some loopholes in regards to Tylenol. But if we kind of put our whole count together here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got a pretty good idea on how it works with fever. We are getting better with how it works with pain. But we definitely have a pretty good understanding on the organ that metabolizes and breaks down Tylenol. And this is also the organ that can be harmed or damaged by taking too much Tylenol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this organ is your wonderful liver. So here is the liver. You can see how massive this organ is. Second largest organ of the body, and the majority of it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, just below or inferior to this muscle we call the diaphragm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now keep in mind, blood's constantly going to be circulating throughout the liver. And if you ingest Tylenol, which that's the route that the majority of us take Tylenol, once it's absorbed, the first major organ that the Tylenol actually passes through is the liver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as that Tylenol continues to circulate and pass through the liver, the liver contains enzymes that will break down or metabolize the Tylenol. Essentially we're looking to convert the Tylenol into other substances that we're going to call metabolites that will eventually be excreted outside the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what I think will be helpful is if you think of the liver as containing two different groups or two different families of enzymes, they're going to combine to help break down the Tylenol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This first family actually breaks down 90% of the Tylenol, and it includes enzymes called Sulfol transferase and UDP glucuronacil transferase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, admittedly, those names aren't ridiculously important to understanding the concept of breaking down Tylenol. I just mention them, one, because some of you love names, and two, the Tylenol that's converted by these enzymes and the metabolites that are created, the names of these metabolites, sulfates,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Glucurinide conjugates kinda relate to the name of the enzyme, so it kinda helps make sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But these are relatively harmless metabolites we've created now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] is where these metabolites will leave the bloodstream and go into tiny urinary tubules in these little conglomerations you can see here called renal pyramids and these urinary collecting tubules will then funnel


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The urine with those metabolites inside into larger urinary tubes and out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Down into the bladder and hopefully into the toilet. And that process is relatively harmless to the kidneys. So what about the remaining 10% of Tylenol? Well, the majority of that 10% will be metabolized by that second group of enzymes that I mentioned earlier. And this set of enzymes is referred to as cytochrome P450 group or family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And yes, napkey is harmful, but remember I mentioned it's an intermediate substance, and what I mean by that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is when Tylenol is ingested in normal amounts, that nap key will quickly get converted into harmless metabolites by another substance found in the liver called hepatic glutathione. Hepatic just refers to liver. Glutathione is actually known as an antioxidant and it makes sense because it converts this harmful substance nap key


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well let's start with what's considered safe amounts. Historically, 4,000 milligrams per day, obviously divided into multiple doses, was considered safe for most people. Recently there's been more discussion about bringing that down to say like 3,000 or 3,200 milligrams per day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what happens if we exceed those amounts or greatly exceed those amounts in the cases of overdose? Remember we had those two pathways. That first pathway metabolized about 90% and the rest got funneled into that second pathway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we exceed those amounts or overdose, that first pathway can start to get overwhelmed, and therefore more is going to get funneled into the second pathway.


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[Assistant] That second pathway is again where we created that harmful intermediate called NapKey. Now if you've got enough glutathione to break down or convert that NapKey to harmless metabolites quickly, great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as more and more gets funneled into the second pathway, glutathione levels go down and get overwhelmed, and the nap key increases, which can then start to cause liver toxicity, or what we'd refer to as hepatotoxicity, toxicity, and even hepatocellular necrosis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Necro just means death, and so we're starting to kill liver cells. And this can lead to acute liver failure. Now what may shock some people?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, acute liver failure is different than chronic liver failure, which happens slowly over time, say by maybe chronic alcohol use or other medications use and even hepatitis infections. So kind of different categories here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when we talk about this potential to create acute liver failure from Tylenol overdose, it begs the question.


