[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You practice a lot so that you can play a game or play a match. Depending on the sport you're playing, it will possibly have a different name. Uh, in Canada, sometimes people use match, sometimes people use game. Game I think is the general term for a time when one team plays against someone else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or a person plays against someone else.


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[Assistant] If you do something wrong in a game, there will most likely be a whistle. Referees and umpires usually have a whistle in most sports. Some sports they don't. They just need to yell really loudly. But if you hear a whistle in a soccer game, play will stop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the referee will make a decision whether someone is getting a warning or a yellow card or a red card, uh, or maybe it's just off sides or another, um, rule has been broken and they blow the whistle to kind of remind everyone of the rules and restart the game.


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[Assistant] So I mentioned these words a bit earlier. People who watch the game are called fans.


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[Assistant] When you're at the game, you're called spectators or you're just called the crowd. So the crowd cheered or the spectators cheered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so if you are at a game and you are watching a game, you're part of the crowd that's watching the game, or you're one of the spectators. You're part of the spectators who are watching the game. Uhm, let me get a little sip of water here.


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[Assistant] Oftentimes spectators or the crowd at a game will


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[Assistant] Wear the colors that their team normally wears. You'll see in this picture they're wearing. It looks like yellow and some purple for the team that they are cheering for.


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[Assistant] And you will sit in the stands, which I think is short for the word grandstand.


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[Assistant] But these are either called stands or bleachers. Okay, when you go to a game, if it's inside of a building or if it's outside, it will usually have stands or bleachers. Uhm, I think bleachers are smaller than stands. Like at our school, we have bleachers in our gym.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, basically it's row seating. There's not chairs, there's like these benches row on row. And you sit in the stands or you sit in the bleachers when you cheer on.


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[Assistant] If I go to Toronto to watch a game and I'm watching the Toronto Maple Leafs, they are the home team. The home team is the team that's playing in the stadium or on the field that is in their city.


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[Assistant] The opposite of home is either the away team, the guest team, or the visiting team. So we could say the away team, the visitors, the guests. We often in Canada use home and away. You can see on this scoreboard there's a spot for the home team's score.


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[Assistant] And there's a spot for the away team's score, but you can also use guest or visitor. You'll see variations of this, but again, the home team is the team that's playing in their home city, in their home stadium.


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[Assistant] So let's talk about where people play. People play sports in stadiums.


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[Assistant] People play sports in arenas. So a stadium is a common place to go for American football, generally referred to as a stadium. And then an arena is generally used for hockey. So you go to a hockey arena to watch a hockey game. Look at how nice that ice looks. It's very very smooth.


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[Assistant] Uhm, baseball games are usually played at a park or ballpark. Uhm, so it's not really a park, but it's very green and it looks a little bit like a park, but it's main purpose is for people to play baseball. So you will go to a ballpark.


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[Assistant] You might go and watch a game on a court. So you might watch tennis or basketball. Uhm, there are a lot of sports that are played on a court, which is just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, a surface that's prepared with the proper lines for that sport. You can see this is a basketball court and it has the lines of the court, the center line, the three point line, the foul line. So you might watch a game that is played on a court.


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[Assistant] Uhm, BMO field, uh, where the Toronto FC play. So thanks again, uh, Eugene. I think that's the, the third and last photo that I used from Eugene, but thank you. But you would call this a field. Notice I said it's BMO field in England. In Canada we say BMO, but it's the Bank of Montreal. I think BMO.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so this is BMO field where the Toronto FC play.


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[Assistant] In different parts of the world, you might call it a pitch as well. You play on the soccer pitch or the football pitch.


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[Assistant] I mentioned earlier that there's something called motorsports. Motorsports are sports where you drive either race cars or motorcycles


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[Assistant] Or some sort of vehicle in order to try and get first place.


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[Assistant] Some people think that motorsports aren't real sports, but there is a word in English, motorsports, which makes me think that they are a sport.


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[Assistant] So you might watch Formula One. You might watch IndyCar. In North America, there's something called NASCAR. I'm sure in your part of the world, there are different kinds of motorsport with different kinds of vehicles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they would of course, uhm, have their competitions on a race track. A race track is like a road, but it's specially designed to go usually in a circle and it's there so that people can go in a race and they can, uh, do their motorsport.


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[Assistant] When there is a game, there is almost always a score. I just put 3-1 here for fun, but there's usually a score. In English, common phrases would be, what's the score? Or, did you see the game last night? Yeah, what was the final score?


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[Assistant] The score is the number of goals or points that a team has gotten versus the other team when they're playing. So when you watch a football game or soccer game


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[Assistant] I'm using football as soccer right now. The score is usually something like three to one or five to two or two to nothing or one to nothing.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but when you watch something like basketball, the score is usually 102 to 90 or 97 to 78. Uh, basketball is a fun sport. People score a lot.


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[Assistant] And then you have a scoreboard as well. So you can see on this scoreboard it's 31 to 17.


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[Assistant] I would imagine they're playing American football. That's the kind of score you would see on a scoreboard, uh, when you watch American football. But you can see a scoreboard is a big, uhm, lighted board that will show you what the score is


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[Assistant] When you watch a sporting event, um, oftentimes when you go to see a game, it's nice to sit in a place where you have a clear view.


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[Assistant] Sometimes you go to a sporting event and the scoreboard is far away or you're sitting somewhere where you can't see it. I like to be able to see the scoreboard so that I know what the score is.


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[Assistant] Now, I talked about the score. Depending on the, uh, the sport that is being played, you will score a goal, you will score a point, you will get a point, you will get a goal. There's a number of ways to refer to it. But generally, in most sports,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason you play is to get points or to score goals so that you can get more goals or points than the other team and you can win the game. So in this shot you can see this girl is about to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kick the soccer ball. She is going to try and get a goal so that her team can get another point. Notice I do kinda flip goal and point around a lot. That's fairly common when talking about sports.


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[Assistant] And of course you want to win. Uhm, you want to win the game. You want to get a win. Notice there's a verb and a noun version. So, a team can have seven wins.


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[Assistant] So that's the noun. They've won seven times. When you play a game, you want to win the game. So to win is the verb form. Uhm, so the goal of a team is to win. That's the goal. That's...


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[Assistant] Uhm, a lot of times people say it's not important to win, it's just important to have fun.


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[Assistant] I don't have the verb form, but the verb form is to lose, okay? So L-O-S-E.


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[Assistant] I think this might be called a draw in some sports, uh, but a tie is when each team has the same number of points or each team has, uh, the same number of goals. Sometimes people are disappointed with a tie. I'm usually a little bit disappointed when a game is tied.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Overtime. Sometimes when there is a tie, depending on the sport, there might be overtime. Overtime is extra time in the game where each team tries to win. So you can see here the score is 14-14. You can also see this scoreboard says home and guest.


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[Assistant] Sports you're allowed to end in a tie. Other sports sometimes have overtime or multiple over times until someone wins. And they might even have a shootout.


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[Assistant] That's where each team takes turns having one player shoot on the net or try to score in order to find out who the winner is. Players who don't play are usually on a bench.


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[Assistant] They literally sit on a bench in some sports, but these players have chairs. Even if it's all chairs, we still call it a bench.


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[Assistant] And people will even describe themselves as, you know, oh, I play for this team, but I'm a bench player or I'm on the starting lineup. So a bench player is someone who doesn't start the game. So a bench player is someone who starts the game sitting and probably gets subbed in later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most teams will have a uniform. Here you can see this uniform is for a baseball team. They have a helmet. Uhm, probably they only wear the helmet when they're doing the batting. Uhm, and then they have all, obviously all of the uniform is in the team colors.


