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[Assistant] Make sure everything's nice and straight. Squeezing it nicely to make that round cup. Which is going to be the heel.


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[Assistant] And now you can see that all of these little pieces that we've cut out, like a puzzle, are now gonna turn into a shoe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After a savage seafaring skirmish and eight long days of being battered by waves, Vainamoinen, a powerful bard and sage as old as the world itself, washed up on the shores of distant Pohjola.


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[Assistant] Unlike his home Kalevala, Pohjola was a dark and frozen land ruled by Lohi, the gap-toothed hag of the north.


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[Assistant] The cunning witch nursed Väinämöinen back to health but demanded a reward for returning him home.


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[Assistant] To be forged from the tips of white swan feathers, the milk of greatest virtue, a single grain of barley, and the finest woe of lambskins, this artifact was said to be an endless font of wealth.


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[Assistant] But Vainamoinen knew that only Sepo Ilmarinen, the eternal hammerer who forged the Skydome itself, could craft such an object. So he convinced Lohi to send him home and fetch the smith.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Though the journey was far from easy, the bard finally made it back to Kalevala. But Ilmarinen refused to go to the gloomy north, a land of witches and man-eaters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But keeping true to his word, Vainamoinen tricked Ilmarinen into climbing a giant tree before summoning a mighty storm to carry the smith all the way to Pohjola.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ilmarinen was well received in the North. Lohi lavished her guest with extravagant hospitality and promised him the hand of her beautiful daughter if he could craft what she wished.


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[Assistant] When she finally asked if Ilmarinen was capable of forging the Sambó, the powerful smith declared he could indeed accomplish the task. But try as he might to bend the forge to his will, its fires only produced other artifacts, beautiful in appearance but ill-mannered in nature.


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[Assistant] An elegant crossbow that thirsted for blood and a gleaming plow that ruined cultivated fields, among others.


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[Assistant] Finally, Ilmarinen summoned the winds themselves to work the bellows, and in three days' time he pulled the Sampo, with its lid of many colors, from the forge's flames.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On its sides, the smith carefully crafted a grain mill, a salt mill, and a money mill.


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[Assistant] Lohit was so delighted with the object's limitless productive power that she ran off to lock her treasure inside a mountain.


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[Assistant] But when Ilmarinin tried to claim his prize, the promised maiden refused to marry him, and the smith had to return home alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Years passed, and while Pohjola prospered, Ilmarinen and Vainamoinen were without wives or great wealth. Bitter about this injustice, the bard proposed a quest to retrieve the Sampo, and the two sailed north with the help of Lemenkainen, a beautiful young man with a history of starting trouble.


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[Assistant] Upon arrival, Vynamoinin requested half the sample's profits as compensation, or they'd take the artifact by force.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Outraged at this request, Lohé summoned her forces to fight the heroes. But as her army readied for war, the bard played his magic harp, Cantele, entrancing all who heard it and sending Pohiola into a deep slumber.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unimpeded, the three men took the sampo and quietly made their escape.


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[Assistant] Lemminkainen was ecstatic at their success and demanded that Vainamoinen sing of their triumph.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bard refused, knowing the dangers of celebrating too early. But after three days of traveling, Lemenkainen's excitement overwhelmed him, and he recklessly broke out in song. His awful singing voice woke a nearby crane, whose screeching cries roused the porcholan horde.


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[Assistant] The army made chase. As their warship closed in, Vynamoinin raised a rock to breach their hull. Undeterred, Loki transformed into a giant eagle, carrying her army on her back as they attacked the hero's vessel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She managed to grab the sumho in her claw, but just as quickly, it dropped into the sea, shattering into pieces and sinking deep beyond her talons reach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unlike his home Kalevala, Pohjola was a dark and frozen land, ruled by Lohi, the gap-tooth hag of the north.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cunning witch nursed Vainamoinen back to health, but demanded a reward for returning him home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be forged from the tips of white swan feathers, the milk of greatest virtue, a single grain of barley, and the finest woe of lambskins, this artifact was said to be an endless font of wealth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But Vainamoinen knew that only Sepo Ilmarinen, the eternal hammerer who forged the Skydome itself, could craft such an object. So he convinced Lohi to send him home and fetch the smith.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Though the journey was far from easy, the bard finally made it back to Calabala. But Ilmarinen refused to go to the gloomy north, a land of witches and man-eaters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But keeping true to his word, Vainamoinen tricked Ilmarinen into climbing a giant tree before summoning a mighty storm to carry the smith all the way to Pohjola.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ilmarinen was well received in the north. Lohi lavished her guest with extravagant hospitality and promised him the hand of her beautiful daughter if he could craft what she wished.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When she finally asked if Ilmarinen was capable of forging the sample, the powerful smith declared he could indeed accomplish the task. But try as he might to bend the forge to his will, its fires only produced other artifacts, beautiful in appearance, but ill-mannered in nature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An elegant crossbow that thirsted for blood and a gleaming plow that ruined cultivated fields, among others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, Ilmarinen summoned the winds themselves to work the bellows, and in three days' time he pulled the Sambal, with its lid of many colors, from the forge's flames.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On its sides, the smith carefully crafted a grain mill, a salt mill, and a money mill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lohit was so delighted with the object's limitless productive power that she ran off to lock her treasure inside a mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when Ilmarinin tried to claim his prize, the promised maiden refused to marry him, and the smith had to return home alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Years passed, and while Pohjola prospered, Ilmarinen and Vainamoinen were without wives or great wealth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bitter about this injustice, the bard proposed a quest to retrieve the Sampo, and the two sailed north with the help of Lemminkainen, a beautiful young man with a history of starting trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Upon arrival, Vynamoinin requested half the sample's profits as compensation, or they'd take the artifact by force.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Outraged at this request, Loki summoned her forces to fight the heroes. But as her army readied for war, the bard played his magic harp, Kantele, entrancing all who heard it and sending Pohjola into a deep slumber.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unimpeded, the three men took the sample and quietly made their escape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lemminkainen was ecstatic at their success and demanded that Vainamoinen sing of their triumph.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bard refused, knowing the dangers of celebrating too early. But after three days of traveling, Lemenkainen's excitement overwhelmed him, and he recklessly broke out in song. His awful singing voice woke a nearby crane, whose screeching cries roused the porcholan horde.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The army made chase. As their warship closed in, Thinamoinen raised a rock to breach their hull. Undeterred, Loki transformed into a giant eagle, carrying her army on her back as they attacked the hero's vessel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She managed to grab the sumho in her claw, but just as quickly, it dropped into the sea, shattering into pieces and sinking deep beyond her talons reach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buried on the ocean floor, the remnants of this powerful device remain in the realm of Ahti, god of water, where they grind salt for the seas to this very day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, uh, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a good question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meio, zi shi yi qi wufu, yi laoxing de wufu si jian.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is also to maintain the integrity of our country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just wanted to ask you, uhm, you, you mentioned at paragraph 8, uhm, of your witness statement that you, uh, follow annual training, uh, anti-doping training at Shanaida. Shanaida. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's paragraph eight of his, uh, uh, witness statement. Let me see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the context of this training, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does Chinada explain to you?


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[Assistant] Uhm, are the steps the ones that you describe at paragraph 12 of the same witness statement, namely that the samples cannot be taken away?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, uhm, question of clarification. I refer to, uhm, Tab 32 of Bundle 2, where Dr. Barr describes the events of, uh, the evening in question. Uhm, perhaps you could turn to, uh, Tab 32. That was the tab that, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, towards the end of this, uh, statement, so you describe in the statement the documents, the various documents that the, the three, uhm, uh, doping officers and assistants provided, and towards the end of this statement you say, and I read from the English version,


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[Assistant] Under our repeated inquiries, among them


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[Assistant] Provided the certification of doping control officer.


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[Assistant] And the rest too could not provide doping control officer certification and any other relevant authority.


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[Assistant] Do I understand correctly that Dr. Barr was satisfied with the documentation provided


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[Assistant] Was he satisfied that it was enough sufficient certification for this person? This is what seems to be indicated in the statement itself.


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[Assistant] Gabrielle could see what this gesture had cost Carlos, so she responded the only way she knew how.


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[Assistant] I've seen a lot of fireworks on a day of New Year, so I'm never scared about that.


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[Assistant] I'm ready to accept any challenge.


