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[Assistant] Mary told him how afraid Martha was that she would lose her job.


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[Assistant] Mary went into the next room and brought back a very frightened Martha.


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[Assistant] Mary told him all about Martha's brother and how he charmed the birds and animals with his music.


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[Assistant] For a few hours the two children talked and laughed like ordinary 10 year olds.


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[Assistant] Suddenly the door opened and in walked Dr. Craven and Mrs. Medlock. Dr. Craven looked startled. What's going on here? he asked.


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[Assistant] Colin explained how Mary had found him the night before.


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[Assistant] Mrs. Medlock and Dr. Craven looked at each other in a troubled way, but there wasn't anything they could do.


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[Assistant] Dr. Craven looked very unhappy when he left the room.


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[Assistant] Hyena big shot, real unpleasant. We need to kill this asshole.


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[Assistant] Look for a way down to the garage and see if you can pick up Espinoza's trail. He tends to leave a mess.


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[Assistant] You're near Espinosa's last known position. The shade node should be close.


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[Assistant] That was the last step to getting Isaac fully restored locally. But we have a ways to go before we can celebrate.


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[Assistant] And a missing agent to locate. Continue your sweep of the complex.


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[Assistant] While the sheriff here was busy waking up Isaac, I kicked in a few doors.


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[Assistant] We're gonna have to manually establish a connection. We need a good antenna and a better radio. This place has both. Get out there and align the satellite dishes. There should be a console at the base of each dish.


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[Assistant] That's just a fancy way of saying everything gets sterilized.


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[Assistant] Do me a favor. Recover everything you can on broad spectrum antivirals.


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[Assistant] I'm set up at the main entrance. Agent, head for the northeast gate.


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[Assistant] We've got the hyenas spooked. Their entire council is gathered at the stronghold.


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[Assistant] They're scared. We've done a lot of damage already. We can neuter them for good.


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[Assistant] And still they penetrated us with sorrowful and hypnotic gleam.


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[Assistant] I mean, have you ever thought of, I dunno, going somewhere else and bossing them around instead?


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[Assistant] Look boss, the gibbons moved out next door. What's all that? Who cares? Well, the orangutan's got a spare room.


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[Assistant] Why don't you, y-you know, move over there and start telling her what to do instead? Well shut up. Think about it.


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[Assistant] I think you're right. Doing nothing is okay, but...


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[Assistant] We'll do exactly what we're told. Right guys? Oh yeaah, like absolutely.


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[Assistant] Ah, there we are. I wanted to thank you personally.


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[Assistant] Now it's my responsibility to direct those deeds toward an even greater good. As Agent Kelso suspected.


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[Assistant] Samples of a broad spectrum antiviral medication were sent to DC as a continuity of government measure. Let me be clear.


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[Assistant] We're talking about a way to combat viral infection. Polio, influenza, dengue fever, common cold, green poison, not a vaccine, a cure. I know where the package is located, but to access it,


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[Assistant] If we're going to get this country back on track, we have to be willing to do things that won't be popular. But I'm not here to woo voters. I'm here to get shit done. And I expect you are too.


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[Assistant] Just a few moments ago, the Shade Network was restored nationwide.


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[Assistant] For division agents still struggling to hold this country together, and all of you fighting alongside them or laboring day and night to support them from here, this is the turning point where desperate hope becomes bold conviction. You have already overcome impossible odds. Thanks to you, good people in this city are starting to feel safe again.


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[Assistant] I say it's time we kick them out of their castles. To make it clear to those who stand with us and those who would stand against us that we will not hesitate. We will not compromise. We will never surrender. We will bear.


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[Assistant] Mary ran so fast that she was out of breath when she reached her rooms. Martha was waiting.


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[Assistant] Martha wanted to know all about the garden tools and seeds that he had brought.


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[Assistant] Mary was afraid to reveal anything about the secret garden.


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[Assistant] Mary ate lunch quickly. She was eager to go back to working in the secret garden with Dickon.


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[Assistant] She hopped up from the table and was about to run outside when Martha stopped her.


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[Assistant] If Mr. Craven didn't come back until autumn or winter, there would be time to watch the secret garden come alive.


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[Assistant] Suddenly, the door opened and Mrs. Medlock stepped into the room.


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[Assistant] Mary's heart began to thump and she felt herself changing into a stiff, plain child again. She said nothing while Martha helped her get dressed.


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[Assistant] She followed Mrs. Medlock silently down the corridors.


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[Assistant] He was not so much a hunchback as a man with high crooked shoulders. He dismissed Mrs. Medlock before he spoke to Mary.


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[Assistant] Are you well? He asked. Do they take good care of you?


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[Assistant] His black eyes seemed as if they scarcely saw her. His black hair was streaked with white.


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[Assistant] He would have been handsome if he had not looked so miserable.


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[Assistant] Mary could hardly speak because of the lump in her throat.


