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[Assistant] May have a significance that extends far beyond the reaches of the continent and will affect us all.


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[Assistant] Soaks up more than twice as much carbon from the atmosphere as the Amazon rainforest.


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[Assistant] They will spend the next three weeks in St. Andrews Bay.


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[Assistant] But Freddie knows that there is plenty more to film.


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[Assistant] The team is using a stabilized camera rig. They can now react faster to fights.


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[Assistant] If this trend continues, it will threaten the very existence of these polar creatures.


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[Assistant] It's been a hell of a journey to get here, but then when you arrive to this...


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[Assistant] Extraordinarily beautiful island. It feels pretty special.


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[Assistant] So far on the shoot we've seen a lot of quick fights, but we haven't seen some extended fights where you see one bull paired equally against another bull.


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[Assistant] It's a really hot day today. 15 degrees celsius.


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[Assistant] 30 years ago, the front of that glacier.


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[Assistant] Was right down on the beach. It's retreated a huge amount.


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[Assistant] And I don't really know what climate change is gonna mean for all the wildlife that's living here.


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[Assistant] Like all film crews, we kept wanting more and more. Eventually the boat got high centered on a rock.


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[Assistant] There are still precious areas of wilderness. And living within them, some very surprising animals.


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[Assistant] Trillions of charged particles ejected by electric storms on the sun react with the Earth's atmosphere to create this surreal nocturnal spectacle.


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[Assistant] As his family looks on, neither gives in.


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[Assistant] Successfully defended his rights as head of the family.


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[Assistant] One of Europe's last remaining areas of wilderness lies at its heart.


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[Assistant] Europe's mountain ranges may be inhospitable.


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[Assistant] They can travel many kilometers a night searching for prey.


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[Assistant] But the wolves use the road to travel faster and in silence.


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[Assistant] There are pockets of wilderness, even in Europe's cities.


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[Assistant] To survive the winter, hamsters must fatten up. So there's no time to waste.


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[Assistant] Now a section immature, they have just one purpose in life. To find a female.


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[Assistant] And all too soon, the male's time is up.


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[Assistant] Just hours after the first mayflies appeared, this great eruption of life is over.


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[Assistant] Lies on the edge of the Black Sea in Romania.


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[Assistant] Above, however, Europe has altered beyond recognition.


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[Assistant] Protected wilderness now covers less than 4% of its surface.


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[Assistant] The disappearance of wilderness has had catastrophic consequences for wildlife.


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[Assistant] In less than two decades, the links population decreased by nearly 90%.


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[Assistant] For this old male and Europe's entire lynx population.


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[Assistant] The continent has now been so changed by humanity.


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[Assistant] Only by protecting the few wildernesses that remain and creating new wild spaces can we ensure a future for Europe's precious wildlife.


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[Assistant] Europe's predators are rare and elusive.


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[Assistant] One team travelled to the heart of the Apennine Mountains in Italy, where wolf sightings had been reported.


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[Assistant] To record enough footage, the cameras will need to be left in the field for six months.


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[Assistant] But the team can't re-rig the cameras while it's still raining.


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[Assistant] In Italy, the thermal camera is allowing the team to reveal for the first time the secret lives of Europe's wolves.


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[Assistant] It was a surprising revelation for both teams to find the continent's most elusive predators living right alongside us.


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[Assistant] Welcome to Galinet. How can I help you? Hi. I would like to get an internet plan for my house. Of course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have three different plans with different prices you can choose from. The first one is the cheapest, but most basic plan, which is $30 a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just wanna be able to get online, play games, and chat with my friends. Oh, and watch movies online as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, this connection might be a bit too slow for your needs. I suggest you get the premium package for $50 a month, which includes a connection speed of 2 megabytes. That way, you can play games online without any lag. This package also includes a wireless router and a personal firewall absolutely free. Do I have to pay an installation fee?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lucky for you, this month we aren't charging our normal installation fee. You are saving yourself a hundred bucks right there. And we'll throw in this pen drive. Awesome!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome to Galinet. How can I help you? Hi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would like to get an internet plan for my house. Of course. We have three different plans with different prices you can choose from. The first one is the cheapest, but most basic plan, which is $30 a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just wanna be able to get online, play games, and chat with my friends. Oh, and watch movies online as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, this connection might be a bit too slow for your needs. I suggest you get the premium package for $50 a month, which includes a connection speed of 2 megabytes. That way, you can play games online without any lag. This package also includes a wireless router and a personal firewall absolutely free. Do I have to pay an installation fee?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lucky for you, this month we aren't charging our normal installation fee. You are saving yourself a hundred bucks right there. And we'll throw in this pendrive. Awesome!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome to Galinet. How can I help you? Hi. I would like to get an internet plan for my house. Of course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have three different plans with different prices you can choose from. The first one is the cheapest, but most basic plan, which is $30 a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just wanna be able to get online, play games, and chat with my friends. Oh, and watch movies online as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lucky for you, this month we aren't charging our normal installation fee. You are saving yourself a hundred bucks right there. And we'll throw in this pen drive. Awesome!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She fought so hard, the Guanaco fought really hard. In the end she didn't get it, but it's amazing how she has to fight to just, just get a meal to survive.


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[Assistant] I feel greatly relieved. It's been 30 days, a hundred miles of walking with her and we finally got her doing it.


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[Assistant] During the chase I was thinking, this time, please, please get it down. There's been three chases where he got away.


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[Assistant] The French court has convicted the former boss of the French-American media giant Vivendi Universal of embezzlement and false reporting to the stock market. Jean-Marie Mercier was ousted in 2002 following the purchase of Universal when it had debts of $47 billion.


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[Assistant] He's been given a three-year suspended prison sentence and fined $200,000. A lawyer representing the small shareholders, Frédéric Carrel-Canoy, said it was a hard-fought victory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Police in Mexico say a posting on the social networking site, Facebook, has led them to the main suspect in the shooting of the Paraguayan footballer, Salvador Cabanas, last year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Police knew that the suspect, Jose Jorge Balderas Garza, was in a relationship with a Colombian model. When she listed a Mexico City neighborhood as her current location on Facebook, police moved in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The French court has convicted the former boss of the French-American media giant Vivendi Universal of embezzlement and false reporting to the stock market. Jean-Marie Mercier was ousted in 2002 following the purchase of Universal when it had debts of $47 billion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's been given a three-year suspended prison sentence and fined $200,000. A lawyer representing the small shareholders, Frédéric Carrel Canoy, said it was a hard-fought victory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Police in Mexico say a posting on the social networking site, Facebook, has led them to the main suspect in the shooting of the Paraguayan footballer, Salvador Cabanas, last year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Police knew that the suspect, Jose Jorge Balderas Garza, was in a relationship with a Colombian model. When she listed a Mexico City neighborhood as her current location on Facebook, police moved in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll notice a strange looking deer walking around.


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[Assistant] But it disappeared from China for nearly 100 years.


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[Assistant] The fact that they have now returned to China is the result of a remarkable century-old annual protection collaboration between two countries.


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[Assistant] But by the 19th century, their numbers had dropped drastically.


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[Assistant] When the Emperor's hunting grounds were destroyed by heavy flooding, the Milo deer were lost, never to be seen in the area again.


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[Assistant] A duke in Britain had given shelter to eighteen of these fortunate Miludia, and they were well taken care of.


