[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, so j is equal to minus one means that we haven't seen a tombstone so far. So increment number of views buckets and a key count and then store our key value pair.


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[Assistant] We're at element I where the element is inserted where the deleted token was found. So we're inserting it at J instead of I so here we're inserting it I but instead of inserting J with tombstone is and we're going to return null because there was nothing there before. Okay, and if


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we do a loop, so we get through all these statements and we haven't returned, that means that we need to keep probing we had a hash collision and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We the cell we landed on already had something in it. So we need to probe. So we need to offset where we first originally hash to plus the probing index.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The proposition and increment x at the same time. So this will just hop to the next spot. And we do this while we haven't found an empty slot, and we will find an empty slot.


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[Assistant] So contains key and has key, just check if a key exists within the hash table. And to do this, I'm


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being pretty lazy and I'm just calling the get method. And I'm setting an instance variable in there called contains flag, which gets set to true or false, whether a key is inside your hash table or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because the highest key in the get method would look, would have essentially the same code. So that's a bad code smell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's look at the get method since it's getting used in the hash key method. So same kind of setup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Find the original hash index is equal to the hash set j and x to what they were before


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[Assistant] So essentially do all the same stuff, or mostly except set the flag. So that's different. We set the flag to be true, when we identify that the key is indeed inside the hash table. And


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here are else condition is just shorter, we return if we hit a null cell instead of inserting a new element and set the contains flag to be false. Okay, so pretty easy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the remove method is actually quite a bit shorter, interestingly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So same setup, check the keys now find the hash set X to be equal to one here we don't really care about tombstones too much so we don't have a J position.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're going to start the hash index and quadratically probe until we find a spot.


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[Assistant] So for every loop, we're going to increment I or find a new offset position.


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[Assistant] If this loop gets completed. So here's what we do. We ignore tombstone. So we just skip over those.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this happens if the key was not found in the hash table, we can return no. Otherwise the key we want to remove is in the hash table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can do this check because we checked if it's null before, so we're not going to get a null pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So decrement the key count up the modification count, extract the old value and dump a tombstone here and just wipe whatever value is in there. So this is where we set the tombstones in the remove method. And then just return the old value for good measure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and okay, these two methods are pretty self explanatory. They just return all the keys and return all the values that are contained within our hash table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the next really interesting method is this resize table method. So this is this gets called when we're inserting new elements and we need to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Grow the table size. And remember that in this particular quadratic probing implementation, we always need the capacity to be a power of two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's fine. So recompute the new threshold.


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[Assistant] A new table. I called it old table, but it's actually going to be the new table shortly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here I perform a kind of interesting maneuver here, I swap the current table


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to be able to call the insert method down here, we'll get to that. So swap the key tables, swap the value tables, reset the key count and the bucket count. And


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason I call it old key table was because since the swap, well, the, the new table is actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The current pointer for what was the old table. That might sound confusing, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm using the table we had before to do insertions on or the pointer to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so loop through the old table values. And if we encounter


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A token or a pointer that's not null and not a tombstone, then we want to insert it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So because we're avoiding reinserting tombstones, we're getting rid of all the tombstones. So even though our table might have been cluttered with tombstones, we're just getting rid of all of them here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so that's that. The iterator, you can probably have a look at this yourself. It's just looping through all the keys and returning them one at a time. That's a pretty standard two string method. So that's how you do


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quadratic probing with open addressing. Guys, if you learned something, like this video and drop a comment. Thank you so much for watching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's been a lot of turmoil in my life recently. I've moved to a new city. I've changed my job. I broke up with my girlfriend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jason knew he was going to get laid off, but he was trying to delay the inevitable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't have any cash. Have you tried hitting up Sophie? She's rich.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, last week we booked this guy who claimed to be the Tooth Fairy. Can you believe that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Besides that, even if we let you go now, your sleigh has been impounded and those reindeer were taken to the city zoo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's that up ahead? It looks like elves. Whoa, they're shooting candy canes!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mayday! Mayday! We are under heavy attack! We need backup!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Last week we booked this guy who claimed to be a tooth fairy! Last week we booked this guy who claimed to be a tooth fairy!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure, no problem. What issues do you want me to consider?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess you'll need me to forecast employee absences as well, right? And I'll think about the impact this will have on our clients. Hey, what about vaccines? Should we be thinking about getting vaccines for employees? Exactly right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure, no problem. What issues do you want me to consider?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess you'll need me to forecast employee absences as well, right? And I'll think about the impact this will have on our clients. Hey, what about vaccines? Should we be thinking about getting vaccines for employees? Exactly right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My boss is always going on about how we need to save money. It's all he talks about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no way he's going to make that shot. He's way too far away from the net.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, we've got language that we use to talk about, uh, dates. A date, yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. Well, before we look at this date language, let's listen to the dialogue for the first time.


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[Assistant] Today we have three words for language takeaway, and the first one is relieved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess relieved is like a happy or relaxed feeling that you get if you avoid something bad, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you ask someone to pick you up, you're saying basically...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's give a couple of examples. Uhm, my husband was supposed to pick me up from work yesterday, but he forgot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And our final word in today's language takeaway is...


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[Assistant] This time it'll be a little bit slower, and this will help you to understand the language more clearly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can see from the examples that when you use the phrase make it up to you, you're kind of saying you want to balance something bad you did with some good action, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A twist of fate is an unplanned event that has a big impact on your future or your life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Marco, can you give us an example of a twist of fate?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so a twist of fate. A twist of fate. Great! On a happier note, let's listen to the dialogue a third time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, uh, recently actually this happened. Um, I went to this party and at the party there was a contest, like sort of a lottery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I went with some friends of mine and they were tired so they left early and they gave me their tickets. And guess what happened?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With new discoveries constantly challenging our understanding of the ocean's complex processes and diversity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But one deep sea ecosystem remains very much a mystery to us.


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[Assistant] Their scale is immense, with colourful sponge gardens and corals lining the chasms and ridges of expansive canyons at 6,000 metres or 20,000 feet deep.


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[Assistant] Some rivaling the Grand Canyon in their enormity.


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[Assistant] But how do these corals survive down here in the cold, dark abyss? Let's dive in and take a look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Providing important habitats for deep dwelling life.


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[Assistant] The polyps then secrete a protective limestone skeleton called a calicle, which creates the coral structure. What's unique about the corals of the deep, however, is their resilience to the extremities.


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[Assistant] Unlike tropical reefs, they live from 150 feet.


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[Assistant] Here, the corals also eat microorganisms, such as krill and plankton.


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[Assistant] Deep sea reefs are sometimes referred to as mounds. This is because as the reef grows, corals below die off.


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[Assistant] This coral species is known as Lophelia petusa.


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[Assistant] And it is one of the most widely distributed deep sea corals.


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[Assistant] Making these colonies the oldest marine organisms ever discovered.


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[Assistant] Some deep reefs have been thriving and expanding for over 40,000 years.


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[Assistant] Relying on the corals as a source of food, a place to hide from predators and to nurse their young.


