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[Assistant] So the way to change, to toggle between fixed and variable is a control Z. Very awesome hotkey to remember. Control Z is in Z. Once you've set up your merit function,


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[Assistant] You can go, you can hit the OPT button or control shift O brings up the optimization dialog box and that's this right here. Having this box is going to lock out all other windows. The left has


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[Assistant] How you control turn on and off your optimizer shows you how many targets, essentially how many lines in your merit function editor, how many variables, uh, just have one in this, this sample, your starting merit function,


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[Assistant] Now I want to go back, I should show you this merit function here. So each, each line is going to have a target, a value, and a weight, and it goes to this contributor. So right now the focal length is a very small contributor. Whereas the


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[Assistant] Oh, and so these, these, all these contributors go up to a single value, your merit function, this is 1.18. So when you hit optimize, Zmax is gonna try and drive your merit function, your, your, your merit down.


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[Assistant] So this is the starting merit function, this is the current merit function.


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[Assistant] Uh, there's several algorithms. Damply squares is what you're going to want to do for sequential. There's another one for illumination. Zmax utilizes an optimization in multiple, uh, processors. If you have multiple processors, it usually defaults to the maximum. But if you're doing something else, you can select, uh, less opt, uh, less processors.


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[Assistant] So once you get this dialog, if you hit automatic, this number will scroll over and it will drive it down and when it hits


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[Assistant] A minimum, it will terminate. If you get impatient, you can hit terminate and then to exit out of here you just click exit. Now I want to talk about weights and optimization.


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[Assistant] And these individual constraints, focal lengths, weight, overall length.


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[Assistant] In some cases you have to make a very large weight. If you're optimizing and your focal length is not being maintained, drive up the weight. And don't be afraid to put like a thousand, one times ten to the three as a weight.


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[Assistant] The problem is, once you start increasing exponentially these weights, they can get out of control and your merit function can stall and it becomes less stable.


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[Assistant] If your merit function stalls, if the optimization stalls, you need to study your weights. Go to the merit function editor, like I showed here, and look at this last column here, and look at what the top contributors are.


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[Assistant] If, and it could be that that contributor is wrong or you're physically not giving it a variable to fix it. If you're trying to focus something and your only variable is a conic constant, you're not gonna focus it.


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[Assistant] So, you just have to study your weights. So let's go to some examples here. I'm going to use the default, uh, a sample lens that comes with Zmax. Zmax will install in your My Documents directory, a Zmax subdirectory, and you're looking for the samples here. Samples, we're gonna go to sequential.


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[Assistant] We're not going to look at ray intercept plots. We've not talked about that yet, although they're very, a very important tool. You can see there's a lot of variables and look, there's a marginal ray or marginal angle, marginal ray angle solve on this radius. We're not going to use that. We want to remove all variables.


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[Assistant] So you see it's greatly defocused, and I'm going to do a quick focus adjust. Ctrl, Shift, Q. I'm going to do a spot size.


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[Assistant] So it focuses this. See it gets back to about where you're at. I'm going to do something a little odd here. I'm going to put a curved image plane on. So now we have a curved image plane and I'm going to defocus it.


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[Assistant] So, defocused curve image plane, and I'm going to do another quick-focused control shift Q. Spot size.


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[Assistant] And what's happening is Zmax is actually not setting focus just for this axial ray, but all these fields. If you don't like that, here's the field data


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[Assistant] And I'm going to do a control shift Q again. Now notice we're at 44.9. When I hit okay, it goes to 42.24. And indeed, we're now at focus on axis. So that's the quick focus.


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[Assistant] So you can see as we slide this bar back and forth, you're changing focus. So you can manually eyeball focus with this method. Let's talk about using the Merit Function Editor now. Merit Function, or F6, pulls up this screen here.


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[Assistant] I'm going to go ahead, just for sake, let's say we're optimizing, I'm gonna input a focal length.


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[Assistant] Uh, now, right now there's no, you may look and, well focal length, there's no value. As you enter in parameters here, like axial color,


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[Assistant] Or you could just double click anywhere in this field, update. So, 50mm focal length, 77 micron axial color. We're gonna delete that, we don't care.


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[Assistant] Now if I just go in and say tools default merit function and I'm not careful I will overwrite this focal length. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to put default merit function DMFS here.


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[Assistant] So now when I go to the default merit function, it knows start at line 3. Now if I didn't have that DMFS in there, if I go default merit function, it's going to start at 1.


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[Assistant] And it overwrites that. You've gotten rid of your focal length. So I'm going to click undo. I'm going to go, uhm,


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[Assistant] MFS, we're going to Tools, Default Merit Function, we're just going to do Gaussian Quadrature, and we're going to do a weight of 1. Now it's giving me an error because some of the field weights are 0, uh, that's right, I probably don't want to do that. So just to show you,


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[Assistant] See, it's only entered operands for field 1, these lines here, OPD and X. Let's go back and fix the weights, let's go back to 1, 1 and 1.


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[Assistant] Tools, default merit function, okay. And it's, and now you can see that you've got operands in field one, field two, and field three. So I'm going to hit optimize, and I'm going to be purposely stupid here. Control shift O, this is your optimizer, we're going to hit automatic. Now I'm going to auto update.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm not told Zmax to control the lenses at all, so it's just gonna go nuts and just stupidly drive the merit function to zero. So let's terminate this, terminate this, this is silly, I'm gonna hit F3 and go back.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now, what happened is I've got all these variables here.


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[Assistant] So to get rid of those, you can either come and do Ctrl-Z, Ctrl-Z, but I'm not going to do that because there's a lot there. You can go Tools, Optimization, Remove All Variables, and I'm going to put this variable back in for focus. Now, I don't need to wait the focal length.


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[Assistant] I purposely give it a defocus again, Ctrl, Shift, O, and it's going to optimize and you can see


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[Assistant] You can reach us on the web, via email, twitter, or on iTunes. Please stop by and say hello and thanks for tuning in.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone, welcome back to English with Lucy. Today I want to talk to you about ten vocabulary differences between American English and British English.


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[Assistant] So, let's get started. The first one, and a lot of you might know this one, is what the British call football, and what the Americans call soccer.


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[Assistant] Now of course we will understand each other. It can get confusing because Americans have American football, which is a completely different game. Number two.


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[Assistant] Chips and crisps. For us, crisps are these. Crunchy fried potatoes, which are usually served cold. But Americans call them chips. It's even more confusing when we get on to number three.


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[Assistant] Because what Americans call French fries, we then call chips. So, French fries for Americans and chips for the British are hot, fried, soft potatoes. These. Number four.


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[Assistant] What we call trousers, Americans call pants. However, it gets even more confusing. Because when we get to number five, what Americans call underwear, we call pants.


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[Assistant] So pants, for Americans, are trousers. Something you wear.


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[Assistant] For us, petrol is the liquid petroleum that you put into your car. And Americans call this gas. It gets confusing because gas for us


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[Assistant] For the British, we refer to one of these as a biscuit, and the Americans call it a cookie. Number eight, trunk versus boot.


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[Assistant] Which is also a word that can refer to a specific type of shoe. But for Americans, it's just trunk.


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[Assistant] Number nine, what we call a jumper, Americans will call a sweater. So make sure you remember both of these ones. So this for me is a jumper.


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[Assistant] But for Americans, it would be a sweater. And number ten.


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[Assistant] High school versus secondary school. In Britain, we call the final school that you attend secondary school.


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[Assistant] But in America, they call it high school. Alright guys, that's it for today. I hope you learned something new. If you're interested in British English pronunciation, then make sure you attend my free


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[Assistant] Live British pronunciation and vocabulary lesson which is every Sunday at 4.30 GMT London time.


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[Assistant] On my English with Lucy Facebook page. You can also follow me on Instagram. I like to share lots of photos of my daily life on there.


