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[Assistant] Another crow landed on the wire.


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[Assistant] Two crows landed on the wire.


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[Assistant] Another crow landed on the wire.


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[Assistant] Another crow landed on the wire.


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[Assistant] More crows landed on the wire.


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[Assistant] Write a sentence with the word crows.


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[Assistant] Draw a picture to go with your sentence. Math


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[Assistant] Count how many crows are on each page Write the number of crows on each page


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[Assistant] I'm great, I'm really happy to be back, ready to deliver another great podcast for all our listeners.


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[Assistant] Right, and they're actually looking at their profit and loss statements, so that's kind of interesting.


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[Assistant] Uh, yeah, sure. Well, all companies come out with a profit and loss statement every year or every three months. And it's basically a document that shows all the money that the company is spending and all the money that the company is earning.


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[Assistant] Right, so in the end basically it'll tell you we're making money or we're losing money.


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[Assistant] Okay great, so today on our vocabulary preview we have two words for you. So let's take a look at the first one.


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[Assistant] Right, so for example, in a company, regular company expenses are salaries, or office supplies, or the phone bills, internet bills.


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[Assistant] Expenses, great. Let's take a look at our second word, through the roof.


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[Assistant] Through the roof. Through the roof. Through the roof. So when something is through the roof, it's... Really, really, really, really high. Really high.


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[Assistant] So, for example, we can talk about gas prices are through the roof lately.


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[Assistant] So when we talk about through the roof, it means that the number is really high.


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[Assistant] Yep, let's listen to the dialogue. As always, the first dialogue is gonna be a little bit fast, so it might be a little bit difficult, but...


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[Assistant] Well, we'll talk about that in a little while. Why don't we take a look at our language takeaway for today?


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[Assistant] It's pretty similar, but it has a little bit of a difference, so why don't we listen to some examples and see if we can understand.


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[Assistant] Right, that's the total amount of money versus expenses is the things that you spend money on.


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[Assistant] So when something is out of control, it's crazy. You can't control it. Exactly. You can't stop it. You can't stop it. Out of control. Okay, great. Now let's take a look at our last word for today. Go over. Go over.


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[Assistant] Go over. Go over. So go over is a pretty simple word. Why don't we listen to some examples so we can understand go over. Example one.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's, and that's a more natural way of saying something like that.


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[Assistant] And this time the dialogue will be slower so we can understand and listen to all the words we just talked about.


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[Assistant] Great, so today on Fluency Builder, we have three words for you. Let's start by looking at the first one. Off the charts.


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[Assistant] Right, so let's listen to some examples of how we can use off the charts in a different situation.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, you can. Definitely. You can use off the charts or through the roof. Both of them mean the same thing.


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[Assistant] Right, and we heard it in our dialogue, so let's listen to the clip.


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[Assistant] So this word means that you're going to do something about it.


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[Assistant] Exactly, so I will do something about it. I will investigate, and I'll do it.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now let's listen to the dialogue a third time. It's gonna be at its normal speed, but now you have all the tools you need to understand it a lot better.


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[Assistant] Yes, when you are a manager or a CEO of one of these big companies, you get a lot of great things like, I don't know, a private jet maybe?


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[Assistant] Or uhm, the company often pays for your house.


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[Assistant] Uhm, they'll pay for your kids or your children's, uh, tuition for high school.


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[Assistant] And also, I've heard about entertainment bonuses.


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[Assistant] We definitely want to know what crazy expenses you have. For example...


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[Assistant] Yes, you spend a lot of money on Coke Zeroes every week, right? Yeah, I probably have about, I don't know, 10 a week.


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[Assistant] Well, for example, I spend a lot on DVDs each week. I usually buy two or three movies.


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[Assistant] That is off the charts for DVD spending. So we want to know what you spend your money on. Be sure to go into our community website and tell us what you spend money on.


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[Assistant] Great, so, we'll see you there, and until then, it's... Goodbye!


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[Assistant] I don't know. I feel terrible. I really didn't mean to knock you over. My tire just exploded and I lost control of my bike. Really it was an accident. Please accept my apologies.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's right. I think we've met somewhere before. We met at Aaron's place last weekend. What a coincidence.


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[Assistant] Norman Clark. That name sounds familiar. Where have I heard it before?


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[Assistant] Oh no, I'm so sorry. Are you alright?


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[Assistant] I feel terrible. I didn't mean to knock you over.


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[Assistant] My tire just exploded and I lost control of my bike. Really, it was an accident. Please accept my apologies.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think we have met somewhere before. That's right, we met at Aaron's place last weekend. What a coincidence. But anyway...


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[Assistant] I'm glad to see that you're not badly hurt and I should probably get going. I have a 9 o'clock meeting. But here's my number. Call me and we'll exchange insurance information.


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[Assistant] I'm canceling my appointment so that I can stay here with you.


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[Assistant] I'm so sorry. I feel terrible. Please accept my apologies.


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[Assistant] I'm so sorry. I feel terrible. Please accept my apologies.


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[Assistant] I didn't mean to knock you over. It was an accident.


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[Assistant] I didn't mean to knock you over. It was an accident.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's right. I think we've met somewhere before. We met at Aaron's place last weekend. What a coincidence.


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[Assistant] As the sun sets over the waves, vast numbers of animals begin to rise from the depths of the ocean towards the surface.


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[Assistant] Creatures that had sought refuge from predators during the day, but now under the cover of darkness


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[Assistant] They gather near the surface to feed on the abundant food.


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[Assistant] Driven by a number of processes, these deep sea migrations unite planktonic organisms and their predators in a constant cycle of movement.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at some of the deep sea's unique migrating animals, and uncover their incredible adaptations to a wandering lifestyle.


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[Assistant] Spending their entire lives in the expanse of the open ocean.


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[Assistant] Thus, many have become migratory, adopting certain routes and behaviours in order to follow prey, find partners, or seek out secluded shallows to raise their young.


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[Assistant] A very minimal amount of light makes its way down here.


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[Assistant] Using this ability, a huge diversity of organisms migrate up towards the surface as night begins to fall, and migrate back down again come the dawn.


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[Assistant] A mass movement so dense that it shows up on echo sounders as a false bottom.


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[Assistant] And it is the largest mass migration on the planet.


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[Assistant] As a gathering of creatures from vastly different groups.


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[Assistant] And it all relies on the smallest of marine organisms. Zoo plankton, which migrate vertically towards the surface at night to escape deep sea predators.


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[Assistant] ...are engaged in a never-ending evolutionary race, with each adapting to the behaviour of the other in order to better their chances of survival. The prey live their lives on the edge. Existence is a careful balancing act to ensure that they are neither eaten nor starved to death.


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[Assistant] Heading back to the secluded, deeper waters before dawn may mean going hungry but staying alive. A necessary compromise.


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[Assistant] For zooplankton and other prey like lanternfish, being unfed is better than being dead. And indeed, the depths are somewhat safer.


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[Assistant] Here, they're adaptations of transparent or dark-colored bodies.


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[Assistant] Large eyes and bioluminescence help them disappear into the inky darkness. At the surface, these features become a liability.


