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[Assistant] To their credit, the world's agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view.


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[Assistant] In March, for example, they came together at the first global conference on agricultural research to begin working out how to change research agendas to help meet the needs of farmers in poorer nations.


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[Assistant] But these plans will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy makers.


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[Assistant] The growth in public agricultural research spending peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since. The big exception is China.


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[Assistant] China seems set to transition to become the key supplier of relevant science and technology to poorer countries.


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[Assistant] But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility, too.


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[Assistant] Caused by scientists for large increases in the appropriation of funds.


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[Assistant] For public spending on agricultural research are more than justified.


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[Assistant] Question four. What does the man think he had better do?


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[Assistant] Question four. What does the woman say about their customers?


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[Assistant] What do the speakers believe big food corporations are doing?


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[Assistant] Question 11. What does the speaker say about the Amazon?


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[Assistant] The station of the north. He had two errands to do. His boss gave him some money to do these errands.


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[Assistant] Please don't harm the Tang monk, he said. I will fix your ginseng tree, but I need to get help.


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[Assistant] Don't worry master, said the monkey. I will find help. I'll be back as soon as I can.


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[Assistant] A dalish named The Great Immortal is going to fry the Tang Monk! I have until the end of the day to fix his ginseng tree!


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[Assistant] In this section, you will hear two long conversations.


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[Assistant] At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions.


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[Assistant] Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question,


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[Assistant] You must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.


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[Assistant] Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.


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[Assistant] Some of our research is to do with the likely impacts of climate change and all of the associated risks.


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[Assistant] Well, most of the science of climate change, particularly that to do with global warming, is simply fact. But other aspects of the science are less certain, or at least more disputed. And so we're really talking about risk.


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[Assistant] What the economics tells us is that it's probably cheaper to avoid climate change, to avoid the risk, than it is to deal with the likely consequences.


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[Assistant] Well, I would argue that we need to develop the science specifically to understand the likely impacts of climate change in different contexts.


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[Assistant] As I said, we need to understand the best ways of avoiding climate change.


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[Assistant] And this will involve a huge transition to low carbon energy systems, and the transition is a tremendous priority.


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[Assistant] And for this to happen, we may need action on a global scale.


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[Assistant] From a political perspective, we need to understand the terms on which major countries like China and the USA might sign up to a global agreement because at the moment we don't have that consensus.


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[Assistant] And we also need to plan ahead so that we're in a position to deal with the likely levels of climate change which are already inevitable.


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[Assistant] And even more so, too, for the levels that are likely if we don't get those global agreements.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm a firm believer that people can make their own luck.


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[Assistant] I mean what people regard as luck, you can actually create to a degree.


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[Assistant] Yes, actually there was. Something very impressive to me is many people think that luck is important and that natural talent is something you must have in order to be successful.


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[Assistant] And in the video we saw, the point about getting good at something, it's not about having some natural talent, it's all about practice, practice, practice.


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[Assistant] Questions five to eight are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question five. What are the speakers mainly talking about?


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[Assistant] Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 9.


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[Assistant] It's no accident that most gas stations have convenience stores attached.


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[Assistant] Few of us can fill up the tank without buying a few snacks, cigarettes, soft drinks or other items we can live without. I deserve it.


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[Assistant] That's what hard working men and women say to justify their lavish vacations, big stereo systems, or regular restaurant meals. They do deserve such indulgences.


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[Assistant] However, they also deserve a home of their own, a secure retirement and freedom from worrying about unpaid bills.


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[Assistant] No one should have to live with what a Texas mother described as constant stress, tension, even fear about money.


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[Assistant] Sadly, the pleasure that comes from extravagances often disappears long before the bills do.


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[Assistant] The video camera that one single mother bought for a special occasion, for example, is not much fun now.


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[Assistant] She's figured out that it will take her another three years to pay it off at $30 a month.


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[Assistant] And the New Yorkers who spent a bundle on an outdoor hot tub now admit they rarely use it because we can't afford to heat it in winter. The solution? Set priorities. Add up the annual cost of each item. Then consider what else you could buy with the same money.


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[Assistant] Discovered that daily lunches with co-workers cost her $2000 a year. She decided to take lunch to work instead.


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[Assistant] I now put twenty dollars a week into my vacation fund and another twenty into retirement savings, she says. Those mean more to me than lunch.


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[Assistant] Let's say you start to brainstorm a list of all the emotions you've ever experienced. Just for fun, try it now. What's on your list? Chances are, you included things like happy, sad, excited, angry, afraid, grateful,


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[Assistant] Proud, scared, confused, stressed, relaxed and amazed. Now sort your list into two categories. Positive emotions and negative emotions.


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[Assistant] Feeling both positive and negative emotions is a natural part of being human.


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[Assistant] We might use the word negative to describe more difficult emotions.


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[Assistant] But it doesn't mean those emotions are bad, or we shouldn't have them. Still.


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[Assistant] Most people would probably rather feel a positive emotion than a negative one.


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[Assistant] It's likely you'd prefer to feel happy instead of sad, or confident instead of insecure. What matters is how our emotions are balanced. How much of each type of emotion, positive or negative, we experience.


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[Assistant] Negative emotions warn us of threats or challenges that we may need to deal with.


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[Assistant] For example, fear can alert us to possible danger. It's a signal that we might need to protect ourselves.


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[Assistant] Angry feelings warn us that someone is stepping on our toes, crossing a boundary or violating our trust.


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[Assistant] They help us to zero in on a problem, so we can deal with it.


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[Assistant] But too many negative emotions can make us feel overwhelmed, anxious, exhausted or stressed out. When negative emotions are out of balance, problems might seem too big to handle.


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[Assistant] The more we dwell on negative emotions, the more negative we begin to feel. Focusing on negativity just keeps it going. Positive emotions balance out negative ones, but they have other powerful benefits too.


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[Assistant] Instead of narrowing our focus, like negative emotions do,


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[Assistant] Positive emotions affect our brains in ways that increase our awareness, attention, and memory. They help us take in more information, hold several ideas in mind at once,


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[Assistant] And understand how different ideas relate to each other.


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[Assistant] When positive emotions open us up to new possibilities, we are more able to learn and build on our skills.


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[Assistant] That leads to doing better on tasks and tests.


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[Assistant] People who have plenty of positive emotions in their everyday lives tend to be happier, healthier, learn better, and get along well with others.


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[Assistant] Welcome to the third lecture in our series on the future of small businesses in Europe.


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[Assistant] The purpose of today's lecture as you have seen from the title and the abstract is to examine in more detail


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[Assistant] The problems facing small and medium-sized enterprises.


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[Assistant] Which arise at least in part from having to adapt to rapid advances in technology.


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[Assistant] And I want to look at these both from a financial and from a personnel point of view and to offer a few hopefully effective solutions.


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[Assistant] Here we have three of the most important problems facing small businesses that I want to look at today. First, keeping up with the pace of technological change.


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[Assistant] Recruiting high quality staff in a time of skills shortages in IT as a whole and in a highly competitive market.


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[Assistant] And the issue of retaining staff once they've been recruited and trained.


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[Assistant] Now, all of these problems involve significant costs for all businesses.


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[Assistant] But they're a particularly challenging issue for small and medium-sized enterprises.


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[Assistant] And those costs will vary depending on the size and scale of the businesses. So let's come to the first issue on our list.


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[Assistant] Which is keeping pace with developments in technology.


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[Assistant] Now we all know that the technology industry is intensely competitive, with new products being launched all year round as the various companies strive to compete with each other.