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[Assistant] Is there something we could do about it? So let's say someone went to the hospital after a Tylenol overdose. There are multiple factors they'll look at in each case, but there are definitely two things they're gonna try to figure out. One, how much Tylenol did the person take? And two, how recent did they take it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How recent is important because if the person came into the hospital quickly, they could administer a medication called activated charcoal. Activated charcoal will inhibit or


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other potential treatment is known as the antidote for Tylenol, and that's called N-acetylcysteine. Now the proposed mechanism of how this works is that it can be a precursor to glutathione, meaning that it can help the body create more glutathione. And as we know, if we have more glutathione, we can convert more of that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let me wrap this up with a discussion around overdosing and medication safety. There are essentially two ways that a person will overdose on Tylenol. One, unfortunately the person does it on purpose trying to harm themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two, which is actually more common than people realize, someone accidentally overdoses on Tylenol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that could happen because they misunderstood what the total daily amount allotted could be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or, they combine it with another medication with Tylenol. For example, say somebody takes Tylenol on its own, from its own pill bottle, and then they're like, oh, I actually want to take a cough and congestion medication, and they combine that, not knowing that that cough congestion medication also has Tylenol in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's really important if you combine medications to turn the boxes over and make sure, say that, in this example, that cough and cold medication doesn't also have acetaminophen or paracetamol, which we know is the generic name for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I always tell my patients, take the least amount that you can get a therapeutic response on. There's no need to just keep upping the medication to the maximum dose per day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're getting a good enough response at lower doses. Now there can also be this discussion around Tylenol and alcohol. And again, I'll often tell my patients or suggest, hey, if you could avoid taking alcohol while you're using Tylenol for the flu or cold or for aches and pains, that's probably the best case scenario.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Granted, the research shows that people that take mild to moderate amounts of alcohol and still dose Tylenol properly tend to do just fine. But again, it still matters how much alcohol and how much Tylenol are we talking about here. Because alcohol also utilizes glutathione in its metabolism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If glutathione is being used up over here by alcohol, there's less to be used to.


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[Assistant] But hopefully you learned something new or things that you can apply to your lives or your own health and wellness. And I do want to say thank you for watching our videos. It really does help support the channel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're interested, again, check out the link for the sponsor below, Private Internet Access. And if you feel the need, like, subscribe, leave some comments about Tylenol or questions you may have, or even future video ideas, and we'll see you in the next video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks a lot, Tom. I appreciate it. Okay, so we have a little bit of time together, and the first thing I want to say is...


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[Assistant] I want this really to be a discussion. So, highly interactive and we're going to kick things off here in a second.


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[Assistant] Uhm, the slide you see up here is just to remind me that I'm here to talk to you about three things. Uhm, I'm gonna share a little bit about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The story of my company, Miox, and what we do and why we do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the stage of development that we're at and kind of our aspirations if you will. Uhm, I'm gonna talk to you about water, uh, not just because it's, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are only to give you context on the third topic, which is what I really want to talk to you about, which is entrepreneurship and cleantech entrepreneurship specifically. And the message, and if I was, I guess, to, uhm, summarize my message or give a title to this discussion, it would be, cleantech needs entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs need cleantech. And I want to talk about why that is and some of the impact that needs to happen


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, if we're to continue the quality of life that we've all enjoyed over the last couple decades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, with that, uhm, one of the nice visuals of this, besides the fact that we have the planet here, and I kinda like this idea of myocs taking on the world,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that small, uh, red thing you see underneath is a product of ours. Mox Purifier Pen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is actually the same technology that is used in some of the world's leading water treatment facilities.


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[Assistant] And it will take virtually any water and render it, uh, safe to drink by EPA guidelines. It was actually developed for the US military.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you also can get this in a sporting goods store, uh, as a consumer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And people who like it are outdoor enthusiasts, hikers, backpackers, uh, world travelers, Peace Corps volunteers, those kinds of folks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's a relatively expensive product, about 140 bucks because it is military spec. So I have one of these as a giveaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To start out the equate, start out the conversation, and lo and behold, in bending over, I have displaced one of my wonderful mics, but they told me I can go on with one mic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, reach down, there actually is a water bottle, biodegradable, that goes with this. And the product that I'm gonna give away


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or have aspirations to start a company. How many of you are entrepreneurs or want to be entrepreneurs? Great, so I'm talking to the right audience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason that Tom convinced me to do this is because he said there's a lot of smart people who are going to help me figure out some of the issues I'm dealing with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the first thing I want to do is just, by a show of hands, can anybody in here tell me, by percentage or by number, how many people on the planet today don't have access, regular access to clean, safe drinking water? The kind of stuff we put in our cap every day. Anybody, by show of hands, guesses are fine. I'm gonna start right there, in the, uh, burnt color. A billion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna go with the first one. I know there's a couple folks out here, but a billion is pretty close. It's actually, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About 1.2 billion or about 20% of the world's population, uh, does not have access to clean, safe drinking water. So, with that you get a door prize.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you get the opportunity to trade that product in later, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna give you a chance to swap it out. There's a decision yet that you have to make before you get to keep that and walk away with it, but for now it's yours and the water bottle for sure is yours. So, to begin with, as Tom mentioned,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's great for me to be back on the Stanford campus. And really when he asked me to do this, I kinda came up with two feelings that still persist. One is I'm very excited about being here. Uh, and the reason


