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[Assistant] The range query from i to j, we have a Fenwick tree of size n.


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[Assistant] So I'm going to define a function called prefix sum, which does that cascade.


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[Assistant] Cascading down, uh, operation.


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[Assistant] So we started i and while i is now equal to zero.


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[Assistant] Uh, values in our finite tree and we're going to


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[Assistant] Remove the value of the least significant bit.


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[Assistant] And we're all, we're gonna keep doing this until our value is zero and then we can return the sum.


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[Assistant] So the range query that is just the difference between those prefix sums.


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[Assistant] So really neat little, uh, algorithm. All right. Thanks for watching this guys.


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[Assistant] And in the next video, we're going to be doing point updates on a finite tree. So stay tuned for that. It's actually super cool. And it works in just the opposite way. So it's almost the same algorithm.


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[Assistant] And if you want some source code for the Fenwick tree, make sure to check out the GitHub repository.


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[Assistant] Below should also be in the description. Guys, thanks for watching.


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[Assistant] Hit the like button and I will catch you in the next video.


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[Assistant] An interesting topic I want to talk about today is the suffix array. This is an incredibly powerful data structure to have in your toolbox when you're doing some string processing.


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[Assistant] Suffix arrays are a relatively new data structure appearing around the early 90s due to the heavy memory consumption needs of suffix trees.


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[Assistant] Let's start with the basics and talk about just what a suffix is. For our purposes, a suffix is a non empty substring at the end of a string.


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[Assistant] For example, if we ask ourselves what all the possible suffixes of the string horse are, we are able to come up with five unique suffixes.


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[Assistant] Now we can answer the question, what is a suffix array? The answer is a suffix array is the array containing all the sorted suffixes of a string. Let's see an example of this.


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[Assistant] Suppose you want to find the suffix array for the word camel. On the left, I constructed a table with all the suffixes of camel and the indices of where that particular suffix started in the string camel. Then on the right hand side,


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[Assistant] I sorted all the suffixes in lexicographic order in a table.


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[Assistant] The actual suffix array is the array of sorted indices highlighted in orange. We do not need to actually store the suffixes themselves if we know where the suffix begins in the original string.


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[Assistant] This is an ingenious idea. And it provides us with a compressed representation of the sorted suffixes without actually needing to physically store the suffixes themselves. All we need is the original string and the array of associated indices.


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[Assistant] In summary, a suffix array is an array of indices which store the sorted suffixes of a string. Furthermore, for a bit of history on the suffix array,


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[Assistant] It is a data structure originally designed to be a space efficient alternative to a suffix tree.


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[Assistant] Which in turn is itself meant to be a compressed version of another data structure called a trie.


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[Assistant] As a side note, even though the suffix array is a very different from the suffix tree, suffix arrays can do just


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[Assistant] About virtually anything the suffix tree can with some additional auxiliary information such as a longest common prefix array, which will be the topic of our next video.


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[Assistant] So thank you for watching and stay tuned for the next video where I will introduce the longest common prefix array. Thank you.


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[Assistant] In this video, I want to discuss a neat application of suffix arrays and LCP arrays. And that is finding and counting unique substrings.


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[Assistant] There are a variety of interesting problems in computer science, especially bioinformatics that require you to find all the unique substrings of a string. The naive algorithm has a terrible time complexity of n squared, which requires a lot of space.


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[Assistant] The idea is to generate all the substrings of the string and dump them inside a set.


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[Assistant] A superior approach is to use the information stored inside the LCP array. This provides not only a quick but also a space efficient solution.


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[Assistant] I'm not saying that this is the canonical way of finding all your unique substrings, because there exists other notable algorithms such as Rabin carp in combination with bloom filters.


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[Assistant] Let's now look at an example of how to find unique substrings. Let's now look at an example of how to find all the unique substrings of the string a z a z a.


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[Assistant] For every string, there are exactly n times n plus one over two substrings. The proof of this I will leave as an exercise. So listener, but it's really not that hard to derive. Now notice that all the substrings here, there are a few duplicate ones.


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[Assistant] I have highlighted the repeated substrings, there are exactly six of them, and nine unique ones. Now let's use the information inside the LCP array to figure out which of those substrings really were the duplicate ones.


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[Assistant] In the table on the right, I generated the LCP array for the string azaz8.


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[Assistant] Remember what the LCP array represents, it represents that two adjacent suffixes of the original string share certain amount of characters with each other.


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[Assistant] So if the LCP value at a certain index is say five, then there are five characters in common between those two suffixes.


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[Assistant] In other words, there are five repeated substrings between those two suffixes, since they come from the same larger string. So if we inspect the first LCP position at index one, we see that has a value of one.


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[Assistant] We know that the repeated string is the first character in a so we know that a is a repeated


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[Assistant] The next interesting LCP values to for the last two suffixes. So there are two repeated substrings here we can eliminate.


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[Assistant] We can then come up with an interesting way of counting all unique substrings. We know how many substrings there are, and that is n times n plus one over two. And we also know the number of duplicate strings that is the sum of all the LCP values.


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[Assistant] If this doesn't make immediate sense, try out a few examples and play around with it. If we go back to the example we just did with the string a z a z a and we set n equal to five,


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[Assistant] Which is the length of the string, then we can get the correct answer of nine by punching n equals five and then removing all the repeated substring values summed up in the LCP array.


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[Assistant] Alright, so if you're looking for a programming challenge concerning counting substrings, like I mentioned here, check out the link to the Katas online judge for some practice.


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[Assistant] I also included some source code for the suffix array and LCP array available on github at github.com slash William physis slash data dash structures.


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[Assistant] Thank you for watching. And in the next video, we'll be talking about other applications of suffix arrays and LCP arrays. Stay tuned.


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[Assistant] I'm just calling about our meeting today. I wonder, is it possible to reschedule our appointment in the afternoon? I have a bit of an emergency that I need to take care of.


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[Assistant] I'm really sorry. I hope it doesn't inconvenience you too much. It's just this thing came up and...


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[Assistant] Hello, Samantha speaking. Hi Samantha, this is Angela calling. Oh, hi Angela, what's up? I'm just calling about our meeting today. I wonder...


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[Assistant] Is it possible to reschedule our appointment in the afternoon?


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[Assistant] I have a bit of an emergency that I need to take care of.


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[Assistant] I'm really sorry. I hope it doesn't inconvenience you too much. It's just this thing came up and...


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[Assistant] No wonder she told me she couldn't make it to the meeting. Oh no! I think she saw me.


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[Assistant] I'm just calling about our meeting today. I wonder, is it possible to reschedule our appointment in the afternoon? I have a bit of an emergency that I need to take care of.


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[Assistant] I'm really sorry. I hope it doesn't inconvenience you too much. It's just this thing came up and...


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[Assistant] Whether to live on the sea floor or to brave the expansive open ocean of the mid-water zone.


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[Assistant] In the previous video, we explored the benthic and imersal life that dwells on the bottom of the ocean.


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[Assistant] And study the advantages of adopting such a lifestyle in the deep sea.


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[Assistant] Now we'll take a look at the pelagic creatures of the deep.


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[Assistant] Rarely coming near the shore or the bottom.


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[Assistant] The open ocean is an entirely different world to the benthic zone of the sea floor.


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[Assistant] A plethora of life has found ways to survive here, from the surface, all the way down into the abyss, utilizing some unexpected adaptations


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[Assistant] To overcome the challenges of life in the open ocean.


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[Assistant] Coastal forage fish such as herrings and sardines form massive bait balls near the surface.


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[Assistant] Large apex predators make the most of the opportunity.