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[Assistant] Rather than say once a year or every couple of years. And this is a real headache for smaller businesses.


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[Assistant] So, let's imagine we have a small company, which is doing okay. It's just about making a profit, and it spends most of its income on overheads. So for a company in this situation, keeping up to date with the latest technology, even if it's only for the benefit of key staff, this can be hugely expensive.


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[Assistant] So in my view, some creative thinking needs to come in here to find ways to help companies in this situation to stay ahead in the game.


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[Assistant] But at the same time, to remain technologically competitive.


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[Assistant] Well, there's the possibility that small groups of companies with similar requirements


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[Assistant] But not directly competing with each other, they could share the cost of upgrading in much the same way as, let's say, an intranet operates within larger organisations.


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[Assistant] In fact, cost sharing could be a very practical solution, especially in times of financial difficulty.


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[Assistant] If there's downward pressure on costs because of a need for investment in other areas,


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[Assistant] I would argue that this is a perfectly feasible solution.


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[Assistant] Then a bear spirit called the Black Wind King stole the robe.


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[Assistant] I've told the Tang Monk many times not to do dumb things, but still he-


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[Assistant] It's a wolf spirit dressed as a priest.


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[Assistant] I've had a long and rather disappointing day, so, uh,


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[Assistant] Yeah, I should probably get to sleep now. Yeah, yeah, yeah, of course. Okay, thanks.


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[Assistant] Uh, look, you don't belong here.


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[Assistant] No, no, no, I meant you don't belong here. I mean in this room. But this is my room. Property of Crane.


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[Assistant] Whoa, so uhm, how does this work? Do you have a ladder or trampoline or?


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[Assistant] Uh, yeaah, it's just, maybe we can find something more suited to my level.


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[Assistant] Question 7 What will the man explain first?


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[Assistant] Question 11. What do some passengers try to do?


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[Assistant] Question 18. What do we learn about the field of mathematics?


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[Assistant] Question 24. How did the speaker conduct the sleep study?


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[Assistant] This is the end of listening comprehension.


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[Assistant] Okay. So like, Oogway was just a crazy old turtle after all.


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[Assistant] I don't know, dad. Honestly, sometimes I can't believe I'm actually your son.


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[Assistant] Wait, wait. It's just plain old noodle soup? You don't add some kind of special sauce or something?


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[Assistant] He says he sees things he doesn't see on fair days.


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[Assistant] He once found a little fox cub half drowned in a hole after its mother died. He brought it home, tucked under his shirt to keep warm.


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[Assistant] He brought that one home too and tamed it. The crow's name is Soot because it's so black.


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[Assistant] That's a pity. If Mrs. Medlock would let you go into the library, you'd have thousands of books to read.


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[Assistant] You stay where you're told to stay, or you'll find yourself locked up. Mr. Craven had better get you a governess.


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[Assistant] You need someone sharp to look after you. I've got enough to do.


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[Assistant] The Secret Garden Chapter 11 Mary Meets Dickon


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[Assistant] The sun had been shining on the secret garden for nearly a week.


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[Assistant] Mary was beginning to like being outdoors, and she was even starting to like the wind.


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[Assistant] She could run faster and longer, and she could skip up to a hundred.


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[Assistant] Mary was a determined little person, and now that she had something to be interested in, she was very determined.


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[Assistant] She worked hard in the garden digging and pulling up weeds. Instead of getting tired, she felt happy.


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[Assistant] During that week of sunshine, Mary met Ben Weatherstaff outdoors several times.


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[Assistant] She always approached quietly because she was afraid he might pick up his tools and leave if he saw her.


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[Assistant] You were like the Robin, he said to her one morning when she suddenly appeared at his side. I never know when I will see you.


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[Assistant] Mary skipped down the garden path. She liked Ben even when he was gruff. Suddenly she stopped skipping.


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[Assistant] A red-haired boy sat under a tree playing a wooden pipe. But he wasn't the only one there.


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[Assistant] A brown squirrel was clinging to the trunk of the tree and watching him. A pheasant was peeping out from behind a bush.


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[Assistant] The bird and the animals wandered away, but they didn't seem afraid. I'm Dickon, said the boy.


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[Assistant] And you must be Miss Mary. I have your seeds and your tools.


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[Assistant] Said Mary. Dickon unwrapped the package.


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[Assistant] He showed her a shovel, a rake, a hoe, a fork and a trowel.


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[Assistant] There were also two packets of seeds for blue and white flowers. Mary didn't know what to say. Could she trust this strange boy?


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[Assistant] Dick can look puzzled. I keep secrets from the other boys all the time.


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[Assistant] If I couldn't keep secrets about fox cubs and bird nests, nothing would be safe on the moor. Mary grabbed his sleeve.


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[Assistant] And then she burst into tears. Dickens' eyes grew wide. Where is this garden? He said softly. Mary got up from the log.


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[Assistant] What is it, Bob? You sounded pretty serious on the phone. Have we still got a budget problem?


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[Assistant] She's been with us a long time, Bob. If she leaves, it'll be a big loss to us. She's done really excellent work.


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[Assistant] Yes, he did a really fine job filling in for Marcia like that at the last minute.


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[Assistant] What did the man do before he came to see the woman?


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[Assistant] How did Marcia explain why she didn't show up for the Denver trip?


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[Assistant] Why did Larry dim the lights and turn up the sound system before people entered the hall?


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[Assistant] Phyllis Wheatley was a young African-American slave who belonged to landowner John Wheatley in colonial America.


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[Assistant] She was also a poet and the first African American ever to publish a book.


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[Assistant] Her poems on various subjects, religious and moral, was printed in Boston in 1773, three years before the signing of the Declaration of Independence.


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[Assistant] But Wheatley was allowed by her owner to study poetry, Latin and the Bible. And by the time she reached her late teens, she had written enough poetry to put together a slender book of verse.


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[Assistant] Even so, publication was difficult. The publisher, fearful of being cheated, forced her to submit to a scholarly examination by a board of educated men, including the colonial governor.


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[Assistant] The board of judges questioned Wheatley extensively and ruled that she was educated enough to have written the book. Only then was publication permitted.


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[Assistant] Weedley may have been the first, but she was not the only slave to write a book during the growing days of the Republic.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, most of the early popular African American writers have been all but forgotten in modern times, until now.


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[Assistant] A Cornell professor, Henry Louis Gates, recently started a research project looking into 19th century African American fiction and poetry.


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[Assistant] In the process, he uncovered numerous lost works, almost half of which were written by African American women.


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[Assistant] In varied literary styles, the newly resurfaced manuscripts offered a rich stock of African-American culture, recreating, among other things, the early days of slavery and the importance of religion to the slave.


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[Assistant] The Secret Garden Chapter 9 The Robin Shows the Way


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[Assistant] If this were the key to the secret garden, all she had to do now was find the door.


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[Assistant] She liked the idea of going into the garden and playing there by herself. No one would even know she was there.


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[Assistant] She put the key in her pocket and strolled up and down her favorite path outside the walled gardens.


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[Assistant] Nobody but Mary ever seemed to go there, so she could walk slowly and look at the wall closely.


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[Assistant] But no matter how carefully she looked, she could see nothing but Ivy. She was very disappointed.


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[Assistant] That way, if she ever found the hidden door, she would be ready.


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[Assistant] The next morning when Mary woke up, Martha was back at work and full of stories about her day off.


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[Assistant] She left the room for a moment and came back, holding something under her apron.


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[Assistant] Mary wondered how someone from a cottage filled with so many hungry people could give anyone a present.