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[Assistant] And don't forget to subscribe and I will see you for another lesson very very soon. Mwah.


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[Assistant] Hello bluebird. Hello little nut brown hair. Look what I've got. Oh, summer treats. They're a surprise for little field mouse. A surprise? How exciting. Oh, it's our lucky day.


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[Assistant] Hello little nut brown here. What are you doing today? I'm off to surprise little field mouse with some lovely strawberries. Well, one lovely strawberry.


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[Assistant] It makes me hungry for some spotty acorns.


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[Assistant] Must, must not, mustn't. May, may not, no contraction.


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[Assistant] Could, could not, couldn't.


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[Assistant] will, will not, won't


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[Assistant] Lifestyles and living arrangements might increase the likelihood of coming into contact with them.


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[Assistant] For instance, a crowded living arrangement might increase your chance of being exposed to a virus that causes something like respiratory illness or gastroenteritis.


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[Assistant] Daycare centers and summer camps are also common sources of viral infections. And of course, working in a healthcare-related field will also increase your likelihood of exposure. Let's now get a closer look at precisely how viruses are transmitted.


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[Assistant] The efficiency of transmission depends on a few things.


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[Assistant] First, how much of the virus were you exposed to?


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[Assistant] How infective is that virus? How healthy are you? And let's say you encounter someone that is sick with a virus. At what stage of infection did you encounter them? All of these details are relevant.


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[Assistant] We use the term shedding to refer to the spread of a virus to another organism.


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[Assistant] It turns out that the most likely time for virus shedding to happen is before any symptoms have shown up in the host. This can vary from virus to virus, of course.


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[Assistant] And while we're at it, let's quickly talk about the difference between generation time and an incubation period.


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[Assistant] the time it takes a person to make enough virions before they can be spread to another person


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[Assistant] The incubation time is the time from infection to the onset of clinical signs and symptoms. Incubation time varies from person to person.


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[Assistant] When it comes to routes of transmission, it really depends on the source of the virus and the ability of that virus to withstand the environment it's up against.


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[Assistant] Zooming in on the molecular level, the presence or absence of a viral envelope is a primary determinant for mode of viral transmission.


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[Assistant] Non-enveloped or naked viruses can withstand extreme pH, detergents, and drying, whereas enveloped viruses typically can't.


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[Assistant] Most non-enveloped viruses can handle the acidic pH of the stomach and detergent-like bile of the intestines, which means that if someone infected with a non-enveloped virus doesn't wash their hands after using the bathroom, they could be unknowingly spreading a virus that successfully made it all the way through their digestive system.


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[Assistant] We refer to contaminated inanimate objects like handkerchiefs, toys, or doorknobs as fomites.


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[Assistant] It might seem a little counterintuitive, but enveloped viruses are pretty fragile compared to their non-enveloped counterparts. Enveloped viruses require an intact envelope to be able to cause an infection.


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[Assistant] In fact, they have to remain wet to be able to spread to begin with.


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[Assistant] So they're typically spread through respiratory droplets such as during a sneeze or through blood, saliva, or mucus.


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[Assistant] They can also be spread by injection or organ transplants.


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[Assistant] The most common routes of transmission into a human population are either direct or indirect contact with a nonhuman animal,


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[Assistant] or through a vector like a mosquito that acquired the virus from a non-human animal.


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[Assistant] On the other hand, for viruses already in a human population the most common routes of transmission are as follows.


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[Assistant] One, the respiratory aerosol route, or breathing in droplets from someone's cough or sneeze.


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[Assistant] Two, the fecal-oral route, or ingesting particles of infected feces. Three, sexual transmission.


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[Assistant] And four, the other category, including less common routes that use direct and indirect contact.


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[Assistant] Transmission routes within human populations can be broken down further into horizontal versus vertical transmission.


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[Assistant] Horizontal transmission refers to the spread of a virus from one individual to another non-related individual.


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[Assistant] Vertical transmission means the virus is passed from parent to offspring.


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[Assistant] Vertical transmission can occur via the placenta during birth or through breast milk.


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[Assistant] Similarly to how it works with bacteria, animals can serve as vectors that spread viral disease to other humans and animals.


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[Assistant] They can also be reservoirs, meaning they keep the virus maintained and amplified in their environment.


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[Assistant] And zoonoses refers to viral diseases that are shared by humans and animals.


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[Assistant] Viruses that are spread by mosquito or tick are referred to as arboviruses because they're arthropod-borne.


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[Assistant] Thinking to the population level, the ability of a virus to persist in a community hinges on the availability of susceptible hosts, and the efficiency of viral transmission determines the size of the susceptible population.


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[Assistant] We use the term maintenance to describe the ability of a virus to keep going in a community.


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[Assistant] We'll cover more epidemiology in a later video, but for now, recall that the term epidemic or outbreak refers to a frequency of cases that is above the normal baseline, or more cases than were expected.


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[Assistant] We'll circle back to things like epidemiology and vaccines once we've explored some of the most clinically relevant viruses one at a time, so let's move forward and get started with a survey of viruses.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me at


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[Assistant] Smallpox is considered to be one of the deadliest diseases the world has ever known.


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[Assistant] No one knows the true origin of the disease, but artifacts dating back to the third century BCE show evidence that is believed to be indicative of smallpox. The disease seems to have spread across the globe in tandem with the growth of civilizations, due to expanding trade routes and continuous exploration.


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[Assistant] At least a billion people have died from this disease over the course of human history.


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[Assistant] Okay, so what causes it? The virus that causes smallpox, which is called the variola virus, falls into the poxvirus family. Poxviruses are the largest of all viruses, so large that they are almost visible using light microscopy.


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[Assistant] They form complex structures to protect large double-stranded DNA viral genomes, and replicate in a unique way compared to other DNA viruses.


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[Assistant] These viruses tend to also encode proteins for nucleotide scavenging or immune escape mechanisms, which explains their large size.


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[Assistant] Variola virus is spread from person to person through airborne droplets of saliva from an infected person. After being inhaled, the variola virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract without causing any symptoms or contagion.


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[Assistant] The virus then infects immune system cells called macrophages which bring the virus into the lymphatic system, which then carries the virus to lymph nodes.


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[Assistant] The virus then replicates and initiates viremia, which spreads the virus through the bloodstream into the liver, spleen, and other organs.


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[Assistant] There are several clinical forms of smallpox, each with different characteristics. Ordinary smallpox is also called variola major.


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[Assistant] The incubation period for the variola virus in ordinary smallpox is somewhere between 7 to 19 days before high fever, headache,


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[Assistant] After four days, the fever typically subsides and rash lesions develop on the skin.


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[Assistant] Lesions begin on the oropharynx, spreading to the face and extremities, then trunk, followed by the palms and soles of the hands and feet.


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[Assistant] These lesions progress from macules to papules to vesicles over the next 4-5 days, then forming scabs, which shed about 14 days after the rash began. Some cases also involve intense vomiting, diarrhea, and excessive bleeding.


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[Assistant] Pockmarks and scarring, especially of the face, are the most common consequence from smallpox, but rare instances of blindness, encephalitis, spontaneous abortion, or infertility have also been reported.


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[Assistant] The good news is that recovery from smallpox gives prolonged immunity to reinfection with variola virus, and the virus does not persist in the body after recovery.


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[Assistant] Just like polioviruses, variola viruses only infect humans. Other members of the poxvirus family primarily infect cows, sheep, or goats, though accidental or occupational exposure via zoonosis is possible.


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[Assistant] Even better news is that smallpox is the only human disease to have been completely eradicated by vaccination.


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[Assistant] It all started in 1959 when the World Health Organization hatched a plan to eliminate smallpox. Due to a shortage of funds and support, smallpox remained widespread and caused regular outbreaks across South America, Asia, and Africa by 1966.


