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[Assistant] Okay, great. Let's repeat some words. Repeat after me. Cutlery.


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[Assistant] fork, vilka knife, nosz


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[Assistant] plate bowl I need


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[Assistant] Now let's remember how to call animals in Russian. Animals in Russian is животные. Животные. Животные. A cat in Russian is кот. Кот.


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[Assistant] Elephant. Sloan. Sloan.


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[Assistant] Lev. A line in Russian is Lev. Bear.


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[Assistant] Medved' Medved' Medved' Bear Horse Loshet' Loshet'


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[Assistant] Tiger. Tigr. Tigr.


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[Assistant] tiger b-u-k


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[Assistant] Pig. Svinja. Pig. Svinja.


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[Assistant] Cow. Karova. Karova. Karova.


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[Assistant] Sheep. Avtsa. Sheep. Avtsa. And the last one. Dog. Utka. Utka.


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[Assistant] Let's move on to the present tense conjugation of verbs.


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[Assistant] In Russian, there is only one present tense.


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[Assistant] The bad news is that in the present tense the endings of the verbs change depending on person and number. Each person has its ending.


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[Assistant] Russian verbs in the infinitive form usually end with tь and answer to the question what to do.


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[Assistant] In Russian, exist two conjugations of verbs. Usually, the first conjugation in the infinitive form ends with АТЬ, АТЬ or ЯТЬ, ЯТЬ. As an example, I indicated the following verbs. The verb TO DO, ДЕЛОТЬ, TO WORK, РАБОТОТЬ, TO WALK, ГУЛЯТЬ,


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[Assistant] The second conjugation in the infinitive form ends with ИТЬ and sometimes with ЕТЬ.


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[Assistant] And the first example of the second conjugation verb is the verb to speak, говорить. Next example, to watch, смотреть. Next example, помнить, to remember, говорить, to speak, смотреть, to watch, помнить, to remember, говорить, смотреть, помнить.


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[Assistant] This is a general scheme for distinguishing the conjugation of verbs. So,


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[Assistant] Using the verb of the first conjugation, we take the infinitive form and change


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[Assistant] To the corresponding personal ending, which you find in this table.


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[Assistant] To practice, let's remember a few verbs of the first conjugation. Repeat after me.


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[Assistant] Next verb. To walk. To jump. Let's summarize. To run. To walk.


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's practice and see how the verbs will change depending on which pronoun we use them with. But first, let's remember the pronouns in Russian. I. Я. You. Second person singular. Ты. He. Он. She. Она. It. Оно. Мы. Мы. You. Second person plural.


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[Assistant] So, your task is to conjugate the verbs that we have just repeated using this table. And the first verb is to run, бегать. Some cells are done. For example, second person singular. You run, ты бегаешь. We run, мы бегаем.


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[Assistant] The rest of the cells with a question mark must be filled in. I will show you the correct version in a few seconds. To complete this task, you can pause the video.


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[Assistant] Ready? Let's check it. I am running. You are running. He is running. She is running. She is running. We are running. You are running. They are running. I am running. You are running. He is running. She is running. She is running.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on, and here's a similar task with the verb «to walk» – гулять. Fill in the blanks and then check the correct answers.


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[Assistant] Ready? Let's check it.


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[Assistant] он гуляет, она гуляет, оно гуляет, мы гуляем, вы гуляете, они гуляют, я гуляю.


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[Assistant] And the same exercise with the last verb. To jump.


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[Assistant] Let's see what we got. Я прыгаю. Ты прыгаешь. Он прыгает. Она прыгает. Оно прыгает. Мы прыгаем. Вы прыгаете. Они прыгают.


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[Assistant] Great job! Let's remember some adverbs. Fast. Быстро. Быстро. Fast. Быстро.


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[Assistant] Slowly, медленно, медленно, медленно High, высоко, высоко


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[Assistant] This is a new adverb, so write it down in your dictionary. And the last exercise in this lesson. You need to translate these sentences. The word order in the Russian version will be the same. Noun, plus verb, plus adverb.


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[Assistant] Please note that some nouns are plural, so don't forget to take this into account when conjugating verbs. Press pause and play the video when you're ready to check it. Let's take a look. Horses run fast. Лошади бегают быстро. Лошади бегают быстро. Horse in the singular. Лошадь in the plural. Лошади.


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[Assistant] To run. 3rd person plural. They run. Fast. A turtle walks slowly.


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[Assistant] черепаха walks гуляет slowly медленно cats jump high коты прыгают высоко cats cat in the singular кот in the plural коты to jump прыгать


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[Assistant] But it's the third person, plural. And that was the last exercise for today. You're good.


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[Assistant] Here you can see the table to look again at the endings of the verbs of the first conjugation.


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[Assistant] And now let's quickly voice the words from today's lesson. Repeat after me.


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[Assistant] Horse. Tiger. Bull.


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[Assistant] pig, svinje cow, karova


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[Assistant] fast, bystro. slowly, medlenno. high, wysoko.


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[Assistant] And that's all for today. Thank you for this lesson, see you at the next one. Bye-bye! Пока-пока!


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[Assistant] Exactly. So as you know, there are many different types of weather and not only rain or sunshine, but many other phenomena. So we're going to take a look at some of those, but before we go into it, let's take a look at one word on vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] Okay, so everyone talks about Armageddon, it's mentioned in the Bible, and as you say, it's when the world stops existing.


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[Assistant] This past week has been the beginning of Armageddon for many, as a series of unprecedented meteorological events occurred around the world.


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[Assistant] In Switzerland, a major avalanche was reported in the Alps. Fortunately, no one was injured.


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[Assistant] Moving on to Latin America, Ecuador has suffered a six month drought that has not only affected farming, but has also forced the closure of the hydroelectric power plant that provides electricity for the entire country.


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[Assistant] In Chile, a major earthquake that registered 7.5 on the Richter scale struck the southern region. Losses are reported to be in the billions. Authorities have not yet released an official statement.


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[Assistant] One of the major volcanoes in Mexico has erupted, causing major floods and landslides in the region.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, Mexico's coast has been hit by Hurricane Liliana, and officials say that all the seismic activity leads them to believe that a tsunami made hit Central America, affecting Honduras, Guatemala, and Panama.


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[Assistant] That's all the news we have for today, but stay tuned for updates on the 6 o'clock news. Back to you, Bob.


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[Assistant] Alright, we're back, and well, this weather report is not really far from the truth. I mean, this kind of stuff happens every day all over the world, right?


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[Assistant] So why don't we start now analyzing a couple of different words and phrases on language takeaway.


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[Assistant] Okay, so it has to do with meteorology.


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[Assistant] Right, okay. So, meteorological events. Now moving on, one of the first events that we're gonna look at is an avalanche.


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[Assistant] Alright, so that's a blizzard. A lot of lot of snow coming down from the sky. Now moving on, the opposite of snow and things being wet is we have a drought.


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[Assistant] Okay, so it's a period of time that there's no snow, there's no water, there's no rain, there's nothing. It's very, very dry. We're going through a drought.


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[Assistant] Okay, so gotta watch out for a drought. Now, in this case, it not only affected farming, but also we have a hydroelectric power plant that can't work, obviously because there's no water.


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[Assistant] Right, so usually you have these in rivers and they just take advantage of the flowing of water.


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[Assistant] To turn some huge turbines and generate power. So that's all we have for now. Why don't we listen to the dialogue again? And we'll be back shortly to take a look at some more words.


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[Assistant] This week has been the beginning of Armageddon for many, as a series of unprecedented meteorological events occurred around the world. In Switzerland, a major avalanche was reported in the Alps. Fortunately, no one was injured.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moving on to Latin America, Ecuador has suffered a six month drought that has not only affected farming, but has also forced the closure of the hydroelectric power plant that provides electricity for the entire country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Chile, a major earthquake that registered 7.5 on the Richter scale struck the southern region. Losses are reported to be in the billions. Authorities have not yet released an official statement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not a great week for the world. Any good news? I'm afraid not, Bob. One of the major volcanoes in Mexico has erupted, causing major floods and landslides in the region.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meanwhile, Mexico's coast has been hit by Hurricane Liliana, and officials say that all the seismic activity leads them to believe that a tsunami made hit Central America, affecting Honduras, Guatemala, and Panama. That's all the news we have for today, but stay tuned for updates on the 6 o'clock news. Back to you, Bob.