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[Assistant] But the migrations are necessary. Without them, the steady supply of marine snow


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[Assistant] The organic material that sinks ever downwards from the shallows.


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[Assistant] Largely due to the presence of algae and microscopic plants that cannot exist in deeper water where there is no light.


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[Assistant] And the zoo plankton must gather at the surface to prey on them.


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[Assistant] Consequently, the entire food web of the deep sea follows.


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[Assistant] Comb jellies lie in wait of passing plankton, undulating their hair-like cilia to attract prey.


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[Assistant] With teeth too big to fit in their mouths, and armed with a luring bioluminescence.


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[Assistant] But among the key prey animals that adopt this daily migratory behaviour, a krill.


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[Assistant] During their migrations towards the surface, krill gather in large dense swarms.


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[Assistant] That provide a concentrated source of nutrients.


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[Assistant] Builds a large mucus net around itself that can be over a meter wide. A deadly trap used for capturing krill.


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[Assistant] They, like many creatures, hang motionless in the water column, in wait of the migrating shoals to pass through.


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[Assistant] The arms race between predator and prey has led to deep sea predators evolving various strategies for hunting migrators.


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[Assistant] This is demonstrated by the behaviour of many aggressive predator squids, like the Humboldt squid.


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[Assistant] Lantern fish. A glow with bioluminescent light.


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[Assistant] They join the five billion metric tons of animals that migrate towards the surface each night.


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[Assistant] is one of the great forces that shapes the diversity and productivity of the oceans.


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[Assistant] Life in the deep sea would be nowhere near as diverse without this cycle.


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[Assistant] Next time, we'll examine the transoceanic seasonal migrations undertaken by larger animals in response to changing seasons and food availability. From the infamous journey of whales, to the treacherous migration of sardines.


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[Assistant] You can connect with your audience and generate revenue through gated members only content. You can also send email communications, manage members and leverage audience insights. All in one easy to use platform.


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[Assistant] Go to squarespace.com for a free trial. And when you're ready to launch your site, go to squarespace.com slash natural world facts to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain.


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[Assistant] Hello English learners and welcome to EnglishPod. My name's Erica and I'm here with... Marco? Marco, hurry up! I'm coming! Hurry up Marco, we've got a lesson!


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[Assistant] That's right, an elementary lesson about being in a rush and about giving directions when you're in a car.


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[Assistant] We're going to listen to two friends who are getting in a car and they're getting ready to go somewhere and they're in a big hurry. So let's hurry up and listen to the dialogue.


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[Assistant] Exactly. You might also say, speed up.


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[Assistant] So our third word for today is having a fit.


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[Assistant] It means you get really angry and you can't control your emotions. So maybe you start screaming and maybe some steam comes out of your ears.


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[Assistant] Yeah, quite simple. It gives you the idea that you go through something quickly.


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[Assistant] Yep, or let's cut through the backyard.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you're right. It's two simple words that when you fit them together, the meaning changes. It's a great example of this real English we talk about.


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[Assistant] Exactly. So if I take a shortcut, I go the short way.


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[Assistant] Okay, well I think that was a lot more clear this time. You know, there was some great language in that dialogue and I would like to look at how we can put it together. Putting it together.


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[Assistant] And we're going to show you how you can use these phrases like a native speaker.


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[Assistant] Yeah, and we can extend this phrase to say, make a right.


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[Assistant] Exactly, that means turn the car 180 degrees all the way around.


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[Assistant] Okay, so let's move to our second phrase and it is, are you nuts? Are you nuts? Are you nuts? So this is a great way of saying,


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[Assistant] So Marco, let's stop this podcast right now. Are you nuts? Okay, I think that's a good example of how we can use this phrase. Yes. So are you nuts? Are you insane? Are you mad?


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[Assistant] So I think that's clear, and now we can move to our third phrase, which is, let's take a side street.


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[Assistant] So we can take this phrase and extend it out with a few more words. We might say, let's take Wilson Avenue.


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[Assistant] So let's take a side street. Let's take Wilson Avenue. Let's take the freeway.


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[Assistant] Well this dialogue is all about driving, right? Yes. And in North America, where both of us are from, uh, driving is everything.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's the thing. In many countries, you have to wait till I think you're 18 to drive. But, uh, in North America, everyone has a driver's license by the time they're 16 years old.


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[Assistant] It's a lot less likely to have, uh, subways or trains to travel by in North America.


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[Assistant] Well everyone, I really hope you enjoyed this lesson. Now I want to remind you all to come to our EnglishPod website at EnglishPod.com and here you'll find a lot of tools to help you understand our podcasts better. So with that, until next time, this is goodbye.


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[Assistant] Scattered throughout the sprawling expanse of the ocean, are isolated pinnacles of land.


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[Assistant] And lay the foundations for complex ecosystems that bloom from the jagged cliffs.


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[Assistant] These are the islands of the open ocean. Havens for the lost and the stray.


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[Assistant] And allows creatures to diverge into the beautiful and the bizarre.


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[Assistant] Ecosystems that would not exist if not for the powerful forces that pulled these mighty rocks from the abyss.


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[Assistant] Much of an island's life is spent at this stage. Some endure like this for millions of years


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[Assistant] Giving plants and animals time to arrive and adapt to a life in isolation.


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[Assistant] The islands diminish, but this is not the end of their story.


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[Assistant] Around the island of Bora Bora in the South Pacific, a lagoon and a thick coral reef provide sanctuary for young creatures.


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[Assistant] In the case of both atolls and islands, their isolation provides new opportunities for life to thrive.


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[Assistant] There are a few mechanisms by which plants and animals make this staggering journey. Wind is essential


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[Assistant] Let's settle upon the rocks and begin the process of ecological succession.


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[Assistant] Only able to survive here due to their tolerance to the extremes. Upon their arrival, barren lifeless rocks begin to bloom.


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[Assistant] The volcanic mountains experience succession at different rates, depending on their exposure to wind.


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[Assistant] Migratory birds are brought to new islands as they traverse the skies above the waves.


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[Assistant] Sea turtles and crabs, unimpended by the sea.


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[Assistant] As more and more life convenes at these remote shores, a climax community gradually forms.


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[Assistant] Rather than the once barren rocks being covered in mosses and lichens, they now host sprawling forests.


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[Assistant] You only have to compare the life of Hawaii's oldest and newest islands to observe this process.


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[Assistant] With its own set of conditions, life that arrives here can evolve differently. Over time they transform to create new species.


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[Assistant] This process, in which organisms diversify rapidly from ancestral species, is called adaptive radiation.


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[Assistant] On islands, it arises from the unique resources available, and the new biotic interactions that in turn open new niches.


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[Assistant] The only way to survive in these unfamiliar worlds is to adapt quickly.


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[Assistant] In the Galapagos Islands, 13 species of small land birds, called Darwin's finches, are a classic example of adaptive radiation.


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[Assistant] Their common ancestor arrived on the Galapagos about two million years ago.


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[Assistant] Since then, they have diversified into 15 new species, each different in terms of body size, beak shape, song, and feeding behaviour.


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[Assistant] The Galapagos Islands are also home to communities of giant tortoises, as well as the peculiar marine iguana. The only iguana on Earth to feed exclusively underwater.


