[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Winning the competition is important. However, fair play is more important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need to understand that winning is not the most important thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Winning the competition is important, however, fair play is more important. You need to understand that winning is not the most important thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of putting the car into gear, she put it into reverse, causing a great deal of damage to the storefront.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of putting the car into gear, she put it into reverse, causing a great deal of damage to the storefront.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of putting the car into gear, she put it into reverse, causing a great deal of damage to the storefront.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was playing video games in the living room, Mother asked me if I would go shopping with her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was playing video games in the living room, Mother asked me if I would go shopping with her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was playing video games in the living room, Mother asked me if I would go shopping with her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't know what was what. The inside of my head had gone to panic mode and I couldn't get things straight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't know what was what. The inside of my head had gone to panic mode and I couldn't get things straight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't know what was what. The inside of my head had gone to panic mode, and I couldn't get things straight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The impact of Emmett's theory on physics has been widely discussed, but this is not my concern in this paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The impact of Emmett's theory on physics has been widely discussed, but this is not my concern in this paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The impact of Emmett's theory on physics has been widely discussed, but this is not my concern in this paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we are to judge the future of ocean study by its past, we could surely look forward to many exciting discoveries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we are to judge the future of ocean study by its past, we could surely look forward to many exciting discoveries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we are to judge the future of ocean study by its past, we could surely look forward to many exciting discoveries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From childhood, I was fond of reading, and all the little money that ever came into my hands was laid out in books.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From childhood, I was fond of reading, and all the little money that ever came into my hands was laid out in books.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From childhood, I was fond of reading and all the little money that ever came into my hands was laid out in books.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was assailed by the stupid, but unshakable idea that if I was imprudent enough to move my hand, I'd be noticed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was assailed by the stupid, but unshakable idea that if I was imprudent enough to move my hand, I'd be noticed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was assailed by the stupid, but unshakable idea that if I was imprudent enough to move my hand, I'd be noticed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I told the librarian that I needed a book for a report due on Friday, so she said she would call it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I told the librarian that I needed a book for a report due on Friday, so she said she would call it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I told the librarian that I needed a book for a report due on Friday, so she said she would call it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yesterday, I found a tiny piece of land for sale in a quiet residential area, and I immediately decided to buy it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yesterday I found a tiny piece of land for sale in a quiet residential area, and I immediately decided to buy it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yesterday I found a tiny piece of land for sale in a quiet residential area, and I immediately decided to buy it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would like to put special emphasis on the concept that social ecology is the second school of contemporary environmentalism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would like to put special emphasis on the concept that social ecology is the second school of contemporary environmentalism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would like to put special emphasis on the concept that social ecology is the second school of contemporary environmentalism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also need people to get to understand the real me. My forceful behavior is the way I try to do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also need people to get to understand the real me. My forceful behavior is the way I try to do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I also need people to get to understand the real me. My forceful behavior is the way I try to do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm never free from worry about my son. Nowadays, he does nothing but play video games and never studies at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nowadays, he does nothing but play video games, and never studies at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm never free from worry about my son. Nowadays, he does nothing but play video games and never studies at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He put up a brave and lone struggle, but up against such heavy odds he couldn't get his business plan accepted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He put up a brave and lone struggle, but up against such heavy odds he couldn't get his business plan accepted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He put up a brave and lone struggle, but up against such heavy odds, he couldn't get his plan accepted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that I have finished this assignment, I want to go to sleep, but I have to go to school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that I have finished this assignment, I want to go to sleep, but I have to go to school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that I have finished this assignment, I want to go to sleep, but I have to go to school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quick, let's get started on the project proposal. While the idea is still fresh in our minds, there is no time like the present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quick, let's get started on the project proposal, while the idea is still fresh in our minds. There is no time like the present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Quick, let's get started on the project proposal. While the idea is still fresh in our minds, there is no time like the present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We accept making a reduction in price of 5% if this will help you develop a new market for our products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We accept making a reduction in price of 5% if this will help you develop a new market for our products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We accept making a reduction in price of 5% if this will help you develop a new market for our products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He began to learn English when he was 12 years old, that is to say, when he entered junior high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He began to learn English when he was 12 years old, that is to say, when he entered junior high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He began to learn English when he was 12 years old, that is to say, when he entered junior high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Irene Pepperberg, a researcher at Northwestern University, is discovering that a parrot can not only mimic people, but also learn the meaning of words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Irene Pepperberg, a researcher at Northwestern University, is discovering that a parrot can not only mimic people, but also learn the meaning of words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Irene Pepperberg, a researcher at Northwestern University is discovering that a parrot can not only mimic people, but also learn the meaning of words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The restraining role that the community once placed is losing its force as adults become reluctant to reprimand other people's unruly children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The restraining role that the community once placed is losing its force as adults become reluctant to reprimand other people's unruly children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The restraining role that the community once placed is losing its force as adults become reluctant to reprimand other people's unruly children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought that if we lined up benches in the garden as well, we could achieve quite a seating capacity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought that if we lined up benches in the garden as well, we could achieve quite a seating capacity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought that if we lined up benches in the garden as well, we could achieve quite a seating capacity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't give in to despair just because you didn't get into the college. That was at the top of your wish list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't give into despair just because you didn't get into the college. That was at the top of your wish list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't give into despair just because you didn't get into the college. That was at the top of your wish list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a display where the data items increase and decrease, I think you are best making use of a spreadsheet program, not access.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a display where the data items increase and decrease, I think you are best making use of a spreadsheet program, not access.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a display where the data items increase and decrease, I think you are best making use of a spreadsheet program, not access.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The speeding vehicle skidded and crashed head on into the rear end of the truck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The speeding vehicle skidded and crashed head on into the rear end of the truck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The speeding vehicle skidded and crashed head on into the rear end of the truck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some kids start to carry on at a supermarket when they are not allowed to buy some candy or other treat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some kids start to carry on at a supermarket when they are not allowed to buy some candy or other treats.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some kids start to carry on at a supermarket when they are not allowed to buy some candy or other treats.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A display is an appliance that displays video signal of still images and moving pictures produced by a computer or similar device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A display is an appliance that displays video signal of still images and moving pictures produced by a computer or similar device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A display is an appliance that displays video signal of still images and moving pictures produced by a computer or similar device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They came from all over the world to make their homes in this new land which was thinly populated by native Indians.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They came from all over the world to make their homes in this new land which was thinly populated by native Indians.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They came from all over the world to make their homes in this new land which was thinly populated by native Indians.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandfather was quite a learned man for his time and place, but he just wasn't cut out to be a businessman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandfather was quite a learned man for his time and place, but he just wasn't cut out to be a businessman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandfather was quite a learned man for his time and place, but he just wasn't cut out to be a businessman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I was taking leave of my friend, he said he would be glad to see me again before long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I was taking leave of my friend, he said he would be glad to see me again before long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I was taking leave of my friend, he said he would be glad to see me again before long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He parted from me, saying that he would see me the next day, but I have not heard from him since.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He parted from me, saying that he would see me the next day, but I have not heard from him since.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He parted from me, saying that he would see me the next day, but I have not heard from him since.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 776 BC, the first Olympic games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greek's chief god, Zeus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greek's chief god, Zeus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greek's chief god, Zeus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One morning at breakfast, we children were informed to our utter dismay that we could no longer be permitted to run absolutely wild.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One morning at breakfast, we children were informed to our utter dismay that we could no longer be permitted to run absolutely wild.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One morning at breakfast, we children were informed to our utter dismay that we could no longer be permitted to run absolutely wild.