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[Assistant] We did consider that option, but we quickly dismissed it. We believe that we should stick to our core competencies and improve the product we currently have.


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[Assistant] As you can see, there are a lot of opinions at this meeting, and everyone wants to get as much information as they can.


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[Assistant] Now that we've heard how they speak at a formal meeting, let's listen to the same conversation at an informal business meeting.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid we're running out of time. Let's take two more questions.


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[Assistant] Yes we have, but we've ruled it out for now.


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[Assistant] We think it's best to use our company's strengths and improve our current product rather than creating something new.


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[Assistant] Sean begins this part of the meeting by saying, I'm afraid we're running out of time.


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[Assistant] To run out of time means not to have very much time left to do something.


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[Assistant] To be near the end of something or to have very little time remaining.


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[Assistant] Sean is apologizing that they are almost at the end of the meeting and there isn't very much time left for more questions.


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[Assistant] Because there's so little time left, Sean says that he can take only two more questions.


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[Assistant] To take a question means to allow people who are at the meeting to ask a question. After most speeches or lectures,


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[Assistant] The speaker often takes questions from the audience. Hannah takes the first question by saying,


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[Assistant] To jump in means to join a discussion or to begin participating in something right away without delaying.


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[Assistant] Hannah means that she has a question for Chris and she wants to ask it right now. We also use this expression to jump in when


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[Assistant] If two other people or a group of people are talking and you want to ask a question or make a comment, you might say, let me jump in here or can I jump in here and ask a question?


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[Assistant] Hannah is telling Chris that she thinks his memo hit the nail on the head.


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[Assistant] And you use it to hold together two pieces of wood. You usually use a hammer to hit the nail into the wood.


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[Assistant] The head of the nail is the flat part on top that you hit with the hammer.


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[Assistant] Literally, to hit the nail on the head means to move the hammer so that it hits the top of the nail and pushes it into the wood.


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[Assistant] But here, we're using this expression to mean that Chris is exactly correct or is doing something exactly the way it should be done.


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[Assistant] Hannah means that Chris's memo said exactly what it should have said. It hit the nail on the head. It addressed or talked about the issues that it should have talked about and addressed.


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[Assistant] In other words, Hannah liked the memo.


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[Assistant] But she says, she wants to play the devil's advocate for a minute.


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[Assistant] Is a person who presents an unpopular or opposing opinion in order to make the discussion better.


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[Assistant] The spirit or the force that causes evil or bad things in the world.


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[Assistant] The devil's advocate would be the lawyer for the devil. An advocate is someone who is in favor of a certain position. A lawyer is an example of an advocate.


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[Assistant] So the devil's advocate is someone who tries to present another view, an opposite view. If you're at a meeting, for example, and everyone agrees about something, one person may say,


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[Assistant] Let me play or be the devil's advocate and give a different opinion. This helps people discuss the ideas and give the idea more consideration.


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[Assistant] When playing the devil's advocate, and notice we use the verb to play with this expression.


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[Assistant] In playing the Devil's Advocate, Hannah says that her focus groups weren't very interested in design and asks Chris why he is suggesting that the company offer the product in more colors.


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[Assistant] Chris responds or answers her by saying, I can see your point.


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[Assistant] But we think that having more colors will raise sales at least a little bit.


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[Assistant] The phrase, I can see your point, but, is used to mean, I understand what you're saying, but I disagree with you. Or, I understand your opinion.


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[Assistant] But I think you need to consider or think about something else.


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[Assistant] Chris means that he has heard and understood what Hannah said, but he has a different opinion. He thinks that having more colors will raise or increase sales.


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[Assistant] Chris also says that the company can offer the product in more colors without raising costs, meaning it would not cost the company more money.


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[Assistant] Hannah then says, Oh, I see. Meaning, I understand.


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[Assistant] To clear things up means to clarify, to make things easier to understand.


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[Assistant] I hope that I'm clearing things up by talking about the vocabulary used in this meeting.


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[Assistant] Next, Sean speaks and says, Alex, did you have your hand up?


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[Assistant] To have one's hand up means to hold your hand in the air showing that you want to speak or ask a question.


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[Assistant] When you have a question in class, in a school, you normally raise your hand. When the teacher sees that you have your hand up, he or she might call on you saying your name and giving you permission to ask your question.


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[Assistant] He says what I'd like to know is whether your team has thought about developing an entirely new product and entering a different market.


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[Assistant] The phrase, what I'd like to know is, means I would like to know.


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[Assistant] I want to know, or please tell me.


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[Assistant] Alex would like to know or wants to know


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[Assistant] The team considered that option, but it has ruled it out.


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[Assistant] To rule r-u-l-e something out.


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[Assistant] Means to consider something, to think about something as a possibility, as an option.


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[Assistant] But then to decide not to do it or to consider a list of things and decide not to use one of those things. We ruled it out. We decided we weren't going to do it.


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[Assistant] Sean's team began with a list of options and


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[Assistant] One of the ones that they decided not to use was to make a new product.


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[Assistant] Why? Because the team thinks that it's best to use the company's strengths or core competencies to improve the product it already has rather than or instead of creating a new product.


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[Assistant] If you get sick when you see blood, for example, you might rule out being a doctor as your career, as what you want to do in your life. Because as a doctor, you have to see a lot of blood.


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[Assistant] Now let's listen to the informal meeting again, this time when they're speaking at a normal speed.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid we're running out of time. Let's take two more questions.


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[Assistant] Yes we have, but we've ruled it out for now. We think it's best to use our company's strengths and improve our current product rather than creating something new.


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[Assistant] I hope that this lesson has helped you understand how to take questions.


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[Assistant] A formal and informal business meeting. In our next lesson, number nine, we're going to study the business vocabulary for ending a topic and planning for the future at both formal and informal meetings.


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[Assistant] This course has been a production of the Center for Educational Development in beautiful Los Angeles, California.


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[Assistant] This course was produced by Dr. Jeff McQuillen and Dr. Lucy Say. Copyright 2007.


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[Assistant] Carl, the government doesn't care if your kids pass their classes. They just care if your kids pass the yearly standardized test. Which they haven't done in two years.


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[Assistant] Carl, the test is in a few weeks. You haven't done squat to prepare for it.


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[Assistant] Now, if your kids fail this again, the state can come in and fire all of you.


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[Assistant] At Carl, I imagine the first head on the chopping block's going to be the principals.


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[Assistant] You're in deep. The district's out for blood. I wish I could help you, but they want your job.


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[Assistant] What were you thinking, Carl? You know you're not supposed to take the special needs kids off campus, let alone to an amusement park without getting district approval.


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[Assistant] Hey Hank, isn't that Pat Richie coming out of Southertons?


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[Assistant] I'm pretty sure I gave this one the business, honey. But just to be sure.


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[Assistant] Unplug it! That ain't gonna stop it.


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[Assistant] Rest assured that diabetes is not happening to this family. Which is why I've already made some changes at La Cocina de Pehi.


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[Assistant] Come on mom, I'm just a kid. This carrot is just like that lollipop at the fair, only it has a wig of alfalfa sprouts instead of sponge sugar. And here's an onion.


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[Assistant] Miguel Hernandez live from Alamo Land Amusement Park where earlier today a group of special needs children narrowly and miraculously avoided disaster after falling out of the Falls of Fury log flume ride. Your thoughts?


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[Assistant] This is about animal migration, so we don't want to just see a static shot of a shark coming to the cage going past.


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[Assistant] The first thing we do is try to size up the shark. Is this shark aggressive? Is he relaxed? If they look mean, they generally are mean.


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[Assistant] If the shark is really scarred up and scratched and missing teeth and half of its tail is bitten off, that's like a brawler. It's just like you go to the pub, you see a guy with bloody knuckles and a black eye, you don't run up and put your camera right in his face and take his picture.


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[Assistant] Your adrenaline starts pumping, you're swimming out there, you're trying to keep the camera really stable, really still.


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[Assistant] The biggest sort of danger is not the shark that you can see, it's the shark you don't see.


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[Assistant] They like to be below you. And you're vulnerable when you're above them.


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[Assistant] Four of them at a time, that one swim up at the surface coming out, and I decided to swim out to it, getting a nice shot, then I realized, whoa, there's one down there, there's one over here, and there's one behind me, I saw you looking at me going, get back, get back! And that was pretty sketchy, but uhm, man.


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[Assistant] There's nothing like getting outside of the cage of these apex predators.


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[Assistant] We're filming the fastest land animal in the world, the cheetah.


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[Assistant] I don't think I have changed or washed the trousers that I'm wearing right now for the past 17 days.


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[Assistant] Today may be the day we get


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[Assistant] The mother's still at the front where we can't get an angle and she's still hunting. So the mother's coming back now to retrieve her cups from underneath our vehicle.