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[Assistant] By the mid-1980s, the Chinese government hoped the species could be restored in China once again. A suggestion supported by the Duke's descendants.


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[Assistant] In 1986, 39 of the milu deer were flown to China from Britain.


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[Assistant] I am Sun Wukong. 500 years ago, I caused lots of trouble in heaven.


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[Assistant] Weren't you trapped under a mountain? I'm free now, said Wukong.


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[Assistant] Stop complaining! Snap to Wukong. Going to the western paradise is supposed to be difficult.


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[Assistant] We have to save our master. That tiger said he works for a demon, the Great King Yellow Wind. The king's cave must be nearby.


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[Assistant] We have to save the Tang Monk before the Demon King eats him!


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[Assistant] I'll sneak into the cave to see what I can find out


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[Assistant] Stop crying, said Wukong. You'll be free soon. First I must defeat the Demon King. I'll be back.


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[Assistant] Aha! Thought Wukong. The Bodhisattva Linji lives on Mount Sumeru. I will ask him for help, quickly!


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[Assistant] Can you help me? They're going to eat the Tang monk tonight!


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[Assistant] It is perhaps one of the largest mammals on Earth that many people have never heard of. Without using drone, it's impossible to trace them and got this rare footage. Local conservationists said that they haven't seen these enigmatic creatures for more than a decade.


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[Assistant] These animals live in an inaccessible area at the altitude of 2500 meters above sea level.


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[Assistant] Many people think that Tarkin is a kind of cow, because they are thick and strong, and adult individuals can even be as high as two metres or more.


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[Assistant] In fact, tuckins are not cows. They are closer to the family of goat antelope, with a pair of small horns, and the sound is similar to that of the antelope.


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[Assistant] They are alert to the looming appearance of drone. So when the drone approached them, we need to keep a friendly and safe distance with them.


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[Assistant] Now it is time for lunch. Let's hope our tucking friends to have a good meal.


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[Assistant] I told the spirit he could live on that mountain if he behaved.


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[Assistant] I'll bring him to Buddha to be punished, Wukong. You may go find your companions. Good luck.


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[Assistant] A monkey named Sun Wukong crossed out his name in the directory. I beg you to punish him.


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[Assistant] I love the style overall now. It's challenged. When you put in one stone, you have to think how the next stone got to fit on each side.


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[Assistant] It's about time I start teaching them now. I'm talking about it too long, and now I have to do it. And look now, we built this wall together.


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[Assistant] The whole point of this video is really just to look at what in my mind is one of the coolest pictures ever taken by anything. And this was actually taken by the Hubble telescope. I should have got my pen tool in place.


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[Assistant] And what they did is they pointed the telescope at this area of our night sky and obviously the Hubble telescope is out in orbit so it doesn't have to worry about all of the interference from our actual atmosphere so it gets a nice good look at things. But it's right over here relative to the moon, obviously the moon's moving around but on that day it was


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[Assistant] Here relative to the moon. And they picked this location. They picked this location right over here.


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[Assistant] Because there weren't that many nearby stars there, so it really allowed the telescope, because if there were nearby stars, that light would have kind of outshone


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[Assistant] That really is. But you really could have done this with any patch of sky, but in other patches of sky there would have been other nearby stars that would have blocked things. But the galaxies are there, beyond that, in the clusters of galaxies, in the super clusters of galaxies.


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[Assistant] So with that said, just remember, everything we're talking about in this video is in this little patch of sky right over here. And the whole point of this, once again, like all of these videos, is really to kind of just blow your mind.


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[Assistant] Right here is what the Hubble telescope saw in that patch. Everything.


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[Assistant] Everything that I'm showing you right here. I just want to be clear. Some of these things are nearby stars, but most of these things are galaxies. That's a galaxy. That is a galaxy. That is a galaxy. That's a galaxy.


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[Assistant] And that's a galaxy. And the reason why I wanted to do this, obviously in the last video I showed you, I showed you our local group, I showed you the Virgo supercluster, I showed you the kind of clusters of clusters, and I even showed you a depiction of the observable universe.


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[Assistant] But what just is amazing about this, this is an actual picture. This is actually an image of a galaxy. Hey, there's another galaxy. Oh look, there's another galaxy up here.


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[Assistant] So you can keep doing that forever. And this is just in that little patch of sky. And this is obviously not all of the galaxies in the universe. These are just the ones that


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[Assistant] We could see there are ones that might be even further or there definitely are ones that are further back and their light is just even more. We could probably even focus even on a patch of sky like that and see that many galaxies again. So you could kind of keep, keep zooming in.


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[Assistant] I just, this, this thing, and I encourage you, I mean, there's so many unbelievable images. You could look up, uh, they're all on the NASA website. A lot of these are on Wikipedia.


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[Assistant] Uh, but these images are just, I mean, unbelievable. I mean, you see a galaxy, another galaxy, another galaxy.


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[Assistant] Another galaxy. I suspect some of this stuff might actually be clusters of galaxies. A galaxy.


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[Assistant] Another galaxy. And remember, you know, where I'm just circling these galaxies just left and right, you kind of lose sight of what each galaxy actually is. These galaxies have hundreds of billions of stars that even from


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[Assistant] Uh, a number of them. So I just wanted to highlight this with you and really just, I mean, you know, just look at it. I mean, it's, it's, it's...


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[Assistant] It's kind of, it's, it's, it's, it's kind of breathtaking. There's a galaxy right over there. Another galaxy. I mean, I could keep doing it all day, but it's, it's really, and I feel bad about drawing on it. It kind of ruins the picture. But look at that. That's a nice, that's a nice looking galaxy right there.


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[Assistant] You got a bunch right over here. It really is just...


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[Assistant] This video, it's probably the least dense with actual instruction, but hopefully it's one of the most dense with inspiration. Anyway, hopefully you enjoyed that. Let me just finish looking at the entire picture. I mean, it just keeps going and going and going. We can keep looking at it.


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[Assistant] Let's imagine we have a huge cloud of hydrogen atoms floating in space.


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[Assistant] When I say huge clouds, huge both in distance and in mass. If you were to combine all of the hydrogen atoms, it would just be this really, really massive thing. So you have this huge cloud.


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[Assistant] Well, we know that gravity would make the atoms actually attracted to each other. We normally don't think about the gravity of atoms, but it would slowly affect these atoms, and it would slowly draw close to each other. It would slowly condense. They'd slowly, they'd slowly move towards the center of mass of all of the atoms. They'd slowly move in, and so if we fast forward,


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[Assistant] If we fast forward, this cloud's going to get denser and denser.


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[Assistant] It's going to get denser and denser, and the hydrogen atoms are going to start bumping into each other and rubbing up against each other and interacting with each other. And so it's going to get denser.


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[Assistant] And it'll, they'll keep condensing. They'll just keep condensing and condensing until something really interesting happens. So let's imagine that they've gotten really dense here in the center.


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[Assistant] They've gotten really dense here in the center, and there's a bunch of hydrogen atoms.


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[Assistant] All over. It's really dense. I could never draw the actual number of atoms here. This is really giving you an idea. There's a huge amount of


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[Assistant] Inward pressure from gravity, from everything that wants to get to that center of mass of our entire cloud. The temperature here, the temperature here is approaching 10 million Kelvin. And at that point something neat happens. And to kind of realize the neat thing that's happening, let's remember what a hydrogen atom looks like.