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working in a society gives women both hardship and achievement, but daily chores at home don't seem to give them fulfillment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working in a society gives women both hardship and achievement. But daily chores at home don't seem to give them fulfillment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working in a society gives women both hardship and achievement, but daily chores at home don't seem to give them fulfillment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During my last spring vacation, I took a job in a restaurant to help pay the cost of my trip abroad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During my last spring vacation, I took a job in a restaurant to help pay the cost of my trip abroad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During my last spring vacation, I took a job in a restaurant to help pay the cost of my trip abroad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, we're trying to have a serious discussion here, so I'd appreciate it if you wouldn't butt in so irresponsibly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, we're trying to have a serious discussion here, so I'd appreciate it if you wouldn't butt in so irresponsibly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, we're trying to have a serious discussion here, so I'd appreciate it if you wouldn't butt in so irresponsibly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it continues to be stimulated, the skin's protective function causes thickening and it becomes stiff and hard with pores that stand out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it continues to be stimulated, the skin's protective function causes thickening and it becomes stiff and hard with pores that stand out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it continues to be stimulated, the skin's protective function causes thickening and it becomes stiff and hard with pores that stand out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well then, it becomes a matter of urgent concern to the lurkers in this mailing list whether the guilty party confesses or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well then, it becomes a matter of urgent concern to the lurkers in this mailing list whether the guilty party confesses or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well then, it becomes a matter of urgent concern to the lurkers in this mailing list whether the guilty party confesses or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would appreciate it if I had the opportunity to meet with Mr. Brown again during his day in Chicago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would appreciate it if I had the opportunity to meet with Mr. Brown again during his stay in Chicago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would appreciate it if I had the opportunity to meet with Mr. Brown again during his stay in Chicago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many men nowadays seem to have the feeling that in vast modern societies there is nothing of importance that the individual can do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many men nowadays seem to have the feeling that in vast modern societies there is nothing of importance that the individual can do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many men nowadays seem to have the feeling that in vast modern societies there is nothing of importance that the individual can do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After all, different people have different ways of eating according to the kinds of food which they have traditionally eaten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After all, different people have different ways of eating according to the kinds of food which they have traditionally eaten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After all, different people have different ways of eating according to the kinds of food which they have traditionally eaten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to speak with you with utmost candor, so I want you to take everything I'm about to say at face value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to speak with you with utmost candor, so I want you to take everything I'm about to say at face value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to speak with you with utmost candor, so I want you to take everything I'm about to say at face value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She could not accept the fact that she and her students had so much while other people had so little.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She could not accept the fact that she and her students had so much while other people had so little.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She could not accept the fact that she and her students had so much while other people had so little.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beautiful women die young, or so the saying goes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If so, then my wife is going to live a long life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beautiful women die young, or so the saying goes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If so, then my wife is going to live a long life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beautiful women die young, or so the saying goes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If so, then my wife is going to live a long life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This TV was made 10 years ago and there are no parts available, so it is impossible to repair it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This TV was made 10 years ago and there are no parts available, so it is impossible to repair it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This TV was made 10 years ago and there are no parts available, so it is impossible to repair it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is at her wits end with her son. He sometimes does not come home until three or four a.m.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is at her wits end with her son. He sometimes does not come home until three or four a.m.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is at her wits end with her son. He sometimes does not come home until three or four a.m.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The launch, which had been scheduled for this morning, was postponed because of the illness of the shuttle commander John Creighton.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The launch, which had been scheduled for this morning, was postponed because of the illness of the shuttle commander John Creighton.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the evening, I went out on safari again. At night, I fell asleep hearing the grunting of the hippos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the evening, I went out on safari again. At night, I fell asleep, hearing the grunting of the hippos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the evening, I went out on safari again. At night, I fell asleep, hearing the grunting of the hippos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was out of shape when he took a long hike with his sons, and he was stiff and sore the next day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was out of shape when he took a long hike with his sons, and he was stiff and sore the next day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was out of shape when he took a long hike with his sons, and he was stiff and sore the next day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sure you don't need me to tell you this, but wouldn't it be a good idea to stop smoking?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sure you don't need me to tell you this, but wouldn't it be a good idea to stop smoking?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sure you don't need me to tell you this, but wouldn't it be a good idea to stop smoking?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, could you please contact me if you would like to present your opinion on any of the topics listed?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, could you please contact me if you would like to present your opinion on any of the topics listed?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, could you please contact me if you would like to present your opinion on any of the topics listed?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you whip the steering wheel around like that on a snowy road, the car is going to go into a slide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you whip the steering wheel around like that on a snowy road, the car is going to go into a slide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you whip the steering wheel around like that on a snowy road, the car is going to go into a slide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The LDP brought out a bill to raise taxes, but they met with such violent opposition that they backed down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The LDP brought out a bill to raise taxes but they met with such violent opposition that they backed down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The LDP brought out a bill to raise taxes, but they met with such violent opposition that they backed down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What you don't see in here with your own ears and eyes might be true, but it might also not be true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What you don't see in here with your own ears and eyes might be true, but it might also not be true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What you don't see in here with your own ears and eyes might be true, but it might also not be true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They dance in circles to communicate a short distance and shake their bodies and dart back and forth to indicate a longer distance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They dance in circles to communicate a short distance and shake their bodies and dart back and forth to indicate a longer distance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They dance in circles to communicate a short distance and shake their bodies and dart back and forth to indicate a longer distance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The difficulties of the Japanese language prevent all but a handful of foreigners from approaching the literature in the original.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The difficulties of the Japanese language prevent all but a handful of foreigners from approaching the literature in the original.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The difficulties of the Japanese language prevent all but a handful of foreigners from approaching the literature in the original.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel smart today, to a degree that is in proportion to the amount of good rest I had yesterday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel smart today, to a degree, that is in proportion to the amount of good rest I had yesterday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel smart today, to a degree, that is in proportion to the amount of good rest I had yesterday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please send us the amount due, and let us solve the problem immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please send us the amount due, and let us solve the problem immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please send us the amount due, and let us solve the problem immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has some merit. When it is time to sell it, you can get more money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has some merit. When it is time to sell it, you can get more money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has some merit. When it is time to sell it, you can get more money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I asked the college student if he regularly attended his school, he was at a loss for an answer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I asked the college student if he regularly attended his school, he was at a loss for an answer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I asked the college student if he regularly attended his school, he was at a loss for an answer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the trusted confidant of the person who concluded a hostile takeover of the company betrayed him, it was sort of retributive justice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the trusted confidant of the person who concluded a hostile takeover of the company betrayed him, it was sort of retributive justice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the trusted confidant of the person who concluded a hostile takeover of the company betrayed him, it was sort of retributive justice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we try to move up to the next level, I think we need to focus on keeping what we have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we try to move up to the next level, I think we need to focus on keeping what we have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we try to move up to the next level, I think we need to focus on keeping what we have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had words with the manager of that store, because he refused to refund my money for the TV set that wasn't operating properly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had words with the manager of that store, because he refused to refund my money for the TV set that wasn't operating properly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had words with the manager of that store, because he refused to refund my money for the TV set that wasn't operating properly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm patching things up for your mistake, so it's only natural that I get a reward appropriate to my labors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm patching things up for your mistake, so it's only natural that I get a reward appropriate to my labors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm patching things up for your mistake, so it's only natural that I get a reward appropriate to my labors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the hatchet job my boss did on my proposal, I'm not sure how long I want to keep on working here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the hatchet job my boss did on my proposal, I'm not sure how long I want to keep on working here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the hatchet job my boss did on my proposal, I'm not sure how long I want to keep on working here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If these tendencies continue, those aged 65 or more will account for a quarter of the population within 30 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If these tendencies continue, those aged 65 or more will account for a quarter of the population within 30 