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[Assistant] If you're wondering why you're holding a spoon with your face on it, then wonder no more.


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[Assistant] My man Aveshek. Okay, enjoy. Thank you. Aveshek looks wonderful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Strapped up to a frame. See how scared? He's always got that look about him hasn't he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're gonna shoot. If he flinches, I think that's gonna spin.


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[Assistant] Ah yeah! I'm so excited for today's lesson! Not only because it features a hilarious clip from Friends, where Rachel makes a strange dessert.


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[Assistant] But because we have a special guest here to help you learn with it.


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[Assistant] The master of American pronunciation, an incomparable teacher, and an inspiration of mine, Rachel from Rachel's English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll help you reach your goals too just hit that subscribe button and the bell down below to join our community of over 3.5 million learners around the world. So without further ado, here's Rachel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You won't find anyone who will make it simpler for you to master the mechanics of native speech, so that you can speak clearly and even reduce your accent.


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[Assistant] Some of the students of our courses are also students of Rachel's Academy and absolutely love it. Mahmood told us that it is like magic. He has realized that he actually can understand fast speaking natives and now has correct pronunciation so he can speak clearly.


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[Assistant] I am so grateful because Rachel is giving a special opportunity for English with TV learners to join Rachel's Academy. I'll let her tell you more about it. Thanks, Ethan.


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[Assistant] And now, it's time to go beyond the classroom and live your English. Aww yeah!


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[Assistant] Thanks for waiting. I just checked your classroom to make sure it's safe, because that's what I would do if there was a real fire.


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[Assistant] You rescued me a long time ago, didn't you? Very courageous. I came here to thank you for that honorable act. Indeed. You and I share a rather odd connection, don't you think? I suppose it's fate that we became enemies in the end.


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[Assistant] Ben, will you sit here with Santa and learn about Hanukkah?


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[Assistant] Alright! It's time for the story of Hanukkah!


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[Assistant] Chugga chugga, chugga chugga, choo choo! All aboard! Daniel, who's gonna ride this train? Hmm.


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[Assistant] I wanna keep playing with Miss Elena. Yeah, we need to finish our train tracks.


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[Assistant] This video is sponsored by Skillshare. The first 1000 people to click the link down below will get 2 months of Skillshare premium for free.


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[Assistant] Nowadays everyone is constantly busy with something. But being busy doesn't mean we're using our time efficiently. It's sad to say this, but most people completely waste their time.


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[Assistant] And time is our most valuable resource. We can't make more of it, like we can make more money, for example. So it's wise to use our time in a way that would benefit us.


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[Assistant] When we're bored, what do we usually do? Most of us end up being glued to a phone, TV or a computer screen.


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[Assistant] That might ease our boredom in the moment, and we might not even consider that time to be wasted. But there's an opportunity cost. That time could've been spent on a different, more valuable activity. Specifically on something that could actually benefit us greatly in the future.


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[Assistant] This is why in this video I'll go over 5 things that will help you ease your boredom and teach you to use your free time more productively. Number 1. Reading.


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[Assistant] Many people dislike it because when they were younger they were forced to read.


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[Assistant] Especially in school, there were mostly given books that weren't that interesting or weren't relevant to them.


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[Assistant] This made people hate reading. And I totally get that.


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[Assistant] When you actually have an interest in the topic, books become exciting and fun.


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[Assistant] Not only can they help ease your boredom, they're also one of the best ways to expand your knowledge.


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[Assistant] This can give you a massive competitive advantage, especially if you read books about the field you're working in. There's a reason why most people that make it to the top read a lot more than the average person. They're able to develop skills and gain knowledge that they otherwise wouldn't have, or it would take them longer to get to that level on their own.


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[Assistant] This is why whenever I go somewhere, whether it's a doctor's appointment or somewhere else where I know I'll have to wait, I always bring a book with me.


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[Assistant] And when I look around the room, most people are just scrolling on their phones, browsing social media or watching cat videos.


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[Assistant] I have nothing against that. It's their choice. But if you're looking to get ahead in life, you might want to stop scrolling and start reading. Most people don't read anything after they've finished school. This is why reading just a few key books can be a massive advantage for you.


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[Assistant] I recommend finding books that will help you better understand the world around you and those that expose you to new ideas and philosophies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People often forget why they're pursuing something in the first place, while some may not even be sure what they're supposed to be doing in their daily life. This lack of direction then often shows up as boredom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's why having goals is important. They're like a compass that guides you forward. Plus they provide you with the inspiration and motivation to get stuff done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you don't have a list of goals yet, now is the perfect time to make one. Setting goals is fun, and you get a nice dopamine rush when you imagine yourself achieving them. But if you don't want your goal to be just a wish, you need to create a plan on how you're going to reach it. It's been well researched that when you plan out your goals, you're more likely to follow through and achieve them.


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[Assistant] You see, your brain likes to filter out things that it deems less important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This means you're more likely to remember it and follow through. Plus you give the information some structure, so it's not just a pile of mumbo jumbo flying around inside your head. Furthermore, a physical list will serve as a visual reminder. Every time you look at it, you'll be reminded of what you're supposed to be doing and why you're doing it in the first place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Personally, I love going through the lists I made in the past, because I can see how much progress I've made so far. And it usually reignites the spark to continue grinding forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exercise is something everyone knows is good, and should be done frequently, but for some reason not everyone does it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most people who exercise do it to look better in the mirror. And there's nothing wrong with that, it's a nice side effect. But there's another reason why you should exercise and why I'm motivated to do it personally. It improves our brain function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we exercise, our brain releases a cocktail of neurotransmitters which balance our mood. Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, etc. They make us feel good, while reducing anxiety and depression.


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[Assistant] But our brain also releases something called brain-derived neurotropic factor. BDNF for short.


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[Assistant] This protein supports survival of our brain neurons, while boosting growth of new synapses.


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[Assistant] To put it simply, it preserves and grows new brain cells. This allows you to make better connections and remember more of what you learned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, exercise doesn't necessarily mean an intense gym workout or a sweaty run. Taking a walk has already been shown to have similar brain benefits. There's a reason why some Greek philosophers taught their lectures while walking and moving around. They might not have known the science behind it, but they probably noticed the positive brain effects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another way exercise benefits us is by helping us disconnect from external stimuli. Nowadays when we feel bored for even just a few minutes, we very quickly reach for our phones. We're constantly stimulating our brains with external distractions, and we never really give our minds a proper break.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But have you ever noticed that when you take a shower, you suddenly have a ton of new ideas? You're thinking about life, processing your day, creating plans for the future, etc. It's not the shower that does this. It's you finally disconnecting from all the external stimuli.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically, you step off your mind's gas pedal. Instead of taking in new information, you're letting your brain process existing information. And exercise helps you do that. It allows you to properly disconnect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take a look around right now. Chances are that the space you're in is far from clean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, you might want to change that, as our physical environment has a huge impact on our cognition, behavior and decision making. When our surroundings are a mess, so are we.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But once we remove all this visual clutter from our environment, we're able to focus and process information much better. Because there are fewer things competing for our attention.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I know that it can be difficult to bring yourself to even begin cleaning. Often we dread starting, because the place is a complete mess. And we believe that we have to clean the whole thing at once, which of course can be a lot of work. But you shouldn't aim for sparkling clean. Instead you should just go for slightly cleaner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Straighten out the carpet. Throw those leftovers into the trash. Arrange all the papers lying around. Organize your workspace a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure, it might not be perfect, but it's better than it was before, which is the most important part. Remember, you're not aiming for perfectly clean. Just cleaner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if you're laying on the couch right now with a phone glued to your face and you don't feel like moving at all, then at least clean up your phone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Clean up your photo gallery and remove the apps you don't use. You probably have them there, just in case, but let's be real. If you haven't used them in months, you probably won't need them in the future. And if you do, you can always reinstall them. You can also do this on your computer, by cleaning up some files or your desktop. Or perhaps more importantly for some of you, clean up your search history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Education doesn't end when you finish school, and it's not confined to the classroom either. You will find that the most accomplished people in the world are those who never stop learning. They're constantly improving their skills and incorporating new knowledge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you don't know what to do with your free time, that's a perfect opportunity to try something new. When we get to experience something novel, we tend to get a surge of motivation, as long as we find the activity enjoyable. And it doesn't matter if it's learning to draw or learning a completely new instrument.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This motivation and positive mood can then spread to other areas of our lives. Other activities that usually aren't as enjoyable tend to become more fun as well, because we're in a better mood overall. In other words, you can take the momentum you get from this novel experience and take it to other areas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, whenever you're learning something, it's beneficial to have a good teacher who can accelerate your progress. This is why I recommend you check out Skillshare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Skillshare is an online learning platform with thousands of easy to follow, professionally made classes on many creative and entrepreneurial topics. Take a scroll through their website and pick whichever subject might interest you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Want to learn how to animate videos? Take a class on Skillshare and learn how you can. Have you ever wanted to create your own website? There's a class for that as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of looking at cat videos, spend some time on Skillshare to learn a new, useful skill, or further develop an existing one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The class I recommend you check out first is from Thomas Frank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He talks about how to build good habits that last, something that will help you in every walk of life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if that's not in your interest, Skillshare has plenty of other classes you can dive into. Their annual subscription is less than 10 dollars per month, and since Skillshare is sponsoring this video, the first 1000 people to click the link down below get 2 months of Skillshare premium for free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I highly recommend you give them a try. So, spice up your day a little bit and explore something new. You never know when this additional knowledge might come in handy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, those were the 5 activities I believe are a good use of your time. Do you agree or disagree with my picks? Would you add anything else to the list? Let me know in the comments below.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope that when you're bored and feel like you have nothing to do, that you pick at least one of the things I listed. Remember, time is our most valuable resource. You don't want to let it go to waste. Instead, make sure to get the most out of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching. I hope you learned something new today and you became better than yesterday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inscribed above the Gate of Hell, these ominous words warn dark tidings for Dante as he begins his descent into Inferno.