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[Assistant] Flattened tails allow them to swim with ease like a crocodile.


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[Assistant] It is believed that they adapted to a seafaring lie from land iguanas around 4.5 million years ago.


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[Assistant] An event only made possible by the abundant food found in the waters that surround the islands. We'll explore why this is the case later on in the video.


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[Assistant] As shown by Darwin's finches in the case of marine iguanas,


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[Assistant] Populations on different islands experience a different set of selection pressures, so they change in different ways.


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[Assistant] But despite the divergence that arises from a life in isolation there are a number of traits


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[Assistant] That seemed to reappear time and time again.


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[Assistant] This process is called convergent evolution.


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[Assistant] When the early ancestors of lemurs arrived on Madagascar,


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[Assistant] They found themselves on an island rich with diverse habitats.


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[Assistant] Perhaps the most bizarre creature to arise from this was the aye-aye, a primate that behaves like a woodpecker.


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[Assistant] ...allows the AI to reach deep into the trunks of trees.


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[Assistant] It traded in the strong back legs and agile bodies of its cousins for an entirely different but equally efficient lifestyle.


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[Assistant] Islands create opportunities for life beneath the surface, as well as above the waves.


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[Assistant] Tropical corals will make the most of any solid surface that provides access to the sunlight zone.


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[Assistant] In addition, wherever there is a landmass in the open ocean, currents and circulation patterns change.


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[Assistant] nutrients from colder, deeper waters rise towards the surface, creating a world of abundant food.


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[Assistant] At the Galapagos Islands, the cold Humboldt current flows north from Antarctica.


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[Assistant] Bringing nutrient rich water, and helping sustain the rich marine biodiversity.


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[Assistant] Around many oceanic islands, mangroves dip their roots into the shallows.


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[Assistant] They provide ideal breeding grounds for fish and crustaceans, while juveniles find shelter among the roots.


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[Assistant] Coral reefs are often found in concert with seagrass beds and mangrove forests around oceanic islands.


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[Assistant] Seagrass beds act as an additional barrier to silt and mud that could smother the reefs and kill the corals. In return,


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[Assistant] The productive marine ecosystem around islands would collapse.


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[Assistant] Island ecosystems are a pillar on which much of the ocean's biodiversity is dependent.


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[Assistant] In providing a foundation for corals and a sanctuary for juveniles.


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[Assistant] With islands providing boundless opportunities for evolution to run wild.


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[Assistant] If you've ever wanted to read a book but just can't find the time, then this app is for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It serves as a brilliant way to learn about topics like science, history and philosophy.


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[Assistant] With Blinkist, you've got thousands of titles and 27 categories of the world's best knowledge to choose from.


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[Assistant] Personally, I use the extensive library of wildlife and nature related blinks.


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[Assistant] To expand my knowledge in just 15 minute sessions.


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[Assistant] I would highly recommend using Blinkist to check out Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari.


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[Assistant] And of course, David Attenborough's superb biography, A Life on Our Planet.


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[Assistant] The first 100 people to go to Blinkist.com slash Natural World Facts will gain free and unlimited access for one week to try out the app.


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[Assistant] You'll also get a 25% discount if you want the full membership. The link can be found in the description below.


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[Assistant] But here at EnglishPod we can make anything happen, so that's why we have done this. To be creative. To be creative. So let's take a look at our vocabulary preview for this lesson.


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[Assistant] Okay, well, I guess we're ready to listen to our dialogue for the first time. Uh, and it's gonna be kinda fast, but...


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[Assistant] Okay, so Santa has escaped from the police car, eh? Thank God. It's like a war over there. They were really firing everything.


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[Assistant] Okay, well, we can take a look at some great vocabulary from this dialogue. Why don't we start with our language takeaway for today?


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[Assistant] Exactly, and the first word that we have today is booked. Booked. Booked. Booked is another way of saying


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[Assistant] Impounded. That's when your car gets arrested.


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[Assistant] Okay, great examples and basically ruined means destroyed. Yeah, messed up. Messed up. Okay, now for our last word, back up. Back up. So now for our last word.


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[Assistant] You see it all the time in war movies, police, call for backup.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's different. So, back up, back up.


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[Assistant] Okay, so without the sound effects and without any noise, I think it's much more clear now, right? A little less dramatic. Less dramatic, but good language.


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[Assistant] Right, so for example you can say, this woman claimed to be your wife.


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[Assistant] It means that you have a lot of security, a lot of bodyguards, or a lot of...


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[Assistant] Yeah, but in South America, for example, we have the tooth mouse.


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[Assistant] Well, in some places it's called ratoncito perez.


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[Assistant] Uh, in other places it's just called ratoncito, raton, which means mouse.


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[Assistant] Yes, Emily. When the sun sets, the shadows go away. Peppa! George! Bedtime!


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[Assistant] Alright, so let's start by looking at our vocabulary preview for this dialogue.


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[Assistant] Okay, the first word on our vocabulary preview today is contingency plan.


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[Assistant] So like a backup plan. Exactly. Okay. Yep. Contingency plan. And our last word for the vocabulary preview today is pandemic. Pandemic. Pandemic. Pandemic. So a pandemic is something scary.


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[Assistant] Okay, so a disease that spreads very fast and goes everywhere.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we're ready to listen to our dialogue. We are gonna be at a business meeting where people are talking about a contingency plan.


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[Assistant] Alright, what an ironic meeting. Uh, they are talking about the bird flu and they are going to have chickens.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I guess now we could take a look at our language takeaway for this dialogue.


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[Assistant] Okay, why don't you tell us about our third word?


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[Assistant] So to forecast basically means to predict. Exactly. For example, you talk about the weather forecast. Yep.


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[Assistant] Okay, great. And the last word for our language takeaway is vaccines. Vaccines. Vaccines. Vaccines. So vaccines are something we all had when we were children. That's true. They are injections that you get to prevent you from getting sick later.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's all for language takeaways, some great language related to health and disease. But we also heard some great business related words in this dialogue.


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[Assistant] Let's move on. Exactly. Let's pass to the next topic.


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[Assistant] So we need to come up with a clear plan. We need to think of, think of a clear plan.


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[Assistant] It means I'd like you to lead or take care of this project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'll leave this to you. So I'll leave this to you. This is you take charge. Exactly. I'll leave this to you. That's a great way of delegating a responsibility. And so we're going to leave you to listen to our dialogue last time and be sure to pick up all the great vocabulary that we just talked about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great. So, this contingency plan idea is really interesting, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, I guess that's really important and, uh, you have to forecast all these, uh, possibilities, like people are gonna be away from the office, or even forecast less sales, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah. Well, hopefully they'll come out with a vaccine so we don't have to worry about these things. That's true. But until then, we'll have to create contingency plans. That's right. Okay guys, we're out of time today and I hope you enjoyed our lesson and found all these words and phrases really useful and you can apply them in real life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like you to meet my boyfriend, Greg. He's the VP of Quality and Safety for a top Fortune 500 food company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's watch a movie. How about Texas Chainsaw Massacre?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bringing into view a wealth of rarely seen marine life.