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[Assistant] Mr. Craven looked startled at this strange request. Dirt?


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[Assistant] Mr. Craven got up and began to walk slowly around the room.


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[Assistant] When he stopped and looked at her, his eyes seemed almost kind.


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[Assistant] He summoned Mrs. Medlock, who led Mary down the corridors and left her at her rooms.


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[Assistant] When she opened the door to the secret garden, Dickon was gone.


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[Assistant] All I can tell you, Charlie Brown, is to look out for him. He's tricky.


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[Assistant] This pig is so lazy. I'll teach him a lesson.


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[Assistant] Anyway, Senior Storm and Nick is in charge of vegetables and it's up to him to make sure there's always enough for the hundreds of herbivores at the zoo.


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[Assistant] It's a full-time job keeping all the animals fully nutritionalized, and as Nick heads off for his first veg delivery of the day,


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[Assistant] Back in the lion enclosure, Neil has taken his mother-in-law's comments to heart.


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[Assistant] Why don't you ask Jorgen, he's massive. The gorilla.


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[Assistant] Vegetables. He's, um, a vegetarian.


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[Assistant] As Nick continues his deliveries, Neil's newfound vegetarianism is being put into practice.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, over on Baboon Rock, it's not just a simple question of meat or wedge.


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[Assistant] The keepers sometimes give the animals other things to chew on. It's called enrichment.


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[Assistant] Neil is now ready to get his teeth firmly stuck into vegetarianism.


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[Assistant] While Neil struggles with his vegetable-based diet, there's no such problem for the gorillas.


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[Assistant] After his brief dalliance with vegetarianism, Neil is feeling a little mixed up.


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[Assistant] Well, let's ask Helen. Helen, if it was up to you, would you be a carnivore or a vegetarianivore?


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[Assistant] So another day of deliveries comes to an end for Nick.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 37, Missing from Heaven.


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[Assistant] Said the monster. Wukong pulled out his iron bar and swung it.


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[Assistant] He looked in every direction but didn't see the monster anywhere.


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[Assistant] Wukong soared higher and higher until he reached the southern gate of heaven.


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[Assistant] A moment later the messenger returned. A God was with him.


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[Assistant] Wukong saw a small splash in a river below. The monster leaped out.


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[Assistant] Said the god. He turned and led the wolf back up to heaven.


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[Assistant] Wukong flew to the precious image kingdom and went into the palace.


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[Assistant] The king and queen were both hugging their daughter, Princess Hundred Flowers.


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[Assistant] The princess saw Wukong and smiled.


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[Assistant] Wukong recited a spell. Bright lights surrounded the cage for a moment.


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[Assistant] Cried the monk. He took the monkey's hands in his own.


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[Assistant] Keyframes. We all know what they are, what they do, but let's have a look at some more advanced keyframing or animation techniques. But first, where did I left those keyframes?


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[Assistant] I was looking for keyframes. I found them, so we can start. What I have here in my timeline is a normal text clip and a background clip. With the text selected, head over to the effects controls from which we can create animations and let's create one on the position property. To do so, start with your position A.


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[Assistant] Let's say on the top, then create a keyframe for that or start the animation. A keyframe is created. Go forward in time.


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[Assistant] And now let's push that position down and a new keyframe has been created. So, if we play back this clip right now, you'll see that the animation will play.


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[Assistant] So if we move these two keyframes closer to each other, the animation will go faster. Alright, so that is the basics of how to create keyframes and you should know these already. Now, let's have a look at some more advanced techniques and turn one of these keyframes into...


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[Assistant] This. When right-clicking on a keyframe, we get two options. Temporal interpolation and spatial interpolation. Let's start with the spatial interpolation. This is how the two keyframes act in between.


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[Assistant] So if I select my motion property, we can see that we've got a straight linear line. However, we do have this lever on the keyframe, and if we pull that, we can actually change the path. So even though the text is still going from point A to point B, it's doing that now in a different route.


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[Assistant] So playing this back, we'll see that the painting title will go into an arc. And that is the spatial interpolation. We can also select these two keyframes, right click and...


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[Assistant] Let's just grab this text and move this a little bit to the right side. And since the spatial interpolation has been set to linear, this animation will now also go more into its triangle. But if we'd like to make it some more of a curve here, we can select these keyframes, or only the middle one, because that's the one that we're going to make into an arc,


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[Assistant] Right click, choose spatial interpolation and just set that to bezier. And automatically you'll see that we get more of a curve here. We have these levers again, which we can pull to make that curve bigger.


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[Assistant] Alright, let's delete the middle keyframe and focus back on these two. That's it for the spatial interpolation and we've got a visual curve here in the program monitor. And by the way, this is only visible when selecting the motion property. If you don't select it, you don't see that frame around it. The other menu, let's right click on one of these keyframes again.


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[Assistant] Temporal interpolation is how the keyframe itself should behave.