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[Assistant] All adapted to be agile swimmers with streamlined bodies.


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[Assistant] Capable of sustaining them on long distance migrations.


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[Assistant] And to protect themselves from predators, as there are no landforms to provide shelter.


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[Assistant] Other species are solitary such as the large ocean sunfish. This species drifts passively along.


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[Assistant] And it manages to turn the strong currents here into an advantage. It drifts along with them.


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[Assistant] As you travel deeper, conditions in the column change. Pressure begins to increase, temperature and light decrease, as does the amount of dissolved oxygen.


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[Assistant] We can divide the column into five different layers.


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[Assistant] At the top is the epipelagic zone, which we have just examined.


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[Assistant] Already, just 200 meters down, we find a drastically different environment. Residual light is dim, so photosynthesis cannot occur.


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[Assistant] Instead, nutrients are supplied from above. Death and defecation.


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[Assistant] But the marine snow that carries this nutrient-rich organic material only briefly passes through.


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[Assistant] It cannot settle here, out in the open, so life must find inventive ways to make the most of it.


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[Assistant] The odd looking vampire squid extends a long filamentous tentacle into the water column, bringing captured particles back to its mouth.


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[Assistant] But not all of it can be taken out of the water column in time.


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[Assistant] The majority of nutrients from productivity of pelagic creatures ends up sinking to the sea floor, where it is more concentrated than in the open ocean.


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[Assistant] This could explain why demersal life on the sea floor is more abundant than pelagic life.


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[Assistant] A challenge that creatures must adapt in order to overcome.


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[Assistant] But here, their best chances of survival come from growing to be far larger.


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[Assistant] This is because being bigger means they have a smaller surface area to volume ratio. So they lose less energy as heat. They become more efficient. In the case of many creatures like the Greenland Shark, they also develop highly slowed metabolisms.


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[Assistant] Thus, the little food they do come across can sustain them for longer. But the case of this particular deep sea shark


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[Assistant] Pelagic creatures of the Mesopelagic and Bathypelagic zones.


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[Assistant] This means that they frequent the demersal zone in order to feed.


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[Assistant] Descending from the open water above to hunt the sea floor creatures or scavenge sunken corpses.


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[Assistant] Pelagic life can swim freely in any direction, unhindered by topographical constraints. So they can make use of the demersal ecosystem, almost as a service station of the deep sea.


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[Assistant] Contrastingly, benthic life has specific requirements. They cannot stray far from the sea floor, and must make use of their immediate environment. For example, if there are no rocky surfaces, corals and sponges cannot survive, so fish that rely on such creatures cannot live there.


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[Assistant] Without having to worry about these constraints, pelagic creatures are often more successful.


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[Assistant] Pelagic creatures display entirely different adaptations to animals of the benthic zone. They tend to be larger, differently coloured, and more adaptable to different environments.


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[Assistant] But whether this way of life is more or less advantageous than that of seafloor creatures depends on perspective.


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[Assistant] But on the other they must work harder to move and find food. So to conclude, benthic and pelagic lifestyles.


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[Assistant] Oh, that sounds great. I'd love to. Here's my address. Pick me up at eight.


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[Assistant] Thank you for such a lovely evening. The food was amazing and I had a great time.


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[Assistant] That sounds great. I'd love to.


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[Assistant] Here is my address. Pick me up at 8?


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[Assistant] Oh, that sounds great. I'd love to. Here's my address. Pick me up at eight.


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[Assistant] Thank you for such a lovely evening. The food was amazing and I had a great time.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, you better come inside then. Can I come too?


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[Assistant] Rosie Rabbit and Robbie Rabbit.


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[Assistant] Oh, yes, of course. We'd love to come over. Can I bring anything?


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[Assistant] You're sure eating a lot. You must have a big appetite.


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[Assistant] We're going to finish where we left off in the last video in this video.


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[Assistant] I wanted to do a full example solving the longest common substring problem with a suffix


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[Assistant] For this example, we're going to have four strings.


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[Assistant] I have also selected the value of K to be equal to two, meaning that we want a minimum of two strings of our pool of four to share the longest common substring between them.


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[Assistant] I have also provided you with a concatenated text we'll be working with as well as the solution at the bottom of the screen in case you want to pause the video and figure it out for yourself.


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[Assistant] The first step in finding the longest common substring between a set of our four strings is to build the suffix array and the LCP array, which I have displayed on the right side and the left side, respectively.


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[Assistant] While I will be conducting the longest common substring algorithm, notice the variables on the left as they change.


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[Assistant] The window LCP and the window LCS values will track the longest common prefix and the longest common substring values for the current window and the LCS length and the LCS set will track the best values so far. So let's get started.


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[Assistant] Initially, our window starts at the top, and we want the window to contain two different colors. So our rule is to expand downwards when we do not meet this criteria. As I expand down, the suffix is green, so we still only have one color.


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[Assistant] I expand down again and still one more green suffix.


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[Assistant] I expand downwards again and now we arrive at a blue suffix. And here, we are able to perform a range query for our window. However, our query isn't fruitful because the window longest common prefix value is zero.


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[Assistant] So there's no longest common substring here.


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[Assistant] When we satisfy the window color criteria like we do now, we decrease the window size.


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[Assistant] Decrease the window size again. And this time, look what we found.


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[Assistant] The current window contains a longest common prefix length of two. So we obtain the longest common substring BC and add it to our solution set. Now we keep shrinking the interval size because we meet the color requirement.


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[Assistant] Our window size is now too small, because k is two, so we need two different color strings. So we expand once more.


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[Assistant] Now something interesting has happened because we find an LCP value of three, which is larger than our current best value. So we update the solution set


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[Assistant] To have the string BCD instead of just BC, which is one character longer, now get to shrink the window size.


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[Assistant] Now expand to meet the color requirement, we get an LCP value of one.


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[Assistant] But that doesn't beat our current best, which is three. So shrink the window.


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[Assistant] Now we need to meet the color requirements or expand. We have only blue strings. So keep expanding.


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[Assistant] An LCP value of one for this window range.


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[Assistant] Now we have an LCP value of two, getting closer to


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[Assistant] Our best, but still not good enough. So we have to shrink and let go. Now expand. Now something interesting is going on here. We have a window LCP value of three, which is equal to our best so far. So instead of saying that


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[Assistant] The CDE our newfound longest common substring value beats BCD, which is of the same length, we keep both in the solution set. Alright, so now


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[Assistant] Let's shrink our window interval because we meet the color requirement. Now expand it, we still need one more color expand again, our LCP window value is zero. So shrink


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[Assistant] And shrink again. Now expand LCP value of one here. That's not good enough. So smaller, expand LCP value of two. Okay, we might be getting closer, but we meet color requirements or shrink.


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[Assistant] Now expand to meet the color requirement. These two strings have an LCP value zero shrink. Now expand. Now shrink.


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[Assistant] Now we've reached the end and found our solution to the longest common substring problem with four strings and a k value of two.


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[Assistant] As I was doing the window expanding and shrinking,


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[Assistant] I wanted you to notice that each time the window either expanded or shrink,


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[Assistant] I only ever moved one of the endpoints downwards and they were always going downwards. So we know that the number of windows


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[Assistant] Has to be linear in proportion to the number of suffixes that we have. And the number of suffixes that we have is the length of our text.


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[Assistant] T. So we come to the conclusion that there must be a linear amount of windows that we must consider, which is really good because we want our time complexity be quick.


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[Assistant] So that's it for now. Thank you for watching. I hope you learned something and I will catch you next time.