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[Assistant] The Intensified Eradication Program began in 1967 and made steady progress, eliminating the virus in North America and Europe.


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[Assistant] The last case of naturally acquired smallpox infection was reported in 1977, and the eradication of the disease was officially acknowledged in 1980.


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[Assistant] Vaccines remain available to protect against smallpox, but routine vaccination for smallpox ended in the US in the early 1970s, since the disease was no longer a threat. This remains one of the greatest triumphs in the history of medicine, or even in the history of humanity in general.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, he's wearing a mask in the tent. He's wearing a mask in the tent.


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[Assistant] Why does this happen exactly? While there are many pathogens that can cause the common cold, rhinovirus is considered to be the main culprit, responsible for more than one half of cold-like illnesses.


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[Assistant] In fact, somewhere in the ballpark of 100 different strains, or serotypes, of rhinoviruses have been associated with cold-like symptoms in humans.


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[Assistant] Rhinovirus, which is sometimes referred to as RV, was isolated back in 1956 by Dr. Winston Price at Johns Hopkins University.


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[Assistant] The virus itself is what's referred to as a positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus belonging to the picorna virus family.


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[Assistant] Let's break that down a bit using some of the basic knowledge we went over in the previous tutorial. Let's recall that viruses are simply genetic material, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a protective coat. In the case of single stranded RNA viruses, there are two types, either positive sense or negative sense RNA. With a positive strand,


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[Assistant] The RNA can act as mRNA and be directly translated in the ribosomes of the host cell.


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[Assistant] This will act as the complement of what would be the sense strand, so the virus must also contain an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that can use the negative strand to generate the positive strand through complementary base pairing.


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[Assistant] Then the newly made positive strand can be translated to generate the viral proteins.


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[Assistant] In the case of rhinoviruses, the positive RNA genome serves as mRNA, which codes for proteins that are involved in replication, virus assembly, and the structural aspects, namely the capsid.


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[Assistant] We also know that rhinoviruses don't have an envelope surrounding their RNA.


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[Assistant] Now let's dig into what it means to be a part of the picornavirus family, which is one of the largest families of viruses. Let's start with the name.


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[Assistant] These viruses are small, hence the prefix pico, and contain ribonucleic acid, hence the RNA. They also have a naked capsid structure.


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[Assistant] The picornavirus family has over 230 members, which are divided into five genera, enterovirus, rhinovirus, heparnavirus, cardiovirus, and apthovirus.


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[Assistant] Compared to the other genera, rhinoviruses are known to be sensitive to acidic pH and replicate poorly at temperatures above 33 degrees Celsius, which typically limits them to causing upper respiratory tract infections.


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[Assistant] Now let's talk about structure. The positive strand RNA of picornaviruses is surrounded by an icosahedral capsid, which is that soccer ball looking shape we talked about earlier.


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[Assistant] The icosahedral capsid has 12 pentameric vertices, which are each composed of sets of proteins. For all picornaviruses, the capsid is stable in the presence of detergents or heat, but in the case of rhinoviruses, not in the presence of acid, as we mentioned.


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[Assistant] Now let's dig into how these viruses do their damage. Pecornavirus particles attach to host cells by binding to specific host cell receptors. And remember, these host cell receptors have normal functions in host cells, it just so happens that these viruses have adapted to bind to them.


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[Assistant] To be more specific, upwards of 80% of rhinoviruses bind to specific molecules called ICAM-1, which stands for intercellular adhesion molecule 1, on the surface of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.


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[Assistant] The process of the virus binding to the appropriate receptor on the appropriate type of cell is what we refer to as attachment.


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[Assistant] Attachment then triggers conformational changes in surface proteins of the capsid, which causes penetration and uncoating.


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[Assistant] The rhinovirus RNA is injected directly into the cytoplasm of the host cell.


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[Assistant] Once inside, the genetic material doesn't have to undergo transcription, of course, because it's already mRNA.


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[Assistant] The host cell ribosome then translates the viral genetic material, triggering a very intricate and tightly controlled process of protein chopping and virus assembly, all orchestrated by the directions encoded in the viral genome.


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[Assistant] At the same time, the host cell generates tons of viral mRNA.


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[Assistant] Ultimately, many, many rhinovirus particles are made, as many as 100,000 virions per cell, which are then released via cell lysis, where the cell sort of explodes.


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[Assistant] Thinking in more detail about rhinovirus infection, it turns out as little as one infectious viral particle can initiate an infection.


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[Assistant] The virus typically enters through the eyes, mouth, or nose, either by airborne droplets generated by a sneeze or cough or by passage on fomites, and then initiates an infection in the upper respiratory tract.


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[Assistant] Most of the viral replication going on there happens in the nose.


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[Assistant] The severity of symptoms really depends on how much and when the virus is shedding.


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[Assistant] At the peak of infection, the nasal secretions of an infected person, commonly referred to as SNOT, can contain concentrations of 500 to 1000 infectious virions per milliliter.


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[Assistant] The infected cells release chemicals like histamine, which cause the characteristic runny nose and other irritating symptoms associated with the common cold.


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[Assistant] Since there are so many serotypes of rhinoviruses, it's almost impossible to build up a lasting immunity to them, which is what results in rhinovirus-induced colds being so common.


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[Assistant] There are other viruses and bacteria that cause similar symptoms too, like enteroviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses.


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[Assistant] For the most part, it's difficult to identify which pathogen made you sick, and furthermore any cold is likely to pass pretty quickly.


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[Assistant] Thinking about rhinoviruses out in the wild, there are two main mechanisms by which they are spread, as we've discussed, either by breathing in aerosol droplets, or by fomites, which means on hands or contaminated inanimate objects.


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[Assistant] Some experts think that hands are the major vector for viruses, and direct person to person contact is the predominant mode of spreading.


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[Assistant] Plus, these non-enveloped viruses are extremely stable and can survive on things like doorknobs and toothbrush handles for hours.


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[Assistant] At the same time, we know that rhinoviruses cause clinical illness in only half of the people infected, though asymptomatic people can also spread the virus, even if they make much less of it.


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[Assistant] For the most part, infants and children have the highest rates of rhinovirus infection, though they can spread these infections to their family members pretty easily.


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[Assistant] And especially during the colder months, it's not surprising for rhinoviruses to be passed around in school or other social settings.


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[Assistant] When it comes to treatment, there are tons of over-the-counter remedies that help treat the common cold, but rhinoviruses aren't a solid candidate for vaccination since there are so many serotypes.


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[Assistant] Hand washing and disinfecting commonly handled items is the best way to prevent spreading of the virus.


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[Assistant] So now with the most common virus covered, let's move forward and talk about other viruses that cause common diseases.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me at


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[Assistant] Classroom. Clock. Clock.


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[Assistant] Colored pencils, colored pencils. Crans, crayons. Desk, desk. Eraser, eraser. Glue, glue. Locker, locker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lunchbox. Lunchbox. Markers. Markers. Pencil. Pencil. Pencil case. Pencil case.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pencil sharpener, pencil sharpener. Ruler, ruler. School, school. School lunch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll see you next time. Bye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're welcome, little nut-brown hair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you let them play on your slide after all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really interested on what the hell's gonna happen in this show, because DUDE! What a concept! I was just telling my brother about it, just giving him like, you know...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yo, before we start, let's take a look at my motherfuckin' sponsor. Omniswag.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A place where you can find your favorite anime slash cartoon merch at a motherfucking low price, bitch. Just use the promo code JASTERSAMA to get 15% off your entire purchase. But enough selling out, right? Let's get back to this fucking video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and in 3, 2, 1, here you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is oddly reminding me of One Piece, only small parts of it. I'll tell you why. Because of the adventure, first off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, yea, the like little diagram I saw at the end, after the credits, they showed... I dunno, this... Resurrection Festival.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't be worried about imitations, it's an imitation whistle!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't wait to see what other kind of relics exist. Like does that bell seriously stop time?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reg's picture. Yo! Sorry about that, uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Camera ran out of memory, I thought I had plenty of memory, apparently not. So, we got right to the part where I was saying like, I noticed his picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was on one of those pieces of paper, and then I heard my camera go DURU! Heh, it's like SHIT! So, let's continue, shall we?