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[Assistant] Right, so people talk about a 6.0, a 7.1, so that's on the Richter scale. The lowest is 0 and the highest is 10, correct? Right, but 10 is like impossible apparently.


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[Assistant] Alright, so Richter scale. Now, we talked about earthquakes, we talked about snowing. Now, let's talk about a volcano. A volcano in Mexico has erupted.


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[Assistant] Okay, so when this happens, obviously you have a lot of lava, you have maybe snow that melts and you have floods and


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[Assistant] Right, so you usually see this that happens, uhm, on the side of mountains or on the side of hills where all that land starts to slide down or to go down.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's seismic activity. It's pronounced seismic, right? Seismic, that's correct. Seismic. Okay. And, uh, because of all this activity, uh, people say that they may have a tsunami.


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[Assistant] Well, this doesn't sound very English, does it? I know, tsunami. And actually, if you see the spelling, it's with a T, T-S.


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[Assistant] As a series of unprecedented meteorological events occurred around the world.


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[Assistant] In Switzerland, a major avalanche was reported in the Alps. Fortunately no one was injured.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moving on to Latin America, Ecuador has suffered a six month drought that has not only affected farming, but has also forced the closure of the hydroelectric power plant that provides electricity for the entire country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Chile, a major earthquake that registered 7.5 on the Richter scale struck the southern region. Losses are reported to be in the billions. Authorities have not yet released an official statement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm afraid not, Bob. One of the major volcanoes in Mexico has erupted, causing major floods and landslides in the region.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, Mexico's coast has been hit by Hurricane Liliana, and officials say that all the seismic activity leads them to believe that a tsunami may hit Central America, affecting Honduras, Guatemala, and Panama.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's all the news we have for today, but stay tuned for updates on the 6 o'clock news. Back to you, Bob.


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[Assistant] I've uh, I've actually lived it through like three earthquakes, like pretty big ones.


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[Assistant] So we get them all the time in LA. Uhm, apart from that, I actually, I've seen a volcano erupt a couple of times because, you know, Ecuador is a, is, is part of the volcano alley, right? It's all the Andes Mountains and it's part of the circle of fire, what they call it.


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[Assistant] So we have a couple of different active volcanoes and from time to time they will start to smoke or to spew some lava, but nothing major like, there hasn't been a major catastrophe with the volcanoes. Hopefully it won't either.


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[Assistant] Right, yeaah, and I think probably the most, uh, famous, uh, volcano is, I think it was in Italy, right? Mount Vesuvius.


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[Assistant] Blew the top off, like the cone, because of this major eruption, so you can just imagine how powerful these eruptions are. I can just imagine what it would have been like, Mount Vesuvius.


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[Assistant] But anyway, on a brighter note, if you have any questions, any comments, or any stories of your own, maybe you've lived through a typhoon, a hurricane, a tornado. Uhm, you can come to our website, EnglishPod.com.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 72, A Surprise at the Fruit and Flower Mountain.


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[Assistant] Hello, Wukong. How is the journey going? Wukong threw up his hands.


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[Assistant] Why? asked the bodhisattva. He told me to leave, said the monkey.


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[Assistant] The horse drank from a stream while Bajay looked in a bag.


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[Assistant] The monk sat down in the grass next to the road and closed his eyes. He had nearly dozed off when he heard a voice.


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[Assistant] It was Wukong. The Tang monk glared at the monkey.


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[Assistant] Quickly, the monkey grabbed the bags and then vanished. Wu Zheng and Ba Jie soon returned.


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[Assistant] They found the Tang monk sitting by the road, rubbing his head.


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[Assistant] When Wu Jing arrived there, he found Wu Kong near the waterfall.


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[Assistant] The monkey looked at Wuxing blankly. Who?


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[Assistant] Said Wukong. He pointed to a group of figures.


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[Assistant] A monk who looked exactly like the Tang monk sat on a horse. A pig stood next to the horse.


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[Assistant] Just then, he saw a purple figure walk over to the horse.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 71, Money.


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[Assistant] Bajie moaned. His stomach grumbled loudly.


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[Assistant] Master, I don't know why you're still going there. You should have married that scorpion spirit instead.


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[Assistant] They had continued for another hour when the pig complained again.


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[Assistant] Wokong! Cried the Tang Monk, hanging on tightly.


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[Assistant] When the horse finally stopped running, the monk was far ahead of his companions.


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[Assistant] Said a man with an axe. The Tang monk shook with fear. Wukong was already running over.


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[Assistant] Ask the man. My name is Sun Wukong.


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[Assistant] I don't have much money, said the monkey.


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[Assistant] He pulled out his iron bar which quickly grew to the height of a person. The men looked nervous. The monkey stood the bar on the ground.


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[Assistant] Go ahead and try, said Wukong. The man put down the axe.


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[Assistant] He grasped the bar with his hands and tried to lift it.


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[Assistant] Said the man. He tried to lift the bar again.


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[Assistant] He lifted the bar over his head and twirled it around.


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[Assistant] The man took a step back. Suddenly the bar dropped from Wukong's hands.


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[Assistant] The robbers glanced at one another and then ran away.


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[Assistant] When the monks stopped reciting the spell, Wukong was furious. Why did you do that? He cried. They were going to!


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[Assistant] But you need me, Master. Wukong insisted. I refuse to leave.


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[Assistant] Wukong could see that the monk wasn't going to change his mind.


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[Assistant] With tears in his eyes, the monkey leaped into the air and was gone.


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[Assistant] This is a police officer. She is an important helper. She lives in our community.


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[Assistant] This is a teacher. He is an important helper. He lives in our community.


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[Assistant] Lesson 21. Which book? Give me a book please, Jane.


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[Assistant] No, not that one, the red one.


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[Assistant] What? You call that a stir fry? More meat than vegetables? That's the worst insult you could throw at a Chinese stir fry. What a disgrace to the wok she fried it in. What you had is equivalent to a fajita without the wrap.


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[Assistant] Crispy bite-sized vegetables covered in a mixture of soy sauce and oyster sauce, wilted greens and fresh bean sprouts, throw in some onion and garlic and ginger, mmm, mmm. It's almost lunchtime. I would die for a plate of stir-fry right now.


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[Assistant] What? You call that a stir fry? More meat than vegetables? That's the worst insult you could throw at a Chinese stir fry. What a disgrace to the wok she fried it in.


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[Assistant] Crispy bite-sized vegetables covered in a mixture of soy sauce and oyster sauce. Wilted greens and fresh bean sprouts. Throw in some onion and garlic and ginger. Mmm, uh, mmm. It's almost lunchtime. I would die for a plate of stir-fry right now.


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[Assistant] What? You call that a stir fry? More meat than vegetables? That's the worst insult you could throw at a Chinese stir fry. What a disgrace to the wok she fried it in.


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[Assistant] Census. Written by Cheryl Ryan. Illustrated by Chris Grine.


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[Assistant] I use my ears to hear I hear birds singing I hear bees buzzing


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[Assistant] I use my tongue to taste. I taste sweet berries.


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[Assistant] I like to go to my garden. I use my five senses. I use them to see and hear


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[Assistant] I use them to smell and taste. I use them to touch. I learn a lot from my senses.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 79, The Mountain of Flames.


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[Assistant] Wukong turned into a phoenix and shot after the crane.


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[Assistant] The bull flew up into the sky, and Wukong followed.


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[Assistant] With a snort, the bull spun around and flew the other way.


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[Assistant] But other soldiers appeared and blocked the bull's path. Wukong watched as soldiers surrounded the bull.


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[Assistant] They moved in closer, their swords and spears all pointed at the bull.


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[Assistant] The Tang monk and his companions were at the old man's house again.


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[Assistant] Once again, they thanked the man and followed the road up the hill. At the top, they looked at the mountain of flames.


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[Assistant] The air cooled down and Wukong saw the valley start to turn green.


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[Assistant] Leaves grew on trees, and small flowers popped up here and there.


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[Assistant] I want to cook some food for the Tang Monk. It's through that door.


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[Assistant] Will your master be upset if I eat it? Our master said we could give you one.


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[Assistant] It is too delicious and valuable. Let's eat it ourselves.


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[Assistant] Caretakers. Written by Brian Roberts. Illustrated by Signe Norden.


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[Assistant] This gardener is a caretaker. He takes care of gardens.


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[Assistant] This road worker is a caretaker. She takes care of the roads.


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[Assistant] This babysitter is a caretaker. She takes care of babies.


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[Assistant] This dentist is a caretaker. He takes care of teeth.