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If these tendencies continue, those aged 65 or more will account for a quarter of the population within 30 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no more dangerous experiment than that of undertaking to be one thing before a man's face and another behind his back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no more dangerous experiment than that of undertaking to be one thing before a man's face and another behind his back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no more dangerous experiment than that of undertaking to be one thing before a man's face and another behind his back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The major result from recent investigation of Emmett's theory has been that it can be applied to biochemistry as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The major result from recent investigation of Emmett's theory has been that it can be applied to biochemistry as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The major result from recent investigation of Emmett's theory has been that it can be applied to biochemistry as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The basis of this system is that the students must take turns in teaching. They have to help each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The basis of this system is that the students must take turns in teaching. They have to help each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The basis of this system is that the students must take turns in teaching. They have to help each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Career opportunities, flex time, satellite offices, and more child care facilities are required to make women at home join the workplace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Career opportunities, flex time, satellite offices, and more child care facilities are required to make women at home join the workplace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Career opportunities, flex time, satellite offices, and more child care facilities are required to make women at home join the workplace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When bears sleep or lie down, their postures depend on whether they want to get rid of heat or conserve it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Their postures depend on whether they want to get rid of heat or conserve it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When bears sleep or lie down, their postures depend on whether they want to get rid of heat or conserve it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A boy and a girl came in. I spoke to the boy who seemed to be older than the girl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A boy and a girl came in. I spoke to the boy, who seemed to be older than the girl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A boy and a girl came in. I spoke to the boy, who seemed to be older than the girl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A buyer's market is a market in which goods are plentiful, buyers have a wide range of choices, and prices are low.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A buyer's market is a market in which goods are plentiful, buyers have a wide range of choices, and prices are low.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buyers have a wide range of choices and prices are low.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the bus stop, people waited in orderly lines but as soon as the bus pulled up, the line broke up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the bus stop, people waited in orderly lines but as soon as the bus pulled up, the line broke up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the bus stop, people waited in orderly lines but as soon as the bus pulled up, the line broke up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm very sorry that I have to ask you to change the meeting date to March 6th due to personal reasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm very sorry that I have to ask you to change the meeting date to March 6th due to personal reasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm very sorry that I have to ask you to change the meeting date to March 6th due to personal reasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Essentially, it's a one on one match, but the content of that match is a high level. So high, it has to be unthinkable to an ordinary person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Essentially, it's a one on one match, but the content of that match is a high level. So high, it has to be unthinkable to an ordinary person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Essentially, it's a one on one match, but the content of that match is a high level. So high, it has to be unthinkable to an ordinary person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Isn't my boyfriend terrible? He always takes me to see horror movies, even though he knows I don't like them. I hate it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Isn't my boyfriend terrible? He always takes me to see horror movies, even though he knows I don't like them. I hate it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Isn't my boyfriend terrible? He always takes me to see horror movies, even though he knows I don't like them. I hate it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The priest seems to make it a practice to climb on the underdog's bandwagon and persuade the other side to compromise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The priest seems to make it a practice to climb on the underdog's bandwagon and persuade the other side to compromise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are concerned about the further actualization of current problems among youth, such as truancy, dislike of school, and lack of appropriate character development.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are concerned about the further actualization of current problems among youth, such as truancy, dislike of school, and lack of appropriate character development.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are concerned about the further actualization of current problems among youth, such as truancy, dislike of school, and lack of appropriate character development.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But light does not travel at the same speed through all materials. It goes slower through some than through others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But light does not travel at the same speed through all materials. It goes slower through some than through others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But light does not travel at the same speed through all materials. It goes slower through some than through others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The men's and women's singles final at Wimbledon are among the most exciting and popular sports events of the year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The men's and women's singles final at Wimbledon are among the most exciting and popular sports events of the year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The men's and women's singles final at Wimbledon are among the most exciting and popular sports events of the year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a matter that we'd like to discuss urgently regarding club activities, so please come to the staff room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a matter that we'd like to discuss urgently regarding club activities, so please come to the staff room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a matter that we'd like to discuss urgently regarding club activities, so please come to the staff room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would appreciate it if you could find time to see Mr. Fukuoka, or to introduce him to one of your associates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would appreciate it if you could find time to see Mr. Fukuoka, or to introduce him to one of your associates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would appreciate it if you could find time to see Mr. Fukuoka, or to introduce him to one of your associates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we let our reasoning power be overshadowed by our emotions, we'll be barking up the wrong tree all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we let our reasoning power be overshadowed by our emotions, we would be barking up the wrong tree all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we let our reasoning power be overshadowed by our emotions, we would be barking up the wrong tree all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We look back on days gone by, if not always with affections, at any rate with a kind of wistfulness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We look back on days gone by, if not always with affections, at any rate with a kind of wistfulness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We look back on days gone by, if not always with affections, at any rate with a kind of wistfulness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't want to go, but she had been so kind to me that I couldn't but accept the invitation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't want to go, but she had been so kind to me that I couldn't but accept the invitation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't want to go, but she had been so kind to me that I couldn't but accept the invitation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He may seem like a softy on the surface, but at the core, he's got an iron will that makes him an extremely tough negotiator.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He may seem like a softy on the surface, but at the core, he's got an iron will that makes him an extremely tough negotiator.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He may seem like a softy on the surface, but at the core, he's got an iron will that makes him an extremely tough negotiator.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This time, I will not run out of things to talk about. I'll write a list on the palm of my hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This time I will not run out of things to talk about. I'll write a list on the palm of my hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This time I will not run out of things to talk about. I'll write a list on the palm of my hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the look of the sky, the typhoon will probably be raging in all its fury about this time tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the look of the sky, the typhoon will probably be raging in all its fury about this time tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the look of the sky, the typhoon will probably be raging in all its fury about this time tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the most curious things that has forced itself on my notice is that there is no permanence in the judgment of beauty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the most curious things that has forced itself on my notice is that there is no permanence in the judgment of beauty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the most curious things that has forced itself on my notice is that there is no permanence in the judgment of beauty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It seems from books that colonizers and adventurers were sailing off to a new life, a new country, opportunities, and so forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It seems from books that colonizers and adventurers were sailing off to a new life, a new country, opportunities, and so forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It seems from books that colonizers and adventurers were sailing off to a new life, a new country, opportunities, and so forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is my little sister, Sakiko. She was born in the same year as me and is now studying for her exams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is my little sister, Sakiko. She was born in the same year as me and is now studying for her exams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is my little sister, Sakiko. She was born in the same year as me and is now studying for her exams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I held the fur coat close to my cheek and dreamt of the day I would be able to afford it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I held the fur coat close to my cheek and dreamt of the day I would be able to afford it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I held the fur coat close to my cheek and dreamt of the day I would be able to afford it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this one exception, it is quite wrong to suppose that a simple culture will also have a simple language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this one exception, it is quite wrong to suppose that a simple culture will also have a simple language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this one exception, it is quite wrong to suppose that a simple culture will also have a simple language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why don't you try expressing your opinion a little more gently? Think about how he feels getting told flatly that he's being cut loose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why don't you try expressing your opinion a little more gently? Think about how he feels getting told flatly that he's being cut loose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why don't you try expressing your opinion a little more gently? Think about how he feels getting told flatly that he's being cut loose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as they realized the mayor was on his way down, his critics started coming out of the woodwork.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as they realized the mayor was on his way down, his critics started coming out of the woodwork.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as they realized the mayor was on his way down, his critics started coming out of the woodwork.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to search high and low for a writer who's just right for this project. Leave no stone unturned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to search high and low for a writer who's just right for this project. Leave no stone unturned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to search high and low for a writer who's just right for this project. Leave no stone unturned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Psychological, psychological patients.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] School of Arts and Sciences. Life Science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Local history, medical history, economic history, historian, historical.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mass Media Media Room Media Center Media Studies