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[Assistant] And then you need equipment. Uhm, I didn't talk about cricket at all, but cricket is one game where you need certain kinds of equipment in order to play the game. Uh, you need certain gloves, you need a bat, uh, you need, uhm, padding as well. So some sports require equipment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some sports require a lot of equipment. One of the reasons that hockey is an expensive sport to play is that you need a lot of equipment to play hockey, whereas soccer is a little bit cheaper to play because you don't need as much equipment. You need a good pair of shoes, uh, and maybe one other piece of protective gear.


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[Assistant] Uhm, sometimes when you play a sport professionally, you will have a sponsor. You can see this car is sponsored by Michelin. If you look at the very front of the car, you see the word Michelin there. So it looks like the Michelin tire company is one of the sponsors. A sponsor is someone who gives money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that a sport can exist, okay? So many teams are sponsored by different brands in the world. Different companies will sponsor a team.


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[Assistant] And then often a professional, uh, team will play in a league like the National Football League or the European Football League, which are both different kinds of football. Uhm, but a league is a group of teams


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where everyone is at the same level or very close in skill level and they play against each other, uhm, repeatedly until someone, uh, proves themselves to be the best team.


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[Assistant] Uhm, uh, if you are in a league, you will have a schedule. So maybe you have a 14 game season or a 90 game season. You have a schedule that shows every day when you are going to be playing that game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you have a season. So different sports have different seasons. The NBA, the basketball league in North America, their season starts in about five or six days. I think the Raptors


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[Assistant] So when you play a sport, especially a professional sport, you usually have a season


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[Assistant] And then as you play through your season, there are standings. So this is a list of the teams.


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[Assistant] In order of who's doing the best down to who's doing the worst. So the team at the top has the most wins. The team at the bottom has the fewest wins and probably the most losses.


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[Assistant] So that's what we would call the standings. So teams are always trying to move up in the standings. If they lose a game, they might move down in the standings. You always want to move up in the standings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have a regular season but you might also have a tournament.


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[Assistant] So our teams at school, our school sports teams, they have a regular season. They play about 10 or 15 games. But every once in a while on a weekend, they'll go to a tournament.


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[Assistant] A tournament is outside of their season. The games don't count towards their standings, but it's just a day to go and play against a bunch of other teams


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[Assistant] One after the other tournaments are pretty fun. Covid has made them, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But a tournament is a fun thing to do. It's usually over a weekend or a long weekend. Then of course at the end of a season you have playoffs where different teams play each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you are in playoffs, if you lose, you are probably out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you're out, it means that your season is over. So there's a regular season. At the end, there's a time when teams, uh, the best teams, maybe the top four or the top eight teams start to play each other until they determine who is the best. And that usually happens in the finals.


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[Assistant] Or the championship game. So the very last game of the season.


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[Assistant] Uh, determines the winner of the whole season. Uh, and it's usually called the finals or the championship. Now, it might be a series. Many times it's best three out of five, best, uh, best five out of seven. So in, uh, hockey, they usually play during the playoffs, they play seven games.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you need to win, uhm, four of the seven games. So best three out of five, best four out of seven. I think I said five out of seven. Uhm, but usually it is a best of. So it is a series of games, uhm, where you try to find who is the best.


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[Assistant] And then here, just a couple of things to wrap up the lesson. Uhm, when the ref blows the whistle, you might get a penalty in some sports. You might get a card in other sports. Uhm, if you do something really bad, you might be ejected from the game. When you're ejected, it means


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[Assistant] That you're asked to leave the building while the game is still being played. You have to do something pretty serious.


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[Assistant] During the game, or even if they do something in life, like if they get arrested or they get caught doing something illegal, they will get a suspension and they will not be able to play.


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[Assistant] Now these were children who were recruited from diverse homes around the United States. And this picture is an average of all of their brains.


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[Assistant] Now, one of the things we were very interested in was the surface area of the cerebral cortex, where the thin, wrinkly layer on the outer surface of the brain that does most of the cognitive heavy lifting.


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[Assistant] And that's because past work by other scientists has suggested that in many cases, a larger cortical surface area is often associated with higher intelligence.


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[Assistant] Now in this study, we found one factor that was associated with the cortical surface area across nearly the entire surface of the brain.


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[Assistant] Now here, every point you see in color is a point where higher family income was associated with a larger cortical surface area in that spot.


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[Assistant] And those are regions that we know support a certain set of cognitive skills. Language skills like vocabulary and reading.


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[Assistant] So that means that dollar for dollar, relatively small differences in family income were associated with proportionately greater differences in brain structure among the most disadvantaged families.


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[Assistant] And intuitively, that makes sense, right? An extra $20,000 for a family earning, say, $150,000 a year would certainly be nice, but probably not game-changing.


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[Assistant] Whereas an extra $20,000 for a family only earning $20,000 a year would likely make a remarkable difference in their day to day lives.


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[Assistant] By which I mean, there were plenty of children from higher-income homes with smaller brain surfaces.


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[Assistant] Go into any elementary school classroom and you'll find some girls who are taller than some boys.


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[Assistant] So while growing up in poverty is certainly a risk factor for a smaller brain service,


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[Assistant] The other is also an American child, but one who was born into more fortunate circumstances.


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[Assistant] Now at birth, we find absolutely no differences in how their brains work.


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[Assistant] But by the time those two kids are ready to start kindergarten, we know that the child living in poverty is likely to have cognitive scores that are on average 60 percent lower than those of the other child.


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[Assistant] And if she does graduate high school, she'll be less likely to earn a college degree.


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[Assistant] As a neuroscientist, one of the things I find most exciting about the human brain is that our experiences change our brains.


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[Assistant] Means that these differences in children's brain structure don't doom a child to a life of low achievement. The brain is not destiny.


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[Assistant] As a society, we spend billions of dollars each year educating our children.


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[Assistant] So what can we tell schools, teachers and parents who want to help support kids from disadvantaged backgrounds to do their best in school and in life? Well,


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[Assistant] Now, should we be encouraging teachers to focus on the kinds of skills that disadvantaged kids are most likely to struggle with?


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[Assistant] Of course. The importance of high quality education based on scientific evidence really can't be overstated.


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[Assistant] And there are a number of examples of excellent interventions targeting things like literacy or self-regulation that do in fact improve kids' cognitive development and their test scores.


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[Assistant] But as any intervention scientist doing this work would tell you,


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[Assistant] And in many cases, these disparities in child development emerge early, well before the start of formal schooling. Sometimes when kids are just toddlers. And so I would argue,


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[Assistant] School is very important. But if we're focusing all of our policy efforts on formal schooling, we're probably starting too late.


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[Assistant] Nutrition, access to healthcare, exposure to secondhand smoke or lead, experience of stress or discrimination, to name a few.


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[Assistant] In my laboratory, we're particularly focused on a few types of experiences that we believe may be able to be targeted to promote children's brain development and ultimately improve their learning outcomes.


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[Assistant] By which I mean, we know that the number of words kids hear and the number of conversations they're engaged in every day can vary tremendously.


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[Assistant] By some estimates, kids from more advantaged backgrounds hear an average of 30 million more spoken words in the first few years of life compared to kids from less advantaged backgrounds.


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[Assistant] And in fact, the number of conversations they hear seems to matter a little bit more than the sheer number of words they hear.


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[Assistant] So, one tantalizing possibility is that we should be teaching parents not just to talk a lot, but to actually have more conversations with their children.


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[Assistant] In this way, it's possible that we'll promote brain development and perhaps their kids' language and reading skills.


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[Assistant] But of course, we all know that growing up in poverty is associated with lots of different experiences beyond just how many conversations kids are having. So how do we choose what else to focus on? The list can be overwhelming.


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[Assistant] Now there are a number of high-quality interventions that do try to change children's experience, many of which are quite effective. But again, just like school-based initiatives, this is hard work.


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[Assistant] It can be challenging, it can be labor intensive, sometimes costly.