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[Assistant] Martha brought the rope out from underneath her apron and held it out proudly Mary looked puzzled


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[Assistant] Martha ran to the next room and taking a handle in each hand, began to skip and skip. She counted up to a hundred.


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[Assistant] She was not very good at it, but she liked it so much that she did not want to stop.


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[Assistant] Mary put on her coat and hat She opened the door to go out and then turned back


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[Assistant] Mary skipped around the fountain and up one path and down another.


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[Assistant] She skipped into the kitchen garden and saw Ben Weatherstaff digging and talking to his Robin.


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[Assistant] Mary skipped around all the gardens and the orchard, resting every few minutes.


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[Assistant] At last, she made up her mind to try to skip the length of her favorite path.


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[Assistant] She counted up to 30 before she had to stop and rest.


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[Assistant] The robin flew from the ivy to the top of the wall.


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[Assistant] He opened his beak and sang a loud, lovely trill. Mary laughed with delight.


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[Assistant] She stepped closer to him and what happened next seemed like magic.


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[Assistant] Mary jumped forward and caught the ivy in her hand.


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[Assistant] She'd seen something under the ivy, a round doorknob. She began to push the leaves aside


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[Assistant] Mary's heart thumped and her hands shook with excitement as she touched the door. Mary reached into her pocket for the key. She put the key in the lock and turned it.


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[Assistant] And then she took a breath, and looked up the long path to see if anyone was coming.


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[Assistant] No one was there. She took another breath and slowly opened the door.


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[Assistant] Well I hope you learned a lesson. You failed that true false test because you didn't study.


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[Assistant] Oh, do you see what I mean? I don't think Yoyo's weird. He's just different. And maybe a little lonely.


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[Assistant] Oh, poor Yo-Yo. Yeaah, poor Yo-Yo. Ha! Look at him! He looks like an exploding pillow! Leave him alone!


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[Assistant] I know, I can't find him either. Not that I'm worried or anything.


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[Assistant] School's alright, I guess. As long as you have a... best friend.


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[Assistant] Can you believe it, Chuck? Can you believe it? Believe what?


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[Assistant] Why wasn't I named outstanding student of the year? Maybe because you fall asleep in class everyday. You don't like me, do you Chuck? I'm just trying to explain why you probably-


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[Assistant] Do you want me to pass out the report cards, ma'am? Or empty a few wastebaskets? Wash your car?


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[Assistant] Oh hey, mechanic, I was gonna ask you, how about removing the machine guys?


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[Assistant] Anything you want me to do before we take off sir? Stop calling me sir. And get us a weather report Marcy.


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[Assistant] I'm exhausted, Marcy. Flying an airplane all day is hard work.


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[Assistant] Those aren't puffy birds, Marcy. Those are clouds. I think this is all a bit frightening, sir. Frightening? Ridiculous! No animal frightened me. You just have to know the right thing to do in every situation.


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[Assistant] Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 9.


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[Assistant] I need you guys to take this seriously. Okay, okay, okay, so like tell us your symptoms again.


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[Assistant] The dog who never did anything. A novel by Snoopy. You stay home now, they said and be a good dog.


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[Assistant] Yes ma'am, I brought my dog to school today. Well, sometimes he gets lonely. No ma'am, he won't create a disturbance.


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[Assistant] I never had true or false tests at obedience school.


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[Assistant] I can't find Sid anywhere. What if he's been eaten by the monsters?


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[Assistant] What does it do with all our poo? They just put it on the flowers. Oh, don't be so stupid. It's called compost. It fertilizes the soil. Great for rhubarb. Jeffrey? Yes boss? Shut up.


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[Assistant] Okay, everyone, listen to me, your leader.


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[Assistant] They get nothing, I tell you, nothing! There will be no pooing until our demands are met. And what are our demands? We want a roller coaster! What? A roller coaster. Those are our demands.


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[Assistant] Or just trust me, boys. When have I ever let you down?


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[Assistant] If I were to live, this place would someday belong to me. They all know that.


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[Assistant] My doctor is my father's cousin. He's quite poor.


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[Assistant] If I die, he'll have mistlethwaiten manner when my father is dead. I don't think he wants me to live. Do you want to live?


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[Assistant] I want the key dug up. I'm going to make the servants open the door.


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[Assistant] I'll make them take me there in my wheelchair. And I will let you come too.


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[Assistant] Do you see that curtain hanging above the fireplace? Open it.


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[Assistant] That's my mother. Sometimes I hate her for dying.


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[Assistant] And my father wouldn't hate to look at me. Draw the curtain again.


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[Assistant] She'd do as I say, and I'd tell her that I want you to come every day. I'm glad you came. So am I. But for now, I think I'll keep you a secret. I'll tell Martha when I want you to come. Do you know, Martha?


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[Assistant] Dress? She gave you a book. The dress was last year.


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[Assistant] Yes ma'am, I'd like to buy a Mother's Day card, but I don't have a mother. What I need is a Mother's Day card from my father, who has also been to Motherton. You don't have any cards like that?


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[Assistant] How about a graduation card, sir? Like he's graduated from being a father to being a father and a mother? I don't think so, Marcy.


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[Assistant] How about a get well card, sir? Doesn't he have tennis elbow? Maybe, but I don't think so, Marcy.


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[Assistant] How about a Mother's Day card, but you write on it, do not open till Father's Day? I don't think so, Marcy.


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[Assistant] I'm not there, I'm here. I think you dialed the wrong number, Patty.