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] time management money management stress management bad management


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, hello and welcome to this English lesson where I'm going to talk about good luck and bad luck or what we call superstitions in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First off, I should tell you that I am not a superstitious person. I don't really believe in good luck and bad luck, but in this lesson, we'll look at a number of things that people believe bring good luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means that your day's gonna go well if you have good luck, uh, and things that people believe bring bad luck. So anyways, welcome to this English lesson about superstitions. I hope you enjoy it.


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[Assistant] Superstitions. Here's the definition that I found. So please don't leave because this is a very complicated definition. A superstition is a widely held but unjustified belief in supernatural causation leading to certain consequences of an action or event.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me simplify that for you. A superstition is when you believe if one thing happens, something else is going to happen. Okay?


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[Assistant] Maybe you believe that if the sun is shining when you walk out your door that you will have a joyful day. There's no real scientific evidence for that, but there are certain things that people believe. They believe that certain things will happen if something else happens.


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[Assistant] Here's what I do want to say about this lesson though. It will be a very North American lesson. It will probably be somewhat European. I know that superstitions around the world


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[Assistant] Uhm, why am I doing a lesson on superstitions today? Why do you think that is? I'm just gonna pause briefly before I say, hmm, why am I doing this lesson today?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anybody have any idea? You can put it in the chat. I'm doing a lesson on superstitions because it is Friday the 13th. I'll talk a little bit more about that later. Uhm, every once in a while, a Friday ends up being the 13th of the month on the calendar. Uhm, and that has certain


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess, consequences. Is that in here? Causation and consequences.


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[Assistant] Who believes in superstitions. If you believe in good luck and bad luck, we say that you are superstitious, okay?


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[Assistant] As I said, I am not a superstitious person, but I think everyone in the world is a little bit superstitious. Uhm, so if you are someone who believes in superstitions, we would describe you as being superstitious. Those are hard words to say, aren't they? Let me back up.


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[Assistant] Superstitions, superstitions, and superstitious. So, there you go.


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[Assistant] So let's talk a little bit about good luck. Good luck is when things go your way. Uhm, we actually use this phrase a lot in English when someone is going to do something. If someone says I'm going to go and take a driver's test, we say good luck. If someone says they are going to maybe


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, go on a long trip but they're afraid of flying. We might say good luck. No, we probably wouldn't say it then. That's a bad example. Definitely before someone writes a test, we would say good luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We actually don't say good luck though to actors who are going to perform a play. We usually say break a leg because it's considered


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bad luck to say good luck to an actor before they perform a play on the stage. Kinda strange, isn't it? So, bad luck is then the opposite. Bad luck is when, uh, you just have things go wrong throughout your day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we do use these phrases in English quite a bit. We can say things like, Oh, I had a little bit of good luck today. Uhm, I found some money on the ground or I had some bad luck today. I got in a car accident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So even though I said I wasn't superstitious, I would as an English speaker use the phrases good luck and bad luck quite regularly. If someone said to me, oh, I was late for work and then my tire on my car was flat, I would say, oh, that's some bad luck.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so again, even though I'm not superstitious, as an English speaker, I still use these terms quite regularly.


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[Assistant] So let's start with the number 13. In different cultures and different countries, different numbers can mean good luck or bad luck.


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[Assistant] In my country, in Canada and in North America and in parts of Europe, I know the number 13 is considered bad luck. In fact, we don't use the number 13 sometimes.


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[Assistant] So often people will avoid using it. They'll avoid using it on a shirt if they play on a sports team. Sometimes in a hotel there is no room number 13. It will sometimes be called room 12A. And some buildings I think don't have a 13th floor. Very interesting. Very, very superstitious.


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[Assistant] Let me see here, I just need to check my audio, I haven't done that yet.