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[Assistant] And that means when the animation starts, should it go?


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[Assistant] Will start very smooth. And ease in means that when the animation comes towards the keyframe, that it has to slowly stop. I know that this sometimes can be confusing because the first keyframe sometimes appears like it's the in or the ease in, but it's actually ease out.


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[Assistant] So, as we go out of that keyframe and into the last keyframe, we talk about ease out for this one and ease in for the last one.


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[Assistant] And now you can see that we've turned this keyframe into this. This is actually very good educational material.


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[Assistant] Let's play it back now, you can see here the animation starts smooth and also ends smooth. Now, where is this curve? We can't see it in a program monitor, but we can see it when expanding the property, in this case the position property. And here's that curve.


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[Assistant] The higher that curve is, the faster the animation will go, and the lower that curve is, the slower it will go.


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[Assistant] So, if I pull on the beginning lever right here, the peak of that curve becomes higher,


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[Assistant] The animation has a certain amount of time to go from one point to another. So if we would make it go faster in one point, it has to go slower in another point. So let's play this back right now. It will go slow and then it will go fast. And you can make some really interesting animations by pulling on these curves. Look at this here, this one is pretty cool as well.


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[Assistant] Where it goes super slow and fast until the end. When I set them back to linear, right click.


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[Assistant] Temporal interpolation, linear. And now you start and stop without any easing. Of course, when you're animating you most of the time want to make sure that your animations are eased. These ease out and ease in is super important. Alright, let's add a third keyframe in here again as well. So, right here, I'll just push this text again to the right side.


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[Assistant] We got a nice little triangle going on in there. And everything goes very static now. The text starts, it bounces there in the corner and then it comes back to its last keyframe. So let's say Ease Out for the first keyframe and Ease In for the last keyframe. And for the one in between, we might want to have both, like Ease In and Ease Out.


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[Assistant] For that, we'll just simply right click, go back to that menu, Temporal Interpolation, and instead of choosing one of these eases, we're just gonna say Bezier. And now your animation starts smooth, it will slowly go to that corner and accelerate again until it reaches its end point. Again, we can play around with these colors and you can actually see, when I'm gonna zoom in a bit more maybe,


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[Assistant] That the middle keyframe right here sits a little bit higher


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[Assistant] So now we know that the animation will actually come to an entire stop, because we know the lower that line is, the slower the animation goes and when it sits on the bottom, it doesn't move. So let's play this back right now, you'll see that the text will stop for a brief moment there and then it will go further. If we don't want it to stop, we just pull it up again. Like this.


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[Assistant] And you'll see now that the animation accelerates until this point and then slowly stops until its last point.


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[Assistant] There we go. And that is how you can create yourself some more smooth animations. Remember, we don't wanna see these guys? No, no, no, we wanna see these guys right here. These are our favorites. Now, we've been working mostly on the position property, but do remember that this works exactly the same for the rotation as well, for the scale or any other effects property too.


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[Assistant] So, that was it, thank you so much for watching, and I'll see you in the next lesson, where we'll talk a bit more about the essential graphics.


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[Assistant] It's a difficult one, but your heart knows what's right, even as it hurts.


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[Assistant] Oh, Twilight, I'm not. I'm laughing because I had the exact same fears you're having. What? Let me tell you a story.


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[Assistant] Once upon a time, there was a very bright young filly. She was truly one of my best students.


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[Assistant] I was constantly surprised and impressed with her discoveries.


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[Assistant] Maybe I could close the library or throw a party in the castle. She'd have to talk to the other fillies then. Oh.


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[Assistant] Eventually I realized all the anxiety I felt was because I didn't want you to go. Really?


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[Assistant] I loved having you as a student. You challenged me and taught me just as much as I taught you.


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[Assistant] I am embarrassed to admit it, but I was afraid if you made friends, you wouldn't need me anymore.


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[Assistant] I think Starlight Glimmer might feel the same way about you. If that is what you're afraid of. Maybe it is.


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[Assistant] We are living proof that letting someone spread their wings doesn't mean you no longer have a place in their lives.


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[Assistant] I don't know whether I should call a doctor or a booking agent.


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[Assistant] I came over the wall, but my aching joints have held me back these last two years. It'll be easier now that I can come through the door."


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[Assistant] Your mother was such a pretty young thing.


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[Assistant] Then he said in a strong voice, But I came over the wall because she gave her orders first.


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[Assistant] Hmm, this should have gotten a big laugh. I wonder if we need to add more carpet rolls. I suppose it could be the mask.


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[Assistant] Let's try taking the Nostril Flare down 10%. Thoughts?


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[Assistant] So sorry, Sans Smirk, Vice President of Amusement Integration. Mr. Sandwich is very excited you're here. If you'll just follow me, it's a short trip through the factory to Cheese's office.


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[Assistant] We take a fairly serious approach to comedy here. Observe.


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[Assistant] That is literally the funniest thing I've ever heard.