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[Assistant] One of the, one of the three cubs get, get stamped by a zebra. During a hunt a mother, one of the cubs just got stamped by a zebra. It's dead.


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[Assistant] Good. Now stare at your belly and pretend it's not a baby, but something cute, like a puppy.


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[Assistant] Well, from an investment standpoint, there's no better place to be. I hope these new neighbors aren't sara-pusses about loud music. I just got a new whammy bar.


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[Assistant] Hey Luann, I've decided I want the baby's first smell to be a cinnamon roll.


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[Assistant] Now is the time the late, great, gay Perry Mason would spring a surprise witness.


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[Assistant] I know it's ugly, but living next door to a power station means our baby will probably grow up to have superpowers.


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[Assistant] Oh, today was a lot of driving without a road. There'll be more of that tomorrow, and there was more of that the day before.


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[Assistant] Just massive hooks, just going, going, going, running, running, running, crossing.


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[Assistant] As soon as they saw that cat, man, they beeline right in there.


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[Assistant] And the blood shit, the just overall carnage was something to behold.


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[Assistant] It was just kill after kill after kill.


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[Assistant] We heard this calling from a cow, kind of over, over through the bushes.


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[Assistant] And this massive, you know, 12 foot crotch just attached to its backside.


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[Assistant] He kept pulling the croc literally out of the water with him. He was so strong. He was like pulling himself up on the bank.


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[Assistant] Everyone who was watching, including myself, were moved to tears.


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[Assistant] Those little white worms you found earlier are glow worms.


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[Assistant] Any abandoned tracks on the property? No.


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[Assistant] Native Americans lived there, visited? No.


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[Assistant] Ah, the Groushaw Act. Was anyone violently murdered there?


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[Assistant] Okay, have two former presidents ever shook hands there? Uh, no.


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[Assistant] Gentlemen, you could spend hours, even days, watching me scoot around in my chair looking for a loophole, and I might take pleasure in that, but there's no point. You're screwed.


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[Assistant] In my opinion, this was a justifiable act, as was set forth in the 1921 landmark case, Addison Petroleum versus McConaughey, whereby homeowners were allowed to tear down tilting oil derricks, which posed an immediate threat to their property. Your Honor, it's all right there in the book.


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[Assistant] Ah, there she is, my substation. God, I love saying my substation.


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[Assistant] Well, I do know of a legal precedent involving a public utility and a dairy farm. I'll tell you on one condition. Nobody messes with my plaque.


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[Assistant] Mr. Hill, when is this trip to the hardware store going to end?


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[Assistant] I have no bias toward house size. I myself have a very big house. A judge should have a very big house.


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[Assistant] That said, this court rules in favor of the defendants and does not hold them liable for any damages. Court is adjourned.


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[Assistant] Summer. It's what America does best. Heck, we were born in the summer.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm a guy who can sit on just about anything, but this furniture is god dang lovely. Let's buy it. All of it.


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[Assistant] This will no doubt be the best summer of our entire lives.


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[Assistant] I mean, but I had to head up Canada this summer, man. Canada? A man only has so many summers, Boomhauer. Why would you waste yours in a country that's dismantling its Navy?


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[Assistant] Have fun. Hope you got your shots. Boomhauer, don't you dare come back a hockey fan.


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[Assistant] Look, I know we all miss Boomhauer, but he wouldn't want us crying in our beer. Hey, looks like the Canadians are here.


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[Assistant] Now be polite, Dale. We're Americans. We're the world's welcome mat. It doesn't matter if they're from Canada, Laos, or God forbid, California. Right now, they're from Rainy Street. And it's our patriotic duty to show them what good neighbors are all about.


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[Assistant] Holy jeez. This looks like one of those spicy motels. Well, we wanted something different than the lake this year. I think we got her.


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[Assistant] Hank Hill, good to meet you. Gordon Huskins, it's a pleasure.


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[Assistant] Oh, sorry. This is my wife Maureen, and our son Holly.


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[Assistant] That's a good-looking t-shirt you got there, Gordon. You in the mower business? Oh, I wish. But I've got a thing for McCullum mowers. Canadian outfit. Ride high. Ride strong. Ride McCullum. Now that's a slogan.


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[Assistant] Peggy, they're probably not used to dealing with neighbors. Canada is vast. They might go months without seeing another person. Oh, Hank.


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[Assistant] No, I'm a good neighbor, that's all. I can handle this. Remember when that old widow couldn't take care of her yard anymore? Who forced her to move? I did.


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[Assistant] We need to properly position the kegerator, someplace where I can keep one eye on the grill and one eye on the game. I might need to lay down some chalk lines to make sure I get the angles right. Hey, how's it going everybody? Maureen made a nice tray of her brownies, eh? So what do you say? Let's get at her! Thanks, Gordon.


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[Assistant] Hey, uh, we're gonna watch Super Bowl XIII later. The Broncos' Orange Crush versus the Cowboys' Doomsday Defense. Wanna pull up a chair? Oh, thanks, but you know, I prefer the fast-paced Canadian three-down system. I mean, American football is a real snoozer, huh? Enjoy your nap though, eh?


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[Assistant] He's okay, Dale. That must be how they trash talk in Canada, with little chuckles. Tell you what, Peggy's dying to throw a party to break in our new patio furniture. I'll invite the Canadians. You'll see, they're regular folks. But enough of that, we need to build a bar worthy of housing our kegerator.


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[Assistant] Gentlemen, I know you've all been waiting patiently. And now, to commemorate our first draft beer of the summer, I present to you your very own personalized frosty beer mugs. Grab one. These will be kept here for you. Always chilled, always ready.


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[Assistant] Wow. Gordon, I'd be honored if you used boomhowers.


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[Assistant] Well I guess it's a fine beer. You know, if you're not into flavor but you love going to the washroom all night.


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[Assistant] Oh, sorry. Maureen's given me our secret signal to leave.


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[Assistant] This can't be right. Nobody's that rude. There has to be some kind of cultural misunderstanding.


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[Assistant] How can I help you, officer? Is this your house? Yes, sir. We received a noise complaint. Noise complaint? Nobody's making any noise here. I get so angry when people aren't


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[Assistant] Wait, which neighbors would call the cops? Everybody's here.


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[Assistant] I can't believe Gordon called the cops on us. He's gonna be sorry when he sees me today.


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[Assistant] Alright, that's it. No more Ollie. No more metric talk. This is America, dang it. We know what we're doing. I gotta go straighten this out.


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[Assistant] Nothing says summer like an RNG. No, I want to talk about last night, Gordon. Oh yeah, what a nice party. Yeah, Maureen? Super nice, Gord.


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[Assistant] You know, in America it's okay to call or just knock on your neighbor's door if there's a problem. You don't need to call the cops. Oh, sorry about that. We're not familiar with your local customs.


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[Assistant] You know Hank, you really ought to think about getting a McCullum mower. Quiet as a casket.


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[Assistant] And it won't damage your grass blades. That's what's making your lawn look so brown.


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[Assistant] You talkin' about my grass blades, Canada?


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[Assistant] You know, maybe I'll stop by that new McCullum dealer later on. See if they'll let me test out a new model. And give Boomhauer a proper mow while we're here. I told Boomhauer I'd take care of his yard while he's away. Oh yea? Well if you think you have the right to his land, who am I to get in your way?


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[Assistant] You know, before this, I always drank out of a can. I never knew beer was yellow.


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[Assistant] Ah, that Gordon Huskins. All he talks about is how great Canada is and what's wrong with America.


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[Assistant] Dang it, that man is not ruining my summer. If I want to get rid of those Canadians, I'm gonna have to do something I've never done before. Be a bad neighbor. Go ahead, fellas. Live it up.


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[Assistant] Why can't America make a decent ale? Probably because we're too busy making medical breakthroughs and blockbuster movies and going to the moon.


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[Assistant] Yeah, well we invented zippers, penicillin, and the zamboni.


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[Assistant] You Americans, you're so gosh darn ignorant and self-centered. Tell me who our Prime Minister is! Why? Bottom line, Gordon, my mason could kick your McCullum's ass. Oh! Oh!


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[Assistant] Hank, you gotta help me. Oh, you mean bail you out of trouble? How terribly American that would be of me, eh?


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[Assistant] Well, the DWI still goes on my record, but thanks to Buck's lawyer I won't lose my license. But I have to go talk to some high school kids about drinking and driving and look at some dead bodies at the morgue and stay off my lawnmower for six months.


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[Assistant] You know, Canadians might be sanctimonious and bland, but America has been protecting Canada ever since England stopped. Who's there when tyranny strikes or when earthquakes hit or tsunamis roll? We are. Fellas, we've got a neighbor in trouble and it's time we did something about it.