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[Assistant] Looks like everything is working great. That's awesome. So because of the number 13,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because the number 13 is considered bad luck by some, Friday the 13th has become a day


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[Assistant] That's kind of a funny day. People don't enjoy Friday the 13th sometimes. They think maybe that it's a day where lots of bad things will happen to them. Uhm, but I would say 99% of people don't actually think about it, okay? But why do I have a motorcycle in this picture? Where I live,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The road I live on, on Friday the 13th, there will be lots of motorcycles going by.


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[Assistant] In my area, every Friday the 13th, there is a motorcycle ride and everyone goes to a city called Port Dover.


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[Assistant] Many many years ago, uhm, there was a motorcycle accident and I think a man passed away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the accident, and I think it was on Friday the 13th or close to it. So every Friday the 13th to commemorate, to remember this person, uh, many, many motorcycles go by. I don't hear any today, uhm, because of COVID, there's probably going to be less of them, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Friday the 13th is considered bad luck, but they've taken the day and turned it into something positive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, John has become a member. Thank you, John, so much for joining my channel and becoming a member and helping to support the things that I do. You're awesome. Welcome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so Brent from American English with this guy referenced this one earlier. We have a phrase in English. If you step, like step on a crack, break your mother's back. It sounds horrible. It's a horrible phrase. But some people, when they walk along sidewalks,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They will try not to step on cracks, okay? So as you walk along a sidewalk there are cracks. Some people will avoid stepping on a crack.


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[Assistant] Because they think it's bad luck. And like I said, we have this funny little phrase. You'll sometimes hear children say it. And the phrase is step on a crack, break your mother's back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's kind of a strange phrase, and uh, obviously, if you think about it, stepping on a crack is in no way going to cause your mother to injure, get injured.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's just not going to happen. Uh, Brent's given me a super chat. Thank you so much, Brent, for that. Says, I must go, but have a great chat. You too, Brent. Thanks for hanging out and have a great day teaching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't step on any cracks, man. The next one, this one's not as common. Some of the things I'm going to talk about you might see in movies or on TV or you might read about in books, but generally we don't talk about these things or fear these things as much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you might think, and the next one is walking under a ladder. It's considered bad luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you are walking along the sidewalk, it's considered bad luck by some people to step on a crack, and it would be bad luck to walk under a ladder.


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[Assistant] Uhm, myself, I would simply not walk under a ladder because it's dangerous. If you walk under a ladder, there's a chance something might fall on you. So, uh, don't step on a crack or don't walk under a ladder, both considered by some to be bad luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, opening an umbrella indoors. So when you're in a house, it's considered bad luck to open an umbrella. Uhm, I'll be honest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't use an umbrella very much. I know umbrellas are very popular in countries where it rains a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I have an umbrella. I don't use it very often. Even if it's raining and I need to go to work, I just run to my van and jump in and go to work. I don't usually have an umbrella with me. I don't need to walk outside in the rain very often. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, a black cat. So it's considered bad luck if a black cat crosses your path.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that would mean I think I would have bad luck all the time. We have a couple black cats that cross my path regularly when I go outside. But for some, they think that if a black cat walks in front of them, that that would be bad luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I'm not so sure. Uhm, when I was a kid, we had lots of cats as well. I had a cat that was black, that was my friend, that was my pet. Uhm, and I'm sure that didn't cause any bad luck, but some people think that a black cat, uh, crossing your path is bad luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we have, of course, breaking a mirror. It's considered, I think, seven years bad luck if you break a mirror. That's the idea, uh, that if you break a mirror, somehow, magically, you will have seven years of bad luck if you break a mirror. I don't know, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How these came about, I don't have the history of why these are considered bad luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but certainly, uh, just to quickly review, um, let me go back quick. The number 13, bad luck, stepping on a crack, considered bad luck, walking under a ladder, opening an umbrella indoors, a black cat, and breaking a mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we looked at bad luck. We looked at a broken mirror walking under a ladder. Let's look at a few things that are considered good luck. So clover is a plant that grows


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In many parts of the world, that's not the greatest picture. And normally clover has three leaves, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But sometimes you can find a clover that has four leaves on it and it's considered good luck. I found a four leaf clover once when I was a kid on the playground at school. I was so excited but normally


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every single little clover, uhm, plant has three leaves, but if you can find one with four leaves, it's considered good luck. Sometimes people pick a three leaf clover,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then they take a leaf from another clover and they put it together and then they pretend it's a four leaf clover. That's not very funny. But anyways, a four leaf clover can be considered good luck. And as I think it was Cory mentioned, if you find one, people sometimes keep them. Uh, let me just double check. Pretty sure that question was from Cory J.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, a four-leaf clover, that's right. So sometimes when people find something like a four-leaf clover, they'll keep it. Maybe they'll put it in a book or keep it in their wallet, uhm, because they think it will bring them good luck. So we talked about the number 13.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people have their own lucky number. Some people have their favorite number. The number seven is considered good luck in most places in North America. Some people consider the number eight good luck as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But just as I mentioned that 13 was considered bad luck, for some people the number 7 is considered good luck.


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[Assistant] We talked a little bit about horseshoes, so if you are a person who likes horses, if you are familiar with horses, you'll know that horses have horseshoes.


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[Assistant] It's a small piece of metal that's in a curved shape that gets put on the bottom of the horses hooves.


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[Assistant] And sometimes people will hang a horseshoe up for good luck. It's fairly common still on some farms.


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[Assistant] Like I said when I was a kid, there was a horseshoe above one of the doors of our barn.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it's pretty common for people, especially people who have horses and might have an extra horseshoe laying around, it's pretty common for them to hang one up somewhere, to put it on a post like in this picture, uh, or to put it on the b- uh, wall of the barn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, by the way, when it comes to good numbers for good luck and bad luck, in some cultures, the number 13 might be good luck and the number 7 might be bad luck. It's kind of arbitrary. When something's arbitrary, it can be one meaning or the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a phrase in English, knock on wood, and people do this because they don't want to, if you say something out loud that you want to be true,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People will often say, well, knock on wood, because they sometimes think saying it out loud means it won't happen. Uhm, so sometimes you'll hear people say something like, uh, well, I hope the team, uh, wins the championship, knock on wood. So they want to knock on wood to kind of,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess bring good luck, or to, uh, actually make things happen the way they want them to happen. Kind of a weird phrase, but we do say it. Uhm, even people like me say it sometimes. Like, I hope this livestream goes well, knock on wood. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Canada. And this is very, very common. People will often cross their fingers


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[Assistant] If they want something to happen, okay? So if you really, really want