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[Assistant] That's a fruit? Written by Sarah Goosson Focus Question


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[Assistant] What do all fruits have in common?


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[Assistant] All fruits have seeds.


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[Assistant] Some fruits may surprise you.


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[Assistant] An avocado is a fruit.


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[Assistant] A tomato is a fruit.


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[Assistant] A cucumber is a fruit.


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[Assistant] A pepper is a fruit.


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[Assistant] A pumpkin is a fruit.


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[Assistant] An eggplant is a fruit.


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[Assistant] Can you name some other surprising fruits?


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[Assistant] Label the picture and tell why it is your favorite. Science.


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[Assistant] How else can you sort the foods?


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[Assistant] Share your ideas with a partner.


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[Assistant] Well, if you want to make it rain in this country, have a barbecue.


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[Assistant] Vocabulary preview. So two words today. The first one is a good fit.


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[Assistant] Cause we'll come back and explain all the key language. Now we're going to listen as two managers discuss the performance of one employee.


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[Assistant] Well let's look at the language he used to tell us that he's unhappy about this.


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[Assistant] Yes, if someone has a good work ethic, then they are always hardworking, and they come to work early, and they finish their jobs on time, and they stay and do lots of overtime, so that's a good work ethic.


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[Assistant] So we've got some great language to describe work performance. Let's listen to our dialogue a second time.


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[Assistant] That's right, three phrases that will help us make our point better.


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[Assistant] So this is the same as saying on the whole.


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[Assistant] That's right. Marco and I are always on the site and we're happy to answer your questions.


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[Assistant] Space. Written by Katherine Page. In the day, you see the sky.


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[Assistant] Planets are in space.


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[Assistant] Satellites are in space.


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[Assistant] Hello, yes, I'd like to open a bank account.


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[Assistant] In today's lesson we've got some excellent language that will help you to describe someone's appearance.


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[Assistant] I don't know how I would feel about dating my friend's brother.


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[Assistant] Well, uhm, you know what? Let's look at the language before this gets too far.


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[Assistant] So you guys know this word, past tense of here, right?


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[Assistant] Let's listen to a couple of examples of how it's used.


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[Assistant] Exactly, or I could say, I missed the first five minutes of the movie, fill me in.


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[Assistant] I guess this is the plan for your job over several like 10 or 20 years.


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[Assistant] So in this case, uhm, David has a really good career path because he's going to be a really rich and powerful investment banker.


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[Assistant] Exactly. There's a lot of language in here talking about the way someone looks.


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[Assistant] But I think good looking sounds a lot more natural than handsome.


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[Assistant] Even though it's correct, it just good looking sounds much more natural.


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[Assistant] So, this is another sort of informal way of describing someone who's really good looking.


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[Assistant] Well guys, thanks for listening today, and until next time, goodbye!


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[Assistant] You know what, Marco? I think this lesson is so useful. This is a language that you can actually use every single day.


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[Assistant] Cause we'll come back in a minute and help you with some of the difficult language.


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[Assistant] Yeah, Mr. Anderson really didn't wanna talk to him, did he?


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[Assistant] Well we've got four words and phrases and our first one is barely even.


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[Assistant] It's really similar to like almost couldn't or almost nothing or almost can't. So we use it usually in a negative sense. For example, I could say, I was so busy today, I could barely even eat my lunch.


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[Assistant] Yeah, or, I'm so poor I can barely even pay my rent.


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[Assistant] Catch. Catch. Catch. Did you catch the news?


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[Assistant] Exactly. So how else can we use this? Did you catch?


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[Assistant] Yeah, and we can also say, I didn't catch what he said.


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[Assistant] Okay, so I see that when we say by the way, uhm, we're introducing a point after we've already talked about something.


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[Assistant] Yes, a lot of people might say use the stairs or go up the stairs, but our English pod learners, they know, right?


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[Assistant] So Marco, today we've got some great patterns or structures that you can use, uh, in, in your small talk.


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[Assistant] And when you say sure is, uh, this is a great way of emphasizing that you believe this adjective to be true.


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[Assistant] Well, in the dialogue, uh, Mr. Anderson said, yeah, it's pretty cold, alright.


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[Assistant] So Marco, these things, it sure is blank, and yeaah, it's blank alright. These can go together really well, can't they?


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[Assistant] So why don't we listen to some examples of how these two phrases work together.


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[Assistant] Mmm, or maybe, do you happen to have a pen?


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[Assistant] Alright Marco, that was a really useful dialogue for daily life, wasn't it?


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[Assistant] Okay everyone, well, we're out of time, but until next time, goodbye.


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[Assistant] Pepper and her family have been for a lovely day out in the mountains. Time to go home! Back to the car!


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[Assistant] Maybe it's about time you got a new dinosaur. Yes!


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[Assistant] Yeah, we're gonna learn, uhm, some phrases we can use to describe a mistake.


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[Assistant] And we're also going to learn how we can comfort someone. We can make them feel better.


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[Assistant] Well, it means you stop having a romantic relationship for a short time.


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[Assistant] Right, so we've got the state on a break and the action. Take a break.


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[Assistant] But Marco and I will come back in a minute and we'll talk about some of the difficult language here.


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[Assistant] So, so if you are seeing someone, then you can also see another person.


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[Assistant] Well I think sometimes seeing someone can mean actually they're your boyfriend or girlfriend. Like I'm seeing John, he's my boyfriend.


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[Assistant] I guess it's important that you and your boyfriend or girlfriend share the same view on the meaning of this word.


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[Assistant] It's different. Maybe she sold you something for a really high price.


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[Assistant] Or, yeaah, or broken or something. So, cheated on is really different from cheated.


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[Assistant] Mess this up. So Marco, this is a phrasal verb, uhm, and that means we can sort of switch it around a little bit, right?


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[Assistant] So we've got some examples that will help you to understand this word a little bit better.


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[Assistant] Is a person who only thinks about themselves.


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[Assistant] And this will help you to understand these phrases a little bit more clearly.


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[Assistant] I know, I guess it just means stop crying, relax, and you know, take a deep breath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so you can think of maybe somebody who's got tears down their face and everything is sort of in a mess. If you pull it together, they clean up and they sort of relax, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are three really helpful phrases that you can use when you want to say something nice to a friend or a colleague who has a problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is the evening before the pet competition. Pepper and Susie are getting Goldie the fish ready.


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[Assistant] Well, we want to reduce production and delivery lead times for better overall efficiency.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second point is that we want to require supplier quality assurance and implement a zero defects quality program. We currently have far too many errors that lead to defective items, and therefore, they must be eliminated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A quality control at the source program must be implemented to give workers personal responsibility for the quality of the work they do and the authority to stop production when something goes wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we want to reduce production and delivery lead times for better overall efficiency.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second point is that we want to require supplier quality assurance and implement a zero defects quality program. We currently have far too many errors that lead to defective items, and therefore, they must be eliminated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A quality control at the source program must be implemented to give workers personal responsibility for the quality of the work they do and the authority to stop production when something goes wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can be a pale ghost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mash the potatoes. Written by Karen Mokler.


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[Assistant] Dad peels the potatoes in the sink.


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[Assistant] We boil the potatoes to make them soft.