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[Assistant] And on occasion, it can be somewhat patronizing for scientists to swoop in and tell a family what they need to change in order for their child to succeed. So, I want to share an idea with you.


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[Assistant] I'm privileged to be working with a team of economists, social policy experts and neuroscientists in leading babies first years. The first ever randomized study


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[Assistant] Now upon enrolling in our study, all mothers receive an unconditional monthly cash gift for the first 40 months of their children's lives. And they're free to use this money however they like. But importantly, mothers are being randomized.


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[Assistant] So some mothers are randomized to receive a nominal monthly cash gift.


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[Assistant] And others are randomized to receive several hundred dollars each month, an amount that we believe is large enough to make a difference in their day-to-day lives, in most cases, increasing their monthly income by 20 to 25 percent. So in this way,


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[Assistant] The very time when we believe the developing brain may be most malleable to experience.


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[Assistant] We won't have definitive results from this study for several years, and if nothing else, a thousand newborns and their moms will have a bit more cash each month that they tell us they very much need. But what if it turns out that a cost-effective way to help young children in poverty is to simply give their moms more money?


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[Assistant] Because while income may not be the only or even the most important factor in determining children's brain development, it may be one that from a policy perspective can be easily addressed. Put simply,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we can show that reducing poverty changes how children's brains develop, and that leads to meaningful policy changes, then a young child born into poverty today may have a much better shot at a brighter future. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I love that part of it. Uhm, you know, being a musician, there are so many different parts of that, you know, you're not just playing a concert every night, there are so many things that go into it, and especially with putting together this album for the last two years.


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[Assistant] Two years it took to write this album and, uh, having written it without any co-writers, most of my free time was spent absolutely scouring my brain for a better way to say the second word and the second verse of the, you know, oh gosh. And so now the fact that it's actually out, my mind is resting and it's really awesome.


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[Assistant] Well hello everyone and welcome to this English lesson about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The nighttime. The night. I thought it would be fun to do a lesson about that time of day when most of us are sleeping.


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[Assistant] And some of us who really enjoy the night are up and still doing things. But generally I just sleep at night. But thank you for being here. Thank you for, uh, having a desire to learn some English. And I hope that as I talk about


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[Assistant] The things that we do at night, the words and phrases that we use in English to talk about nighttime. I hope you learn a few new things. I think you will.


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[Assistant] As I was making the list of words and phrases, I didn't think there would be very many, and there were actually a lot. So I think almost 40 words and phrases, uh, in this lesson about nighttime. So welcome to this English lesson about nighttime.


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[Assistant] So you've heard me use two words, nighttime and night. These words are not quite interchangeable. Uhm, at nighttime, people usually sleep.


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[Assistant] At night, people usually sleep. So those are interchangeable in that sense. But when you talk about nighttime, you're referring to the entire time when the sun is down until the sun comes up again. And usually when you talk about night, you're talking about the same thing. Are these words interchangeable then? He did it at night. You can't say he did it


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[Assistant] So let me, let me rephrase. You can say, he did it at night or they did it during the night time. So there is a slight difference.


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[Assistant] So those are your two examples. Does he work at night? Yes. Does he work during the nighttime? Yes. So a little difference, night is probably the most common word to say of the two.


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[Assistant] You might be someone who really loves staying up late at night. You might really enjoy the evening and the early, the early parts of the night. You might like staying up till midnight or even later. Maybe you like staying up till one or two in the morning. We would then call you a night owl.


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[Assistant] An owl is a type of bird, I should have put a picture here. An owl is a type of bird that I think is nocturnal, which means that it's awake at night and it does all of its hunting and stuff at night. If you are a night owl, you are like an owl. You enjoy being awake at night. I am not a night owl.


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[Assistant] I'm more of an early bird. I like to go to bed, uhm, on time and get up early. I'm an early bird. But if you like staying up late, we would say that you are a night owl. In the night, sometimes you have dreams.


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[Assistant] And one kind of dream that we, uh, have is called a nightmare. A nightmare is a scary dream. Uh, you can see in this picture here the person is walking and there's a large mysterious creature.


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[Assistant] Up in the distance, it's a bit foggy. If I was dreaming at night and this was my dream, I would call it a nightmare. So a nightmare is a scary dream or a frightening.


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[Assistant] Sometimes during the night, I have dreams. Actually, for the last few days, I've been having a lot of dreams at night, but I can't remember them when I wake up. They aren't nightmares though. They're just dreams.


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[Assistant] The evening and you like a little bit of light. Sometimes you will have what's called a nightlight.


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[Assistant] That stays on all night. So it's not really bright. It's quite dim.


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[Assistant] It doesn't light up the whole hallway or the whole room. Uhm, but it does allow you to see a little bit if you need to get up out of bed at night and do something. We have a night light in our bathroom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't have a night light in our hallway, but uh, when I get up at night, if I need to go to the bathroom or get a drink of water, uhm, it's nice to have a little night light, so I don't have to turn the big bright lights on. Very handy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people are afraid of the dark. Some people just do not like the dark. Usually children are afraid of the dark. When I was a kid, I was afraid of the dark. Uhm, I did not like going outside at night. When I was a kid, we had


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At ten o'clock at night, I had to go from the house to the barn at ten o'clock at night and it's very very dark out here. So, I overcame my fear of the dark. I was no longer afraid of the dark after doing that for a few years but it was not enjoyable. It's not fun to go outside when it's dark if you are afraid of the dark.


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[Assistant] Most times, at least around where I live, people will have a nightstand beside their bed.


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[Assistant] A nightstand is a small piece of furniture.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it has a drawer that you can open and close, but it's usually a very small table or a very small cabinet and usually you will have a lamp on top. This one doesn't have a lamp on top, but it's very common to have a lamp on your nightstand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a few books on my nightstand, uh, and not much else. Usually when I go to bed, I will read for a little bit and then I will put my book on my nightstand. But again, a nightstand is a small table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or cabinet that you keep beside your bed. Jen and I have one on each side of our bed, one for each of us, uh, nightstand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One way that farmers can prevent frost damage is to put water on their plants when it gets cold out at night. So we would go out in the dead of night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At 2.30 or 3.30 in the morning and turn on the sprinklers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But yes, the dead of night refers to, as you can see in this picture, it is probably one in the morning or two in the morning. It is very, very early or right in the middle of the night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might enjoy the nightlife in your city. Uhm, if you are a night owl, you probably enjoy going out to restaurants or maybe bars if that is your thing. Uh, nightlife refers to anything that you can do at night in a city. Uhm, my local town doesn't really have any nightlife.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A city is a place where people tend to stay up later, and there's more night owls, and so there will be more of a nightlife.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can go and see a band play somewhere. You can go to a, a place where there's dancing. You can go out with friends late at night to a restaurant for a meal. There's lots of, uh, nightlife. Uhm, yeaah, my local town, by 10 o'clock at night, nothing's happening. There is no nightlife in my town, uh, at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Time at night where you need to work. I believe she worked from 8pm until 4am. So she had to work the night shift.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is when you have a job and you have to work when most people are actually sleeping. It's not very nice to have a job where you have to work the night shift.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But usually it pays more. In Canada, if you work the night shift, you usually make more money. You just have to learn to sleep during the day, which can be difficult for some people. But when you work the night shift,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means that you work at night. You work at the time when most people are having fun or sleeping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Night begins or nighttime begins usually with the sun going down. In the morning, we have the sunrise. At night, we have the sunset. Uh, when the sun sets on the horizon, the horizon is uhm, you know, where things disappear behind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having trouble describing the horizon. When the sun goes down behind the horizon, this is sunset. It is a beautiful time of day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sun sets, uhm, just before what we call dusk, uhm, which I'll talk about in a second, but sunset would be, uhm, the sun going down, marking the end of the day. So you can see in this picture