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[Assistant] Beer from a can. It's barbaric.


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[Assistant] See ya guys! If you're ever up in Canada to get reasonably priced pharmaceuticals or, you know, a breath of fresh air, heh, look us up!


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[Assistant] No, he didn't, but you know what? We were good neighbors and we did the right thing. That's what matters.


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[Assistant] Wade and Gwen, back to you. Well thanks for that report, Nancy. And that's the news for tonight. I'm Gwen St. James.


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[Assistant] Nice job, Nancy. You looked good out there. Thanks. It felt good.


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[Assistant] That's us. Think tank by day, drunk tank by night. Just be careful. After a couple of drinks, Wade gets a little grabby.


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[Assistant] I always thought you and Wade were having an affair. We are. It's good for ratings.


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[Assistant] Wanna know how evil he is? Absolutely. Every year the station sponsors a float for the rodeo day's parade. Wade, of course, gets one of the seats, and he gets to pick who sits next to him. And every year, instead of me, he picks his dog. Oh, shook. You just made me hate Wade, too.


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[Assistant] You know, I think it's time for some new blood on top of that float. And behind the anchor desk.


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[Assistant] Couple of Texas beauties perhaps? I like you, Nancy. You're gonna go far here.


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[Assistant] I respect Wade, but I worry about him. A man his age sneaking off to Mexico, bringing back experimental black market pharmaceuticals. I know he is a local broadcasting legend, but maybe it would be best, you know, for the station, if Nancy and I represented KUMT on the Radio Day's float.


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[Assistant] Clearly some people weren't made for Metro news. Way to climb your way to the bottom.


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[Assistant] Alright, grammarians, let's get down to it and start talking about possessive pronouns.


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[Assistant] Possessive pronoun is a pronoun that we use to show possession of something, which is just sort of a fancy way of saying, you have it.


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[Assistant] Now we can essentially divide possessive pronouns in half. Because on this side of the divide, we have a list of pronouns that behave like adjectives.


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[Assistant] And on this side we have a group of pronouns that behave like nouns.


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[Assistant] I'll list them and then we'll give some examples. So the possessive pronoun that behaves like an adjective for me is my. The possessive pronoun that behaves like a noun for me is mine.


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[Assistant] Our behaves like an adjective. Ours behaves like a noun. Your behaves like an adjective. Yours behaves like a noun. Her behaves like an adjective. Hers behaves like a noun.


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[Assistant] His behaves like an adjective. His behaves like a noun. Its behaves like an adjective. Its behaves like a noun. And their behaves like an adjective. And theirs behaves like a noun. Now I'd like to point out that nowhere in any of these words does there appear such a thing as an apostrophe. That little guy.


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[Assistant] I know this much is true, there are no apostrophes in possessive pronouns.


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[Assistant] With an apostrophe like that, it's yours with no apostrophe. Likewise, it's not hers, his,


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[Assistant] It's, this is a big one, that means something entirely different, or theirs.


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[Assistant] Across all varieties of English, the possessive pronouns don't have any apostrophes in them.


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[Assistant] So this is a very handsome looking chart, if I do say so myself, but it doesn't really do the work of explaining what I mean by saying my behaves like an adjective and mine behaves like a noun. So let me get some example sentences down and we'll see what I mean.


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[Assistant] How would I talk about it? I could do it two different ways using these possessive pronouns. I could say, that is my book.


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[Assistant] And here, my is working as an adjective that modifies and describes book. Or I could say, that book is mine. And here we're using is to connect book to mine. And so in that case we're using mine as a noun.


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[Assistant] How do we know it's acting like a noun? Because we can use it independently of the word book. So if someone says to me, David, where is your book? I can say, mine is on the bedside table.


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[Assistant] Nowhere in this sentence does the word book appear, but we can use mine independently.


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[Assistant] Because we've established in a previous sentence that the thing we're talking about is this book.


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[Assistant] So let's talk about my coworker, Garish. Nice fella. And let's say that Garish has a very nice hat. We would say that is Garish's hat.


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[Assistant] This is what we call a possessive noun.


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[Assistant] But talking of garish, again we could say, that is.


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[Assistant] Now we're using that possessive pronoun as an adjective to modify hat.


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[Assistant] If we wanted to use the personal pronoun that acted like a noun, we would say, that hat is his.


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[Assistant] And we can also use his independently of the word hat by saying, by saying, his is the hat with polka dots.


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[Assistant] So, we've got two piles of possessive pronouns here, and one pile behaves like adjectives, my, our, your, her, his, its, their, and the other behaves like nouns, mine, ours, yours, hers, his, its, theirs.


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[Assistant] And remember, none of them contain an apostrophe. You can learn anything. David out.


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[Assistant] Oh well, I guess I'll go to the plum tree by myself.


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[Assistant] The ants are taking a piece of plum away! Whoops!


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[Assistant] So many creatures in the meadow love these plums.


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[Assistant] It's still early. Little White Owl will still be up. And she might have seen something in the night. Good thinking! Let's go!


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[Assistant] There were lots of stars shining in the sky. Although, that's not really unusual.


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[Assistant] Then, when wind came, the grasses didn't know what to do.


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[Assistant] The woody shrubs all through winter. When spring came fresh green leaves


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[Assistant] How should I put this delicately? We don't think your hillbilly marriage going to last that long. Come back in a few months.


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[Assistant] Huh. Well, I'm not supposed to say anything, but the drive-through people don't actually work here. But I talk to her every night. They work out of a call center in Buckeye, Arizona. It's cheaper that way.


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[Assistant] What's going on inside that beautiful head of yours?


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[Assistant] Baseball, huh? So you're really gonna do this again? Apparently.


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[Assistant] Skills Day. These kids are being scrutinized and analyzed like a herd of cattle at auction. Which makes perfect sense. Where do you think Kobe beef comes from? Japanese baseball players.


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[Assistant] Delicious Nutritious Winners.


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[Assistant] Hello, Hank. I'll have a cheeseburger. Hold the lettuce, pickles, cheese, and meat. And instead of special sauce, I'd like very special sauce.


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[Assistant] I'm not gonna lie, I'm sensing some tension here. And I'm not gonna lie, I'm kind of enjoying it.


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[Assistant] Remember when the stomach flu was going around? Bobby's team could only field eight players and he still didn't start. They actually had a kid playing Lent-er field.


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[Assistant] Please let him go, Uncle Hank. I'm begging you. I don't want Barbie to steal my baby and use her to buy pizza.


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[Assistant] You scope out the whole case. Dude, the football team got most of the good ice cream. Vanilla sounds pretty good right now. I need a girl!


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[Assistant] The floating blossoms brought little nut brown hair, big nut brown hair, and little field mouse right back to where they'd started their long journey.


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[Assistant] Oh my lord, sir, that's the highest achievement possible in propane.


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[Assistant] The Hall of Flame honoree gets to wear a special blazer at the induction ceremony. It's graduated in color like a flame itself. Bright blue at the bottom, then bright red, then bright orange, then bright yellow, and then bright white at the shoulders and collar.


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[Assistant] No son, standing next to Buck Strickland in his moment of glory is probably as close as I'll ever get to wearing the rainbow blazer. The rainbow blazer.


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[Assistant] I don't know, Peggy. This is the greatest moment in Strickland propane history, but what if Buck blows it? What if he gives in to his appetites?


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[Assistant] Yeah, between the two of us, we can handle Buck.


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[Assistant] I can't believe I'm really here. This is my Super Bowl, Peggy.


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[Assistant] Ah, I've lost visual contact. Red alert, Peggy. I'll check the bar. Oh, there he is.


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[Assistant] Peggy, I think I was worried about Buck for nothing. It's past noon, he's not drunk, and he's got people eaten out of his hand. This right here is Hall of Flame, Buck Strickland.


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[Assistant] But sir, uh, we've got to set up our booth.


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[Assistant] So what's the bastard like? Well, the apple didn't fall far from Mr. Strickland's tree, I tell you what. They hadn't been together two minutes when they went off drinking. I'm afraid I might have to keep them apart for the good of Buck and Strickland propane.


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[Assistant] Why would I wanna be Buck's son when I'm his assistant manager? Translation?


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[Assistant] I'm sorry Buck's not here, Ms. Scovall. He was at a Q&A session and uh, wouldn't you know he got more Q's than he bargained for. I'll see that he shows up from now on.


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[Assistant] Peggy, they mooned Elvis's grave and his poor little dead twin brother Jesse.


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[Assistant] Yes, in six hours, you're supposed to be inducted into the propane hull of flame. And I'm not sure you're gonna make it. I'm not sure you should.


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[Assistant] I am violating all kinds of protocol here, but I want you to try on this jacket.


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[Assistant] That feels nice. If you wanna wear the jacket, you gotta live the jacket.