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[Assistant] And their supporting role for the larger ecosystem represent a distinctive habitat that we have only just begun to explore. They must be protected and preserved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just browsing, seeing what's on the lot. My daughter wants a car for her birthday, you know how it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I see, what can you tell me about this one? Oh, that's just an old World War II tape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does the sedan protect her from missile attacks? It does not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I don't know. Let me sleep on it. Did I mention the tank is a tank? I'll take it!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just browsing, seeing what's on the lot. My daughter wants a car for her birthday. You know how it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does the sedan protect her from missile attacks? It does not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I don't know. Let me sleep on it. Did I mention the tank is a tank? I'll take it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just browsing, seeing what's on the lot. My daughter wants a car for her birthday, you know how it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's just an old World War II tank that we used for a TV show.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does the... sedan protect her from missile attacks? It does not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I don't know. Let me sleep on it. Did I mention the tank is a tank? I'll take it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good afternoon. Yes, I've just transferred to the School of Education and I'd like information about joining the library.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And is there any difference between the two libraries?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, I'm training to be a primary teacher, so I need to look at materials for the 5 to 11 age group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You haven't mentioned periodicals. Are they held at both sites?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm living out of town, so I'm hoping I can borrow quite a few items and cut down on the number of trips I have to make.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I see. And how long can I hang on to them for?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So theoretically, I can borrow books for up to three months. Is that what you're saying?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I expect it'll take me a while to find what I need. There's such a lot here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That sounds interesting too. What's the last one?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks a lot. That'll be very useful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where is the sick lizard? Here it is. Oh, poor little pickle. What is wrong with the lizard?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Creatures that live beyond the Twilight Zone spend their lives in an expanse of darkness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, although there may be no sunlight in the deep sea, many organisms have used this feature to their advantage, developing a remarkable adaptation in order to communicate with others, hunt, and confuse predators.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These twinkling, flashing, pulsating lights are caused by the process of bioluminescence, the result of a chemical reaction that produces light energy within the body of an organism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is a common feature of many marine organisms.


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[Assistant] A single adaptation uniting vastly different creatures from bacteria and algae to cephalopods and sharks.


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[Assistant] And the fact that so many different organisms have this ability is evidence of convergent evolution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Contributing to the success of organisms by allowing them to communicate, find a mate and attract prey, among other useful behaviours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More than half of the ocean's jellyfish and tenofor species produce bioluminescence in some form.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Counter-illumination, a form of camouflage in which they light up in varying intensities to match the ambient light around them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The colour they emit matches the faint glow of moonlight from the surface, meaning they can blend in with their surroundings, whether it is dark or light, and hide themselves from predators.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Firefly squid gather at the surface in large numbers from March until May during their spawning season.


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[Assistant] Which lead wandering prey astray with eerie lights towards their doom, much like the mythological Willow the Wisp.


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[Assistant] In most cases, however, an organism itself will contain the chemicals needed to luminesce. In order for bioluminescence to occur,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Organisms are able to regulate their chemistry in order to control when they light up, as well as how bright and what colour. This is useful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One common feature that is present in almost all bioluminescent organisms is the colour of their lights. Blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is because blue light travels furthest in water, with its intermediate wavelength.


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[Assistant] Visible lights with very long wavelengths, like red, or very short wavelengths, are absorbed faster and filtered out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having eyes that are highly sensitive to blue light is useful for detecting luminous prey as well as potential mates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Overall, bioluminescence is an adaptation that drives many of the processes in the deep sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Check out the brand new Deepsea Hub over on our website for more facts and footage about the deep sea. See you next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello, Pepper and George. You're going to have your very own flower garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I got a packet of flower seeds for each of you.


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[Assistant] But that's where I sit in my chair. There are more important things than chairs, Daddy Pig. But I always read my newspaper here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seeds need water to grow. They get very thirsty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I'll take care of Barbara.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ho ho, George has grown a sunflower. Well done, George.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Julie kissed my boyfriend! Does she have any idea how mean that was?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just broke up with my boyfriend. Don't you have any idea how sad I am?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't care where they are. I don't care what it takes. You find them and bring them to me!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome back. Today we're going to look at some source code for an indexed priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just before we get started, make sure you watch my video on the index priority queue.


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[Assistant] Here we are in the source code for a min index binary heap. This source code is presented in the Java programming language. To get started, notice that our min index binary heap requires that we pass in a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is just to be more generic. And all I do in the constructor is simply initialize this heap to have as most two children for each node while a dear heap supports in general d children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's just go over, I guess, all the instance variables. So s z is just the number of elements in the heap and is a constant representing the maximum number of elements in the heap D is the degree of each node. So for the binary heap, this number is two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two arrays child and parent track the child and parent indices for each node so we don't have to compute them dynamically.


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[Assistant] I am or the position map and the inverse maps which we're going to use to track the key indices for our keys.


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[Assistant] And lastly is the values array, which is the array that contains the values associated with a certain keys. Note that it's very important to notice that this array is indexed by the key indices and not by the nodes indices per se.


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[Assistant] So in the constructor we give a degree and a certain maximum size for our heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we just initialize whatever value for the degree and the maximum size of the heap. Then I initialize all our arrays. And I compute what the child and the parent indices should be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you'll notice that for contains, we don't pass in the key for our key value pair instead, we pass in the key index. And we're going to do this for all our methods.


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[Assistant] So I just have a few convenience bounds checking methods that you'll see again throughout these videos such as he has to be in the bounds or throw. So let's just make sure


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[Assistant] Then we have things like peak min key index, which gets the key index for the node at top of the heap. And similarly, pull min key index


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[Assistant] And also peak min value and pull min value. The reason these are separate is because sometimes we want to just look at the value at the top of the heap but not necessarily remove it, the poll version will actually remove it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's look at insert. So to insert a key value pair, we need to make sure that that key value pair does not already exist in the heap. Otherwise, we're going to throw an exception that I simply validate the values not know. And if it is, we throw an exception. Otherwise,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we assign the values array to have the value we passed in, and then we swim up that node, which we know will be at position size. And we also increment the size variable so that our heap is one element larger


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[Assistant] Then value of pretty straightforward, just do a lookup inside the values array, then delete is slightly more interesting, we make sure the key exists, then we get the index of where that key exists within the heap, we swap the index of the node and the last node in the heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we reposition the new node we swapped into eyes position to go either up the heap or down the heap, we capture the value in the position for the key index so that we can return it later, we clean up the node we want to delete. And finally, we return that value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Increase and decrease are just short for decrease key and increase key, we're dealing with a min dairy heap here. So make sure you take that into account when looking at the logic. So we make sure the key exists and it's not know that if the value is less than the value already in the heap at the values array at the key index, we can update it and also swim it down. Notice that I didn't call the update method here because we know we're going to swim down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the update method, we sync and we swim. So we do both operations. We don't know which way the node will go, whether it's going to bubble up or bubble down. But in the decrease key method, we do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Same thing for the increase key method except I switched the order for the last comparator so that the values array is in the first position and the value being passed in is on the right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I is equal to the value of J and then we find the minimum child again and then repeat this until we can't sync the node anymore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Same thing for swim, except that we need to find the parent of node i, which we can just do a look up in the parents array at index i swap with the parent and keep doing this until i is less than the parent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Min child just looks at all the children of node align finds the one with a minimum value and returns its index also pretty straightforward.