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[Assistant] Here, the sparse isolated pools open a window on the many conflicts that these creatures must contend with in order to survive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here the tide can go out for almost two miles, creating this expansive, vast habitat of rock pools that are strewn across the landscape.


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[Assistant] Boulders and rocks for animals to hide under. Now, it might look like from the surface there is an abundance of opportunity, but in reality it's harsh. These animals in these pools are left stranded, isolated to fight off the elements and the predators until the ocean tides come back in and provide their salvation.


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[Assistant] By developing some remarkable adaptations to evade predators, and apparently us too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While their shell protects them from predators and the heat of the sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, their impressive set of claws are used to ward off predators.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what that is, is the sound of life, of, you know, crabs scurrying over the seaweed, shrimps and sandflakes hopping along. It's just bustling with life, and it's all so well hidden, because this is the environment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where these creatures are best adapted for survival. Now I've just spotted down here in this rock pool, a beautiful white crab here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see how well camouflaged it is against just these random pebbles strewn all over the place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The hard exoskeletons of the crabs means they are not confined to any one pool when the tide recedes. They can traverse the rocky landscape with ease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, there are both red and green varieties of seaweed along the coastline. So the shore crabs reflect this in their camouflage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Found with either red or green undersides.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The nutrient cycle of life, death and decay is incredibly apparent here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any flesh left within these shells is quickly picked clean by a voracious cleanup crew of isopods. Small invertebrates that resemble


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And are closely related to the woodlice you might find in your garden, as well as the enormous deep sea isopod, all of which are responsible for the same task in their respective ecosystems. I've just lifted up this rock and found a limpet shell full of those isopod looking things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These guys are the ones that recycle it back into the ecosystem to make those nutrients available for the other creatures. Sure enough, I've just found another of these limpet shells. And look at that. It's a dead one with some flesh left over. And sure enough, down in that crevice is one of those isopods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It became even more apparent how these creatures play a part in nutrient cycling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Almost immediately, they began picking off and eating dead skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Devouring dead organic debris and recycling the nutrients.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After nearly six hours spent isolated, far from the cool embrace of the open ocean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The starved landscape begins to slowly fill with water. The tide is returning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Replenishing the pools and revitalising the seaweed beds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The crabs, shrimps, gobies and limpets are free to rejoin the greater marine ecosystem, enjoying a brief taste of freedom before the cycle repeats itself once again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you often find yourself stressed or anxious, or you have trouble studying or sleeping, then this is the app for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] by taking everything they know about sound and combining that knowledge with cutting edge technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Endel creates real-time soundscapes in order to help you relax, focus, or sleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the best part is that these audio experiences are unique and personalized for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Accessible via a really clean and welcoming interface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I often like to have music on in the background as I work or write scripts for my videos, but I find it can be distracting, particularly when there are lyrics playing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Endel's focus mode really solves this problem for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first 100 people to visit the link in the description below.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll get to experience Andal completely free for one week. I hope you guys enjoy it as much as I do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, in Chinese, we call it Shuijiao, uhm, and it's a very traditional Chinese food and it's getting very famous now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, if you're a university student and you haven't got a job yet?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, uhm, at the end, again, it's very traditional Chinese game, and, uh, you will see senior people always gathering along the table. So old people. Old people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's kind of like chess, but they have like special, specially made chess. It's very different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then usually we do it, uh, right after the midnight, so 12 o'clock. Yep. And it's very loud and, uhm, say for example, I personally don't even dare to stay close when they set off the firecrackers because it's just way too loud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, don't worry about it. I'll take care of everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you for coming. You look delicious, uh, I mean beautiful. Please, come in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, don't worry about it. I'll take care of everything. I'll see you tonight. Come with an appetite. I know I will.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, don't worry about it. I'll take care of everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you for coming. You look delicious. Uh, I mean beautiful. Please come in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are there lions and tigers at the zoo?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like to eat leaves. Munch, munch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All About Spiders. Written by Russ Buyak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider has eight legs. It eats bugs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider has eight legs. It can climb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider has eight legs. It can make silk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider has eight legs. It has many eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider has eight legs. It can live outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honey, I promise this won't happen again. It's just that I-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on, Veronica, that's not fair. I do care about you a lot, you know that. I try to-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, Veronica, would you listen to me? There was a fire alarm at my office building today and I was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honey, I promise this won't happen again. It's just that I-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on, Veronica, that's not fair. I do care about you. A lot. You know that. I tried.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Veronica, would you just listen to me? There was a fire alarm at my office building today and I was stuck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You forgot my birthday. Do you have any idea how angry I am?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honey, I promise this won't happen again. It's just that I-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I do care about you a lot, you know that. I try to-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, Veronica, would you listen to me? There was a fire alarm at my office building today, and I was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome. My name is William and today's data structure is the indexed priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just before we get started, this video builds off concepts from the previous priority queue videos, which simply go over the basics. Strictly speaking, you can probably get by without watching all those videos as I will be doing a quick recap


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for those of you who want to know priority queues in full detail, please check out the description for links to those


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what exactly is an indexed priority queue? Well, it's a traditional priority queue variant, which on top of having all the regular priority queue operations


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also supports quick updates and deletions of key value pairs. One of the big problems that the index priority queue solves is being able to quickly look up and dynamically change the values in your priority queue on the fly, which is often very useful


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's look at an example. Suppose a hospital has a waiting room with n people which need different levels of attention.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each person in the waiting room has a certain condition that needs to be dealt with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] James has an arrow in his leg, he has a priority of 7. Naida's stomach hurts, she gets a priority of 3. Richard has a fractured wrist, so his priority is 5. And lastly, Leia also has a stomach that hurts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, then something happens. Suppose Naida's stomach condition worsens, and she starts vomiting. Her priority needs to get updated to 6.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of this, Naida gets served next, once they're finished with James.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During this time, Richard gets impatient and leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He goes to another clinic down the street, so he no longer needs to be accounted for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Further suppose that Akarsh goes to take a drink of water slips on the floor and as a result cracks his head and needs immediate attention. So we increase his priority to 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once Naida is dealt with Akarsh should be next. And lastly, this is followed by Leia. As we saw in the hospital example,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is very important to be able to dynamically update the priority of certain people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The index priority queue is a data structure which lets us do this efficiently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first step to using an index priority queue is to assign index values to all the keys, thus forming a bi-directional mapping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Note that this mapping is intended to be bi directional. So I would advise using a bi directional hash table to be able to flip back and forth between the key and its key index. Basically, any operation on the index priority queue will require associated key index of a particular key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will say though that often and I mean very often the keys themselves are already integers in the range zero to n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's no need to actually construct this bi directional mapping, it's already there implicitly. However, it is handy to be able to support any type of key such as names, or general objects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can think of an index priority queue as an abstract data type with certain operations we want it to support. Here are about a dozen or so operations we want our index priority queue support. These are deleting keys, getting the value associated with a key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Checking if a key exists in the priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Getting the key index with the smallest value, getting smallest value in the index


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being able to insert and update key value pairs. And finally, the specialized update operations increase and decrease key, which I'll talk about at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For all these operations, you need the key index associated with a particular key that you're dealing with. Throughout these slides, I will be denoting the key index simply as the variable ki to distinguish it from other index values. So keep your eye out for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An index priority queue can be implemented in several ways, some ways with really good time complexities using specialized heap structures. However, we're going to cover the binary heap implementation for simplicity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will notice that the time and complexity for all these operations are either constant or logarithmic, which is really good. In a traditional party queue, the remove and update operations are linear because we are not maintaining a mapping to the position of where our values exist within the heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we dive into the index priority queue per se, I want to spend a few slides giving a refresher on the traditional priority queue data structure, which only supports values, not key value pairs like the index priority queue still.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both data structures are very similar and most people would consider them the same, although there are key differences, in my opinion.