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm excited is I know there's a lot of entrepreneurial spirit and embers, I saw the show of hands, and if this discussion does


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anything to ignite any of those embers and give you a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A better sense of how to go forward with an entrepreneurial endeavor, clean tech or otherwise. I personally will consider that a phenomenal success. So as Tom mentioned, I am very ambitious. So I hope to see some really cool things happen from folks in this crowd.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second feeling though was one really of uhm, humility. I feel humble for being here. And the reason for that is...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I looked at the list and I watched some of the podcasts from some of the folks who've been here before and it's an impressive


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who's who? For those of you who are just getting exposure to this program.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a lot of really neat success stories that people were able to look back and talk about what made their endeavor successful and all the lessons they learned. Uhm, so great successful IPOs. Mox is not there yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We certainly have aspirations to do that and to make huge impact both in the people we touch and in the financial success we generate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we're still at this stage of very resource constrained, uhm, early stage company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we have a world-class team, we have world-class investors. We've raised over 40 million dollars to get this enterprise moving in the right direction. And we have a lot of really positive momentum. But the perspective that you're getting from me today is really one of somebody who is still kind of in the battle, so to speak. So I can look back on some of the things, but I'm still looking forward and dealing with some of these issues. So take it for what it's worth. That is part of the setup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is MIOX and what do we do? I've already told you we deal with water issues.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put real simply, Miox purifies water. We make it safe to drink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or swim in or use industrial or do a host of other things. And what I mean purify water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We take out or eliminate any of the viruses or bacteria or pathogens that would cause one to be concerned or potentially have a health issue from coming into contact with that water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not what's unique about MIOX. There's a lot of ways to purify water. Quite frankly, you can boil water and it does some of the things that MIOX does. It's how we do it that makes us unique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the simple way to think about this is we use our technology and ordinary salt to create a disinfectant solution that then can be put into water and it eliminates any of those pathogens that we would be concerned about. And our target market, quite frankly,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is water, water treatment chemicals, chlorine specifically, but others as well. And there's about 20 billion dollars annually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Spent on water treatment of equipment and chemicals each year and about 5 billion of that are the chemicals that we're talking about replacing traditional chlorine in water treatment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I have a few slides and they're all really visual and they're just really to prompt me, uh, as much as just to give you a quick visual of what I'm talking about. But this is an example of a customer installation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one of the first things they do is they actually purify the water. So they get it from a municipality or some other source and they want to make sure it's free of anything that will cause somebody to get sick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this particular case, we're using a delivered chemical, uhm, I'm not going to get into any technical terms, it's not relevant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It became a very elegant clean solution. And I know it doesn't look particularly high tech, especially if you're in the back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but trust me, there's about 20 patents or so that have gone into this technology, uh, and a whole history, uh, with the Department of Energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The U.S. military and others, uhm, developing this technology. So long history and a lot of, uh, intellectual property has gone into this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is kind of illustrative of why people buy from us. There's really three reasons


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[Assistant] The first is safety and I'm going to come back to that in a second and talk about why traditional chemicals pose such a safety hazard and therefore an opportunity for myox to displace them. Uhm, the second one is quality and I'm not going to get into this in detail but


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[Assistant] Um, suffice it to say that when you treat water with traditional chemicals, you can get the desired effect in one sense, but create a lot of undesired byproducts.


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[Assistant] Some of that is in the form of carcinogens, some is smell and taste odor, and taste and odor issues that you might associate with, uhm, say a swimming pool. That chlorinous odor. Our systems basically work in a way that eliminate a lot of those undesired attributes.


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[Assistant] Is we offer a value proposition of economics. That is, we save people money from how they were doing things before, uh, to


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[Assistant] Uh, paid for the system in less than a year and over the span of a five to seven year lifespan, uh, eighty percent reduction in overall costs.