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[Assistant] We eat the mashed potatoes.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you know, pizza is one of my favorite foods and the favorite food of many people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but you know, there's some very special language that you've gotta use. You gotta know this language, uh, when you want to order a pizza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we've got some great pizza words for you today. Uhm, and the first one we have is a medium pizza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so you could say, I'd like a 12 inch pizza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's my favorite. Uhm, a pizza is not a pizza unless it has pepperoni.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, little green or black balls. You can also find them in a martini.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, another ingredient, ham.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, like, yeah, the top of a pineapple looks like a tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's my favorite part of the video, yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, thin crust, and I just, I really love that bread part. It's so important to a good pizza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, my, alright, the first phrase we have, uhm, I think is my favorite. Uh, this is the way that Marty answered the phone, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause a lot of people when they answer the phone say, I'm Erica. Like hello, I'm Erica.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So guys, remember this. You'll sound really, really great when you use this on the phone. This is Marty speaking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a more polite way of asking, do you want?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So okay, can you put pineapple and ham on a pizza?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although, I must tell you, I like Tabasco on my pizza. And I know that's wrong, I know. I'm sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Marco and I are, Marco Zero and I are always there to answer your questions. Alright everyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wonder what it would look like if they were all lit up and just dancing around like no one was watching them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wonder what would happen if I invited the most amazing artists in the world to come out with me and perform on my stage. Would they do it?


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[Assistant] I wonder what it would be like to get so lost in it every night and never want it to end. It would be like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the middle of the night and the sky is glowing like mad radioactive red. And if you squint, you can maybe see the moon through a thick layer of cigarette smoke and airplane exhaust that covers the whole city like a mosquito net that won't let the angels in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you look up high enough, you could see me standing on the edge of an 87 story building.


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[Assistant] And up there, a place for gargoyles and broken clock towers that have stayed still and dead for maybe like a hundred years. Up there is me. And I'm freakin' Batman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my navy blue polo shirt, the one that looks kinda good on me but has that hole on it near the butt from when it got snagged on the chain link fence behind Arturo's but it isn't even a big deal cause I tucked that part in and it's like all good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That blue polo shirt, it's gone too. And I get like, like, transformational. And nobody pulls out a belt and whips Batman for talking back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or for not talking back. And nobody calls Batman simple, or stupid, or skinny. And nobody fires Batman's brother from the eastern taxi company because they was making cutbacks neither. Because they got nothing but respect. And not like afraid respect, just like respect respect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cuz nobody's afraid of you. Cuz Batman doesn't mean nobody, no harm. Ever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause all Batman really wants to do is save people and maybe pay Abuela's bills one day and die happy and maybe get like, mad famous, for real. Oh, and kill the Joker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tonight, like most nights, I'm all alone. And I'm watching. And I'm waiting. Like an eagle. Or like a... No, yeah. Like an eagle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my cape is flappin' in the wind cause it's frickin' long and my pointy ears are on and that mask that covers like half my face is on too and I got like bulletproof stuff all in my chest so no one can hurt me and nobody, NOBODY is gonna come between Batman and Justice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From where I am, I could hear everything.


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[Assistant] Somewhere in the city there's an old lady picking Styrofoam leftovers up out of a trash can and she's putting a piece of sesame chicken someone spit out into her own mouth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And somewhere there's a doctor with a black haircut and a black lab coat trying to find a cure for the diseases that are gonna make us all extinct for real one day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And half a block away from Janitor Man, there's a group of good-for-nothings who don't know no better, waiting for Janitor Man with rusted bicycle chains and imitation Louisville sluggers, and if they don't find a scent on him, which they won't, they'll just pound at him till the muscles in their arms start burning, till there's no more teeth to crack out. But they don't count on me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They don't count on no dark night with a stomach full of grocery store-brand macaroni and cheese and cut-up Vienna sausages. Because they'd rather believe I don't exist.


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[Assistant] And they're all like, whoa motherfucker, who just turned out the lights?


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[Assistant] One out of the three good for nothing gets it to the head. BOW! And number two swings blindly into the dark cave before him but, but before his fist hits anything I grab a trash can lid and-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the one good-for-nothing left standing grips a handgun and aims it straight up, like he's holding Jesus hostage, like he's threatening maybe to blow a hole in the moon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the good for nothing who got it to the head who tried to jump kick me and the other good for nothing who got it in the gut is both scrambling back away from the dark figure before him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the drunk man, the janitor man is huddled in a corner praying to Saint Anthony because that's the only one he could remember. And there's me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the one good for nothing left standing, the one with the handgun, yeaah, he laughs and he lowers his arm and he points it at me and gives the moon a break and he aims it right between my pointy ears like goalposts and he's special teams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Janitor Man is still calling Saint Anthony, but he ain't picking up. And for a second, it seems like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the good for nothings become good for disappearing into whatever toxic waste, chemical, sludge, shithole they crawled out of. And it's just me and Janitor Man. And I pick him up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Checking behind his shoulder every 10 feet. And I swoosh from building a building on his way there because I know where he lives. And I watch his hands tremble as he pulls out his keychain and opens the door to his building.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm back in bed before he even walks in through the front door.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I hear him turn on the faucet and pour himself a glass of warm tap water. And he puts the glass back in the sink. And I hear his footsteps. And they get slower as they get to my room. And he creaks my door open like mad slow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he takes a step in, which he never does.


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[Assistant] And he's staring off into nowhere, his face the color of sidewalks in summer. And I act like I'm just waking up and I say, Ah, what's up, Pop? And Janitor Man says nothing to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I see in the dark, I see his arms go limp, and his head turns back, like towards me, and he lifts it, for I could see his face, for I could see his eyes, and his cheeks is dripping, but not with sweat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he turns around, hand on the doorknob, and he ain't lookin' my way, but I hear him mumble two words to me.


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[Assistant] So, I'll be speaking to you using language, because I can.


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[Assistant] We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another.


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[Assistant] So what I'm doing right now is I'm making sounds with my mouth as I'm exhaling. I'm making tones and hisses and puffs. And those are creating air vibrations in the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those air vibrations are traveling to you. They're hitting your ear drums.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas across vast reaches of space and time, right? We're able to transmit knowledge across, uh, across minds. I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now. I could say,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world, there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world. And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways. Some languages have, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Different sounds, they have different vocabularies, and they also have different structures. Very importantly, different structures.


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[Assistant] Uh, Charlemont, Holy Roman Emperor said, to have a second language is to have a second soul. Strong statement that language crafts reality.


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[Assistant] Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality. These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years.


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[Assistant] But until recently, there hasn't been any data to help us decide either way.


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[Assistant] Recently in my lab and other labs around the world, we've started doing research and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question. So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples.


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[Assistant] These are the Cooktire people. They live in Pomperow at the very west edge of Cape York.


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[Assistant] And what's cool about Cooke-Tire is in Cooke-Tire, they don't use words like left and right. And instead, everything is in cardinal directions, north, south, east and west.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when I say everything, I really mean everything. You would say something like, oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or move your cup to the north northeast a little bit.


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[Assistant] In fact, the way that you say hello in Quotar is you say, which way are you going? And the answer should be, north, northeast, in the far distance, how about you? So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Imagine as you're walking around your day, every person you greet, you have to report your heading direction.


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[Assistant] That would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right? Because you literally couldn't get past hello, uh, if you didn't know which way you were going.


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[Assistant] In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really, really well. They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could.


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[Assistant] We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures because


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[Assistant] Some biological excuse, oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales. No. If your language and your culture trains you to do it, actually, you can do it. There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well. And just to get us, uhm,


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[Assistant] There are also really big differences in how people think about time. So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages.


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[Assistant] And if I ask an English speaker to organize time, they might lay it out this way, from left to right. This has to do with writing direction. If you were a speaker of Hebrew, Arabic, you might do it going in the opposite direction, from right to left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How would the Cook Tire, this aboriginal group I just told you about, do it? They don't use words like left and right. Let me give you a hint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we sat people facing south, they organized time from left to right. When we sat them facing north, they organized time from right to left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we sat them facing east, time came towards the body. What's the pattern?