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To uhm, let's say you really want to win a contest. You'll say, well, I've entered a contest and I'm just crossing my fingers. I hope I win. Uhm, or people will say uhm, you know, there's one minute left in the game. Cross your fingers. So it's kind of this action that people do to kind of bring good luck. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or no, the proper way to do it. But anyways, yes, we often, uh, will cross our fingers or we'll say cross your fingers when we're trying to win something. Um, or when we want someone else to win something. Um.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this one's kinda weird. Uhm, I only put this one in because you will see this on TV and in movies sometimes. Someone might have a rabbit's foot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honestly, I think it's kind of a strange one to have the foot of an animal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is considered good luck. Uhm, I don't consider it good luck. I can, like I said, I consider it kind of strange. I'm not sure why someone would want a rabbit's foot in their pocket, but some people think that a rabbit's foot brings good luck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this one, yeaah, I've never done, but apparently, uh, sometimes chefs in the kitchen, they'll throw salt over their left shoulder. And I think it's just for good luck. I think in the world, in the religious world, if you believe in the devil or in, uhm, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How would you describe this? I think it's to, to get so the devil can't see you. I think that's why you throw salt over your shoulder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've never done this because I don't want to clean the salt up later. I think it's silly to throw something over your shoulder that you just have to sweep up and clean up later. So I personally would not throw salt over my shoulder to ward off evil spirits or to bring good luck. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's another superstition, uhm, that the groom should not see the bride on the day of the wedding until the wedding ceremony. So this is still, I think, a common superstition, or you could say it's simply a tradition. But weddings, generally, the groom


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does not see the bride until she walks up the aisle if they're in a church or when she first enters the place where they are getting married. So the morning of your wedding, you usually do not see the bride. For my wedding when Jen and I got married, I didn't see Jen until she started to walk up the aisle when we got married.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it's considered bad luck, uhm, but it's also a tradition in some ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, also in North America, brides, when they get married, they usually try to wear something old.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something new, something borrowed, and something blue. So even though they are most likely to wear a white dress,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or if it's just a tradition as well, but often they will have something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, when Jen and I got married, Jen did this. She had


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another little superstition that might also be a tradition, hard to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many people will have a good luck charm. So a good luck charm is something small that they carry with them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can often be a piece of jewelry. You see this is a ring with a four leaf clover on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But good luck charms can take many, many forms. Uh, people will have something in their life that they feel like if they have it with them all the time, it will bring them good luck. It might be a picture of a loved one. It might be a piece of jewelry. It might be, when it comes to jewelry, it might be a necklace with a certain pendant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A pendant is something that hangs on the end of a necklace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But definitely, people do believe, some people do believe that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could press it and dry it and you could carry it in your wallet with you all the time as a good luck charm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people believe that when the moon is full,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Places like hospitals see more people come in sometimes, so maybe there's some truth to this, but some people believe that when there is a full moon, that strange and crazy things happen in the world. So not necessarily bad luck, but they believe that the full moon, uhm, can


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, can cause people to act strangely. Maybe that's the best way to say it. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In many professional sports leagues, uh, men will grow beards if they are in the playoffs. They believe that if they


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They shave, it will be bad luck somehow. So you will often see, in hockey especially, you will see at the end of the playoff season, you'll see hockey players with really big beards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyways, I'll just keep going. You'll see people growing a beard. It happens in other sports as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People who gamble and they use dice sometimes will blow on the dice before they throw the dice. Uhm, it's considered good luck. They're trying to kind of hopefully make it so that, uh, they, they could, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, I don't go to the casino. I am not someone who gambles. So I don't, uh, I'm not familiar with this at all. Um, but some people will blow on the dice. I guess if you're playing a board game,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could blow on the dice as well and maybe that is a little bit of good luck. Uhm, a shooting star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not directly related to good luck or bad luck, but people have a superstition that if you see a shooting star, you can make a wish and that it will come true. A wish is when you want something to happen. So if you see a shooting star, you could say, you know, I let's say you're looking for love.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could say, I hope I meet someone who I can fall in love with. You would make a wish when you see the shooting star. Uhm, maybe you just want money. So when you see a shooting star, you might say, uhm, oh, I hope, I wish that I could be a millionaire. Uhm, so some people think that when you're walking at night,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we talked about this a little bit. I don't think this penny actually exists. This penny has a four-leaf clover on it. But some people have a lucky penny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, by the way, did you know in Canada we don't actually use pennies anymore? Uhm, they're just, they just don't exist. So when you go to the store,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then we don't pay. It gets rounded up or down. If you pay with a bank card though, you still pay the cents, but we don't use pennies. But some people have a lucky penny and they keep it on them all the time as a good luck charm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, some people think that a rainbow brings good luck or that you can make a wish if you see a rainbow. Uhm, there's also a belief that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the end of the rainbow, there's a pot of gold, uhm, but no one ever finds the pot of gold because I'm not sure if you know how rainbows work, but you can't actually walk to the end of the rainbow, but you might hear someone say there's a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. And then, let's see here, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is my last one. There's actually a breakfast cereal for children, uh, called Lucky Charms. Uhm, and if you look closely at the box, I'm not sure how big I can make this. Oh, that's not a great one. Uhm, but it actually has things like rainbows and four leaf clovers and horseshoes in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is a very very sweet cereal. We do not buy Lucky Charms for our kids. Uh it's considered a sugar cereal uh but there is a breakfast cereal


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in Canada and in the United States called Lucky Charms. Uh, and then it's basically they say, I think it's frosted Lucky Charms. It's frosted with sugar. Uh, they're magically delicious apparently. So anyways, uh, Lucky Charms is another, um, funny result of a superstitious