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[Assistant] The whole world and the mysteriousness, and like I said, the artifact that can actually, it's a bell! It can start, a bell that can actually stop time. For how long? For how long though? Cause, heh, like, ugh, I thought it was, I thought it was cool enough.


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[Assistant] Knowing that there were artifacts down there, meaning that there were ancient civilizations down there, what were they like?


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[Assistant] Now I gotta know more. I need to know more. Thanks for watching everybody. If you enjoyed the video go ahead and SMASH that like button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As long as it takes the sun to go from where it is now, up to right above our heads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you play with little field mouse, the middle of the day will come much faster than you think.


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[Assistant] Oh hello, little grey squirrel. Have you seen little nut-brown hair? I said I'd meet him here to play hide and seek.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks, little grey squirrel. Tell him I'm sorry, and I'll explain later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, so little gray squirrel didn't give you my message.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you thought I was off playing with someone else, instead of you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my little nut-brown hair. I wouldn't play with anyone else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That told me that Winter will be here very soon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I ran to collect all these juicy green shoots of grass before they got buried under the snow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know. And now you'll be able to eat them all through winter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can play tomorrow. In the snow!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there is one thing in the meadow that will never disappear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is going on Neonation? It's your girl Peggy here. Welcome back to my channel. Welcome back to the FCC. Yeah, FCC short for the Fried Chicken Channel. Uhm, so actually today it's KFCC. Yeah, Kentucky Fried Chicken Channel. Anyway, KFC in Singapore just came out with a new chicken over here. Uhm, they call it the Gold Spice Chicken. Yeah, and they claim that it is better than gold. Right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and for the side today, I got us some fries and mashed potatoes. And new on the dessert menu are these chocolate hazelnut egg tarts. So they're Portuguese egg tarts with chocolate hazelnut sauce in it. Sounds really good. Looks really good too. Okay, uh, let's go for the gold first. Gold spiced chicken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the meat tastes, uhm, just like, you know, regular chicken. Actually, it's only the skin with the flavor. The meat inside is the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uh, for this gold spice chicken, the flavor is only on the skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The meat inside tastes just like the regular spicy chicken. But it's good. It's a little sweet and savory, so I like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like their spicy chicken and then they just added the seasoning powder on it. Yeaah, I think that's all there is to it. But it's alright. Uhm, it's definitely better than that honey sesame chicken that they had. That was horrible. This is much better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, spiced chicken. It looks really good on the advertisement. Well, okay, it actually looks quite good, uhm, on the real thing, so, yeaah. This one is good. I would recommend it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeaah, for the fries I think they have some, excuse me, they have some new, uhm, chocolate fries. Chocolate Nutella fries. Yeaah, but it's not available for delivery. That's too bad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, uh, from what I've seen on the pictures on Facebook,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I eat so much KFC that I think KFC should start sponsoring me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've only ever done one sponsored video. And uhm, yeaah, I didn't really like the experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, we are done for the day. That chocolate hazelnut tart, that was fantastic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like that the tarts, uhm, they're very light and flaky and the inside is really soft so it just melts in your mouth when you eat it. It's fantastic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's too bad that this is probably gonna be a, uh, temporary thing on the menu. You know, they usually change to something else like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe after a month. So if you guys are watching this in Singapore, try it before it's gone. And uhm, that chicken, what is it called? Gold Spice Chicken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, the flavor is only on the skin itself. The inside, the chicken meat, it tastes the same as the regular chicken. So, yeaah, the ghost spice flavor is only on the skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's overall a pretty good chicken. It's very crunchy. Yes. Okay, uh, oh yeaah, so uh, yeaah, one of you...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of you were asking me in the comments, I was reading it, and uhm, you guys were asking like, if I were, if I'm able to eat so much in my video, right, how do I stop myself from eating so much on other days when I'm not filming?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's a very good question. Uh, but the thing is, usually after a meal like this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't have much of an appetite for the next two days. Yeaah, like the next day tomorrow, uhm, I don't really feel like eating anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like my body just doesn't feel like eating anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After today's meal, so the next few days, my meals will be really light and I'll drink a lot of water, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it's like my body is still trying to, uhm, process what I just ate today, so, yeaah. I hope that answers your question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you guys enjoyed today's video, please give this video a thumbs up. And don't forget to subscribe to my channel for more eating shows like this. So, uh, yeah, I will see you all in my next video, uh, which will be Sunday, Saturday or Sunday. Yeah, so, until then, take care and love you. Bye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Surnose most always knows around on the wet sides of the pond. That tickles!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're very good at climbing. So if I were you, I would have done this. Oh! Hey! Where shall I put my nuts? Where shall I put my nuts?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To love or have loved, that is enough. Ask nothing further.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To learn to read is to light a fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every syllable that is spelled out is a spark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reason is intelligence taking exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He who opens a school door closes a prison.


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[Assistant] People do not lack strength, they lack will.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is nothing like a dream to create the future.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What makes night within us may leave stars.


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[Assistant] Winter is on my head, but eternal spring is in my heart.


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[Assistant] There are no weeds, and no worthless men. There are only bad farmers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Life is a theatre set in which there are but few practicable entrances.


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[Assistant] Each man should frame life so that at some future hour, fact and his dreaming meet.


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[Assistant] Mother's arms are made of tenderness and sweet sleep blesses the child who lies therein.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone. What's in your town? Here we go. Bakery. Bakery. Bank. Bank. Bookstore. Bookstore. Bus stop. Bus stop. Cake shop. Cake shop. Coffee shop. Coffee shop. Dentist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] dentist doctor's office doctor's office


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, that was eight. Let's do eight more. Here we go. Drugstore. Drugstore. Flower shop. Flower shop. Gas station. Gas station. Hospital. Hospital. Library. Library. Movie theater. Movie theater. Park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Park. Pool. Pool. Okay. Let's do eight more. Here we go. Post office. Post office. Restaurant. Restaurant. School. School. Supermarket. Supermarket. Toy store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Toy store. Train station. Train station. Zoo. Zoo. Map. Map.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks very much for walking around my town with ELF Learning. We'll see you next time. Goodbye everyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's only because stars are so very far away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He and his spouse were very proud of that accomplishment, as they should have been. But my colleague also used to say that from a financial perspective,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you are not happy with yourself, even the loftiest achievement is not gonna bring you much satisfaction. Three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can smell lots of wonderful smells, like juicy grass roots, and uhm, fresh spring leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An orange blossom. Mmm. Orangey. Bluebells? Mmm. Sweet like honey. Wonderful smells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, have you tried the woods?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't worry. Maybe you'll find it tomorrow. Good night, little nut brown hair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See you in the morning light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right, little nut brown hair. It's springtime in the morning. And it's so sweet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's even a touch of woodiness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the grass is long and sweet.