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dusk is that time of day when the sun has disappeared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not totally dark yet. You can still see because the sunlight is still curving through the air around the earth. This is not a science lesson. Uhm, so this is a great picture. You can see the sun has gone down, but it is dusk. It still looks beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dusk and evening can be happening at the same time, but evening goes further into the beginning of the night. So dusk ends when it's dark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Evening ends, I think when you go to bed. Because we use evening to talk about doing things after the sun goes down. In that time from when the sun's gone down until we go to bed. So what are you doing tomorrow evening?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, we're going to have a supper, we're going to do some shopping, and then we're going to see a movie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all of those events are taking place between like five and six o'clock and midnight or one o'clock. We would refer to that whole time as the evening. So my definition of evening, the sun has gone down and you haven't gone to bed yet. Those are the two points. Everything between we would refer to as evening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nightfall. So another way to talk about when it begins getting dark. So dusk is ending.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everyday English, like uhm, I was outside until nightfall. It sounds very formal. In a book, you would hear nightfall. We would say, I was outside until it got dark. I stayed outside until it got dark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I talked a little bit about the beauty of the night sky. The night sky is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simply the sky above us at night. The night sky is beautiful. If you ever get a chance to be somewhere where it's very dark at night, where you can't see the city lights, you will be able to see the night sky. In the night sky, you'll of course see the moon and you'll see stars. Uhm, you might even get to see a planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, recently we were able to see Jupiter, I think, the planet Jupiter. If you're lucky, you might be able to see the Milky Way. In this photo, you can just see the Milky Way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you're really far north in certain countries, you might be able to see the northern lights or what's also called aurora borealis. But the night sky is the beautiful sky above us that you see once it gets dark outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I enjoy walking outside at night and seeing the night sky. Uhm, it's just very, very beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have invented something called night vision. So I'm just going to go over some basic terms that we use to talk about things we can do or use at night. Night vision helps you see at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we all naturally have a little bit of night vision. If you have enough vitamin A in your diet, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see a little bit at night. Your eyes adjust to the darkness. Uhm, but we also have something called night vision. You can buy binoculars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That have built in night vision and then if you go out at night you can see things in the dark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very, very cool to be able to do that. I do not have binoculars that do this, but it would be really fun to have a pair of binoculars that had night vision built in, uhm, so that I could see, uhm, what animals are eating our flowers at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also have decided that it's nice to have some light at night


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In our towns and cities, we will often have street lights. A street light is a light that a town or city has put along a road or in a park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Possibility that someone will try to rob you at night if there's lots of street lights around a street light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, provides a bit of safety. Uhm, darkness is a little bit scary because you can't see what's happening, but it's so nice to have streetlights in our major cities so that when you go out at night, you can see where you're going and you can see where you are walking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bedtime is the time, uh, of day when you go to bed. Uhm, usually we use this when talking about children. You know, what time is your bedtime? I go to bed at 8 o'clock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Adults, we use the word bedtime as well, but it's a little more flexible. Like I don't really have a bedtime. I usually go to bed around 10. And I think if I was to ask another adult,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wouldn't use the word bedtime. I would say, what time do you usually go to bed?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a little faster English for you. What time do you usually go to bed? Uhm, instead of saying, uh, what's your bedtime? Bedtime is something I would definitely ask like a nephew or niece, uhm, or children talking to each other might say what time, what's your bedtime? My bedtime is eight o'clock. When's your bedtime?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Notice I used what and when, very informal, but very common. Uh, when is your bedtime or what's your bedtime? What is your bedtime?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the time of day usually when a child will go to bed. And sometimes they would like a bedtime story. Jen and I, when our kids were really young, would read them bedtime stories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we would have a lot of books, some of the books we owned, some of the books we got from the library. We took books out from the library and we would read our kids stories at night and that is called a bedtime story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's really nice to read to your children. Uh, it's probably one of the things I miss a little bit. We would always read a bedtime story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then of course we sleep. Uhm, you doze off, eventually you fall asleep, you sleep for about 7 to 8 to 9 hours. Some people only sleep for 6 hours, I don't know how they do it. Some people sleep for 9 hours, to me that's a little bit too much. I usually sleep for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually about eight to eight and a half hours, I think. Once I fall asleep, from the time I fall asleep until the time I wake up, it's usually about eight or eight and a half hours. But sleep


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And even though they're still asleep, they walk around. And this is called sleepwalking. So this man is not awake. This man is still sleeping. This man is sleepwalking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was kind of funny but also a little bit scary. When someone walks around in their sleep, uhm, it's a very strange thing to experience if you're the one seeing it happen. I'm sure it's very strange for the person who is sleepwalking as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, sometimes you talk about doing something and you're going to do it overnight. Sometimes my kids will visit a friend and they'll stay overnight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Going somewhere and not coming home to sleep in your own bed. Uhm, so for instance, uhm, one of the classes at our school went on a camping trip and I thought it was just a hike.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being away from home for a single night, we usually say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it's more than one night, we usually just say that, oh, you're staying for more than one night. That's the phrase we use, or you're staying for several nights. But yes, sometimes people go on an overnight trip. I think you could go like on an overnight train. I don't know a lot about trains, but that might be possible as well. Then of course there's the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess the opposite of a greeting. It's how you say bye at night. Uhm, you would say goodbye, but also good night. Uhm, so in the evening we say good night to our kids. If I was talking to my mom on the phone at night, I would say, okay, have a good night, mom. Good night. I would say good night. Uhm, you say it pretty quick, right? Good night. We even say good night when we leave.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Work in the winter because it starts to get dark here around four thirty, believe it or not. So sometimes if I work till five or five thirty and I'm leaving, I might say to a colleague, hey, good night. I'm heading out. Um, see you tomorrow. So, good night is the, I don't know the word for the opposite of a greeting. Um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Farewell. That's how you say it. I'm not sure. Anyways, at night when you are waving goodbye or leaving or uhm, saying goodbye to someone, good night is definitely a valid alternative as well. Late night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this phrase can be used in a couple of ways. If I know I'm going to be going to bed late, I can say it's going to be a late night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe I have a lot of work to do. I can say, oh, it's going to be a late night. I have to do six hours of work before I can go to bed. It's going to be a late night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also use late night to describe something. It was a late night party. It was a late night concert. Uhm, it was a late night visit from a friend. So, late night simply refers to something happening


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably around midnight or 10 or 11 pm, but at the time of night when you would consider it quite late. Usually something happening at the time when you normally would be going to bed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, midnight is the opposite of noon, so midnight is exactly at twelve o'clock. Uhm, when the clock strikes midnight, it is, I guess, the middle of the night. Although if you go to bed at ten, it isn't really, but midnight is twelve o'clock, twelve a.m.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did I get that right? 12am. I get confused sometimes. I like 24 hour time better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at night, when you drive a car, you have what are called headlights. Headlights are the lights on the front of a car. When cars were first made, I'm not sure if they had headlights, but this is what allows us to drive at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When no one is approaching me, I have my high beams on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] High beams are the lights that are very bright on your car. There's usually a spot somewhere where you can change between your high beams and your low beams. By the way, thanks to engineeringchoice.com, uh, this is where I got the picture from. But high beams are the very bright lights, so you can set your headlights