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I was wondering if you had anybody that would be eligible for transfer into the program?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before the break, what we did, we saw that you can actually integrate circuit biasing techniques. You can take a reference bias, an ideal, a good reference, and replicate it multiple times. And you can saw, and you can basically copy that, you saw that you can actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, the key question, one of the key questions that arises at this point is that, well, how about that reference branch?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do we generate that? Well, the simplest form of that reference branch is just a resistor, if you think about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So if you have something like this, let's say for the sake of argument, in a bipolar transistor,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Because supply plays a direct role. If you change, if your power supply changes, this current changes. This is, you can imagine that it's not going to be particularly temperature independent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because, you know, you have resistors here and VBEons, and we haven't done anything in particular to make sure that it's temperature independent, so, uh, you know, Murphy's law says that it's probably going to be temperature dependent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then also, you know, you haven't done anything to make it supply independent, process independent. The process variations in R and things of that sort can result in variations. We don't even, we haven't talked about what's happening inside VBEon, uhm, how it behaves. But again, that, the variations in that can also introduce problems. So the question is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And see if there's anything in the MOSFET, starting with making the temperature in, at the, at the supply voltage independent. What, is there something in MOSFETs that allows you to make it relatively independent of the supply voltage? You want to make a current source that, whose value depends, the first order, on a voltage that's not the supply voltage. Right? So what voltage is there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not supply voltage in a, when you're dealing with MOSFETs for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are the voltages that are out there? Is there some voltage that doesn't change with the power supply?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, that's fine, but ground doesn't change its power supply, but it's zero by definition. So we need a non-zero voltage preferably. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The threshold voltage, right, exactly. You want to say the same thing? Okay, threshold voltage. The threshold voltage of the MOSFET, right, itself doesn't depend on the power supply.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Starting with the supply. Let's start with the supply and see what we can do. So what we need is somehow to take this VT and drop it across a resistor to generate a current. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you see the VT across, for example, where? You see it across the gate source of a MOSFET. So, would it make sense to put a resistor here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And say, okay, well this is the resistor, so the current through this resistor is VT because this is, well this is VT plus delta VGS. Really.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, let's say we have to be just as small, or we can make it small. Can we do this? Would this work?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause this current has to come through the gate, right? So what happens if I actually do just this? If you actually did this, what would happen?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what is the problem here? The problem is that there's no current flowing, there's no pathway for current to flow, because whatever current right now has to flow has to flow through the gate. Right? Which it can't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has to be the complementary one, it has to be PFET. And if you use a current mirror like this, let's say this is a good current mirror, it would force these two currents to be equal, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, let's say if it worked, and there's a little problem with this which we'll need to fix later, so it doesn't work in its current form, and I'll tell you why in a second, but let's say if it did, what would be the volt, what would be this current? I. This I.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would be V, do you agree that it would be VT plus delta VGS divided by R, because that's that voltage. That's the current that would be maintained.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] W over L, make it large. If you make your W over L large, this becomes relatively small, so you can make this, so W over L going to infinity, this becomes roughly VT over R.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you get a current in principle that is proportional to the threshold voltage divided by the resistor. Now, is this a good thing from a, so, so from a supply voltage independence, is it a good thing? Yes, there's no supply voltage in this expression, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it doesn't depend. If you have a 5 volt supply or 6 volt supply, it will generate pretty much the same current. Is it good from a process independence perspective?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How about temperature? Well I just told you that this has a negative temperature coefficient.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The denominator becomes smaller, the numerator becomes smaller, the denominator becomes larger with temperature. So that ratio doesn't stay constant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's good from a temperature, from a supply perspective, but it's not very good from the temperature or supply perspective, power supply.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They call them PVT, power, supply, uh, uh, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I'm sorry, process, voltage, and temperature. PVT. Process, variations, voltage variations, and temperature variations. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, but there's another problem with this, which we haven't really gotten into yet, which is that if you look at the sign of the feedback in this thing, so if this note goes up a little bit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? From here to there, what kind of stage do I have? I have an amplifier, right? What kind of amplifier is this, if this is the input and that's the output? It's a common source, right? So it's an inverting amplifier. And this node is shorter to that node, so it's the same node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then this is another inverting amplifier, this is another common source, right? Which basically inverts it one more time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you come back and play. So this can actually in principle be a positive feedback network. Which can result in some poor behavior. So we have to kind of break this feedback loop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one of the things you could do, the way if you wanted to normally do this, is one of the ways is to basically put another transistor here to create that isolation. And what you do by doing that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that you can see that now the loop within this pathway has a negative feedback. And again we haven't gotten into feedback in details, we'll get into it later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you can see that now this is a follower. So this goes down, this pushes down. So now the feedback sign is...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're trying to drop a voltage or the difference of two voltages across a resistor and turn that into a current. And you will see more examples of that as we go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one of the things that we do here, obviously, you saw one of the themes, and this is an important thing to look at, is that you use a current mirror to force the currents of the two branches to be equal. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can, we can have two branches to ground whose currents we can force to be equal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Equality of the current is forced by the current mirror, right? So you can always have a current mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if you want to make it a better current mirror, you can make it cascode or something like that. But again, this is a current mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically this current meter, if it's working properly, it forces these two currents to be equal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, we want something else. We want to have also something that allows two branches connected to ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the question is that, can you think of something we can put in between, in here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then you can force them to be equal, right? Let's say they are both lower than that voltage by one volt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you think of a simple way of using transistors to achieve that? Well, this is one way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it's V3, do you agree that these two transistors, if they have the same size,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they are forced to have the same current. We'll have the same VGS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first first order. So these two voltages have to be equal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can force these two branches to have the same voltage and the same current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it allows these two terminals to be floating with respect to the other one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's basically, and this is what I call an isolator or a floater. With respect to that. This becomes a floating mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's one thing to think about. This is VCC, or VDD. And this is ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't want to create a situation that the pathway between VDD and ground is defined by a bunch of diode connected devices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Because what happens then is that you will draw current directly through that, right? It's like having like three diodes between the supply and ground. Or two diodes on a resistor. So there's one side that if I put this on, it would create that kind of pathway. And there's another side that doesn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you agree that if I were to put this diet connected here, I would have a diet connected here, diet connected here, and whatever I have here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So whatever voltage I apply would appear across two diode connectors and whatever I put here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that would dictate the current, there's no flotation, there's no separation, there's no isolation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For isolation to happen, you need to have at least one side to be high impedance. And that's why you put it on this side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a low impedance up there, and a high impedance there, and a low impedance there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can follow the other side. If you too- if you put too high imped- low impedances to one place, then you have two things that are fighting each other strongly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And low impedances are like stiff springs. Right? If you want to have something that can have play, you need to have at least one side of it attached to a loose spring. If you attach two stiff springs to each other, right? Then you can't move much around. One side has to have give, at least. That's one. And that's what high impedances are. It's give.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this way, you create this thing, this is what we call a floating mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a mirror, but it also makes, does more than just a mirror. It just forces these two voltages to be equal. So now, if you use something like this, can we take advantage of, can we redo what we did with the threshold voltage? And see if we can make that. So how do I make a threshold voltage?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The voltage here is VT plus delta VGS divided by R would define the current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we achieved the same thing. Now, but this time we may be able to actually play some of our tricks. To get rid of that delta Vgs. How can we do that? Think about it here. If this is Vt plus delta Vgs. Right? What is this voltage?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you got two VTs plus two delta VGs, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's why you have VT plus delta VGS across the resistor to produce the current. That's where that VT plus delta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, what are we trying to do? Ideally, we are trying to get rid of this, right? We are trying to get rid of this delta Vgs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to get VT plus 2 delta Vgs across here, you can cut this by a factor of 4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what that does, it makes this v- this drop across here, vt plus 2 delta vgs, which basically makes this go away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] VT over R. So you get rid of that delta VGS overdrive systematically. Not by just making W over L huge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean you can apply it, you can see that we've applied this trick twice already, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these kind of tricks are useful tricks if you understand what you're doing with them. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now you may say, okay, well what do I do with this? You have this thing. Let's say we made this thing. It's V2 over R. How do we use this? How do we make our reference current? Well, this is our reference current, right? Because I can replicate it one more time here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I can feed it into my distribution branch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of my current mirror and current generation network. And whenever I need to re-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Use it, I can use multiple copies with different W over Ls or different sizes and I can replicate it. So this whole thing becomes that irref.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That we used in the current mirror discussion. Does it make sense?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you see something like that, you have to be able to break it down. You can say, okay, well, what is this part doing? What is this part? These are legos, right? Different kinds of building blocks that you are putting together. And if you understand what they individually do, you can put them together and make different things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say we want to find something that has better properties, temperature wise and supply voltage wise and all those things. What else is there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, let's go back to the BJTs. Is there something we can use in the BJTs? Do we have a voltage there that's kind of useful, or potentially useful? Well, we have the VBE on, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can do exactly the same thing that we did with the MOSFET with the VBER. In fact, all you need to do is just to replace this with a diet-connected device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what that does, it just makes this a VT, VBE on over R. So you can make a VBE reference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The question is that what is the temperature dependence of the VBE?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's an interesting question because it actually can be a little bit of a misleading question in the beginning. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the question is that, what is the temperature dependence of VBE? So you may come back and say, well VBE is VT natural log of IC over IS. And VT is KT over Q in a bipolar transistor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is some natural log, so it appears that there's a temperature here so it must be proportional to the temperature, right? Wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unfortunately. This guy, this IS, has such an incredibly strong temperature dependence that even through a log, it overwhelms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The saturation current is Q, the electronic charge, times A.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Times ni squared, which is the intrinsic number of carrier concentration in an undoped situation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Times D, which is a diffusion constant, divided by the width of the base, and the dopant concentration. So that's the expression for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah yes. Now, there are several things that don't depend on temperature. The electronic charge doesn't depend on temperature or area of the first order. Think about if you ignore the thermal expansions and things of that sort that are very tiny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is, in fact, you can actually show, so let me just get the exact expression for it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] T is the absolute temperature. This is some proportionality constant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, VPG is the band gap voltage of the semiconductor. So in the case of silicon, it's about like 1.1 volts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's what the band gap of the volt- band gap voltage of the tri- something like that. And it makes sense, right? Because the smaller the band- the larger the band gap is, the smaller the intrinsic would be, because these are thermally generated electron hole pairs. Right? So that- that dependence makes sense. There is also another relationship, the diffusion constant d over mu over mobility is kT over q. And it rhymes, that's how you remember it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And mu has a temperature dependence itself too. The mobility.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Versus temperature. Now this is also pretty sophisticated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has two regions. There is a region where it has a slope of three halves, uh, or power of three halves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's a region where it has roughly a power of negative 3 halves. This is around 100 Kelvin-ish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So at temperatures that we are interested in, usually we are in this region.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here basically it's an impurity scattering and this is the lattice scattering. There are two different mechanisms coming in. It goes into device physics, semiconductor physics of it. We are not going to get too deeply into that right now. But bottom line is that in the region of interest we have this kind of dependence for mu. So we have basically, uh, d is, you can plug this in here, and what you get is that you get an IS that is a bunch of parameters here. You get a k,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's absorb all the non-temperature dependent parameters into some constant E. What you have as temperature dependence is this T to the 3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] T to the third, t cubed. You have this t, so that makes it t to the four.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you have the dependence on the mu, which is t to the negative 3 halves. And then you have that exponential with the band gap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now we plug this back into the sky to see what VBE looks like. So let's do that calculation. So we say VBE