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[Assistant] A hydrogen, and even more, I'm just going to focus on the hydrogen nucleus. So the hydrogen nucleus is a proton. If you want to think about a hydrogen atom, it also has an electron orbiting around or floating around. And let's draw another hydrogen atom.


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[Assistant] And obviously this distance isn't to scale. This distance is also not to scale. Atoms are actually, the nucleus of atoms are actually much, much, much, much smaller than the actual radius of an atom. And so is the electron. But anyway, this just gives you an idea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we know from the Coulomb forces, from electromagnetic forces, that these two positively charged nucleuses will not want to get anywhere near each other.


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[Assistant] But we do know, from our, from what we learned about the four forces, that if they did get close enough to each other, that if they did get, if somehow, under huge temperatures and huge pressures, you were able to get these two protons close enough to each other,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then all of a sudden the strong force will overtake, it's much stronger than the Coulomb force, and that these two hydrogens will actually, these


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This, these nucleases would actually fuse, or is it nuclei? Well anyway, they would actually fuse together. And so that is what actually happens once this gets


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ignition. And the reason why, and I want to be very careful, it's not ignition, it's not combustion in the traditional sense. It's not like you're burning, uh, uh, a carbon, uh, uh, molecule with, uh, in the presence of oxygen. It's not combustion, it's ignition. And the reason why it's called ignition is because when two of these protons, or two of the nucleuses fuse, the resulting


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The resulting nucleus has a slightly smaller mass. And so in the first stage of this you actually have, you actually have two protons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the resulting mass of the combined protons is lower than the mass of each of the original by a little bit. But that little bit of mass results in a lot of energy. Plus, plus energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this energy is why we call it ignition. And so what this energy does is it provides a little bit of outward pressure so that this thing doesn't keep, keep collapsing. So once you get pressure enough, the fusion occurs and then that energy provides outward pressure to balance what is now a star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is now a star? So now we are at, where we actually have the ignition at the center. We have, and we still have all of the other molecules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first step of the reaction, and I'm just kind of doing the most basic type of fusion that happens in stars, the hydrogen gets fused into deuterium.


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[Assistant] Deuterium, I have trouble spelling, which is another way of calling heavy hydrogen. This is still hydrogen because it has one proton and one neutron now. It does not have helium yet. It does not have two protons. But then the deuterium keeps fusing and then we eventually end up with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we end up with helium, and we can even see that on the periodic table. I lost my periodic table. Well, I'll show you in the next video. But you know, hydrogen, hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So hydrogen in its atomic state has an atomic number of one and it also has a mass of one. It only has one nucleon in its nucleus. But it's being fused, it goes to hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has two protons and two neutrons, so it has, or we're talking about helium-4 in particular, that isotope of helium, it has an atomic mass of 4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the whole, this process releases a ton of energy because the atomic mass of the helium that gets produced is slightly lower than four of its, of the atomic, four times the atomic mass of each of the constituent hydrogens. So all of this energy


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of this energy from the fusion. But it needs super high pressure, super high temperatures to happen. Keeps, keeps the star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's actually where the sun is right now. Now there's, there's questions of, well what if...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What if there just wasn't enough math to get to this level over here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there actually are things that never get to that, quite that threshold to fuse all the way into helium. There are a few things that don't quite make the threshold of stars that only fuse to this level, so they are generating some of their heat. Or there are even smaller objects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That just, uh, get to the point there's a huge temperature and pressure, but fusion is not actually occurring inside of the core. And something like Jupiter would be an example. And you can go several, uh, several masses above Jupiter where you get something like that. So you have to reach a certain threshold where the mass


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where the pressure and the temperature due to the heavy mass gets so large that you start this fusion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the smaller you are above that threshold, the slower the fusion will occur. But if you're super massive, the fusion will occur really, really fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's a general idea of just how stars get formed and why they don't collapse on themselves and why they are these kind of balls of fusion reactions existing in the universe. In the next few videos we'll talk about what happens once that hydrogen fuel in the core starts to run out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The deployment operation has gone extremely well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Big ones can be a kilometer wide, while the smaller ones just a few meters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Providing grains and vegetables for the local people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But also, these fields have maintained the original water currents.


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[Assistant] As well as rivers and canals and the surrounding natural ecological environment.


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[Assistant] Representing the unity of man and nature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, the unique landform of the Xinhua fields has become a globally important agricultural cultural heritage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every spring, when oilseed rape flowers are in full bloom,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As people meander between these fields in small boats, they say the boats walk in the water and the people swim in the flowers.


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[Assistant] It really is a very unusual railway, not just in Switzerland or even Europe, but around the world. We've got guests who come from very far away just to take this train.


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[Assistant] The people who are scared, I've seen them sitting on the bench, covering their eyes. And then the train starts moving and the tension lifts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working here does make you proud, especially when you take the train in the morning or the evening and you can observe the people and how much they like it and how much joy they get from the train.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The military history of St. Maurice is so interesting that I would need to live three times to be able to study everything that's happened in this spot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The special thing about these forts is that they are very well camouflaged. It's actually a town inside the mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is an honor to be a guide here, and I feel that I can pass down knowledge to the future generations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those who wanted to cross the Alps had to pass through it. So here they collected taxes and duty from everyone transporting goods. It was truly a gateway to Italy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel very attached to these places and to these castles and so I try to give my contribution to preserve them and pass them on to future generations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Rhine route here in Basel is very demanding. And to ensure the right level of safety, you need pilots. In other words, experienced captains.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not afraid of accidents, but you need to have a certain respect for them. Because if an accident happened here, an entire city would be affected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We must carry out frequent observations to guarantee that there won't be any incidents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm satisfied with today's result. The block that I inspected hasn't moved more than half a millimeter in 16 years. The support equipment is doing a very good job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the last video we had a large cloud of hydrogen atoms eventually condensing into a high pressure, high mass


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess you could say ball of hydrogen atoms. And when the pressure and the temperature got high enough,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is what we saw in the last video. When the pressure and temperature got high enough, we were able to get the hydrogen protons, the hydrogen nucleuses close enough


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It begins to offset the actual gravitational force so that the whole star, what's now a star, does not collapse on itself. And once we're there, we're now in the main sequence of a star. What I want to do in this video is to take off from that starting point and think about what happens in the star next. So in the main sequence, we have the core of the star. So this is the core, star's core. And you have, you have hydrogen, hydrogen fusing, fusing into


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hydrogen fusing into helium and it's releasing just a ton of energy. It's releasing just a ton of energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that energy is what keeps the core from imploding. It's kind of the outward force to offset the gravitational force that wants to implode everything, that wants to crush everything. And so you have the core of a star, a star like the sun, and that energy then heats up all of the other gas on the outside of the core.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To create that really bright object that we see as a star, or in our case, in our son's case, the sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, as the hydrogen is fusing into helium, you can imagine that more and more helium is forming in the core. So I'll do the helium as green. So more...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More and more helium forms in the core. It'll especially form, the closer you get to the center, the higher the pressures will be, and the faster that this fusion, this ignition will happen. In fact, the bigger the mass of the star, the more the pressure, the faster the fusion occurs. And so you have this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as you get, as more and more of this hydrogen here turns into helium, what you're going to have is the core itself, the core itself is going to shrink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The core itself is going to shrink, so let me draw a smaller core here. So the core itself


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The core itself is going to shrink and now it has a lot more, it has a lot more