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[Assistant] Oh Hank, we were just letting off a little steam. I have tried with all my might to save you from yourself, Mr. Strickland. Well not anymore. You're on your own. You should be ashamed of yourselves. And that includes you, Ms. Scovall. You have not honored propane.


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[Assistant] I don't ever want to hear the name Strickland again.


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[Assistant] You think I'm jealous of Buck and Ray Roy? Who cares? I sure don't. Now Hank, that's just the rum and tequila and vodka and gin talking. I'm gonna give that SOB an introduction he'll never forget.


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[Assistant] I'm not gonna say, hell I am gonna say what I have been wanting to say. Buck Strickland is a monster.


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[Assistant] I don't know what happened. I just snapped. Now the Board of Governors is having a special session this afternoon to determine my punishment.


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[Assistant] I am so sorry, Peggy. I guess this has probably put you in a tough spot with the platinum circle.


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[Assistant] Yes sir, I can't tell you how sorry I am.


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[Assistant] Hell, Buck, I'll let you say goodbye to your son.


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[Assistant] Yes it is. I'll let you in on a little secret. The object here isn't to get close to the Lord. It's to get close to the Platinum Circle.


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[Assistant] Ever since her husband Buddy dropped dead at the carving station at the Brown Cow.


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[Assistant] We're here to honor one of the giants of Texas propane, Mr. Buck Strickland. To introduce Mr. Strickland, his right-hand man, Hank Hill.


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[Assistant] 52, how are you? My name is AJ and here we are. We're on the activity book. Activity book.


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[Assistant] Let's find the words in the puzzle. Then tick the things Matt and Mia take on their picnic.


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[Assistant] Alright, do you remember what Matt and Mia took on their picnic?


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[Assistant] This is the story of Matt and Mia. Alright, what do you see? I see watermelon, bananas, sandwiches,


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[Assistant] Yeah, a watermelon. Okay, let's go back to the activity book and let's find these things. Oh, actually,


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[Assistant] They also take cookies, bananas, french fries or chips, grapes, burgers,


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[Assistant] Sandwiches, watermelons, apples, chocolate, chocolate, cake, and milk! Mooooooo! Let's find these things. Alright. Stop the video. Do it! Come on back.


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[Assistant] Cookies, cookies, cookies. Oh, I found grapes. Grapes.


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[Assistant] These are grapes. These are purple grapes.


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[Assistant] Sometimes grapes are purple, sometimes grapes are green, and sometimes grapes are red. What kind of grapes do you like? I like purple. And green. And red. I like all. I found sandwich.


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[Assistant] My favorite sandwich is...


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[Assistant] A ham sandwich with cheese. Huo Tui and cheese nai lao. Hmm. Hmm. Chips! Or french fries.


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[Assistant] In America, we say French fries. In the UK, they say chips. Mmm, ba-ba-doom. Apples!


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[Assistant] Apples can be green, red, or yellow. I like red and green apples, but not yellow apples. Okay, where are the... Cola? Hey, cola? Where's the cola? Cola?


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[Assistant] I don't see cola. I will draw cola. Right here. Oh, actually look. Hey, cola!


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[Assistant] Watermelon, watermelon, watermelon is here. That's a long word.


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[Assistant] Watermelon is a big fruit, and watermelon is a long word. Now, where is cake? Cake. Cake, where are you? Cake. Here it is. We found it. Doink.


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[Assistant] Chocolate, chocolate, where are you?


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[Assistant] Where are you hiding chocolate? Oh, there it is.


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[Assistant] Chocolate. Cola is in the chocolate.


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[Assistant] We have two more. Cookies and milk. Hey, milk and cookies. Dip the cookie in the milk. Om nom nom nom nom nom nom nom. Oh, actually.


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[Assistant] Oh, and I forgot. Banana. Banana and milk. Banana and milk. Where are you? Burger!


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[Assistant] Milk. I found milk. Milk is here. Yippity-doo. There's only one more and it's banana. Where is it? Hey, found it. Right here.


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[Assistant] Put the pictures in order, then tell the story. Alright, what happens first?


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[Assistant] Do the birds eat the crumbs first? No. Do they make a scare crow first? No. Do they have a picnic first? No. Do they get the food ready first? Yes.


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[Assistant] Okay, now I will do it. Ready?


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[Assistant] First, mom asks Matt what he wants to eat.


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[Assistant] Mom asks Matt what he wants to take to the picnic. Matt says, I don't like hamburgers.


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[Assistant] I like sandwiches. I want to take sandwiches and watermelon to the picnic. Okay. Number two.


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[Assistant] Matt and the girl. What is her name? What is the girl's name?


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[Assistant] Matt and Mia. Matt and Mia.


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[Assistant] They open the box and they look at the lemonade, the watermelon, the, the bananas. Yummy. They are hungry.


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[Assistant] They made a scarecrow because birds were eating their food. Oh no.


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[Assistant] The scarecrow scared the birds, and the birds went away. And four.


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[Assistant] After Matt and Mia ate the food,


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[Assistant] They gave the crumbs to the birds. They said, come here birds.


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[Assistant] Do you like crumbs?


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[Assistant] Okay, I told the story. Now you tell me the story in the group.


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[Assistant] Alright, let's listen and draw lines from the names to the children in the picture. Listen, then draw lines, this is a line, from the names to the children.


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[Assistant] Probably not, because Tom is a boy's name, and this girl is a girl.


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[Assistant] Or maybe she's a boy with long hair. I don't know. Let's listen and do it. Ready? Here we go.


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[Assistant] 刚才他说了, Matt has got a glass of lemonade. Matt 有一杯 lemonade.


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[Assistant] He likes burgers, but he doesn't like chicken.


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[Assistant] Then after, I will help you. Are you ready? Let's go.


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[Assistant] Okay, are you done? Let's listen again and do it together.


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[Assistant] He has got a chocolate biscuit.


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[Assistant] This is a chocolate biscuit, so let's draw a line. Next.


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[Assistant] Who has got a banana? Me!


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[Assistant] Mia has got a banana. Banana, banana. Mia's got a banana. Next!


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[Assistant] And Sam has got an egg sandwich. I see a sandwich.


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[Assistant] I don't know if it's an egg sandwich, but


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[Assistant] There's only one sandwich at the picnic, so Sam must be this boy. One more.


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[Assistant] Tina's got crisps. Tina likes crisps. Jolly good. We're done. Easy, right? Let's go to the next page.


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[Assistant] Look at the examples, oh sorry, look at the pictures, listen and tick the box. There is one example.


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[Assistant] Before you listen, you listen ji qian, you should read the questions. That would help you big time.


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[Assistant] Which is Bill's sister? Which is Bill's sister?


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[Assistant] How old is Anna? Six, seven, or eight? Okay. Read all the questions with me. Where is Matt's rubber? Is it on the desk, on the table?


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[Assistant] Under the bookshelf or the bookcase or next to the book.


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[Assistant] Chicken and milk or chicken and juice. Which is Lucy's brother?


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[Assistant] Is it the one with the orange hair, the brown hair, or the light brown hair? Oh, and brown eyes or blue eyes? Okay. Now, let's listen.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, uh, is that girl your sister, the girl with the apple? He says, no, she is my friend, not my sister. And then they were like,


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[Assistant] Is the girl with the book your sister? And he said yes.


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[Assistant] Then, she said, the girl with the blue t-shirt? No.


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[Assistant] The girl with the red t-shirt. She has a red t-shirt. She has a book. She's the sister.


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[Assistant] Okay, 剩下的,你自己做,然后你做完的时候, 呃,第二次我可以帮助你。


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[Assistant] Okay, answer the questions, then we'll listen together. Are you ready? Listen again.


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[Assistant] Don't forget who is speaking otherwise you might not know who is who. She's eight. Okay, that's my friend.


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[Assistant] She is eight. Anna is talking. Her friend is eight. So we don't know if she is eight, but Anna's friend is eight.


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[Assistant] I am six. Today is my birthday. Happy birthday to Anna. Happy birthday to Anna. Happy birthday to Anna. You are six now. Next.


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[Assistant] It isn't on the desk. He said that. And then the teacher said, is it under your book? And then Matt said, oh, it's okay.


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[Assistant] I can see it. It's under the bookcase. So, here it is. That's the answer. Number three.


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[Assistant] Okay, have you got horses? They're cool. We've got two horses, but...


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[Assistant] We don't know if they're new. So, let's see.


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[Assistant] We've got two horses. They are big and they are old. If it is old, it is not new.


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[Assistant] And we have got two donkeys. They are funny and they are our new ones. They are our new ones.


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[Assistant] Oh, donkeys are funny. I like donkeys. Ha ha ha ha ha. So, donkeys. Next, number four.