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[Assistant] And the trees have fresh green leaves. Come on, let's go and see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right here, into the middle of the meadow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey guys, it's Angela here and welcome to day 36 of 100 Days of Code. Today we've got a fun project for you. We're going to be building a stock news monitoring project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I don't know how many of you guys trade stocks out there, but I've recently started learning about it. And one of the pictures that always come to my mind when I think of people trading stocks is something like this, where people sit in front of a million screens looking at all of the data and all of the news.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I did a bit of research into this and it seems like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of the people who trade stocks professionally have access to what's called a Bloomberg terminal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which looks something like this and it provides you with a number of things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The current stock prices of whichever companies you're looking at


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also the breaking news that's relevant to those companies. So depending on whether if they had some good news, say they


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Earned a lot of money in the last quarter or they built a really great product or they developed a new vaccine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then obviously you can imagine the price of their company's stock go up or down depending on the type of news that comes out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, these platforms also give you the ability to alert you when relevant pieces of news happen that are related to stocks that you're following.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that was the end of that research. Uhm, but I thought about it and I thought about the kind of things that would be really useful to somebody who trades stocks. And I thought about how we could turn this into a Python project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's what's going to happen. We're going to DIY our own Bloomberg terminal, or at least the parts of the functionality that are quite useful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, let's take a look at what stock market data looks like. So here I've got a website up called TradingView.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm looking at the large cap companies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these are well-known companies that you've probably heard of like Apple or Microsoft or Amazon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's say that we had an interest in a particular stock. Let's say that we bought shares in Tesla and we want to know how it's doing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we could take a closer look at it and we could take a look at the full featured chart. And this shows us the price of the Tesla stock over the past few days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I'm gonna change the time zone here to the actual time zone of the exchange.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if I change the view to one day view, then you can see the points at which the market is open and when it's closed. So these blue sections highlight when the market is closed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Currently is the 22nd of July, so because this day's data is not yet complete, we're gonna look at the previous day's data. So this is yesterday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see that NASDAQ opens at 9.30 AM New York time, and it closes down at 4 PM on the same day. And often when you're getting data on stocks, you can get the price of a particular stock at the point when the market opens and when the market closes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at market close the previous day, so that's four o'clock on the 20th of July.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a stock trader, we'd be quite interested in these big fluctuations because it might mean that we would want to buy more or we might want to sell our stocks in Tesla.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you look at a lot of these services, be it Bloomberg terminals or something much simpler like this, they often give you a whole bunch of other data as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the most useful things is actually to look at the news that's related to the company that you're investigating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for example, these are the Karen headlines for Tesla.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it comes from various news sources like Reuters or My Wall Street or Bloomberg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it gives us some information to start analyzing. For example, well, why was there this big drop? What's the reason?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's various new sources that might tell us why. For example, maybe they're experiencing problems with servicing staff. Or maybe, as this news piece suggests, the stock is probably going to rise again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these are really interesting things if we were to trade this particular stock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we were to create a Python program that's going to help us trade stocks, then this is how it might work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, we're going to pull in the stock prices of the stocks that we're interested in. So we would be using an API to get this data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's say that we were monitoring the Tesla stock because we bought some shares and we want to know how it's doing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, it might pull in the data for the price of Tesla stock that was at market close. Let's say that today was March the 11th. So we're pulling in yesterday's closing price and let's just say, for example, it is $1,000.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the next thing our program is going to do is it's going to pull in the closing price on the previous day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're going to compare these two values. So over the course of one day, what was the difference? And in this case, there's a difference of a hundred dollars and the direction is up. So it increased in value, right? Going from March 9th to March 10th. So that's good news for us if we bought in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we can also calculate what is the percentage that this rise represents. So if we look at this difference of $100 and calculate it as a percentage of yesterday's closing price, then we can see that the price on March 9th was 10% lower than on March 10th.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's say that in our Python program, we set the program to run and fetch us some news whenever we get a slightly extraordinary rise or an extraordinary fall. So you can define that as anything you want, but let's say it's 10%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there was a difference of 10% or more between yesterday's closing price and the previous day, then we want to know about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're going to get our API to fetch us some relevant news.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That way we can figure out what is the reason for this rise or what is the reason for this fall. And it might just turn out, well, because Tesla launched a new product.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or because they've acquired a new factory. Some sort of indicator that says, well this company is going to do a lot better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now once the stock prices have triggered this alert,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've fetched the news data, then we're going to send ourselves an SMS. So we're going to send ourselves a message telling us what was the big fluctuation that happened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what is the relevant news so that we can decide there and then whether we want to sell our stock or if we want to buy more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're aiming for messages from Twilio that look a bit like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That way, when you wake up in the morning and you're wondering what's happening with my Tesla stock,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it just so happens that over the last two days it experienced huge fluctuations. Then you would get sent the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Relevant pieces of news to help you decide and help you figure out what you should do with your trades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the goal and the best part of this project is the fact that it's going to be mostly up to you as to how you create it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the course resources, I've got links to starting projects with comments and hints. And depending on which level of difficulty you want to choose, normal, hard or extra hard, you can pick the starting project that's right for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're going to try and complete the functionality of this program.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I want you to spend at least a half an hour to 45 minutes working on this project just because it has quite a few APIs that you need to tap into. And most importantly,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to read through the API documentation yourself so that you can understand how to work with it and how to figure out things on your own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because after all, there are millions of APIs out there and if you're going to need it for a special project of your own,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're going to need to go through this process that all developers go through, which is digging through documentation and understanding how to work with an external piece of software or code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the challenge I've set for you. Head over to the course resources now and get the starting code so that you can get started working on the project. Good luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've been using the requests module for a while now, and we've been using it to make HTTP requests across the internet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've already seen the get request and this is a way for us to get pieces of data from somebody else like an API provider.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now there's also four other common types of requests that we should probably know about. Post, put, and delete.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can use the request module to complete a get request by simply writing requests.get.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we put our parameters inside the parentheses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the other three requests, the code looks pretty much the same. It's .posts, .put and .delete.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whereas a GET request is made where we ask an external system for a particular piece of data and they give that to us in the response.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A post request is where we give the external system some piece of data and we're not so interested in the response we're getting back other than whether if it was successful or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, if you wanted to save a piece of data in Google Sheets, then you might use the Google Sheets API to post your data into your Google Sheet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or maybe you want to use the Twitter API to post a tweet, then your program is going to send your tweet through a post request to the Twitter API.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's how get and post works. Puts is where you simply update a piece of data in the external service. So if you had a spreadsheet in Google Sheets, then maybe you want to update some of the values in the spreadsheet, then you would use a put request.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, delete is simply where you want to delete a piece of data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the external service, like a tweet that you posted or a Facebook post.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today we're going to be building our habit tracker using the Pixela API.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in order to use this API, we're going to post our habit tracking data. For example, how many pages of a book we've read, how many kilometers we've cycled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're going to be posting that data to Pixela to be tracked in our graph.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you head over to their website and you scroll down, you can see that it tells you how to get started and it's a series of six steps. So we're going to be completing these in order and we're going to be pairing this short form get started guide with their documentation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're going to have that side by side in order to see all of the documentation on each of the steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Step one involves creating a user account.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it says you have to hit up this particular endpoint using the HTTP POST request. So this is the first time we're making a POST request.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I've set up a new project in PyCharm called habit tracker and in my main.py, as always, I'm going to start off by importing the requests module. Now, because this is a brand new project, we're going to have to install that package to make this red underline go away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once it's been installed successfully, we can tap into that method requests.post. What are we going to put into this parentheses? What are the parameters? What are the inputs? Well, the first thing is the URL endpoint, right? So this is the Pixela endpoint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's copy that over and paste it in as a string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if we head over to the API document, you can see that there's an index of the API on the right and also at the beginning of the docs. So what we want to do is first create a user. That's step one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this API is actually really well documented, especially given the fact that it's actually not a big development team behind this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we take a look, this is the endpoint and this is what we've got in our code. Next, we're going to make our post request and we're going to add some parameters into the request body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can see that some of these are required and others are optional. So we're going to add a value for each of the required parameters. Token, username, agreed terms of service, and that we're not a minor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's create our user params. And the first key is our token. Now let's see what this token needs to be. It has to be a string that's used to authenticate your user. And we're going to use it later on as well when we access our graph and when we add to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So make sure you save this securely. This is basically like an API key that you're going to generate yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This token can contain any characters. So you can make up a key like this, but the length of the token has to be between eight characters and 128 characters. So I think I've definitely got more than eight characters there. So I can move on to the next key, which is my username.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna try and see if I can get away with just my first name. If it fails, we can always try again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next we've got agree terms of service and this is going to be either yes or no. We're probably going to have to say yes if we actually want to use this service. And also we're going to have to say yes that we're not a minor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's make sure that we don't make any typos by simply pasting this in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a yes for agree to terms of service and a yes to the fact that I'm not a minor, sadly, not a minor anymore. Once we've got our user parameters and our Pixela endpoint, then we're ready to make our post request.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we're going to add a new keyword argument, and this is called JSON.