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[Assistant] Uhm, chlorine for a second, which again is my target market. I want to replace everywhere you use chlorine in your swimming pools, in drinking water systems, in uh, beverage manufacturing, etc. But chlorine


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[Assistant] We didn't always treat our water, and this is in the US, but unfortunately you could actually apply the same type of curve today to places that are not treating water at the same level that we do here in the developed world. And it shows in the early 1900s that there was a very high rate of not only illness but mortality quite frankly. Means you got sick potentially and or could die from drinking water.


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[Assistant] That results in a couple of very alarming statistics.


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[Assistant] One is about two and a half million people each year. Estimates range between two and five, I think. Million people die. So that's about one in four in the Bay Area, more or less. Each and every year from simply drinking bad water that causes them to get sick and ultimately die as a result of that illness.


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[Assistant] I think even more alarming is estimates are that half, one half of all hospital beds in the world


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[Assistant] Put small trace amounts of chlorine to eliminate these viruses and bacteria.


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[Assistant] So if it's so good, why do we think at Miox that we can replace this and offer a value proposition? Well, one of these I've already talked to you about, which is quite simply that chlorine is inherently really hazardous. In small trace amounts, it's very effective at what we want, but stored and transported in many appreciable quantities,


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[Assistant] It's a huge safety risk and I'm not going to read this slide. I will just say that the New York Times article on the one side


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[Assistant] Uhm, highlighted this issue a couple years ago when it said the most dangerous place in America was next to a chlorine facility. And the reason for that is it poses a serious risk of accident or intentional terrorism.


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[Assistant] And in small trace amounts, it actually does very nasty things to folks. Uhm, it's the main ingredient in mustard gas, if you think about what happened in World War I, uh, and it does some pretty nasty things to your lungs. So it poses a huge safety risk, and indeed, to,


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[Assistant] Not only the communities, but to the people who are actually operating these facilities, they would like to get rid of it and not have to get in safety gear and take all the precautions. So that presents us an opportunity. Sorry, I'm gonna stay on this for just a second longer.


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[Assistant] Uh, they want less chemistry or chemical in their water.


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[Assistant] And MIOS really has a really unique value proposition there as well, meaning if you were to swim in a pool and we have lots of pools that are using our system,


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[Assistant] But at the end of the day it comes down to cost. And that's one of the themes I want to really weave throughout this discussion is


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[Assistant] If you can't give people an economic value proposition, you're really not gonna get a particularly large, uhm, segment of the market. And so all of our energy has been on driving our costs down to give more economic savings to the customer.


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[Assistant] Uh, to get water out of streams or even quite frankly a dirty mud puddle to turn it into safe drinkable water.


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[Assistant] We've been in municipalities for a number of years, so there's about a thousand communities throughout the U.S. that use our systems. And more recently we've started to get into high end hotels and hospitals.


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[Assistant] And other resort properties, in particular around water reuse, which is another topic that I'm not going to get into today.


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[Assistant] Uh, we've been introducing products into the beverage market, which we showed you earlier. Uhm, and then the last area, which


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[Assistant] Exist is to deal with not only disaster relief situations, but also the developing world and this is one of my favorite examples of a customer. Uh, it's actually a small, uh, school in Honduras and we didn't sell this to the school. There was a partner, an NGO partner, uh, or non-profit organization who came in


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[Assistant] And so they want to do something around water treatment, got educated on systems, uh,


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[Assistant] Purchased ours and then went and took it to Honduras and they've replicated this model.


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[Assistant] And one of the things that is exciting about this is that we have, our systems have dramatically improved the health and the quality of life for the folks in this village, but this organization is even smarter than that and smarter than we are. They didn't give the system to the


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[Assistant] But they also created a water co-op that has jobs and sustainability. So they actually, um, charge nominal amount for that water and, and as a result can, uh,


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[Assistant] Going on, and that is a phenomenally powerful tool.


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[Assistant] Believe me, when you can get folks that can improve their quality of life, and your product is helping do that in two ways, it's really, really fulfilling.


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[Assistant] And uh, I'm gonna rifle through some of this, so if I don't hit on something or it doesn't quite make sense, you'll come back and you'll quiz me on it later in the questions.