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So then instead of having just the fusion, just the hydrogen fusion occurring at the core, you're now going to have hydrogen fusion in a shell around the core.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now you're going to have hydrogen, hydrogen fusing, fusing in a shell around the core.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me just be clear. This isn't just happens all of a sudden. It is a gradual process. As we get, as we have more and more helium in the core, the core gets denser and denser and denser. And so the pressures become even larger and larger near the core because you have a, you're able to get


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you have the hydrogen right outside of the core is now under enormous pressure. It's actually under more pressure than it was when it was just a pure hydrogen core. Cause it's, it's, there's so much mass on the outside here. There's so much mass on the outside here. Trying to, I guess you could say, exerting downward or gravitational force.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's occurring over a larger radius. It's occurring over a larger radius. So this faster fusion over a larger radius is then going to expel, the force is not going to expel, the energy that's released from this fusion is not going to expel


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These outer layers of the star even further.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the whole time this gradual process as the hydrogen turns into helium refuses into helium in the core.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's, the hydrogen right outside of the core, right outside of that area starts to burn faster and faster. It starts to, or I shouldn't say burn, it starts to fuse faster and faster and over a larger and larger radius. So you might, you know, the unintuitive thing is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fusion reactions, since they're happening, they're happening in a more intense way and over a larger radius, are able to expel the material of the star even larger. So the radius of the star itself is getting bigger and bigger and bigger. So if this star would look like this, if this star, maybe let me draw it in white.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This star looked like this, that's not white. This star looked like, what's happening to my color changer? There you go. Okay, this star looked like, looked like this right over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this star over here, since a faster fusion reaction is happening over a larger radius, is going to be far larger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm not even drawing it to scale. In the case of our sun, when it gets to this point, it's going to be a hundred times the diameter. And at this point, it is a red...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason why it's redder than this one over here is that even though the fusion is happening more furiously, that energy is being dissipated over a larger surface area. So the actual surface temperature


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The actual surface temperature of the red giant at this point is actually going to be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is actually going to be cooler. So it's going to emit, uh, a light at a, at a, at a, at a larger wavelength, a redder wavelength than this thing over here. This thing, the core, was not burning as furiously as this thing over here, but that energy was being dissipated over a, over a smaller volume. So this had a higher surface temperature. Higher surface. Higher surface temperature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This over here, the core is burning more, sorry, the core is no longer burning. The core is now helium that's not burning. It's getting denser and denser as the helium, as the helium packs in on itself. But the hydrogen fusion over here is occurring more intensely. It's occurring in a hotter way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the surface here is less hot because it's just a larger surface area. So it doesn't make, the increased heat is more than mitigated by how large the stars become.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this is going to keep happening, keep happening, and this core is keep, the pressures keep intensifying, because more and more helium is getting produced. And this core keeps getting co-, it keeps collapsing. And the temperature, the temperature here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The temperature here keeps going up. So we said that the first ignition, the first fusion occurs at around 10 million Kelvin. This thing will keep heating up until it gets to 100 million Kelvin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now I'm talking about a star that's about as massive as the sun. Some stars will never even be massive enough to condense the core so that its temperature reaches 100 million. But let's just talk about the case in which it does.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So eventually you'll get to a point, so we're still sitting in the red giant phase. So we're this huge...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're this huge star over here. We have this helium core. That helium core keeps getting condensed and condensed and condensed. And then we have a shell. We have a shell of hydrogen that keeps fusing into helium around it. So this is our hydrogen shell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The hydrogen fusion is occurring in this yellow shell over here that's expelling, that's causing the radius of the star to get bigger and bigger, to expand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when the temperature gets sufficiently hot, and now I think you're gonna get a sense of how heavier and heavier elements form in the universe, and all of the heavy elements that you see around us, including the ones that are in you, were formed this way from, initially, hydrogen, when it gets hot enough at a hundred million Kelvin. One hundred...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll start to fuse. And now we're talking about a situation you have, you know, helium and you had hydrogen and all sorts of combinations will form. But in general, the helium is mainly going to fuse into carbon and oxygen. And it will form into other things and it becomes much more complicated, but I don't want to go into all of the details. But let me just show you a periodic table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't have this in the last one. I somehow lost it. But we see hydrogen here has one proton. It actually has no neutrons. It was getting fused in the main sequence into helium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 2 protons, 2 neutrons, we would need 4 of these to get 1 of those, because this actually has an atomic mass of 4, if we're talking about helium-4. And then the helium, once we get to 100 million kelvin, can start being fused. If you get roughly 3 of them, and you know, there's all those other things that are coming and leaving the reactions, you can get to a carbon, you get 4 of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to leave you there. I realize I'm already past my self-imposed limit of 10 minutes. But what I want you to think about is what is likely to happen. What is likely to happen here if this star will never have the mass to begin to fuse this carbon and oxygen. If it does have the mass, if it is a supermassive