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[Assistant] Yet despite the grim tone, this prophecy sets into motion what is perhaps the greatest love story ever told, an epic journey that encompasses both the human and the divine.


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[Assistant] But for Dante to reach benevolent salvation, he must first find his way through hell.


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[Assistant] This landscape of torture is the setting for Inferno, the first in a three-part narrative poem written by Dante Alighieri in the 14th century.


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[Assistant] Casting himself as the protagonist, Dante travels deeper and deeper into Hell's Abyss, witnessing obscene punishments distinct to each of its nine realms.


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[Assistant] Violence and fraud to the horrific ninth circle of treachery where sinners are trapped under the watchful eyes of Satan himself.


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[Assistant] The following two parts, Purgatorio and Paradiso, continue Dante's journey as he scales the Mount of Purgatory and ascends the nine celestial spheres of heaven.


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[Assistant] Written together over ten years, these three sections comprise the Divine Comedy, an allegorical imagining of the soul's journey towards God.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But Dante's Divine Comedy is more than just religious allegory. It's also a witty, scathing commentary on Italian politics.


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[Assistant] A soldier and statesman from Florence, Dante was staunchly faithful to God, but often critical of the Roman Catholic Church. He particularly disliked its rampant nepotism and practice of simony, the buying and selling of religious favors such as pardons from sin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many groups took advantage of these corrupt customs, but few supported them as much as the Guelfineri, or Black Guelphs. This was a political and religious faction which sought to expand the pope's political influence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dante was a member of the Guelphi Bianchi, or White Guelphs, who believed Florence needed more freedom from Roman influence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a public representative for the white Guelphs, Dante frequently spoke out against the pope's power, until the black Guelphs leveraged their position to exile him from Florence in 1302.


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[Assistant] But rather than silencing him, this lifelong exile led to Dante's greatest critique of all.


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[Assistant] Dishonored and with little hope of return, the author freely aired his grievances with the Church and Italian society.


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[Assistant] Writing the Divine Comedy in Italian, rather than the traditional Latin of the educated elite, Dante ensured the widest possible audience for his biting political commentary.


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[Assistant] In the Inferno's Circle of the Wrathful, Dante eagerly witnesses sinners tear Black Guelph Filippo Argenti limb from limb.


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[Assistant] In the circle of fraud, Dante converses with a mysterious sinner burning in the circle's hottest flames. He learns that this is Pope Nicholas III, who tells Dante that his two successors will take his place when they die, all three guilty of simony and corruption.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Despite the bleak and sometimes violent imagery in Inferno, the Divine Comedy is also a love story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Though Dante had an arranged marriage with the daughter of a powerful Florentine family, he had also been unrequitedly in love with another woman since he was nine years old, Beatrice Portinari.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Despite allegedly meeting just twice, she became Dante's lifelong muse, serving as the inspiration and subject for many of his works. In fact, it's Beatrice who launches his intrepid journey into the pits of hell and up the terraces of Mount Purgatory.


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[Assistant] Portrayed as a powerful, heavenly figure, she leads Dante through Paradiso's concentric spheres of heaven until he is finally face-to-face with God.


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[Assistant] In the centuries since its publication, the Divine Comedy's themes of love, sin, and redemption have been embraced by numerous artists, from Auguste Rodin and Salvador Dali to Ezra Pound and Neil Gaiman.


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[Assistant] Inscribed above the Gate of Hell, these ominous words warn dark tidings for Dante as he begins his descent into Inferno.


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[Assistant] Yet despite the grim tone, this prophecy sets into motion what is perhaps the greatest love story ever told, an epic journey that encompasses both the human and the divine. But for Dante to reach benevolent salvation, he must first find his way through hell.


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[Assistant] This landscape of torture is the setting for Inferno, the first in a three-part narrative poem written by Dante Alighieri in the 14th century.


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[Assistant] Casting himself as the protagonist, Dante travels deeper and deeper into Hell's Abyss, witnessing obscene punishments distinct to each of its nine realms.


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[Assistant] Heresy, violence, and fraud to the horrific ninth circle of treachery where sinners are trapped under the watchful eyes of Satan himself.


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[Assistant] The following two parts, Purgatorio and Paradiso, continue Dante's journey as he scales the Mount of Purgatory and ascends the nine celestial spheres of heaven.


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[Assistant] Written together over ten years, these three sections comprise the Divine Comedy, an allegorical imagining of the soul's journey towards God.


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[Assistant] But Dante's Divine Comedy is more than just religious allegory. It's also a witty, scathing commentary on Italian politics.


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[Assistant] A soldier and statesman from Florence, Dante was staunchly faithful to God, but often critical of the Roman Catholic Church. He particularly disliked its rampant nepotism and practice of simony, the buying and selling of religious favors such as pardons from sin.


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[Assistant] Many groups took advantage of these corrupt customs, but few supported them as much as the Guelfineri, or Black Guelphs. This was a political and religious faction which sought to expand the pope's political influence.


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[Assistant] Dante was a member of the Guelphi Bianchi, or White Guelphs, who believed Florence needed more freedom from Roman influence.


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[Assistant] As a public representative for the white Guelphs, Dante frequently spoke out against the Pope's power until the black Guelphs leveraged their position to exile him from Florence in 1302.


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[Assistant] But rather than silencing him, this lifelong exile led to Dante's greatest critique of all.


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[Assistant] Dishonored and with little hope of return, the author freely aired his grievances with the Church and Italian society.


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[Assistant] Writing the Divine Comedy in Italian, rather than the traditional Latin of the educated elite, Dante ensured the widest possible audience for his biting political commentary.


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[Assistant] In the Inferno's circle of the wrathful, Dante eagerly witnesses sinners tear black-gwell Filippo Argenti limb from limb.


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[Assistant] In the circle of fraud, Dante converses with a mysterious sinner burning in the circle's hottest flames. He learns that this is Pope Nicholas III, who tells Dante that his two successors will take his place when they die, all three guilty of simony and corruption.


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[Assistant] Despite the bleak and sometimes violent imagery in Inferno, the Divine Comedy is also a love story.


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[Assistant] Though Dante had an arranged marriage with the daughter of a powerful Florentine family, he had also been unrequitedly in love with another woman since he was nine years old, Beatrice Portinari.


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[Assistant] Despite allegedly meeting just twice, she became Dante's lifelong muse, serving as the inspiration and subject for many of his works. In fact, it's Beatrice who launches his intrepid journey into the pits of hell, and up the terraces of Mount Purgatory.


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[Assistant] Portrayed as a powerful heavenly figure, she leads Dante through Paradiso's concentric spheres of heaven, until he is finally face to face with God.