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[Assistant] I suppose someday when I get to be a father, it'll be even worse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just hope that old snoop up there doesn't snore too loud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before you go to sleep, old pal, how about turning off the moon?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ever since the JTF imploded, the city's become a playground for murderous fuckheads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are several main factions, and a whole lot of bottom-feet are sucking up whatever the big dogs miss. A few civilian settlements are still holding out against all this... villainy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They need more help than we've been able to provide, especially since the division network went dark. Uhm, that's Kelso. She's one of the last surviving agents in DC. She's operating at the theater settlement on a priority mission. You should go check in with her. If anyone knows how to get these systems back online, it's her. Oh, and introduce yourself to the locals while you're at it. It'll comfort them to know there's a new sheriff in town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the way, agent, head downstairs and check in with the quartermaster. He can get you set up with the division tech. You're gonna need the edge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're a bunch of vicious assholes who prey on the weak and vulnerable and kill for kicks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a lot of places, the division has been the only thing holding people together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm coming up on the theater settlement. The woman who runs it is named Odessa Sawyer. Try to stay on her good side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll patch her in. Edessa? Kelso has some news for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks to your hard work, we've been able to make some critical upgrades to the base of operations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've restored access to the city's CCTV cameras and updated our maps of DC in the Situation Room. The mess hall has proper food prep and cooking equipment, and comfortable places to sit and have a hot meal. Giving the staff a place to relax has boosted morale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did you learn anything? Anything useful?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well in the meantime, we have intel President Allen survived the crash. He's being held by one of the factions. Locating him should be a priority.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might need him to access it. It'll be somewhere secure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] True Sons have been using the broadcasting capabilities of the Viewpoint Museum to coordinate and motivate their troops. We have word they're going offline for maintenance, meaning they won't be able to call for reinforcements. Now's our chance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That must've been Wade. Would've been nice to bag him, but he's not your primary objective. Get to the TV studio and get these guys off the air for good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] JTF set up a temporary stockade in the basement of the American History Museum. And now, True Suns runs the place. Odessa says there's a treasure trove of high value intel in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Transcripts and notes from the interrogations of True Sun's prisoners.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The True Sons took over an old JTF depot at the Air and Space Museum. They've turned it into some kind of factory for improvised munitions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They'll let you through the gate. After that, it's up to you to breach the armory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need to figure out what they're doing here. See if you can find any intel on their operation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seems like these guys are salvaging and repurposing anything they can from this place. They're crafty, bastards. I'll give them that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] True sons, munitions factory is out of action and they lost a big stockpile of ordnance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we want to get Isaac back online across the country, we need to reconnect the local system to the satellite network. We should be able to do that at the NOAA headquarters building.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Satellite network is back online. I'll send a team to secure the transmitter for safekeeping. Good work, agent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not exactly a surprise considering the area is heavily contaminated with DC-62. DC-62 is a chemical agent that was intended to stop the spread of green poison, but it turns toxic in certain conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need to prevent True Suns from using the Metro to transport chemical weapons. So start by disabling any operational trains you find.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They have eyes on Wilson. Outside near the main entrance to the mall. We need to terminate this son of a bitch. There's no direct route from your position. So you'll have to divert through the hotel and into the mall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What the hell? These readings are insane. They must have a lab nearby for weaponizing this shit. Make sure you put it out of operation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fully equipped with drills, saws, and metalworking tools. The mechanics and crafters are using the tools to construct new gear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Recovered munitions, parts, and tools are available to equip the agents with better gear and weapons. We'll need to recruit some staff to organize the growing armory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The shade network is almost fully operational. I'm hopeful we can reconnect to the national network. The White House is starting to feel like a beacon of hope, instead of a reminder of how far we've fallen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Hyena defector has alerted us that they recovered something from the wreckage of Air Force One. The Hyenas have been keeping an involved at the World Bank. Whatever they stole must be important if they're going to this much trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Holy shit. They pulled the president out of the wreckage. Agent, you've got a new assignment. Find out where the president is being held and get him back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey there. President Ellis wanted to talk to you. I think he wants to say thank you for saving him. Go see him when you get a chance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Henry's worried about outcast activity at that abandoned disease control department facility. Patching him in now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're getting reports that they're headed to other civilian centers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's see what we've got. There's an active lab on the north side close to you. Your first priority should be to shut that down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Isaac's not detecting the gas needed for the decom process. They must have disabled the line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The decontamination protocol can be initiated from a panel in the lab above you. Stay put once you pull the trigger and you should be safe. Top floor, you can't miss it. It's right in the middle of the lab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They maintain this outpost. True Suns will be a direct threat to the campus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Damn it. The troops have turned the memorial into a base. There's an area beneath you with increased security. Isaac can't access data on this location. Stay alert. I don't know where you're walking into.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We confiscated a massive cache of chemical weapons and eliminated a stronghold near the campus. You're proud. Seems a lot of lives today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kelso will set up a diversion. You go for the target.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the strategist gets on one of those boats, we'll lose our chance to bring him in. Keep moving, you're almost there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Agent down. Kelso. Kelso? Shit. Agent Kelso's not responding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Without Kelso, capturing the strategist won't be easy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we could probably get some useful info out of that bastard. I'm pretty sure Kelso can persuade him to cooperate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the shade network went down, we sent a team to see if they could bring the main node back online. They missed the last chick and then I can't reach them through Isaac.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More than ran into trouble. The node is located in an old federal emergency shelter beneath Washington Circle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your hard work has really improved our communications, security and medical infrastructure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're running cleaner ops, managing resources better and limiting collateral damage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sickbay is starting to feel less like a field hospital and more like a clinic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the new ICU and surgical suite, we could start healing people instead of having to prioritize who can be saved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Speaking of Hyena leadership leaves the faction disarray. I'll send teams to start securing the supplies and the equipment those bastards were awarding. And I'll let Desenel. The theater settlement will be able to rest a little easier now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Outcast built up their stronghold on the remains of the quarantined site where they were held. They've been here a long time and know the area intimately. We believe that capturing Roosevelt Island and neutralizing Emeline Shaw, the Outcast leader, will seriously weaken the faction and may even cause it to disintegrate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If Emeline gets away, finding her isn't gonna be easy. You've gotta stop that boat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One is to keep the true sons out of their castle, just as the president else put it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But more important than that, we need to get back his briefcase, which has to be somewhere in that building.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The case has an RFID tag that Isaac should be able to detect when you get close to it. Ellis says that briefcase is the key to retrieving samples of a medication that's supposed to cure viral infections.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we never have to worry about something like green poison ever again. That's a pretty big deal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The briefcase is secure. True Sun's lost their stronghold. And General Ridgeway has been neutralized.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kinda goes without saying, but if you see any missiles lying around...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going out in my wheelchair this afternoon. Colin went on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the fresh air agrees with me, I may go out every day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I do, none of the gardeners is to be anywhere near the long path by the walled gardens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is that thing you say in India when you have finished talking?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mary, Dickon, I will get well. And I will live forever and ever and ever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, of course. I mean, look at me. Even on my own, I must be worth these five coins.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, keep going boys. I can't breathe. Keep going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm exhausted. My entire body is burning. Dude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not competitive. I'm not competitive at all. Actually, Jeffrey, I am the best at not being competitive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I think we can all learn something from this experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, that if we want to win next year's stock tech, we must start working out immediately! Come on, boys. Zumba class! One, two, three. One, two, three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll go out with you Mary. I won't hate fresh air if we can find.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to go out if Dickon would come and push my wheelchair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I very much want to see him and the fox and crow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I'd really like is to hear more about the secret garden. Did you notice I almost mentioned it? Have you found out any more about it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I have. Oh if I could go there, I think I could live to grow up. What do you think it looks like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this next module, we're going to talk about writing the methods section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The methods and materials section should give a clear overview of what was done. It is the recipe for the study.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It gives sufficient information so that someone else could replicate the study.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You want to be complete in your materials and methods section. You want to give enough information that somebody can replicate your study, but try to minimize the complexity. Try to make life as easy as possible for your reader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's a couple of things you can do to make life easy for your reader.


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[Assistant] You can do things like break your methods into smaller sections with subheadings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And wherever possible, display methods information in a flow diagram or even a table. Get creative. There are a lot of things in the methods and materials section that are better presented as a table or a flow diagram rather than as text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, in the method section, we're gonna jump ship on some of the things that I've told you before. The materials and method section is the one place where you may opt to use the passive voice and where you may use jargon more liberally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the start of this unit, I mentioned a series of articles that are about the different parts of a scientific manuscript that was written by Thomas Ansley in the journal Clinical Chemistry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I've pulled a few key figures from his articles that I really like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a busy slide and I'm not going to go over it in detail, but I'll leave it for you to peruse because I really like how he's framed the method section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He thinks of it as the who, what, when, where, how, and why of your paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he goes into details for each of those. Who maintained the records? What was used? When was it done? Where were the records kept?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a nice checklist to go through as you're writing your method section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need to give specifics like pH, temperature, ingredients, doses, all of those things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a recipe, so they need the exact, uh, specific so they can recreate it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If your research involves human or animal subjects, you'll need to state that the research was approved by the appropriate ethics committee at your institution. You actually need an official statement of that in your methods section. You also need to give details about the experimental protocol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need to say also how you measured your variables. How did you measure your dependent and independent variables?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What instruments did you use? Telescopes, microscopes, weighing scales, questionnaires, etc. And then finally, what analyses did you do? How did you analyze your data at the end of the day?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The exact components of materials and methods will of course differ depending on your discipline. So I'm just giving a broad overview here. But these are the basic elements that you might see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I've said before, I want to encourage you to make life easy for your reader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The method section is not the most fun section to read. It's likely that your reader is just gonna skim the method section to look for the key things that they wanna know. So one way to help your reader navigate the methods is to break your method section into subsections with informative subheadings. I'm just gonna give you some examples of this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this was from a paper on viruses. So their subsections were, they had general approach, biosafety,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Isolation of the virus. Serologic analysis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pathological and immunohistochemical studies and molecular analyses. The reader then can easily find