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[Assistant] So we're gonna listen to three again. Listen to three again.


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[Assistant] Okay, Tasha, he said we have dogs, but he did not say if they were new or old. So the answer is donkeys.


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[Assistant] Okay. So, uhm, do you want sausages? No. Do you have any chicken? So, Sam wants chicken. And what does he want to drink? Orange juice? Mmm.


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[Assistant] Have you got any lemonade? Neomeo lemonade? This is lemonade. So the answer is B. The last one.


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[Assistant] That one was pretty easy. Alright, those are the answers guys. I will see you on this page now.


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[Assistant] It's a fun game! Hoohoo! Play the game. Alright. I want you to do this. First,


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[Assistant] Choose the food and drink for your shopping list. So what do you want? I want...


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[Assistant] I want my shopping list. This is the things that I want to buy. Shopping means my, don't see. I want cake.


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[Assistant] What do you want? You can write whatever you want.


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[Assistant] Beans. Beans, beans. They're good for your heart. The more you eat them, the more you fart.


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[Assistant] I want chips, and I want potatoes.


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[Assistant] Now, I'm going to draw my guy here.


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[Assistant] Let's see if I can get these things.


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[Assistant] Roll the dice and move my counter. A counter is just this little guy.


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[Assistant] Then collect your food and drink until you get to the FINISH square. Okay, let's do it.


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[Assistant] First, I want to erase all this with my rubber.


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[Assistant] Now I can roll the dice. One, two, three, roll it. Hey, I got three. One, two, three. Can I have, oh, if you go here,


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[Assistant] You can ask for one of your things.


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[Assistant] So, all you have to do is say, can I have cake? Can I have cake?


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[Assistant] I chose cake because I already passed it. Can I have cake?


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[Assistant] Yes, I can. All right. Now my boy is here. Do do do do. I have one.


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[Assistant] One is good. I want to make it green, actually.


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[Assistant] Okay. Next, let's roll the dice. Here we go. Give me a s- give me a one.


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[Assistant] No, I need chocolate. I wanted a one. I got six. One, two, three, four, five, six. Lemonade. Aww. I don't want lemonade. Oh well. Let's roll the dice again. Here we go.


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[Assistant] Three. I got a three. One, two, three.


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[Assistant] Okay, I like juice, but juice is not on my list, so I'm a little bit not so happy.


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[Assistant] But actually, I'm gonna drink the juice. Let's go again.


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[Assistant] A one, a two, three, four, five, bread. Okay. Bread is not on my list. I am not doing a good job. Let's roll.


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[Assistant] Two. Orange is one, two.


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[Assistant] One. Two. Three. Beans. Four. Chips. Noooooooo! Five is good.


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[Assistant] Oops, I went the wrong way. Look, the next one is the finish, but I have not gone here. So the next one will have to be here.


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[Assistant] Give me a one, or one, two, three, four. I need a one, or a four. I need a one, or a four. Ready? One or four, one or four, one oh four, one oh...


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[Assistant] What was my final score? My final score was 1.


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[Assistant] Play the game and tell me how many you got.


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[Assistant] For now, it's time for me to go. So, I'll see you next time in the next unit. Unit number five. Wow. Bye bye.


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[Assistant] Oh, her? No, that's my friend. My sister's there. She's reading a book. The girl with the blue t-shirt?


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[Assistant] No, she's got a red t-shirt.


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[Assistant] We've got some new animals on the farm. Really? Have you got horses? They're cool. Well, we've got two horses. They're big and they're old now.


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[Assistant] No, thank you. Have you got some chicken please?


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[Assistant] We've got some new animals on the farm. Really? Have you got horses? They're cool. Well, we've got two horses.


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[Assistant] But we've got two donkeys. They're really cool. And they're our new


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[Assistant] No, thank you. Have you got some chicken, please?


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[Assistant] I don't like autumn. Why does everything always have to change? That's just how it is in the meadow.


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[Assistant] Why don't you change the name to Grill? It's the Stravaganza part that's killin' ya.


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[Assistant] You're talking about Khan? Our neighbor, Khan?


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[Assistant] So how are his hands? When you're walking down the street holding hands, are they soft? Enough talking! I want to meet the new kind!


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[Assistant] That Khan's a ball of energy. Last night, we popped some corn and solved the JFK assassination. And Lincoln. We're halfway through McKinley. The other night, he ghost-wrote my auto-bi-


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[Assistant] Did he say that? Even out his moods? That's what they usually say about people with manic depression.


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[Assistant] Uh, maybe he's just sad. Nope, he's been swallowed whole by soul sucking depression.


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[Assistant] I've done it! I've glued a toaster to a karaoke machine. Is that something I was supposed to do, Hank?


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[Assistant] We could just get him the drugs illegally from Mexico. They're the exact same medicine, only cheaper and spicier.


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[Assistant] Excuse me sir, there's something wrong with our steaks. These should be prime and this isn't the marbling for prime. It's fatty in all the wrong places.


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[Assistant] Heck, I'm all passion. Dad, why didn't you tell me about any of this?


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[Assistant] Hey coach, I'm ready to work. Should I warm up with some ground chuck or just jump right in?


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[Assistant] I'm so psyched to be here. Look, I don't know all the technical stuff yet, but what I do know is that the ribeye thickness of that carcass is half an inch.


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[Assistant] I've gotta tell you, it's pretty great being a child prodigy. And coach gave me this DVD, Slaughterhouse from the Kill to Your Plate. Do you wanna watch it later, Dad?


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[Assistant] I don't know why everyone is so happy. I almost blew it for the whole team.


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[Assistant] But these guys are intense, Dad. I've seen Coach Styles hack up a cow torso. This is not a man I want to disappoint.


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[Assistant] Go back to the meat you know. Hot dogs and bologna.


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[Assistant] We didn't either, unless you consider eggs protein.


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[Assistant] Fine. Enjoy a bunch of crazy people rambling about meat all day.


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[Assistant] He doesn't want to grill with me. All he cares about is that I'm on some team.


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[Assistant] Excuse me sir, I'm Bobby Hill from Heimlich County, J.C. I'm looking for my team.


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[Assistant] They're afraid I'm gonna choke again. But Dad, I think I saw a flaw.


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[Assistant] I think so. It's something in the chime button.


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[Assistant] If you look closely at the chine button of the 13th rib, you will see it has begun to ossify. This carcass is too old to be prime. Again, hard bone.


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[Assistant] We've got company. Well dad, it looks like this is the last one.


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[Assistant] Time for the final question. The four teams with the highest scores will advance the state competition. The question, which of these carcasses has the most muscular round? Heimlich County Junior College, you're up.


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[Assistant] Which of these carcasses has the most muscular round?


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[Assistant] The final event will determine the Texas State Collegiate meat grading champion. Each team must determine whether the specimen beef is prime beef or flawed in any way. Good luck.


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[Assistant] We can use telescopes. The first person to invent the telescope is lost to history. Despite common knowledge, Galileo did not invent them. He wasn't even the first person to point one at the sky, or the first person to publish results. But he was a loud and persistent voice over the years, and his amazing string of discoveries using his crude instrument landed him firmly in the history books. Aggressive self-marketing sometimes pays off.


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[Assistant] If you want to be really general, the purpose of a telescope is to make things easier to see, to make the invisible visible, and to make the things already visible, visible more clearly. A telescope works by gathering light.


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[Assistant] But when he increased his collecting area with a telescope, they popped into visibility. The primary way telescopes work is to change the direction light from an object is traveling. I can see a star with my eye because light from that star is sent in my direction, into my eye. But most of that light misses my eye, falling to the ground all around me.


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[Assistant] The telescope collects that light, bounces it around, and then channels it into my eye. When the very first telescopes were built, this changing of the direction of light was done using lenses. When light goes from one medium to another, say from going through air to going through water or glass, it changes direction slightly.


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[Assistant] You see this all the time. A spoon sitting in a glass of water looks bent or broken. The spoon is doing just fine, but the light you see from it is getting bent, distorting the image. This bending is called refraction. The way light bends depends on what's bending it, like water or glass, and the shape of the object doing the bending.


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[Assistant] It so happens that if you grind a piece of glass into a lens shape, it bends or refracts the incoming light in a cone, focusing it into a single spot.


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[Assistant] For one thing, the light from the top of a distant object is bent down, and the light from the bottom is bent up. When this light comes to a focus, it means you see the object upside down. It also flips left and right, which can be a little disconcerting, and takes getting used to when you're using a refracting telescope. For another thing, the lens can magnify the image.


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[Assistant] That's again because the light is bent, and the image created of an observed object can appear larger than the object does by eye. It depends on a lot of factors, including the shape of the lens, the distance to the object, and how far away the lens is.