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[Assistant] Swap, we covered this in the slides basically swap the indices and the position map and the inverse map for nodes i and j.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we have the less function, which simply compares the values for nodes i and j.


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[Assistant] And other convenience methods just because I didn't want to include all the logic of throwing exceptions everywhere and just kind of wrap them in helper functions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dear heap, I hope there wasn't too much to ingest. And thank you for watching. Please give this video a thumbs up if you learned something and subscribe for more mathematics and computer science videos. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Irene, I heard you were on a date last night, so how did it go? I want all the juicy details.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, you really have to film me in. What's he like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone, my name is William. Today we're taking a look at some source code on how to implement a sparse table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the last video, we looked at what a sparse table is, how it can be used to do fast range queries and what's involved in building one.


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[Assistant] This video is a follow up to that video, so make sure you give the other video a watch before proceeding. I'll make sure to put a link in the description below.


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[Assistant] Awesome. So here we are in the source code written in Java. In this header, I put some instructions on how you can download this code and run it yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This particular implementation I'm about to show you is for a min sparse table that can do minimum range queries only. If you want to do any other type of range query such as a max range query or a product range query, you will need to modify this code


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also have another more generic sparse table implementation on GitHub, which supports various types of range query operations if that is of interest to you.


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[Assistant] Right here in the main method, I have a few examples of how this script works. First, you start out with an array of values, then you feed that array to the minimum sparse table class. And afterwards, you can start doing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Minimum range queries in the first example, I query the minimum element in the range one to five inclusive, which prints the answer negative three with an index position of


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[Assistant] Alright, let's dig into some of the details of what's going on inside the men's sparse table class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first is n the number of elements in the input array, then there's capital P, which is the floor of the base two logarithm of n, this is effectively the number of rows in the sparse table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After there's the log two array, this array is simply used to do fast lookups for the floor of the base to logger them so that we don't need to do any calculations when we need the value


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then DP is just the sparse table with p plus one rows and n columns. It's called DP short for dynamic programming, because that's the method we use to actually generate the table. Following this is the variable it short for index table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the table that keeps track of the index of the selected minimum element in the range we are querying. I briefly mentioned this in the last video, but this table is super handy to have around, and we will hopefully be making use of it in a future video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you want to create a min spar stable, you need to provide the input values to do some range queries on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, remember that this input array can only contain immutable values. If the data changes after the sparse table is built, then the queries on the sparse table will be wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you pass in the values array to the min sparse table constructor, the constructor actually builds the sparse table doing work in the constructor isn't considered a best practice. But this script is just a simple proof of concept example of how to do range queries using a sparse table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we start by getting the value of n, the number of elements in the values array, then we compute capital P from the value of n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After we know those, we can go ahead and allocate some memory for our sparse table and also our index table, which are both the same size with p plus one rows and n columns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next thing we do is simply populate the first row of both of the sparse table with input values and the index table with the indices zero to n. After that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Populate the log two array with all the values for the floor of the base two logarithm between one and an inclusive. Next, we build the sparse table and its associated index table. These two for loops iterate over all the cells of the table while making sure not to consider intervals which go outside the bounds of the table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inside the two for loops, we can find the values of the left and the right cells and take the minimum


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lastly, we want to save and propagate the index of the smallest element inside the index table so that we don't lose track of it. You can think of the index table as an identical sparse table that tracks index values instead of minimum values.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we scroll further below, you see that we have two more methods to look at. These two methods are used to query the minimum value in a given range and query the index of the minimum value in a given range.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first method query men calculates the value of the smallest element in the range L to R inclusive in constant time. This method works by finding two overlapping ranges which cover the entire interval between L and R and taking the minimum of both those intervals.


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[Assistant] The first thing we want to do is calculate the length of the interval, which is subsequently used to find the value of p, the floor of the base two logarithm.


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[Assistant] Intuitively, you can think of P as the row in the sparse table we want to query and K, which is derived from P as the largest power of two that fits in the interval, then simply do a lookup to get the left and the right cell values and take the minimum


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last method query min index is used to find the index of the minimum element in the range L to R inclusive. If there are multiple smallest elements, the index of the left most one is returned.


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[Assistant] To do this, we're basically going to do the same thing as when we were finding the minimum value in the previous method, we're going to find the values of the left and the right cell. But rather than returning the minimum of the two, we're going to compare them, find the smaller one and return the index stored in the index table.


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[Assistant] And that's all I have on sparse tables for now, folks. Thank you very much for watching and please subscribe for more mathematics and computer science videos.


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[Assistant] Well, I was just wondering, you see, I know I've used up all my vacation days this year, but my sister's getting married and the wedding is overseas and, well...


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[Assistant] I was thinking of taking off from September 1st until the 30th. Would you be okay with that?


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[Assistant] Mr. McKenna, do you have a second? I need to talk to you about something.


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[Assistant] Well, I was just wondering. You see, I know I've used up all my vacation days this year, but my sister is getting married, and the wedding is overseas, and, well,


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[Assistant] Well sir, I was just hoping that I might be able to take some unpaid leave this year.


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[Assistant] I was thinking of taking off from September 1st until the 30th. Would you be okay with that?


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[Assistant] Well, I was just wondering, you see, I know I've used up all my vacation days this year, but my sister's getting married and the wedding is overseas and, well...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, sir, I was just hoping I might be able to take some unpaid leave this year.


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[Assistant] I was thinking of taking off from September 1st until the 30th. Would you be okay with that?


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[Assistant] Well, the thing is, we ran into a lot of problems.


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[Assistant] You've had over a month to get this finalized. Why are things delayed?


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[Assistant] Well, the thing is, we ran into a lot of problems. I'm not looking for excuses here. I just want to get this finished on time.


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[Assistant] I'm not going to put this off any longer, Casey. I want those photos ASAP.


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[Assistant] You've had over a month to get this finalized. Why are things delayed? Well, the thing is...


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[Assistant] I'm not going to put this off any longer, Casey. I want those photos. ASAP.


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[Assistant] So in college, I was a government major. Which means I had to write a lot of papers.


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[Assistant] Now, when a normal student writes a paper, they might spread the work out a little like this. So you know.


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[Assistant] And I would want to do that, like that. That would be the plan. I would, uh, I would have it all ready to go, but then, then, then actually the paper would come along, and then I would kind of do this.


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[Assistant] I knew for a paper like that, my normal workflow was not an option, it was way too big a project. So I planned things out, and I decided it kind of had to go something like this. This is how the year would go. So I'd start off light, and I'd bump it up in the middle months,


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[Assistant] Then, funniest thing happened, those first few months, they came and went and I couldn't quite do stuff. So we had an awesome new revised plan.


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[Assistant] And I didn't really write words. And so we were here.


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[Assistant] And then two months turned into one month, which turned into two weeks. And one day I woke up with three days until the deadline


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[Assistant] Still not having written a word, and so I did the only thing I could. I wrote 90 pages over 72 hours, pulling not one, but two all-nighters. Humans are not supposed to pull two all-nighters.


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[Assistant] Sprinted across campus, dove in slow motion, and got it in just at the deadline.