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be either on the high beam setting or low beam setting. So high beams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where I live, we often drive with our high beams on because I live out in the country. Uhm, and then when I'm in the city, I often drive with my low beams on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes you have a wonderful night. It's a beautiful night. Maybe you go for a bike ride with a friend or someone who you are romantically interested in. And you end up sitting on a park bench and talking and it's a beautiful, wonderful experience. You might describe it by saying it was a night to remember.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe you go and see a really cool play. Uhm, you would say, oh, it was a night to remember. Maybe you are married and remembering your wedding and you just say, oh, it was so fun. All the people came and celebrated with us. It was a night to remember. So used to describe an evening that was memorable, fun, enjoyable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's talk a little bit about, let me make this as big as possible, the phrases last night and the night before and tomorrow night and Monday night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when I say last night, I'm referring to Thursday night. So today is Friday. So you have to imagine if you're watching this later, imagine it's Friday. If I say, oh, I went to bed late last night. I'm talking about Thursday night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If, however, I'm talking about Wednesday night, so you have to continue to imagine it's Friday, I would say the night before. If someone said, did you go to bed late last night? I would say no, no, but I went to bed late the night before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, last night, if it's Friday today, last night is yesterday, Thursday night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Saturday is tomorrow, so it's Friday right now. If I want to talk about Saturday night, you could just say Saturday night, but I would probably say tomorrow night. Tomorrow night,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to go have supper at my mom's house. What are you doing tomorrow night? Oh, tomorrow night I'm going to go see a movie. So let's review. Uhm, last night I went to bed late. The night before I went to bed on time. Tomorrow night I'm going to see a movie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did I put, oh I did put today on all of them. And then anytime you refer to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A night that's coming up or even in the past, uhm, you can use the actual day. So what are you going to be doing Monday night? Oh, Monday night I'm going out with a friend. What did you do last Monday night? Last Monday night I stayed home and made a nice meal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, hopefully that helps a little bit. Hopefully that helps you, uhm, remember how to talk about different nights in the week. I think it will, hopefully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a knight. This has nothing to do with the lesson, but it's the last slide. A knight is someone from history, someone from a long time ago who was, uh, I guess


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In modern days we would call them a soldier, but this is a knight. A knight would wear armor, a knight would have a sword, usually a knight would have a shield, and a knight would defend the king or queen in whatever country they were in. Why did I include this slide? Because knight


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With a K, a knight without a K are pronounced the same way. Knight. This is a knight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So ice cores from Antarctica are this unique scientific resource. They contain a record of Earth's climate that's pretty much unrivaled by other archives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our oldest ice sample that we've collected now is greater than 4 million years old. Uhm, this is the oldest ice that's ever been collected on the planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My mother actually encouraged me to do, you know, she was like, you know, people really have a lot of questions, you should make an educational video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So ice cores from Antarctica are this unique scientific resource. They contain a record of Earth's climate that's pretty much unrivaled by other archives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our oldest ice sample that we've collected now is greater than 4 million years old. Uhm, this is the oldest ice that's ever been collected on the planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My mother actually encouraged me to do, you know, she was like, you know, people really have a lot of questions, you should make an educational video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The results from the Iowa caucuses weren't surprising as former President Donald Trump held a commanding lead in the polls coming in to Monday nights. Trump made it clear to his supporters that he didn't just want to win, he wanted to win big, urging Iowans to show up for him no matter the weather.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meanwhile, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and former UN Ambassador Nikki Haley battled it out in the race for second place. DeSantis went all in on Iowa, visiting all 99 counties and receiving a rare endorsement from the state's governor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] DeSantis, who grabbed the second place finish, is promising his voters he will continue to fight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Haley finishing in third in the Hawkeye State has been on an upward trajectory in New Hampshire, where voters head to the polls next week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The results from the Iowa caucuses weren't surprising as former President Donald Trump held a commanding lead in the polls coming into Monday night. Trump made it clear to his supporters that he didn't just want to win, he wanted to win big, urging Iowans to show up for him no matter the weather.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meanwhile, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and former UN Ambassador Nikki Haley battled it out in the race for second place. DeSantis went all in on Iowa, visiting all 99 counties and receiving a rare endorsement from the state's governor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] DeSantis, who grabbed the second place finish, is promising his voters he will continue to fight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Haley finishing in third in the Hawkeye State has been on an upward trajectory in New Hampshire, where voters head to the polls next week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From frigid air to ice and snow, cold temperatures can take a toll on our bodies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr. Christopher Bazzoli is an emergency physician at Cleveland Clinic. He says this time of year, doctors not only see rises in ER visits for respiratory viruses as more people seek refuge inside from the cold, but also frostbite and hypothermia. Bazzoli says what you wear can help keep you safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Protect the parts of your body most vulnerable to frostbite like toes, fingers, nose and ears by dressing in warm, dry clothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bazzoli says a sudden change in temperature and humidity can also irritate certain medical conditions like asthma. He says to make sure you have enough medicine on hand and if you use an electric medical device, make sure you have a way to back it up if the power goes out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From frigid air to ice and snow, cold temperatures can take a toll on our bodies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr. Christopher Bazzoli is an emergency physician at Cleveland Clinic. He says this time of year, doctors not only see rises in ER visits for respiratory viruses as more people seek refuge inside from the cold, but also frostbite and hypothermia. Bazzoli says what you wear can help keep you safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Protect the parts of your body most vulnerable to frostbite like toes, fingers, nose and ears by dressing in warm, dry clothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bazzoli says a sudden change in temperature and humidity can also irritate certain medical conditions like asthma. He says to make sure you have enough medicine on hand and if you use an electric medical device, make sure you have a way to back it up if the power goes out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seed variants for the major crops, like what, wheat, corn, baby rice, uhm, that can offer farmers just as much yield, sequester three times, four times more, more carbon than they currently do, even more than that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pave the way to start some of these pilots and make this incredible vision possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The new Queen of Denmark is actually from a country almost 9,000 miles away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Queen Mary is the first ever Australian-born queen of any monarchy in history. Her husband, King Frederick X, became King of Denmark on Sunday after his mother, Queen Margrethe II, officially left the throne. Margrethe's abdication announcement came during her annual New Year's message and was a shock to many.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it also meant that a new page in the fairy tale-like romance between the now king and queen of Denmark was about to be written.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It all started over two decades ago in an unusual spot, this pub in Sydney. Chi was an Australian sales executive and he was in town for the 2000 Olympics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the story goes that at first, she didn't know he was a prince. Four years later, the couple got married in a lavish ceremony at Copenhagen Cathedral, and she became the crown princess. Denmark has since embraced Mary, who's been praised for her poise and commitment to social causes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Last year, rumours of an alleged romance between the then Prince Frederick and actress Genevieve Casanova rocked the royal family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Casanova denied the claims and the royal house never commented. Now, more than two decades after they met, the king and queen are stepping into their new role. And although Danish royals have a limited power under the country's constitution, they will play an important ambassadorial role.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The new Queen of Denmark is actually from a country almost 9,000 miles away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Queen Mary is the first ever Australian-born queen of any monarchy in history. Her husband, King Frederick X, became King of Denmark on Sunday after his mother, Queen Margrethe II, officially left the throne. Margrethe's abdication announcement came during her annual New Year's message and was a shock to many.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it also meant that a new page in the fairy tale-like romance between the now king and queen of Denmark was about to be written.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It all started over two decades ago in an unusual spot. This pub in Sydney. Chi was an Australian sales executive and he was in town for the 2000 Olympics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the story goes that at first, she didn't know he was a prince. Four years later, the couple got married in a lavish ceremony at Copenhagen Cathedral, and she became the crown princess. Denmark has since embraced Mary, who's been praised for her poise and commitment to social causes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Last year, rumours of an alleged romance between the then Prince Frederick and actress Genevieve Casanova rocked the royal family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Casanova denied the claims and the royal house never commented. Now, more than two decades after they met, the king and queen are stepping into their new role. And although Danish royals have a limited power under the country's constitution, they will play an important ambassadorial role.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have seen a number of attacks on it. We've seen abuse, we've seen harassment, we've seen manipulation, automation, human coordination, misinformation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these are all, these are all dynamics that we were not, uh, expecting 13 years ago when we were starting the, when we were starting the company. Uhm, but we do now see them at scale. And,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What worries me most is, uhm, just our ability to address it in a systemic way that is scalable, uhm, that has a rigorous understanding of, uhm, how we're taking action, a transparent understanding of how we're taking action.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so it's a pretty terrible situation, uhm, when you're coming to a service that ideally you're, you know, you want to learn something about the world and you spend the majority of your time, uhm, reporting abuse, receiving abuse, receiving harassment. Uhm, so we, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now, the dynamic of the system makes it super easy to harass and to abuse others through the service. And unfortunately, the majority of our system in the past worked entirely based on people reporting harassment and abuse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And try to be a lot more proactive around where abuse is happening, so that we can take the burden off the victim completely. Uhm, and we've made some, we've made some progress recently, about 38%