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[Assistant] The universe itself came into focus. When astronomers talk about using a telescope to make details more clear, they use a term called resolution. This is the ability to separate two objects that are very close together. You're familiar with this. When you're driving on a road at night, a distant car coming toward you appears as a single light. When it gets closer, the light separates out.


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[Assistant] Resolves into two headlights. A telescope increases resolution, making it easier to, say, split two stars that are close together, or to see details on the moon's surface. The resolution depends in part on the size of the objective. In general, the bigger the telescope objective, the better your resolution is. Resolution is more useful than magnification when talking telescopes.


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[Assistant] Fundamentally, there's a limit to how well your telescope resolves two objects, but there's no limit to how much you can magnify the image. If you magnify the image beyond what the telescope can actually resolve, you just get mush. Refracting telescopes are great, but they suffer from a big problem.


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[Assistant] Big lenses are hard to make. They get thin near the edge and break easily.


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[Assistant] Also, different colors of light bend by different amounts as they pass through the lens. So you might focus a red star, say, and a blue one will still look fuzzy. No less of mine than Isaac Newton figured a way around this. Use mirrors. Mirrors also change the direction light travels. And if you used a curved mirror, you can also bring light rays to a focus.


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[Assistant] Telescopes that use mirrors are called reflectors. The advantages of reflectors are huge. You only have to polish one side of a mirror.


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[Assistant] Where a lens has two sides. Also, a mirror can be supported along its back, so they can be manufactured much larger, more easily, and for less money. Although there have been many improvements made over the centuries, most big modern telescopes at their heart are based on the Newtonian design. And in fact, no large professional-grade telescopes made today have a lens as their objective.


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[Assistant] Nowadays, it's all done with mirrors. And that brings us to this week's aptly named Focus On. The most common question I'm asked, besides, hey, who does your hair? Is, hey Phil, what kind of telescope should I buy? It's a legitimate question, but it's very difficult to answer.


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[Assistant] But in a sense, our eyes act like movie cameras, taking pictures at a frame rate of about 14 images per second. That's a short amount of time. Photographs, though, can take far longer exposures, allowing the light to build up.


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[Assistant] Allowing us to see much fainter objects. The first photographs taken through a telescope were done in the 1800s. This has led to innumerable discoveries. For example, in the 20th century, giant telescopes with giant cameras revealed details in distant galaxies that led to our understanding that the Universe is expanding.


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[Assistant] A critically important concept that we'll dive into later in the series. And now we have digital detectors, similar to the ones in your phone camera, but far larger and far more sensitive. They can be dozens of times more light-sensitive than film.


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[Assistant] That's still true. We learn more about the universe every day, just as we learn that there's more to learn every day, too. That's one of the best parts of being an astronomer.


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[Assistant] The universe is like a jigsaw puzzle with an infinite number of pieces. The fun never ends. And remember, even with all the wonders revealed by telescopes, your eyes are still pretty good instruments, too.


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[Assistant] That's fun too. Today you learned that telescopes do two things. Increase our ability to resolve details and collect light so we can see fainter objects. There are two main flavors of telescopes.


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[Assistant] Refractors, which use a lens and reflectors, which use a mirror. There are also telescopes that are used to look at light our eyes can't see.


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[Assistant] And with the invention of film, and later electronic detectors, we've been able to probe the universe to amazing depths. Crash Course is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. This episode was written by me, Phil Plait. The script was edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant is Dr. Michelle Thaller. It was co-directed by Nicholas Jenkins and Michael Aranda, and the graphics team is Thought Cafe.


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[Assistant] Carrots. I'm literally lying on the floor crying, wah, wah, wah, wah, no.


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[Assistant] Principal Moss? What is it? Who's in trouble? You or Bobby?


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[Assistant] Ugh, good, it's Bobby. Alright, I'm on my way.


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[Assistant] Son, you should only agree to be someone's lookout during a time of war. Now tell me why Joseph was in the janitor's closet.


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[Assistant] That was an awful lie, son. Terrible.


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[Assistant] You know, Dale, maybe it's time you talk to your boy about


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[Assistant] Relations, you know, that are sexual in nature.


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[Assistant] He's six feet tall and has a mustache. It's time.


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[Assistant] Well, lighten up, Dale. You're just distracted by Joseph. The other day I got so worked up by Bobby I let the gas get so low that the warning light came on.


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[Assistant] Don't be an idiot, Dale. You're just stressed out about Joseph. You're not crazy, or than usual.


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[Assistant] Alright, Dale, enough is enough. Get your things. We're going home.


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[Assistant] Dang it, this is crazy, I've gotta do something about this. Excuse me, who's in charge here?


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[Assistant] Look, my friend Dale, uh, wait, is that a certificate from Whataburger?


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[Assistant] Well, either way, what do I need to do to get my friend checked out of here?


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[Assistant] This whole Dale situation is just asinine. So he hit a rough patch with Joseph. It's no reason to check yourself into a mental institution.


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[Assistant] Well I know we have to talk some sense into Dale, but maybe we don't have to do it today. It's nice to not have to face Magnetic North.


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[Assistant] Stop that. Take a knee. You go home, young lady.


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[Assistant] I don't know what you think you were doing in there, but just cool it. Go play a video game or step on some ants or something.


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[Assistant] Dale, you gotta get yourself outta here. Joseph and Lori are thinking about going all the way. He's running wild. He needs his father.


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[Assistant] Dang it, Mr. Patel, just let Dale go. You can't hold him here against his will.


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[Assistant] You'd think something so complicated would be a little more pleasurable to read.


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[Assistant] Peggy, we are trying to get Dale out, not further in.


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[Assistant] Huh, the post office. Alright, I'll go tell Dale. Uh, as soon as Nancy comes home.


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[Assistant] Calm down, Dale. We're almost there. They're just gonna ask you some easy questions. All you have to do is act normal.


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[Assistant] Wow, nice duck. High five! What a realistic pencil holder. High five!


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[Assistant] Huh, remember that ol' polygamist compound? Looks like they turned it into a restaurant.


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[Assistant] Well sure you're plugged in. You're the one who told us about aloe vera.


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[Assistant] What kind of class is that? It's called cotillion. Cotillion? Isn't that where the girls learn to curtsy and wave their handkerchiefs and what not?


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[Assistant] You know, Bobby, ROTC has an after-school program. They'll teach you manners and military history. I think that's a better option.


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[Assistant] If this is just an elaborate way for you to get to dress up and parade around-


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[Assistant] Well, your handshake could use a firmer grip and a faster upswing.


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[Assistant] Uh, I think I'll try the meatloaf sandwich.


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[Assistant] Uh, what's the procedure to get a table? Well, you just sit wherever there's an open chair. We're not she-she here, it's a barn! No, oh, there's a room at the big table.


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[Assistant] I don't think you understand. See, I'm not with those people. No one's a stranger at the Arland Barn.


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[Assistant] How is it? Well, let me put it this way. This table smells like a diaper, and this is still the best meal I've had in years.


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[Assistant] Stop that! Your gate is fine the way it is.


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[Assistant] No offense, Bill, but I just need you guys as a buffer. The only table that's ever open is the big table and I want to be surrounded. Still honored.


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[Assistant] Hey, you know what would make me happy? A meal at the Arlen Barn with my family strategically placed around me. Now, I warn you, people will try to talk to you and that's fine, just don't pull me in.


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[Assistant] Okay, well I guess I could just cover my ears with my hands, but then how would I? Headphones!


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[Assistant] See, you are cool. Hey, let's go celebrate with a sandwich, superstar.


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[Assistant] Son, son, your pants are falling down. Here, I'll cover you.


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[Assistant] How about you wear pants and I'll think about them as pants?


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[Assistant] I'd like to order a meatloaf sandwich, please. That won't be necessary, I'd like it to go.


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[Assistant] It seems like people who already know about this place are the only ones who could ever find it. Secrets are fun, huh ladies?


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[Assistant] I wish I had someone to look after me when I get old. Maybe I'll just get a cat. Although...


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[Assistant] I've often fantasized about the RV lifestyle. You live in a town until people grow tired of your anecdotes, then you pull out the chucks and drive


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[Assistant] This is what happens when you base a relationship on fiery passion.


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[Assistant] I've heard. Forget it! I'm going for a walk.


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[Assistant] Check it out. Couple of birds waiting to be plucked from a tree.


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[Assistant] Err, ah, shh, shh. Toothbrush. Toothbrush.


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[Assistant] Pizza, pizza, it's a treat. Pizza, pizza, fun to eat.


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[Assistant] Gooey yummy, cheese so yummy, pepperoni in my tummy.


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[Assistant] Pizza, pizza, it's a treat, oh my, pizza, pizza, fun to eat! Vicky, you're scary.