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[Assistant] And they say, is this Tim Urban? And I say, yeaah. And they say, we need to talk about your thesis. And I say, okay. And they say, it's the best one we've ever seen.


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[Assistant] And to test this, I found an MRI lab that actually let me scan both my brain and the brain of a proven non-procrastinator. And so I could compare them, and I actually brought them here to show you today. And I want you to take a look carefully to see if you can notice a difference. And I know that if you're not a trained brain expert, it's not that obvious, but just take a look, okay? So here's the brain of a non-procrastinator.


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[Assistant] The Instagramification Monkey does not seem like a guy you want behind the wheel. He lives entirely in the present moment, he has no memory of the past, no knowledge of the future, and he only cares about two things, easy and fun. Now in the animal world,


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[Assistant] Which in tribal times might have worked okay. But if you haven't noticed, now we're not in tribal times. We're in an advanced civilization and the monkey does not know what that is. Which is why we have another guy in our brain. The rational decision maker.


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[Assistant] Who gives us the ability to do things no other animal can do? We can visualize the future. We can see the big picture. We can make long-term plans. And he wants to take all of that into account.


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[Assistant] But other times, it makes much more sense to be doing things that are harder and less pleasant for the sake of the big picture, and that's when we have a conflict.


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[Assistant] Anytime a deadline gets too close or there's danger of public embarrassment, a career disaster or some other scary consequence. And importantly, he's the only thing that the monkey is terrified of. Now, he became very relevant in my life pretty recently.


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[Assistant] And finally, finally, the rational decision maker can take the wheel and I can start working on the talk. Now, the panic monster explains all kinds of ...


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[Assistant] And this entire situation with the three characters, this is the procrastinator's system. It's not pretty. But in the end,


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[Assistant] I was amazed by the response. Literally thousands of emails came in.


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[Assistant] From all different kinds of people, from all over the world, doing all different kinds of things. These are people who are nurses and bankers and painters and engineers and lots and lots of PhD students.


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[Assistant] And they were all writing, saying the same thing. I have this problem too. But what struck me was the contrast between the light tone of the post and the heaviness of these emails.


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[Assistant] Turns out that there's two kinds of procrastination.


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[Assistant] Everything I've talked about today, the examples I've given, they all have deadlines. And when there's deadlines, the effects of procrastination are contained.


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[Assistant] Working on your relationship or getting out of a relationship that isn't working. Now if procrastinators only mechanism.


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[Assistant] The panic monster doesn't show up. He has nothing to wake up for. So the effects of procrastination, they're not contained. They just extend outward forever.


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[Assistant] And I thought, you know, that's why these people are emailing, and that's why they're in such a bad place. It's not that they're cramming for some...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Project. It's that long-term procrastination has made them feel like a spectator at times in their own lives.


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[Assistant] And some of you may have a healthy relationship with deadlines. But remember, the monkey's sneakiest trick is when the deadlines aren't there. Now I want to show you one last thing. I call this a life calendar.


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[Assistant] So I think we need to all take a long, hard look at that calendar.


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[Assistant] We need to think about what we're really procrastinating on, because everyone is procrastinating on something in life. We need to stay aware of the instant gratification monkey. That's a job for all of us.


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[Assistant] God, you and your friends always act so immature.


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[Assistant] Don't worry, everything's going to work out just fine. I'm sure he still loves you.


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[Assistant] Pepper and George are excited to be sleeping in cousin Chloe's bedroom. Good night.


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[Assistant] Everyone is tucked up in their beds, asleep.


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[Assistant] Everyone is back in their beds, asleep.


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[Assistant] My confession is this. I'm a health psychologist.


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[Assistant] And my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. But I fear


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[Assistant] That something I've been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good. And it has to do with stress. For years I've been telling people stress makes you sick.


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[Assistant] It increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease.


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[Assistant] But I have changed my mind about stress. And today, I want to change yours.


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[Assistant] This study tracked 30,000 adults in the United States for eight years. And they started by asking people, how much stress have you experienced in the last year?


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[Assistant] They also asked, do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?


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[Assistant] Some bad news first. People who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43% increased risk of dying. But...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health.


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[Assistant] You come into the laboratory and you're told you have to give a five minute impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of expert evaluators sitting right in front of you. And to make sure you feel the pressure, there are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this.


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[Assistant] And, unbeknownst to you, the experimenter has been trained to harass you during it. Now, we're gonna all do this together. It's gonna be fun. For me. Okay.


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[Assistant] But what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge?


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[Assistant] That pounding heart is preparing you for action.


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[Assistant] And participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance. Well, they were less stressed out, less anxious, more confident. But the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed.


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[Assistant] Now in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up and your blood vessels constrict like this.


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[Assistant] But in the study, when participants viewed their stress response as helpful, their blood vessels stayed relaxed like this.


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[Assistant] Their heart was still pounding, but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile. It actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and courage.


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[Assistant] Over a lifetime of stressful experiences, this one biological change could be the difference between a stress-induced heart attack at age 50 and living well into your 90s.


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[Assistant] And this is really what the new science of stress reveals, that how you think about stress matters.


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[Assistant] So my goal as a health psychologist has changed. I no longer want to get rid of your stress. I want to make you better at stress. And we just did a little intervention.


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[Assistant] And when you view stress in that way, your body believes you and your stress response becomes healthier.


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[Assistant] To understand this side of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, oxytocin. And I know.


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[Assistant] Oxytocin has already gotten as much hype as a hormone can get. It even has its own cute nickname, the cuddle hormone, because it's released when you hug someone.


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[Assistant] Oxytocin is a neurohormone. It fine-tunes your brain's social instincts.


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[Assistant] Oxytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family. It enhances your empathy.


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[Assistant] But here's what most people don't understand about oxytocin. It's a stress hormone.


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[Assistant] Your biological stress response is nudging you to tell someone how you feel instead of bottling it up.


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[Assistant] Your stress response wants to make sure you notice when someone else in your life is struggling, so that you can support each other.


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[Assistant] When life is difficult, your stress response wants you to be surrounded by people who care about you.


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[Assistant] While oxytocin doesn't only act on your brain, it also acts on your body.


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[Assistant] It's a natural anti-inflammatory. It also helps your blood vessels stay relaxed during stress. But my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart. Your heart has receptors for this hormone.


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[Assistant] This stress hormone strengthens your heart.


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[Assistant] So when you reach out to others under stress, either to seek support or to help someone else, you release more of this hormone, your stress response becomes healthier, and you actually recover faster from stress.


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[Assistant] I find this amazing that your stress response has a built-in mechanism for stress resilience. And that mechanism is human connection.


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[Assistant] This study tracked about a thousand adults in the United States, and they ranged in age from 34 to 93. And they started the study by asking, how much stress have you experienced in the last year?


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[Assistant] They also asked, how much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?


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[Assistant] That increased the risk of dying by 30%. But, and I hope you are expecting a but by now, but that wasn't true for everyone.


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[Assistant] People who spent time caring for others showed absolutely no stress-related increase in dying zero. Caring created resilience. And so we see once again


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[Assistant] When you choose to view your stress response as helpful, you create the biology of courage.