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[Assistant] I'm not going to read this at all, I just want to show you the blue and the yellow and orange colors. This is a world map.


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[Assistant] And really when you think about water, which is a very complicated subject that we all take for granted, there's two dimensions of water that I just want to, uh, communicate to you. One is the availability, or conversely the scarcity, and that's what this is meant to represent. And the other is quality, which I'll talk about in a second. In terms of availability,


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[Assistant] You have to think about this not only in terms of how much water you have, but how much water you need or are using.


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[Assistant] Counter-intuitively, there's a lot of areas that are very arid, meaning that it doesn't have much water, but there's not a high stress load. There's just not a lot of water usage. And conversely, there's places like the U.S. that have a lot of water on relative terms, but we use so much for agriculture, for power, um, drinking is actually a very small percentage of this, but for all these other reasons and manufacturing, and it puts a lot of stress on our systems. It means that we're depleting our aquifers, we're depleting our lakes,


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[Assistant] And if we don't figure out how to either reduce consumption or, uhm, regen, or, uhm, sorry, water reuse,


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[Assistant] We're gonna run into some pretty serious issues and indeed we already are. You see this in places like Southern California, um, Phoenix, Nevada, all these areas.


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[Assistant] One of the ones, and it's really hard to see on this because it's so small, but Florida. Who would have thought Florida has a water issue?


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[Assistant] Tremendous water issue, because most of the water there is unusable in its current form. Uhm, just as a small aside,


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[Assistant] I'm a true believer that there's really not a water scarcity issue net-net. It's really one of how much energy you have to put into the water to get it where you want it and the condition that you want it. So a lot more energy going into water to get it in the places that we want it in the condition that we want it.


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[Assistant] A little bit different than what I thought because the other one spilled, but you get a choice. You can either drink this water or you can drink this water. And if you choose to drink this water, I get the pen back. And if you choose to drink this water, you can keep the pen. Nah, I'm just kidding. I won't, I won't, I won't walk you through that.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I do want to just quick, take a quick demo of the pen so you know how to use it. It's a personal device.


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[Assistant] That uses lithium camera batteries, salt on the top, which is like our large systems, and the technology


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[Assistant] Inherent in here is one of electrolysis, so we're taking the salt molecule, sodium chloride,


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[Assistant] We're stripping away electrons in simplistic terms and we're creating other chemicals and at the end of the process we have a very safe but powerful disinfectant


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[Assistant] That does everything that chlorine does, but it does it much better. And it's kind of, uh, chlorine with peroxides is kind of the way to think of this.


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[Assistant] Uhm, normally what I would do is I would immerse this in water, get a little bit here. I've already done that process. And I would press a button, and we'll see if this works. You can see, perhaps some of you in the front row, a fizzing.


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[Assistant] And if I, uh, have a stir unfortunately, but I think over a couple minutes, uhm,


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[Assistant] That should actually help change that from a really nasty looking color to something that, that, uh, Drew, even you might want to drink later on. We'll see.


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[Assistant] So that's kind of how the technology works on a large scale. We actually don't do this in little batches, we do this in high volumes. So water quality, uh,


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[Assistant] This is a picture of actual tap water taken from a municipal system here in California. Uh, I know the Notre Dame folks are already kinda laughing, huh? You guys gotta drink this stuff.


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[Assistant] But it's horrendous, it's horrifying, you would not want to drink this.


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[Assistant] And it's not just what you see in the water, it's what you actually don't see in the water that's gonna cause you to get sick and potentially violently sick. This is an issue that people get, uhm, increasingly.


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[Assistant] Uhm, there is a lot of confusion about it to be sure, but when they did a recent Gallup poll and they asked people what are the concerns they have around the environment, water, drinking water pollution was number one.


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[Assistant] More than twice as often mentioned in global warming. So water is a big issue. And the last slide I have on this, before I talk about clean tech entrepreneurship, which is the real focus of this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is if you go back a couple of years, you can remember when we were talking about growing our way out of oil dependence. We were going to...


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[Assistant] Have enough corn, create enough ethanol that we didn't have to import oil at the rate that we were doing it. Turned out to be not very well thought through idea.


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[Assistant] To get something out, you had two problems. One, you were impacting agriculture and food. And two, there was actually a questionable return on that investment extraction, if you will.


