[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Panel. So there are a lot of things in the world that have a panel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A panel is any part of something that has a lot of buttons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of lights, a lot of dials, a lot of knobs. I'll talk about all of those later. Uhm, but it's usually on a piece of equipment or on a machine. Sometimes we call it the control panel. I don't think I have it. Oh, I do have a slide for that. Sometimes we call it a control panel because it's where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You stand and it's what you use to control the machine, uh, or the equipment. And I'm using machine and equipment interchangeably. We often do that in English. At work, we have a lot of machines. At work we have a lot of equipment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and they all have panels or control panels on them. If the panel only had little lights, we would probably just call it a panel. But as soon as the panel has buttons and switches, we would call it a control panel. So that would be the difference between those.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Handle. So there are handles on a lot of things. This is a handle on a drawer. So when I go to the kitchen, the drawers have handles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, people always like me to say drawer more than once so they can hear how it's pronounced. So, there are handles on all the drawers in my kitchen. There's a handle on the door to my van.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a toolbox and it has a handle on the top. Basically a handle is anything that you can grab to either open something or carry something. So if you have a purse, it has handles on the top. Uhm, I have a case that I carry my laptop in and the case has a handle on top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, drawers have a handle. When I open my van, I unlock it and then I pull the handle and then the van door will open.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there are many things that have handles on it. Probably because we have hands. And it does have the word hand in it. Have you noticed that? Handle has the word hand in it. It must be, uhm, a word that came from the other word. I don't know the exact name for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a clip is an interesting thing. Uhm, like this is a tape measure and it has a little clip on the side. So you can clip it on your belt. So a clip is usually something small and it's usually made so that you can hook something onto yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A pen actually has a little clip on the, on it as well. Some pens do at least. I'm looking for, I don't have a pen around, but a pen you can click to open, like you can click the pen, but often there will be a little clip on the pen if you want to clip it onto your pocket. So this is a clip. There aren't a lot of clips in the world, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know a friend of mine has a clip for his camera. He can clip it on his belt. And my other friend has a phone case, a very durable phone case because he works outside and he has a clip on the side so he can clip his phone onto his belt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A screen, so there are screens all around us, so this is a pretty common one. Uhm, if you look here at this calculator, the grey part up top, the grey-green part is the screen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your phone, obviously phones have a screen on them. Your TV is all screen. A control panel might have a small screen on it as well. There are definitely screens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All around us, like my light over there has a control box and there's a little screen on it. It says the light is at 85% brightness. I could turn it up to 100% brightness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now it's at a hundred percent and I could turn it back down again. I shouldn't play with my lights while I'm making an English lesson, but, uh, there are many things now that have a screen so that you, so that you know what is happening with that device or with that machine. So a screen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A flap. So this is an interesting one. A flap is usually a piece of fabric or cloth. I'm trying to show you my pocket here. I don't have a flap over my pocket, but this pocket here, the arrow is pointing to what we would call a flap. So this is a pocket on a shirt. The pocket has a button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that button will close that flap. So again, a flap is something that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's attached at one end and it moves like this, okay? Uhm, it can move like this as well, but yes, there aren't a lot of flaps I can think of in the world, but I do have some shirts where there's a pocket and the pocket has, you can close the pocket because it has a flap. It's kind of a funny word to say, flap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a knob is something that is usually round. It can be other shapes as well, but it's almost always round. And it's something that you can grab and turn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can turn the knob. Let's say you have a really old stereo, like a radio. It might have knobs on the front that you can turn. Our old oven had a knob on the front. You would turn the knob to set the temperature on the stove.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a knob is a round thing on something that you can grab and turn one way or the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we sometimes just call it a dial as well. I don't know if, oh, I do have dial on here. We'll get to that in a sec. Uh, an indicator light. So an indicator light, if you look here, you see the yellow engine light? So if you're driving a vehicle and that light comes on, it means that there's something wrong with your engine. Anytime a light


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something goes wrong and your mechanic might say, are there any indicator lights on, on the dash or on the dashboard? So an indicator light is a light that comes on, on to indicate something, to let you know about something, uh, with a machine or vehicle or piece of equipment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically a dial is a knob. There's no real difference between a dial and a knob. Uhm, so you might have a dial that you can turn to turn up the volume. You might have a knob you can turn to turn up the volume. I would use both the same way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but a dial again is round usually and you can turn it one way or the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you might say, someone might say, uh, to you, uhm, oh it's too loud in here. Which dial is for volume? Or which knob is for volume?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Button. So I wear a lot of shirts that have buttons. So a button goes through a button hole. You have to sew a button on with thread. If it falls off, I have to sew it back on. Luckily the shirts I buy always come with two extra buttons on the side. Did you know that with men's shirts?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I have buttons here. If one falls off, there's actually a couple extra buttons right here. I can take one and I can sew it on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also wear shirts that usually have a button down collar. You can see that my collar


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is attached to my shirt here. There's actually a button here. So a button is something you'll find on an article of clothing on a piece of clothing that you


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fasten and once you put that piece of clothing on. So when I put my shirt on, I fasten the buttons or I button up my shirt or I do the buttons like with little kids.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, when the buttons are open, we might say, hey, do up your buttons. So buttons, something used to, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you, when you're wearing something, I guess it closes it up. I don't know what the right word for it would be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but we also have buttons in other places. So on my microwave, there are buttons. Uhm, there are buttons on my computer. There are buttons on a calculator. There are buttons on this remote control for my light. So if I push this button, it gets dark in here. If I push this button,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It gets really light, but then my camera will adjust my camera as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has a lot of buttons on it. This might be the most common thing that you will find on other things, okay? Uh, buttons are everywhere around us. They are primarily what we use to control or interact with the machines, the equipment, the devices around us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lever. So this one, you might not see as much as I do. A lever is something, oop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lever is something that you can move with your hand. So this here is actually a tractor, probably on a farm. I have a lot of farm equipment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of farm equipment has levers on it. My tractors have levers. I can move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the tractor, if I want the engine to speed up, I move a lever ahead. It's called the throttle. There's no foot pedal. Well, sorry, my one tractor does have a foot pedal. But normally with a tractor, there is a lever. When I, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I'm not going to describe all the things I do with a tractor, but a lever is like, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In your house that might have a lever on it. Maybe someone can think of something in the chat. Something that might have a lever on it. But it might be more common on, on equipment. Like big pieces of equipment. So we have barcodes and we have QR codes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a barcode is often found on the label of a piece of, uh, of a food item. If you have a can of soup on the label, there will be a barcode somewhere. Uhm, a barcode is used at the grocery store so the computer can see what you're buying. When you scan it, it goes beep and then you