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But let's think about what's going to happen for something like the sun, where it'll never have the mass, it'll never have the pressure to start to fuse carbon and oxygen. And that'll be the topic of the next video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're all thieves and liars, cried one of the priests. We invited you into our abbey as guests, and you repay us by stealing from us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 30, The Frying Pan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong and his companions were tied up in a room in the abbey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the great immortal. He turned around and left the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Late that night, Wukong recited a spell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The group tiptoed through the dark and silent abbey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When they got outside, the sun was beginning to rise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the Tang Monk. Suddenly, a voice boomed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong pulled out his iron bar and swung. The great immortal moved out of the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bajie struck with his rake, and Wujing stabbed with his spear. But the great immortal was fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He waved his arm and his sleeve shot toward the group. Once again, the travelers were swept up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Back at the Abbey, the Great Immortal told his priests to start a fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The priests carried an enormous frying pan into the room. They placed it over the fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monkey recited a quick spell and made the statue look exactly like himself. Then, he disappeared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thinking the statue was Wukong, the two priests tried to lift it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They finally dragged the statue to the frying pan and dropped it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Crap. The frying pan broke in half.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, we're actually gonna be moving, we're gonna be going to a new apartment or a new house, and so we're gonna look at all the words related to this because sometimes it can be a real hassle, right? It can be really difficult.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, I do like it at times because then you can just throw away so many things that you have no need for and you wouldn't throw away unless you move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back. So uhm, well, it's not much of a big deal. I guess if you have your parents nearby, you can just move back in with your parents. Easier said than done. True, true. We'll get to that in a little bit, but let's take a look at the words that are used today in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So lease here, Marco. Uh, it's basically to rent, right? It's a contract where you agree to pay a monthly or a quarterly fee for using that house or apartment. So do you own your apartment or do you lease it? No, I'll mine, I lease. I am not a homeowner yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and that's our next word. To renew your lease basically means to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or maybe a magazine subscription. You renewed your magazine subscription.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well and after that, as we said, the person decided to move in with the parents. So move in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this case, this person is going to live with the parents. Move in. Alright. And our next word is, uh, when you have to move, you have to pack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this case you have to pack your things, put them in boxes to take them to your new home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so five great words that we've just taken a look at. Let's listen to our dialogue again, and we'll be right back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back and we have a couple of different phrases for you, so let's look at those now in Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so if something is up, as in this case the lease, it means it's expired, it's finished.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Time is up. Very good. So it's always related to time or maybe a contract, as in this case, or your lease is up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so moving on to our second phrase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so he's basically going to sell the building or house and build a parking lot instead, so they are making way for the new parking lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So would you mind how, this is a nice way to start a sentence if you want to ask for a favor, right? Exactly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, alright, so would you mind, but in the end the person agreed so it works, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so moving in, now, you have different stages in your life, right? When you move out, for example, you move out of your parents' home, and, uh, you live on your own, and then maybe, like in this case, you would move back in with your parents. How do you see that happening?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and it's a cultural thing because some people, uh, move out of their parents' home maybe for college. It's very common in the U.S. for just to study in another city or another state, right? And, uh, but then maybe coming back home and moving in with your parents or in other cultures, maybe they don't move out at all. Maybe they only move out once they're married.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, but it does make sense in many big metropolis because as you say, rent is expensive, living on your own is expensive, and well, you don't have anyone to share those costs with, like gas, water, electricity, even food, right? Exactly. It's cheaper and more people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, that's all the time we have for today, uh, but be sure to come to our website EnglishPod.com. If you have any questions or any comments about this topic, uh, we would be glad to have your input on it, and we'll see you guys there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buddha doesn't give the true scriptures to just anyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You must prove you're worthy by surviving a long and difficult journey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stop thinking about food, Bajie, said Wukong. We're Buddhist monks now. We should think only about reaching the western paradise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can't cross this river with the monster in there. I'll ask Guan Yin for help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bajie and I were punished for crimes in heaven too, said Wukong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So is the horse. Did you know the horse is really a dragon? Wu Jing looked doubtful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not afraid of anything. And when I come back, I will be king.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Haha, yes, and we are very lucky. I found a perfect home for all of us. Follow me!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means I am now your king. Why aren't you bowing to me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Someday our lives will end. I wish this perfect life could last forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't worry! He called. After I learn how to live forever, I will return!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I am, said Monkey. And I want to live forever. Do you know where I can find a sage?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I might be a monkey, but I can walk and talk and do many other things. I traveled almost 13 years to get here. I'm sure I can be your student.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know. You tell me what I should learn. Well...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Black Wind King has a new robe that is a Buddhist treasure. And I hope he likes the pill I made for him. It will make him live forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I brought you a gift to celebrate your new Buddhist treasure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I made it just for you. It will make you live forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Officials in Egypt say voters have approved a referendum introducing amendments to the constitution and setting the ground for presidential and parliamentary elections later this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Millions of people turned out to vote on Saturday. According to the official count, a clear majority of nearly 80% of voters approved of the nine amendments to the constitution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff has told President Obama that the United States will have many opportunities to help develop Brazil's newly found oil fields. She was speaking after talks with Mr. Obama, who's visiting the country for the first time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For his part, President Obama said the US was looking forward to signing several trade and financial agreements with Brazil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Officials in Egypt say voters have approved a referendum introducing amendments to the constitution and setting the ground for presidential and parliamentary elections later this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff has told President Obama that the United States will have many opportunities to help develop Brazil's newly found oil fields. She was speaking after talks with Mr. Obama, who's visiting the country for the first time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For his part, President Obama said the US was looking forward to signing several trade and financial agreements with Brazil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm looking for my daughter, said the woman. She was bringing food to the Tang monks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am Sun Wukong, King of the Fruit and Flower Mountain, said the monkey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm helping the Tang monk reach the western paradise. 500 years ago, I caused a lot of trouble in heaven. Now I'm here to cause a lot of trouble for you!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He must be from heaven. I'll go up there now to see if any spirits are missing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a monster on earth causing trouble for the Tang Monk, said Wukong. I think the monster is a spirit who escaped from heaven. Is anyone missing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monster kidnapped a princess thirteen years ago on earth. Thirteen years on earth is equal to thirteen days in heaven. The god nodded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That monster turned him into a tiger, that's all. Where is he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong smiled. We will reach the western paradise together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fuzhou, the capital of Fujian province in southeast China, has a well-known nickname, the City of the Banyan Tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The artificial planting of banyan trees has been underway in Fuzhou since the end of the Tang dynasty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially in the Northern Song dynasty, Zhang Boyu, the governor of the state, advocated that the whole city should be green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, Fuzhou gained the reputation of the City of the Banyan Tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Banyan trees are evergreen with luxuriant branches and leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are nearly 1,000 ancient Banyan trees in Fuzhou which have come to symbolize the spirit of the city.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With a height of 20 meters and the ground projection area of the canopy more than 1,330 square meters, this tree is truly spectacular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And because Ficus coccina has no clinging roots that reach the ground,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to support the heavy horizontal trunk and avoid the trunk breaking,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The craftsmen of the forest park have built concrete columns in the shape of clinging roots to support the trunk of the banyan tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is extending outwards, year by year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The king of banyan trees grows by the lake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the scorching sun, the lake reflects the luxuriant branches and leaves of this ancient banyan tree, providing great shade for local people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to EnglishPod, my name is Marco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, very closely related to our Halloween lesson that we had, but on this occasion we're gonna be looking at All Saints Day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so we're gonna learn a little bit about culture and at the same time we're gonna learn some, uh, great words and phrases, so let's get started with this dialogue for the first time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, yeaah, the Philippines as well as Mexico are very Catholic countries, so maybe that's one of the reasons why they have such, they have these events that are so important for their culture. I'm sure, yeaah. Alright, so before we start talking a little bit more about the culture, why don't we take a look at language takeaway?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, very interesting. Alright, and uh, so, it's common in Mexico for people to build private altars honoring the deceased. So what is this word, deceased?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, very good, the deceased. And you mentioned another word that's very closely related to deceased, the departed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so for example, All Saints Day is a way of honoring the departed. Exactly, very nice sounding. Yeaah, sounds better. Alright, so talking a little bit more about the departed and the traditions, it says here that many Mexicans use sugar skulls, or have sugar skulls during this festivity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. Alright, and one of the many traditions, apart from sugar skulls and building private altars, they also visit the person's tomb, if possible, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so a tomb, where the person is, and actually on the tomb you have the tombstone, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so that's the tombstone. Very good. Okay, so uhm, an interesting amount of words here on Language Takeaway. Why don't we listen to this dialogue again, and we'll be right back with Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so it's not really like a sad day, right? It's more of a happy remembering them and honoring them and how much you miss them, but in a good way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and as we mentioned, this day is a, is a day to honor or to remember your loved ones, and that's our second phrase, your loved ones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's all those people, not necessarily only family, it's friends and family that you love.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and our last phrase and probably one of the most interesting traditions that we were able to see in this dialogue is that people in the Philippines camp out in cemeteries on their family or loved ones tomb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so, uh, camp out, or you can just say camp, right? You don't necessarily have to say both of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very good. So uhm, interesting phrases as well on Fluency Builder today. Let's listen to the dialogue for the last time and we'll be right back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we're back. So, uh, Catherine, you mentioned that in Anglo-Saxon culture, England or in the United States, you don't have this type of tradition of honoring the dead or something like that, but you do visit the tomb of your loved ones or the cemetery as well, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, right, right. And I think what may strike many people as different is that you visit the cemetery and if you ever have the chance to be in Mexico or in a Hispanic country, you will see that it's full of people and it's actually a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a lot of food and people are there eating on the tomb and just, and they've actually prepared the food that was, uh, the deceased's favorite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and it's a way of actually sharing a meal with that person, even though that person isn't with you anymore in this world. So uhm, yeaah, it's actually very interesting. It goes back again to a little bit of the culture and the folklore and everything from different countries, but we want to know what you guys