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[Assistant] East to west, right? So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all. It gets locked on the landscape. So for me, if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way. And if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way. If I'm facing this way, time goes this way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around every time I turn my body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in fact, people who speak these languages don't count, and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities. So for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins to the same number of ducks, you would be able to do that by counting. But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Language is also different in how they divide up the color spectrum, the visual world. Some languages have lots of words for colors. Some have only a couple words, light and dark.


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[Assistant] And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors. So, for example, in English there's a word for blue that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen.


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[Assistant] But in Russian, there isn't a single word. Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate between light blue, globoi, and dark blue, sine.


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[Assistant] When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors, what we find is that Russian speakers are faster across this linguistic boundary. They're faster to be able to tell the difference between a light and a dark blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors, say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue


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[Assistant] We'll give a surprise reaction as the colors shift from light to dark, as if, ooh, something has categorically changed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whereas the brains of English speakers, for example, that don't make this categorical distinction, don't give that surprise. Because nothing is categorically changing.


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[Assistant] And these genders differ across languages. So for example, the sun is feminine in German, but masculine, uh, in Spanish. And the moon, the reverse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could this actually have any consequence for how people think? Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like and the moon somehow more male-like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, it turns out that's the case. So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge, like the one here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bridge happens to be, uh, grammatically feminine in German, grammatically masculine in Spanish.


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[Assistant] Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say they're strong or long with masculine words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Languages also differ in how they describe events, right? Uh, so you take an event like this, an accident, in English it's fine to say, he broke the vase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a language like Spanish, you might be more likely to say, the vase broke, or the vase broke itself. If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, in lots of languages, you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic and you went out looking to break your arm and you succeeded, right? If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, this has consequences. So, uh, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things depending on what their language usually requires them to do. So, uh, we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers. English speakers will, uh, remember who did it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two people watch the same event, witness the same crime, but end up remembering different things about that event.


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[Assistant] This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony.


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[Assistant] It also has implications for blame and punishment. So if you take English speakers and I just show you someone breaking a vase and I say, he broke the vase, as opposed to I say the vase broke,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even though you can witness it yourself, you can watch the video, you can watch the crime against the vase, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You will punish someone more, you will blame someone more if I just said he broke it as opposed to it broke. The language guides our reasoning about events. Now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've given you a few examples of how language can profoundly shape the way we think, and it does so in a variety of ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Language can also have really deep effects. That's what we saw with the case of number. Having count words in your language, having number words opens up


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[Assistant] The whole world of mathematics. Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra.


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[Assistant] You can't do any of the things that would be required to build a room like this or make this broadcast, right? This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone into a whole cognitive realm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Language can also have really early effects, what we saw in the case of color, right? These are really simple, basic perceptual decisions. We make thousands of them all the time, and yet language is getting in there and fussing, even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Language can have really broad effects, so the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly, but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns. That means language can shape how you're thinking about anything that can be named by a noun. It's a lot of stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us


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[Assistant] Just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is.


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[Assistant] Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but seven thousand. Seven thousand languages spoken around the world.


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[Assistant] And we can create many more. Languages, of course, are ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Living things, things that we can hone and change to suit our needs.


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[Assistant] Now the tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity all the time. So we're losing about one language a week, and by some estimates, half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the even worse news is that right now, almost everything we know about the human mind and the human brain is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates at universities, right? Uhm, that excludes almost all humans, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to leave you with this final thought. I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently, but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think. It's about how you think. It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that gives you the opportunity to ask, why do I think the way that I do? How could I think differently? And also, what thoughts do I wish to create? Thank you very much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last time I heard my son's voice was when he walked out the front door on his way to school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Later that morning at Columbine High School, my son Dylan and his friend Eric killed 12 students and a teacher.


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[Assistant] And wounded more than 20 others before taking their own lives. 13 innocent people were killed.


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[Assistant] Others sustained injuries, some resulting in disfigurement and permanent disability.


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[Assistant] But the enormity of the tragedy can't be measured only by the number of deaths and injuries that took place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no way to quantify the psychological damage of those who were in the school or who took part in rescue or clean up efforts.


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[Assistant] Especially when it can be a blueprint for other shooters who go on to commit atrocities of their own. Columbine was a tidal wave.


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[Assistant] And when the crash ended, it would take years for the community and for society to comprehend its impact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has taken me years to try to accept my son's legacy. The cruel behavior that defined the end of his life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Showed me that he was a completely different person from the one I knew. Afterwards, people asked, how could you not know? What kind of a mother were you? I still ask myself those same questions. Before the shootings, I thought of myself as a good mom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If anyone could have known what was happening, it should have been me, right? But I didn't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today I'm here to share the experience of what it's like to be the mother of someone who kills and hurts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For years after the tragedy, I combed through memories, trying to figure out exactly where I failed as a parent.


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[Assistant] But there are no simple answers. I can't give you any solutions. All I can do is share what I have learned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I talk to people who didn't know me before the shootings, I have three challenges to meet.


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[Assistant] First, when I walk into a room like this, I never know if someone there has experienced loss because of what my son did.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel a need to acknowledge the suffering caused by a member of my family who wasn't here to do it for himself.


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[Assistant] So first, with all of my heart, I'm sorry if my son has caused you pain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that I must ask for understanding and even compassion.


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[Assistant] When I talk about my son's death as a suicide.


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[Assistant] Two years before he died, he wrote on a piece of paper in a notebook that he was cutting himself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't know about any of this until months after his death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I talk about his death as a suicide, I'm not trying to downplay the viciousness he showed at the end of his life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm trying to understand how his suicidal thinking led to murder.


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[Assistant] After a lot of reading and talking with experts, I've come to believe that his involvement in the shootings was rooted not in his desire to kill, but in his desire to die.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The third challenge I have when I talk about my son's murder-suicide is that I'm talking about mental health. Excuse me. Is that I'm talking about mental health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or brain health, as I prefer to call it because it's more concrete. And in the same breath, I'm talking about violence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last thing I want to do is to contribute to the misunderstanding that already exists around mental illness. Only a very small percent of those who have a mental illness are violent toward other people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But of those who die by suicide, it's estimated that about 75 to maybe more than 90% have a diagnosable mental health condition of some kind.


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[Assistant] As you all know very well, our mental healthcare system is not equipped to help everyone.


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[Assistant] And not everyone with destructive thoughts fits the criteria for a specific diagnosis.


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[Assistant] Many who have ongoing feelings of fear or anger or hopelessness are never assessed or treated.


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[Assistant] Too often they get our attention only if they reach a behavioral crisis. If estimates are correct


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When suicide rates rise as they are rising for some populations, then murder suicide rates will rise as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanted to understand what was going on in Dylan's mind prior to his death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the most helpful conversations I had was with a coworker who overheard me talking to someone else in my office cubicle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She heard me say that Dylan could not have loved me if he could do something as horrible as he did. Later when she found me alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She apologized for overhearing that conversation, but told me that I was wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She assured me that a mother's love was the strongest bond on earth and that she loved her children more than anything in the world. But because of her illness, she was sure that they would be better off without her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What she said and what I've learned from others is that we do not make the so-called decision or choice to die by suicide in the same way that we choose what car to drive or where to go on a Saturday night.


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[Assistant] Even though they can make a plan and act with logic, their sense of truth is distorted by a filter of pain through which they interpret their reality.


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[Assistant] Some people can be very good at hiding this state and they often have good reasons for doing that.