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, then it knows what you are buying. And a QR code is a little more used between people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there's a concert coming up, there might be a poster in town saying there's a concert and it might say here's a QR code if you want more information. And then if I scan the QR code, it will take me to a website that will tell me more about it. So a QR code is a little more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Toronto this past week, I went to a YouTube workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the way, this works in a couple of ways. You can engrave something and then it has an engraving on it. So an engraving is when usually you have metal and you use something very sharp or you use a tool, it might even be powered, that will etch out little pieces of the metal and then when you're done,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of the little lines make an engraving. If you win a trophy, it might have a little spot on it where there's an engraving where it says, you know, best English teacher of 2022, Bob the Canadian. If I want a trophy, there might be a little engraving on it. So it's when you have something metal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a mug from a wedding, well not a mug, it's more of a beer stein, like a big, and it has a metal plate on the front, and then it has the name of the bride and groom engraved, it has an engraving on the front.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Snap, so a snap is like a button, uh, it does the same job, but it works differently. There are two parts to a snap, and when you push them together, it goes snap, like it goes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it snaps together. So we use the word to describe the sound. We use it to describe the thing and we use it to describe actually doing it. So when you snap a snap together, it makes a snap. Did you get that? When you snap a snap together, it makes a snap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I don't wear a lot of clothes with snaps. Uhm, sometimes my pants might have a snap on the front when I put my pants on. Most of my pants have a button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But a snap would have two parts. When you push them together, it goes snap. It might go click as well. And by the way, I will do a lesson on sounds at some point. I just never get to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Zipper. So this is a pretty common one. I do think the zipper was invented in Canada. I'm not 100% sure of that. Uh, let me just check for a sec. Where was the zipper invented?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It says, oh, it debuted at the World's Fair in Chicago. Ah, I was wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wait, it says that the lightning fastener company in St. Catharines, Ontario created the first, wow,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sounds like another one of those things where Canadians and Americans are fighting over who invented it. We did invent basketball though, in Canada. Just, just, just to, uh, just to clear the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buckle. So yes, I wear a belt every day. I wear a belt to hold my pants up, but I also just wear it because I think it looks nice. It's a fashionable thing to wear. A belt has a buckle. When you put your buckle, when you put your pants on, you buckle your belt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but the thing on the front, the actual little loop with the thing that moves, notice I don't know the names of those two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, is called a buckle. So the gold part here is called a buckle. By the way, the little tiny brown part is called the belt loop. It's a belt loop. You have belt loops on your pants, but your belt itself might have a little belt loop at the front. But yeaah, the gold part over there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is called a buckle and we might even call it a belt buckle. Like we might name, if it's, if it's actually on a belt, we would call it a belt buckle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My watch has a band, so this is a watch band. By the way, Jen and I talked a long time, not a long time, we talked for a bit yesterday about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where you, when you put your watch on, what is this part called when you put it together? We weren't sure if it was a clasp or a latch or a fastener. There's a, we weren't sure, but this is definitely my watch band. Okay. And this is my watch. Well, it's actually a fit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a band. And again, we would probably call that a watch band if I was specifically talking about a watch. Laces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, most of us have shoes with laces, although it's becoming more common to have shoes that you can just slip on your feet. Shoes that don't have laces. But all of my shoes have laces. When I put my shoes on, I tie my laces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, when I get home I undo my laces when I take my shoes off. My skates also have laces on them and, uh, I should probably...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Get my skates sharpened, although I'm not sure there's any more skating this year. The arena, I don't even think the arenas have ice in them anymore, so maybe next year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A stamp. So a stamp is usually something that lets you have something with ink in it and you put the stamp there and then you press it on a piece of paper. So the thing is called a stamp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we have a stamp with the name of our farm and we use the stamp to stamp the brown paper so it has our stamp on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know I'm getting confusing, but it's fun for me to say things like that. So the thing we use, this thing is called a stamp. And that little thing it leaves on the paper is called a stamp as well. So when someone buys our flowers, there's a stamp on the paper that says the name of our farm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bezel. So your phone has a bezel around the screen. Your computer has a bezel around the screen. Uhm, my phone has a little bezel. It's the area


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Around the edge of your screen. So anytime you buy a phone, they're trying to make phones to have smaller and smaller bezels. So they want the whole front of the phone to be a screen. My screen, my phone has fairly small bezels. It's not huge, but the bezel is the area around the edge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our backyard has a gate and that gate has a latch. So a latch is something where there's usually two parts and they click together. When we close the gate for, actually our gate's broken right now. I need to fix that. When you close the gate, it goes click and then it won't open until you flip it or


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How would I open a latch? Unlatch it, I guess. Uhm, but we would probably just say open. That's the universal verb for opening something. When you close our gate on our back, on our fence or on our backyard, uhm, it has a latch and then it, it will not open until we open it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not explaining that one very well. I'm almost done. And I'm feeling like, uh, I'm going too quick right now. Oh well. Sorry about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the last one though. My windows have a crank. So a crank is something that you, this is the cranking action. If I turn the crank one way, my window opens like the window right there. If I turn it the other way, the window closes again. When I was little, when I was a kid,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The windows in our cars had a crank. You had to crank the window down and crank the window back up. So notice I'm using the word crank to describe this. It has a little knob on the end. So you grab the knob and then you turn the crank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's also the verb, like, you can say, I'm going to open the window, but I could also say, I'm going to crank the window open. Can you crank the window shut because it's getting, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cold or warm outside, whichever, whichever makes the most sense. So it's something, it's kind of like a lever, but it's more, we would definitely call it a crank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, hello and welcome to this English lesson about things in motion. In this lesson, we'll look at words like ripple and jiggle and hover and vibrate. I don't want to give too many things away, but I think it will be an exciting lesson and you'll see why once I get the lesson started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as we look around the world around us, things do move and we have different verbs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in different words to describe that motion. When you see a butterfly, when you see a rock land in water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Certain things happen and we have certain words to describe what's happening. So in this English lesson I'll look at things in motion. I think you'll enjoy this lesson a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you have a cloth, or I think this is actually a sponge, and you need to wipe something up if there is liquid somewhere, you use something that will absorb it. Hmm, it's too bad there isn't a way for me to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Show you this. Pictures just don't really tell the whole story. Let me see if I can do something here. Oh, there we go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as you can see, there is some coffee or tea spilled on the countertop or table here. And the person is using, I think it's a sponge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To wipe it up, the sponge will absorb the liquid. When something absorbs something, it means it goes into it. So sponges do this really well, uhm, paper towels do this really well. Whenever you clean up some kind of liquid,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's nice to have something that will absorb it. So let me just, uh, stop the video now so that we can not be too distracted and let me once more explain. When something absorbs, it means it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like it literally goes inside of it. When you're done using a sponge after it has absorbed all the liquid, you do wring it out above the sink and all the liquid comes out again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is something that happens on the tap in our bathroom upstairs. I still need to replace something inside the tap because it will drip after you brush your teeth or after you wash your hands. You turn the tap off but it will still drip for a while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it just needs a washer, I think it's called, and I think I'll have to watch a YouTube video, uh, in order to figure out, um, how to do it. By the way,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I do stop or pause the video example after a while. It's not broken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just don't want it to be too distracting. When we get to words like slide, you'll see why, because I think some of these might even make people feel a little bit motion sick. Anyways, taps sometimes drip and then you need to fix them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So emit, we can use this to describe a lot of things. When you start your car, it will emit exhaust.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you turn on a flashlight, it will emit light. When you use the word emit, it means to come out of something. So those are the two best examples. Uhm, when I start my van, it emits, uhm, exhaust, some pollution actually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably not a good thing. Uh, and when I turn on the headlights they will emit light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, this isn't a super common word. We usually use it mostly when talking about pollution. A factory will emit a lot of pollution through the year. Uhm, but, uh, it is a word you will hear and use from time to time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Flap. So flap is an interesting one. Flap is a word we use to describe something like a flag where it's attached at one end. So you can see this flag is attached to the pole and then it moves at the other end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we even use it to describe the sound. This flag is probably making a flapping sound, like hup-up-up, hup-up-up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's my, that's my best sound effect. But you can see that flap means to be attached at one end


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then to move usually in the wind at the other end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I think flags do this. I'm trying to think. Sometimes when you're driving, if something gets, like a plastic bag gets caught on your car, it will flap in the wind and make a flapping sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then flicker. So the best way to describe flicker is a light source that gets brighter and dimmer. A candle is a great example. A candle will flicker. Uhm, it'll both move