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whatever they need to because they can just go to one of those subsections.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's another example. This one was looking at flying albatrosses. So they have subjects and experimental protocols. The subjects here are the flying albatrosses. Uh, then hardware.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One more set of subheadings just as an example. This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so on and so forth, you get the idea. Whatever your topic, breaking the methods into subsections is a good way to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another way to make life easy for your reader is for commonly used methods or methods you've already described in a previous paper, you could refer the reader to those references rather than going into all the details. This works especially well if you can assume that most of your readership is already familiar with the method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what would this look like in the paper? Well, when you get to the method that's already well known, you can just say as previously described and give readers the reference. And I'm giving you two examples here. It helps with concision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another way to make life easy for your readers is to use flow diagrams or tables to help simplify the explanation of methods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One common flow chart that you see in clinical studies is a participant flow chart, which shows how participants flowed through your study.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, 174 persons were asked to participate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would be hard to read through and make sense of. And it would also be really boring to read.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A picture is much more efficient for imparting this kind of information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you'll commonly see, uh, participant flow diagrams like this in papers, but there are probably many other instances where we ought to make more use of diagrams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have studies with complex experimental protocols, complex dosing of drugs, this information might be better in a diagram or a table. So be creative and look for instances where you can represent experimental details visually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The verb tense for the method section is exactly the same as in the result section. You're going to report methods that are already completed in the past tense because they are already done. So we measured, we enrolled, we analyzed and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you're going to use the present tense to describe how the data are presented in the paper. Because when the reader reads the paper, the data are still presented in that way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So would you say, you would say the data are summarized as, notice the passive voice there, uhm, that's in the present tense because the data are still summarized that way when the reader is reading the paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so I've been admonishing you about the use of passive verbs, but now I'm going to tell you that for the method section, it's actually okay to use the passive voice or even a combination of passive and active. It's fine to go back and forth between passive and active as long as it's not too jarring on the reader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a couple of reasons why I'm okay with the passive voice in the method section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One is that in the passive voice, it emphasized the what was measured, the what was done rather than who did it. And arguably what was done is more important than who did it. For example, oral temperatures were measured. That's in the passive voice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would be, we measured oral temperatures, and that's okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's more lively, I think. But again, it fails to emphasize the material, method, or variable of interest. And one could argue that you want to emphasize that material or method in the methods section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the other reason that I think it's okay to use the passive voice here is that most people don't read the method section word for word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's okay, I think, if the method section is a little boring. You can expect that your reader is just going to skim the method section for the key things that they want more information on. Also, in the active voice, the method section may end up with most sentences starting with we. If you try to put it in the active voice, you're going to have a lot of we measured, we observed, we analyzed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just to give you an example of a method section with lots of passive voice and jargon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have the peptides were synthesized by the biopolymer core facility. And then we get a lot of, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jargon here, we get, uh, we get another passive voice. We're coupled to, and then keyhole, limpet, hemocyanin, which I don't know what that is, uh, but the jargon is okay here. We need the jargon here. And again, it's okay, I think, to put this in the passive voice. Uhm, just to show you an example where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The active voice was used in the method section. You can use the active voice in the method section. Here's a fun example that relies mostly on the active voice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, for this unit, I'm gonna pull a few examples from the British Medical Journal, the BMJ Christmas issue. And if you're not familiar with the BMJ Christmas issue, it publishes humorous research, so it makes for some fun examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is from a paper on academic spam.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just to give you a little background, I, like many scientists, get multiple emails a day requesting that I submit a paper to some journal or attend some conference. And most of these are completely unrelated to what I do and are basically spam. And I just delete these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in the 2016 BMJ Christmas issue for fun, some researchers actually studied this phenomenon more systematically. And here's a paragraph from their results section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They write, we assessed the number of spam emails received in each collection phase. Detailed analysis was undertaken of spam received in April 2014, June 2014 and April 2015.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The investigators rated their spam invitations as being of no low, medium, or high relevance to their academic careers. We determined the number of duplicate spam invitations. When possible, we recorded the publisher for journal invitations and organizing body for conference invitations. Finally, we conducted a qualitative analysis focusing on memorable spam.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think this works just fine. It's mostly in the active voice. Notice that the second sentence does switch to the passive voice. So again, it's okay to switch if it's not too jarring on your reader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll notice that they also did end up using we an awful lot as the subject of the sentence, but I think it reads well and it's easy to understand and it's okay that they have a number of sentences starting with we.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there are certainly many ways to put the methods in the active voice and the choice is really up to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm just going to end here, uhm, with a little bit more detail on academic spam, because I'm going to use this study on academic spam as an example in some of the upcoming modules. Again, it's from the BMJ Christmas issue, so it's meant to be humorous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's a short paper that accurately follows this standard format of a scientific manuscript and it's fun. So it makes a great example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just for you to understand the context every time I bring this study up, I went into my email box today and pulled out two academic spam emails that I received yesterday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the first one on the left here was sent with high importance and it says,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Greetings for the day! Hope you are doing well! Two exclamation points after greetings for the day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one of the papers I'm going to be using as an example this week is going to be about academic spam.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seasons. Spring is the best season of the year. It lasts from March to May.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What gets you promoted, if that's what the worry is, is uhm, is having an idea that impresses people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just filling out the cat feeds for the week, so we get a delivery once a week, then I've got to organise it for the individual cat feeds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've always said if there is such a thing as next lives, I'd love to come back as a tiger or a lion in a nice zoo, sleep all day and let someone bring me food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're digestive tracts, they're built to break down a purely protein based diet. Jeffrey!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chang Monk? asked another boy. He was really a tiger spirit!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes, no matter who your friends are, you always strike out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't call a game because of one drop of rain! Stop acting so stupid!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, that's true. Alright, I'll see what I can do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No problem, Linus. Now how would you like to have me start it? Dear Santa?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yes, after all he's been at it a long time.


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[Assistant] I do too. I worry about being able to fit into the responsibilities of adult life and womanhood. Of course I do have one big advantage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I appreciate you taking me along to play tennis, Linus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I'm not, Sally. We just happen to be standing in the same line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well you can stop pretending because it's never going to happen. One please.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are you doing here? I've known Celestia and Luna longer than any of you. I terrorized them. They turned me into stone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this is the last Summer Sun situation, I simply can't miss it. Well, I see I've arrived just in time for the... Twilight gives her friends an impossibly long and overly detailed list. Perticament.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But isn't the real miracle here the miracle of teamwork and character growth?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just glad we pulled it off. About that. We just wanted to say, we're real sorry. You did tell us you'd changed. As your friends, we should have trusted you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not tired at all. Going outside has made me well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not sure I can allow that. I'm afraid it would not be wise. It would not be wise to try and stop me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do I. He won't inherit Missile Thwait now that I'm getting well. It must be hard to be polite to a boy who's always rude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll stop being difficult if I go to the secret garden every day. There's magic in there, I'm sure of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I grow up, I'm going to make great scientific discoveries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The magic in this garden has made me stand up and know that I'm going to live.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I'm going to try to put more magic into myself so that I will grow strong. I don't know how to do this for sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He won't say anything, said Colin, because he won't be told. This will be the biggest secret of all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every day, I will go to and from the garden in my wheelchair. I won't have the servants whispering about me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I won't let my father hear about it until the experiment has succeeded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No matter how well the magic works, I will not be a prize fighter. I will be a scientific discoverer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the irony is, if I hadn't gone undercover, I never would have stole the 11 and a half million.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just tell the monster that you're friends with me, the Monkey King. He'll be scared and leave all of you alone.