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[Assistant] In the centuries since its publication, the Divine Comedy's themes of love, sin, and redemption have been embraced by numerous artists, from Auguste Rodin and Salvador Dali to Ezra Pound and Neil Gaiman.


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[Assistant] And the poet himself received his own belated earthly redemption in 2008, when the city of Florence finally revoked Dante's antiquated exile.


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[Assistant] That's right. I thought so. Cause I know who you really are inside your heart. I know everything about you. Big brother.


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[Assistant] We cannot locate the target. Increasing the search area. Request to send in ground units.


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[Assistant] It's a beautiful day in my neighborhood. So much to do, so much to see. Won't you recycle with me?


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[Assistant] I picked up some trash in the enchanted garden. And now, I am sorting it into our three recycling bins. One bin is for plastic. And one is for paper. And one is for metal.


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[Assistant] Sorting our trash into recycling bins is one way that we can help out in our neighborhood.


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[Assistant] Another way I like to recycle is by turning my old things into something new. Watch what I can do with these old bottle caps. I am going to add some color. A nice orange.


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[Assistant] I wonder who in your neighborhood likes to recycle.


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[Assistant] What are you? A performer? What's with the costume? Sir?


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[Assistant] Mime cannot speak! You can't speak if you're a mime. No, I am a c-


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[Assistant] Before I went into the game, I did really, really, really pray. I didn't even flinch for nobody.


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[Assistant] One day in 1995, a man robbed two Pittsburgh banks in broad daylight. He didn't wear a mask or any sort of disguise, and he smiled at surveillance cameras before walking out of each bank.


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[Assistant] Of course, the police found the robber and later that night arrested him.


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[Assistant] Interestingly enough, when the robber was handcuffed, he was puzzled and he mumbled. But I wore the juice.


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[Assistant] Apparently this robber thought that smearing lemon juice on his face would render him invisible to bank security cameras. And he didn't just think that, he was pretty confident about it.


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[Assistant] His rationale was that since the chemical properties of lemon juice are used in invisible ink, it should render him invisible to the bank's security cameras.


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[Assistant] But what's interesting is that even after the police showed him the footage of his robbery, he was genuinely surprised that it didn't work. And he thought the footage was fake.


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[Assistant] The police concluded that this man was not crazy or on drugs, just incredibly misinformed and mistaken.


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[Assistant] The funny robbery led to social psychologists Dunning and Kruger to study this phenomenon more deeply.


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[Assistant] Specifically, what interested them the most was the confidence exerted by this robber, that made him believe he'd be able to obstruct the security cameras with just lemon juice.


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[Assistant] To investigate this in the lab, they examined a group of undergraduate students in several categories.


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[Assistant] Their grammatical writing, logical reasoning and a sense of humor.


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[Assistant] After knowing the test scores, they asked each student to estimate his or her overall score


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[Assistant] As well as their relative rank compared to other students.


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[Assistant] They found that the students who scored the lowest in these cognitive tasks always overestimated how well they did.


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[Assistant] So, not only were those students incompetent or less skilled in those areas,


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[Assistant] Students who scored the highest had more accurate perceptions of their abilities, but they made a different mistake. Paradoxically, the highest scoring students underestimated their performance. They knew they were better than average at the test, but because it was easy for them, they assumed it was easy for everyone.


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[Assistant] Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills needed to recognize their own incompetence or lack of knowledge.


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[Assistant] Their poor self awareness leads them to overestimate their own capabilities. You can clearly see what I mean in this graph here.


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[Assistant] However, when you become more knowledgeable about a certain topic, that confidence falls.


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[Assistant] Only when you start to reach above average skill is when your confidence about a certain topic starts to pick up again.


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[Assistant] Contrary to popular belief, this is not just limited to cognitive tasks.


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[Assistant] It doesn't seem to matter what specific skill we pick. The less a person knows about any given activity, the more likely they are to overestimate their skill or knowledge.


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[Assistant] The Dunning-Kruger effect can be observed during talent shows like American Idol.


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[Assistant] The auditions are usually filled with variety of good and bad singers.


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[Assistant] The ones who are bad at it, almost never realize how bad they really are.


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[Assistant] And even elderly people rank themselves among the best drivers.


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[Assistant] A more interesting example is that 94% of professors assume that they are better in comparison to their colleagues.


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[Assistant] And this box represents how much she knows about photography.


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[Assistant] With this reasoning he's easily at the top percentile of all photographers.


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[Assistant] But let's say he meets a professional photographer. Someone who has been doing it for 7 years, but he still has a lot to learn.


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[Assistant] This photographer knows this much about photography.


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[Assistant] But he also knows that the field is much larger and there is this much to know about it.


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[Assistant] Because this photographer is more knowledgeable about the subject, he knows that this grey area exists. However, Mike does not.


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[Assistant] Now you can see why Mike is so confident in his ability. He has no idea just how much he doesn't know.


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[Assistant] Because he only has a little knowledge of the field, he doesn't know that it's way more extensive than that.


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[Assistant] And because he doesn't know what he doesn't know, he thinks he knows 90% about photography.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, experts tend to be aware of just how knowledgeable they are, but they often make a different mistake.


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[Assistant] They assume that everyone else is knowledgeable as well. Mostly because others exert so much confidence.


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[Assistant] In this instance the photographer is aware he only knows about 70%.


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[Assistant] But if he met someone like Mike, he would underestimate himself. 90% is better than 70% after all.


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[Assistant] We are all susceptible to the Donning-Kruger effect, but how can we prevent ourselves from falling prey to it?


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[Assistant] Well, the answer is, you should strive to educate yourself as much as possible. You're not expected to know everything after all. Thinking you're always right is a clear sign of foolishness.


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[Assistant] It seems that the more knowledge people have, the more they realize how little they know in reality.


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[Assistant] In other words, the more people know about a certain issue, the more they realize how complicated, unexplored and extensive it is, and how many things they do not understand or know yet.


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[Assistant] It's a beautiful paradox in which the more we study something, the less we know about it.


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[Assistant] On the other hand, people who dabble on the surface of anything they pursue will never know how much they still have to learn.


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[Assistant] In the Dunning-Kruger experiment, unskilled or incompetent students improved their ability to correctly estimate the test results after receiving minimal tutoring on the skills they lacked.


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[Assistant] So, next time you feel confident that you know a lot about something, take a closer look at the topic, as it could be that you're a victim of the Donnie Kruger effect. You just might not know what you don't know.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching. If you enjoyed the video, hit the like button. And if you're not subscribed, make sure to subscribe. This way you won't miss out on more videos that will make you better than yesterday.


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[Assistant] I'll give you that. Yoink! No!


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[Assistant] Uuuh, duuuh. Uuuh, duuuh. Uuuh! Yoink!


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[Assistant] Ross, uhm, you've been in there for a long time. I'm starting to get kind of freaked out.


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[Assistant] I have five clocks in my house. Wow. I want to see all the clocks in the clock factory.


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[Assistant] Red bus, orange bus, apta station. When we play bus station, the buses always run on the same schedule.


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[Assistant] No, no, no. Green bus comes before blue bus. Oh, that's right. Where is the green bus?


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[Assistant] I like playing with my little brother Max. He knows so much about buses. And keeping them on schedule.


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[Assistant] The athlete is asking whether he still needs to put on the headset. I don't know how the translation channel is set up.


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[Assistant] Uh, the parties and, uh, all the medias and the public who


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[Assistant] Before I start the closing remarks, I'd like to make two points.


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[Assistant] As response to the, uhm, statements made by, uh, Mr. Richard Young.


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[Assistant] I learned from, uhm, my, uh, council's translation about, uh, uh, WADA's, uhm, closing remarks, uhm, which, uh, indicating that, uhm, we have been lying, changing, or manipulating a lot of facts.


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[Assistant] In our statements, submissions. However, I'd like to make the point that my, uhm, request for this public hearing today


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[Assistant] Was put in place by IDTM. I'm pretty sure everybody will be very shocked and surprised. I don't know whether you have the courage to allow me to play this video from that night.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid maybe the video won't be played today. However, I believe it will be open available to the public one day in future.


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[Assistant] Second point I'd like to make is regarding the statement made by the appealant.


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[Assistant] At my age, to have your mom to stand there to see you pee.