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[Assistant] The bottom quote actually comes from some experts that have, or at least one expert


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[Assistant] China, you can have more semiconductor factories or more food, but not both. Water is the limiting factor. So, again, very complicated topic. Hopefully I've touched on the major reasons why MIOX is focused at water. And it gets me to the third topic, which is the most important one.


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[Assistant] Which is cleantech entrepreneurship and why entrepreneurs need cleantech and cleantech needs entrepreneurs. And I heard Tom or Professor Byers talking earlier about how MIOX wants to achieve scale. I think that's a great way of putting it, but in my terms, the reason most people choose to be entrepreneurs is because they want to have an impact. They want to make some kind of impression. And just as a quick digression, impact really has a couple of key dimensions.


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[Assistant] And what I mean is you can have a very profound impact on a small number of people and have a significant impact. Or you can have a very small impact but in a very broad reach and also create quite an impact. But in reality, and one of the reasons I think cleantech is so compelling,


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[Assistant] Just flat out offers more of these opportunities than just about any other technology area that I can think of. Or put in completely different terms, does the world need faster downloads? Probably not. I certainly appreciate them. Do we need better social networking sites? Probably don't need them. Do we often value them very highly? Of course.


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[Assistant] But we do need power. We do need water. We need these things to continue the quality of life. So there really aren't, uhm,


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[Assistant] Small plays, there may be niche plays, but there really aren't that many small plays in the whole clean tech environment.


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[Assistant] And I chose water because I could not find something that I thought had, uh,


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[Assistant] Was in more need of having a real significant impact. I keep wanting to go down to this last slide and there actually isn't one, it's just a wrap up slide, so uhm, I apologize. So, with that, let me tell you that I think cleantech entrepreneurship is both a lot easier on the front end and a lot harder on the back end than other forms of entrepreneurship.


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[Assistant] Let me explain that, and I think the differences in what I'm about to tell you is relevant, particularly if you're thinking about founding


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[Assistant] Uh, and because you as an entrepreneur or as a founder or as a leader within an entrepreneurial company,


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[Assistant] That's not enough. You need to attract a team that's equally capable and motivated to want to have that impact and share in that vision.


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[Assistant] And when you have a clean tech idea, it's usually easier to have that kind of compelling reach. And I'll give you a personal example of this.


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[Assistant] Uhm, really well-qualified young man, uh, three technical degrees from MIT. I did not hold that against him. It wasn't Stanford or Notre Dame.


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[Assistant] One small problem was he was already out of Intel working for a small but very high profile well funded solar company. And I approached this person on a personal relationship and I said, hey come take a look and he spent an afternoon and at the end he said, I love the technology, I really like the team, I'd really like to work with you again.


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[Assistant] I cannot leave the solar company. We're doing world changing things and I have a positive social impact and thank you very much. It's not gonna work out. Uhm, starting to from the bottom up. So I gave him one of these pens and three months later he came back and he said, hey is that opportunity still available?


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[Assistant] I jumped at the chance I hired him and he's been tremendously key to our success since. But later on I learned what had happened. He got hooked. And the way he got hooked was he went to South America with his family and lived in a situation where he did not have access to drinking water on a daily basis.


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[Assistant] His was the only family that did not get sick over a couple weeks.


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[Assistant] And he started not only treating his family's water, but that of the communities that he was in. And he saw firsthand the kind of impact that could have. So he came back and later on I actually learned that that solar company had offered him more money.


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[Assistant] But we gave him something that they couldn't, which was an even bigger emotional or moral paycheck, if you will, in the equation. And so, to the degree that you want to have an Earth or a world changing idea, it's great that you can enlist other folks and you just need to be aware of


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[Assistant] That power, because it is a really powerful mechanism. People want to make a positive impact. At least entrepreneurs.


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[Assistant] So I can go on about all the neat positive aspects, but let me give you a couple of the downsides as well, because there are some downsides. And the simplest way to put this is, it all comes down to cost. Uhm, I wish the world worked


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[Assistant] A lot of people forget that in clean tech. They come up with these world changing ideas and folks say, hey I want to go follow that, I'm compelled. And nobody ever stops to think about the fact that it's twice as expensive


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[Assistant] Uh, and has all kinds of other complications and people are just not going to buy it, at least not in mass quantity. You can always find some people, by the way. I, uh, uh, you know, kind of sum it up this way. Some people are willing to pay more to get less. If it's the right thing to do. But most people want it the inverse, right? We all want it the inverse. Give me more and let me pay less.