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[Assistant] I know you will make the changelings proud, Ocellus.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 46, 1000 Pills.


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[Assistant] Lousa was busy working on a potion. Steam rose from the bubbling cauldron.


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[Assistant] Suddenly Wukong burst into the room. Hello, Lousa!


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[Assistant] Lousa went back to his potion and stirred. But then he stopped.


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[Assistant] Everyone watched as the monkey put the pill in the king's mouth.


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[Assistant] The king said, I'm alive again.


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[Assistant] Said the prince. He took his father's hands and bowed his head.


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[Assistant] The prince led everyone to the palace. They walked past guards and went into the throne room. The prince kneeled down before the Taoist.


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[Assistant] The Taoist looked at a person standing near them. The person was wearing a hood.


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[Assistant] Wukong pulled out his iron bar and leaped toward the Daoist. The Daoist snapped his fingers and bashed.


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[Assistant] Once you've been published it won't be long before you're asked to do a peer review. If you're invited, take the opportunity.


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[Assistant] Peer review is a great way to learn and to build confidence.


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[Assistant] The first time you're asked to do a peer review, you may feel intimidated.


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[Assistant] But if you get asked to do peer review, you should absolutely take advantage of that opportunity. Journal editors are looking for young reviewers.


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[Assistant] Young reviewers often are more up on the latest in a field, on the latest techniques.


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[Assistant] Young reviewers also tend to do a more careful job than people who have been reviewing for eons.


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[Assistant] There was a research study presented at a conference a few years back where they traced the natural history of peer reviewers.


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[Assistant] And they found that the longer people had been peer reviewing, the more poorly they did the reviews. There was a deterioration effect.


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[Assistant] Because the more you do, the faster you get, the less careful you are. So editors want young reviewers.


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[Assistant] And one of the greatest benefits of reviewing is that you will see the back end of the publication process. So it's a great way to learn about the publication process.


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[Assistant] It's also great for your confidence because you'll see that not everything submitted for review is of that great of quality.


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[Assistant] You'll realize that you can do just as well or better than many of the submissions you see.


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[Assistant] You'll also get the opportunity to see the reviews that other peer reviewers turn in.


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[Assistant] That's also helpful for your confidence because you'll see when you get the other peer reviewer's comments back that they had many of the same critiques as you.


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[Assistant] You realize that you do know something about the field. You know what you're talking about.


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[Assistant] Alright, here are some things to keep in mind if you are a peer reviewer.


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[Assistant] The first thing I always like to talk about with peer review is the tone.


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[Assistant] When doing a peer review, you're supposed to be looking for both the positives and the negatives.


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[Assistant] But because you have to make a judgement on the paper, it's understandable that you naturally start to look for the problems more than the strengths.


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[Assistant] As a result, it's easy to slip into a condescending and critical tone.


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[Assistant] Just because you're being critical doesn't mean the tone has to be critical.


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[Assistant] There's a way to present criticism in a positive and encouraging way.


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[Assistant] I always like to picture that on the other end of this whole review process, there's some poor graduate student who's the one who did all the work, who's the first author on the paper, and their confidence is on the line. So my tone matters. I have to remind myself to be positive.


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[Assistant] For example, you could say something like, the authors should delete table 5. Not only is it completely irrelevant, but it also reveals their utter lack of statistical understanding. That's a very harsh way of delivering a criticism.


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[Assistant] For example, a Pearson's correlation coefficient may not be appropriate here. The authors should consider revising or omitting the table.


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[Assistant] Notice these are actually the same criticisms, but they're couched in a very different tone.


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[Assistant] The second version also gives specific examples of what the authors can do to fix the table so it's more useful. We always want to shoot for that second way of presenting things.


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[Assistant] Notice that the second version focuses on the table, on the specific problems, rather than criticizing the authors.


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[Assistant] Remember that the point is to critique the work, not the authors.


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[Assistant] When you draft your review comments, it's natural to say things like, the authors got this wrong, or the authors should have done this.


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[Assistant] Go back and revise that so that you are critiquing the table or the method rather than the authors. That makes a big difference.


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[Assistant] Also avoid generalizations. It doesn't help to be overly general with your criticisms. You need to point out specific errors, otherwise it's not helpful to the authors. Try to use positive instead of negative language.


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[Assistant] Instead of saying the paper is poorly written, you could say the writing and presentation could be improved. And then give a specific example of what you mean so it's not too vague.


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[Assistant] The other thing is, avoid lecturing to the authors. I have a tendency to do this because I do spend a lot of time lecturing. So naturally I want to teach the author something about statistics or something about writing. But that's not the purpose of peer review.


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[Assistant] In fact, it comes off as condescending, so avoid that as well.


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[Assistant] Just so you are aware, there are different types of peer review that you might encounter. The most common type is the single blind peer review.


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[Assistant] This is where the authors are blinded to the reviewers, so the authors will not know who reviewed their paper. But the reviewers will know who the authors are. That's the most common type.


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[Assistant] Some journals instead have a double blind review. In this case, the reviewers are also blinded to the authors. Authors' names, their institutions, things like this are blacked out.


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[Assistant] Now, it's an imperfect system because, uh, I do review for a journal where I'm blinded to the authors and I have to say if I really wanted to know who the authors were, it probably wouldn't be that hard for me to figure it out.


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[Assistant] You could figure it out if you wanted to, but it does make it harder for the reviewers to recognize authors which can prevent bias.


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[Assistant] More and more journals are starting to offer open peer review. In open peer review, nobody is blinded.


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[Assistant] The reviewer knows who the authors are and the authors know who the reviewer is.


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[Assistant] And the reviewer's name and the whole text of their review may be made publicly available.


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[Assistant] And I have to say there have been several times where I've reviewed a paper and only when I went to input my review comments into the online system did I realize that it was an open review.


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[Assistant] And I'll tell you, knowing that your review is going to be published online tends to make you more constructive and more positive.


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[Assistant] I've actually gone back and edited my comments to be more upbeat because I didn't want to come across as overly negative and mean. So open peer review does encourage a more friendly tone. There's also something called post-publication review.


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[Assistant] There's a lot of this going on informally. People comment, uh, in blogs, on papers and on Twitter.


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[Assistant] This is a way of vetting papers that got through peer review but might still have problems in them.


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[Assistant] And more formal channels for post publication review are starting to emerge, such as PubMed Commons.


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[Assistant] I've outlined in the next couple of slides how I approach a peer review. I'm just going to review this quickly. I'll leave it there for you to go through in more detail if you want to. First, I scan the abstract.


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[Assistant] Then I jump right into the tables and figures. I like to look at the data first because that's the story of the paper. And I want to make my own judgment on the data before I read the author's take on the data.


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[Assistant] Then I'll read the paper through quickly, just to get a sense of it, and I'll make some high level assessments. Not nitpicky things, but high level things.


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[Assistant] I'll ask myself, do the authors conclusions match their data? That's often where a point where papers fall down for me.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'll ask myself whether or not the writing is even understandable. That's another big picture problem you might see if you have to struggle through the text. Another big picture comment I might make is that the paper is too long for the amount of novel information it contains. I may recommend that the authors shorten it greatly.