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[Assistant] I'd like to take the opportunity of this public hearing today to disclose the truth to the whole world, myself and my team.


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[Assistant] Must re- respect the requirements of


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[Assistant] Imagine if sport organizations


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[Assistant] Want to follow or respect their own rules.


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[Assistant] What's the point of talking about the spirit of fair play?


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[Assistant] If the right, the right,


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[Assistant] My understanding is, at this doping control session last year,


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[Assistant] Permission from the panel cast or both parties here to, uh, slow down the flow and make sure all the deliberation will be


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[Assistant] Because I think we have two Chinese speaking. I can just explain to him. Okay.


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[Assistant] Only one month after the FINA, uh, doping panel.


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[Assistant] At the Finals World Championships in July 2020 in Korea, some Australian media disclosed some very detailed information.


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[Assistant] From this confidential reasoned decision made by Fina Doppinkano


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[Assistant] I've just translated word by word like a black power kind of operation behind all these media coverage.


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[Assistant] Since the night of 4th September 2018, in the past 438 days, myself and my team


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[Assistant] Please imagine, one, a doping control, uhm, doping control personnel


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[Assistant] Bring in irrelevant, illegally bring in irrelevant uncredited, uh, staff, uh, to


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[Assistant] Uhm, I have the question, how I can protect


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[Assistant] Somebody was constantly taking pictures and recording video clips on me.


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[Assistant] My personal, my rights was not protected and respected.


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[Assistant] Why I didn't have the right to, uh, ask the doping control personnel


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[Assistant] To identify them and show me their legitimate accreditation documentation.


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[Assistant] Why when I proposed to the DCO that I was happy to wait until the next morning if she could, uhm, find


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[Assistant] I was very shocked on September 4th 2018.


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[Assistant] I'm knowledgeable about the...


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[Assistant] The requirement that no photo taking or filming were allowed during the doping control process.


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[Assistant] I'm standing here to present them to show athletes, uh, uh, legitimate accreditation, um, to demonstrate their authority to conduct the doping control test.


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[Assistant] It's hard for me to understand when the IDT- when the IDTM, uh, was ignoring the basic requirements of relevant international doping control regulations, uh, WADA provided support.


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[Assistant] I want all the reputation and all the results in swimming for more than 20 years with years of hard work.


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[Assistant] According to the statements made by IDTM and water today, the mistakes made by the doping control personnel


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[Assistant] Uh, uh, impartial, uh, awards and decision could be granted by the panel and the cast.


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[Assistant] Oh, thank you. I'm just going to do one more thing here, and then it will be time for my lunch. Can you stand back please, my big tiger? Mhm.


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[Assistant] Cheese, please. That rhymes.


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[Assistant] Have one of these? It has cheese.


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[Assistant] Daniel, it's really special that we're all eating together right now. Can you come and join us?


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[Assistant] You know, one of my favorite things about eating outside is that cool breeze, huh.


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[Assistant] Thanks for coming to have lunch with me. You really made this a special day.


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[Assistant] I think from the time we step out of the store, you're going to meet some of the creative minds that I'm sure can exist in this world.


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[Assistant] When you see them doing the old signature moves, the azoto, the shokiri, the yawzi, the galala, trust me, you only see life passing through their bodies. But when you meet them one on one, you see a bit of...


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[Assistant] Hunger, and I think to a large extent is more of the decision they make.


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[Assistant] That's how much dance has come to be in Lagos.


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[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, we live here like 80% we are always here. We have, uh, virtually five different dance companies. The studio that I'm taking you to was where I started from.


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[Assistant] Yes, we- we definitely shout on Friday. Definitely.


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[Assistant] And I'm more into like, a Eurofit. I feel like I'm in my true form.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, welcome back to E cubed. E cubed. I like that. Uh, today's expression. Let's, let's start. Today's expression.


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[Assistant] Lemonade, lemonade, yum, yum, lemonade. Beep, bloop, blurp. That's robot four. Let's go to Jody's. Boop, boop, beep, boop. Beep, bloop, blurp.


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[Assistant] Excuse me, Daniel. I need more space, please. Oh, I was in your space. Uh-huh. Your dough was on my baking mat. I'm sorry I got too close, Miss Elena.


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[Assistant] My pretzel looks like a pretzel! Well, it did look like a pretzel.


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[Assistant] Hehe, I like Baker Aker's twisty dance. Hey, do you want to make believe with me?


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[Assistant] Excuse me, Jody? Could you please give me some more space? Ohhhh.


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[Assistant] Thanks. Now I can finish my butterfly. And done. See? A butterfly. I hope Baker Aker likes it. I like the twisty wings, Daniel. Thanks. Baker Aker, I made this for you.


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[Assistant] Now here, there are three parts to an accordion. I have what they call the treble side.


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[Assistant] This is my tuning table, Janae. Look underneath the table. Tell me, what do you see?


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[Assistant] Whoa, whoa, I got you Daniel. Are you okay?


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[Assistant] It's getting a little too snowy out here to play. You should go inside now.


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[Assistant] Hey, I want some snow in my hot cocoa too, please.


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[Assistant] That's a great idea. Let's go pick one together. Tigey is brave and strong.


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[Assistant] Oh, I'm sorry that happened, Daniel. I know these are important to you. I'll set them out to dry right over here.


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[Assistant] Well, it looks like there's a broken pipe in the bathroom.


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[Assistant] And trolley. Into your coats and hats again!


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[Assistant] Well, our heat isn't working and we've got a broken pipe. Is it alright if Daniel and Margaret stay warm here while we fix things up at home?


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[Assistant] We can! Your mom and I fixed the heat and the pipe so the house is warm again.


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[Assistant] Oh, how very nice. I love soup. Thank you all for everything.


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[Assistant] Yeah, and I'm not even sure the starters came out after cool.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it calmed down a little bit that first year after mom had Brooklyn. I mean, we were all just glad she was alive. Yeah. But, that wore off.


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[Assistant] These are our parents. Their legal definition is guardians. They're supposed to guard us.


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[Assistant] But in reality, microbes gather by the millions to form vast communities known as biofilms.


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[Assistant] Natural biofilms are like miniature jungles filled with many kinds of microbes from across the web of life.


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[Assistant] Bacteria and archaea mingle with other microbes like algae, fungi, and protozoa, forming dense, organized structures that grow on almost any surface.


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[Assistant] When you pad across a river bottom, touch the rind of an aged cheese, tend your garden soil, or brush your teeth, you're coming into contact with these invisible ecosystems.


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[Assistant] To see how biofilms come about, let's watch one as it develops on a submerged river rock.


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[Assistant] This type of biofilm might begin with a few bacteria swimming through their liquid environment. The cells use rotating flagella to propel towards the surface of the rock, which they attach to with the help of sticky appendages.


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[Assistant] Then they start producing an extracellular matrix that holds them together as they divide and reproduce. Before long, microcolonies arise. Clusters of cells sheathed in this slimy, glue-like material.


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[Assistant] Micro colonies grow to become towers, while water channels flow around them, functioning like a basic circulatory system.


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[Assistant] But why do microbes build such complex communities when they could live alone? For one thing, microbes living in a biofilm are rooted in a relatively stable microenvironment, where they may have access to a nutrient source.


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[Assistant] There's also safety in numbers. Out in the deep, dark wilderness of the microbial world, isolated microbes face serious risks. Predators want to eat them. Immune systems seek to destroy them. And there are physical dangers too, like running out of water and drying up.


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[Assistant] Biofilms also enable interactions between individual cells. When microbes are packed against each other in close proximity, they can communicate, exchange genetic information, and engage in cooperative and competitive social behaviors.


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[Assistant] Take the soil in your garden, home to thousands of bacterial species. As one species colonizes a plant root, its individual cells might differentiate into various subpopulations, each carrying out a specific task.


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[Assistant] Matrix producers pump out the extracellular goo. Swimmers assemble flagella and are free to move about or migrate.


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[Assistant] And spore formers produce dormant, tough endospores that survive starvation, temperature extremes, and harmful radiation. This phenomenon is called division of labor.


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[Assistant] Ultimately, it gives rise to a sophisticated system of cooperation that's somewhat like a multicellular organism in itself.


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[Assistant] But because biofilms often contain many different microbes that aren't closely related to each other, interactions can also be competitive.