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[Assistant] This doctor is a caretaker. She takes care of people.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 33, Bajie Takes a Nap.


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[Assistant] After the Tang monk sent Wukong away, he and the others continued west.


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[Assistant] He said. Then he wandered off.


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[Assistant] After a few minutes of walking, Bajay looked around. He was all alone.


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[Assistant] An hour later, the Tang Monk and Wu Jing were still waiting by the road.


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[Assistant] Ask the monk. Wu Jing looked annoyed.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, the Tang monk became bored. He stood up to stretch his legs. He looked around.


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[Assistant] The monk walked quietly through the woods, admiring flowers and plants as he went.


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[Assistant] Then, in the midst of all the trees, he saw a pagoda.


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[Assistant] The monster had a purple beard and long sharp fangs. The Tang monk tried to walk away, but the monster woke up.


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[Assistant] He said, he licked his lips. Yes, said the Tang monk. I'm from the Tang.


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[Assistant] He was talking in his sleep.


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[Assistant] With his head hung low, he followed Wu Jing back to the road. But when they got there, the Tang monk was gone.


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[Assistant] Soon they saw the pagoda. They knocked on the door and the monster answered,


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[Assistant] Ask the monster. Wu Jing told the monster who they were.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to EnglishPod. My name is Marco.


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[Assistant] That's right, we're going to save a life and we are going to do this by applying first aid.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have this word first aid. It's two parts. So first is...


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[Assistant] Alright, we're back. So, there are a lot of medical and like health related terms in this dialogue, so why don't we take a look at a couple of those in Language Takeaway.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, the Red Cross. And, uh, this is usually a place where you donate blood, you can also get some, uhm, some blood exams done. Uhm, what else do you do there?


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[Assistant] A very humanitarian organization, so worth it. Go to the Red Cross and donate blood.


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[Assistant] So paramedics are something like nurses, right, that travel in an ambulance and get to an emergency or get to the scene of an accident and help out a person. So they immobilize the person, they give them oxygen, they make sure that they stay alive until they reach the hospital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, exactly. So if there is an earthquake and many people are stuck in the buildings, usually paramedics will be the ones on the scene trying to get them out and helping them by applying first aid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, yeaah. With any contact sport, if, uh, people suffer concussions, and it's just like, imagine when you have a DVD player and you hit it, and the disc skips, or it goes back. That's kind of what happens to your brain, so you can suffer memory loss, you can even lose your sight temporarily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so what is a fracture or two fracture?


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[Assistant] So a compound fracture is, uh, pretty painful and it's a little bit more serious. You have a simple fracture, which is when your bone just breaks.


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[Assistant] In this case, it's your bones actually pushed towards each other. They kind of form like a little, uh, mountain, right? Or they, they're on top of each other.


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[Assistant] So the person suffered a concussion and a compound fracture. Now the friend that he was talking to said, wow, you know, it sounds amazing. It's really cool that you're doing that. But you know what? I faint when I see blood.


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[Assistant] And very pale I think as well, because you look pale.


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[Assistant] So those are the keywords that we have for you on Language Takeaway. Let's take a listen to our dialogue again, and we'll be back shortly to take a look at some phrases on Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Right. And not only that, but to make sure that the heart is pumping blood relatively normal because sometimes your heart can be pumping blood too fast or too slow.


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[Assistant] Mhmm, very good. Alright, so we check for a pulse. Now, what else happens?


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[Assistant] Okay, so the verb to rush, what does that mean?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or I could say, I need to rush home my parents need me.


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[Assistant] Right, okay, so you need to go quickly. Alright, now when we were talking about fainting, the person said, before he used the word faint, he said, I tend to faint.


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[Assistant] I never paint. You don't paint? No, just kidding. Uhm, but you know what, I tend to leave the towel on the bed sometimes after I take a shower. Oh. I know, it's a bad habit. And then the sheets smell. No, they don't, because I leave it there for like 5 or 10 minutes and then I realize, oh my god, and then I pick it up.


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[Assistant] Alright, we're back. So, that's all the time we have for today. Be sure to do your homework assignment. Come to EnglishPod.com. In the comments section, tell us, what do you tend to do?


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[Assistant] I know some people who tend to leave the house with a whole medicine kit in their bags or in their purses. Really? We could say a first aid kit. A first aid kit, exactly.


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[Assistant] You look very well, Jimmy. You are better now. But you mustn't get up yet.


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[Assistant] You must stay in bed for another two days. The boy mustn't go to school yet, Mrs. Williams, and he mustn't eat rich food.


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[Assistant] Yes, he must remain in bed for another two days.


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[Assistant] He can get up for about two hours each day. But you must keep the room warm. Where's Mr. Williams this evening?


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[Assistant] Abby and Zotz are best friends. Zotz is from outer space.


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[Assistant] You need some clothes, Abby tells Zotz.


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[Assistant] Abby and Zots go to the closet.


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[Assistant] Abby gives Zotz a shirt. Zotz takes the shirt.


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[Assistant] Abby gives Zotz some socks. Zotz takes the socks.


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[Assistant] Abby gives Zotz some pants. Zotz takes the pants.


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[Assistant] Abby gives Zots some shoes. Zots takes the shoes.


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[Assistant] Abby gives Zotz a hat. Zotz takes the hat.


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[Assistant] Draw a picture of him wearing it and write about it. Math


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[Assistant] Look at the front cover of the book.


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[Assistant] Yes, your curly hair is beautiful. Thank you. I don't know a lot of people with curly hair.


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[Assistant] Patty, you are a good singer and you're a good dancer.


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[Assistant] Fine, I'll start drinking water and having home cooked meals that are low in fat. Are you happy now?


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[Assistant] Fine, I'll start drinking water and having home-cooked meals that are low in fat. Are you happy now?


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[Assistant] Fine, I'll start drinking water and having home-cooked meals that are low in fat. Are you happy now?


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[Assistant] No, I just needed five minutes away from work.


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[Assistant] Now that I've lost my job, I can do whatever I want. Now, I'm thinking about the future.


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[Assistant] Well, you know how people sometimes ask you, what do you want to be when you grow up? Yeaah.


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[Assistant] What other dreams did you have when you were our age? Well, actually, I wanted to be a supermodel.


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[Assistant] Well, alright, I'll watch you play.


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[Assistant] But my favorite thing was spending time with Amber and Mike.


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[Assistant] Okay, but I'm so tired of cooking omelets and hamburgers.


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[Assistant] Sarah, Renee, you have to try this dish.


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[Assistant] Something fun? What is it?


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[Assistant] Really? Yes! We can exercise together.


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[Assistant] But I don't know much about their traditions, do you?


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[Assistant] Cool tradition. So what are some of the differences?


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[Assistant] Is he your sweetheart? This card says, hello sweetheart.


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[Assistant] Does it say, I have a crush on you?


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[Assistant] Simon, just try it. It tastes really good.


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[Assistant] Spices, flour, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, red beans. Hi Max. Where's my wife? She's in the back.


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[Assistant] Didn't you just go to Chicago a few weeks ago? Yes, but I didn't have time to get any supplies. I see.


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[Assistant] Hey! Are you and Renee free this weekend?


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[Assistant] Uhm, I think so. Why? Well, do you and Renee want to go with me?


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[Assistant] Yes, I like to get an early start when I go to the city.


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[Assistant] Let's take one car. Parking in the city is expensive. Okay.


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[Assistant] I don't know. Is it good? It's delicious. Do you want to try it? I know a great restaurant in the city. I can make reservations for us.


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[Assistant] Renee is in the diner with Simon's brother, Rich.


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[Assistant] He has come from the big city to visit his little brother.


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[Assistant] Simon comes in to pick up Renee after work. He is surprised to see Rich there. Rich gives Simon a big hug. Rich has a card and gifts for him.


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[Assistant] Simon's rich brother always gives him things. Rich tells Simon to open the card. Simon opens the card.


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[Assistant] It has a cash card and a gift certificate for a financial planner inside.


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[Assistant] Sarah is at home. She is holding a bag of flour.


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[Assistant] She sings to the flower. Then she rocks the flower a little. Sarah smiles. She puts the bag of flower on a table. Then she takes out a diaper.


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[Assistant] Sarah puts the diaper on her bag of flour.


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[Assistant] Renee and Sarah are in the cabin. They are putting together Easter baskets. There is a mess on the table.


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[Assistant] On one side, there are many chocolate candies and cookies.