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[Assistant] Recall that a very common way to represent a binary heap is with an array, since every node is indexed sequentially.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The left child is two times i plus one and the right child is two times i plus two, assuming zero based indices. As an example, what are the children of the node at index four?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we can just plug i into the two formulas I just gave you to obtain the indices nine and 10. Of course, you can always run the math backwards and figure out what the parent of given notice


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both of these are especially useful if you're either walking up or down a tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whenever you want to insert a new value into the priority queue, you insert the new value at the insertion position at the bottom right of the binary tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Swap nodes two and five and now the tree is balanced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's review how removals are done in a traditional priority queue to remove items, search for the element you want to remove and then swap it with the last node, perform the removal and finally bubble up or down the swapped value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this example, suppose we want to remove the node that has the value five, we don't know where the node value five is within the priority queue. So we have to search for it. This is one of the major differences between the priority queue and the index priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So start at node zero and process each node sequentially until a node with a value of five is found, if any.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we found a node with a value five to actually remove it from the heap, swap it with the rightmost bottom node. Once this is done, remove node five from the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the purple node we swapped into five split position may not satisfy the heap invariant. So we need to either move it up or down the tree. In this case, since the purple node has the value of one, which is smaller than its children, and we're dealing with a max heap, we'll want to move the node down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was a quick recap on just about everything you need to know about a traditional priority queue. Now let's talk about implementing an indexed priority queue with a binary heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the following examples, suppose we're dealing with n people with different priorities that we need to serve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perhaps we're prioritizing people for a queue at a hospital, a waiting line at a restaurant, or who knows what. The main thing is we'll assume that the values can dynamically change and that we always want to serve the person with the lowest priority.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To figure out who to serve next we'll use a min indexed priority queue to sort by lowest value first.


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[Assistant] The first step as mentioned before is to assign each person a unique index value between zero and n non inclusive. These are the key index values in the second column beside each person's name.


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[Assistant] Then I'm going to give each person an initial value to place inside the index priority queue.


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[Assistant] These values will be maintained by the index priority queue once inserted. Note that the values can be any comparable value you want to not only integers as shown here. This means we can have strings objects or whatever type of data we want.


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[Assistant] If I was to build a min indexed priority queue out of the key value pairs I have on the last slide, this is the heap I would get.


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[Assistant] Remember that unlike the previous example, we're sorting by smallest value first since we're dealing with a min key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I want to access the value for a given key K, first, you need to figure out what its key indexes, and then do a lookup in the values array maintained by the index priority queue. Here's a good question. What value does the key Bella have in the index priority queue?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, first, find Bella's key index value, which is one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then index into the values array at position one to find the corresponding value for the key in the index particular. So Bella has a value of 15.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awesome. Now we know how to get the value for a particular key in the index part of queue. But how do we get the index of the node for a particular key?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To do that, we'll need to maintain some additional information, namely a position map we can use to tell us the index of a node in the heap for any given key index. For convenience, I will store the position map as an array called PM inside the priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As an example, let's find out which node represents the key Dylan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, find a key index for Dylan, which happens to be three


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then look up index three in the position map to tell you where Dylan is in the heap. It looks like Dylan is at the node at the index seven highlighted in orange.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now here's a follow up question. Where is George in the heap?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so with just about every operation, the first step is to find the key index for the key we care about, which is George, then use the key index to do a lookup inside the position map and find out the node for George, which happens to be node one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. Now we know how to look up the node for a given key, but how do we find the key for a given node?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This inverse lookup will prove to be a very useful operation. Say you want to know which key is associated with the root node at index zero. Well, you need to be able to do an inverse lookup to figure that out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To do the inverse lookup from node indices to keys, we'll need to maintain an inverse lookup table, I will denote this lookup table as I am short for inverse math.


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[Assistant] Let's see if we can figure out which person is represented in the node at index two. To do that, simply do a lookup in the inverse map at index two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's a follow up question to make sure you're still paying attention.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Same as before, find the key index through the inverse map. Then with the key index, figure out the actual key from the bi directional hash table, we can then conclude that the node at position three represents the key Isaac.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we just covered was how an index priority queue is structured internally and what all the moving parts are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we want to actually do some useful operations


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[Assistant] We have to update the position map PM and the inverse map I am to reflect the movement of the key value pairs. Suppose we want to insert the key Mary with a value of two into the priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we first have to do is assign Mary a unique key index value, then we're going to insert the new key value pair at the insertion position


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Notice that upon insertion, we updated our arrays at index 12 to reflect that the new value was in fact inserted. Currently, the heap invariant is not satisfied since the new node at index 12 has a value less than the one at node five.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that the heap invariant is still not satisfied so we need to keep swapping upwards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's have a look at some pseudocode for insertions. And this snippet, the user calling this function needs to provide a valid key index ki as well as a non null value they want to insert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing I do is store the value associated with key inside the values array. Then I update the position map and the inverse map to reflect the fact that a new key value pair has been inserted into the priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, I move the node up the heap until the heap invariant is satisfied. Let's take a closer look at this swim method to see how that happens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here we are looking at the swim method, you'll notice that it has two supporting functions swap and less swap simply exchanges two nodes based on index and less determines if node i has a value less than node j.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The logic for the swim function is fairly simple. It begins by finding the index of the parent node and walking up the tree. For every iteration, we walk up one layer in the tree. If the index of the current node is not the root node, and the value of the current node is less than the parent node, remember that we're dealing with a min heap


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And want small values to be as high up as possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To actually issue a node exchange, simply call the swap function and provide the index of the current node and the parent node and then update the current node and the parent node index values. I also want to talk about swapping and how that actually occurs, because it's slightly different than a traditional


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this swap method, we're not actually moving around the values in the array, we're only swapping around index values.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember that the values array is indexed by the key index, not the node index. So effectively the values array can remain constant while we update the inverse map and the position map.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First we update the positions of where key index values are found in the index. Remember what the position map is, it is the position of which node index a given


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Followed by this simply update the key index values associated with nodes i and j in the inverse map. To do this, this is just a simple straightforward exchange.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next up, I want to talk about polling and removing elements from an indexed priority queue. Polling is still a logarithmic operation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, removing is improved from a linear time complexity to a logarithmic time complexity. Since node position lookups are now constant time, but repositioning the nodes after a removal to satisfy the heap invariant is still logarithmic