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[Assistant] Bacteria launch vicious attacks on their competitors by secreting chemicals into the environment, or by deploying molecular spears to inject nearby cells with toxins that literally blow them up.


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[Assistant] In the end, competition is all about resources. If one species eliminates another, it keeps more space and food for itself.


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[Assistant] Although this dramatic life cycle occurs beyond the limits of our vision, microbial communities provide humans and other species with tangible and sometimes even delicious benefits.


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[Assistant] Microbes make up a major fraction of the biomass on Earth and play a critical role within the global ecosystem that supports all larger organisms, including us.


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[Assistant] They produce much of the oxygen we breathe and are recruited to clean up environmental pollution, like oil spills, or to treat our wastewater.


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[Assistant] Not to mention, biofilms are normal and flavor-enhancing parts of many of the foods we enjoy, including cheese, salami, and kombucha.


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[Assistant] So the next time you brush your teeth, bite into that cheese rind, sift through garden soil, or skip a river stone, look as close as you can, imagine the microbial jungles all around you, waiting to be discovered and explored.


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[Assistant] Lifeguards watch our neighbors at the pool to make sure everyone is safe and follows the rules.


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[Assistant] That's right. No running at the neighborhood pool. The ground here is wet. So it can be slippery. If you run, you might fall and hurt yourself. The next rule is


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[Assistant] You always have to ask a grownup if it's okay to go in the pool.


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[Assistant] If I see that you're forgetting a rule, I'll blow my whistle and remind you. That's how I keep you safe.


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[Assistant] When you hear that whistle and see my arm go up like this, that means to stop what you're doing and listen to me.


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[Assistant] Only the lifeguard should have a whistle at the pool. That way...


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[Assistant] If you hear it, you know you'll need to stop and listen. Thank you for explaining the rules, Prince Tuesday. You're welcome. A lifeguard is here to keep you safe.


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[Assistant] So, do you think you can both remember the no running rule?


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[Assistant] It's magical. And now the magic words.


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[Assistant] And I'll have more ideas for you And you'll have things you'll want to talk about


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[Assistant] Daniel, come join us. You made it just in time. It's your turn next.


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[Assistant] Okay Daniel, why don't you show us what you brought and tell us all about it.


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[Assistant] Well, we're all very glad you remembered it.


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[Assistant] That ain't good business. I know your pa's got money and all, but you gotta think smart cuz I'm trying to put you on the game.


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[Assistant] This nigga wanted so passionately to be in the NBA, they put on a wig and I- No, no, I- I understand the conceit of joining. Okay. I get it. So you know why that shit hard? No.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna do anything, nigga. I'll put this shit on a pigeon and fly that bitch today. I'm ready to work, cuz. You hear me, alright?


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[Assistant] When something seems bad, turn it around and find something good.


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[Assistant] You either win me or guess me how. You either win me or win.


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[Assistant] I know! So, should we write our name on all the nuts? No! We must have rules. They'll be good for everybody. Rules? You'll see. Mogu, please call Mophie and Cary to a meeting at the playground.


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[Assistant] The rule should be that we write down our names on all our own things. And we should have signs that say all the things that we can't do in the forest.


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[Assistant] Lifty go lifty. So many recipes. I'll take it.


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[Assistant] Library card, please. Here you go.


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[Assistant] When someone is too close, say excuse me, I need more space.


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[Assistant] When someone is too close, say, excuse me, I need more space. Katerina, excuse me. I need more space, please. Oh, okay, Daniel.


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[Assistant] And I'll have more ideas for you And you'll have things you'll want to talk about


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[Assistant] I will too. Because it's you I like.


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[Assistant] Oh no! What color is it?


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[Assistant] It's red! Red! Stop! Green! Go!


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[Assistant] And is that a good reason to feel sad?


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[Assistant] You can watch the sun sparkling on the river. I would love to see the sun sparkling on the river.


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[Assistant] In today's lesson, we're looking at a bit of the love story between Monica and Chandler. Specifically, how they got engaged.


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[Assistant] And if you are new here, well, I want to welcome you to our community where we help you to understand fast speaking natives without getting lost, without missing the jokes, and without subtitles.


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[Assistant] Just like Kanishk, who says that there is no more fun way to learn to understand natives. So hit that subscribe button and the bell down below so that you don't miss a single new lesson.


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[Assistant] An interesting thing to note here is that Joey reduces going to to Gunna, while Chandler does not.


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[Assistant] He says it is going to be perfect. There's probably a reason for that.


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[Assistant] Before we get into that, let's focus on the connected speech that Joey uses.


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[Assistant] He drops the auxiliary verb altogether and just says, how you.


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[Assistant] This is grammatically incorrect, but something that natives sometimes do. Ask her becomes ask her.


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[Assistant] Here's another example from friends where we see a similar thing happen.


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[Assistant] In general, in fascinating speech, we usually reduce any words we can. However, the exception is when we want to emphasize an idea.


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[Assistant] When this happens, we tend to pronounce each sound carefully.


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[Assistant] Chandler wanted to accentuate the idea that it is going to be perfect.


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[Assistant] Intonation also helps. Notice how he adds more emphasis to the champagne that she really loves.


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[Assistant] Joey here thinks Chandler will mishandle the situation, or won't do it right. Maybe he'll lose the ring.


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[Assistant] Do you ever get confused by how we natives speak English? We emphasize some words. We reduce others. Some seem to disappear altogether. Isn't it frustrating?


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[Assistant] Well, if you want to understand natives like a master and even laugh at the jokes, then I highly recommend you check out our Fluent with Friends course.


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[Assistant] Now every week, you get PDF Power Lessons to help you to understand 100% of the episode.


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[Assistant] Vocabulary memorization software, so that you never forget the new words and expressions. And access to our Fluency Circle global community, so that you can practice everything you learn and make friends around the world.


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[Assistant] The best part? You can try it for free right now with our three-part masterclass.


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[Assistant] Click up here or down in the description below to sign up.


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[Assistant] We say, in fact, when we want to add more detailed information to what has just been said.


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[Assistant] More informally it can be said at the end too. Example.


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[Assistant] Grow old is a collocation that means to increase in age.


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[Assistant] We often use this when talking about two people that have been a couple for many years.


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[Assistant] Both but and just are reduced. In fact, he doesn't pronounce the t's, so it sounds like but just. And let me is reduced to lemme.


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[Assistant] The verb sneak means to go somewhere secretly and quietly in order to avoid being seen or heard. He says sneak out.


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[Assistant] Oftentimes, when we narrate a series of events, we use the phrase, next thing you know, or a slightly modified version of that, to say something happens unexpectedly, all of the sudden.


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[Assistant] Generally, when we say two people are going at it, we mean they are fighting. In this case, however, he means they're having sex.


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[Assistant] Richard here says, make a toast. Earlier in the episode, Chandler used a different collocation.


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[Assistant] As a third alternative, you could just say to toast, someone or to something. When you toast, you drink a glass of a beverage, usually alcohol, to thank someone, honor someone, wish someone luck, or celebrate something.


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[Assistant] We say laughter to refer to when people laugh, or the sound of people laughing.


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[Assistant] Dew is the moisture that we can find on plants early in the morning. It's used poetically here.


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[Assistant] If you bump into someone, you meet them out of chance without expecting to.


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[Assistant] If someone suspects something, and you want them to think about something else, we might say you throw someone off their track.


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[Assistant] For example, if a criminal steals a car, she might try to throw the police off her track by changing the license plates.


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[Assistant] We often use a shorter expression to throw someone off, meaning to confuse someone.


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[Assistant] This is an idiomatic way to say that you're not thinking about doing something, or that it is not a priority. In order to throw a suspecting Monica off, Chandler now wants to make her believe he doesn't want to get married.


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[Assistant] We usually use this word when two people are ready to commit to each other. In other words, become a couple.


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[Assistant] If something you do pays off, it is successful or has a good result.


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[Assistant] So, Chandler is set on making Monica believe he doesn't want to get married.


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[Assistant] However, now that Richard has come into the scene, he might be playing with fire.


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[Assistant] When we say someone is up to something, it means they're doing something. Especially something they shouldn't be doing. Example. The children are very quiet. I wonder what they're up to.


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[Assistant] When we say this in the question, what are you up to? We use it in a casual way to ask someone who we haven't seen for a while what they've been doing.