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[Assistant] There are pens and pencils all over the table too. Renee is decorating a basket. Sarah starts writing a letter. She yawns. Renee takes a picture from the table.


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[Assistant] She shows it to Sarah, and they both laugh.


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[Assistant] Sarah is at home. She is having a music lesson.


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[Assistant] Sarah's teacher, Chris, plays a scale. Sarah watches Chris. Then Sarah plays the scale. But she plays a lot of wrong notes. Chris plays the scale for Sarah again. Then Sarah tries again.


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[Assistant] This time, she plays the right notes.


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[Assistant] He is listening to a baseball game on the radio. He has a baseball. He is playing with it. Simon loves baseball. Max comes over to Simon. Max talks to him. Simon ignores Max. Renee comes over. She hugs Simon. He ignores her.


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[Assistant] Simon and Renee are in the diner. Betty walks in. She says hi to Simon and Renee. Just then, Betty's cell phone rings. Betty answers it and listens.


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[Assistant] As she listens, she gets excited.


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[Assistant] Betty starts walking around and talking really fast.


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[Assistant] Simon and Renee listen to Betty's conversation, but they can't understand her. She is talking too fast. They wonder about the phone call. Why is Betty excited?


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[Assistant] Sarah is very sad. She is crying.


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[Assistant] Her speech in history class did not go well. She was too nervous.


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[Assistant] Now she still feels bad. Sarah goes into her house. She runs to the bathroom.


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[Assistant] A little later, Ben comes into the house. He looks around. He calls for Max and Sarah.


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[Assistant] No one answers. So, he walks through the house. He needs the bathroom.


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[Assistant] Sarah is sitting at a table in the diner. She is looking at her computer.


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[Assistant] Next to her are some travel magazines and brochures. She looks at a brochure. Then she looks at her computer.


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[Assistant] Then she puts all the magazines and brochures in front of her.


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[Assistant] She looks at all of them and puts her head in her hands.


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[Assistant] Betty is sorting mail at the post office. She sees an envelope with her name on it. She opens it. It's a birthday card. When she opens the card, she hears music. Betty closes the card. The music stops. Betty opens the card again. The music starts again. Betty laughs and dances to the music.


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[Assistant] I'm wonderful. What are you selling?


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[Assistant] I like that price. One glass, please.


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[Assistant] Why? Things in stores can be expensive.


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[Assistant] She can shop for tea on the internet. This is the book for you Sarah.


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[Assistant] Sarah has a new store. She needs to buy things.


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[Assistant] You can still buy your supplies on the internet. This book will help you with that.


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[Assistant] Look at this website. It's a shopping page. What are you looking for? Just type in the words.


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[Assistant] Look at all the results. Try to find the best price.


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[Assistant] I'm not selling anything. Then why are you here?


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[Assistant] I have a great opportunity for you. You do? Yes.


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[Assistant] Max, I'd like you to meet Olga, my cousin from Germany.


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[Assistant] Guest? Uhm, I didn't ask him yet.


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[Assistant] You mean put your foot in your mouth.


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[Assistant] Olga was accepted to a study abroad program in Chicago.


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[Assistant] What is she doing here? She came to visit me for a week, but I don't have anywhere for her to stay.


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[Assistant] This is Olga, my cousin from Germany. She's doing a study abroad program in Chicago.


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[Assistant] So, what do you think, Max? Can Olga stay here for a week?


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[Assistant] I don't know, Hugh. I know I'm asking a lot, but my apartment is just too small.


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[Assistant] I will order your daily specials all week!


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[Assistant] I'm a little sad. My favorite table tennis player missed a serve during one of his games today. He lost his match.


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[Assistant] Yes, I've been listening to reports on my radio.


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[Assistant] I know the first modern Olympic games were played in 1896.


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[Assistant] I read about that in this book about the Olympics. May I see it?


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[Assistant] Sure! This book can be yours for $9.99.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 44, The King's Ghost.


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[Assistant] He went outside and the others followed. There it is! A Jade coin lay on the ground by the door.


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[Assistant] He saw a white rabbit and shot an arrow. He missed and the rabbit ran.


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[Assistant] Cried the prince. The monk stepped forward.


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[Assistant] But we are just men. How can we defeat such a powerful monster?


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[Assistant] Yellow Brows won't be able to fight all three of us.


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[Assistant] Your story must be true. My poor father.


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[Assistant] The Wood Wolf Star is a wolf spirit who lives in heaven.


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[Assistant] He escaped thirteen days ago, and I've been looking all over for him.


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[Assistant] Yes, let's go. I'll help you catch the Wood Wolf Star.


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[Assistant] Wood Wolf Star! Come up here at once!


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[Assistant] What are you doing here, Wukong?


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[Assistant] You're supposed to be helping the Tang monk reach the western paradise.


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[Assistant] Don't touch anything. Just tell me why you're here.


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[Assistant] How dare you tell me to give you one thousand pills, he said. Get out of here right now!


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[Assistant] I've missed you. It's time for you to return to your palace.


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[Assistant] He is going to the western paradise to get scriptures from Buddha. These three are his companions.


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[Assistant] Relax, Wukong, and enjoy the beautiful day. There is no danger here.


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[Assistant] I don't want to delay our journey, but you three can defeat demons. We must report to the palace.


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[Assistant] There's no one in the back of the post office.


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[Assistant] I only see a leash. You can take perfect pet for a walk.


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[Assistant] You want me to buy a leash with an invisible dog?


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[Assistant] Actually, I already have a perfect pet.


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[Assistant] I shouldn't have Teddy at work, but we're practicing for the Small Town Dog Show.


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[Assistant] Of course. Would you like to see one? Sure. Okay, watch this.


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[Assistant] She is wearing it because she was in Small Town's dog show. Did she win a prize? Teddy won two prizes. She won best trick and best costume. That's great.


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[Assistant] Well, I'd like to see your new pets.


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[Assistant] I am. I'm writing an ad. I'm looking for someone to rent my house.


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[Assistant] That's right. What's your house like? It has three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a big backyard.


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[Assistant] It's on Lake Avenue. That's a nice neighborhood.


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[Assistant] I'm asking for $1,200 a month.


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[Assistant] That's a really good price.


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[Assistant] Sorry Simon, I am out of cards right now.


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[Assistant] Do you need a card for a special day? Or is it for a special person?


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[Assistant] Did you read my article? I'm reading it right now. This is an interesting article about space travel. Thanks. Would you want to be an astronaut, Sarah? Maybe.


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[Assistant] This is terrible. What is this Hugh?


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[Assistant] Then I'm glad I'm not going into space. I wouldn't want to eat this every day. I wouldn't either.


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[Assistant] Hi Allie, it's Jake. Oh, hi Jake. Merry Christmas.


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[Assistant] Robins live in the country. They make nests in trees.


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[Assistant] Geese and ducks live in the country. They swim in lakes.


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[Assistant] We'll eat the Tang Monk, and we'll all live forever.


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[Assistant] Pick a pie. Written by Karen Mokler Illustrated by Lauren Gallegos Focus question.


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[Assistant] Six cups of fruit will make a pie.


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[Assistant] We picked eight cups of strawberries.


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[Assistant] Hey Renee. Hi Rich. Simon isn't here yet. Okay.


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[Assistant] But first, I must figure out how he creates the fire, smoke and sand.


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[Assistant] You wait here, your majesty. Tonight I'll steal those bells from the demon. Once I defeat him, I'll come back and rescue you.


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[Assistant] That pig will taste wonderful once he's pickled.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 91, The Demon Officers.


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[Assistant] The Demon General looked at Wukong, who was still in disguise.


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[Assistant] That is great news, said a demon captain.


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[Assistant] Yes, said the general. The other demons nodded in agreement.


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[Assistant] A captain looks surprised. What about eating the Tang monk? Don't you want to live forever? Wukong shook his head.


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[Assistant] Still in disguise, Wukong entered the cave. He came to a large room.


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[Assistant] As the two demons argued, Wukong began to laugh.


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[Assistant] Soon he was laughing hard. The demon stopped arguing and stared at him.


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[Assistant] Okay, this letter is pretty tricky. It sounds a lot like the letter SH, but a little softer.


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[Assistant] Bar, bar, bary. World, world.


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[Assistant] I accept your challenge. Master are you sure?


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[Assistant] I've spent many years meditating. This contest will be easy for me.


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[Assistant] To the West. Chapter 55. The Monks and the Cart.


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[Assistant] After a quick breakfast, the group started walking. They went through a valley and over some hills.