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do or how you remember your disease because each country has its own particular little very interesting way of doing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my name is Katherine and today we're talking about a topic very close to my heart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All right. And so some people like to make their own music, get together, hang out, play music together. So that's what we're talking about today. We've got a new band that's going to start. And before we get going, we've got a word to talk about and let's check this out in today's vocabulary preview. Vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so we're talking about things that you use to make music. Uhm, a piano for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I told you a thousand times that I'm learning to play the drums. Now that I know how to play well, I would like to form a rock band.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a guy who plays guitar and another who plays bass. Although, we still haven't found anyone to be our singer. You told me that you had some musical talent, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfect! So you can audition this weekend here at my house. Great!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dude, what are you talking about? It's right here. All we need is my Nintendo Wii and we're set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh man, so I've been in a lot of bands and I've been in a lot of musical groups, so I can say that the first instrument we want to talk about is maybe the most obnoxious, the most loud and hard to listen to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, you don't just have the thump, thump, thump, thump, the bass drum, you have many different drums together, and so we could also call this a drum set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This one's maybe the most popular for young people to start because you can play pretty much anything with it and it's also good for sing-alongs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, this is a really beautiful instrument and there are many different ways to play it, but generally, it's either wooden with some strings or electric, so it's plastic with some metal strings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so amplifier, an amplifier is a thing, it's usually a box that we plug in, it's electric, or it's electronic, and it's a tool to make electrical instruments like the electric guitar or the electric bass louder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and it actually goes with the amplifier in many ways because, uh, the microphone, this is our next word, the microphone is something that you use to sing into to make your voice louder. So right now, Marco, you and I are both using microphones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To audition means to show someone your talent, alright? So often times when you start a play or an opera or a musical group,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You want to have auditions. You want to audition people to see how much talent they have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, a job interview has its own, its own word, but here we're talking about your singing ability, your acting ability, your reading ability, and uhm, sometimes we even have auditions here at EnglishPod to see how people, how comfortable people are on the microphone. It's a way to, to have people show what they've got.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I told you a thousand times that I'm learning to play the drums. Now that I know how to play well, I would like to form a rock band.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a guy who plays guitar and another who plays bass, although we still haven't found anyone to be our singer. You told me that you had some musical talent, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfect! So you can audition this weekend here at my house. Great!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dude, what are you talking about? It's right here. All we need is my Nintendo Wii and we're set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, this first phrase is really important, Marco, because we're talking about bands and starting bands. And so there's often, um, a phrase we use to describe this. We say to form a band.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like, uhm, forming something, to form is to shape it, to make it look like something that you want. And so we can form, uhm, artistic projects also. But here we're forming a band, we're choosing people to bring together to make great music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great, so, uh, this is something we say when we're trying to exaggerate like Marco said or to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mothers often use this phrase, uhm, when kids do something wrong, they say, I told you a thousand times not to wear your shoes in the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the way, and so, by the way, we keep these words together. It's a fixed phrase. By the way is something we add on. So I say, you know, today I went to school and I saw a lot of people. Oh, by the way, John says hi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so while I'm talking about this, I want to add that this thing happened or that this person said something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, cause it's like, it's like saying, oh, this thought just came into my head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we are set as another one of those phrases that's fixed and it literally, it means uhm, and we are ready to start. We're ready to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we don't need anything else. And so, Marco, I could say to you, just bring, uhm, just bring the salad to the table and we're set. We're ready to eat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I told you a thousand times that I'm learning to play the drums. Now that I know how to play well, I would like to form a rock band.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a guy who plays guitar and another who plays bass, although we still haven't found anyone to be our singer. You told me that you had some musical talent, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfect! So you can audition this weekend here at my house. Great!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dude, what are you talking about? It's right here. All we need is my Nintendo Wii and we're set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I play the trumpet. I was classically trained. I started when I was, mmm, 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there's one that has four pistons. Uhm, it's a piccolo trumpet has four. And uhm, there, there's one that's large and it slides in and out and that's a trombone. That's much lower. Right, right. But the trumpet is kind of a mid-range instrument. It can go quite high and a little bit low.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please don't harm the Tang monk, he said. I will fix your ginseng tree, but I need to get help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't worry master, said the monkey. I will find help. I'll be back as soon as I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A Taoist named the Great Immortal is going to fry the Tang Monk! I have until the end of the day to fix his ginseng tree!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bike, uhm, knock it down, said Wukong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say I'm walking along some trail and there are some trees on the side of the road and these are, let's just say that these are some plants and these are the, these are the barks of the trees. Maybe I should do it in brown, but you get the idea. These are some plants that are along the side of the road or at least the stem of the plant or the bark of the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the background I have some mountains. Maybe those mountains are several miles away. So then I have some mountains in the background.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We know just from experience that if I'm walking, let me draw myself over here, we know that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We know that if I'm walking this way, the trees look like they're going past me much faster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or this, I guess, this property is called parallax.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we're gonna do in this video, and maybe it's especially obvious if you're driving in a car, then the things close to you are whizzing by you, uh, maybe the curb of the street or whatever, while the things that are further away don't seem to be whizzing by you as fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I want to do in this video is think about how we can use parallax to figure out how far certain stars are. What I want to emphasize is that this method is only good for relatively close stars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the instrument sensitive enough yet to use parallax to measure stars that are really, really, really far away?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But to think about how this is done, how we use stellar parallax, let me write stellar up here, how we use stellar parallax, the parallax of stars to figure out how far away they are, let's think a little bit about our solar system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what I want to do is, and let's just say this is the North Pole kind of popping out of the screen here, and so the Earth is rotating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's rotating in that direction. And I also want to think about a star that is obviously outside of our solar system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm really underestimating the distance to this star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we'll see, or as you might already know, the distance to the nearest star from our solar system is 250,000 times the distance between the Earth


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the sun. So if I wanted to draw this to scale, well first of all, the earth would be this unnoticeable dot here. But you would also, whatever distance this is, you would have to multiply that by 250,000 to get the distance to this nearest star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, with that said, let's think about what that star would look like from the surface of the earth. So let me pick a point on the surface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe if we're talking about North America, we're right there in the northern hemisphere. So let's take that little patch of land and think about how


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The position of that star would look. So that's the patch of land.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe this is my house right over here jutting out the side of the earth. Maybe this is me standing, I'm drawing everything sideways because I'm trying to hold this perspective. So this is me looking up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say at this point in time where the way I've drawn this patch, the sun will just be coming over the horizon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the sun, this is essentially at sunrise. So let me do my best at drawing the sun from my point of view.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looks like, remember, the earth is rotating in this way, is rotating...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's rotating, the way I've drawn it, it's rotating it counter-clockwise, but from the surface of the earth, it would look like the sun is coming up here. It's rising in the east. But right at that, right at that dawn on this day when the earth is right over here, what would that star look like? Well, the star, so if you look at this version of the earth, if you look at this version of the earth, the star is kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is now skewed a little bit, not straight up, straight up would be this direction from the point of view of my house. It is now skewed a little bit closer to the sun. So if you go in this zoomed in version, straight up would look something like that. And maybe based on my measurement, it would look like the star, it would look like the star is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would look like the star is right over there. So it's a little bit skewed towards where the sun is rising, towards the east relative to straight up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, let's fast forward 6 months. So that the Earth is on the other side of its orbit from the Sun. So let's fast forward 6 months. 6 months.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're over here, and let's wait for a time of day where we are essentially the, that little patch of the earth is pointed in the same direction in, at least in our galaxy maybe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's, so it's pointing in the same direction. And if you think about it, if we go back to this patch of earth, now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sun, the earth is still rotating in that direction. But now the sun is on the west. The sun is going to be right over here. Maybe I'll do it like this just to make it clear. I'll draw this side of the sun with this greenish color. Obviously the sun is not green. But it'll make clear that now we're talking about the sun is going to be over here. The sun is going to be over here. The patch is going to be turning away from the sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it looked to that observer on earth like the sun is setting. So it looked like the sun is going down over the horizon. But the important thing is, once we're at this point in the year, what will that star look like? Well we, if we have this large diagram, we see that the star is now