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And become brighter and dimmer. That's how we would describe that flicker. But sometimes when uhm, there's a windstorm, the lights in our house will flicker as well. Uhm, they don't move, but they go on and off really rapidly. So it has a couple of different meanings, I guess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Definitely when I look at this candle, I feel like it is flickering in the sense that it's moving, but it's also getting brighter and dimmer. So it's kind of doing two things, moving, uh, and getting brighter and dimmer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we sometimes turn on lights. In order to turn on a light, we might flip a switch. In order to turn off a light, we might flip a switch. Uhm, by the way, this isn't a flip, this isn't a switch in my house. But let me just explain again, because I'm using the word switch and the word flip. So the switch is the thing on the wall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I want to turn on the lights, I can flip the switch. If I want to turn off the lights, I can flip the switch. So you'll notice, by the way, this lesson is called Things in Motion, but I am describing some actions that people do as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one thing I like to do when I go to the pool, sometimes we go to a pool, is I like to swim out to the middle and just float. I am able to, if I just relax, I will float. When you float,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means you are on top of the water. So this flower is floating. It's light enough that it doesn't sink. That's the opposite. If I am floating on the water, if I don't relax, I will sink. I'll go under the water. So when you float, you're on top of the water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you sink, you go under the water. There are many things that float. A boat will float, of course. Uhm, if you throw a beach ball in the water, it will float. Even a soccer ball will float if you put it in the water. So, when you float, or when something floats, it is laying on top of the water, and it doesn't sink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then flutter. So when you see a butterfly,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will flutter its wings. So, flutter means anytime something moves like this. It's similar to flap, by the way. A flag can flutter in the wind as well, but it's anytime something goes back and forth rapidly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you see a butterfly it is a really good example. A butterfly's wings will flutter. They'll go up and down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they'll just fly around by having their wings go up and down. They will flutter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So fold. Again, remember I said some of these are actually actions that humans do. If you have a piece of paper and if you're doing what this person is doing, we would say that you are folding. When you fold something, it's usually in one form and then you


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We do use this to talk about other things as well, but I don't want to confuse you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Focus on this. He has a piece of paper. He has decided he wants to fold the piece of paper. So he is making it smaller. Maybe you need to fold a piece of paper before you put it in an envelope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, maybe you need to fold paper to make something like you're doing origami or something like that. But when you fold, you take something that's relatively flat and then you


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't cut it, like you don't cut it, you just kind of bend it. It's probably a bad word to use, but you, you literally fold it. You fold by folding. So, that's my description of that one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hover. So lately there have been uhm, more and more drones in the world. One of the things that a drone can do is it can hover. That means it's not going up, it's not going down, it's not going sideways, it's not going left or right or forwards or backwards. It is staying in one spot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's not on the ground, it's in the air. So this drone is hovering. It's able to hover because inside the computer has decided that it's going to tell


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jiggle. This is my favorite, uh, video of all of them. Uh, jiggle is a fun word to say as well. Anytime you have something like this. This is jello, by the way. It's something we make as a dessert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you'll see that it's very jiggly. When you move it a little bit, it keeps moving afterwards in this very unique way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can see that as they drop the red piece of jello onto the green piece of jello,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything will jiggle. So, uh, again, jiggle is a fun word to say. Jiggling, this is jiggling, is an even more fun word to say. So try to practice that a few times. Jiggle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you have a balloon and you have a pin, and if you touch the balloon with the pin, it will


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will go from being full of air to having no air. Uhm, this can happen with other things, but I think a balloon is probably the most common thing to talk about. Uh, you can see this girl. She's very enthusiastic at the end. Have you noticed that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you put toast in a toaster, you wait for it to pop up. So you put the bread in the toaster. Notice when I put it in the toaster, it's bread.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I put it down. So when you put bread in the toaster, you put the toaster down and then you wait for it to pop up. With our toaster, sometimes you have to pop it up yourself. I push a button so that my toast will pop up because I feel like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By way too long, the toast might burn. So a little different than pop, it's uh, has the word up, but when you have toast in a toaster that's done, it will pop up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when something will reflect, uh, something, it means you see a copy of it. If you look at the water here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The water is able to reflect the image of the girl. The light that's hitting the girl also hits the water and you see her reflection. So when you look in a mirror, a mirror is polished and it's able to reflect light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The light that hits the mirror comes back out again. So that means if you look in a mirror, it will reflect your image and you'll be able to see yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, it has another meaning as well. It means to think about the past. So here's a sentence for you. I think as she walks along the beach, you can see the water reflect her image as she reflects about the past. So there you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you throw a rock or something else in water, the water will ripple, okay? Uhm, the water will make little tiny waves as it moves out from the center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so you'll see here that someone is throwing a rock or a pebble into the water. It immediately lands and the water goes bloop. That's the sound it makes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then little waves kind of move out from the center, uh, in,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think you would call them concentric circles. Someone will have to check that for me. But it's pretty cool. Uhm, as a kid, I used to go down to the river and we would throw rocks in the river and then we would watch the water ripple after we did that. Uhm, it's fun to watch the little waves and see how far they go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Roll. You might think something's knock- oh, there it goes. I was worried something wasn't happening here. Whenever something-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is turning and moving along the ground we would say it is rolling. So when you go bowling the ball will roll along the floor. When you kick a soccer ball it will bounce a few times but eventually it will


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you had a tire and you took it off of a vehicle, you could roll it into your garage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So anytime you have something that's either round or even a sphere, and as it goes along the ground or the floor, so it's moving in a direction, it's turning itself, we would say, describe that as roll.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Roll around. If you have a chair with wheels on it, you can roll around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We add this extra word around to the word roll. So if I am at work, I can roll around on my chair. I can roll back. I can roll forwards. I can roll over and talk to someone. I can roll around. Uhm, so again, it's using the word roll and it's using it to describe something


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That turns as it moves, but it kind of means that you can go in any direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you've ever done yoga or any kind of exercise when you're done, you need to roll up your mat. So when you roll something up, you start at one end and you just start kind of turning it and moving it along the floor as you turn it and eventually it will be rolled up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a carpet, you might roll up the carpet. If you have a mat, you might roll up the mat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, put it, get it ready to store or put away. You would roll it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We live on the planet earth and the planet earth turns. You could also say that it rotates. The planet earth


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could say that the earth spins on its axis. You could say it rotates on its axis. I think either would work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, rotate can also be used to describe


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like if I had a piece of paper on a table, I could ro- oops. I could rotate it so the person sitting opposite me could read it. So it's anytime you spin something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Slide. So this is the one where I hope this doesn't give you motion sickness. When something slides, this person is sliding. It means it moves along a surface in a very smooth way. So you'll see that this person is able to slide down the water slide because the water is slippery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other day I was able to slide on the ice. So there's no wheels when you slide. There's nothing other than the object or person and the thing that they are on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a water slide is a really good example. I could also.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I could slide this glass over to you. I could slide it over. You might see that in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And spin. So remember I said rotate and spin are very similar. This is a top. As a kid I had a top and I would spin it. And then it would spin for a very long time until eventually it wobbled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's the word wobble for you. Uhm, notice I was using, making my hand go like this. As you watch this spin, it does actually wobble a little bit too, while it's spinning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's a good example of two things in motion. The top is spinning and the top will also wobble a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And sway. So you can see these beautiful flowers by this lake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're kind of moving back and forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of slowly, notice too I'm making my arm kind of move gracefully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually really, really slowly. Like you can watch trees sway in the wind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can watch flowers sway in the wind. You wouldn't use this to describe people though. People don't normally sway. But when something sways, it moves kind of one way and the other. And usually it's because the wind is blowing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And swing, so here's another action where there is a person involved. This person will swing the bat after the pitcher pitches the ball. So boom, right there, that is a swing. Now swing can be used to describe anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Similar to flap, but it's a sss, you know, a very quick.