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[Assistant] Yelled one of the priests. The Buddhist looked frightened


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[Assistant] Hello, said Wukong, walking toward the group of monks. Why are you pushing this cart?


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[Assistant] The monks stopped pushing the cart and turned toward Wukong. They looked surprised. You must be new here, one monk said.


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[Assistant] Oh really? Wukong raised an eyebrow. Who is going to save you?


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[Assistant] Recognize him if you see him. Ask Wukong, trying not to laugh.


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[Assistant] Hey kids, now we're going to write the letter B, as in bear. You'll need a practice sheet and a pencil.


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[Assistant] Start at the top and make a line down.


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[Assistant] Go back to the top and go around to the middle. Next, go around to the bottom.


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[Assistant] Great job! Now we're going to write the lowercase b. That's the small b.


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[Assistant] Start at the top and make a line down.


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[Assistant] Don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.


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[Assistant] You can also follow us on Facebook and Twitter. See you next time!


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[Assistant] Gather some soldiers and arrest the Tang monk and his companions.


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[Assistant] Squire Koo is a good man. We must return his belongings.


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[Assistant] Wukong and his companions ran back down the mountain, escaping the fire.


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[Assistant] Said Bajie. Wu Jing looked up at the mountain peak.


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[Assistant] Shouted the demon. He made a fist and punched himself in the nose. Smoke and fire poured from his face again.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, Red Boy was sitting on his mountain peak.


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[Assistant] I must go to the grocers. We haven't got much tea or coffee and we haven't got any sugar or jam.


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[Assistant] I must go to the greengrocers. We haven't got many tomatoes, but we've got a lot of potatoes. I must go to the butchers too. We need some meat. We haven't got any meat at all.


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[Assistant] In spring, the rain falls. Children play in the puddles.


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[Assistant] It starts to cool off. Fall comes.


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[Assistant] In fall, trees lose their leaves. Children make faces on pumpkins.


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[Assistant] The winds get colder. Winter comes.


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[Assistant] The snow melts. It gets warmer. Spring comes again.


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[Assistant] Children have fun in all seasons.


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[Assistant] You have helped me to reach the western paradise. You saved me from demons countless times. I couldn't have gotten here without you.


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[Assistant] I am the Tang monk, and I'm here to receive the true scriptures from Buddha. You may answer.


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[Assistant] I am Sun Wukong, the Monkey King!


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[Assistant] You don't need to bow. We were happy to help.


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[Assistant] Well, Wu Jing and I were. Bajie complained the entire time.


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[Assistant] Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course app. Supplemental content is now available for these courses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mnemonics are great for trying to remember our fourth grade spelling words, but actually deciding what the word geography means is a bit trickier. Sure, we memorize state and world capitals, because everyone's impressed if you can rattle them off, like the capital of Canada, Ottawa. Or we learn that rivers flow downhill.


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[Assistant] Or that the US imports more than 3 billion pounds of bananas from Guatemala each year. And those are cool factoids, but that's not all geography is. Geography helps us answer bigger questions, like what's the story of the Earth?


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[Assistant] How do humans change their environments, and why, of all places, did that huge mountain form there? There's a lot to cover in this series, because geography encompasses all 4.5 billion years or so of the Earth's history, and even makes predictions about our future.


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[Assistant] So we're going to do our best to highlight the weirdest, most awe-inspiring parts. I'm Alizé Carrère, and welcome to Crash Course Geography!


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[Assistant] Let's take a closer look at that last factoid I threw out and go a little bananas. It might come in handy at a trivia game to know the volume of the US Guatemala banana trade, but there must be more to the story.


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[Assistant] Like, why Guatemala? And why bananas? In geography, we use those questions to better understand the connections between us and the physical world.


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[Assistant] To the Mayan ruins in Tikal. From there we might notice the physical environment, like the climate, the landforms, or the rivers and waterways.


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[Assistant] Guatemala is a mountainous country with both recently active and long-dormant volcanoes that have provided rich fertile soil. With soil like this, it seems like there's no shortage of options for what would grow. And yet, bananas. It turns out, to be successful, bananas need to grow at a temperature between 20 and 35 degrees Celsius.


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[Assistant] Guatemala's tropical regions range between 18 and 35 degrees. Bananas need about 170 centimeters of rain a year.


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[Assistant] Most of Guatemala gets between 70 and 200 centimeters. And bananas need well-drained soils rich in potassium.


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[Assistant] Guatemala's volcanoes spew rocks rich in iron, magnesium and, you guessed it, potassium. What we're doing here is identifying the space, or the features and relationships that occur in a given area.


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[Assistant] Basically, it's the cold hard facts about a specific location on Earth's surface.


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[Assistant] We need to pinpoint where we're interested in before we can start to answer why various things happen there. Working with the idea of space is one of the defining characteristics of geography.


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[Assistant] And we'll get into even more specifics in later episodes. Historically, maps and more recently satellite images are tools that help define and quantify space. But there are plenty of non-spatial things we might already have in our minds about Guatemala and Central America.


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[Assistant] For example, that it's long been home to large populations of indigenous peoples, including Mayan groups like the Quiche, Cachiquel, and Mam, and non-Mayan groups like the Chinca. Or that it's a region known for its history of empires, like the Mayan or those created by Spanish colonizers. Guatemala has been known by many names, including Cuatamalan, a name given to the area by Clash Collin warriors accompanying Spanish conquistadors. Like almost any land or mountain or stretch of sea,


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[Assistant] Guatemala means different things to different people. It's a place, or somewhere that has attached value, meaning, and emotion to it that can't be measured. It's subjective for sure, but a place can be observed and described to others. We can think of place as the significance attached to a particular space. So as we try to better understand the significance of bananas and how they fit into Guatemala, the space and the place,


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[Assistant] We've learned bananas actually aren't native to Guatemala, or even the Americas. Explorers and missionaries brought bananas to Central America in the 1500s, from the areas near present-day Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, where bananas grow natively. Thinking about where bananas can grow in Guatemala and why adds another layer to our geographical investigation.


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[Assistant] This is key to geographers. So in Guatemala, where there's enough flat land and fertile soil, and it's not too hot or cold or dry or wet, humans might decide to grow bananas.


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[Assistant] But that still doesn't tell us how bananas came to be one of the main crops grown in Guatemala, or why there's so much trade in bananas specifically with the US. If we think about demand economics, one answer for why the US imports more than 3 billion pounds of bananas from Guatemala each year is because there are no tariffs or import restrictions, and transportation costs are fairly low.


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[Assistant] Other banana hotspots like Ecuador, Panama, and India are a bit farther away, so transportation is more expensive. The greater the ocean distance, the higher the price.


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[Assistant] But that's not the whole story. To this day, the agriculture industry in Guatemala relies on the plantation, which is a large-scale commercial enterprise that just produces one crop and mostly exports it. Plantations arrived in Guatemala with European explorers colonizing the Americas.


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[Assistant] But they can also be found in other parts of the world that experienced colonialism, like cocoa plantations in the West Indies, tea plantations in Sri Lanka, and cotton plantations in the US. No matter where they're located, using plantations has had long-lasting consequences we still contend with today. To peel back the layers, let's go to the thought book.


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[Assistant] Bananas first became popular as a, quote, rare and delicious treat in the United States in the late 19th century, even though they'd long been a diet staple in many tropical regions. Sensing an opportunity, American businessmen like Miner C. Keith and Andrew Preston started importing them from around Latin America. The two men were forced to merge their lucrative banana empires in 1899.


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[Assistant] Tropical Trading and Transport Company in Central America joined with the Boston Fruit Company that dominated the Caribbean, creating the soon to be infamous United Fruit Company.


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[Assistant] Along with others, it would become so powerful that in 1901, the author O. Henry described countries like Honduras and Guatemala as banana republics, a reference to the vast control the fruit companies wielded over many nations. For example, in 1904, Keith, as Vice President of United Fruit, signed an exclusive deal with President Manuel Estrada Cabrera that gave the company tax exemptions, land grants, and control of all railroads on the Atlantic side of Guatemala.


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[Assistant] Across Latin America, they became embroiled in violent disputes, like the 1928 Banana Massacre in Colombia that was immortalized in Gabriel Garcia Márquez's great novel, 100 Years of Solitude. Or the 1934 Great Banana Strike that eventually led to the creation of trade unions in Costa Rica.


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[Assistant] Or in 1954, when they lobbied the US government to stage a coup and depose the Guatemalan president when hoarded United Fruitland was being redistributed. Which the US did.