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[Assistant] Notice how all the data that we're posting over to Pixela is pretty much in the format of a JSON. String and string.


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[Assistant] This is basically a piece of JSON data that we're going to send over. And that's all there is to it.


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[Assistant] The endpoint and also the JSON data that we want to send over. So let's go ahead and save this inside a response variable just as we did before.


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[Assistant] And then once this is completed, let's go ahead and print what the response is. Now you can either tap into the response as a JSON, but given that in this case, we're not really looking to do anything with the response. We just want to check if it's actually successful or not. We can actually tap into a property called text.


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[Assistant] So it'll give you back the response as a piece of text.


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[Assistant] Let's go ahead and run this and see if I can get away with setting my username as Angela.


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[Assistant] Wow. So there's actually no user called Angela at the moment and I was able to nab that username.


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[Assistant] So the reason why we're interested in looking at the response is if there were some issues, for example, if I try to run this again, now that I've taken this username,


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[Assistant] I think it's probably going to fail and it tells us this user already exists.


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[Assistant] Now alternatively, if we said no to one of these agreed to terms of service or not minor, it's probably also going to give us a message telling us why this post request failed.


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[Assistant] But now that I've completed this step, I can actually comment it out because I've now created my user.


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[Assistant] We've now set up ourselves with a new account on Pixela with a username,


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[Assistant] And also a secret token that we're going to use in the future to access this account. It's effectively our username and password. So in the next lesson, we're going to create our graph.


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[Assistant] And we're going to learn how to use a more secure method of authentication.


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[Assistant] I know, I'll show little field master plum tree.


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[Assistant] Hello little brown hair. Look at these plums.


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[Assistant] It's still early. Little White Owl will still be up. And she might have seen something in the night. Good thinking! Let's go!


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[Assistant] Did you see anything unusual last night, Little White Owl? Last night?


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[Assistant] Then, when winter came, the grasses didn't know what to do.


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[Assistant] What will the creatures do without us? They cried. So the grass has asked the woody shrubs to take care of them. So the creatures enjoyed.


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[Assistant] Hi, I'm sorry I can't be there. I'm in Australia right now on tour, but I just wanted to thank you for these. Uh, it represents the fact that I've connected with a lot of you, and for that I'm very grateful. And I'd like to thank Scott Welch, my manager.


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[Assistant] And I'd like to thank Maverick Records and Warner Brothers Records across the world.


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[Assistant] Today we're going to be learning about advanced authentication methods using the header.


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[Assistant] And we're also going to be learning how to make post, put and delete requests using the requests module.


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[Assistant] This lady is Simone Gertz and she's somebody who I really admire. She makes all sorts of useless robots. Um, that's what she says, but they're actually really fascinating. And one of the products that she brought out through Kickstarter was this habit tracker where you could go to it every day and just tap on today's date.


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[Assistant] So if you wanted to meditate every day, or if you wanted to read 500 pages of a book every day, then you could track your habit. And because it's continuous, it makes you really want to continue your streak and not break the line.


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[Assistant] So we're going to be using technology to build a digital version of that today. And we're going to be using an API called Pixela.


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[Assistant] This comes from a Japanese developer and it's really awesome.


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[Assistant] It allows you to track your habits but not just show which days you've done your habit, which days you haven't.


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[Assistant] But it also shows the intensity. So for example, maybe you want to track how many pages, um, you're reading every day. You want to build a reading habit.


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[Assistant] Well, you can see that on certain days you're really reading a lot and you're hitting a streak, but then on other days, even though you are doing some reading because the color is lighter, it means that you read fewer pages.


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[Assistant] And over a year's time, you can see your entire progress and you can see your habit being tracked day by day, which I think is really awesome.


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[Assistant] This is what we're going to end up building. You can take any example or any habit you want to build.


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[Assistant] In my case, I want to try and cycle every day and I'm logging how much I'm cycling in terms of kilometres.


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[Assistant] And you can see that certain days I cycled a lot and other days I cycled a little bit less, but I can see which days I've missed out on cycling and


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[Assistant] Try to keep up with the momentum and the streak.


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[Assistant] Maybe you want to keep track of how long you're spending every day learning to code.


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[Assistant] Or maybe you want to track how long you're meditating every day.


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[Assistant] Or maybe you want to track how many lengths in the pool you swim. Whatever habit it is you're trying to build.


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[Assistant] I'm sure that by the end of today's project, you're going to have a tool that's going to help you achieve your goals. So once you're ready, let's get started by heading over to the next lesson.


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[Assistant] You got me again little gray squirrel. Have you seen little nut-brown hair lately?


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[Assistant] Today I've got a grammar lesson for you. A lot of you have asked for this one because I did mention going into further detail about this topic in a previous video. If you want to watch that one then you can click right here. Today we are going to be talking about question tags.


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[Assistant] If you learn how to properly understand and use question tags, you're going to, you're going to A.


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[Assistant] So this lesson is going to help you with your English grammar and your English speaking and your listening as well really.


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[Assistant] When you make your first $10 purchase. So it's like a buy one, get one free on Lessons. All you have to do is click on the link below, make your first purchase, and then within 48 hours the credits will appear in your account.


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[Assistant] Happy talking! Right, let's get started with the lesson. So, what are question tags? You know what they are, don't you?


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[Assistant] Oh, that was one there. So a question tag is a very short question placed at the end of a statement. They are used when asking for two things. And these two things are, one, confirmation, and two,


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[Assistant] So in order to better understand native speakers, you need to listen to their intonation when they use question tags.


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[Assistant] So let's cover this first and then I'll move on to how they are formed. So, let's do this one. You like cake, don't you?


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[Assistant] You like cake, don't you? So when I say, you like cake, don't you? It means I know you like cake, I'm just trying to confirm the fact that you like cake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I say, you like cake, don't you? I'm not sure if you like cake. I'm not sure about what the answer will be. So I am checking the fact again. So if the intonation goes up, I want to know the answer. I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] If the intonation goes down, I'm making conversation, I'm confirming something that I already know. Now generally,


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[Assistant] A positive statement will be followed by a negative question tag.


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[Assistant] And a negative statement will be followed by a positive question tag. You don't like cake, do you?


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[Assistant] See the difference? So it's something that's really, really simple, but I still have a lot of students that get really, really confused with question tags, so let's clarify this now.


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[Assistant] Let's start with positive statements, negative question tags. You are happy, aren't you? So are goes with aren't.


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[Assistant] He is home, isn't he? It was good, wasn't it? They were tired, weren't they? You speak beautifully.


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[Assistant] Don't you? He speaks horribly, doesn't he? You ate a lot, didn't you? I've studied hard, haven't I? You had arrived, hadn't you? We'll get there, won't we? You can do that, can't you? We could see them, couldn't we? We must leave, mustn't we? We should make a decision.


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[Assistant] Shouldn't we? Now, so those are the negative ones. There are just a couple of exceptions. The first exception is with am. I'm blonde, aren't I?