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's jump into an example. Suppose we want to pull the root node. This is something we often want to do since it'll give us the key value pair the lowest value in the heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first step is to exchange the root node with the bottom right node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we do that, remember to swap the index values. Now we can remove the red node from the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally restore the heap invariant by moving the swapped purple node down. Since the left and the right child nodes have an equal value of two, let's default to selecting the left one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's do a slightly more involved removal by removing a specific key from the index party queue. In this example, let's remove the key Laura.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Store the key value pair before the actual removal, clean up the remove node, and finally restore the heap invariant by moving the swapped purple node up or down, we're going to make the purple node move down because it has a larger value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's look at some pseudocode for removing key value pairs. The code is also very short, only five lines of implementation and three lines of cleanup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing to do is exchange the position of the node we want to remove and the bottom right most node, which is always at the index position as z short for size of the heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once we've exchanged the nodes, the rightmost node is now in the position where the node we want to remove was. So we need to move it either up or down the heap to satisfy the heap invariant. We don't know which it will be. So we try to move the node up and down, hence sink and swim.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lastly, I just clean up the values associated the node we want to remove. You can also return the key value pair being removed, but I didn't do that here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's take a quick look at the sync method so we understand how that works. To sync a node, we want to select the child with the smallest value and defaulting to the left child if there's a tie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this next block, I tried to update the smallest child to be the right child. But first, I need to check if the right child node index is within the size of the heap, and its value is actually less than the one of the left node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The stopping condition is if we're outside the size of the heap, or we cannot sync the current node any further.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On an index priority queue is key value pair updates. Similar to removals, updates in a min index binary heap also take logarithmic time due to the constant time lookup to find out where the node is and the logarithmic time to adjust where the key value pair should appear in the heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Suppose we want to update the value of the key Carly to now have a value of one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like every operation, find the key index or the key we want to work with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we can use that key index value to update the values array with the new value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, the heap invariant may not be satisfied. So we need to move the node either up or down until it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pseudo code for updating the value of a key is super simple, simply update the value in the values array and move the node either up or down the heap. It's that easy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so there was nothing too special about updates. But the part I really wanted to get to was increase and decrease key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In many applications such as Dijkstra's or Prim's algorithm, it's often useful to be able to update a given key to make its value either always smaller or always larger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the event that a worse value is given to the index priority queue it should not be updated. In such situations it is often useful to define a more restrictive form of update operation called


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Increase key or decrease key respectively, depending on whether you want to increase the value associated with a key or always try and decrease the value associated with a key. Both of these operations are very simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They simply consist of doing an if statement before performing an update operation, which either increases or decreases the value associated with a key. So bottom line, these two functions are just convenience methods that wrap a get operation with an if statement to update a value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's all I've got for you on the index priority queue. Let me know if you have any questions. I really do love answering those. And in the next video, I'll be showing you guys some source code for a min index binary heap.


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[Assistant] Remember you can always see the source code on my data structures repository on GitHub. There should also be a link in the description.


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[Assistant] As always, thanks for watching, please like this video if you learned something, and subscribe for more mathematics and computer science videos.


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[Assistant] Certainly. I can help you with that. What type of account would you like to open? A checking or a saving account?


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[Assistant] With our checking account, you can have unlimited daily transactions for a small monthly fee, and our savings account has a higher interest rate


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright then, with this checking account you'll be issued a debit card and a checkbook. Will you require overdraft protection? There is an extra fee for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that case, I'll get you to fill out this paperwork. I'll need your social insurance number and two pieces of government ID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you could just sign here and here and here, we'll be all set. Would you like to make a deposit today?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The maximum overdraft on my account is only $5,000.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh no, I have to pay fifteen hundred dollars in overdraft fees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Certainly, I can help you with that. What type of account would you like to open? A checking or a savings account?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See, with our checking account, you can have unlimited daily transactions for a small monthly fee.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And our savings account has a higher interest rate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you must carry a minimum balance of $10,000.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this checking account, you'll be issued with a debit card and a checkbook. Will you require overdraft protection? There is an extra fee for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Certainly. I can help you with that. What type of account would you like to open? A checking or a saving account?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With our checking account, you can have unlimited daily transactions for a small monthly fee and our savings account has a higher interest rate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright then, with this checking account you'll be issued a debit card and a checkbook. Will you require overdraft protection? There is an extra fee for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that case, I'll get you to fill out this paperwork. I'll need your social insurance number and two pieces of government ID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you could just sign here and here and here, we'll be all set. Would you like to make a deposit today?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Path from me is right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know this path from Israel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today we're gonna be talking about a very special topic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so keep those comments coming because we want to create lessons that you need, that you want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, as you all probably know when you apply for a visa, especially for the US, you have an interview. Yes. Where you have to answer some questions. Yes. And that's what we're going to be talking about today, so before we jump into the dialogue, let's take a look at vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So with this document, you can go into a country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we have different types of visas. Today we're gonna be talking about a B2 visa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And F1 is for foreign exchange students who go and live in the states maybe for a year or do a MBA for two years or three years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's an F1 visa. You can also get a J1 visa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it could be to maybe do some temporary work for two or three months and then go back to your country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, you can live in that country legally for a determined time. Okay, so let's listen to our dialogue. Where are we gonna be exactly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So let's listen to the dialogue and then we'll come back and explain all the great vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Alright, what a lucky guy. He applied for a tourist visa and now he's getting a resident visa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, exactly. Alright, let's take a look at the words in language takeaway today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, on Language Takeaway, we have Sponsoring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so for example, when I was 16, I made a trip to another country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. Okay, let's look at our next word. Invitation letter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so you're being invited for a specific purpose to the United States.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Okay, that was clear, but let's listen to some more examples of how we would use ties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so all of those things are your assets. Okay, so we've seen a lot of great words, and I think it's time for us to listen to our dialogue again. We're gonna slow it down for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, today we're not gonna do a regular toolkit like Fluency Builder, putting it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna talk about the questions you will probably be asked at an interview for a U.S. visa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the useful language that you can use to answer these questions in a good way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is a really important question also because in your application you have to put how long you plan to stay in the US.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a pretty straightforward answer. You know, two months, one month, three weeks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's written in your application form. Exactly. Okay, now let's take a look at our last question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, this is the most important question. This is what the interviewer is most interested in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because he, he has to be sure that you will not become an illegal immigrant to the United States.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. He or she has to be convinced that you're gonna return to your home country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you take documents to support this, bank statements, maybe a copy of your mortgage


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wedding certificate, I don't know, even a letter from your office, from your job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. I've had friends who've arrived to the embassy with a huge file of documents and weren't asked to show any of the documents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But other interviewers will maybe ask for it. Okay, so now let's listen to the dialogue again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I hope this was a useful lesson for all of our listeners because I'm sure that in one point or another, uh, in the future you're going to apply for a visa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now you know all the language that you need to more or less answer all these questions that you're gonna be asked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, that would be great. I know that I have some stories to share on the comments board.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, we want to hear your questions and comments and any suggestions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How many windows do you see?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's true. Today we're going to learn some phrases for asking for time off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First word is vacation days. Vacation days. Vacation days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically your, it's the number of personal leave days. So the number of days that you can take to go on vacation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you travel overseas, you travel over the ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I want to take time off, I need to give my boss notice. Advance information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of non-native English speakers sometimes feel quite nervous about asking their boss for time off, hey?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a nice way to make sure your boss isn't busy when you wanna ask him something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah. And she also used another phrase that I thought was interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, again, that sort of doesn't sound too strong, so it seems a bit more polite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, in English, sometimes we are careful to not be too direct when we're asking for something, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright guys, we're out of time but thanks for listening and be sure to check out our website, EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Casey, how are things going with the photos for the press kit?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Soooo, Casey, how are things going with the photos for the press kit?