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[Assistant] You might not have heard of United Fruit, but you've probably seen the label in grocery stores or heard of Chiquita Bananas. The United Fruit company eventually became Chiquita Brands International in 1984, which is still the number one US supplier of bananas today. Basically, banana plantations have had a huge influence on the unequal distribution of land and wealth, leading to peasant uprisings, repressive military regimes,


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[Assistant] Bananas have been stamped into Guatemalan history. Wow! All that from just one little factoid about a fruit you can buy in pretty much any corner store across the US.


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[Assistant] I told you that geography was complicated. And every factoid actually has a story behind it. But there are always more questions. Like, if we focus on the environment part of human-environment interactions, what's the environmental impact of these large plantations? And this is just Guatemala.


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[Assistant] What's the story associated with their banana exports? And that's why just the factoid you learned in fourth grade alone isn't geography. Geography is that factoid and the story that surrounds it. We just looked at the geography of bananas, but we could have done the same thing for chocolate. Or the Nile River Valley. Or heat islands in the Chicago area.


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[Assistant] But in geography, we try and look at the big picture, the confluence of space, place, and the human-environment interactions, and how they overlap to bring us this far into the story. This is what makes geography a spatial science. It's all about how things vary from place to place and asking, why here? No two places are the same, but when we ask questions to learn more about one place,


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[Assistant] We might just be able to explain what is happening in another place. Of course, geographers are going to make mistakes because we're curious, imperfect, wonderful humans.


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[Assistant] And there will be so many more moments where we go bananas and realize that what we thought was just a cool fact actually has a huge backstory. There's a whole team working on Crash Course Geography trying hard to avoid making mistakes. But we also know that when we tell a story, we make certain assumptions.


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[Assistant] Or we have to leave out facts to make sure there's a beginning, middle, and end in a 10 minute video. So as we move through this series and learn together, let's all try and think about the interconnectedness of Earth and its peoples and economies and histories.


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[Assistant] And the fact that a banana factoid can be way more complicated than we expect. That's what will make us all a little more thoughtful and geographically aware. So what is geography?


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[Assistant] It's so much more than just identifying cities and countries and capitals on a map. Geographers look to find connections between the physical processes at work on Earth's surface, and under the surface too.


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[Assistant] And how people use and interact with the Earth. Next time, we'll look at one of the most useful tools that geographers use. Maps. Maps tell their own story, and can even be made specifically to tell a particular story. More on that next week.


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[Assistant] Many geographical place names also don't reflect the indigenous or aboriginal people's languages. So we at Crash Course want to acknowledge these people's traditional and ongoing relationship with that land and all the physical and human geographical elements of it.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Geography, which was made with the help of all of these nice people.


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[Assistant] If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever, please consider joining our community on Patreon.


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[Assistant] A course like this, uhm, kind of, uh, comes up in our curriculum, uhm, it's a little novel. Most of the courses at Wharton are very analytic, they're very tools based, uhm, but looking over the curriculum, uhm, ten years ago when I created this course, I realized that


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[Assistant] About the most important questions that would help them later in life as they encountered


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[Assistant] different transition moments, uh, what to do next, uh, what to do when they, uh, had to move to a new city, what to do when they finish grad school, what to do when they change careers, and, uh, I look back on my own life and realize that over the years I've picked up


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[Assistant] I think you're going to find that a course like the course we're going to have together is going to be useful to you in one of several ways. I think first and foremost,


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[Assistant] I think it'll help you. I think you'll be able to assess yourself, your values, uh, your images of what success means.


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[Assistant] If you're a parent or a mentor to others, you might also find this useful as a way of helping you articulate and guide and serve as a sort of coach for other people who are confronting these same questions.


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[Assistant] So, uh, we're going to be doing a bunch of different, uh, little self-assessments, uh, exercises to help you think about this subject, and at the end of the day,


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[Assistant] I think you'll find that, just like for many of the students and executives who have taken this, you'll have a few light bulbs go off that should help you guide your way to the future.


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[Assistant] We are now returning to the east so I can deliver the true scriptures. Good.


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[Assistant] Go to our website to download a free practice sheet.


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[Assistant] First, we'll write the capital A. That's the big A.


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[Assistant] Start at the top and make a line down.


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[Assistant] Go back to the top and make another line down.


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[Assistant] Now, go to the middle and make a line across.


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[Assistant] Great job! Now we're going to write the lowercase a. That's the small a.


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[Assistant] Start in the middle and go all the way around.


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[Assistant] Well done! Now you know how to write the letter A! Next time, we'll write the letter B!


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[Assistant] Don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.


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[Assistant] As with all of our, uh, assessments and


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[Assistant] With respect to these two dimensions of success, the inner life and the outer life.


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[Assistant] We've got a matrix, uh, that has nine cells.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and it's on two dimensions. Uh, there's the happiness dimension that's going across vertically, uh, horizontally, and then the achievement dimension, which is going, uh, vertically, uh, up and down. And you'll notice that each of the cells has a number. So,


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[Assistant] Uh, reading from left to right, as happiness, uh, moves from highest level to lowest, the top, uh, top row is one, two, three, which is


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[Assistant] High levels of achievement but diminishing levels of happiness. And then if you go to the other side and you see high levels of happiness but diminishing levels of achievement, it sells one, four, and seven.


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[Assistant] And then the other cells sort of fill in the background in between for different moderate levels of happiness and so on. So what I do is I give my students and executives this cell, these nine cells and say just today,


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[Assistant] Uh, summarizing where you think you are at this moment, uh, take a pen and just put a dot in one of these cells.


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[Assistant] That allows you to just sort of take a waypoint on, on where you are in your life.


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[Assistant] Uh, the cells at the outside, three, six, nine.


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[Assistant] 8 and 7 right on the outer dimension there are the ones that get populated the least.


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[Assistant] Although in a moment I'm going to tell you a couple stories about some people who, uh, who put their dot in cell number three.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but most people end up in cells 1, 2, 4, or 5, and probably the most commonly populated one is cell 5, the one right in the middle, where it's a moderate level of happiness and a moderate level of achievement.


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[Assistant] So just to give you a couple of quick hits on those cells, people who put their mark in cell number one usually are feeling very, very positive about their lives and sometimes feel that


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[Assistant] They need to have a high perception of happiness and a high perception of achievement because it sort of expresses their positive personality and their positive mental attitude about their overall approach to life.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so it isn't, they actually never leave someone. Every day they wake up and they somehow manage to.


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[Assistant] Uh, conceive of their situation as a cell 1 life. Uh, other people see that as very one-dimensional and, uh, put their dots in either cell 2 or cell 4.


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[Assistant] In order to motivate themselves toward moving forward on some dimension of their life, whether it's the next step in their career or the next invention they're trying to create or


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[Assistant] Uh, they're looking forward to, uh, you know, when their, uh, child, uh, achieves something that they're all hoping for and their happiness level will move up or that they have, uh, some new, uh, set of, uh, relationships in their community that are, uh, on the cusp of developing in some positive way.


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[Assistant] So they, they look, they look at aspirationally at moving, uh, one or the other of these two dimensions as the next stage of their efforts. Uh, the people in group five, in cell five are, uhm,


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[Assistant] Basically satisfied, uh, and interested in moving on in any direction.


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[Assistant] It's an interesting place to be, uh, because when you are in that medium place in both sides, uh, it's a little harder to identify which of the two areas, the inner or the outer life, uh, needs to be addressed and what priority.


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[Assistant] So, if you're in that cell, you might just ask yourself, which end of the box are you in? Are you in the box?


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[Assistant] A little closer to the top of that box, uh, a little closer to the left of that box, uh, to again, kind of give you a sense of priorities over what your next steps ought to be. Should they be steps addressing achievement in the outer life or should they be steps, uh, addressing more the inner life and happiness?


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[Assistant] Uh, and interactive with in a, in an important program that we teach here at Borden and, uh, tell you.


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[Assistant] And they had two very different reasons for doing so. Uh, I teach in a program here at Wharton called the Advanced Management Program and we have executives come from all over the world. They're very senior, uh, 45 to 55 or 60 years old. Uh, they are in very, uh,


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[Assistant] And one year I had two people in that program, about fifty each time we teach it, who put their dots in the high achievement, low happiness. And I thought that was interesting enough to ask them,


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[Assistant] Uh, in front of the group because they get to trust each other quite a lot and they're very candid with each other. Uh, what was the process they were thinking about as they put their dot in that low happiness box but high achievement box? And they gave two, two different people gave two answers that I think are interesting.