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[Assistant] So I'm not saying, I'm blonde, am I not? Which you can say, but it sounds very, very formal. We would say, I'm blonde, aren't I?


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[Assistant] And the next exception is with let's. Let's go, shall we?


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[Assistant] Let's go, shall we? So we team up, let's with shall. Now, the negative statement with a positive question tag is exactly the same apart from a couple of exceptions. The first exception is with am. I'm not going, am I?


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[Assistant] So we're not using aunt in that case. So a couple of examples using the ones we've seen before are, Now, statements using no, neither, nobody,


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[Assistant] None, nothing, seldom, barely and hardly are all treated as negative statements. So I would say, nobody came.


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[Assistant] So at first glance, it might look like a positive statement and a positive question tag.


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[Assistant] You need to make sure that you see the negative word before it. Okay guys, your homework today is to write in the comments three statements with question tags using what we've learnt today and I want you to make me laugh. I want you to make them as funny as possible. So see if you can do that.


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[Assistant] Don't forget to sign up for the lesson on italki. All of the information and the link is in the description box. And don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media. I've got my Instagram and my Facebook. I will see you soon for another lesson. Muah!


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[Assistant] If this is the creature's face, I think it should be scarier. Let's give it some sharp teeth. And what about scary ears?


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[Assistant] I knew it all the time. Besides, squirrels aren't scary. It's a field mouse? Yes. Boo!


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[Assistant] Little gray squirrels can be a bit scary when they want to be. Bye!


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[Assistant] Even though little field mouse said she wasn't scared, I think she was.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone, welcome back to English with Lucy. I've got a slightly different video for you today. It's something I've had a lot of questions about recently and I'm going to talk to you about how I became fluent


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[Assistant] So, many of you will already know, but I'm sure many of you don't know, I am fluent in Spanish. If you would like to hear me speak Spanish, then you can click up here.


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[Assistant] I filmed a video speaking in Spanish, talking about the different...


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[Assistant] Now, the reason I am telling you this story in English rather than in Spanish is because I think it will be a really good opportunity for you guys to practise your listening and I also want you to feel more motivated with your language learning journey.


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[Assistant] Now I will warn you, I was very lucky in my situation.


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[Assistant] So I don't want you to think, oh god, Lucy's fluent because she had this, this and this and she's so lucky and the situation was perfect. No, I want to just show you and inspire you and kind of demonstrate that you can get to a really good level of fluency in a language that is not your mother tongue.


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[Assistant] Ah, and I have one thing to say before we get started. You can sign up for a free audiobook and 30-day free trial on audible.com. The link is in the description box. Videos like these are subtitled and will be really, really helpful for you if you want to improve your listening and understanding and pronunciation in English.


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[Assistant] But if you want to take it a step further, try an audiobook. It's something that can be really, really helpful and I've had fabulous feedback from all the Lucifers that have tried it already. So.


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[Assistant] Here it is, my journey to fluency in Spanish. Now please note that fluency to me does not mean 100% accuracy. Fluency to me means that you can speak without thinking. It is almost as easy as your native tongue.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I dream in Spanish, I have had relationships in Spanish, I can make jokes in Spanish, so...


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[Assistant] Really, I consider myself to be fluent, you might not agree with that. I do know that there are some issues with my pronunciation, like R.


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[Assistant] I can do it, but sometimes don't put it into the words, so sometimes I confuse my beras with my birras, so please bear with me. Right, so let's start the journey as it were. I grew up in a really really small village.


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[Assistant] In the county of Bedfordshire in England.


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[Assistant] And languages were never a big thing at my school. So typically English children will have to study French at school from the age of 10 and then I think you are allowed to give it up.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I started off in a state school, and then I went to a private school for four years, and then I went back to state. And uhm, I had been studying French, and I hated it. I loved the French language, but I found it really, really hard to learn. I was in a class of 40 children.


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[Assistant] And French kind of had the reputation of being like the most boring class ever, so I kind of went along with that.


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[Assistant] Um, and then when I moved to my next school, suddenly they told me I had to learn two languages. So I would continue with French and then I could choose Spanish or German. I asked everyone and I asked which one's the easiest and they told me Spanish was.


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[Assistant] So, I joined this class, it was about 25 girls, because it was a girls school. I was at the very bottom of the bottom class, because they'd had a couple of years, you know, Spanish experience, and I had never, I'd never even been to Spain at this point.


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[Assistant] So I sat there in all of the classes, really bored, really unenthusiastic. I didn't want to learn Spanish. I couldn't wait to give it up. I could not wait to stop Spanish. And I knew that at the age of 16, I would be able to. I went to every class. I sat there and was like, uh, hola, gato, perro, perro.


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[Assistant] To my surprise, I suddenly found myself understanding things and


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[Assistant] Whilst some of the other students were struggling with the grammar,


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[Assistant] It really made sense to me. But I didn't want it to make sense, so I sat there bored, but then I couldn't stop thinking outside of, of Spanish class. Caw, that present tense. Really makes sense.


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[Assistant] I'm a poet and I didn't even realise it. Anyway, uhm, so I decided, well, maybe I could get quite a good grade in the end of year exam if I actually study something. So I started really putting the work in and then I found the class to be a bit slow so I asked to be moved up to the top level.


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[Assistant] And they let me, and in the end I got the highest grade possible in my exam, age 16. But I really put the work in, and I remember I always used to have a bath every night, well I still do, but I remember very very clearly having a bath, and just speaking to myself in Spanish in the bath, and I would love to hear.


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[Assistant] From then on I decided that I loved Spanish.


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[Assistant] And I didn't just love Spanish, I also decided that Spanish men were incredibly good looking and sexy. Sexy.


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[Assistant] Really, they were really attractive. So I started, I started putting in a lot of effort. I was really lucky at my high school, I moved to a state school, and I was really lucky because nobody wanted to study languages. So I think there were 200 people in my year.


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[Assistant] One person studied German, two people studied French, and three people studied Spanish. No one did, but it was great for me because I had a really, really small class with an amazing teacher. She was called Miss Flores, and she was Irish, even though her surname was Flores, and just, she was so inspirational and pushed me hard in a good way. And so after one year of studying Spanish,


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[Assistant] I then decided I want to take this to the next level. So after one more year of studying Spanish, I mean, I wouldn't have been at even a B1 level. It was very, very little the amount we were doing.


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[Assistant] But I decided I want to take this to the next level. I was working at a pub and I was saving up all my money and I managed to buy flights and a Spanish course in Seville.


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[Assistant] Now, I don't really know why I picked Seville. I think it's because my first Spanish teacher had said that she was, she'd been to Seville and it was nice, so I thought, oh, I'll go to Seville then. I had no idea that Seville has a very thick


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[Assistant] Andalusian accent. So I got there with my, you know, standard schoolgirl Spanish and I didn't understand a bloody word.


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[Assistant] But anyway, I did a week at a school called Click.


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[Assistant] It's in the international house chain of schools. It was really, really good. If you want to do an intensive Spanish course, I would definitely do it there. And uhm,


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[Assistant] And I stayed with a host family, and I met lots of Spanish people.


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[Assistant] Going on mopeds and staying out far too late, making it to class because I wanted to learn my Spanish. So I went first time in August which was very very hot. I saved up all my money again after the trip in August and I went in October for another week and then I went again


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[Assistant] In April. So I was still 17 at this point and a guy that I had been friends with for a while, I met him again out there and


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[Assistant] So basically, we fell in love. We fell pretty hard in love, actually. We were together for four years. I won't say his name because I'd like to respect his privacy, but uhm, but yes, I fell very much in love with a Spanish man, and luckily, this man didn't speak such good English.