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[Assistant] But persistent ongoing thoughts of suicide and devising a means to die are symptoms of pathology.


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[Assistant] I wanted to know how his suicidal thinking became homicidal.


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[Assistant] He had experienced triggering events at the school that left him feeling debased and humiliated and mad. And he had


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[Assistant] A complicated friendship with a boy who shared his feelings of rage and alienation and who was seriously disturbed, controlling and homicidal.


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[Assistant] It was appallingly easy for a 17 year old boy to buy guns, both legally and illegally, without my permission or knowledge. And somehow,


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[Assistant] 17 years and many school shootings later. It's still appallingly easy.


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[Assistant] And as trauma so often does, it took a toll on my body and on my mind. Two years after the shootings, I got breast cancer.


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[Assistant] And two years after that, I began to have mental health problems.


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[Assistant] On top of the constant perpetual grief, I was terrified that I would run into a family member of someone Dylan had killed or be accosted by the press or by an angry citizen.


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[Assistant] I was afraid to turn on the news, afraid to hear myself being called a terrible parent or a disgusting person.


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[Assistant] The first bout started four years after the shootings when I was getting ready for the depositions and would have to meet the victim's families face to face.


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[Assistant] The second round started six years after the shootings when I was preparing to speak publicly about murder-suicide for the first time at a conference. Both episodes lasted several weeks.


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[Assistant] The attacks happened everywhere, in the hardware store, in my office, or even while reading a book in bed.


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[Assistant] My mind would suddenly lock into this spinning cycle of terror, and no matter how hard I tried to calm myself down or reason my way out of it, I couldn't do it. It felt as if my brain was trying to kill me.


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[Assistant] That's when I learned firsthand what it feels like to have a malfunctioning mind.


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[Assistant] With therapy and medication and self-care, life eventually returned to whatever could be thought of as normal under the circumstances.


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[Assistant] When I look back on all that had happened, I could see that my son's spiral into dysfunction probably occurred over a period of about two years. Plenty of time to get him help.


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[Assistant] Every time someone asks me, how could you not have known? It feels like a punch in the gut.


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[Assistant] It carries accusation and taps into my feelings of guilt that no matter how much therapy I've had, I will never fully eradicate. But here's something I've learned.


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[Assistant] If love were enough to stop someone who was suicidal from hurting themselves, suicides would hardly ever happen. But love is not enough. And suicide is prevalent.


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[Assistant] And 15% of American youth report having made a suicide plan in the last year.


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[Assistant] I've learned that no matter how much we want to believe, we can.


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[Assistant] We cannot know or control everything our loved ones think and feel.


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[Assistant] And the stubborn belief that we are somehow different.


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[Assistant] That someone we love would never think of hurting themselves or someone else.


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[Assistant] Can cause us to miss what's hidden in plain sight.


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[Assistant] We should always assume that someone we love may be suffering.


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[Assistant] Without judgment and without offering solutions.


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[Assistant] What I lost can't compare to what the other families lost. I know my struggle doesn't make theirs any easier.


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[Assistant] I know there are even some who think I don't have the right to any pain, but only to a life of permanent penance.


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[Assistant] In the end, what I know comes down to this.


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[Assistant] The tragic fact is that even the most vigilant and responsible of us may not be able to help.


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[Assistant] But for love's sake, we must never stop trying to know the unknowable. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Yeah, sure. I think it's just out of toner. You can go use the other one upstairs. On your way up, can you fax this while I try and fix this thing?


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[Assistant] Yeah, sure. I think it's just out of toner. You can go use the other one upstairs. On your way up, can you fax this while I try and fix this thing?


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[Assistant] Yeah, sure. I think it's just out of toner. You can go use the other one upstairs. On your way up, can you fax this while I try and fix this thing?


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[Assistant] Can you get some milk on your way home? Oh, nevermind, we still have some.


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[Assistant] Well, you gotta admit, my acting was brilliant.


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[Assistant] You gotta admit, my acting was brilliant!


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[Assistant] Well, you gotta admit, my acting was brilliant.


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[Assistant] The blast occurred a day after the area was hit by a powerful earthquake and tsunami. A top government official, Yukio Edano, said a steel container encasing the nuclear reactor had not been ruptured by the blast.


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[Assistant] News item 2. 50,000 Japanese military personnel had been ordered to join the huge rescue and relief operation following the earthquake and tsunami. More than 1,000 people are feared dead. About 400 bodies were found in the town of Rikuzentokata


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[Assistant] And Japanese media reports say 10,000 people are unaccounted for in Minamisunriku. Damien Gramatikas in the Port of Sunday says the scenes of devastation there are astonishing.


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[Assistant] The Japanese government has played down concerned about a possible nuclear meltdown following a big explosion at a nuclear power station in the north of the country. The blast occurred a day after the area was hit by a powerful earthquake and tsunami.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A top government official, Yukio Edano, said a steel container encasing the nuclear reactor had not been ruptured by the blast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] News item 2. 50,000 Japanese military personnel had been ordered to join the huge rescue and relief operation following the earthquake and tsunami. More than 1,000 people are feared dead. About 400 bodies were found in the town of Rikuzentokata


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Japanese media reports say 10,000 people are unaccounted for in Minamisunriku. Damien Gramatikas in the Port of Sunday says the scenes of devastation there are astonishing.


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[Assistant] Sure, let's have some, uh, let's have some nachos and mozzarella sticks.


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[Assistant] Sure, let's have some, uh, let's have some nachos and mozzarella sticks. Okay, that'll be 80 bucks. Wh-what?


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[Assistant] And today we're bringing you another great lesson about sports, part of our sports series.


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[Assistant] Right, one of the most popular sports in the world, soccer.


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[Assistant] Or also known as football in other countries. Yes. Okay, so before we get started with this great lesson, let's take a look at some of the words we'll find in the dialogue in vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] Now, wingman isn't really related to soccer in any way.


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[Assistant] But it's a way of referring to somebody as your right hand.


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[Assistant] They are tied. They are tied. Now this is an interesting word because tie can be a noun, verb and an adjective, right? Exactly.


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[Assistant] Is a game that has ended with no winner or loser. Both of them had the same score.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, too foul somebody.


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[Assistant] Okay, and so when you do this, you have committed a foul. Exactly. Okay, so you use it in the same way, two foul or a foul.


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[Assistant] Well, I called it, so in 2022, if we do win the World Cup, you know who said it first.


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[Assistant] Alright, so apart from this, we saw some really great vocabulary in this lesson, so let's take a look at it now in Language Takeaway.


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[Assistant] Right, so it's the very beginning, the referee blows the whistle, and you kick the ball to another player, that's the kickoff.


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[Assistant] And you can use it in all other sports. You can use it in basketball, you can use it in, uh, tennis.


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[Assistant] Right, so any part that is not for playing. Out of bounds. What's our next word?


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[Assistant] Okay, so eighth throw in. The ball goes out of bounds. Uh huh. How do you put it back into play?


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[Assistant] Okay, so you throw in the ball. That's the only time where a soccer player will actually grab the ball with his hands.


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[Assistant] You pass the ball to somebody who is behind the defenders.


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[Assistant] Exactly. So, you must be at all times in the same position as the defenders or in front of them, but you can't be all the way in the back.


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[Assistant] So this is an adjective, he is offside. That's his condition.


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[Assistant] Okay, so let's take a look at this. The first one is goal kick. A goal kick. Okay, goal kick.


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[Assistant] It's usually the goalie or the goalkeeper who takes the goal kick.