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[Assistant] Uh, very senior executive. He was the head of, uh, the North American division, Canada, the United States, Mexico, of a major Fortune 500 company. And he said that he had given himself a high achievement ranking because he had so far exceeded


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[Assistant] So, he had always been someone who wanted to achieve a lot, but he just had never thought that he would be in the position that he was in.


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[Assistant] At the time we were discussing it. So he gave himself credit for a high level of achievement.


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[Assistant] But then I said, well, why the low happiness, uhm, check? And he went, well,


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[Assistant] As I was sitting here today listening to the discussion and thinking about myself.


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[Assistant] I suddenly came to realize that for the last three promotions that I've gotten,


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[Assistant] I have promoted myself further and further away from what I actually love to do.


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[Assistant] And, uh, so whereas I was very passionate about efficiency and factories and


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[Assistant] Getting everything to run smoothly and to be highly productive and, uh, you know, operations related. Uh, every, the last three promotions I've ended up doing more and more politics, meetings.


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[Assistant] Uhm, internal conflict and almost none of the things that, uh, really, uh, you know, juice me, uh, and get me excited about work. So, I suddenly realized that I've, uh,


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[Assistant] Been successful on the career side, but I have actually gotten away from, uh, and it's hard to imagine how I'm gonna get back to.


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[Assistant] The thing that I actually motivated me to get in this career to start with.


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[Assistant] So I felt uhm, some compassion for this guy because it's really hard if someone offers you a promotion to turn it down because you want to stay at some activity level or responsibility level that you


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[Assistant] You know, feel you're well suited for it. In fact, I think in most companies they might take that as a sign that you're unmotivated and they might move you along.


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[Assistant] I've taught a lot of teachers and school administrators here in the United States and very often teachers have this problem. They love children, they love education, they enter the career of teaching, they show some administrative talent, they get promoted to be an assistant principal, they're still teaching a little, they get promoted to be a principal, they're not teaching at all.


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[Assistant] They get promoted to be a school superintendent. They're not even in a school anymore.


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[Assistant] And, uh, their happiness level goes down as each promotion level goes up. And I think it's something you have to pay attention to.


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[Assistant] Uh, if you want to achieve the kindest full success that you aspire to, uhm,


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[Assistant] The other person who had put their dot there was entirely different. He was very young, he was about 35 years old, young for this group. He was from South America and he had, he said, recently been given an award.


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[Assistant] As the top lawyer in his country in South America, uh, and the youngest person ever to achieve this honor.


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[Assistant] And so he felt that he deserved to put himself in the high achievement cell. And I said, well, that sounds great. So why the low happiness score? He said, well, I hate law.


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[Assistant] And so, uh, although I'm very good at it, uh, it really doesn't give me much jewelry satisfaction at all. Uh, so I put myself down there.


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[Assistant] And it was interesting because when I heard him say that, I realized for him at a young age where he's got a skill or a mindset like legal training that's easily ported from one area to another,


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[Assistant] His ability to move from the low happiness up to a higher level by changing jobs, by changing functions, by changing firms is going to be much easier than the first gentleman who had, uhm,


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[Assistant] The area that you think you need to focus on next, whether it's the next step in a career, which might mean that you're focused on the achievement side,


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[Assistant] Or whether it's the next step in, uh, moderating or understanding, uh, your emotions, your personal relationships, uh, your, uh, hobbies or things that you do, uh, because you love doing them and how you can do those more, which might help you move up to happiness scale.


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[Assistant] So this is just a little bit of a diagnostic on what your agenda is and what you need to be working on. And now we're going to look at some tools to help you begin concretely working toward those goals.


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[Assistant] It was magnificent. The land is filled with beauty.


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[Assistant] The villagers will want to see the true scriptures. They'll become jealous that we have them.


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[Assistant] Keeps out Mars and milled you. Your robe deserves nothing left.


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[Assistant] We're coming near the end of our time together and I want to share a story with you, uh, about someone who I think I would give an A to, uh, on uh,


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[Assistant] Wharton Conference Room, attending a seminar on happiness and relative income throughout the world.


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[Assistant] And someone had done a country-wide study across different, uh, national boundaries, uh, Nigeria, Bhutan, India, America, Denmark, Germany.


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[Assistant] And doing correlational studies between, uh, overall happiness, the kind you measure by, you know, thinking, you ask yourself overall how happy are you, and, uh, wealth in that country and income.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it's a pretty complicated social science study. And I was in there with about 15, uh, faculty from across the university and


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[Assistant] Before the seminar started and there was a presenter who was getting ready to show his data, uh, the door opened and this older gentleman walked in who


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[Assistant] Obviously looked to me as if he had been working on the campus on some construction project and had heard that there was a seminar being offered on happiness.


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[Assistant] We have a tradition here at the University of Pennsylvania that the members of the public are welcome.


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[Assistant] To attend any seminar that is uh, available. And uhm, so.


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[Assistant] Seeing members of the public come in is not a crazy thing. It's always some, we always sort of wonder, you know, what it is that this person might take away or what they might say when they got there.


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[Assistant] Not sure since they're not part of our tribe, the academic tribe, uh, what to make of them, but here comes this gentleman and he ended up sitting down at the end of the table next to me.


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[Assistant] And I could see from his hands, because his hands were on the table and resting on the table, that they were definitely working man's hands. They were sort of calloused and he was wearing like a flannel shirt and blue jeans and, uhm, sort of a ruffian face. And uhm, so, you know, I just turned my attention back to the presentation.


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[Assistant] And the scholar who's giving the research paper, you know, talked about the data here and the wealth levels there and the answers to the questionnaires and, uh, how happiness and wealth may or may not be correlated and, uhm,


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[Assistant] And then he concluded and he asked her questions. And someone asked a question about the


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[Assistant] You know, regression analysis that was used on this dataset.


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[Assistant] There was some discussion, and then this guy sitting next to me raised his hand. Now,


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[Assistant] You know, as I said, when a member of the public, uh, shows up at one of these seminars and


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[Assistant] Actually speaks, uh, the rest of the faculty kind of hold their breath because it's hard to know exactly what they might be saying or where they're coming from.


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[Assistant] So there was this sort of holding of the breath as this guy raised his hand and the


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[Assistant] He said something I'll never forget. He said,


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[Assistant] You know, uh, I'm just a member of the public and I don't really understand a lot of what it is you're talking about here. Uh, but it does seem to me you're talking about happiness and money. And he said, as far as I can understand it,


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[Assistant] Happiness and money have really nothing whatsoever to do with each other. So as far as I know, happiness is just three things. Good health, meaningful work, and love. If you have those three things, you're happy.


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[Assistant] At this point, there was this dead silence in the seminar room because nobody knew what to say. And the presenter said, well, thank you, sir. And there was a pause. And then someone else said, what about that data in the Denmark


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[Assistant] And this guy waited for a few minutes and the discussion drifted off and then he just sort of quietly got up and walked out the door. And I thought to myself, Wharton has just been visited by a wise angel. God has sent.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I give this guy a lot of credit because


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[Assistant] You know, he said it was his theory of happiness, but in many ways it was a theory about success because it combined the inner life,


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[Assistant] I think you can have good health and bad health.


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[Assistant] Uh, sometimes you have no control over that and just because your health turns bad doesn't mean that you're not happy or can't be successful.


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[Assistant] And you can, uh, have love in your life and it can disappear. You can lose a loved one.


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[Assistant] Uhm, uh, and that's not anything you control either and just because the love in your life has changed in its amount of quality doesn't mean that you can't be happy ever again or successful.


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[Assistant] Uhm, he was the first one who used the phrase meaningful work for me.


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[Assistant] And we just finished talking about that, so I took his phrase and, and,


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[Assistant] The most meaningful work in the world. It still could be.


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[Assistant] And the real passion and interest and excitement in your life comes from the coaching.


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[Assistant] Uh, that you do on the weekends for your kids soccer team or.


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[Assistant] Uh, from a hobby that you have studying, you know, reenactments of the Civil War or, uh, your gardener and love to work in the public garden down the street. So, even meaningful work is not a final test of whether you're successful or not.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but I give this guy credit because he thought it through.


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[Assistant] And he had his own values, he had his own conclusions, he had his own aspirations, and he could articulate them in a really simple way.


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[Assistant] That uhm, I credited him a great deal.