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[Assistant] I wouldn't necessarily ask for more stressful experiences in my life, but


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[Assistant] You're not just getting better at stress, you're actually making a pretty profound statement. You're saying that you can trust yourself to handle life's challenges. And you're remembering that you don't have to face them alone. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I would say that's really the best way to make decisions, is go after what it is that creates meaning in your life, and then trust yourself to handle the stress that follows.


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[Assistant] Grandpa Pig has mended the big train. Good as new.


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[Assistant] Hang on, it's taking us so long to get here, it's home time!


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[Assistant] I know! We're so lucky that we found tickets for the Sambadrome. Good thing we found that ticket scalper.


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[Assistant] It says here that the school that is dancing now is one of the oldest and most prestigious samba schools in Rio.


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[Assistant] She was standing in the sun too long, so she passed out right in front of me.


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[Assistant] Got it. No problem, boss. When you get inside, tell them that you're filling in for Carl and Tom and say that they're on another route today. Don't lose your cool. Just act natural. What if they want to call and confirm? You let them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Don't worry, we have the phones tapped, so the call will be patched through to me, and I'll pretend to be the transport company.


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[Assistant] Only take as much money as you can fit in these bags. Don't get greedy. Are you ready? Let's go.


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[Assistant] Alright, so this is what we're going to do. I've carefully mapped this out, so don't screw it up. Mr. Rabbit, you and Mr. Fox will go into the bank wearing these uniforms. We've managed to get replicas of the one the guards wear when they pick up the money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No problem, boss. When you get inside, tell them that you're filling in for Carl and Tom, and say that they're on another route today. Don't lose your cool. Just act natural.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You let him. What? Don't worry. We have the phones tapped, so the call will be patched through to me. And I'll pretend to be the transport company.


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[Assistant] Only take as much money as you can fit into these bags. Don't get greedy. Are you ready? Let's go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's time to go. We have to go now. Boninato! We were supposed to leave! Punyeta! Now we're sitting here again! I'm gonna wait for you! Boninam!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so this is what we're gonna do. I've carefully mapped this out, so don't screw it up. Mr. Rabbit, you and Mr. Fox will go to the bank wearing these uniforms. We've managed to get replicas of the one the guards wear for when they pick up the money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Don't worry, we have the phones tapped, so the call will be passed through to me, and I'll pretend to be the transport company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Only take as much money as you can fit in these bags. Don't get greedy. Are you ready? Let's go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the next thing you know, we're running towards the- Oh. Did you feel that?


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[Assistant] Yes, that's right. We got a request for a dialogue about a receptionist.


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[Assistant] Yeah, phrases that will help you sound really, really professional and really fluent.


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[Assistant] Well I really liked how this receptionist used some excellent phrases to sound really professional. And one thing she said was, certainly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, this is a nice way to respond. Uhm, to make the other person know that you understand what they said.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You use this phrase when you are going to write down the person's name.


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[Assistant] Alright, one more phrase. Ms. Stevens will be with you momentarily.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so when you want to be formal, you can say, Ms. Stevens will be with you momentarily.


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[Assistant] Alright, there's so much in this dialogue, so many great, wonderful, polite phrases. So why don't we listen to it one more time, but this time, slowed down.


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[Assistant] This is a lovely way of saying, I will take you to the office.


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[Assistant] It sounds really, really nice, really polite, really welcoming.


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[Assistant] Now, the final useful phrase, watch your step.


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[Assistant] Yeah, remember like these phrases can really help you sound more professional, more welcoming, more polite basically.


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[Assistant] And Marco and I are always around to respond to your questions and comments.


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[Assistant] This one I get to, uh, this one I get to let me show you again. So, it's a negation.


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[Assistant] Alright, drag her over here and help me tie her up.


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[Assistant] Alright, drag her over here and help me tie her up.


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[Assistant] Right away sir, your order will be ready shortly. Jean Pierre, we have


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[Assistant] Here, another special. We're really packed tonight. We're running low on wine. Is there any left in the cellar?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Table 7 has requested to see the chef. I think they are food critics from Cuisine Magazine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You look great today. I like your tie. By the way, I was wondering can I- No. I haven't even told you what it is yet.


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[Assistant] Do you think I could borrow the car? I'm going to a concert tonight.


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[Assistant] Hey daddy, you look great today. I like your tie.


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[Assistant] Do you think I could borrow the car? I'm going to a concert tonight.


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[Assistant] Smelly Toes is playing and Eric asked if I would go with him.


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[Assistant] Duh. He's like the hottest and most popular guy at school. Come on, Dad. Pleeease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fine then, would you mind giving me 100 bucks?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You look great today. I like your tie. By the way, I was wondering can I- No. I haven't even told you what it is yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you think I could borrow the car? I'm going to a concert tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Duh. He's like the hottest and most popular guy at school. Come on, Dad. Pleeease?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners, welcome back. We are here at EnglishPod, my name is Marco. And I'm Erica. And today we're gonna be bringing you a lesson about eggs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, well, we always have eggs for breakfast, and there are many ways of preparing them, so we're gonna learn what the different ways are.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have three words that we want to take a look at before we listen to our dialogue, so let's look at these in vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] Okay, so if your boss is picky and you give him a report and maybe it has, I don't know, a couple of mistakes or something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and what about the, uh, other part?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The white. The white. Or also called the egg white, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so pretty simple. Yolk and egg white.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's listen to our dialogue, uh, we are gonna be listening to a couple who are having breakfast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, she is definitely very picky and has a very bad temper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, sunny side up. Sunny side up!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this is interesting, sunny like the sun, right? Exactly. So when you fry an egg,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, because the opposite would be a fried egg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now let's take a look at our next set of eggs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A soft-boiled egg. A soft-boiled egg. Soft-boiled. Soft-boiled. Okay, so, to boil, you put the egg? In water. In boiling water. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And make it cook. So how long would you usually put it in for to be soft boiled?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you only cook part of the egg, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh-huh. Okay. So again, the opposite would be... A hard-boiled egg. Hard-boiled egg. Hard-boiled. So, hard-boiled is when you cook the entire egg again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So with this soft boiled and hard boiled eggs, this takes us to our next form, eggs and soldiers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this is really interesting, I didn't really know about this before. It kinda sounds like you're having eggs with a group of soldiers from the army.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this takes us to our last form of uh, egg preparation and probably the most popular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Scrambled eggs. Take eggs, put them in a pan, and then you just move them all over the place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we've looked at a lot of, uh, egg preparation and now we can listen to our dialogue for the second time. And then we'll come back and look at some phrases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, well, uh, that's modern days, I don't know, men are learning how to cook, and uh, yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so great phrase. He said, I felt like baking. I felt like baking. I felt like baking. So let's take a look at this. He feels like or he felt like in the past. What does that mean when you feel like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and then to bake, and now this verb is in the gerund form.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's the rule, right? I feel like playing soccer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I felt like going to the movies. That's the way you would say this. You have the desire, you feel like doing something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very good. And now let's take a look at this second phrase. Drives me crazy. Drives me crazy. Drives me crazy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, but it can also be positive, right? Like, that girl drives me crazy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just saying. Alright, so, drives me crazy. Really great phrase, and you can use it in all of these different situations like we heard. So let's listen to our dialogue for the last time, and then we'll come back and talk a little bit more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you were telling me that you have some traditions when you eat eggs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, for example, I was telling you that, uh, when I prepare scrambled eggs, sometimes I like to take some rice, some rice that has already been cooked, put it in the pan,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then take some eggs, two eggs, put it on top of the rice and scramble the rice with the eggs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, exactly. So, let us know if you guys have any egg preparations or any special egg recipes or traditions that you practice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and as always, we are there to answer them and, uh, solve any problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good bud, for table six. What about some appetizers?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're gonna be talking about swimming and, well, it's a very popular sport, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so why don't we preview some of the language we'll find in the dialog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wind to push you forward. Exactly. That's a sailboat. Yes. Okay, so sailing. Now let's take a look at our other word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anchor. Another boat word here. Anchor. Anchor. Anchor. Now, it's spelled A-N-C-H-O-R. Right. But you don't pronounce the C-H as you normally would, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anchor. Anchor. Anchor. So the anchor is a verb and noun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you, so to throw the anchor into the water, you would just say to anchor the boat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great words related to sailing, but now let's listen to our dialogue for the first time. What's happening here, Erika?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so a shark attack. I know, this is my worst