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[Assistant] Okay, so if the team is attacking and the ball goes out of bounds in the back area near the goal,


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[Assistant] Then they get a corner kick. They gotta kick the ball from the corner of the field.


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[Assistant] Penalty kick. So if a player gets fouled while he is in the area near the goal,


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[Assistant] And he gets the opportunity to score, or to kick the ball.


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[Assistant] Alright, so we heard these words that we were talking about in context and now some really interesting phrases came up and this would be a good time to take a look at them in Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] We are on the brink of, we're on the brink of soccer history.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, on the brink of, what is it, what exactly does that mean?


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[Assistant] Alright, so great examples on the brink of at a critical point.


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[Assistant] And what about this next phrase that I saw and it was really interesting. No question about it. No question about it. No question about it. No question about it. Alright, so this is a statement that doesn't really make much sense. But what am I saying when I say, oh, no question about it?


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[Assistant] By a mile. By a mile. By a mile. So he was offside by a mile. Right, so the commentator is saying that he was very offside.


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[Assistant] Right. So you can use that also in different contexts, maybe not in sports.


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[Assistant] Right? Or if you tell somebody to guess your age and they say, oh, I think you are 42.


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[Assistant] Okay, well as you all may know, soccer is a very popular sport, especially in Latin America.


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[Assistant] Well, maybe not. Well, actually, Ecuador has improved with time, but usually it's the strong teams like Argentina and Brazil who dominate the region, right? Right. Uhm, but yeah, hopefully we'll make it next time.


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[Assistant] Well Canada is doing really well now, they actually beat Mexico if I'm not mistaken.


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[Assistant] We have the next World Cup coming up so it's really exciting and I don't know who's gonna win.


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[Assistant] Right, they're really good soccer teams, although some countries aren't really known for their soccer, like Russia, you don't really hear too much soccer from Russia.


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[Assistant] So let us know, come to our website Englishpots.com, tell us how popular soccer is in your country or what team you are a fan of. I know many people like the European Cups and they are fans of Barcelona or the Italian teams.


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[Assistant] When I was first learning to meditate, the instruction was to simply pay attention to my breath and when my mind wandered to bring it back. Sounded simple enough.


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[Assistant] Yet I'd sit on these silent retreats, sweating through T-shirts in the middle of winter.


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[Assistant] I take naps every chance I got because it was really hard work. Actually, it was exhausting.


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[Assistant] That even when we're really trying to pay attention to something, like maybe this talk,


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[Assistant] At some point, about half of us will drift off into a daydream or have this urge to check our Twitter feed. So what's going on here?


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[Assistant] It turns out that we're fighting one of the most evolutionarily conserved learning processes currently known in science. One that's conserved back to the most basic nervous systems known to man.


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[Assistant] This reward-based learning process is called positive and negative reinforcement and basically goes like this.


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[Assistant] We see some food that looks good. Our brain says, calories, survival. We eat the food, we taste it, it tastes good. And especially with sugar, our bodies send a signal to our brain that says, remember what you're eating and where you found it.


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[Assistant] We lay down this context-dependent memory and learn to repeat the process next time.


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[Assistant] Trigger, behavior, reward. Simple, right? Well, after a while, our creative brains say, you know what? You can use this for more than just remembering where food is.


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[Assistant] We thank our brains for the great idea. Try this and quickly learn that if we eat chocolate or ice cream when we're mad or sad, we feel better. Same process, just a different trigger.


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[Assistant] Instead of this hunger signal coming from our stomach, this emotional signal feeling sad triggers others to eat. Maybe in our teenage years, we were a nerd at school,


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[Assistant] The Marlboro Man wasn't a dork, and that was no accident.


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[Assistant] And each time we do this, we learn to repeat the process, and it becomes a habit. So later ...


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[Assistant] Feeling stressed out triggers that urge to smoke a cigarette or to eat something sweet.


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[Assistant] Now with these same brain processes, we've gone from learning to survive to literally killing ourselves with these habits. Obesity and smoking are among the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. So back to my breath.


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[Assistant] What if instead of fighting our brains or trying to force ourselves to pay attention, we instead tapped into this natural reward-based learning process, but added a twist?


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[Assistant] In my lab, we studied whether mindfulness training could help people quit smoking.


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[Assistant] Now, just like trying to force myself to pay attention on my breath, they could try to force themselves to quit smoking. And the majority of them had tried this before and failed. On average, six times.


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[Assistant] Now with mindfulness training, we dropped the bit about forcing and instead focused on being curious. In fact, we even told them to smoke.


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[Assistant] What? We said, go ahead and smoke, just be really curious about what it's like when you do. And what did they notice? Well, here's an example from one of our smokers.


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[Assistant] She said, mindful smoking. Smells like stinky cheese and tastes like chemicals. Yuck!


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[Assistant] Now, she knew cognitively that smoking was bad for her. That's why she joined our program.


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[Assistant] What she discovered just by being curiously aware when she smoked.


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[Assistant] Now, she moved from knowledge to wisdom. She moved from knowing in her head that smoking was bad for her to knowing it in her bones.


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[Assistant] And the spell of smoking was broken. She started to become disenchanted with her behavior.


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[Assistant] Now, the prefrontal cortex, that youngest part of our brain from an evolutionary perspective, it understands on an intellectual level that we shouldn't smoke. And it tries its hardest to help us change our behavior, to help us stop smoking, to help us stop eating that second, that third, that fourth cookie.


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[Assistant] We call this cognitive control. We're using cognition to control our behavior.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, this is also the first part of our brain that goes offline when we get stressed out, which isn't that helpful.


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[Assistant] Now we can all relate to this in our own experience. We're much more likely to do things like yell at our spouse or kids when we're stressed out or tired, even though we know it's not going to be helpful. We just can't help ourselves.


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[Assistant] Now, when the prefrontal cortex goes offline, we fall back into our old habits. Which is why this disenchantment is so important. Seeing what we get from our habits helps us understand them in a deeper level.


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[Assistant] To know in our own bones, so we don't have to force ourselves to hold back or restrain ourselves from behavior. We're just less interested in doing it in the first place. And this is what mindfulness is all about.


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[Assistant] Seeing really clearly what we get when we get caught up in our behaviors.


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[Assistant] Becoming disenchanted on a visceral level, and from this disenchanted stance, naturally letting go.


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[Assistant] This isn't to say that poof, magically we quit smoking, but over time, as we learn to see more and more clearly the results of our actions, we let go of old habits and form new ones.


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[Assistant] The paradox here is that mindfulness is just about being really interested and getting close and personal with what's actually happening in our bodies and minds from moment to moment.


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[Assistant] This willingness to turn toward our experience rather than trying to make unpleasant cravings go away as quickly as possible.


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[Assistant] And this willingness to turn toward our experience is supported by curiosity, which is naturally rewarding. What does curiosity feel like? It feels good. And what happens when we get curious?


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[Assistant] We start to notice that cravings are simply made up of body sensations. Oh, there's tightness, there's tension, there's restlessness. And that these body sensations come and go. These are bite-sized pieces of experiences


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[Assistant] Fear-based reactive habit patterns, and we step into being.


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[Assistant] We become this inner scientist where we're eagerly awaiting that next data point. Now,


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[Assistant] This might sound too simplistic to affect behavior, but in one study, we found that mindfulness training was twice as good as gold standard therapy at helping people quit smoking. So it actually works.


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[Assistant] And when we studied the brains of experienced meditators, we found that parts of a neural network of self-referential processing called the default mode network were at play.


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[Assistant] Now one current hypothesis is that a region of this network called the posterior cingulate cortex is activated not necessarily by craving itself, but when we get caught up in it, when we get sucked in and it takes us for a ride.