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[Assistant] And that's really why we've had to focus on having a really key economic value proposition.


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[Assistant] I was at a press event last night with a solar company and a solid state lighting company and about ten people from the press.


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[Assistant] And I can tell you right now that there's just a lot of hype and a lot of confusion around cleantech.


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[Assistant] Environmentally sound and safe and they get all excited and then they find out, well it costs twice as much or three times as much and then, you know, that dissipates very quickly.


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[Assistant] And I'm glad to say the two other companies I was with, like Miox, were really focused on how do you do things better, but how do you also make it cheaper. And that's the only way you're gonna get folks to convert, or you're gonna subsidize it.


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[Assistant] Or are you gonna regulate it? And that leads to a whole different set of issues in clean tech, uh, which I won't get into but let me just say that the


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[Assistant] Uh, often clumsy hand of the government is just something that you have to contend with in clean tech more than in most other entrepreneurial endeavors and be prepared for that.


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[Assistant] And by the way, I think that's been a shock to some of the venture community that's invested. That all of a sudden, not only do you have to pay attention to regulation,


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[Assistant] You may actually have to go influence it and that has a whole set of, another set of implications. So there's a couple of real downsides to clean tech and the fact of the matter is the one that I haven't hit upon yet that I'll share with you now is


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[Assistant] You have a lot of momentum in these industries, and it's really hard to go change people's perspective. Uhm, I think solar's done a great job, again, because of a lot of regulatory and publicity reasons, but even that faces a very steep uphill battle. In our particular industry,


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[Assistant] Uhm, we have folks that have been doing it the same way for years and years and years and getting people to change when they've done it this way for 20 or 30 years is just difficult. And the quick personal anecdote I'll share with you on this is when I first took over at MIOX and I'm in the water industry, uhm, I had the opportunity to, I was invited to go to a trade association where there were going to be executives, about 30, from other water companies, from really small to GE.


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[Assistant] Actually, I think there was actually very few small companies. They were mostly GE and Siemens and ITT and people like that.


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[Assistant] So I jumped at the chance. It was in Chicago in the middle of the winter, but I really wanted to go network with all these fellow executives in the water industry. And when I got there, we did intros. And within about ten people, I realized two things. One was everybody else knew everybody.


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[Assistant] So like all the people in this room knowing everybody else, and I'm the new entrant. And the next least experienced person in the industry had 26 years. So you can imagine this is a little bit like, you know, oil and water.


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[Assistant] And they had some ideas and some tenets that I didn't buy into and I had some ideas and tenets that they certainly didn't buy into. So it's just that momentum of change. So with all of that, before I get into the questions, I just want to contend and pose to you that I think the positives of clean tech far outweigh the negatives.


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[Assistant] Uhm, when you start an endeavor, and whether it's a clean tech endeavor, or it's an IT, SAS company, whatever it is that you think you want to start up, it is going to be tough.


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[Assistant] There are gonna be days where you think the whole world has conspired against you.


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[Assistant] It's just the way it is. When you have a small enterprise, it's very fragile. And uhm, it's those, uhm, reminders that you get from time to time.


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[Assistant] That keep you in the game and keep you fighting and keep you working crazy hours and traveling all over the world, etc.


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[Assistant] And sometimes it happens in the form of a key customer win and we've had some of those and actually I was fortunate to have a really good, uhm, stretch over the last several months. We'll get a big order and you breathe a sigh of relief. They usually last about an hour or two.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then the investors remind you that that's now the new expectation.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but sometimes you just get reminded of this when other people come in.


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[Assistant] Was a few months ago, actually I guess it's now about six months ago because it was in 2009 when


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[Assistant] You know, things are still kinda shaky for us in terms of some of the customer orders that had been delayed.


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[Assistant] Uhm, we got a house call or a company call from a doctor.


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[Assistant] And the situation was, this was a personal physician of one of our employees.


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[Assistant] So this, uhm, doctor came in and was looking at some of our new products, and she remarked to the employee who was giving the tour, wow, you must be really proud to work at Miox. And I was kind of standing over there, it was in our labs, and so it really caught my attention. I thought, wow, that's an interesting comment.