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so don't worry about it. I'm sure the girl is okay. Uh, it's probably not a shark. Maybe it was a dolphin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at some of the words that we saw in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And your legs are all over the place. And you're basically not really swimming, you're just trying to stay afloat. You're trying not to drown.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's take a look at our second, uh, swimming style. Breaststroke. Breaststroke. Breaststroke. The breaststroke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have your legs that are similar to like a frog, right? And what are your hands doing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Backstroke. Backstroke. Backstroke. Backstroke. So this one's pretty easy. Backstroke, you are? Lying on your back. You're lying on your back. In the water. And you're, in your feet as well. Yep. But what are your hands doing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's listen to this dialogue again, and then we'll come back and look at some great phrases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I say I'm going to take a dip. You're going to have a quick swim. A quick swim. Yep. So you can take a dip in the pool. Yep. In the lake. In the ocean. In the ocean. Even in your bathtub, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now let's take a look at our second phrase. For a little while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's listen to some examples with for a little while and then we'll come back and explain it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a short time. And you can change it, right? You can say, oh, I'm going to play for a little while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and let's take a look at our last phrase. Straight towards. Straight towards. Straight towards me. Straight towards. Okay, so straight means


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Directly. Right, in a line. In a line, not going anywhere else, but directly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so can you give me another example of how you would use straight towards?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I believe this. Alright, so straight towards, directly. Okay, so we've looked at a lot of great words, really good phrases. Let's listen to this dialogue one last time, and then we'll come back, and Eric is gonna tell us a really great story about, oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright guys, well do you have any crazy stories or any stories related to boats or to swimming? Or to shark attacks. Or shark attacks. Yep. Uh, so come to our website, EnglishPod.com, leave your stories, share with us, and also if you have any doubts or questions, Erica and I are always there to answer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of it here at EnglishPod and, and in our series. So today we have a really great dialogue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, so let's take a look at it in vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sleeping with him. Yes. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It seems pretty easy, I mean, sleeping with, it just sounds like you are in bed with somebody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so be careful how you use it because I know that sometimes you want to translate and just say, well, they are in the same bed together, but it's not that they're having sex.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well obviously somebody is sleeping with somebody, so let's listen to the dialogue and then we'll come back and talk about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's amazing, they're having an amazing, uh, adventure in their love life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we saw some really great words, so let's take a look at them in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, confess. To confess. To confess. So confess, what does that mean?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, you did? Yeah, sorry. Oh, okay. No wonder my wallet was lighter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's take a look at our next word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, with emotion. It can be good emotions and bad emotions, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And that's our third word. Jealousy. Jealousy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is interesting because jealousy is the noun. That's right. It's the feeling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of being jealous. Which is the adjective. Which is the adjective. So, what does it mean when you are jealous?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, jealous. So, so Erica, are you a jealous wife?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, jealousy. Okay, and let's take a look at...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our next two words, which are actually kind of insults, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, but you gotta learn them anyways. Okay, let's take a look at this one. Jerk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's a jerk. Jerk. Jerk. So, what does it mean if someone is a jerk?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's plain as simple as that, stupid and mean. So, can a woman be a jerk?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I can say he is a jerk or she is a jerk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and now let's take a look at our last word. You lying bastard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Almost, but like on the line. So what does it mean if you call someone a bastard?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you were born, exactly. So, it is a pretty big insult.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so you gotta be careful when you throw that word in there, or how you would use it. And again, it's for men, right? Not for women.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well apparently all of these words are just for men, what did we do wrong?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, okay, so let's listen to our dialogue again and then we'll come back and look at some great phrases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so great stuff. Jerk, bastards, all that good words going around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so in Fluency Builder today we have three great phrases. Let's take a look at the first one. Bun in the oven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, bun is a piece of bread in the oven, but in this context we're not using it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so you say she has a bun in the oven. Yes, she's pregnant. She's pregnant. Okay. It could be difficult to understand if you don't really...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now let's take a look at the second one. Couldn't help myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, you, you did something but you couldn't control it. You couldn't stop it. You couldn't stop it. Okay, so let's listen to some examples of how you would use I couldn't help myself because it's a phrase that you can use in many different ways, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To come into the picture. Okay, so what does it mean when somebody comes into the picture?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So imagine that your life is a picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, they're not married, so this is a very controversial topic, right? Yep. Being knocked up. Yes, nice phrase. Nice phrase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so you could hear that in movies. It's not really, I would say, a proper way of saying it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. So you would say, she got knocked up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's actually a pretty interesting topic. I know that, for example, in Latin America,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If a girl that's maybe in her early twenties, uh, gets pregnant accidentally by her boyfriend, usually the families expect them to get married.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so, it's kinda like, should they get married, should they not?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of pressure. But it's different in other countries, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So is it okay to just live together with your girlfriend or should you get married before?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a controversial topic, so we'll have a lot of different opinions, but it should be interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honey, of course I forgive you. I love you so much. I've really missed you. I was wrong to get upset over nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's wrong? Why are you asking these questions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have to go in there and save those people from the blaze!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A blood test is the most accurate way of finding out if you are pregnant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please forgive me. I was wrong to get upset over nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's wrong? Why are you asking these questions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honey, of course I forgive you. I love you so much. I've really missed you. I was wrong to get upset over nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm glad you're okay, but I have some exciting news.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's wrong? Why are you asking these questions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When people find out I write about time management, they assume two things. One is that I'm always on time. And I'm not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have four small children and I would like to blame them for my occasional tardiness, but sometimes it's just not their fault. I was once late to my own speech on time management.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second thing they assume is that I have lots of tips and tricks for saving bits of time here and there. And sometimes I'll hear from magazines that are doing a story along these lines, generally on how to help their readers find an extra hour in the day. And the idea is that we'll shave bits of time off everyday activities, add it up, and we'll have time for the good stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I question the entire premise of this piece. But I'm always interested in hearing what they've come up with before they call me. So some of my favorites. Doing errands in a way where you only have to make right hand turns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being extremely judicious in microwave usage, so it says three to three and a half minutes on the package, we are totally getting in on the bottom side of that. And my personal favorite, which makes sense on some level, is to DVR your favorite shows so you can fast forward through the commercials. And that way you save about eight minutes every half hour. So in the course of two hours of watching TV, you find 32 minutes to exercise. Which is true. You know another way to find 32 minutes to exercise? Don't watch two hours of TV a day, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, the idea is we'll save bits of time here and there, add it up, we will finally get to everything we want to do. But after studying how successful people spend their time, and looking at their schedules hour by hour, I think this idea has it completely backward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't build the lives we want by saving time. We build the lives we want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's what I mean. I recently did a time diary project looking at 1001 days in the lives of extremely busy women. They had demanding jobs, sometimes their own businesses, kids to care for, maybe parents to care for, community commitments. Busy, busy people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had them keep track of their time for a week so I could add up how much they worked and slept, and I interviewed them about their strategies for my book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the women whose time log I studied, she goes out for a Wednesday night for something. She comes home to find that her water heater has broken. And there is now water all over her basement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you've ever had anything like this happen to you, you know it is a hugely damaging, frightening, sopping mess. So she's dealing with the immediate aftermath at night, next day she's got plumbers coming in, day after that professional cleaning crew dealing with the ruined carpet. All this is being recorded on her time log, winds up taking seven hours of her week. Seven hours? That's like finding an extra hour in the day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm sure if you had asked her at the start of the week, could you find seven hours to train for a triathlon?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could you find seven hours to mentor seven worthy people? I'm sure she would have said what most of us would have said, which is, no. Can't you see how busy I am?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yet when she had to find seven hours because there is water all over her basement, she found seven hours. And what this shows us is that time is highly elastic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We cannot make more time, but time will stretch to accommodate what we choose to put into it. And so the key to time management