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[Assistant] Soooo, Casey, how are things going with the photos for the press kit?


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[Assistant] The Easter Egg Hunt. Written by Keith and Sarah Kordermarten.


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[Assistant] The second egg is in the grass.


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[Assistant] The sixth egg is by the rake.


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[Assistant] The seventh egg is under the dog.


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[Assistant] $150. What about this other one over here?


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[Assistant] Still more than I wanted to spend. What if I take both dresses?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, this dress is really nice. How much is it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] $150? What about this other one over here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, that's a bit out of my price range. Can you give me a better deal?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I don't know. I think I'll shop around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's still more than I wanted to spend. What if I take both dresses?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know, it's still a bit pricey. Thanks anyway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you give me a better price on this car? I really don't have that much money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] $150. What about this other one over here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Still more than I wanted to spend. What if I take both dresses?


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[Assistant] Thousands of years from now, we will look back at the first century of computing as a fascinating but very peculiar time. The only time in history


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[Assistant] We're humans who are reduced to live in 2D space, interacting with technology as if we were machines, but singular.


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[Assistant] One hundred year period in the vastness of time, where humans ...


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[Assistant] Communicated, we're entertained and manage our lives from behind a screen. Today, we spend most of our time tapping and looking at screens.


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[Assistant] We have all experienced technology that enables people to act more like people. Products that enable natural interactions, voice controls or biometrics.


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[Assistant] The first fully untethered holographic computer. Devices like this.


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[Assistant] Universities like Case Western, redefining the way medical students learn, and my personal favorite,


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[Assistant] Barely discovered charcoal and started drawing the first stick figures in our cave.


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[Assistant] Now this is the perspective I apply to my work every single day. And now for the next few minutes, I invite all of you to apply the same perspective to the journey ahead of us.


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[Assistant] As developers, we dream the different causes, and then we program the different effects. Double click on an icon, that's a cause. Open application, that's an effect.


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[Assistant] Now when we compare this to our physical universe, it is overly constraining because our universe is not digital. Our universe is analog. Our universe doesn't think in terms of zero or one, true or false, or black or white.


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[Assistant] A reality based on infinite probabilities and shades of gray. You can see how these two worlds collide. So why are screens so pervasive in our analog life? We see screens from the moment we wake up to the moment we fall asleep. Why?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's because computers give us superpowers.


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[Assistant] Now these are such great superpowers that we put up with the two-dimensional limitations of our current digital world. But what if we didn't have to?


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[Assistant] Would the machine then interact with reality? And I can think of three ways. First ...


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[Assistant] Holograms are examples of a machine interacting with an environment from an output perspective.


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[Assistant] Now imagine being able to feel the temperature of a virtual object. Or better yet, imagine pushing a hologram and having it push you back with equal force. With this perspective, we are able to collapse reality


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[Assistant] Into a simple matrix. Now here's a secret. As an engineer, I get really excited any time I can reduce something into the matrix. From self-driving cars, to smart phones, to this holographic computer on my head.


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[Assistant] Machines are becoming capable of understanding our world, and they are starting to interact with us in significantly more personal ways. Now imagine having granular control over everything in the world. Move the dial one way,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you get reality. Move the dial the other way.


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[Assistant] I love it down here. Now, imagine if I could look at all of you and dial from real humans into elves.


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[Assistant] When technology truly understands our world, it will again transform the ways we interact, the ways we work, and the ways we play.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using computers that were less powerful than the phones in your pockets. 600 million humans watched them on grainy black and white televisions. In the world, the world was mesmerized. Now imagine how our children and their children


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll experience the continued exploration of space with technology that understands this world.


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[Assistant] In fact, since we've been lucky with our demo so far, let's try doing something else even more crazy. I invite you to experience.


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[Assistant] For the first time anywhere in the world. Here on the TED stage.


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[Assistant] A real life holographic teleportation.


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[Assistant] Between me and my friend, Dr. Jeffrey Norris from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Fingers crossed. Hi Jeff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey Alex. Whew, that worked. How are you doing today, Jeff?


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[Assistant] A hundred million miles away. This is crazy! Can you tell us a little bit more about where all this data from Mars is coming from?


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[Assistant] We used to live in tribes where we interacted, communicated and worked together. We are all beginning to build technology


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[Assistant] That will enable us to return to the humanity that brought us where we are today. Technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That will let us stop living inside this 2D world of monitors and pixels and let us start remembering what it feels like to live in our 3D world. It's a phenomenal time to be human. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you do your research, I haven't answered that question. I have purposely ignored it. Because uhm, ultimately it's the wrong question to ask. Uhm, that's the equivalent of me, you know, showing holograms to someone for the same, uhm, for the first time, and you then saying what's the size of your television.