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[Assistant] Definite action, like a bat can swing, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pendulum will swing back and forth. In fact, that might have been a better video clip than this one. Maybe I should have looked for one where there was, uhm, a clock with a pendulum that would swing back and forth. But anyways, this is a good example too, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here we have topple. So there's a couple things going on here. A sugar cube falls and hits the other sugar cubes. If you watch, the stack of sugar cubes will wobble a little bit and then it will topple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So topple is any time you have things either stacked


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is probably the best video example I could find for the word, for all the words I'm doing today. You have a stack of sugar cubes and then it topples. Perfect example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then vibrate. So this is a tuning fork. You can see when this person hits the tuning fork.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's in slow motion, but it starts to rapidly move back and forth. So when you use the word vibrate, you're talking about something that's moving very, very quickly and not very far and, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the same speed, kind of. So it's cool in slow motion.


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[Assistant] Because you can see the tuning fork vibrate, and it's probably going, mmmm.


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[Assistant] Or some note. I don't have perfect pitch by the way. But it's cool to see things vibrate. If you look at a speaker in a sound system playing music, you will see the speaker vibrate as it recreates the sounds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the survey year after year, 45% roughly of students report being depressed to the point that it's difficult to function. And I think 80% feel overwhelmed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, not everyone is clinically depressed, but, you know, if there's that many people in distress, things need to be done about that and, uh, most campuses don't have enough resources to reach out to those students.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome to this English lesson about water. Now, you might think water is a very simple topic and maybe you know all the words associated with water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I was surprised when I was putting this lesson together, uhm, how many words there were and how many phrases, how many English phrases I can teach you, uh, when we go over these words. In fact, just this morning, I was thinking of more words and even Brent from American English with this guy used the phrase tap water or the term tap water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, which I don't have in my slides. I have city water, I think, but there are many things to talk about in this English lesson when it comes to water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we will get started as soon as possible. As you know, water is one of the most important things in life. Air, water, food, some of the things that keep us healthy, some of the things that keep us alive on this planet earth. So let's, uh, let's get started in just a moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So water is called H2O. This is the scientific name, I guess, that you would give water. Water is a molecule. Water is a liquid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and there's a lot of different ways to describe it. H2O stands for hydrogen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll talk about a lot of those this morning. This is not a science lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I get some of the science wrong, please remember this is an English lesson. I'll try my best to explain things correctly, but if you want to make a scientific point in the comments below, certainly do that and I will read it and I will learn more about the scientific aspect of water, but this is an English lesson. So let's talk about water.


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[Assistant] There are basically two kinds of water found on our planet.


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[Assistant] There is salt water, which has a high amount of salt in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there is freshwater, which is usually fairly clear and clean. It's not always drinkable. Sometimes you need to treat the water first, but it definitely is water that you can use if you need to have a drink after treating it or boiling it or something else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but salt water is generally found in the ocean. We have the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean. There are a lot of large oceans in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And oceans have salt water. So when you go to the beach and if you are on a beach that's on the Atlantic Ocean or the Pacific Ocean or another ocean, you are swimming in salt water. Uhm, you can kind of taste it if you get a little bit of salt water in your mouth that it has some salt in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the rest of the world, there are things like lakes and ponds and rivers and I'll talk about all of those.


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[Assistant] And we have freshwater. Canada in particular has many, many freshwater lakes.


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[Assistant] We are a country of lakes, as well as parts of the northern United States. There are many, many lakes in North America, as well as in Europe and Russia and many other countries in the world. Uh, there are many, many bodies of fresh water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, this will be a lot more than just a vocabulary lesson. If you listen to all of the words I just used, I'm regularly using terms and phrases to talk about water that aren't in the slides, that aren't in the 50 slides. So this will be a very rich lesson. It will be very


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are things like lakes and rivers and streams. Uh, generally, when I think of body of water though, I think of like a lake or an ocean or or the sea. But let's move on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have what's called potable water, also referred to as drinking water. So uhm, a lot of times you'll see trucks on the road in Canada and they're delivering water and they'll actually say on the back potable water. That means that the water that's in the truck


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is safe to drink. Uhm, and so I'm not sure why we have this term, why it's potable. Uhm, the more informal and more common term is to simply say drinking water. So uhm, when you go on a trip, you bring some drinking water with you. Okay, so this is water that is safe to drink. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to get drinking water or potable water, most of the time, you will have a water treatment plant close to you. Now, I know it depends on what part of the world you live in. In some parts of the world, you can just drink water without treating it. In Canada, generally all of our water is treated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means they take water from a lake or stream or river and it goes through a process to purify the water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so even though I live out in the country, we drink water that has been treated. We go to our local town and we fill up water jugs and we only drink water that is from the water treatment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now there's two kinds of water treatment plants. There is a water treatment plant that creates drinking water or potable water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there's also what's called a wastewater treatment plant, which treats the wastewater that comes out of our houses. Uhm, so quite a bit of a difference there. A water treatment plant creates drinking water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A wastewater treatment plant treats all of your sewage and everything that comes out of your house. Hopefully that makes sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but that is how in Canada we definitely have water. And this is true for a lot of countries in the world, but I am aware that there is a vast difference in the world right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, sometimes people say, uhm, what, if you had three wishes, what would your three wishes be? And I think one wish that I would have would be this, that everyone in the world


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so water comes to us in some different forms, uhm, when we have precipitation. Precipitation is any type of water that falls out of the sky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I look at the weather report, the weather report for today says possibility of precipitation, 30%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it might rain later today. So rain is one form of precipitation. Uhm, and when we get rain, then literally water falls out of the sky. I think we're all familiar with what rain is. Rain is one form of precipitation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another form of precipitation. This is actually from two days ago. Another form of precipitation is snow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm not going to go over all of the details, not, I'm not going to go over all the different kinds of precipitation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we have rain, we have snow, we have hail, we have sleet, we have freezing rain. There are many different types of precipitation. Uh, but the main two, at least in Canada, are rain and snow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also sometimes get water from a spring.


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[Assistant] Uh, on our farm there's actually a spot where the ground is always a little bit wet because water naturally comes out of the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have in some places in Canada, natural springs. A spring is just a place where water comes out of the ground. And springs are common around the world. Many countries have natural springs. So, uh, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because we're in North America and we're kind of silly, we often put spring water in bottles and then people buy the spring water. So I know that might sound silly to some of you, but North America, uhm, and other parts of the world are a little bit crazy sometimes.


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[Assistant] It will turn from a liquid into a vapor and it will evaporate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So evaporation is when water turns into a vapor. It turns into what we call steam and it goes back into the atmosphere. So precipitation is when water comes down from the sky. Evaporation is when water goes back into a vapor form and goes back up into the sky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So water has a freezing point. The freezing point of water is where water turns from a liquid to a solid and we have ice. The freezing point for water is 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. I hope I got that right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't use Fahrenheit very much in Canada, by the way. So when the temperature goes below zero, water will turn from a liquid into a solid and we will get ice. Uhm, you're familiar with ice if you live in a northern country or if you live in a very southern country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you live closer to the equator, you might not have ever seen ice outside, but you've probably seen


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, probably not icicles, but I added this because I think icicles are cool. When water drips, and then when it slowly goes below zero, when it goes below the freezing point, then we slowly get little icicles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but you've probably seen ice cubes. So the most common form of water in its solid form, uh, would be ice cubes. Uhm, so that comes about when we go below the freezing point of water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there's also a boiling point, the boiling point of water.


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[Assistant] The boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit.