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The star is now, it's now relative to straight up. It is now a little bit, a little bit to the west now. A little bit more on the side of that setting sun. So the star would now look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The star would now look like it is right there. And if we have good enough, if we have good enough instruments, we can measure the angle between where the sun, where that star was six months ago and where it is now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's call that angle, well I'll call that angle 2 times theta. And the reason why I call it 2 times theta, we could call that angle relative, we could call theta the angle relative, or the angle between the star and being straight up. So this would be theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that would be theta. And I care about that because if I know theta, we can, and if I know the distance from the earth to the sun, I can then use a little bit of trigonometry to figure out the distance to that star. Because if you think about it, this theta right over here is the same as this angle, so this is straight up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is looking straight up into the night sky. This would be the angle theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you know that angle from basic trigonometry, or actually even basic geometry, if you say this is a right angle over here, this would be 90, this would be 90 minus theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you could use some basic trigonometry if you know this distance. If you know this distance right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're trying to figure out this distance, the distance to that nearest star. So this is what we're trying to figure out. Well, we could say, look, we need a trigonometric function that deals with the opposite angle, the opposite angle of what we know. We know this thing right over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the adjacent angle. We already know this thing right over here. So let me call this, let me call this the Earth-Sun distance. Or let me just say, let me just call this, let me just call this d. And we want to figure out x. So some basic trigonometry, and I, you might want to do this if you forget the basic trigonometric functions. So, katoa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sine is opposite over hypotenuse, cosine is adjacent over hypotenuse, tangent is opposite over adjacent. So the tangent function deals with the two sides of this right triangle that we can now deal with. So we could say that the tangent, tangent of 90, of 90 minus theta, this angle right over here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this angle right over here, tangent of that angle right over there. Let me write it. Tangent of 90 minus theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That angle right over there is equal to the opposite side is equal to x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or another way, if you assume that we know the distance to the sun, you multiply both sides times that distance. You get d times the tangent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are huge distances. I did not draw this to scale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the distance to the nearest star is actually 250,000 times the distance to our sun. So this angle is going to be super, super, super, super small. So you need to have very good instruments even to measure, even to observe the stellar parallax.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're constantly launching, uh, or having better instruments, and actually the Europeans right now are in the process of a mission called Gaia to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Measure these to enough accuracy that we can start to measure the accurate distance to stars several tens of thousands of light years away. So that'll start to give us a very accurate map


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of a significant chunk of our galaxy, which is about a hundred thousand light years in diameter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is one of the most beautiful highways in China.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It passes through thousands of islands in the west sea of Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi province.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are more than 1,600 islands in this area of water, creating a lake of a thousand islands.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lake is vast and tranquil with an average depth of 45 meters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The visibility in the lake can reach up to 11 meters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 60 kilometers to the northeast of the West Sea, there's a mountainous area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lushan Mountain is not one single mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But rather, a large upland area consisting of 90 continuous peaks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tectonic movements, glacier erosion, flowing water, and other geological processes


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have created the diverse landscapes of Lush and Mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Running to the north of Lushan Mountain is the Yangtze, the longest river in China.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The intense humidity endows Lushan with abundant water resources.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are 22 waterfalls within the mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lushan Mountain is shrouded in mist for nearly 200 days of the year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The average temperature here is five to six degrees Celsius lower than that in the plains at the same latitude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has been a famous summer resort since ancient times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a city in the clouds, some 1,100 meters above sea level in the mountains.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The average temperature in summer is only 22 degrees celsius. So it's named cooling, a name which comes from the English cooling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, these ancient villas are still serving tourists who come here to spend the summer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trick or treating is for kids. Plus, I'm sure people will think you're a kidnapper or something, running around with kids at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trick or treating is for kids. Plus, I'm sure people will think you're a kidnapper or something, running around with kids at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West Chapter 49 Red Boy


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bajie started to walk away. Wujing grabbed him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A soft breeze blew, and then a spirit appeared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The three travelers said goodbye to the spirit and headed up the mountain. They came to a cave near the peak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The door was closed. Wukong knocked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The door flew open and Red Boy stepped out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A moment later, flames covered the entire mountainside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've already talked about the life cycle of stars, roughly the same mass as our sun, give or take a little bit. What I want to do in this video is talk about more massive stars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when I'm talking about massive stars, I'm talking about stars that have masses greater than 9 times


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the general idea is exactly the same. You're gonna start off with this huge cloud of mainly hydrogen, and now this cloud is going to have to be bigger than the clouds that started


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That condense to form stars like our sun. We're going to start with that and eventually gravity is going to pull it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is going to pull it together and the core of it is going to get hot and dense enough for hydrogen to ignite, for hydrogen to start fusing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just the other material of the cloud, so the rest of the hydrogen. And now since it's so heated, it's really a plasma. It's really kind of a soup of electrons and nucleuses as opposed to well-formed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now you have hydrogen fusion. We saw this happens around 10 million Kelvin. And I want to make it very clear. Since we're talking about more massive stars, even at this stage, this is going to, there's going to be more