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[Assistant] Then I'll go through and formulate specific comments on each section.


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[Assistant] For the introduction section, the main things I'm looking for are clarity and concision and a clear statement of the hypotheses or aims of the study.


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[Assistant] For the methods section, I'm often scanning the methods to answer particular questions such as how the data were collected, uhm, are there


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[Assistant] Places biases could have creeped in. Did the study have a proper control? Were the correct statistics used?


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[Assistant] For the results section, again I'm looking for clarity and concision. And I'm looking for the text to complement rather than repeat what is in the tables and figures. The same kinds of things we talked about when we talked about writing the manuscript. Then I'll go through each table and figure.


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[Assistant] I'm looking to make sure that each table and figure stands alone and tells a clear and easy to understand story. I want to make sure the figures aren't misleading in any way and that there aren't numerical inconsistencies in the paper.


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[Assistant] Then I'll look at the discussion. I'm looking to make sure that that first paragraph tells me clearly and succinctly what was found in the study.


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[Assistant] I wanna know if the author's conclusions are justified or if they're overreaching.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna look carefully at that limitation section to make sure that they addressed the limitations that I think are the biggest threat to the paper's validity and of course I'm looking for good, clear, concise writing.


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[Assistant] I take notes as I go along and then I turn this into my formal review.


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[Assistant] You should always start your comments with a one paragraph general overview before you jump into specific points.


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[Assistant] I advise you to first state what you think is the major finding and importance of the work.


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[Assistant] Hopefully this is pretty obvious, but it allows you to start with a positive.


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[Assistant] And also lets the authors know what you took away as the major point of the paper, just in case they haven't conveyed that well.


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[Assistant] And then you should jump into those positive encouraging statements about the work.


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[Assistant] Whenever you're criticizing somebody, you always want to start with a positive.


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[Assistant] There are always positives. Even if there are problems in the methods, maybe they did a really nice job in the writing. Sometimes the research question itself is interesting or novel. You can point that out.


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[Assistant] When you start with a positive, it makes the person on the receiving end of the criticism much more receptive to your feedback and also boost their confidence.


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[Assistant] After the positives, state what you think are the one or two major limitations of the paper if they're already.


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[Assistant] If you're not advising the editor to accept the paper as is, what are your major big picture issues with the paper?


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[Assistant] Maybe the writing or data presentation is just too confusing.


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[Assistant] Just keep in mind that you are not supposed to reveal your final recommendation, so don't say anything about rejection or acceptance.


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[Assistant] Then you're going to give a numbered list of specific criticisms.


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[Assistant] I usually give somewhere between 5 to 15 specific criticisms.


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[Assistant] If I'm recommending that something be accepted outright, I'm presumably going to have fewer comments. If I'm recommending that something be rejected outright, I will also have fewer comments because I'll just focus on pointing out those big picture fatal flaws.


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[Assistant] If I'm recommending revise and resubmit, then I'll tend to have more specific criticisms because I need to tell the author exactly what I think needs to be fixed.


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[Assistant] Be as specific as possible. Generalizations are not helpful because the author can't figure out how to address these adequately.


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[Assistant] One thing I want to mention is Reviewer is not the same as Copy Editor.


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[Assistant] Don't waste your time picking out every single grammar and spelling issue and pointing all of those out to the author.


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[Assistant] I sometimes see peer reviewers who will spend an inordinate amount of time on all those little mistakes, and that's really not the job of the peer reviewer. Journals have copy editors who can fix these errors. So focus on the big picture issues of the paper.


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[Assistant] If the grammar needs a lot of work, if there are a lot of typos, point this out in a general way and give one or two specific examples and then tell the authors that they need to get copy editing or English language help.


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[Assistant] In addition to the comments to the author, you may provide some comments to the editor that the authors don't see.


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[Assistant] I don't always provide these but it's an opportunity to be a little more frank. You don't need to worry about tone as much.


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[Assistant] If there are touchy ethical concerns with the paper, such as plagiarism, you might address these here.


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[Assistant] Some journals will also make you fill out some kind of grading or ranking sheet. I'll show you an example in a minute. Of course, you always have to select your final recommendation as well.


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[Assistant] These ranking systems can feel pretty arbitrary, uh, but just try to be internally consistent.


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[Assistant] Papers you really like are going to get high marks from you in general. Papers you think are flawed are going to get lower marks.


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[Assistant] These grading sheets do help remind you of all the aspects of the paper that you should be considering. So that's the basic process of doing a peer review.


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[Assistant] My final comment is that the first one you do will take you a really long time.


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[Assistant] This is why journal editors love young peer reviewers because you're going to feel this enormous responsibility on your first review and you're going to be extremely thorough and careful.


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[Assistant] Just know that you will get faster as you do more of these.


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[Assistant] I've reviewed hundreds of papers in my career and now I can do a good review often in less than an hour if the paper isn't too technical.


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[Assistant] When I review quickly, I tend to be curt just out of efficiency, but I try to remember to take the time at the end and edit my review to make sure the tone is appropriate and positive.


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[Assistant] Because of their merger with the Chicago work until extended.


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[Assistant] So, uh, this is the same thing that we just saw, but there's lots of mergers that we can talk about that came, uh, either, sometimes they occurred just before 1999,


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[Assistant] A muffin, serving, serving size of the size of a light bulb. Well, it's very hard to find muffins that size.


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[Assistant] Dear sir, please come home. I think you will be glad if you do. If you will excuse me, sir.


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[Assistant] He might be better and he might be worse.


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[Assistant] No one can understand why he eats or doesn't eat. He likes Marion Dickin.


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[Assistant] Every day he goes outside with them, but no one knows what they do or where they go.


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[Assistant] Crops died and people starved. Buddhist monks prayed to Buddha for rain, but no rain came.


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[Assistant] The spirit of the planet Venus visited us in a dream one night. He said that one day someone would come along to save us.


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[Assistant] What sports do you play? I love to play football.


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[Assistant] What sports do you play? I love to play football.


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[Assistant] What sports do you play? I love to play football.


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[Assistant] Chapter 56, The Tiger Immortal.


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[Assistant] The monks told the Tang monk everything that they had told Wukong.


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[Assistant] They led the travelers there, and everyone went to sleep for the night. The next morning Wukong woke up early. Someone was pounding on the door of the building. A voice boomed.


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[Assistant] Demanded the Tiger Immortal.


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[Assistant] The Tiger Immortal led everyone into town. In the center of town was a Daoist altar.


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[Assistant] A stone tablet, incense sticks, and papers with magic writing were on the altar. A crowd of people arrived to see what was going on.


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[Assistant] Announce the Tiger Immortal. He walked toward the altar. The Tang monk shook his head.


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[Assistant] He muttered. Bajay glanced at him.


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[Assistant] Wukong stood by them smiling. From the altar, the tiger immortal called out.


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[Assistant] Wukong looked up at the sky, which was becoming dark.


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[Assistant] Hehehehe, some rain. You couldn't even summon one drop. I'll try again!


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[Assistant] Wonderful. Now all the Buddhist monks will be free. And we can continue our journey.


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[Assistant] It's not just a peach pit, it's a whole peach! I'll show you!


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[Assistant] You never trust people, Wukong. This kind man is willing to help us cross the river.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 62, The Goldfish in the Basket.


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[Assistant] Wukong landed on Mount Podolaka. A young man was meditating in the garden.


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[Assistant] Said the man. He glanced up at the monkey.


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[Assistant] The Bodhisattva used a rope to lower the basket into the river. She recited a spell and then waited.


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[Assistant] After a moment she pulled the basket out of the water.