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[Assistant] Now, I do have to add here, even though it's not a science lesson, those temperatures I believe are at sea level. Okay, sea level is like the level of the ocean. So when you go higher or lower on the planet, uhm, the boiling point changes and the freezing point changes slightly, which I think can affect


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think the, uh, baking can be affected by, um, your altitude. Anyways, you have a boiling point where water boils. Often on the stove, you will have a pot of water and you will boil the water. When you want to have a cup of tea, you will boil the water. You will put the kettle on or you will boil some water for tea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and when something boils, we get steam. So steam is the third form of water. Water can be ice, which is a solid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can be in its liquid form, which we just call water, or it can be a vapor, which we call steam, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think vapor's the right word. There's probably another word for it. But remember, I said this wasn't a science lesson. It's just a lesson about water. Uhm, so we have three forms of water, uhm, which we see quite a bit. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was going to say body of water. It's not really called a body of water because that's used to talk about bigger things, but it's a small amount of water that forms in a little, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, part of the earth and it's usually there after it rains for a day or two and then it either evaporates or it soaks into the ground or both, a little bit of both probably.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A ditch is something that is man-made. The term man-made means something that people have created. A ditch is something that people make in order to, uhm, move water from one place to another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So along the sides of the roads in Canada and in the United States there are ditches. So they actually create little waterways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That can take the water away from that area. Uhm, in my field I have a ditch so that water will drain out of the field. So a ditch is a man-made, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was going to say a ditch is a man made ditch. A ditch is something that's made by humans to move water from one place to another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we also have what's called a canal. So, a ditch doesn't always have water in it. It usually has water in it after it rains and then the ditch, you can see water flowing down the ditch. A canal though is something that is man-made as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Often is made to get ships from one place to another. So here where I live, we have what's called the Welland Canal and it goes from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. So it is a waterway that was created by humans in order to get large ships from one end


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, of, from one lake to another. So a canal, uhm, if you go to Holland, you'll see many, many canals in some of their cities. Uhm, the Dutch are really good at digging canals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so we also have small, flowing, uhm, things like creeks, streams, and brooks. Now, the most common word of these three is probably stream. So, just so you know, these are all smaller than a river. Okay? Uhm, I live on what's called


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it's big enough to be a river, but it has two names. Um, but generally, if something is smaller, we call it a creek, a stream, or brook. I think a creek is technically smaller than a stream, but these words are kind of used to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However people, uh, felt like using them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every stream is bigger than every creek in the world, because that's simply not true. And probably the most common of these words, uh, would be the word stream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, let me see here. Uhm, and then as I mentioned, a river is just, uh, a really big stream. Uhm, we have many rivers in Canada as well, and I know in other parts of the world there are many rivers, but uhm, of the types of water that flow,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Um, rivers and streams are two of the most common.


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[Assistant] Uhm, sometimes along a river or along a stream you might have a waterfall. I live close to Niagara Falls, one of the biggest waterfalls in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not height-wise, but in terms of its total length.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so a waterfall is a place where a river or stream goes over the edge, over a precipice, uh, and then goes to a lower part. Uhm, waterfalls are beautiful, they sound beautiful, they look beautiful, uhm, they are amazing to look at.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then I mentioned the word flow. So we talked about brooks and rivers and streams and creeks, uhm, and ditches. These are all


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know, things that have water that's flowing. When water flows, that means it's moving. The river I live on, the water flows past my house, okay? So, flow is when you see water move from one place to another. Uhm, a puddle does not flow, okay? A puddle is just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some water on the ground but a river will float.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I should have added puddle as the first one in this series, but a pond.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people have a small pond in their backyard. They'll have a goldfish pond or they'll have a fish pond. So a pond can be quite small, uhm, and a pond can be fairly large. It's definitely smaller though than a lake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so uhm, I don't know exactly when a pond becomes a lake, but a pond is a small body of water, a non-flowing body of water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It might have a stream that comes in one end, and it might have a little stream that goes out the other, but in general the water doesn't really move that much. Uh, and a pond will usually have a fish in it. A lot of people have fish in their pond.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lake is a large body of freshwater. By the way, a pond is considered freshwater. A river is freshwater. A brook, a stream, these are all freshwater. Uhm, in Canada, we have many, many lakes and they are very, very beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's one of the things that the northern United States and most of Canada is simply filled with lakes. There is a lot of freshwater in the northern US and in most of Canada. And most of it is in our lakes. In fact, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think, where is a thousand lakes? Is that in northern Michigan? I can't remember where some of these places are. Where's the land of a thousand lakes? We should ask Brent that. Geography question for Brent. Um, Brent says I need to make it over to Niagara Falls one day. That'd be a good place to meet, actually, because it would be a shorter drive for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we also have the sea and we have the ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, generally, the sea and the ocean, uhm, the sea can be salt water, it can be freshwater, it depends on what sea you are talking about, the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, uh, or maybe we're talking about the Bering Sea, so the Bering Sea is salt water close to Alaska.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I should double check. I'm checking, I'm back checking now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fresh water. The Caspian Sea is not fresh water, it's salty water diluted by the inflow of fresh water. Okay, so I was wrong. The Caspian Sea is salt water. Uhm, we should make sure, let's check the Black Sea now. Let's see, uhm, is the Black Sea...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, it's, it is salt water, but less salty than the ocean. So there is a bit of a difference there. Ah, well, there we go. And then let's see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah. So, don't quote me on this. Again, this isn't a science lesson. Uhm, but generally a sea is smaller than the ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the ocean is usually the word, ocean is usually the word we use to talk about the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, uhm, the Indian Ocean. We use the word sea to talk about things like the South China Sea, uhm, or the Bering Sea. So, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, you're gonna have to do a little bit of your own research on the difference here, but generally in my mind, an ocean is much bigger than the sea, but they can be very similar. In fact, seas can be part of the ocean, right? Uhm, definitely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's talk about things I know about. Waves are things that you can find in a lake, you can find in the sea, you can find in the ocean. Waves are just large amounts of water that come to the shore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And sometimes if they're big enough, they will kind of curl over. One of the most popular water sports of course is to go surfing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so surfing is a popular water sport and we'll talk a little more about water sports in a bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes there will be white caps, so sometimes there's waves, and they don't quite curl, okay? And we would just call them waves, but sometimes when they curl, you can see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The water gets kind of foamy at the top and kind of white and we call those white caps. Uhm, sometimes on the lake when we go to the lake, the wind will be blowing really hard and it will make waves and the waves will have white caps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a river, sometimes a river or stream will flow over a lot of rocks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it will cause what we call rapids. Uhm, the river I live on does not have any rapids. It's, it's not, it doesn't go over any rocky areas. But there are many rivers that have rapids in other parts of Canada.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And sometimes people go white water rafting. So they'll actually go down the rapids in a raft. It's supposed to be a fun activity. I've never done it. And sometimes people will go kayaking when there are rapids.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we talked about, uhm, a flood or flooding. A flood is when a river, lake, or stream overflows its banks.


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[Assistant] Or when it simply rains so much that the water starts to accumulate where there's normally no water. You can see in this picture


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[Assistant] The street is flooded. There is a flood in this city. Normally, I would think there is no water on the street, but either it has rained so much that the water has accumulated or it has rained so much that the river or lake or ocean


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has kind of come into the city, and we would call that a flood.


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[Assistant] We have what's called a marsh and a swamp.


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[Assistant] There's a slight difference between the two. A marsh is usually a large grassy area that has a lot of water as well.


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[Assistant] I live close to several marshes. If I go south from my house.


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[Assistant] There's an area where there is just a lot of marshland. There are many, many marshes. So a marsh is a place where there's just lots of small pools of water. The ground is usually very, very wet and it's usually filled with grasses that like growing in wet ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, there are a lot of marshes. A swamp is very similar, except a swamp usually has trees as well. If I go to the north, there is a forest, and in the middle of the forest, there's a big swamp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it means that there's just water everywhere, there's mud everywhere, uhm, there's little pools of water, but there's also trees growing. So, a marsh and a swamp, they're both very similar.