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] than something the mass of our sun, faster and hotter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, even this stage is going to happen much, even over a much shorter period of time than for a star the mass of our sun. Our sun's life is going to be 10 or 11 billion total years. Here we're going to be talking about things in maybe the tens of millions of years. So a factor of a thousand shorter lifespans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But anyway, let's think about what happens. And so far, just the pattern of what happens is going to happen faster because we have more pressure, more gravity, more temperature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's going to happen in pretty much the same way as what we saw in the star, with the star, the mass of the sun. Eventually, that helium, sorry, that hydrogen is going to fuse into a helium core that's going to have a hydrogen shell around it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's going to have a hydrogen shell around it, a hydrogen fusion shell around it and then you have the rest of the star around that. So let me label it. This right here is our helium core.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And more and more helium is going to be built up as this hydrogen in the shelf uses. And this is in a star the size of our sun or the mass of our sun. This is when it starts to become a red giant because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this core is getting denser and denser and denser as more and more helium is produced. And as it gets denser and denser and denser, there's more and more gravitational pressure being put on the hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On this hydrogen shell out here where we have fusion still happening. And so that's going to release more outward energy to push out, to push out the radius of the actual star. But then when you fast forward there, so the general process, and we're gonna see this as the star gets more and more massive, is we're gonna have heavier and heavier elements forming in the core.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those heavier and heavier elements, as the star gets denser and denser, will eventually ignite, kind of supporting the core. But because the core itself is getting denser and denser and denser, material is getting pushed further and further out, or with more and more energy. Although if the star is massive enough, it's not going to be able to be pushed out as far as you will have in a kind of a red giant, with kind of a sun-like star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's just think about how this pattern is going to continue. So eventually, that helium is going to, once it gets dense enough, it's going to ignite, and it's going to fuse into carbon, and you're going to have a carbon core forming. So that is carbon core, that's a carbon core. Around that, you have a helium core. You have a helium core.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And near the center of the helium core, you have a shell of helium fusion, that's helium, not hydrogen, turning into carbon, making that carbon core denser and hotter. And then around that, you have hydrogen fusion, you have to be very careful, you have hydrogen fusion, and then around that, you have the rest of the star. You have the rest of the star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so this process is going to keep continuing. Eventually that carbon is going to start fusing. And you're going to have heavier and heavier elements form the core. And so this is a depiction off of Wikipedia of a fairly mature, massive star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, you keep forming these shells of heavier and heavier elements and cores of heavier and heavier elements until eventually you get to iron. And in particular, in particular we're talking about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're talking about iron 56. Iron with an atomic mass of 56. Here in this periodic table, that 26 is its atomic number. It's how many protons it has. 56 is, you kind of view it as a count of the protons and neutrons, although it's not exact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But at this point, the reason why you stop here is that you cannot get energy by fusing iron. Fusing iron into heavier elements beyond iron actually requires energy, so it would actually be an endothermic process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the fuse iron actually won't, won't help support the core. So what I want to do in this, well, so just, just to be very clear, this is how the heavy elements actually formed. We started with hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hydrogen fusing into helium, helium fusing into carbon, and then all of these things in various combinations, and I won't go into all of the details, are fusing heavier and heavier elements, neon, oxygen, and you see it right over here, silicon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these aren't the only elements they're forming, but these are kind of the main core elements they're forming. But along the way, you have all this other stuff. Lithium, beryllium, boron, all of this other stuff is also forming. So this is how you form elements up to iron 56. And also, actually, this is actually how you can form up to nickel 56, just to be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two fewer neutrons and two more protons, so it's nickel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At least by going through traditional fusion, through the traditional ignition mechanism. What I want to do is leave you there and think about, just so you can think about what might happen next now that we can't fuse this star anymore. And what we're actually going to see is that it will supernova.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My name is Catherine and today we have a very special lesson for everyone. It's a new level for us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so what's happening here is someone is reading a letter they've written and they're trying to apologize for something and we don't really know what this something is but I want everyone to really listen here to the words that are being used and to the ways in which we can say sorry because as they say, uh, there are a thousand ways to say I'm sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, this is a very intense, uh, well it's not a dialogue, it's a monologue. One person is reading it, so it's a very intense monologue. Very romantic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and so one of the first phrases that we decided to talk about here is this phrase, I failed you, because this is really the theme of the letter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so you fail someone, I failed you, or you can say, he failed me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's give an example maybe. Uhm, I needed my brother to pick me up because I don't have a car. And my brother was supposed to pick me up at 4 o'clock and he forgot. He didn't come. He really failed me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we've got a positive and a negative. So, the positive here is, you mean the world to me. You mean the world to me. This means...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this implies that he did something wrong. I come asking for forgiveness. So in English we ask for forgiveness. You can also beg for forgiveness. So please forgive me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got the world again here. He says, he, the guy who's reading, he says, you know, I wanted to be the comfort for your soul. So this is very, again, poetic. When the world was too much to handle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so you could say even in the office, man, all this work I have to do, it's too much to handle. Right, right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Too much to handle. You could also say a child is too much to handle. I think they said this about my brother.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you're placing something, you're changing something for something else. It's an exchange. You could say you placed comfort where there was fear, you placed


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, this is a good one. I always think of the TV game show Jeopardy, uhm, but that's a noun. This here is a verb, to jeopardize, and that means to put something in danger or to risk losing something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or I don't want to jeopardize my savings by investing everything I have in stocks. That means I would prefer to do something safer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just being, so just existing, just breathing was enough. So just knowing that she's in the world was enough for him to feel happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so being is existing. It's, it's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes with a but. You don't write a letter like this to someone who you want to stay friends with. You write a letter to this to someone who you have some kind of romantic or intense feeling for, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to me this seems like a letter that was written to someone who was a great friend, and uh, he's afraid of losing that because he cares even more for her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, or maybe it's something catty like he was supposed to do something with her and ended up doing something with other people and left her out or embarrassed her in front of people. It's hard to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you know me. My personality is very planned and organized and so normally I have points. So I say, uhm, if this is the problem, there's three parts. I have an answer for each part and the very end I have the heartfelt apology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I just try to stay on focus, stay on point and address the matter at hand because otherwise then you get into other stuff and you can make people more angry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's true. In a professional sense, you want to be careful not to get too personal. So in a professional sense, it's good to say that, you know, you're sorry for any mix-ups or for misunderstandings, but in the future, you will try to make things better, uh, or improve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In friendships and in families and in romantic relationships, apology letters are very, very important because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but I like to mend bridges to make sure that people who I was friends with don't


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that they are a necessity of the 21st century. I mean, I live far away from most of my friends and family and so it's important for me to be able to communicate in any way. But uhm, and sometimes, I mean I'm very shy with some people so sometimes it's hard for me to talk on the phone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] True kind of idea that, that, well maybe not in...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong stared at the mountains. A red cloud keeps appearing over those mountains, he said. There must be a demon ahead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My family was attacked by robbers, said the boy. Please help me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know what you are! Shouted Wukong. You're a demon! I won't let you eat the Tang Monk!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Master, you're being a fool again! Cried the monkey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You always fall for demons tricks, and you never believe me!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You tricked the Tang monk, said Wukong to the boy. But you haven't tricked me. I know you're a demon. I don't know what you're talking about, said the boy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Use all the magic you want. You won't be able to blow me away. I once defeated Heaven's entire army.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That boy was a demon! He kidnapped Master!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi honey! You'll never guess what, my friends Julie and Alex are getting married!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know. Anyways, I just talked to Alex's best man and he is organizing the bachelor party. It's gonna be so much fun! All the groomsmen are thinking up all the wacky and crazy things we were gonna do that night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, come on. It's just some innocent fun. You know how these things are. We're gonna play drinking games, get him some gag gifts, and just have a good time. Nothing too over the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi honey! You'll never guess what, my friends Julie and Alex are getting married!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know. Anyways, I just talked to Alex's best man and he is organizing the bachelor party. It's gonna be so much fun! All the groomsmen are thinking up all the wacky and crazy things we were gonna do that night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, come on. It's just some innocent fun. You know how these things are. We're gonna play drinking games, get him some gag gifts, and just have a good time. Nothing too over the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on. If one of your friends was getting married, I wouldn't mind you going to her bachelorette party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi honey! You'll never guess what, my friends Julie and Alex are getting married!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aw, come on. It's just some innocent fun. You know how these things are. We're gonna play drinking games, get him some gag gifts, and just have a good time. Nothing too over the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on. If one of your friends was getting married, I wouldn't mind you going to her bachelorette party.


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[Assistant] Starting from Hainan Island, the southernmost province of China.


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[Assistant] You can reach Sunshine City in the southern tip by this transportation supply ship.


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[Assistant] April to May are the most beautiful seasons in this part of China.


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[Assistant] The sea is colorful with an average visibility of more than 30 meters.


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[Assistant] The islands in front of us do not seem to be connected with...


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[Assistant] But they are known as the seven connected islets.


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[Assistant] That's because beneath the sea, there is a huge reef holding them together.


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[Assistant] As the tide rises and falls, they display a variety of features.