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[Assistant] Now that the goldfish was gone, so was its magic.


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[Assistant] The monkey smashed the rocks with his iron bar and went inside.


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[Assistant] By now, all the villagers had heard that Wukong had saved Chen's son.


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[Assistant] When the travelers returned, the villagers cheered.


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[Assistant] The villagers held a feast for the travelers that evening. By the time everyone went to sleep, it was late.


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[Assistant] The next morning the travelers woke to the sound of chopping.


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[Assistant] Ask the Tang monk. They went to the river and found a very busy scene. Several men were chopping down trees. Other people carried tools.


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[Assistant] Suddenly there was a rumble, and waves splashed onto the shore.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 64, Magnificent Silk Vests.


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[Assistant] It would be nice to get out of this cold, said the Tang Monk.


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[Assistant] Said Wu Jing. Ba Jie knocked on the door, but no one answered.


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[Assistant] Again there was no answer. Bajie looked at his companions.


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[Assistant] He walked down a long hallway past several dark rooms.


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[Assistant] Bright sunlight was streaming through a window and onto a table.


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[Assistant] A voice shouted. A demon with one big horn rushed over.


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[Assistant] And there are basically two kinds of formats. I'm not gonna go through everything here. I think that is just ridiculous. I'm gonna show you guys the two type of formats that I usually export to. And the first one is gonna be the H264. This is the most used format.


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[Assistant] Worldwide. And that is because it is supported by the majority of devices. For example, you place your video onto a USB stick


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[Assistant] And then you can plug that into your television, and it is probably able to read that H264 format. Or you upload your video to YouTube, or to Vimeo, or you're just going to send it over to a friend, a colleague, or your clients. It is a small,


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[Assistant] And honestly, these presets are pretty good. Now the one that I usually just pick in here is the Match Source High Bitrate Preset.


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[Assistant] Only the resolution often changes and the bitrate. For example, if I'm gonna pick a 720p high quality export, well then my resolution is a ton smaller.


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[Assistant] Sometimes you want that, then you can pick that preset out of here. Other times you don't and you just want to export the resolution of your initial sequence. So in that case you can just pick out the match source, high bitrate. And as you can see here within the video tab here in the, uh,


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[Assistant] Video settings, the resolution also matches my source as well for the frame rate and everything else. If you're unsure about that you can also always click on the match source button and it will automatically set that to...


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[Assistant] Your source settings. But then scrolling a little bit further here is something interesting. We have a performance setting and for that I think that you need an NVIDIA graphics card. We have that so we can select hardware encoding from here which will actually speed up the exporting a bunch. If you don't have that option just have software encoding.


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[Assistant] And that is what you have to go for, exporting will be a little bit slower. Anyways, moving on, we also have here on the bottom,


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[Assistant] We should find the bitrate settings, so these are very important.


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[Assistant] Now, from the match source high bitrate setting, I find 10 megabits per second for a 4K resolution clip.


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[Assistant] What I usually tend to choose right here is around 50 Mbps for a 4K resolution video file. If you choose to go for a lower resolution, such as, let me just uncheck this here,


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[Assistant] Then you can set this higher, of course, the higher the bitrate is, the better the quality of your end video will be. Now, interesting enough, if you're going to pick out the, uh,


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[Assistant] YouTube preset, the 4K Ultra HD preset for YouTube, it will actually automatically be set to 40 megabits per second. I would still tend to go for that 50.


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[Assistant] But for a colleague maybe, who wants to do some more color grading onto your edits. Or maybe you're gonna do some more visual effects inside After Effects, but you decide to first export your video outside of Premiere. Well, then we need to choose an intermediate codec and we've talked about that


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[Assistant] An intermediate codec is a higher quality codec that is usually gonna give you a bigger file size


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[Assistant] But you will retain its full quality. And for that I can highly recommend to choose the QuickTime format, which is all the way on the bottom right here.


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[Assistant] And then for the preset on top right here, I would choose one of the Apple ProRes codecs. So we got a couple of different ones in here, we got the 422 and then the 4444.


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[Assistant] And that stands for the sampling, which I'm not gonna dive into because that is a whole different class for a whole different audience as well.


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[Assistant] What you wanna know is just that the 422 sampling is less quality than the 444, but it is not noticeable to the eyes. So, you could actually just go for the Apple ProRes 422,


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[Assistant] HQ, which stands for High Quality. Which is a perfect codec and there's just no reason to choose for that 444, which will just end up into a bigger file, which you have no proper use for.


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[Assistant] Unless, let me go back to that drop down menu right here, we do have an option here called 4444 with alpha.


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[Assistant] Now alpha means that whatever you're going to make an animation of text, for example, but you don't have anything in a background, that is actually a transparent layer. And let me just show that to you guys. Right here you can see that I've created an animation of Yannick's hobby, and when placing that into an empty space right here, we'll see Yannick's hobby, we've got that animation going on in here.


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[Assistant] And the background is black, yes, because there's nothing down below here. But in reality it's actually transparent. Now what I've done here is exported this animation to two versions. I've exported that to the ProRes 422,


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[Assistant] And I've also exported that to the ProRes 444 Alpha. Let's go ahead and import these two here into Premiere Pro.


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[Assistant] Here we are. When I'm gonna drag the 422 into my timeline on top of other clips, you'll see that the background is also black. Because we have not chosen to export that extra alpha layer, which is a lot more extra information that we also need to bake into that video, we see a black background. But, let me just delete this now and import the


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[Assistant] And that is in a nutshell again what you need to pay attention to when exporting your video. You can then go ahead and give that a name whatever you like and where you'd like to export it to and then you can hit export or you can also hit on Q which will bring it over into


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[Assistant] Media encoder. And the interesting part about bringing this to media encoder is that you can either let it rest here,


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[Assistant] Edit further, bring other edits maybe into the media encoder and by the end of the day you're just gonna hit play on top so that the export will start.


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[Assistant] Or you can also bring it in here, hit play so that it will start exporting, and then you can just go back into Premiere and keep on editing if you like so. Do know that your computer might be a little bit more slow because something is going on in the background, of course.


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[Assistant] But then I also read this extra one. The little prince. Huh, wow, look how short it is. What's so great about reading this? I read it in French sir.


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[Assistant] If I read fifty pages each night before I go to sleep, I'll have all four books read by the time schools. Chapter one.


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[Assistant] Alright Frida, you wanna see what a great hunting dog Snoopy is? Alright then, get on your mark, get set, GO!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm Amy Adams, Director of Science Communication at Stanford University. And today we're going to talk about social media for science communication.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this presentation, I'm talking specifically about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trying to use social media to talk about science to a general public audience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So many, many scientists might also use social media to talk amongst themselves, uhm, which is also a very effective use of, uhm, some forms of social media. Uhm, but that is not what I'm going to be talking about today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll be thinking specifically about how would a person who maybe is a scientist or is engaged in science would use social media to talk about that science with a general audience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the, the, the big picture, uhm, of why you would want to use social media to communicate your science is that's really where people are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're going to talk about something and you want people to hear it, you'd better be in the room with the most people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, I think of uh, social media as a bit of a fruit salad. There are many different kinds of social media. Uhm, and they all contribute in different ways to the great fruit salad of communications. But they are not all the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so you have something like Twitter. Uhm, Twitter has an enormous following. You can reach a huge amount of people with Twitter. But Twitter is like the little blueberries in your fruit salad. Uhm, tasty. Uhm, but really small bites.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've got stuff like Facebook and Instagram, uhm, where you will get, uh, a more moderate numbers of people seeing what you've done.