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[Assistant] In contrast, when we let go, step out of the process just by being curiously aware of what's happening, this same brain region quiets down.


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[Assistant] Now we're testing app and online-based mindfulness training programs that target these core mechanisms. And ironically, use the same technology that's driving us to distraction to help us step out of our unhealthy habit patterns of smoking, of stress-eating and other addictive behaviors.


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[Assistant] Now remember that bit about context-dependent memory? We can deliver these tools to people's fingertips in the contexts that matter most. So we can help them tap into their inherent capacity to be curiously aware right when that urge to smoke or stress eat or whatever arises.


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[Assistant] So if you don't smoke or stress eat, maybe the next time you feel this urge to check your email when you're bored or you're trying to distract yourself from work, or maybe to compulsively respond to that text message when you're driving, see if you can tap into


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This natural capacity, just be curiously aware of what's happening in your body and mind in that moment.


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[Assistant] It will just be another chance to perpetuate one of our endless and exhaustive habit loops. Or step out of it.


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[Assistant] Instead of, see text message, compulsively text back, feel a little bit better.


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[Assistant] This is such a beautiful day! Great day for sailing.


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[Assistant] Why are you doggy paddling? I taught you how to swim. Do your breaststroke.


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[Assistant] This is such a beautiful day! Great day for sailing.


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[Assistant] Why are you doggy paddling? I taught you how to swim. Do your breaststroke.


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[Assistant] Try kicking your legs more. That's good. Don't go out too far.


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[Assistant] Kathy! Get back here! I see a shark!


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[Assistant] This is such a beautiful day! Great day for sailing.


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[Assistant] Try kicking your legs more. That's good. Don't go out too far!


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[Assistant] I lied. You aren't even pregnant. There's no butt in the oven.


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[Assistant] It's me, Daniel. Don't you remember me from high school? I sat behind you in science class. I used to go to every football game and watch you in the cheerleading squad.


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[Assistant] I have something to confess. I'm sorry, Veronica. I lied.


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[Assistant] I lied. You aren't even pregnant. There's no bun in the oven. I was just so overwhelmed with jealousy that I couldn't help myself. Veronica, I love you!


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[Assistant] What are you talking about? Who, who are you?


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[Assistant] I have something to confess. I'm sorry, Veronica. I lied.


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[Assistant] I lied. You aren't even pregnant. There's no butt in the oven.


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[Assistant] The blaze is spreading quickly. We need to evacuate these people!


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[Assistant] In London, the Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Select Committee has heard evidence about the recently announced cuts to the budget and output of the BBC World Service.


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[Assistant] Its director, Peter Herrick, told the committee that the value of the organization was highlighted by its comprehensive coverage of the current turmoil in Arab countries.


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[Assistant] He said that if the cuts had come into effect earlier, that coverage of the events would have been seriously diminished. Mr. Herrick also acknowledged there'd been damage to the World Service, although he was optimistic about its future. News item 10.


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[Assistant] French police have found 25 million dollars worth of stolen jewelry hidden in a drain outside Paris.


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[Assistant] Detectives found 19 rings and three sets of earrings concealed in a plastic container set into a cement mould at a house outside the French capital.


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[Assistant] Investigators believe many of the items were stolen from the luxury Harry Winston boutique in Paris in a raid in 2008.


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[Assistant] I can be as proud as a peacock.


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[Assistant] I can be as meek as a mouse.


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[Assistant] The ruler of Oman, Sultan Qaboos, has announced he is to hand over some of his powers to officials from outside the royal family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A royal decree said the Legislative Council of Oman would be given lawmaking powers. Until now, the role of the council has been to advise the Sultan who has ruled Oman for four decades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An agreement by Iceland to pay compensation to Britain and the Netherlands over the collapse of its banking system has run into problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] President Olafur Grimson is to put the five billion dollar deal to a referendum, even though it's been approved by parliament. The previous deal with different repayment terms was overwhelmingly rejected by voters in Iceland last year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The ruler of Oman, Sultan Qaboos, has announced he is to hand over some of his powers to officials from outside the royal family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A royal decree said the Legislative Council of Oman would be given lawmaking powers. Until now, the role of the council has been to advise the Sultan who has ruled Oman for four decades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An agreement by Iceland to pay compensation to Britain and the Netherlands over the collapse of its banking system has run into problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] President Olafur Grimson is to put the five billion dollar deal to a referendum, even though it's been approved by parliament. The previous deal with different repayment terms was overwhelmingly rejected by voters in Iceland last year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] President Obama says the US and its NATO allies are still considering a military response to the situation in Libya, where he said the people were facing unacceptable violence.


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[Assistant] But Russia says it's opposed to any military intervention. NATO is engaged in what its secretary general called prudent planning.


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[Assistant] While Britain confirmed it was working to secure a Security Council no-fly-zone resolution.


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[Assistant] A young Mexican woman who gained worldwide attention last year when she took over as police chief in a town plagued by drug-related violence has been sacked for abandoning her post.


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[Assistant] Marisol Valles was hailed as Mexico's bravest woman in October when she became head of public security in the border town of Prosectes de Guerrero.


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[Assistant] Pepper and George are wearing their coats and boots over their pajamas.


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[Assistant] It's well past bedtime for you little piggies.


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[Assistant] Well unfortunately we're gonna be following a guy as he's in a really embarrassing situation and we're gonna hear him call himself some bad names in his mind.


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[Assistant] Somebody who judges people by their sex. So like all women are stupid.


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[Assistant] Yeah, this sort of calling yourself names and talking negatively about yourself, but actually you can use some of this language to talk negatively about...


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[Assistant] So why don't we look now at this language in Language Takeaway.


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[Assistant] Well, uhm, it's obviously a dumb, stupid idiot.


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[Assistant] Uhm, well basically a moron is someone who is not smart, who is very unintelligent.


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[Assistant] Alright, but a dumbass is a person who does stupid things.


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[Assistant] So maybe a dumbass, like you're planning a bank robbery and the dumbass forgets to bring the gun.


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[Assistant] Alright, well these are three interesting words, so why don't we hear some examples of each of these words in use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well these phrases you can use when you're trying to calm yourself down and make yourself relax a little bit, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, but you can't say chilling. You have to, you have to drop the G.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this guy is so happy he's on this date that he wants to scream at the top of his lungs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically you're telling me to calm down. Relax.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. So Marco, when would you use this phrase? Get it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, obviously you're asking a question, right? Cause you got your W, you got your what. But when you say the hell, you're putting emphasis on the what.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So why don't we hear some examples of how this expression is used using different WH words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, now our final word, also a little bit strong, uhm, but pretty high frequency.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and you know what, there's a great resource out there for wonderful English slang terms called UrbanDictionary.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Teeth brushing fun. Written by Katie Anderson. Illustrated by Laura Freeman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I brush my teeth twice a day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Illustrated by Roberta Collier Morales.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 13 soldiers in Mexico have been charged with drug trafficking after they were allegedly found in possession of almost a ton of the synthetic drug methamphetamine and 30 kilograms of cocaine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A local military commander said the men had been transporting the drug from the capital, Mexico City, to Tijuana on the US border.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] President Felipe Calderon has deployed about 50,000 soldiers to help fight the war on drugs. Since he came to power, more than 34,000 people have died in drug-related violence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The suspect in the shootings in Tucson, Arizona in January when US Congresswoman Gabriel Giffords was seriously wounded has been indicted on a number of new charges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jared Loeffner now faces 49 counts, including the murder of six people and the attempted assassination of Miss Giffords.