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[Assistant] What's another common and similar way to ask this? What's up? What's cracking? What's happening?


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[Assistant] Trick question! You can use any of these as alternatives. Want to learn more fun and colloquial ways to introduce yourself? Check out this lesson on our RealLife English channel.


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[Assistant] If you solidify your commitment to someone you make that commitment stronger. You could use it in the context of learning.


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[Assistant] When you learn new vocabulary, for example, you solidify it by using it in conversation.


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[Assistant] A compliment is a remark that shows you admire someone or something. We can say this as a verb, too. To compliment.


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[Assistant] We often use will in the negative, won't, to say that someone refuses or doesn't want to do something. Example. He just won't stop spending money on unnecessary things. Wouldn't here is the past tense of won't.


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[Assistant] Joey is saying that he tried to make Monica change her mind, but that she just wouldn't believe him.


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[Assistant] If I were you, I would is a very common way that we use to give someone advice.


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[Assistant] English learners tend to find using the conditional confusing.


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[Assistant] That's why we made it super easy for you in this lesson that we made on our RealLife English channel. I recommend you watch that next so that you can take your English skills to the next level.


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[Assistant] In the same way that we reduce want to to wanna, we sometimes contract wanted it to wanted it.


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[Assistant] If Friends wasn't a sitcom, Monica's comment here would have been quite strange. We use likely as a synonym of probable.


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[Assistant] So, if something is likely to happen, there's a high probability that it will happen.


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[Assistant] Throughout the series, Chandler has a fear of commitment, and the other characters often make fun of his lack of success with women. In fact, this refers to something that Joey told Monica earlier.


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[Assistant] Abandon someone? Confuse someone? Make someone angry?


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[Assistant] What does Joey mean here? Chandler needs to focus. Chandler owes money. It'll be easy for Chandler.


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[Assistant] So how'd you do on the quiz? Did you get 100%?


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[Assistant] Or do you still have some work to do? Well, next, I highly recommend that you watch this lesson where we look at the love story between Ross and Rachel. Let's check out a clip from that lesson.


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[Assistant] Clay came here. I'm being serious, dude. This is some real shit. It's that bullshit. This is...


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[Assistant] Yeah, I mean, no, not him particularly, but yes, him and the rest of his, you know, no shoes on in the bathroom wearing cousins, they forced me into this life. Right. I don't want to be super duper fly every day. Right. This is what I've been forced into. They're turning me into a peacock, Jo. You're next. Those Gucci dungarees you're wearing? Siobhan shoes. See, you're next.


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[Assistant] Okay? So, slavery's over, right? Suddenly, some benevolent white man has just said, you know what? Alright, Darkie, your 400-year hard labor, unpaid internship is over. Go be free.


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[Assistant] So there we are, fresh out of shackles in a loincloth.


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[Assistant] You know what I'm saying? You think we had on Bermuda shorts? No, it was, whatever you have, get out. You feel weird now, right? How do we feel?


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[Assistant] You don't just wake up in a Euro-sized 56 Valentino sweatsuit, dude.


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[Assistant] This is a hard fought, never say die, leave it all out in the field, constant online shopping, fucking nightmare, D. I know how important it is to you. Do you? Because it's Bergdorf, Mr. Porter's, matches. And don't let matches not have what you're looking for. Then you gotta fucking go far fetch.


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[Assistant] Farfetch'd. It's like fucking the dark web, dude.


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[Assistant] What else am I gonna do? I'm gonna go to Amazon? Trust something that comes in two and a half hours in my house? Put it on my back, go out and get shot by the police?


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[Assistant] It's like basic, basic science shit. It's the coding of the epigenetics.


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[Assistant] When stressful things happen to you over a long period of time, your DNA can literally change to protect you.


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[Assistant] Like if your family lived next to a wild nightclub for 400 years, it's not crazy to think that your offspring might be born with smaller eardrums.


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[Assistant] You know, joke all you want, dickhead. But what black people went through, your people fundamentally changed our DNA.


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[Assistant] Being dripped is literally part of who we are. Why do you think we have so many names for it?


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[Assistant] I'm not divorcing your mom. Does it cross my mind? Sure.


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[Assistant] I'm a grown man with a pretty fair amount of disposable income, but nah. I mean, have I maybe talked to a lawyer here or there?


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[Assistant] What? Can we, can we cut this? Can we cut this? Yo, my man, can we cut this? Are we off?


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[Assistant] What part of this job are you not getting? Because I feel like it's kind of like the basics that we talk about. Shopping. Assisting. Assisting. Right.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's, it's, uh, you know, it's a classic rope. I guess it's a big rope. It's just 75 grams.


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[Assistant] Why would I buy 75 grams of 14 karat gold? You want me to talk to you?


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[Assistant] Why would I want you to speak to them? Just if you need help. I don't know that you own a pair of socks. I don't, I- Hello? Yeah, you know what sir? Actually, can I just speak to your manager? You know, you know, I'm getting a call. I'll call back, sir. What's up, baby?


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[Assistant] Well it's not. Like at all. Like at all.


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[Assistant] Joe. Let me ask you a question. I want you to be honest. Do you know what Chloe did?


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[Assistant] Oh my god, you're such a bad mom, like a failure. Hey! Yo, what's up birthday boy? How was school?


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[Assistant] Wait, wait, wait, wait. Diaz looks like a dirty criminal, but you look like a cop, man. You can't go over there like that. What'd you have in mind?


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[Assistant] So if you can't tell, my mom's been going through it. Has been for a minute.


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[Assistant] Ever since she left the law firm, she's been trying to figure out what her next move might be. There was a YouTube cooking channel.


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[Assistant] And an attempt to promote her miracle book, she's been introduced to social media. It hasn't been great. Mom.


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[Assistant] Can you please take a second from your followers and answer a couple questions from me?


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[Assistant] I think you were standing there in your designer sweats and Prada boots and you saw a woman in scrubs probably drenched in some kind of bodily fluid. I mean, clearly committing malpractice, but uhm, also bossing up. And it kinda made you miss being a boss.


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[Assistant] It made you feel like you had to reach inside your bag and pull out the most awkward, unnecessary flags of all time.


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[Assistant] I guess. Mom, you haven't been in a courtroom in what, like, three years?


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[Assistant] This is the toughest part about making a documentary. The proverbial moral quandary. I mean, you see a woman set on fire. What do you do? Do you put out the fire? Or do you zoom in and let her burn?


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[Assistant] Well, how long did you think it'd take? And what'd you think she'd be doing?


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[Assistant] So mom, this new chapter in your life, what do you call it? What are you doing?


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[Assistant] Money has ruined us. Mom's suddenly a socialite and Dad's walking around here like he's Citizen Kane. It's gonna tear them apart. And when what I'm sure will be a messy, expensive, drawn-out, decade-long divorce that ends with two brand new beach houses for the divorce lawyers and us living in some kind of condo in Panorama City, it's gonna tear us apart too.


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[Assistant] And it was at that moment, for some reason, my mom had gotten full dad. You never want to go full dad.


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[Assistant] I mean, you're definitely goals, depending on what your goals are.


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[Assistant] I mean, when you were working a lot, there were definitely times where you've seen seconds from a mental breakdown.


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[Assistant] Even as a little kid, I saw the impact it had on other people when I told them my mom was a lawyer. It made me feel proud. But...


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[Assistant] For what it's worth mom, I'm always gonna be proud of you. Because you're kind of my hero. But I do hope that I get the chance to see you in action again. Somewhere.


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[Assistant] In the movies, we always see that arguments have an ending. But in real life, they don't. They just stop to start up again. And the best you can hope for is that the arguments keep starting up.


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[Assistant] I still don't know. I'm sorry, I just want to make sure I bought the right couch. I need a couch that says, kids welcome here, but that also says, come here to me.


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[Assistant] Look, I-I drew a sketch of how we're gonna do it, okay? Rach? That's you. That's the couch.


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[Assistant] Look, I-I drew a sketch of how we're gonna do it, okay? Rich? That's you. That's the couch.


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[Assistant] Like any sound, music consists of vibrations traveling through air.


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[Assistant] Instruments are classified based on how those vibrations are produced. Percussion instruments are struck. String instruments are plucked or bowed.


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[Assistant] One of the first things a brass player must learn is to breathe in deeply, until every possible particle of air is crammed into the lungs.