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is treating our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to get at this, I like to use some language from one of the busiest people I ever interviewed. By busy, I mean she was running a small business with 12 people on the payroll. She had six children in her spare time. I was getting in touch with her to set up an interview on how she had it all, that phrase. I remember it was a Thursday morning and she was not available to speak with me, of course, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the reason she was unavailable to speak with me is that she was out for a hike. Because it was a beautiful spring morning, and she wanted to go for a hike.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So of course this makes me even more intrigued, and when I finally do catch up with her, she explains it like this. She says, listen Laura, everything I do,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And rather than say, I don't have time to do X, Y or Z, you should say, I don't do X, Y or Z because it's not a priority. I don't have time often means it's not a priority.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you think about it, that's really more accurate language. I mean, I could tell you I don't have time to dust my blinds, but that's not true. If you offered to pay me $100,000 to go dust my blinds, I would get to it pretty quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since that is not going to happen, I can acknowledge this is not a matter of lacking time. It's that I don't want to do it. Using this language reminds us that time is a choice. And granted, there may be horrible consequences for making different choices. I will give you that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we are smart people, and certainly over the long run, we have the power to fill our lives with the things that deserve to be there. So how do we do that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do we treat our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well first we need to figure out what they are. And I want to give you two strategies for thinking about this. The first, on the professional side. I'm sure many people coming up to the end of the year are giving or getting annual performance reviews. You look back over your successes over the year, your opportunities for growth, and this serves its purpose