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[Assistant] The only real difference is that a marsh usually doesn't have trees. It's just a very, very wet area or, and a swamp usually does have trees. We actually also call these wetlands.


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[Assistant] Right now in Canada, uhm, we're trying to preserve our wetlands. Uhm, wetlands are just areas that are constantly wet. There's usually just water everywhere. Uhm, and in wetlands you'll find marshes and swamps.


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[Assistant] Let's talk about the house. And speaking of water, I'm going to have a sip.


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[Assistant] As I mentioned, at our house, we do not drink our tap water. We don't drink water straight from the faucet, uhm, because the water that we have, uh, that comes out of our tap is from our cistern, which is just rainwater that has been collected.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but in most towns and cities in North America, in the US and Canada, we have what's called safe drinking water that comes right out of our taps. Okay? Uhm, I think the technical term is faucet, but I hardly ever use the word faucet. We just call it the tap, the kitchen tap. Might say the kitchen faucet sometimes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and usually the faucet or tap is above a sink, so that when you get water, the extra water goes in the sink. You would use the sink to do dishes, you would use the sink to wash your hands, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We treat our own wastewater here. We have a septic system, which is very common out in the country.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so as I mentioned, I have a cistern. It doesn't look like this, but under my garage, there is an 8,000 gallon cistern.


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[Assistant] And a cistern can be any size. A cistern is simply a place to store water, usually rainwater, but we also sometimes buy water. Sometimes, uhm, it doesn't rain for weeks on end and we have to buy a load of water. So a truck comes and drops off water and puts it in our cistern.


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[Assistant] Some people still have a well. There are two kinds of wells though in the world. There is this style of well which is a dug well. That means someone dug a hole deep into the ground and there's water at the bottom of the well. Uhm, some people in Canada, my neighbors have a well but they have a drilled well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means they drilled a small hole into the ground and then they put a water pump at the bottom of the hole. So wells are very common still in Canada. Uhm, I don't have a well because the water


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The well water in my area has a really funny smell to it. Uhm, it smells a little bit like rotten eggs. It's kind of a weird smell. So, we just get our drinking water from town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so there's a number of different ways to refer to water if you live in a town or city. Some people call it city water. Some people call it tap water. Some people call it drinking water. Uhm, but generally, if you live in a town in Canada or in the United States,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will probably have a water tower somewhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you are in a larger city, you probably don't have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, a water tower, there's probably a different way to distribute it, but as you drive across Canada, as you drive across the United States, it's very common to see a water tower


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they put all of the drinking water up into the tower and then there's a big pipe that comes down that distributes water to all of the people that live there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I've used the word pipe a few times. A pipe is a solid, uhm, pipe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can't use pipe to describe pipe. A pipe is a solid, uh, piece of metal. It's usually made out of steel or stainless steel, sometimes copper, and it's used to move water from one location to another. The thing is, a pipe is not, it's solid. It doesn't bend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A hose on the other hand is another way to move water. It has, you know, a hole through the middle. Uhm, but a hose is pliable or you can bend it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so, my house has water pipes. Uhm, it has hot water pipes and cold water pipes because we also have a hot water heater in our basement. Uhm, and we have a number of hoses outside that we use if we need to move water outside. Uhm, sometimes though there's a leak. We had a leak in a pipe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the barn last summer and water shot all over the place. A leak is a small hole in a pipe. You can see here this pipe definitely has a leak. It has a hole in it and water is coming out of the hole. It's not nice when you have a leak.


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[Assistant] Because sometimes your house can get flooded. Uhm, that has never happened to us, but sometimes if a pipe bursts,


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[Assistant] Or if a pipe springs a leak, by the way, that's how we say it. We usually say it springs a leak. Oh, the hose has sprung a leak. That pipe is springing a, that pipe has sprung a leak. Sorry, I'm using the past tense, but uhm,


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[Assistant] If you drive across a hose too many times, sometimes it will spring a leak. Uhm, but yeaah, that's how we refer to a small hole in a pipe or a hose. Uhm,


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[Assistant] In order to move water we use a pump. Uhm, a pump is anything large or small.


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[Assistant] That runs on electricity or gasoline or diesel or petrol or natural gas. It's a device, it's a small machine that will move water from one in somewhere, one place to another.


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[Assistant] So usually it has a hose or pipe connected to it. Uhm, as I mentioned, some people in my area have a well and they put a pump at the bottom of the well and it will move the water up through a hose or pipe so that people can use it.


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[Assistant] And then there are water sports. So water sports are any sport.


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[Assistant] That's done on, in, or around water. So surfing, jet skiing, uh, water skiing, all of those things are considered water sports. Because Canada has so many lakes, water sports are very, very popular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, someone asked me earlier what my favorite water sport was and I said water skiing. I have to say though, it's been a long time since I've gone water skiing. Uhm, but water sports very, very popular. In fact, most people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While not most people, many people I know own a boat. Just a small boat. I live on a river and I don't have a boat. I should really get one someday.


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[Assistant] Uhm, when you, when you go in water or when someone sprays water on you, you get wet, okay? So this person is wet. I don't know why he's in the river, but he's, he looks happy, so maybe he's just in the river to cool off, but he is definitely wet. His shirt is now wet.


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[Assistant] Uhm, a couple last things here. When farmers, uhm, water their crops, we say that they are irrigating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Later this summer, I'm going to irrigate my field. Well, I'm going to irrigate the flowers. We don't actually irrigate our larger crops. But when you irrigate, it means you put water on plants so they will grow. It's also called irrigation. So the verb is to irrigate. The noun is irrigation.


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[Assistant] We don't have a pool anymore. A pool is a nice little place to jump in and cool off on a hot summer day. Uhm, for some reason when I was a kid, my dad really liked having a pool, so he built his own pool.


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[Assistant] But eventually, uhm, it didn't, uh, hold water. It sprung a leak. And so we got rid of it.


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[Assistant] And sometimes, uh, in different places, people will create what's called a dam. They will build a dam to hold back water. You can see in this picture that the dam is holding the water back on the one side, and usually a dam is created


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that you can generate power. A lot of times a dam will have a hydroelectric power plant attached to it. Not all of them do, but definitely a dam is a common sight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the northern part of the province of Quebec where they generate a lot of power using, uhm, a dam with a hydroelectric power plant.


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[Assistant] I don't know about you, but I think the world is amazing, and in this lesson I'm going to talk about some of the amazing things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In some ways, it'll be a little bit like a geography lesson. So if you like talking about lakes and cliffs and valleys, this will be a good lesson not only for you to learn English, but also to learn a little bit about the natural world around us. So once again, welcome to this English lesson about this amazing world.


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[Assistant] Waterfall. So I put this word first. A waterfall is when a river goes over the edge of a precipice. That's a big word, eh? Or a cliff.


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[Assistant] So I put this one first because I live close to Niagara Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in the world. So a waterfall is beautiful to watch. When I go to Niagara Falls, I can stand and watch the waterfall for a long time.


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[Assistant] We would probably use words like, uhm, mesmerizing. When you watch the water just continually flow over the edge and fall. When you watch the waterfall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you watch the water fall. Did you know you could use it together, waterfall or separate? You watch the water.


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[Assistant] Anyways, it's pretty obvious why it's called this. A waterfall is simply a beautiful thing to see. If there's one near you, I suggest you plan to go have a look at it sometime this month or in the future. Always a good experience when you go see a waterfall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now a rapids, when you see rapids,


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[Assistant] It's not a waterfall, but it's certainly water that's moving quickly and usually over rocks and other things. There might be some logs, some fallen trees, there's rocks, and it creates


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we call white water. So this is what I would call rapids. When the water gets foamy like this, I would call it white water. So rapids are found usually in mountainous areas or areas where the water can flow very quickly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, either in a river or stream over and around rocks. One of the most popular things to do, uh, is to go kayaking. A lot of people will kayak, uh, down a river that has lots of rapids. So rapids would be much smaller than a waterfall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But certainly another form of flowing water.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but a canyon is just a beautiful place to go because it's very serene. That's how I would describe it. It's very serene.