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[Assistant] Once all that air is inside, it must come out through the mouth. But there, an internal battle takes place, as the musician simultaneously tries to hold their lips firmly closed while blowing enough air to force them open.


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[Assistant] The musician can alter the pitch of the note through slight contractions of the lips and alterations to air volume and speed.


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[Assistant] While on a trombone, this is done by extending its slide.


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[Assistant] This is why the tuba, the largest brass instrument, is also the one capable of playing the lowest notes. So changing the instrument length shifts its harmonic series, while slight variations of the airflow and the player's lips produce the different notes within it.


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[Assistant] Suddenly, three hazards appear at the same time. What happens next?


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[Assistant] Before it can navigate this onslaught of obstacles, the car has to detect them, gleaning enough information about their size, shape, and position so that its control algorithms can plot the safest course.


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[Assistant] With no human at the wheel, the car needs smart eyes, sensors that'll resolve these details, no matter the environment, weather, or how dark it is, all in a split second.


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[Assistant] That's a tall order, but there's a solution that partners two things, a special kind of laser-based probe called LiDAR and a miniature version of the communications technology that keeps the internet humming called integrated photonics.


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[Assistant] To understand lidar, it helps to start with a related technology— radar. In aviation, radar antennas launch pulses of radio or microwaves at planes to learn their locations by timing how long the beams take to bounce back.


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[Assistant] That's a limited way of seeing, though, because the large beam size can't visualize fine details. In contrast, a self-driving car's LIDAR system, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, uses a narrow, invisible infrared laser


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[Assistant] It can image features as small as the button on a pedestrian's shirt across the street.


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[Assistant] But how do we determine the shape or depth of these features?


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[Assistant] Lidar fires a train of super-short laser pulses to give depth resolution. Take the moose on the country road. As the car drives by, one lidar pulse scatters off the base of its antlers, while the next may travel to the tip of one antler before bouncing back.


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[Assistant] Measuring how much longer the second pulse takes to return provides data about the antler's shape. With a lot of short pulses, a LIDAR system quickly renders a detailed profile.


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[Assistant] The most obvious way to create a pulse of light is to switch a laser on and off. But this makes a laser unstable and affects the precise timing of its pulses, which limits depth resolution.


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[Assistant] Better to leave it on and use something else to periodically block the light reliably and rapidly.


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[Assistant] That's where integrated photonics come in. The digital data of the Internet is carried by precision-timed pulses of light, some as short as 100 picoseconds. One way to create these pulses is with a Mach-Zehnder modulator.


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[Assistant] This device takes advantage of a particular wave property called interference.


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[Assistant] Imagine dropping pebbles into a pond. As the ripples spread and overlap, a pattern forms.


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[Assistant] In some places, wave peaks add up to become very large. In other places, they completely cancel out. The Mach-Zehnder modulator does something similar. It splits waves of light along two parallel arms and eventually rejoins them.


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[Assistant] If the light is slowed down and delayed in one arm, the waves recombine out of sync and cancel, blocking the light.


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[Assistant] By toggling this delay in one arm, the modulator acts like an on-off switch, emitting pulses of light.


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[Assistant] A light pulse lasting 100 picoseconds leads to a depth resolution of a few centimeters, but tomorrow's cars will need to see better than that. By pairing the modulator with a super-sensitive, fast-acting light detector, the resolution can be refined to a millimeter.


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[Assistant] The first generation of automobile LIDAR has relied on complex spinning assemblies that scan from rooftops or hoods.


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[Assistant] With integrated photonics, modulators and detectors are being shrunk to less than a tenth of a millimeter and packed into tiny chips that'll one day fit inside a car's lights.


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[Assistant] These chips will also include a clever variation on the modulator to help do away with moving parts and scan at rapid speeds.


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[Assistant] By slowing the light in a modulator arm only a tiny bit, this additional device will act more like a dimmer than an on-off switch. If an array of many such arms, each with a tiny controlled delay, is stacked in parallel, something novel can be designed— a steerable laser beam.


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[Assistant] From their new vantage, these smart eyes will probe and see more thoroughly than anything nature could have imagined, and help navigate any number of obstacles— all without anyone breaking a sweat, except for maybe one disoriented moose.


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[Assistant] Wee, don't look so shy of yourself. Wee, don't look so shy of yourself. Wee, don't look so shy of yourself.


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[Assistant] We've only gotten this far because of him. To just throw him away like he's disposable.


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[Assistant] Alright, as you can see, all of these cuts, the initial letter, the first name, are P's. So, why? Okay, have a guess. Here we go, the name Tom.


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[Assistant] In fact, a supernova occurs every second or so in the observable universe, and there is one on average every 25 to 50 years in a galaxy the size and age of the Milky Way.


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[Assistant] Yet we've never actually been able to watch one happen from its first violent moments.


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[Assistant] Here's why. There are two types of supernova. Type 1 is when a star accumulates so much matter from a neighboring star that a runaway nuclear reaction ignites and causes it to explode.


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[Assistant] In type two, the star runs out of nuclear fuel, so the gravitational forces pulling in overwhelm the quantum mechanical forces pushing out.


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[Assistant] And the stellar core collapses under its own weight in a hundredth of a second.


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[Assistant] While the outer reaches of the star are unaffected by the collapsed core, the inner edges accelerate through the void, smash into the core, and rebound to launch the explosion.


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[Assistant] In type 2 supernovae, about 1% of the energy consists of photons, which we know of as light, while 99% radiates out as neutrinos, the elementary particles that are known for rarely interacting with anything.


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[Assistant] That's why astronomers and physicists have been able to set up a project called SNOOZ, the supernova early warning system.


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[Assistant] When detectors around the world pick up bursts of neutrinos, they send messages to a central computer in New York. If multiple detectors receive similar signals within 10 seconds, snooze will trigger an alert warning that a supernova is imminent.


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[Assistant] We're due for another one any day now. And when that happens, snooze should give you the opportunity to be among the first to witness something that no human has ever seen before.


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[Assistant] Yo, I just had a transformative dream. And it was beautiful.


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[Assistant] I guess you could. I mean, I wouldn't care, but...


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[Assistant] Other hard-working lawyers who take this profession seriously, they might. I mean, I wouldn't, but...


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[Assistant] Are you asking? Because, I don't know. I mean, I hope they made it. I mean, it's probably somebody that knows, right?


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[Assistant] But I just don't think that uhm, there should be a competition between you guys.


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[Assistant] I'm just saying, seriously, like, is this what you guys agreed on?


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[Assistant] You know, I get it. You know, I get all of it.


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[Assistant] Well, what about your girls? What about my girls? I mean, don't you think just giving up a high-powered position might have an effect on them? Giving up? I didn't give anything.


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[Assistant] What a big tree! Yes, it's very big!


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[Assistant] I don't know. Let's go and see.


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[Assistant] Oh no, it's that shark! Oh no, she's coming, she's coming, oh jeez, oh no, quick!


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[Assistant] Even though we were able to live life separately, we made the choice to live a new life together.


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[Assistant] Hi, welcome back. Again, my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshop's third training session. In this class we will cover the American TH sounds, both the unvoiced TH and the voiced TH.


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[Assistant] This is one of my favorite areas because when you correctly produce TH sounds, you will significantly improve the way you speak English. Later on in this video, we will also address voiced T sounds.


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[Assistant] Now except for maybe a few languages, English is one of the only languages in the world that has a th sound, where your tongue comes out between your teeth.


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[Assistant] Now you may have a difficult time with this sound because this sound probably does not exist in your own native language. Therefore, you don't think to use this sound when you speak English.


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[Assistant] Most likely you just substitute another sound like a T or an S. So instead of saying a word like thumb, my thumb, which this is, and notice how my tongue is coming out, my


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thumb, you've been saying tum, my tum, or my sum, and your tongue is not coming out. That is not correct.


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[Assistant] If you make mistakes like this in connected speech over and over again, there's a good chance people are not going to understand you.


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[Assistant] I have found that some people from different cultures of the world find the idea of sticking out their tongue when they speak to be rude and offensive, even if it is to produce a TH sound. I want you to understand that this is how Americans speak English and it is something that you must become comfortable with if you wish to speak well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To produce TH sounds correctly, you need to first stick your tongue out between your teeth and bite down slightly. Then blow.