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[Assistant] Now I like Thai. Let's go guys. Hey man, I'm sorry man, but they don't want to get on up without us man. What?


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[Assistant] Oh, there are old cars and motorbikes there.


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[Assistant] Is there? What's in it? I don't know, but we can look.


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[Assistant] Hi. I'm reading a book about the eight planets that go round our sun. It's a very interesting book. Today.


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[Assistant] We are thinking about one of the planets in my book. It's the one we all live on. Do you know its name? Bob? That's right. It's called Earth. Oh, Earth.


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[Assistant] Let's find out about our planet and how we can look after it.


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[Assistant] This is planet Earth. It's got mountains. And forests. Rivers.


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[Assistant] And lakes. Plants.


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[Assistant] But how can we live on Earth? It's because of the air. There is oxygen in the air we breathe. And other gases too.


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[Assistant] Plants and animals need oxygen to live.


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[Assistant] Plants and animals need water too. There is lots of water on Earth.


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[Assistant] Our planet needs clean air and clean water.


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[Assistant] Well, there are lots of things you can do. You can pick up rubbish.


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[Assistant] And recycle paper, glass, and plastic.


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[Assistant] Plastic is very bad for animals that live in the sea. We need to keep the sea clean. When you go shopping, don't use new plastic bags.


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[Assistant] At home, you can turn off the tap when you clean your teeth.


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[Assistant] Or save water by having a shower, not a bath.


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[Assistant] Or turn off the lights when you go out. Or grow plants.


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[Assistant] We can all look after our planet. Okay. I've got two questions for you.


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[Assistant] What is the name of the gas in the air that animals and plants need? Gas? Um, oxygen. That's right.


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[Assistant] It's called oxygen. Yes, yang qi. What three things can we recycle? Uhm, recycle, recycle. Paper? That's right. Paper, glass and plastic.


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[Assistant] Okay. I'm going to go have my bath now. Bye. No. A shower.


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[Assistant] I need to save water to help look after our planet. See you next time! Bye!


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[Assistant] Hey Grammarians, so last time we talked about Raul the Penguin and how he was happier than another penguin, Cesar.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but I want to talk today about how to form


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[Assistant] The comparative and the superlative, you know, how to compare, how to say something is more than or most, uh, in an unfamiliar situation. If you're looking at a word for the first time or you're encountering, you're trying to figure out how to make a word comparative or superlative, you know, to be like, oh, well, I've got this word.


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[Assistant] I've got this word cute, like that's a cute little baby penguin. But how do I say that it is


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[Assistant] And it turns out that there are a series of sound rules in English that kind of govern the way that we choose to make these words go.


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[Assistant] So I'll show you, I'll show you each of them in turn. So, okay, so we've got, so we've got this little table that I'm building here and we've got a description, how it looks in the comparative and how it looks in the superlative. So if you take a word like cute, uh, and then word. So if you take a word like cute, words like cute, um,


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[Assistant] Have what we call one syllable, one word sound. Cute. And so a word like cute, uh, that


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[Assistant] All we have to do to make it comparative is, uh, add an R. So.


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[Assistant] Add r, and that gives us cuter. For the comparative, all you have to do is add st, and you get the word cutest. But what if you've got a word like big?


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[Assistant] If you tried to add just R to that, it would just look like bigger or ST to that. It would look like.


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[Assistant] And that, that's not really how we would form these words in standard English. That doesn't go.


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[Assistant] Cause they're kind of inconvenient to say. We like to have, um, vowels in between some of those, those consonant sounds between the B and the G and the S. Uh, so what you do if it's a one syllable and it's only got one vowel in the middle, like I, like that one vowel.


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[Assistant] And it ends in a consonant, like a, like a G. Then what you do is double the consonant and add ER.


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[Assistant] So this word big ends in a G, so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna...


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[Assistant] For the comparative, I'm gonna say big, and then I'm gonna double that g, I'm gonna use it twice. Bigger. Like that. And then add the er.


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[Assistant] Likewise, for the superlative, same thing. So you double the consonant at the end of the word, and then you add.


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[Assistant] E-S-T. So it becomes B-I-G and then I...


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[Assistant] Double this consonant sound, so b-i-g-g-e-s-t. Big-est. And for words like short and sweet,


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[Assistant] Oh, I should clarify. Uh, for, for this one, for big, uhm, this should end in one consonant. So b-i-g, there's only one consonant there. Uh, because for words like short and sweet that have one syllable but either have two vowels like sweet does, so it's e and e, or two consonants at the end, what you do is you just add


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[Assistant] Uh, and for the superlative form, add EST. So, shortest or sweetest.


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[Assistant] And now we're getting into the weird stuff. So if you take a word like shiny, which is two syllables, and it ends in Y,


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[Assistant] And what you have to do is you change y to an i and you add er. So shiny becomes


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[Assistant] Shinier. See how this Y becomes an I here?


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[Assistant] Same thing for superlative, the y becomes an i, and then you add e-s-t, so shiny-est.


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[Assistant] Now, if you've got a word, like magnificent,


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[Assistant] Magnificent. This is a four syllable word. It means like super huge, super great, super wonderful. Uhm, you can get a word like that.


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[Assistant] You take a word like that, it's a little bit too big to be adding more parts to the way that standard American English works. So you wouldn't say magnificenter or magnificentes, it just sounds unwieldy, because the word's already pretty long. So if you've got a two or more syllable word that doesn't end, that doesn't end in Y,


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[Assistant] Then you just have to add the word more to the beginning. So more magnificent and most magnificent.


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[Assistant] So let's say that you're encountering a word you've never seen before.


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[Assistant] Uh, and in, uh, in a sentence you have to compare the, uh, let's say the word is balarfy. I don't know what it means. Probably something gross. Uhm, so if we want to compare two really gross meals, you know, like a steaming pile of, I don't know, dog food covered in flies,


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[Assistant] It's like 3,000 years old. You gotta eat it. Gross. Uh, which one is grosser? But you have to use, you have to describe them using the word blarfy, this word we've never seen before. Well, what do we know about blarfy? Well, it's got two syllables. Blarfy. So that automatically crosses out any of this stuff. Uhm, it does end in a Y.


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[Assistant] Blarfy, so we know that it's probably going to behave like...


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[Assistant] Shiny, like the word shiny because it got two syllables and it ends in Y. So.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm gonna say that the dog food is less ballarfy and the cheese is ballarfier. In fact, this cheese is the ballarfiest food


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[Assistant] On the planet. Now don't get me wrong, I love a good stinky cheese, but this one in particular, this 3000 year old cheese,


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[Assistant] Super Blarfy. In fact, I'm just gonna go so far as to say, it is the Blarfiest. You can Blarf anything. David out.


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[Assistant] Page six of the activity book. Let's do it. Actually, page six on the activity book has no activities, so we're just gonna skip it. Going on to page seven.


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[Assistant] Alright, what are we reading? What are we matching? We're reading these sentences.


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[Assistant] And we're matching them. Match these to put together. Uh, uh, I'll show you what it means in a minute.


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[Assistant] And then we're gonna match them to the pictures. Okay, so let's read number one.


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[Assistant] Vicky and Charlie are sitting next to a lake. Vicky and Charlie are sitting next to a lake.


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[Assistant] So, which picture matches? Which picture has Vicki and Charlie sitting next to a lake?


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[Assistant] Okay, I see a lake here. Remember a lake is a who? I see Vicky and Charlie. Are they sitting next to a lake?


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[Assistant] You betcha. So that's why the answer to this one is 1.


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[Assistant] This picture matches these words.


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[Assistant] Okay, now what I want you to do is I want you to stop the video.


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[Assistant] Do the rest of it, then come back and I will, uh, tell you the answers, okay? Are you back? Good. One. Vicky and Charlie are sitting next to the lake. It's that one. Two.


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[Assistant] It's a nice day. Let's go for a walk in the forest.


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[Assistant] Nice means good. Nice means beautiful.


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[Assistant] It's not cold. Let's go for a walk in the forest.


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[Assistant] Hmm. Which one is that? I think that's this one.


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[Assistant] Because I see a forest. I don't see anybody walking, but maybe it's because they're not walking yet, but they will soon. That's them.


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[Assistant] In the river. They are in the river. Oh, yeaah, they actually are. In the river. Fishing.


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[Assistant] Zzzzzz ooooh. With her grandma.


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[Assistant] For look at those cows in that field. Field.


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[Assistant] You remember what field is? A field is a place where they grow plants and they grow crops. A field is a big green area.


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[Assistant] And look at those cows. Moooooo. Four.


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[Assistant] Lily and Jack are playing on the grass. Lily and Jack are playing on the grass. Who is playing on the grass? Lily and Jack are playing on the grass.


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[Assistant] 你还记得吗?因为Lily and Jack 的意思是他们,而且他们配对。


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[Assistant] Are. They are playing on the grass, neocasual.