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[Assistant] But if you go to the western United States, you'll be able to find something called the Grand Canyon. Fun place to visit, I would assume. So you might be wondering what's a gorge.


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[Assistant] Let me say that word again. A gorge. A gorge to me is a smaller type of canyon. A gorge to me is something that you would find, uhm, close to me there is actually a few gorges. It's another area where the sides are very very steep.


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[Assistant] And a gorge almost always has flowing water at the bottom of it. Usually fairly fast flowing water. So near me, there are a few places where you can go see a gorge. There's Alora Gorge, about two hours drive from here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, again, gorge, kind of a funny word to say, but a place with very steep sides and flowing water at the bottom.


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[Assistant] As you can see here, if you were to be afraid of heights like I am, you wouldn't necessarily want to walk to the edge of a cliff. I would be afraid to stand at the edge of a cliff.


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[Assistant] Because I am afraid of heights. I don't like being in high places. But this is a great example of a very steep cliff. We often describe a cliff as being very steep because it's almost vertical. Uhm, definitely a little bit of a scary place to stand. Don't go stand by the edge of a cliff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a simpler one here, a mountain. A mountain is simply a very, very tall, rocky, uhm, I'm trying to think of another word, a tall, rocky outcropping from the earth maybe, but all of us are aware that if you want to go to one of the highest natural


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Naturally occurring places in your country, you will want to find one of your country's mountains.


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[Assistant] I think in Canada the highest mountain is Mount Logan. I think it's up in the Yukon up north. Uhm, we all are probably familiar with Mount Everest. That's another mountain that is very tall. And mountains are places where people are drawn to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Small mountain. Am I allowed to say that? Is that how you would define it? Uhm, a hill is something as simple as it might take you four or five steps to get to the top of a hill. It might take you a hundred or two hundred steps to get to the top of a hill. If a hill is more steps than that, at a certain point,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We would start to call it a mountain. Uhm, and by the way, a mountain doesn't have to just be made of rock. In the earlier parts of the mountain, it will be hilly, uh, and there will be some grass and other things as well, possibly trees. Uh, but a hill, I would say, is any mound of dirt


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[Assistant] Big enough that it would take you a few steps to get to the top, or many, many,


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[Assistant] We have a hill behind our house, and that's the hill that we use when we go sledding. Uh, it's really nice to slide down that hill on a sled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a valley, a valley occurs between two hills or between two mountains. It's definitely bigger than a gorge and it's definitely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see that there's a road in the valley. So it's a low area between two higher areas. Sometimes the valley will wind a little bit, and valleys are very, very beautiful.


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[Assistant] We don't have many valleys near me, but I know there are countries like, I think Switzerland, uhm, and other places in the world where there are many, many mountains, and because of that there are many, many valleys. Very, very fun and enjoyable.


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[Assistant] To go to a valley and see the beautiful, uhm, view.


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[Assistant] So a couple flat areas to talk about. Uh, a plane is just a very flat area with


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[Assistant] Almost no trees or no trees. In western Canada, there are plains. Uhm, so it's just flat areas of land and there are no hills. There are no mountains. There might be a few trees but usually not very many trees. It's just a big


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a little bit boring, I've heard, to drive across Saskatchewan, the province of Saskatchewan because it's very flat and the roads are very straight and there's not a whole lot


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[Assistant] Of variation. Uhm, no hills, no mountains, barely any trees. And then we have what's called grassland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Grassland is similar to, uh, a plane, uh, except that it definitely has grass. So it's basically a plane that has a lot of grass. Grassland is often used for grazing cattle or sheep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there are parts of North America where there is just a lot of, uh, plain and it's mostly grassland, uh, where they feed, have cattle, uhm, on pasture, we would say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this is a pretty simple one. You'll notice I've put some words in here that you probably know, and I've put some words in here that maybe are new to you.


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[Assistant] Beach should be familiar for a couple of reasons. First of all, it's a place by a lake or ocean or sea where usually there's lots of sand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although we do have beaches here where it's really really small rocks or pebbles as well. There's usually waves coming in and it's a beautiful place to go in the summer. I will say the word again, beach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you listen, it's beach, beach. So when you see, you know, the little insect called a bee, that's how it starts, beach. You don't want to mispronounce this because if you, let me, let me give you an example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now I'm going to itch my shoulder here. If I say the word itch,


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[Assistant] But I start with the letter B instead. That's not a good word to say. And sometimes when people say beach,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They say it in a way where it rhymes with itch. Don't say that. It's not a very nice word or kind word, but a beach, a place near the sea or a lake or ocean, uh, where there's sand or really small stones and waves and it's a fun place to go on a summer day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So coast, we also say coastline, is a more general term.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A beach is on the coast. The coast refers to the place where water, this hand is water, this is lead,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it can be a rocky coast, like in the distance. It can be a beach, like in the forefront here. But a coast or coastline, sometimes we say coastline, uhm, is the place where, again, a lake


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not sure if I would use it for a lake. Let me think about that. When I go to the lake, I go to the water's edge. I think coast is primarily when talking about a sea or ocean. And I'll talk about the difference between those two at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the world, there are large chunks of ice or compacted snow, mostly ice, uh, that float in the ocean. Uhm, these come from either the north pole or the south pole or the northern part of the planet or southern part of the planet. I think there's icebergs in the south.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But where there is a lot of accumulated ice, definitely in the north, occasionally that ice will


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[Assistant] Fall into the ocean and it will float because ice floats.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually that's one of the amazing things about our world. When water freezes, it floats. When you put ice cubes in a cup, they float.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Icebergs float in the ocean. They're very dangerous for ships because apparently there's more iceberg underneath the water than there is above the water. But an iceberg is a big chunk of ice


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lava from underneath the surface of the earth comes to the surface. There's a lot of pressure because of that molten lava. Lava is like melted rock. And when that pressure builds to a certain point,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The volcano will erupt and the lava will shoot lava and ash, uhm, and maybe water vapor or steam, I'm not sure, but definitely lava will erupt from the top of the volcano and the lava will then flow down the side of the volcano.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I would say, uhm, a volcano looks like a mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, uh, it has the potential at the top where there is the, I guess you would call it the crater.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This isn't a science lesson by the way. It has the potential to erupt. And there are two types of volcanoes. There are inactive volcanoes, which haven't erupted for many years. And there are active volcanoes that erupt occasionally still today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the desert is usually a place where there is a lot of sand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a place where it does not rain very often and even though there is life in the desert, there's not a lot of life. There aren't a lot of plants. There aren't a lot of animals and everything that lives in the desert has adapted


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now an oasis, let me say that again, an oasis


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is a place where there is water in the middle of usually a desert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We use Oasis to describe other things in life. Sometimes a restaurant will be called an Oasis. If they choose that for the name, Bob's Oasis. That would be the name of my restaurant if I started it. But the full definition or real definition is a source of water in the desert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which allows some trees and other vegetation to grow. So if you are ever lost in the desert, you hope that you will eventually find an oasis, or more importantly that you'll find, uh, civilization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So an oasis, uhm, a place in the desert where maybe it's a lake or pond or maybe there's water, a spring where water is coming up out of the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So glacier. By the way, at the front here, I think you might call that an iceberg. But at the back, you have a glacier. So notice how I'm saying it. Glacier. I pronounce it with an S-H sound. Glacier. A glacier can be found, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Near the north or south pole, but also in mountains. And it's just kind of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's a lot of ice or compacted snow. By the way, compacted means if you have this much snow and you squish it, it's compacted snow. So it's a river of ice or snow that slowly moves down the side of a mountain or just moves across the land.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've never seen a glacier, but it would be fun. I think you can go on a cruise ship and see icebergs and glaciers in the North Atlantic. Maybe someday I'll do that. Although Jen doesn't really like boats, so we'll see. A cave. So a cave is a natural