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[Assistant] We'd have to use a series of interconnected tubes in the fabric. What do you think of this?


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[Assistant] I sit on it, but the sound comes from you. We could call it the ventriloquipi cushion.


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[Assistant] It's been quite a while since we've had the opportunity to work with true comic inspiration like this.


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[Assistant] Our Super Slip Banana Peel. Still in development, but we think it's pretty special.


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[Assistant] Sorry to interrupt, but it occurs to me that a 7% tighter wind on the snake springs would yield a 12% increase in giggle output.


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[Assistant] I would like to take this opportunity to point out that we are in a gag factory. This is where the magic happens.


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[Assistant] Of course, there's no one-size-fits-all joke. No grand unified gag theory.


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[Assistant] But, if we figure out the funny of one gag, we can combine it with the funny of another gag, and make a third, funnier gag.


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[Assistant] It seems we've exhausted every avenue that even the science of comedy can provide.


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[Assistant] I'm afraid Mr. Sandwich is right. You are the funniest pony in Equestria. And if you can't bring back his laugh, it is surely gone forever.


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[Assistant] None of us can. I shudder to think what will become of the factory.


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[Assistant] It certainly was mine, but if Mr. Sandwich has finally given up, there's only so long we can retool his old ideas before we run out of gags to produce. I don't suppose you'd consider working here.


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[Assistant] Your fresh take on our classic gags rivals Mr. Sandwich and his Prime.


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[Assistant] Ah, yes. In our early days, nothing brought Mr. Sandwich more pleasure than seeing the laughter his gags brought to Pony's first hoof.


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[Assistant] Well, there will always be a place for you here if you change your mind.


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[Assistant] It does make a certain sense, sir. But spreading laughter is-


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[Assistant] Ben said neither of us was good looking, and we were as sour as we looked.


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[Assistant] There's a door into the secret garden. I found it under the ivy on the wall.


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[Assistant] Whoa! The Flaming Sky Firework Troop is a marvel! We take pride in what we do. These last minute changes aren't too challenging, are they?


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[Assistant] The more challenging, the better. We aim to astound. Now if you don't mind, we do have a new routine to prepare. Horns at the ready!


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[Assistant] Very impressive. Thank you. Unfortunately, we have no room for anypony else at this time. I'm sorry.


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[Assistant] I've heard that they're there. Uhm, and, uh.


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[Assistant] So far, this course has focused on writing research manuscripts.


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[Assistant] This week, I'm going to cover other types of writing in science, such as the literature review, grants, and letters of recommendation.


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[Assistant] Some of these types of writing may be things that you need for your career right now.


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[Assistant] Some of them may be things to put in your repertoire for the future.


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[Assistant] A review article is a great thing for a graduate student or young investigator to tackle. It's a lot of work.


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[Assistant] But it gives you a chance to dive into the most recent literature in your field.


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[Assistant] It also gives you practice on reading papers.


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[Assistant] Synthesizing and organizing a large amount of information, and of course, writing. Review articles can also help your career.


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[Assistant] Well written and well organized reviews may garner a lot of readers and citations because they are helpful to other scientists.


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[Assistant] The idea is to synthesize the recent primary literature on a topic.


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[Assistant] There's a huge proliferation of papers these days. Nobody can keep up with the entire primary literature.


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[Assistant] Your job as a review article author is to pull together and summarize the recent primary literature so that somebody can go to your paper and get a good sense of the field.


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[Assistant] A review article summarizes what we know and what we don't know on a topic. It may also address particular controversies and in the process of doing a review article


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[Assistant] You're also putting together a comprehensive list of citations on a topic or research question.


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[Assistant] Just so you are aware, there are three basic types of review articles.


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[Assistant] In this module, I'm going to address the non-systematic review, also called the narrative review. But I want you to be aware of the other options.


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[Assistant] A systematic review is a more comprehensive review that uses a rigorous search strategy to try to identify all relevant studies on a particular research question, even possibly unpublished studies.


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[Assistant] There are also what we call meta-analyses. These are systematic reviews that go one step further and formally pool data across different studies using statistics for data pooling.


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[Assistant] Again in this module, I'm just addressing non-systematic reviews.


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[Assistant] As the other two types involve some more technical details, more technical than I want to get into in this module.


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[Assistant] When writing a narrative review article, you start by searching the literature.


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[Assistant] You will likely start with a broader search to get a sense of what's out there.


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[Assistant] But then you are going to need to narrow your focus. Otherwise, there will just be too many papers to read.


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[Assistant] Your review needs to have a clear thesis or theme. This is the key to a good review article.


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[Assistant] It can't just be, I'm going to review microarrays or I'm going to review breast cancer. Those topics are too broad.


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[Assistant] Instead, you might choose to review the use of microarrays in microbiology or


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[Assistant] Statistical techniques for microarray data.


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[Assistant] You could do a whole review on the link between breast cancer and exercise or between breast cancer and alcohol.