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[Assistant] So, our whole relationship was in Spanish. And we used to WhatsApp together all day long. I would go out there and see him as often as I could. I became so close with his family. And we ended up living together in London. We lived together in Seville. We lived together in London again. And...


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[Assistant] And that really was a driving force in my journey to fluency. And I would say after about a year of being with him, I felt completely fluent. I felt...


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[Assistant] That Spanish was just my natural language. Because we were living together, I would go to work and speak in English but my home life was always in Spanish. So that was a really big motivation.


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[Assistant] But you might be thinking, great Lucy, so happy for you that you managed to find a Spanish boyfriend, but how can I apply this to my language learning? Well, I've got some tips for you. The first tip is copying mouth movements. So when my ex-boyfriend would speak


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would always watch his mouth and the shapes that it made, and I started to realise that the sounds and the shapes were different. So, in English, we would say the letter D, d, d.


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[Assistant] But in Spanish, they would say the, the. So it would be like a flatter, a flatter shape. And I noticed this watching him. Because he's from the south of Spain, he would say, instead of estoy, he would say, estoy, estoy.


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[Assistant] Instead of saying things like keesesto, he would say kehetto, kehetto.


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[Assistant] So I started really, really copying the sounds he made rather than just the words. Another thing I experienced was complete immersion.


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[Assistant] So I was thrown into Spain at the deep end. I mean, I had to communicate because he was someone I wanted to communicate with. So when you're looking to learn a foreign language, really make sure that the motivation's there.


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[Assistant] You know, I want to pass my exam so that I can never study English again is not gonna make you fluent. You really have to think, why do I want to learn this language?


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[Assistant] And then, work towards that. Mine was, I want to be able to communicate fluently and comfortably and express myself to my boyfriend.


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[Assistant] So that was my motivation, and oh my god, I worked hard towards that goal. Now, another thing which you guys can also do is never let anything slip. And when I say never let anything slip, it means don't think, oh god, I don't know that word, tomorrow I'll search it, because you won't.


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[Assistant] I've got a video about learning vocabulary, which you can see right here, but basically


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[Assistant] Every time I heard my ex-boyfriend say a phrase or an expression that I didn't understand I would stop him and ask him to explain it to me and if he couldn't I would write it down and I would search it later and I was meticulous with that. You aren't just going to pick up


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[Assistant] I remember having a really hard time with the word baya.


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[Assistant] Like, by a, by a coach and I was like,


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[Assistant] What does that mean? And I remember that he couldn't explain it to me and I just went on a quest, on a, on a road to discovery. I needed to find out what baya meant and when I should use it and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I actually found that people were really kind to me and when I asked them to repeat things or I didn't understand a joke, they would slow down and explain it to me. And if they were rude about it, I didn't want them in my life anyway. So. Another thing I did was I always watched Spanish YouTubers. I loved Hola Soy German.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I also loved out on play. I just find him so funny. He does like prank videos and...


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[Assistant] And I read Harry Potter in Spanish because I love the Harry Potter books in English, so it was really interesting to read it in Spanish. And that's just something that you have to remember. You need to be interested, you need to have a motivation. So for me, reading a book about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Economics in Spanish would not motivate me at all to learn the language and I probably wouldn't finish it. Probably wouldn't start it actually.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so choose things that are really relevant to you if you like photography.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you also want to learn a language. Find somebody doing photography tutorials.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In English. And there we have it. You've made your own lesson for yourself. Now I want to talk to you about a couple of things that I love and I wouldn't have without speaking a second language fluently.


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[Assistant] And the first one is, I have two personalities. Honestly, everybody says it in English, I'm quite, I, I'm not really, I'm not really very vulgar around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In English, I'm more professional and I think I'm more...


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[Assistant] I'm slightly more polite, especially in the way I speak, but in Spanish, because I kind of learnt my Spanish from somebody who said swear words and used, you know, lots of slang phrases and had a thick accent, well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It kind of developed my Spanish personality as well. So, I mean, it's not forced at all, it's just the way I naturally am, but it's great to have, you know, kind of two sides to me as well. The second thing is two sense of humours.


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[Assistant] And this is great because English jokes do not translate into Spanish and Spanish jokes do not translate into English.


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[Assistant] So in English I make people laugh using puns and play on words and things like that and in Spanish I have to think of other things. So in Spanish we tell more anecdotes, we like to make people laugh about our experiences and things like that. That's just my interpretation but it's great to have


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[Assistant] Different funny stories that I can tell to different groups of people that just don't translate. Also being fluent in the second language has really opened up my mind. Uhm, it's made me much more confident.


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[Assistant] And just the final thing is that I really, really enjoy speaking Spanish. And if you can get to a level where you enjoy speaking that language,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything is just going to fly. You are going to have so much fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yes guys, this was quite a long video. I hope that it's motivated you and inspired you a little bit. Yes, I had a boyfriend who spoke the language that I was wanting to learn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, you don't have to do that, it might not be possible. And you certainly shouldn't look for one just to learn English. I was very lucky, but take little bits of information from my story and apply it to your own story. Which might be starting, it might have already started, you might be close to finishing.


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[Assistant] And just do the best that you can do with your situation and your time. That's it for today's video. Don't forget to sign up for your audiobook at audible.com. The link is in the description. And don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media. I've got my Instagram and my Facebook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I will see you soon for another lesson. Muah!


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[Assistant] Uhm, uh, Mr. Gates, my name's David Lovell, I'm from CSIRO, uh, and the Australian Bioinformatics Network. I've got a lot of things, uhm, to say thank you for, uhm, uh, your work and I...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wanna say thanks in particular for the work of the foundation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I understand your daughter's, uh, about to go to university.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When people cast themselves in narrow terms, uh, I'm a computer scientist or I'm an electrical engineer or a bioscientist or something like that, that doesn't quite seem to address what


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think the world needs which are people who have talents across the spectrum of disciplines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I probably should have thought better about the actual question I'm going to ask you, but it speaks to this sort of multi-faceted nature of education and collaboration. Do you have some thoughts about whether society is well served by seeing education cast in these roles of specific disciplines? Uhm, what are your thoughts on that?


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[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. You may notice that my voice is a little bit different. This is because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have bronchitis and a couple of days ago I couldn't even talk, so you're lucky you're getting this video today. Yeah, it's been, uhm, not a nice week, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Order, which is really really important if you want to sound like a native speaker. Before we get started, I just wanted to remind you, this video is going to take your writing and your grammar to the next level, but if you want to improve your listening, don't forget to sign up for your free trial at audible.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The link is in the description box. You get one month of 30-day free trial and you get a free audiobook. They've got hundreds of titles. It's an amazing service. And if you listen to the book whilst reading it, you really can improve your listening, reading, and your pronunciation because you get to hear how the word is pronounced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's get on with the video. Now this is a general order. You might sometimes hear native speakers using a different order, but this is generally the order that we use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's quite long, but it goes as the following. First, we would say our opinion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we would say the size of the noun. Big, tiny. Then we would say the shape. Fat, round. Then we would say the condition. Broken, dirty. Then we would say the age. Ancient, new for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then the colour, red, white. You guys know the colours. Then the pattern, spotty, striped. Then we would say the origin, Spanish, Indonesian. Then we would go on to say the material, cotton, metal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, the purpose, so a sleeping, for like a sleeping bag, or a flower for a flower pot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, so this is the order that we use to list the adjectives before a noun. But my top tip is we don't tend to list more than three. So use this order, pick three of them and put it before a noun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for example, I've got a red Spanish flamenco dress. No, I really, really do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm so in love with it, I can't wait to wear it at the Feria de Sevilla this year. Okay, or I could say I am wearing a burgundy silk blouse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, as I like to talk about important items and prized possessions, in the comments I would like you to write


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three objects that you really, really love. So I want you to describe them using the adjectives in the correct order.