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the past, for some reason, the rock has moved to create an opening or maybe water used to flow through and the water has created an opening in the rock. So a cave is a dark place underground where you could


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, explore or you could even seek shelter if you were lost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm not sure if you know what a geyser is, but there are places in the world where water will shoot out of the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I timed that really, really well. Uhm, so for some reason there is water under the ground under pressure. It might even be hot water. Generally geysers are in the same places as hot springs, which I'll talk about in a moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but a geyser is a place where every once in a while water will just shoot out of the ground. Uhm, I think there are geysers in the western United States. I think one is called Old Faithful because it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the geyser, it goes off, like, at the same time, all the time. Again, not a science lesson, just a lesson for English, uh, learners with some pretty videos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then a hot springs. So hot springs are places where water, hot water naturally comes out of the ground. Uhm, and sometimes it's the right temperature for people to enjoy. Sometimes it's too hot, but you probably


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The oldest business in the world is in Japan and it's at Hot Springs. You'll have to look that up. Uhm, but I think I saw a little video on that earlier this week. Uh, a video about, uhm, the most or the oldest


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's kind of a curve to it. So it's a kind of a natural harbor. A harbor is a safe place for ships to go because it's protected. A bay is a place where, uhm, like you can see here there's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Part of an ocean or sea or even lake where there's like a curved area along the shore, uhm, to create a bay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A reef. So a reef is a formation below the water or above, uhm, kind of a rocky formation where animals can live and little plants can grow, usually in the ocean. I think the most famous reef is the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia. Again,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, where there are rocks and coral. I should be more specific. It's made of coral. Uhm, and it kinda looks like this. It's kinda cool to watch the fish swimming around. Uhm, by the way, I can watch fish swim for hours. It's very, very enjoyable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I should have put ravine with canyon and gorge. Sorry, I should have had it earlier in the lesson. Uh, a ravine is very similar to a gorge. In fact,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For me, the two words mean the same thing. But I would probably say a gorge is deeper than a ravine. A ravine can be small or large. Uhm, and it's basically an area like this. Steep, sloping sides of rock or dirt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then sometimes water at the bottom, although,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes the water dries up, so there isn't always water at the bottom of a gorge or ravine, but typically a ravine would be a place like this. Let me say the word one more time for your pronunciation practice. A ravine. I fell in a ravine when I was a kid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't actually fall. I rode my bike down the side and I hit my head. So ravines can be dangerous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have a forest and we have a jungle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both of these are similar in the sense that a forest is a place where there are lots of trees growing naturally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There will be a lot of really old trees, a lot of younger trees. There will be what we call undergrowth, things growing on the ground, small plants, small trees, maybe grasses as well. But a forest is generally found, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In an area where it's not tropical, let's just say that way. In my area, there are a lot of forests. We sometimes call it the woods or we even say the bush. So a bush is a little plant, but a bush can also be like a forest. Uhm, but a jungle would be similar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a lot of trees growing naturally, but it's usually in a tropical area. So there's more vines and other types of plants that like a lot of rain and a lot of heat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a forest and a jungle, uhm, are places where simply you would see a lot of trees growing naturally. It's a lot of fun to go for a hike.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should be careful when hiking in the forest or in a jungle, uhm, because, uh, there might be animals that are dangerous there, so be careful.


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[Assistant] Island. So, I'm going to finish the lesson with a few really easy ones. I put the easy ones at the end, the ones you would probably know. An island is simply a piece of land surrounded by water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can be any size. This is a small island. I believe


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That even you would consider Japan an island. So it's a piece of land, uhm, completely surrounded by water.


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[Assistant] If you're rich, you can buy a private island. Uhm, in the Caribbean, there are many people who, well, many, there are people who own private islands. That means that they own the entire island. I do not own a private island. I will never own a private island. That is for the ultra wealthy in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A peninsula though, let me say that again, peninsula. A peninsula is an area where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or a peninsula has water on most sides, but it's still connected. So it's not an island.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not completely surrounded by water, but it's surrounded by quite a bit of water.


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[Assistant] On a peninsula. I know this is gonna sound kinda funny, but I live in the Niagara Peninsula.


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[Assistant] I don't live near an ocean, but I live near the Great Lakes. There is a lake to the south of me. There is a lake to the north of me. Lake Erie is to the south of me. Lake Ontario is to the north of me. And to the east of me, there is a river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it's not a true peninsula, but it's called the Niagara Peninsula.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A creek, sometimes called a stream or a brook. We have many names for small, small, tiny, tiny rivers. Okay. If I saw this, I would call it a stream. It's a general term for a small amount of flowing water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think a brook is smaller than a creek.


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[Assistant] Brooks, by the way, babble. A babbling brook. But a creek would be anything like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A place where there is a little bit of water flowing. It's not very deep. If it was a small brook, you could probably walk through it and just your feet would get wet. A creek, you might get wet up to your knees, but a creek is just a place where there's a small amount of flowing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a creek down the hill behind my house, and there's a river by my house. Oh, did you know that?


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[Assistant] You've seen the river, but I should someday make a little video down by the creek. There's also a creek behind my house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a river then is one of the most common, uh, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We use the word river instead of stream when it becomes much deeper and much wider. So I don't know exactly when you decide to call something a river instead of a creek, but generally if the water is up to your waist,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it would take you a little bit of time to swim across. We would probably call it a river. So a large flowing amount of.


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[Assistant] Now, this maybe isn't the best video to show this because I think there's a river at the end, but a lake is simply a large body.


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[Assistant] Of fresh water. So a couple things I just said there. We often talk about water and use the word body, a body of water.


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[Assistant] So a lake is a body of water. Uhm, an ocean is a body of water. A lake is usually, though, made of freshwater. There's no salt, or the salt content is very low. In Canada, we have many, many freshwater lakes. Uhm, and so the water is drinkable. It should go through a water treatment plant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's usually a large body of water near land. So it's usually off the coast. We have things like the Mediterranean sea. Um, it can be salt water. It might be a mixture of the two, right? When you have a sea, it might have a lot of freshwater rivers flowing into it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but a lot of times people ask what's the difference between the sea and the ocean.


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[Assistant] So it's simply size and how close it is to land or how it was named.


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[Assistant] That's really what it comes down to. So, uh, sea is usually located close to land, relatively. Uhm, and then we use ocean to describe our bigger bodies of water. The Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, uh, and those kinds of things.


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[Assistant] Bodies of water. Not sure why we use the word body, but we do.


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[Assistant] Most people's dogs obey them. Mine only obeys the call of the wild.


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[Assistant] A beagle scout, of course. He's pretty confident. Alright, napsack inspection.


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[Assistant] I don't think he's that bad. After all, he is a Beagle Scout, you know.


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[Assistant] I am writing this letter in a store that sells hype riders. Right now, a clerk is eyeing me rather suspiciously. What's the matter? Don't I look like a customer?


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[Assistant] You were out far beyond all civilization. Suddenly, you heard five chocolate chip cookies calling you.


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[Assistant] Okay, we'll flip a coin. Heads, I stay in this pool. Tails, I let you go in, and I find somewhere else.


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[Assistant] The new airport construction project has hit a snag.