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[Assistant] As being a truly wise person, and that's why I call him the wise angel.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and so that's my final challenge to you in your journey toward success, and that is this.


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[Assistant] See if you can come up with your own definition of what this word success means.


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[Assistant] What are the components? What are the elements? What are the goals and aspirations that you package together?


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[Assistant] To make into the journey that you want to take.


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[Assistant] Uh, the, uh, way you wanna travel on that journey.


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[Assistant] And if you can do that, then bear in mind it may not be the same, uh, today or 25 years from now.


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[Assistant] Uh, life happens, uh, we change our definitions of what we think success means, but it's a well-worthy effort.


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[Assistant] To put that, uh, down as a task to summarize for yourself your own theory of success.


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[Assistant] And how you plan to achieve it. That is, by the way, the final paper.


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[Assistant] This paper is just a snapshot of a moment in time when the students have given it some thought. They articulate their thoughts.


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[Assistant] And my goal for them is not to commit them to some path.


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[Assistant] It's really to give them, uh, uh, a photo of their thinking at a given point in time. And then 10 years down the road, I feel I've succeeded.


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[Assistant] If that paper for them is something they can re-read and re-read with interest and profit and think to themselves, hm.


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[Assistant] That's what I was thinking at that stage of my life about what success meant and uhm, how I would achieve it and I now see the nuances that I didn't see then or I now see


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[Assistant] Little uh, moments where you actually crystallize some thinking can be useful much later in life.


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[Assistant] She's also sent us a bag of food and drink with her blessings. The monster in the river was sent here years ago by the goddess to await your arrival. He will join your pilgrimage. Take this and call to him. Right away!


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[Assistant] Hey kids, now we're going to write the letter G, as in gorilla. Guh, guh, gorilla. You'll need a practice sheet and a pencil.


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[Assistant] First, we'll write the capital G. That's the big G.


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[Assistant] Start below the top and go all the way around to the middle. Then make a line across.


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[Assistant] Start in the middle and go all the way around.


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[Assistant] Next, go back up to the middle.


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[Assistant] And then go down and around to the bottom. Let's try it again. Around, up, down and around to the bottom. Now you try.


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[Assistant] Next time, we'll write the letter H. Don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.


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[Assistant] You can also follow us on Facebook and Twitter. See you next time!


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[Assistant] Tripitaka, Pigsy and Sandy were lured to the fortress of the evil Jade Witch.


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[Assistant] However, only Monkey knew he'd been fighting a witch, not Awkward Buddha.


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[Assistant] Once they were outside, it was plain to see that what had appeared to be a temple was really a witch's lair. But Tripitaka and the others were still confused.


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[Assistant] They set out at once, knowing that straight ahead of them lay the palace where Princess Blossom's father made his home.


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[Assistant] And so, the three travelers journeyed on, without the Banished Monkey, leaving the Yellow Giant and Princess Blossom far behind them.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 68, The Woman in the Crowd.


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[Assistant] The monkey leaped onto a cloud and soared toward the west.


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[Assistant] He arrived at the Thunder Clap Monastery. A guard at the gate stopped him.


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[Assistant] When Wukong arrived at Laozi's house, the sage frowned.


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[Assistant] The door flew open and one horned buffalo stepped outside. His face fell when he saw Lousa.


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[Assistant] The sage caught it and brought the fan down once more.


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[Assistant] The wing knocked over the demon and he turned into a large green buffalo. The buffalo stood up and snorted.


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[Assistant] Lousa tucked the fan and the ring into his robe.


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[Assistant] Then he climbed onto the buffalo and rode up into the sky.


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[Assistant] Wukong went into the cave, and the warrior and two gods followed.


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[Assistant] A few weeks later, the travelers arrived at a busy city.


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[Assistant] The streets were filled with people selling vegetables, spices, and other goods. An old woman was stirring a large pot of soup. Other food sizzled over fires. Bajay breathe deep.


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[Assistant] From where I stood, I could see a patch of snow and ice off in the distance, the last remnants of another glacier that had since melted away. That ice-speckled area was all that remained of 800-year-old Okjökullk, or Oak Glacier, which was officially declared dead in 2014 by Icelandic geologist Odur Sigurdsson.


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[Assistant] It once spanned an area as large as 38 square kilometers. In 2019, the loss of Okyoku was commemorated with a plaque on the site of the former glacier.


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[Assistant] It's the first monument dedicated to a glacier lost to human-induced global warming. Looking after our planet and all its dynamic ecosystems and landscapes, including glaciers, is everyone's job.


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[Assistant] We know rising temperatures are correlated with rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the amount of carbon dioxide generated by our day-to-day actions can have an effect on the other side of the world. But while individual actions matter, who is emitting carbon dioxide is highly unequal.


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[Assistant] About half of total US emissions in 2019 were direct emissions from corporations, coming from sources like power plants and oil and gas production facilities. So they also have responsibility to share the burden. Knowing who or what is emitting carbon dioxide is only part of understanding climate change. We also study who emissions affect and the geographical impacts of a warming planet.


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[Assistant] Climates are complex, so I don't have all the answers, but there's a lot we can learn. I'm Alizé Carrère, and this is Crash Course Geography.


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[Assistant] Like this picture of Muir Glacier in Alaska from 2004. Pictures and maps can show us where landmasses, oceans, and geographical features are located, which is spatial information that we kind of take for granted. The Earth is dynamic, and we have to remember that both pictures and maps are really snapshots of a particular time.


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[Assistant] So if we compared this image to past ones of the same area, we'd see how it's changed and we could explore why change is happening here. A photo taken in 1941 from the exact same spot as the recent photo shows an entirely different landscape. The glacier was much bigger.


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[Assistant] After looking at lots of old and new photographs, current glaciological surveys, and the geologic record, we know glaciers around the world in places like Alaska, the Swiss Alps, and Mount Kilimanjaro have shrunk dramatically.


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[Assistant] Muir Glacier is just one example. To get deeper into the why, we know that ice and snow melt faster as air temperatures get warmer. But glaciers also depend on how much precipitation they get each year. If less snow accumulates, glaciers lose more ice on their bottom edge than they can replace at the top.


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[Assistant] That precipitation comes from the hydrosphere, and its regional patterns can depend on temperature and wind patterns over distant oceans. So mountain landscapes have changed as climate patterns have changed. Which ties back to the global energy budget, and insulation, and the beginning of the Earth. It's a complicated problem. The terms climate change and global warming are often used interchangeably.


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[Assistant] Mountain glaciers expanded worldwide, and mean annual temperatures dropped by 0.6 degrees Celsius in the Northern Hemisphere.


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[Assistant] That's a 550-year climate pattern, which then changed to a different one. On the other hand, global warming is the increase in the average surface temperature of our planet.


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[Assistant] In our current period of global warming, there's been a well-documented rise of average temperatures around the globe since the Industrial Revolution in the 17 and 1800s. So when scientists or leaders talk about global warming, they're almost exclusively referring to this recent warming, which comes from human activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.


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[Assistant] They trap solar energy, so more heat is held in the atmosphere. That additional energy is changing not only the average temperature, but also climate processes within the atmosphere and oceans.


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[Assistant] These include more extreme storms, heat waves, droughts, changing regional temperature and precipitation patterns that cause vegetation zones to shift and glaciers to melt, which results in sea level rise and changing coastlines. Essentially, when the planet gets warmer, climates change. We know the Earth has had many different climates thanks to paleoclimatologists, who study past climates through proxy data.


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[Assistant] Or deep sea sedimentary records that reveal the ocean's past. Like, the deep sea sedimentary record shows that the Earth overall had one of two extreme climates, and glaciers advanced and retreated across the Earth at least 28 times during the past 2.6 million years. We can see that when glaciers advance and the climate is colder, glaciation occurs and sea levels drop.


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[Assistant] And when the climate is warmer, glaciers retreat and sea levels rise, ushering in an interglacial period. Which is what we're in right now. One of the most useful kinds of proxy data for atmospheric conditions and how climates changed year to year are ice core data.


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[Assistant] From ice, we can extract the chemical composition of past atmospheres. Using special drills, paleoclimatologists have extracted long tubes of ice from ice sheets and alpine glaciers all over the world, and estimated climates going back at least 400,000 years. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. On the top is fresh snow that fell this year and the year before and the year before that.


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[Assistant] Underneath is the snow that fell when Marco Polo traveled the Silk Road, and beneath that, when the Buddha gained enlightenment. And the deepest layers were laid down long before recorded history.