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of, uhm, abusive tweets are now proactively identified by machine learning algorithms. So people don't actually have to report them. But those that are identified are still reviewed by humans. So we do not take down content or accounts without a human actually reviewing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that was from zero percent just a year ago. So that meant at that zero percent, every single person who received abuse had to actually report it, which was a lot of work for them, a lot of work for us, and just ultimately unfair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A diversity perspective inside our walls that actually feel these issues every single day. And that's not just with the team that's doing the work, it's also within our leadership as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we need to continue to build empathy for what people are experiencing and give them better tools to act on it and also give our customers a much better and easier approach to handle some of the things that they're seeing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's incented a lot of outrage, it's incented a lot of mob behavior, it's incented a lot of group harassment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we have to look a lot deeper at some of the fundamentals of what the service is doing to make the bigger shifts. We can make a bunch of small shifts around technology as I just described, but ultimately we have to look deeply at the dynamics in the network itself, and that's what we're doing right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, one, I mean, one of the things we, we started the service with, uhm, this concept of following an account.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, as an example, uhm, and I, I don't believe that's why people actually come to Twitter. I believe Twitter is, is best as a, as an interest-based network. People come with a particular interest, uhm, they have to do a ton of work to find and follow the related accounts around this interest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, which gives us the opportunity to show all the accounts, all the topics, all the moments, all the hashtags that are associated with that, with that particular topic in interest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which really opens up the perspective that you see. But that is a huge fundamental shift to bias the entire network away from just an account bias towards a topics and issues biased.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I mean, I think you're spot on, but that goes back to the incentives. Like, one of the choices we made in the early days was we, uh, we had this number that showed how many people follow you. We decided that numbers should be big and bold, and anything that's on the page that's big and bold has importance, and those are the things that you want to drive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was that the right decision at the time? Probably not. If I had to start the service again, I would not emphasize the follower count as much. I would not emphasize the like count as much. I don't think I would even create like in the first place, because it doesn't


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It doesn't actually push what we believe now to be the most important thing, which is healthy contribution back to the network.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And conversation to the network, participation within conversation, learning something from the conversation. Those are not things that we thought of 13 years ago, and we believe are extremely important right now.


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[Assistant] We have to look at how we display the follower count, how we, how we display retweet count, how we display likes, and just ask the deep question, is this really the number that we want people to drive up? Is this the thing that when you open Twitter, you see, that's the thing I need to increase? And I don't believe that's the case right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, just to, just to back up a bit, we, we wanted, we asked ourselves a question, can we actually measure the health of a conversation?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what does that mean? And in the same way that you have indicators and we have indicators as humans in terms of are we healthy or not, such as temperature, the flushness of your face,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the first one is uhm, what we're calling shared attention. It's a measure of how much of the conversation is attentive on the same topic versus disparate. The second one is called shared reality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is what percentage of the conversation shares the same facts.


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[Assistant] Not whether those facts are truthful or not, but are we sharing the same facts as we converse? The third is receptivity. How much of the conversation is receptive or civil, uhm, or the inverse toxic? And then the fourth is variety of perspective.


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[Assistant] So uhm, are we seeing filter bubbles or echo chambers or are we actually getting a variety of opinions within the conversation? And implicit in all four of these is the understanding that as they increase, the conversation gets healthier and healthier. So our first step is to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see if we can measure these online, which we believe we can. We have the most momentum around receptivity. We have a toxicity score, a toxicity model on our system that can actually measure whether you are likely to walk away from a conversation that you're having on Twitter because you feel it's toxic with some pretty high degree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're working to measure the rest and the next step is as we, uhm, as we build up solutions to watch how these measurements trend over time and continue to experiment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And our goal is to make sure that these are balanced. Because if you increase one, you might decrease another. If you increase variety of perspective, you might actually decrease shared reality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have policies around violent and extremist groups, and the majority of our work and our terms of service works on conduct, not content.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're actually looking for conduct. Uhm, so conduct being, uhm, using the service to repeatedly or episodically harass someone. Uhm, I'm using hateful imagery, uhm, that might be associated with the KKK or the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or the American Nazi Party. Those are all things that we, that we act on immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and we just cannot take any one mention of that word accusing someone else as a factual indication that they should be removed from the platform.


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[Assistant] So a lot of our models are based around, number one, is this account associated with a violent extremist group? And if so, we can take action. And we have done so on KKK and American Nazi Party and others. Number two, are they using imagery or, uhm, conducts that would associate them as such as well?


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[Assistant] Building, uh, algorithms instead of just hiring massive amounts of people because we need to make sure that this is scalable and there are no amount of people that can actually scale this so


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[Assistant] This is why we've done so much work around proactive detection of abuse that humans can then review. So we want to have a situation where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Algorithms are constantly scouring every single tweet and bringing the most interesting ones to the top so that humans can bring their judgment to whether we should take action or not based on our terms of service.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're completely flexible. So we, we, uh, we sometimes we associate the folks with spam. Sometimes we associate folks with, uh, with abuse and harassment. We want to make sure that we have flexibility in our people so that we can direct them at what is most needed. Sometimes the elections. So we've had a string of elections in Mexico, uhm,


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[Assistant] One coming up in India, obviously the, uh, uh, the, uh, the election last year, the midterm election. So we, we just want to be flexible with our resources. So when, when people just, just as an example, if you go to our current, um, if you go to our current terms of service and you bring the page up,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're wondering about abuse and harassment that you just received and whether it was against your terms of service to report it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing you see when you open that page, uhm, is around intellectual property protection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You scroll down and you get to, uh, abuse, harassment, uhm, and everything else that you might be experiencing. So, I don't know how that happened over the company's history, but we put that above the thing that people want, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, like our big focus is on removing the burden of work from the victims. So that means push more towards technology rather than humans doing the work. That means the humans receiving the abuse and also the humans having to review that work. So we want to make sure that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're not just encouraging more work around something that's super, super negative, and we want to have a good balance between the technology and where humans can actually be creative, which is the judgment of the rules, and not just all the mechanical stuff of finding them and reporting them. So that's how we think about it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, well, first and foremost, like, my personal goal with the service is that I believe fundamentally that public conversation is critical. There are existential problems facing the world that are facing the entire world, not any one particular nation state.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That global public conversation benefits. And that is one of the unique dynamics of Twitter, is it is completely open, it is completely public, it is completely fluid, and anyone can see any other conversation and participate in it.