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[Assistant] You know, my employee is going to respond. And they looked at the doctor and they said, well yes, I am very proud to work at Miox, but I'm curious, why do you say that? And they said, well I became a doctor to save lives, and I can do that one at a time.


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[Assistant] So, with that, I wanna have Q&A, and I took a few more minutes than I thought, but I wanna close just the formal remarks.


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[Assistant] And this is the only slide I'll read, which is don't be encumbered by history, go out and create something wonderful. And Bob Noyce certainly did that at Intel.


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[Assistant] Uh, it's one of the things I'm very proud of is my time at Intel. It really, in my mind, uhm, wasn't about PCs, it was about enabling people to get information. So, with that, I'm gonna stay away from the Notre Dame side, and no, I'm just kidding.


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[Assistant] You know, want to have questions and discussions and we have a few minutes, so what do you guys think about this? Yea.


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[Assistant] You know, yeaah, the question is uhm, our product or water systems in general could require maintenance. In the developing world, what does that look like?


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[Assistant] Uhm, that are really designed for that type of environment and require very minimal maintenance.


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[Assistant] But you still want somebody to watch the system to continue to make sure you're giving it uhm, you know, an examination and taking care of it if you will. And that's one of the reasons I like this Honduras example is


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[Assistant] There's countless examples of people not just in water but in other areas solving somebody's problem and walking away and six months later that problem is right back.


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[Assistant] And that's really one of the fundamentals I believe in. You have to couple this with


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[Assistant] Uhm, micro enterprise and other things to get people to really change their behaviors. But from a technology standpoint, it's pretty simple. There was a question over here. Yes.


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[Assistant] When we repeat the question, make sure I understand it as well. So how do we deal in our strategy with non-market factors?


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[Assistant] Yes, we have, and I think your question when I heard the second part is, uhm, would we, for example,


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[Assistant] Look at a government related opportunity that may not be as lucrative as a industrial opportunity. We do that all the time.


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[Assistant] We're very conscientious that it's a balance and that if we don't grow the company, our ability to have resources is limited to go do some of the other things, but uhm, I'll give you two examples. One, post Katrina.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] came together and said we want to go help and how we did that was we donated a small amount of equipment but our partners, our distribution partners and others


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[Assistant] It's not enough to get our equipment there, you actually have to make sure somebody's using it. So in the Haiti situation, we partnered with key organizations that we knew could get the equipment from the plane to the hospitals to actually put it in use. Uhm, so it did take a lot of time and energy, but it was, you know, we were just channeling that energy.


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[Assistant] A hundred and seventy systems, so there are a hundred and seventy communities in Mexico, one of the poorest regions that will get state-of-the-art water treatment, but the government was one part of it and a key corporate player, partner,


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[Assistant] You know, your investors are always gonna push you to do what's the best utility of the resources that you have at hand. But you always have to look at it in terms of it's not just a one-time deal. You're gonna have


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[Assistant] Uh, ongoing opportunities and a lot of these relationships where we're doing, we call it doing well by doing good.


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[Assistant] When we're doing something that may seem to be very humanitarian or social in nature.


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[Assistant] It leads us to some really phenomenal business opportunities, and I think people forget that. It's not an either or.


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[Assistant] And I wasn't around then, but when I hear about Hewler Packard and how it started, it really had that same kind of mindset, so.


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[Assistant] You know, it's not just about the profits and it's not just about the impact. You really have to have both pieces kind of working together. And, you know, sometimes you have tough trade-offs, but I would have loved to have donated more equipment to Haiti.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the small amount that we did, I know impacted probably hundreds of thousands of lives.


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[Assistant] It is, and the question is, is Maya playing a role in, uh, uhm, I'll call it water reuse, so I'm not sure of those terms you use, but, uhm, reducing consumption, yeaah. Yeaah, and, and, yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't think of a couple of examples where we're actually reducing water usage. I'll give you one. In the beverage example, that picture wasn't


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[Assistant] And that's 30 minutes of water that they're not flushing through the system. That's also heated up. So we're reducing water usage in that case. But more often into your question,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're using water reuse systems that instead of taking water in and then dumping it to the environment,