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is VT, or let's say write it as KT over Q.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you get the natural log of exponential of e to this. So which basically gives you the VBG. The band gap. The natural log of, VT times the natural log of that. So what you see here is that you can see the negative temperature co-dependence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that it's directly related to band gap voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you don't expect it to depend too much on the supply voltage or process variations or even temperature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's a good thing. So eventually, our target would be to get to this voltage and use that as a way of making a reference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the question is that how do we get there? So, first thing we see is that it's a negative temperature coefficient, right? So, still it's bad, because it's a negative temperature coefficient divided by a positive temperature coefficient here, so it gives you still a negative temperature coefficient. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's less process dependent, fine, but still we need to work on that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, how do we do that? How do we, is there something in there? When you look at that expression for, for example, VBE or something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Question is that, can we come up with a way to generate or extract this K2 over Q and use it for generating a reference? Let's call it the VT reference, or it's also sometimes called PTAT, proportional to absolute temperature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] P-tat, you may see P-tat, and you may see C-tat, which basically means complementary to absolute temperature, which basically would be like VBE. It goes down with temperature. So, how do we generate, how do we extract the VT?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why couldn't we extract it here? Why didn't we get the temperature dependence? Because this guy came to kill us, right? This IS. So we have to somehow get rid of the IS. How do you get rid of the IS in these expressions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you think of a way of getting rid of that IS in the log?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So what if I subtract two VBEs from each other? What if I could take one VBE


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I have a resistor here. The voltage across this resistor, do you agree, would be this VBE minus this VBE? So let's say VBE1 and VBE2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the one way to do it is to make this 1X and make this N times larger. So basically make this out of N transistors in parallel. So it's IS is N times larger. But it's still the same IS, just N times larger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you think of a way of forcing these two currents to be equal and these two voltages to be equal? Well, we just devised a way, right? We call it the floating mirror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can have a current mirror, can be MOSFET or bipolar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is the floater or isolator. And what these two do in combination is that they force these two currents


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be equal, and they force these two voltages to be equal. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? We forced them to be equal. Why do users still have this loading mirror?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we can express this in terms of VTs, natural log of IC over IS, and this one is VT, natural log of IC over NIS, because this is N times great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] N of those transistors, you can put N copies of that transistor. And this is what you get. Now if I move this to the other side, what happens?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is this divided by that? N! Right? Both IC and IS cancel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is proportional to the absolute temperature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now as such, this is probably a better combination because if this is growing with temperature, this is, has a positive temperature coefficient, this also has a positive temperature coefficient so they can actually, to first order, maybe cancel each other out somehow. We'll do better than that, but just.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's next step. So, but we, the key part is that this is also called PTAT.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which has a negative temperature coefficient, so this is important, right? And it has a band gap part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It may appear that you may be able to get this thing out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you pick this resistor to be the right value, say x times r,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This current going through this resistor will introduce what voltage? It will produce a voltage, that's this thing, kt over q, r's cancel, get times x times natural log of n times x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] X is not probably a good symbol. Let's just make it, make it M.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the key is that these con- two resistors are of the same kind. If they are of the same kind,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then they actually would produce, the ratio would cancel out, temperature wise. So what you have left with are ratios. You have the natural log of N, which is the ratio of the size of this guy to that guy. And then you have the M, which is the ratio of this resistor size to this resistor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's the voltage, this is the voltage across the resistor, then plus VBE of this transistor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this way you can actually produce something that's called a band gap reference. And it's very insensitive to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The supply voltage and temperature and things of that. So you can actually make this the first order. You can try to cancel these two dependencies.