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[Assistant] No matter what any one nation state does, they will not be able to solve the problem alone. It takes coordination around the world. And that's where I think Twitter can play a part. The second thing is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't necessarily walk away feeling like you learned something. Some people do. Some people have a very, very rich network, very rich community that they learn from every single day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it takes a lot of work and a lot of time to build up to that. So we want to get people to those topics and those interests much, much faster and make sure that they're finding something that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No matter how much time they spend on Twitter, and I don't want to maximize the time on Twitter, I want to maximize what they actually take away from, and what they learn from it, and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, more relevance means less time on the service, and that's perfectly fine. Because we want to make sure that, like, you're coming to Twitter, and, uh, and you see something immediately that, uh, that you learn from, and that you push them, and that we can still serve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That doesn't mean you need to spend any more time to see more. The second thing that we're looking at...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Taking it alone it is, but you don't let me finish the other metric, which is uhm, we're watching for conversations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Conversation chains. So we want to incentivize healthy contribution back to the network. And what we believe that is, is actually participating in conversation that is healthy, as defined by those four indicators I articulated earlier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And look constantly at what is actually going to create a healthy contribution to the network and a healthy experience for people. Ultimately, we want to get to a metric where people can tell us that, hey, I learned something from Twitter and I'm walking away with something valuable. That is our goal ultimately over time, but that's going to take some time.


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[Assistant] And not just from, you know, how people were using the platform, but from a corporate narrative as well. So we had to fix a bunch of the foundation, turn the company around, go through two crazy layoffs because we just got too big for what we were doing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we focused all of our energy on this concept of serving the public conversation. And that took some work. And as we dived into that, we realized some of the issues with the fundamentals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We could do a bunch of superficial things to address what you're talking about, but we need to change this to last. And that means going really, really deep and paying attention to what we started 13 years ago and really questioning


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm proud of all the frameworks that we've put in place. I'm proud of our direction. I, you know, we obviously can move faster, but that required just stopping a bunch of stupid stuff we were doing in the past.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, hello and welcome to this English lesson about fears. There are things in life that are awesome and there are things in life that you might be afraid of. Things you might be scared of. You might have a certain fear. You might be uh, afraid of dogs for instance.


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[Assistant] We have different names for these things and we describe them in different ways. In this English lesson, I'm going to go through about thirty or so different fears. I'm going to talk about thirty things that people are afraid of.


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[Assistant] Um, and while I'm doing that, it's more than just a vocabulary lesson. Listen closely to the phrases I use when I'm talking about that.


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[Assistant] So there are a few ways to talk about having fears. You can say that you have a fear of something.


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[Assistant] I put this shopping cart with toilet paper because over a year ago people had a fear of running out of toilet paper.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure if you remember in March of 2020, in many countries in the world, you couldn't find toilet paper in the stores because people had a fear of running out of toilet paper. So one of the ways you describe something that you have a fear of is to say you have a fear of it. So people had a fear of running out of toilet paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More commonly though, we would probably say that we are scared of something or afraid of something. So let's say that you have a fear of cats. That's kind of a formal way to describe that fear. I have a fear of cats. I have a fear of, uhm, large animals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's correct, but we will probably not, we probably wouldn't use that phrase to describe it in everyday English speech. We would probably say that we are scared of something or that we are afraid of something. So me personally, I'm afraid of snakes. I'm scared of snakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I was having a more formal conversation, I might say, oh, I have a fear of snakes. But generally we would probably, I think I would use afraid of most commonly. I would say I'm, I am afraid of snakes, which is true. I am actually afraid of snakes. I should mention, um, oh, let's move on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A phobia is an irrational fear of something, and I don't actually agree with it being irrational. Uhm, I don't think my fear of snakes is irrational. When something is irrational, it means it doesn't have logic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I'm just afraid of snakes, and there's nothing irrational about it. But the general term is to call these a phobia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now here's something you need to know as we move on to the first, uhm,


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[Assistant] The long scientific name for each of these things because we don't actually know them or use them in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People might know a few. They might know things like agoraphobia, uhm, or arachnophobia. But generally, we as English speakers don't know that long scientific term with phobia on the end. We might know two or three of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I don't know what the one is for the dark. Someone in the chat will probably mention it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but I thought it would be a good challenge for someone to find out what all of these are called officially and maybe post that in a comment. It would be a lot of work. Anyways, sometimes children


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think in this instance I would use afraid to describe it. They don't like to be in a dark room. Sometimes we'll buy what's called a nightlight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A night light is a very small dim light that we leave on all night, maybe in a hallway or even in a child's room because they might be afraid of the dark.


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[Assistant] I was a little bit afraid of the dark. I'm not afraid of the dark now.


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[Assistant] And there was actually one in our house two days ago and I picked it up with gloves and I took it outside and let it go in the field. Uhm, so I'm not afraid of little snakes, but I would be afraid of really, really big snakes. I am not. In fact, having this picture here makes me a little bit afraid. So I am afraid of snakes.


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[Assistant] And I'll tell you a story about this. I'm not afraid of spiders. Many people are afraid of spiders. But when I went to South Africa, in the place where I stayed, there was a spider in the corner of the room, and I think it was this big.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had never seen a spider that big before. So I was a little bit, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was a little bit afraid of the spider at that point in time. So, spiders are another thing that people are sometimes afraid of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you've watched any of my other English lessons, you'll know that I am afraid of heights. I am scared of heights. I do not like going up really, really high. On my farm, I have two large structures called silos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was a teenager, I would climb up to the top because my dad would say, go up and fix something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I would go up and I wasn't afraid of heights, but at a certain point in my life, I started to not like heights at all. I became afraid of heights. I think in my twenties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I became afraid of heights because I almost fell off a building once. I was helping build a building and I was letting a rope down and as I was letting it down, someone on the ground pulled the rope and I almost fell off the building, but I didn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think in that moment, I became afraid of heights. Uhm, yes, I definitely do not like being up high. I'm not sure what the person in this picture is doing, but I would never do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's one where we do use the official term. Um, claustrophobia or being claustrophobic is a fear of being in a small space. Some people don't like being in an elevator because they are claustrophobic.


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[Assistant] It means you are claustrophobic. It means you do not like small spaces. Uhm, I don't really like small spaces, uhm, but they don't bother me too much, but, uh, I don't mind being in elevators and things like that. Uhm, I think sometimes when I'm in a really small car,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With lots of other people, I feel a little bit claustrophobic because it feels very very crowded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And some people have a fear of flying. So some people are scared of flying or they are afraid of flying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love flying. I love the feeling of getting pushed back in my seat when the plane takes off. And I love the feeling of being in the air. Even though I'm afraid of heights, I actually like flying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's kind of strange, isn't it? You would think that because I'm afraid of heights, I would be afraid of flying, but I'm not. I actually really, really enjoy flying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yesterday there was a lot of thunder and lightning outside. We got a lot of rain yesterday. In fact, the picture I took, the thumbnail for this video lesson is actually me outside and there was thunder and lightning all around. So I quickly took a picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not afraid of thunder and lightning, but I do find it fascinating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love to watch thunder. You can't really see thunder. I love to watch lightning and listen to thunder from a safe place. Okay, but some people, especially children are afraid of thunder or afraid of lightning. Uh, Oscar is actually afraid of thunder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only time that Oscar will abandon Jen is if it starts to thunder. He'll come to the house by himself


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he'll kind of scratch on the door to be let in. Uhm, Oscar does not like thunder at all. So sometimes Jen will be working on the flower farm and there will be thunder in the distance and Oscar, who is a little bit afraid, will actually come and scratch on the door and then one of the kids, uh, or myself will let him in. Some people have a fear of being alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people really like being around other people and they're, they just do not enjoy being by themselves. This can be especially common for people who are getting older because they, their friends start to die. Their friends pass away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I once knew a man who lived by himself in an old age home I actually fixed his computer for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, he was 94 years old and everyone he knew in the world that was around the same age as him had passed away and he very much had a fear of being alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what was interesting is he often had computer problems and when I went to fix them,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They didn't really exist and eventually I thought, I think he's calling me once a month because he just is afraid of being alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He likes talking to me while I'm there. So I ended up fixing his computer for several months for free. Uhm, and, uh, and then eventually he did end up, he did pass away. His name was Ernie. He was a really cool guy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But yes, I think he was afraid of being alone. His children were still alive, but they didn't visit him very often.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we just talked about ghosts. Ghosts would of course be, uhm, an imaginary thing in my mind, but ghosts are like people who have died, who kind of come back