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[Assistant] The topic has to be narrow and focused enough to make it tractable.


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[Assistant] The body of literature on eating disorders in this specific population


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[Assistant] Was small enough that I was able to cover this literature in a single review.


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[Assistant] When we talked about the writing process, I told you about the pre-writing step.


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[Assistant] For review articles, the importance of pre-writing is magnified.


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[Assistant] You have to find a way to get organized or you will never finish writing the review. There's just too much information.


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[Assistant] For my review on eating disorders in athletes, I typed notes from each paper as I read the papers.


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[Assistant] I also figured out the sections and subsections of the paper early in the process so that I could organize my notes by section and by subsection.


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[Assistant] There are several computer programs available that can help you to organize your references and notes, such as EndNote and Mendeley.


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[Assistant] You can see that the reading, note taking, and organization of information is going to take way more time than the actual writing of the review. So focus on that pre-writing step.


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[Assistant] I recommend writing the article in sections, each with their own headings.


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[Assistant] That helps to organize the review and also makes life easier for readers.


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[Assistant] For example, I used a table in my review to present data about the prevalence of eating disorders in different sports and for men and women separately.


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[Assistant] If you have tangential information, you could put that in sidebars. I had case reports on individual athletes who suffered from eating disorders. These made interesting stories, but that kind of thing can go in a sidebar or box off to the side if it's hard to integrate it into the text.


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[Assistant] People may be reading your review article as an introduction to the field, so don't abbreviate too much and don't assume prior knowledge.


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[Assistant] And of course write in a lively, engaging, and easy to read style using all the writing tips you've learned in this course.


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[Assistant] You're gonna have an introduction section that clearly states the aim of the review.


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[Assistant] In my article on eating disorders in athletes, I started with some historical papers. I went back to the 1980s, where the first papers on eating disorders in ballet dancers were published.


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[Assistant] Uh, these papers romanticized eating disorders in athletes.


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[Assistant] Which was that eating disorders in athletes need to be considered separately from eating disorders in the general population.


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[Assistant] The nature of the disease may be fundamentally different in athletes.


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[Assistant] And then I clearly stated the goal of my review, which was to critically evaluate the literature in the areas of measurement,


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[Assistant] Prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.


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[Assistant] The body of the paper should be broken into sections that have a nice logical structure.


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[Assistant] For my review paper, it was easy because I just divided my sections into definitions and diagnostic criteria, measurement, prevalence, risk factors, etc.


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[Assistant] And then I even had subsections within each of those sections with separate subheadings.


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[Assistant] In each section I summarized what we know on the topic, what remains unknown, and how studies could do better in the future to fill in the gaps.


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[Assistant] The conclusion should summarize what you found and give specific recommendations for what researchers should do going forward.


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[Assistant] In my review, I noted that male athletes are at much higher risk of eating disorders than men in general.


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[Assistant] I also suggested a specific type of study design that might be able to more accurately identify eating disorders in athletes.


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[Assistant] So I gave a bunch of very specific recommendations, including stating what I thought should be the priorities in research going forward.


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[Assistant] Then of course you have the references, uh, for example my review had 173 references.


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[Assistant] Just to give you an example of a theme or thesis. So the theme of my literature review was that eating disorders in athletes have distinct etiologies and require specialized approaches to things like measurement, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.


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[Assistant] The aims of the literature review, uh, the chapter were to critically review the latest research on eating disorders in athletes, including measurement issues, prevalence, risk factors, sequelae, prevention and treatment strategies.


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[Assistant] And the sections of my paper lined up exactly with these goals. I had an introduction and then definitions and diagnostic criteria, then measurement issues, then prevalence, then risk factors and so on.


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[Assistant] And I actually had subsections with subheadings within each of these larger sections.


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[Assistant] For example, under outcomes I had distinct subsections on skeletal effects, injuries, detriments to performance, mortality, and comorbidities.


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[Assistant] It was pretty easy to write the review once I had my organizational structure in place.


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[Assistant] Because each of the subsections had maybe one to ten relevant papers that needed to be synthesized. So again,


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[Assistant] The key to review articles is narrowly and clearly defining the theme of your review.


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[Assistant] And then collecting, reading, and organizing your papers in an efficient manner.


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[Assistant] And then coming up with a good logical organizational structure.


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[Assistant] If you can do all that, then writing the review is much easier.


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[Assistant] Here are some other examples of reviews. Here I'm quoting a review on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. CRISPR-Cas9 is a huge topic.


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[Assistant] But the authors didn't try to review everything about CRISPR-Cas9.


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[Assistant] Rather, they narrowed in on the history of the technology. So this review was focused on history.


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[Assistant] Here were the sections of that paper, if you skim through them.


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[Assistant] You'll see that they give an introduction to the technology, and then they go back decades in history.