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I find it's more effective to do this looking forward. So I want you to pretend it's the end of next year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're giving yourself a performance review, and it has been an absolutely amazing year for you professionally. What three to five things did you do that made it so amazing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can write next year's performance review now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can do this for your personal life, too. I'm sure many of you, like me, come December, get cards that contain these folded-up sheets of colored paper, on which is written what is known as the family holiday letter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What three to five things did you do that made it so amazing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't send it. But you can write it. And now between the performance review and the family holiday letter, we have a list of six to ten goals we can work on in the next year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we need to break these down into doable steps. So maybe you want to write a family history. Well, first you can read some other family histories, get a sense for the style. And then maybe think about the questions you want to ask your relatives, set up appointments to interview them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or maybe you want to run a 5K. So you need to find a race and sign up and figure out a training plan and dig those shoes out of the back of the closet. And then, this is key, we treat our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater by putting them into our schedules first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Friday afternoon is what an economist might call a low opportunity cost time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most of us are not sitting there on Friday afternoon saying, I am excited to make progress toward my personal and professional priorities right now. But we are willing to think about what those should be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So take a little bit of time, Friday afternoon, make yourself a three-category priority list. Career, relationships, self.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Making a three-category list reminds us that there should be something in all three categories. Career we think about, relationships, self, not so much. But anyway, just a short list, two to three items in each. Then look out over the whole of the next week and see where you can plan them in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where you plan them in is up to you, and I know this is going to be more complicated for some people than others. I mean, some people's lives are just harder than others. It is not going to be easy to find time to take that poetry class if you are caring for multiple children on your own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I get that. And I don't want to minimize anyone's struggle. But I do think that the numbers I am about to tell you are empowering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you are working a full-time job, so 40 hours a week, sleeping 8 hours a night, so 56 hours a week, that leaves 72 hours for other things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is a lot of time. You say you're working 50 hours a week, maybe a main job and a side hustle. Well, that leaves 62 hours for other things. You say you're working 60 hours. Well, that leaves 52 hours for other things. You say you're working more than 60 hours. Well, are you sure?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was once a study comparing people's estimated work weeks with time diaries, found that people claiming 75 plus hour work weeks were off by about 25 hours. You can guess in which direction, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, in 168 hours a week, I think we can find time for what matters to you. If you want to spend more time with your kids, you want to study more for a test you're taking, you want to exercise for three hours and volunteer for two, you can. And that's even if you're working way more than full-time hours. So we have plenty of time, which is great, because guess what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't even need that much time to do amazing things. But when most of us have bits of time, what do we do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pull out the phone, right? Start deleting emails, or otherwise we're puttering around the house or watching TV. But small moments can have great power. You can use your bits of time for bits of joy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know when I had a job that required two bus rides and a subway ride every morning, I used to go to the library on weekends to get stuff to read. Made the whole experience almost ... almost ... enjoyable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Breaks at work can be used for meditating or praying. If family dinner is out because of your crazy work schedule, maybe family breakfast could be a good substitute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's about looking at the whole of one's time and seeing where the good stuff can go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even if we are busy, we have time for what matters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when we focus on what matters, we can build the lives we want in the time we've got. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, but Grandpa Pete can. What? O-o-okay, I'll make a racing car for George.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Grandpa Pig's shed, where he makes things. What have we got here? Ah, an old pram.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't worry, Pepper. You can be the chief mechanic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's start the race. Three times round the garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's this? A giant gnome? No, Grandpa. It's a well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as it happens, I do need water for my garden, so a well will be useful. But that is not a well. It's made of plastic and there's no hole.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Slowly but relentlessly, Colonel Gaddafi's forces seem to be winning the battle for Raz Lanouf. Opposition fighters are still in the town, but they are under intense pressure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bombing from government warplanes continued today and there's a big plume of smoke from the oil installation which was hit a couple of days ago. There's no sign of either the rebel fighters or the local population beginning to flee the area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If Raslanuf falls, it brings the front line closer to the main opposition held city of Benghazi. News item six.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tens of thousands of anti-government demonstrators have marched in cities across Yemen after Friday prayers, demanding the removal of President Ali Abdullah Saleh. At least six people were wounded when security forces fired at protesters in the southern port city of Aden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the capital Sana'a, where supporters of the government also held a rally, police set up roadblocks to keep the two sides apart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Emily Elephant and Wendy Wolf are decorating cupcakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I Want. Written by Gawain Douglas. Illustrated by Eric Weber.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want something to play with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want something to love. I want a dog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Going for one last swim, Mr. Pig? Uh, yes. One last swim before I go home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Holidays are nice, but they don't last forever, Pepper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mr. Pig, here is your teddy. Please, take better care of him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, but the happy ending came at a high price.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I suppose it is a bit funny. This is my daughter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My name is Maysoon Zayed, and I am not drunk, but the doctor who delivered me was. He caught my mom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Six different times in six different directions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Suffocating poor little me in the process. As a result, I have cerebral palsy, which means I shake all the time. Look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It only happens from accidents, like what happened to me on my birthday. Now, I must warn you, I'm not inspirational.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm female, I'm disabled, and I live in New Jersey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cliffside Park, New Jersey is my hometown. I have always loved the fact that my hood and my affliction share the same initials. I also love the fact that if I wanted to walk from my house to New York City, I could. A lot of people with CP don't walk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But my parents didn't believe in can't. My father's mantra was, you can do it, yes you can can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My father taught me how I walk when I was five years old by placing my heels on his feet and just walking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Growing up there were only six Arabs in my town and they were all my family. Now there are twenty Arabs in town and they are still all my family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I spent my summers in a war zone because my parents were afraid that if we didn't go back to Palestine every single summer, we'd grow up to be Madonna.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have to tell you, it's very boring. But before I did yoga, I was a stand-up comedian who can't stand up. And now I can stand on my head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My parents re- my parents reinforced this notion that I could do anything. That no dream was impossible. And my dream was to be on the daytime soap opera General Hospital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sherry Brown got the part. I went racing to the head of the theater department crying hysterically like someone shot my cat to ask her why. And she said it was because they didn't think I could do the stunt. I said, excuse me, if I can't do the stunt, neither can the character.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Upon graduating, I moved back home and my first acting gig was as an extra on a daytime soap opera. My dream was coming true. And I knew that I would be promoted from diner diner to wacky best friend in no time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ellen. And all these women had one thing in common. They were comedians. So I became a comic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My, my first gig was driving famous comics from New York City to shows in New Jersey. And I'll never forget the face of the first comic I ever drove when he realized that he was speeding down the New Jersey turnpike with a chick with CP driving him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've performed in clubs all over America and I've also performed in Arabic in the Middle East. Uncensored and uncovered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people say I'm the first stand-up comic in the Arab world. I never liked to claim first, but I do know that they never heard that nasty little rumor that women aren't funny and they find us hysterical.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 2003, my brother from another mother and father, Dean Obidala and I, started the New York Arab American Comedy Festival, now in its tenth year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My big break came in 2010. I was invited to be a guest on the cable news show Countdown with Keith Overman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I walked in looking like I was going to the prom, and they shuffle me into a studio and seat me on a spinning, rolling chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when the interview was over, I was livid. I had finally gotten my chance and I blew it. And I knew I would never get invited back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But not only did Mr. Overman invite me back, he made me a full-time contributor, and he taped down my chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Suddenly my disability on the world wide web is fair game. I would look at clips online and see comments like, yo, why is she tweaking? Yo, is she retarded? And my favorite, poor gumby mouth terrorist, what does she suffer from? We should really pray for her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If a wheelchair user can't play Beyonce, then Beyonce can't play a wheelchair user. The disabled are the large va- Yeah, clap for them, man. Come on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People with disabilities are the largest minority in the world and we are the most underrepresented in entertainment. The doctor said that I wouldn't walk, but I am here in front of you.


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[Assistant] However, if I grew up with social media, I don't think I would be.


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[Assistant] I hope that together we can create more positive images of disability in the media and in everyday life. Perhaps if there were more positive images, it would foster less hate on the internet.


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[Assistant] Or maybe not. Maybe it still takes a village to teach our children well.


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[Assistant] I got to act in a movie with Adam Sandler and work with my idol the amazing Dave Matthews. I toured the world as a headliner on Arabs Gone Wild. I was a delegate.


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[Assistant] I was a delegate representing the great state of New Jersey at the 2008 DNC, and I founded Maysoons Kids, a charity that hopes to give Palestinian refugee children a sliver of the chance my parents gave me.


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[Assistant] The dress code's strictly yellow. Wear hats or an arack.


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[Assistant] The authorities managed to evacuate the poor neighborhood of Cupinidos before it was crushed by a collapsing hillside. Right across Bolivia, thousands of people have been left homeless by weeks of heavy rain.


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[Assistant] The hot favourite to win Oscar's glory is the British drama, The King's Speech, based on the true story of the attempts by King George VI to overcome a bad speech impediment and lead his nation in the Second World War.


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[Assistant] But the film faces strong competition from the social network about the internet site Facebook, as well as the western remake of True Grit and the ballet thriller Black Swan.


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[Assistant] A landslide caused by intense rains has destroyed more than 150 homes in the Bolivian city of La Paz.


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[Assistant] The authorities managed to evacuate the poor neighborhood of Cupinidos before it was crushed by a collapsing hillside. Right across Bolivia, thousands of people have been left homeless by weeks of heavy rain.


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[Assistant] The stage is set in Hollywood for the Academy Awards, the film industry's biggest night of the year.


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[Assistant] The hot favourite to win Oscar's glory is the British drama, The King's Speech, based on the true story of the attempts by King George VI to overcome a bad speech impediment and lead his nation in the Second World War.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the film faces strong competition from the social network about the internet site Facebook, as well as the western remake of True Grit and the ballet thriller Black Swan.


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[Assistant] I've got some pears. Oh, leave those to me. Green pears.


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[Assistant] We're going to look at two words today that you'll hear in the dialogue. And the first one, milligrams.


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[Assistant] And that is the action of checking to find out the price.


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[Assistant] Well the shopper also asked for some eye drops.


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[Assistant] We're going to look at two phrases here and we're going to see how we can use them in different situations. The pharmacist warned, be sure not to take it on an empty stomach.


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[Assistant] So Marco, uhm, why should we say be sure not to instead of don't?


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[Assistant] Yeah, so you never can say, oh I ate my medicine yesterday. It always has to be I took my medicine.


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[Assistant] That's right. So we always talk about prescription medicine and OTC medicine or over the counter medicine.


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[Assistant] Hello English learners, welcome back to EnglishPod, my name is Marco.


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[Assistant] That's right, so we're going to be looking at a lot of great stuff that can help you the next time you are at the airport at the check-in counter. So why don't we take a look at one word that we're going to preview today in vocabulary preview.