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[Assistant] Uhm, the field of view for the product, it's almost irrelevant. What we should be talking about is the density of lights or radiance that show up. Better said, what the angular resolution is of the things that you see. So from that perspective, what you saw, you know, the camera's wearing a HoloLens, uhm, so even if I wanted to cheat, I can't. What you are seeing...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The HoloLens maps in real time at about five frames per second with this technology that we call spatial maps.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so in your home, as soon as you put it on, uhm, you know, holograms will start showing up and you'll start placing them and it'll start learning in your home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Elon, hey, welcome back to TED. It's great to have you here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, in the next half hour or so, uhm, we're going to spend some time exploring your vision for what an exciting future might look like, which I guess makes the first question a little ironic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But people assume traditionally it's incredibly expensive to dig, and that would block this idea. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But a lot of people imagining, dreaming about future cities, they imagine that actually the solution is sort of flying cars, drones, et cetera. You go above ground. Why isn't that a better solution? You save all that tunneling cost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so, so you've got this vision of future cities with these rich 3D networks of tunnels underneath. Is there a tie in here with Hyperloop? Could you apply these tunnels to use for this Hyperloop idea you had, you released a few years ago?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so you can actually picture this, like what kind of length tunnel is in Elon's future to running Hyperloop?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's one of the motivations for the tunneling project, the realization that actually in a world where cars are electric and where they're self-driving, there may end up being more cars on the roads on any given hour than there are now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You started Tesla with the goal of persuading the world to that electrification was the future of cars. And a few years ago, people were laughing at you. Now, not so much. I mean ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things that people are so excited about is the fact that it's uhm, it's got autopilot. And uhm, you put out this video a while back showing what that uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People are going the LIDAR route. You want cameras plus radar is ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the new cars being sold right now have eight cameras in them. They can't yet do what that showed. When will they be able to?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So by the end of the year, you're saying someone's going to sit in a Tesla without touching the steering wheel, tap in New York, off it goes, won't have to ever touch the wheel by the end of 2017.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe, I guess the big concern of yours is that people may actually get seduced too early to think that this is safe, and that you'll have some horrible incident happen that puts things back to normal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The power to disrupt the whole industry seems massive, because at that point, you've spoken of people being able to buy a car, drops you off at work, and then you let it go and provide a sort of Uber-like service to other people, earn you money, maybe even cover the cost of your lease of that car. So you can kind of get a car for free. Is that really legal?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, you mentioned the semi, and I think you're planning to announce it in September, but I'm curious whether there's anything you could show us today. I will show you a teaser shot of the track.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's cool. Okay, from a really badass picture to a kind of less badass picture, uhm, this is just a cute house from Desperate Housewives or something. What on earth is going on here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think you're rolling this out in a couple weeks' time, I think, with four different roofing types.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's the scale of ambition here? How many houses do you believe could end up having this type of roofing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is there a mental model thing that people don't get here, that uhm, that there's been, because of the shift in the sort of cost economics of solar power, that like most houses actually have enough sunlight on their roof pretty much to power all of their needs. If you could capture the power, it could pretty much power all their needs, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so the key to the economics of the cars, the semi, these houses, is the falling price of lithium-ion batteries, which you've made a huge bet on as Tesla. In many ways, that's almost the core competency. And you've decided to really, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, own that competency. You just have to build the world's largest manufacturing plant and kind of double the world's supply of lithium-ion batteries. With this guy, what is this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eventually like a hundred gigawatt hours of batteries a year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How, help us picture this. I mean, how many gigafactories, if you like, does it take to get us there? It's about 100, roughly. It's not 10, it's not 1,000, most likely 100.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See, I kind of find this amazing, like, you can actually picture, if that's right, you can picture what it would take to move the world off this vast fossil fuel thing. It's like, you're building one, costs five billion dollars, maybe the next one, or whatever, five to ten billion dollars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have to ask you one question. I'm going to ask you one question about politics. Only one. I'm kind of sick of politics, but I didn't ask you this. You're on a body now giving advice to a guy who has said he doesn't really believe in climate change.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, there's a lot of people out there who kind of think you shouldn't be doing that, they'd like you to walk away from that. What would you say to them?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, let's talk SpaceX and Mars. Last time you were here, you spoke about this what seemed like an incredibly ambitious dream to develop rockets that were actually reusable. And you've only gone and done it. I mean, talk us through this. What are we looking at here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is allowing you to dream of this really ambitious idea of sending many, many, many people to Mars in what, in 10 or 20 years' time, I guess. In the next 20 years. And you've designed this outrageous rocket to do it. Help us understand the scale of this thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So based on this, you presented recently this interplanetary transport system, which is visualized this way, and this is a scene you picture what in, I mean, 30th time, 20th time, people walking into this rock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why, why Elon, cause this, cause why do we need to build a city on Mars with a million people on it in your lifetime, which I think is kind of what you said you'd love to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People want to position this as an either-or, that there are so many desperate things happening on the planet now, from climate to poverty to, you know, you pick your issue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and this feels like a distraction. You shouldn't be thinking about this. You should be solving what's here and now. And to be fair, you've done a feral bit to actually do that with your work on sustainable energy. But why not just do that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, it almost seems, you know, listening to you and look at the different things you've done, that you've got this unique double motivation on everything that I find so interesting. Uhm, we ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, which is, one is this desire to work for humanity's long-term good. The other is this desire to do something exciting, and it's often, it feels like you feel like you need the one to drive the other. With Tesla, you want to have sustainable energy, so you make these super sexy, exciting cars to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, solar energy, we need to get there, so we need to make these beautiful roofs. We haven't even spoken about your newest thing, which we don't even have time to do, but you want to save humanity from bad AI, and so you're going to create this really cool brain-machine interface to give us all infinite memory and telepathy and so forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Humanity and have a backup plan, but also we need to inspire humanity. And this is a way to inspire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] None of this is going to happen inevitably. The fact that in your mind you dream this stuff


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You dream stuff that no one else would dare dream, or no one else would be capable of dreaming at the level of complexity, um, that you do. The fact that you do that, Elon Musk, is a really remarkable thing. Thank you for helping us all to dream a bit bigger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean this is uhm, this is kind of amazing what you're telling us. It's just, it seems amazing to me that a belief about stress can make so much difference to someone's life expectancy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and I would like to thank all of our listeners for contributing and sending out their ideas of what they think happens in this third part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As promised, we took the idea of one of our listeners and created the dialogue around it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this time it was a contribution of Babar Dawan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, he gave us a really good idea, so thank you Babar, and uhm, this one is for you. In this dialogue, we're gonna be looking at some hospitality vocabulary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vocabulary Preview. On Vocabulary Preview we have the word appetite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Appetite. So Erica, tell us about appetite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Let's look at our next word. Poison.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So, if you get bitten by a snake...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll get poisoned. You'll get poisoned. Alright, so let's take a look at our dialogue for the first time and see why we are talking about poison. And we'll come back and explain some great words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll see what happens next, but now let's take a look at some of the language in language takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we have a couple of words in language takeaway today. Let's start off with pointers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so, suggestions or tips. Let's listen to some examples of how you would use it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so pointers, it's clear now. Let's take a look at our next word, aroma.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you could say for example, this coffee has a great aroma.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice. Okay, let's take a look at our next word. Bitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, bitter. So bitter is the opposite of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, or for example, coffee without any sugar is also bitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, bitter. Okay, now let's take a look at our last word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pass out. Pass out. Pass out. Pass out. It seems kind of easy. Pass and out. Yep. But it means something different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, pass out. This usually happens when you get really, really drunk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Okay, to lose consciousness. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's listen to our dialogue again now. We're gonna slow it down a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have some great phrases that we've used here, so let's take a look at them in Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So why don't we take a look at the first one?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is a very common phrase when you invite somebody to your house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, don't worry about it. Like, my house is your house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually people arrive to a party or to a dinner with jackets, coats, scarves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All that stuff. So, this next phrase is really handy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that means, give me your codes and I'll put them in the closet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, water or in this case, wine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or sometimes you could say, can I offer you a glass? Can I offer you something to drink?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You offer me a glass of wine, I say, yeah, sure, I'll take a glass of wine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so if you give somebody a pen or a pencil, a notebook, here you are. Here it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great words. So let's listen to our dialogue one more time and then we'll come back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so Armand is a pretty good host. He offered them a Merlot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is really interesting because there are many types of wines.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really? And is that also the type of grape? Yes. Oh, nice. Usually we would say red wine or white wine, right? But the varieties, depending on the grapes, is what gives them their names. So we also have a couple of others, like maybe you have a Chardonnay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice. Alright, well, what about in your countries do you produce any wine or maybe any other type of drink?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Many countries have their own types of drinks, so we want to know about it. Tell us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I drank so much last night that I passed out at my friend's house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. And we'll also learn some great phrases that you can use when you want to describe flights to your friends when you're talking to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we've got three words for you here in vocabulary preview all about flying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, turbulence. Uhm, how can we describe this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well, we'll hear how this word is used in the dialogue. Uhm, but another airplane word we hear a lot. Uhm, crew.