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[Assistant] Then they talk about figuring out the biological mechanism of how CRISPR Cas9 actually works.


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[Assistant] Then they go into the more recent developments in the technology.


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[Assistant] And they give some clues about where we're going and what the technology might be used for in the future.


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[Assistant] Ebola has been written about a lot lately due to the big outbreak in West Africa that occurred in 2014.


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[Assistant] This review that I'm quoting here looked specifically at one controversial aspect of Ebola.


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[Assistant] Which is how long does the virus persist and shed after someone has recovered from Ebola and isn't sick anymore?


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[Assistant] That was a major concern, especially at the end of the outbreak, because doctors were worried about new cases cropping up and rekindling the epidemic.


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[Assistant] Here are the sections of that paper. They briefly describe their search strategy. That's not essential in a narrative review, but something you could include.


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[Assistant] Then they reviewed all the studies that have tried to define the risks of transmission from various modes, such as sexual transmission and mother to child transmission.


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[Assistant] Then they gave a conclusion with take home messages. Like one of the take home messages was that although there are documented cases of sexual transmission from survivors, the risk is pretty low.


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[Assistant] And another take home message was, we just don't know about things like transmission through saliva or tears of survivors. So more research would be needed in those areas.


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[Assistant] We have a huge responsibility, and I need you all to do this by the book.


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[Assistant] I'm not gonna cheer you up. I'm gonna tell you what you did wrong. What? You gave up too easily. Hey!


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[Assistant] Now that's the Twilight I know. How can I help? You already have.


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[Assistant] Rainbow Dash is right. I owe you all an apology.


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[Assistant] I was so focused on doing things the EEA way, I didn't listen to any of you!


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[Assistant] I'm sorry. I promise this time, we'll run the school like friends should. Together.


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[Assistant] I'll take care of the first part, if you five can round up our class. Total! Uuuh, how?


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[Assistant] Nonsense. I'm certain we can win them over with our charm and style.


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[Assistant] They're probably just off hiding somewhere. Unless they used some kind of spell to disappear. Ooh. Or went undercover!


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[Assistant] It's pretty clear you've already started learning friendship without your teachers. But we'd like to show you even more. If you'd come back to school. Not much of a choice.


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[Assistant] I did Chancellor Ney say, and I respectfully ask you to step aside, or classes will start late.


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[Assistant] These students reminded me that every friendship is special, so the way we teach it has to be just as unique. My school is going to do things differently.


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[Assistant] I promise you, Chancellor, my school will help protect Equestria.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 45, The Treasure in the Well.


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[Assistant] The Tang monk introduced himself to the prince and then waved toward the others.


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[Assistant] The Tang monk reached into his robe. He pulled out the jade coin.


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[Assistant] Don't worry, said Wukong. We'll get rid of that fake king.


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[Assistant] The Daoist will deny everything, he thought. We need proof that he killed the real king. He poked Bajie, who was fast asleep. Bajie, wake up! The pig rolled over.


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[Assistant] I know where there's treasure. The monkey lied. Bajie's eyes popped open.


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[Assistant] The treasure is in this well, said the monkey, pulling the lid off. Baje peered down into the darkness.


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[Assistant] Angry, Bajie dived down deeper and deeper until he arrived at a palace.


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[Assistant] The Well Dragon King led Bajie into a room.


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[Assistant] The pig gasped. The body of a man lay on a table.


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[Assistant] He lifted the king's body and headed back to the well.


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[Assistant] The next morning, the Tang monk looked at the king's body.


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[Assistant] Cried the monkey. The Tang Monk smiled.


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[Assistant] If you keep getting better, we will have to tell your father of this remarkable improvement.


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[Assistant] Hush, my boy. No letters will be written without your permission.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry to hear that you are not eating. This will not do. You will lose all the weight that you've gained. I told you I wasn't well.


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[Assistant] Going without food seems to agree with them, so I guess we shouldn't worry. That boy is a new creature.


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[Assistant] Running the farm. Not after this display. Not likely.


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[Assistant] Push the leverage considerably beyond what you might be willing or allowed to do in any other circumstance, thereby pushing the risk profile without raising any red flags.


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[Assistant] is contrary to the very basis of corporate strategy.


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[Assistant] In the next few modules, I'm going to talk about communicating directly with general audiences.


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[Assistant] In this day and age, it's important for scientists to engage with the lay public.


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[Assistant] Even if you're not planning a career in science writing, you can learn a lot from the techniques that science writers use to engage the lay public.


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[Assistant] I'll start with some tips for writing for general audiences.


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[Assistant] First of all, I want to make clear that regardless of audience, your general prose style should not change.


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[Assistant] You're going to use the same principles of good writing that we talked about in the first half of this course. Try to be as concise, clear, and engaging as possible.


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[Assistant] But there are a few things you need to do differently when you write for general audiences rather than scientific audiences.


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[Assistant] I've identified six skills that I think are the keys to writing for general audiences.