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And haunt the earth or haunt a building. If you like watching horror movies, sometimes you might watch a horror movie that has ghosts in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't think ghosts exist. I must admit though, sometimes when you hear strange sounds in the night, it makes you wonder if they do exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I will go back to my previous statement. I'm not afraid of ghosts, but if I did see a ghost, I would probably be afraid. It would probably, uhm, scare me quite a bit if I saw a ghost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Death. So some people are afraid of dying and I would say that probably most people are afraid of dying. Uhm, it's not, it's not


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They aren't sure what comes next, whether life ends or whether there's an afterlife. They might be afraid of dying because they don't want to leave their loved ones behind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, for instance, I'm afraid of dying. If I die young, then Jen won't have me anymore. So I'm afraid of dying because I don't want to leave Jen and the kids on their own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is not a happy topic, but hopefully the next one's happier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe. Some people are afraid of mice. The classic thing that happens in a TV show or in a movie is if someone sees a mouse, they jump up on a chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now mice can climb chairs. I don't know if people know that. I'm not afraid of mice, but I don't like mice. Uhm, I'm certainly not scared of mice, but generally, if you're watching TV, uhm, if there is a mouse, someone on the TV show or in the movie will jump up on a chair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Someone else might grab a broom and try to kinda shoo the mouse out the door. Uhm, or maybe hit it with the broom, I'm not sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we have mice in our house and we do set mouse traps. Not because we're afraid of mice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but because they're a little bit annoying. I think a few people in my house might be afraid of mice, but I'm not gonna mention who.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I'm not. Although, if one ran over my foot, uhm, while I was doing a live stream, I might, I might, I might scream. I would probably be like, ah, a mouse just ran over my foot. Dogs. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's different kinds of dogs. If I saw this dog with his ball, uh, out playing, I would not be afraid of this dog. But a friend of mine, uh, was out running a few months ago and a dog bit her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was a large dog in a yard barking and as she ran by that house, the dog came out and bit her. And that certainly reminds me that I'm afraid of big, vicious, mean dogs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when a dog is vicious, it barks and it tries to bite you. When a dog is mean, it barks and it tries to bite you. I, I do not like big, mean dogs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually I'm even a little bit afraid of small mean dogs. I think I'm afraid of any dog


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sharks. So I think it's Shark Week right now, uhm, on Discovery Channel. I'm not sure if you watch a lot of TV.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shark week is a week where there's a lot of shows about sharks. Some people when they go to the beach, they are afraid of sharks. I actually think everyone is afraid of sharks. Except maybe the scientists who study them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or the people who make nature documentaries maybe are not afraid of sharks, but certainly some people are afraid of sharks. Most people are afraid of sharks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would not go swimming if I saw a shark fin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I didn't want to find a picture with actual blood, uh, so I found this picture of a potato stabbing another potato and ketchup coming out. Uhm, some people are afraid of blood and we actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We had to take a little sample of blood from our finger. We had to poke our finger and put it on a microscope slide and then look at it through the microscope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a friend of mine who was this really tough guy,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You would describe him as fainting at the sight of blood. So, some people, it's not that they're afraid of blood, they have an aversion to seeing blood and they might faint at the sight of blood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Interestingly enough, that, uh, friend of mine who, uh, fainted at the sight of blood, he became a police officer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm not sure how he handles that fear now, but that is his current job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people are afraid of water, more afraid of drowning. Drowning is when you go under the water and you can't get up in time and you die in the water. So I would say people are actually more afraid of drowning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're more afraid of drowning than actually the water. So, my mom, for instance, doesn't really like swimming very much because when she was younger, she was out swimming in a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being in that chair and having someone scrape my teeth with that pointy thing. I'm a little bit afraid of the dentist, but I overcome my fear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every six to nine months and I go to the dentist and I get my teeth clean and they fix my cavities. So even though I have a fear of going to the dentist even though I'm scared of the dentist, I usually try and overcome my fear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Needles. So this is a pretty, uh, common one right now. Uhm, I'll tell you this about myself. Uhm, I don't like getting needles. Uhm, I've gotten both shots now for my vaccination. Uhm, and both times they say, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You put the needle in my arm. In fact, right now in Canada, there are a lot of TV commercials. There are a lot of advertisements encouraging people to get vaccinated and they keep showing people getting a needle in their arm and I keep going like don't don't show me that. I don't want to see that but some people are afraid of needles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people are afraid of crowds. I wouldn't say that I'm afraid of crowds. I don't have a fear of being in a large crowd. Uhm, but I do feel a little bit uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think I have a bit of a fear of social situations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't mind being at a concert listening to music in a crowd, but I don't


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I totally enjoy going to an event where there's a couple hundred people and I have to talk to a lot of people. That's not as enjoyable for me. Uhm, but some people don't like crowds. It's kind of the opposite of being afraid of being alone. Some people don't enjoy being in a crowd.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I do not have this fear. If you watch any of my English lessons, you'll know that generally this lesson


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the Friday morning live lesson is the only one I do inside. I am not afraid to go outside. I actually like going outside to do my lesson. So, uh, tomorrow hopefully the weather is nice and I will do the live question and answer lesson outside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and if you watch any videos on my second channel or my, on this main channel,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So some people are afraid of pain. Uhm, I definitely am afraid of pain. Probably my biggest concern uhm, when I was having surgery, uhm, was that it was going to hurt a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then afterwards it did hurt a lot. This whole side of my body hurt for a couple of months.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I didn't like that. So I wouldn't say I'm afraid of pain, but I definitely, um, I have an aversion to pain and I've used that word a couple of times. When you have an aversion to something, it means you don't easily choose to experience it. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But some people are afraid of pain. Some people refuse to get surgery because they are afraid of the pain that it will cause, the physical pain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there is something called the fear of failure, and a fear of failure is when you are afraid that if you do something, you might not succeed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People sometimes have a fear of failure because they need to do something that people can see them doing and they don't want people to see them fail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is probably a good way to describe a fear of having an English conversation if you're an English learner. You might actually be afraid of failing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're afraid that when you have the conversation, you won't be able to think of the words. You're afraid that when you have the conversation, you'll say something dumb or you'll look silly or any of those things. So hopefully you're talking to someone who doesn't make you feel like a failure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hopefully, uh, you don't have a fear of failure. And the way to get over a fear of failure, one way is to recognize that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You just get better at it. In fact, here's a great example. I got a new camera and I'm using it for all of my videos. And the other day I did a video on my second channel and it was over exposed. It was way too bright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I just said to myself, well, lesson learned. Uhm, I made a mistake. It wasn't a total failure, but it still was a small failure, but I just uploaded it anyways. People don't mind because they could still hear me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But sometimes fear of failure can paralyze people. What we mean by that is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can make you not able to do what you want to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like everyone to use proper food handling, uh, when they're in the kitchen. Like if you cut meat on a cutting board, you shouldn't cut vegetables on the same cutting board. So I have a bit of a fear, but I think it's a practical fear. Uhm, but there are some people that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, are just really afraid of germs and bacteria and they wash their hands a lot and they clean a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I'm more afraid of germs and bacteria than Jen, um, but, uh, that's a discussion for another day. I'm trying to convince Jen to do another video with me in the next month or so. It might not be till September, we'll see, um, but we'll talk, maybe we'll talk about our fears or something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But yeaah, definitely people are afraid of germs. By the way, germs, uh, it's just another term for bacteria, okay? So when you don't clean the kitchen counter, there's lots of germs on there. And it's another word for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know when you spread illnesses, like people get their germs on you. Right now everyone wears a mask because we don't want to get our germs on each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, public speaking. So this is something that