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[Assistant] There are a lot of brown leaves under that tree. Leaves. Under a tree. I see a tree.


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[Assistant] I see colorful leaves. Are these leaves?


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[Assistant] Nah, that's probably mud. I think this is the tree and these are the brown and red and yellow leaves.


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[Assistant] My dog is digging in the ground. That's a dog and he is digging. What will he find? He will find a big bone.


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[Assistant] And the last one, there's a big mountain behind Fred's house. A mountain is a very big...


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[Assistant] That was pretty easy. What do you guys think? Was it easy or was it hard?


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[Assistant] Let's do some sounds and some spelling. Number two.


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[Assistant] Listen and circle the words with a R sound. Then listen again and match. Okay.


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[Assistant] Err, err, err. Which words have an err sound?


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[Assistant] Well, actually, we don't even need to listen to them. If you want to, first, you can just say what they are and see if it has an R. Tractor. Tractor. Does tractor have a R?


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[Assistant] Leaf. Mmm, nope, no er. Trrrractor?


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[Assistant] Uh, river, rock, grass. Now let's match them. So which one's the tractor? Number one. This should be easy. What's this?


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[Assistant] Stop the video, do it yourself, come back. That is a field.


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[Assistant] Number three, that is a river. Number four is a rock, of course. Five is


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[Assistant] Grass, green grass and six is a leaf. Bada bing bada beef. Next page, page eight. Let me switch around here. Page eight, feeling great. Listen and circle the correct words.


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[Assistant] Alright, so what we're going to do is we're going to listen and we're going to choose or


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[Assistant] Let's have you listen and do it, then later I'll help you. Listen and circle the correct words.


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[Assistant] The farm cat has babies. Is Rocky talking or is Rocky singing?


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[Assistant] He's talking, so we're gonna circle talking.


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[Assistant] Alright, uh, I would suggest you to read these first.


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[Assistant] If you know what the questions are, you can answer them easier. So, stop it, read them, and now, continue.


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[Assistant] But their eyes are closed.


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[Assistant] Because they're young. So they look like they're sleeping but they're not. Okay, number three.


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[Assistant] Is the mother cat washing the kittens legs or face?


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[Assistant] They were talking about puppies and the horse said, the one with the short tail is playing with a ball. What's it doing? Playing or eating? It's playing with a ball.


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[Assistant] Neat. Number five.


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[Assistant] No, he's not. He is looking at his...


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[Assistant] Face. He's looking at his own face because he's so...


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[Assistant] Pretty. Pretty is beautiful. And the last one.


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[Assistant] What is the fat puppy eating?


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[Assistant] I mean, what is the fat puppy doing? Is he eating a sock?


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[Assistant] Or washing a sock. Is he cleaning a sock or eating a sock?


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[Assistant] He's eaten it. Yep, he's a little bit gross. Uuuh. He's eating a sock. I had a sock for breakfast too!


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[Assistant] Talk about the pictures. Use words from the box. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's have you send this to our group. Talk about the pictures. Use these words. Drinking, eating, looking, playing, sleeping. Drinking is what I'm doing right now.


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[Assistant] Looking at something means seeing something. I'm looking at this bug right now. Hey, bug. Playing. You know what that is, sleeping.


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[Assistant] Alright, let's think about some things we could say about this picture. I think.


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[Assistant] This dog is eating a red stinky sock. Blucky.


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[Assistant] Or either that or he's playing with his tongue.


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[Assistant] I'm playing with my tongue. Okay, uhm, we've already talked about playing, eating. What's he doing?


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[Assistant] I see myself. He sees himself. He is doing what? He is looking at himself.


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[Assistant] He is looking at himself. OMG, I'm so pretty. Him? What's he doing? He is playing with a yellow boy. That's a yellow boy.


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[Assistant] The yellow boy is sitting on his nose. Hello, my name is yellow boy. Nice to meet you. Don't eat me. What are the kittens doing?


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[Assistant] You never know, because they can't open their eyes, cause they're too young. The mommy cat can open her eyes, but the kitties can't open their eyes.


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[Assistant] Alright, why don't you talk about those in our group. Meanwhile, let's move on to the next page. Let's read and match, then color.


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[Assistant] Look, this one's green, this one's green, because they go together.


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[Assistant] So, Fred is eating their shoes? No. Fred's eating a photo? No. Fred's eating her face? Ah! No. Fred is eating an ice cream. Okay? Because this one's green, we colored this one green. Let me do that right now.


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[Assistant] My coloring is like really bad. Oh gosh. Number two.


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[Assistant] Daisy is washing. Washing your hands, washing your clothes. What is Daisy washing?


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[Assistant] Her face, their shoes, a photo. I know it's not ice cream. You can wash your face.


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[Assistant] Okay, you can wash other people's shoes, yes. Can't really wash a photo.


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[Assistant] I don't know if this one's orange or blue, so I'll just write blue and


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[Assistant] Orange here, and then we'll move on to number three and see if we can figure three out first, alright?


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[Assistant] So Vicky's mom is taking... By the way, if you haven't already, stop the video, do it yourself, then come back.


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[Assistant] Because take is not only taking photos, it's also taking photos.


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[Assistant] I'm pretty sure that's what they mean, so I think that Vicky's mom is taking a photo.


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[Assistant] Number four. Mary and Paul are cleaning their shoes or her face. Okay.


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[Assistant] And now we know that Daisy is washing her face. Daisy is washing her face. Blue. Bada bing bada boo.


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[Assistant] No, they aren't. Are the puppies sleeping? No, they aren't. You can also say they are not. They are not. Remember, ah, nevermind. Is the kitten playing? Is the kitten playing?


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[Assistant] It is eating, it am eating, it are eating. How do I know? Well, do you remember this?


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[Assistant] We are, they are, he is, she is, it is. That's how you know. It is eating. It is eating.


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[Assistant] No. Unless they're really small purple sausages. No. She.


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[Assistant] Is not. No, she is not. You could also write isn't. No, she is not. No, she isn't.


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[Assistant] The children. How many children? So yes, Tom and they.


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[Assistant] And then Tom and they, I am you. They are, they are walking.


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[Assistant] Yes, they are or they are walking.


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[Assistant] No, he isn't. He is washing his face. Is the bird singing?


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[Assistant] No, she isn't. Or no, she is not. Both are okay. Yes, he is driving a car.


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[Assistant] Alright, that's all there is for today, guys. Oop, I blocked that one a little bit. No he isn't, he is washing his face. That's all there is for today, guys. I hope you had fun, and I hope to see you next time in the next video. Bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The walk tool is a great way to move through your model without disappearing into a wall. The walk tool is found under camera, walk, or in your large tool palette under view, tool palettes, large tool set. It's this icon here, the two feet. To use the walk tool, I can click and drag in my model.


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[Assistant] And you can see that it hops up on top of geometry but will not go through a wall. So this is really helpful if your eye height


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[Assistant] Is at a human scale. So you can see in the lower right hand corner, I'm right at 14 feet right now. So I'm going to type 5 foot 6 enter.


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[Assistant] To stand as though I were walking through my model and I can click and drag and move my cursor in the direction I'd like to walk. But as you can see, it is not allowing me to move through walls. So if you have trouble accidentally bumping into walls as you're working on your model and moving through them, you can also use the walk tool to instead navigate through your model.


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[Assistant] Do your mum or dad or your brother sometimes feed it?


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[Assistant] How often do you have burgers for breakfast, Claire?


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[Assistant] Go to the zoo, we watch the animals play.


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[Assistant] When we go to the zoo we watch the animals play.


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[Assistant] Pink flamingos with long thin legs standing on only one.


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[Assistant] Hello grammarians. We are once again learning how to master time and become time wizards. Which is of course what you will be if you master.


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[Assistant] All the tenses of English, but if you want to become an additional time wizard, if you want to get, I don't know, a second hat, everyone knows.


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[Assistant] All wizards wear multiple simultaneous hats. If you want to wear a second hat on top of your other time wizard hat, that's the silliest thing I've ever said, uhm, then you will have to learn.


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[Assistant] Now here's something weird and cool about prepositions of time is that once upon a time all of these were physical prepositions. Like, before and after?


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[Assistant] Just used to mean, uh, behind and in front of, you know. They later took on this additional, uh, connotation of time just over the course of English speaking history. People took this literal meaning of, you know, before and after.


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[Assistant] And made it representational, you know, uh, this moment occurred.


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[Assistant] In front of this one in time, but behind this other one in time. It's a metaphor. We're using space to represent time. Anyway, I just thought that was really cool. Let's talk about how all of these work. I'm just gonna list a couple of the most, uhm, most famous prepositions of time and write an example sentence. So let's go through these.