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[Assistant] I've laid these out here and I'm going to go through each one of these in turn in a minute.


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[Assistant] To have some examples to work off of, I took excerpts from the abstracts of two scientific articles, one from nature and one from science. And I wrote lay summaries of these excerpts.


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[Assistant] I picked these because I think they're pretty well written for a scientific audience, but I'm going to show you what I do differently when I write for general audiences. The first one reads,


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[Assistant] Here we leverage the wide usage of smartphones with built-in accelerometry to measure physical activity at the global scale.


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[Assistant] We study a dataset consisting of 68 million days of physical activity for 717,000 people, giving us a window into activity in 111 countries across the globe.


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[Assistant] Researchers use data from smartphones to look at the walking habits of 717,000 people from 111 countries.


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[Assistant] Countries with the widest gaps between the most active and least active people also have the highest obesity rates.


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[Assistant] Surprisingly, this activity inequality was a stronger predictor of obesity than total amount of activity.


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[Assistant] Atmospheric water is a resource equivalent to 10% of all freshwater in lakes on earth.


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[Assistant] However an efficient process for capturing and delivering water from air, especially at low humidity levels, has not been developed.


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[Assistant] We report the design and demonstration of a device based on a porous metal-organic framework that captures water from the atmosphere at ambient conditions by using low-grade heat from natural sunlight at a flux of less than one sun.


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[Assistant] This device is capable of harvesting 2.8 liters of water per kilogram of moth daily at relative humidity levels as low as 20% and requires no additional input of energy.


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[Assistant] My lay summary is, scientists have created a device that can pull water out of air.


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[Assistant] Water harvesting devices have been built before, but they were impractical for everyday use because they only worked on extremely moist air or required high amounts of energy to run.


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[Assistant] The new device contains a porous crystal called a metal organic framework that soaks up water vapor like a sponge.


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[Assistant] A small solar panel provides the energy needed to condense the water into liquid.


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[Assistant] A prototype containing 2 pounds of the crystal extracted 12 cups of water from desert air in one day using only sunlight for power. Again, you can hear the difference between those two.


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[Assistant] When you're writing for general audiences, the first thing you need to do is you have to start with the take home message. You have to tell your readers the most important thing first. If you don't tell them why they should care, then they may not read on.


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[Assistant] This is not a hard skill to master, but it's not the way that we're used to writing in science. In a journal article, we usually start with the background and then we build up to the take home message. When writing for general audiences, you have to flip this.


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[Assistant] For example, in the one on the water harvesting device, the scientists started with some background information about the amount of fresh water available in the air. But that's not the crux of the article.


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[Assistant] The article is about the device. So I started my lay summary with, scientists have created a device that can pull water out of air. That's the key accomplishment.


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[Assistant] And notice that I didn't have to embellish this or give a lot of background information. Lay readers will get why this is important.


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[Assistant] Everyone knows that clean water is a scarce resource, so if you can pull it out of the air, that would be an important breakthrough.


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[Assistant] The second skill is that you need to recognize and avoid jargon. And this is hard for scientists because we are so immersed in the science, we don't even recognize half the jargon we use.


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[Assistant] And by jargon, I don't just mean technical scientific terms, but just the general way that scientists speak. A lot of the way we talk in science sounds unfamiliar to lay audiences.


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[Assistant] I teach a short summer course to graduate students and post-docs at Stanford who want to learn to write for general audiences.


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[Assistant] For their final assignment, they have to write a story for the lay public. And even though they are trying to write for the lay public, inevitably their pieces come back riddled with jargon. So on their first drafts, I go through and I highlight all the words and phrases that are jargon to a lay person.


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[Assistant] And it really takes me pointing out the jargon to them before they even start to recognize it as jargon.


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[Assistant] For example, if you look at the one on physical activity, it might seem like this abstract is accessible to a general audience because the authors didn't use a lot of fancy words or technical terms.


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[Assistant] But in fact, a lot of it is written in scientist speak.


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[Assistant] Revolence in the population. Average activity volume.


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[Assistant] Lay people don't talk about activity volume. They might talk about activity duration or the amount of activity, but not activity volume. So all of this sounds like jargon to a lay person. The second example has even more jargon.


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[Assistant] Relative humidity levels, no additional input. All of that is scientist speak.


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[Assistant] And I should point out that if you're writing for general American audiences, the metric system is also jargoned to American audiences so you have to translate into English units as I've done here.


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[Assistant] Natural confirmation changes, stochastically, are induced by, of course all of this is jargon to a layperson, uh, but it took me pointing it out to him for him to even recognize it as jargon.


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[Assistant] The third thing you have to do is to unpack the science.


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[Assistant] When you write for a scientific audience, you can be lazy.


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[Assistant] You can assume a basal amount of scientific knowledge. For example, you can assume that your reader knows how a gene works, or how receptor ligand binding works, or what a t-test is.


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[Assistant] With general audiences, you cannot assume any prior scientific knowledge. You have to explain the science from step one. And this is hard.


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[Assistant] To be able to explain the science step by step to others, you have to deeply understand the science yourself.


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[Assistant] In the one on water harvesting, the scientists describe the device in a way that assumes prior scientific knowledge. When I read their description, I didn't really understand how the device works because I didn't know what's a metal organic framework and I didn't know where the solar energy was coming into the system.


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[Assistant] I actually had to go to YouTube and watch videos to educate myself on what's a metal organic framework.


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[Assistant] After some research, I came up with this description. The new device contains a porous crystal called a metal organic framework that soaks up water vapor like a sponge. The small solar panel provides the energy needed to condense the water into liquid.


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[Assistant] A few years ago, I was writing a magazine article where the crooks of the story was the trade-offs between digital and analog systems.


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[Assistant] So for that story, I had to explain to lay readers the difference between digital and analog.


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[Assistant] That's a concept I take for granted. I teach statistics. So to me, the difference is just the difference between continuous variables and discrete variables.


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[Assistant] But I knew I couldn't explain it to a lay audience this way.


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[Assistant] I had to rack my brain to come up with a good explanation. I had to think really carefully about what is digital? What is analog? What are the trade-offs?


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[Assistant] I finally came up with an analogy about how you would add graded lighting to a room. The analog solution would be to add a dimmer switch.


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[Assistant] The equivalent digital solution would be to put say 10 light bulbs on the wall, each with its own on-off switch.


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[Assistant] This would allow you to precisely control the lighting in the room, but there's a cost. The digital solution takes much more energy, time, space and parts. It took me a while to come up with that analogy.


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[Assistant] One of my Stanford students was writing a piece about the brain. And in her first draft, she used the term neural projection. So I wrote a comment back to her and said, what's a neural projection? Is that an axon? Is that a bundle of axons? Is that something other than an axon? I had never heard the term before.


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[Assistant] And we actually went back and forth on several drafts and I kept asking, what's a neural projection?


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[Assistant] And then finally, I think it was about the third draft, she wrote back to me and she said, oh actually I don't know what a neural projection is, that's just the term the scientist used.


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[Assistant] And I was like, aha, that's the problem. If you don't know what it is, there's no way you can explain it to others. So I made her go back to the scientist and figure out what it is. It was just his fancy way of saying axon in the end.


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[Assistant] One of the most critical skills, I think, in writing for general audiences is the ability to prioritize details.


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[Assistant] When you write for a journal article, you have to include all the nitty gritty scientific details. What strain of mice did you use? What company did you buy the chemicals from? What statistical test did you use?


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[Assistant] But when you write for general audiences, you have to filter some of these lower level scientific details out. They're just not meaningful or relevant for a lay audience.


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[Assistant] Many people have a misconception that writing for a lay audience involves somehow dumbing down the science. And I completely disagree with this view.


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[Assistant] I think what you're doing when you write for a lay audience is that you're filtering out the less important details. And you can do that without sacrificing accuracy.


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[Assistant] Good science writers understand and vet the lower level details and then make a conscious decision about which details to prioritize and which to filter out.


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[Assistant] I think of scientific knowledge as involving multiple layers of detail.


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[Assistant] At the top is the big picture. Say if you're doing a drug trial of weight loss, it might be that the drug treatment beat the placebo.


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[Assistant] The next layer includes details that are critical to evaluating the quality of the study, such as how many people were studied and how long they were followed.


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[Assistant] And how big was the weight loss in both groups?


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[Assistant] The next layer includes details that would be meaningful to a lay audience but might be omitted from a very short story on the trial, such as were participants and investigators blinded? And maybe the dosing of the drug.


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[Assistant] The next layer might contain some technical details such as the randomization scheme and what statistical tests were used.


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[Assistant] Below that might be some more trivial details, such as what brand of weighing scale was used to weigh the participants.


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[Assistant] A scientific audience needs all these details so that they can evaluate the quality of the study and potentially replicate it.


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[Assistant] A lay audience simply doesn't need all these details. Depending on the length of the article, I might stop two layers in if it's a very short article, or I might go down to three layers for a longer article. The rest of the details I'm going to filter out.


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[Assistant] But you don't want to bombard a lay reader with too many numbers. So I prioritized the number of countries and the number of people. I thought the least meaningful number here for a lay audience was the total days of physical activity. So I filtered that out.


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[Assistant] For the water harvesting study, the authors start with this interesting tidbit about exactly how much water is available in the air on Earth.


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[Assistant] Now that's an interesting detail, and in a longer piece, I might put that detail in later on in the piece. But for a short piece, it's not an essential detail, so I'm gonna filter it out.


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[Assistant] A lay reader doesn't need to know the exact level of humidity at 20%. Uh, most lay readers don't think in humidity levels too often, so if you just say dry or desert air, that's more meaningful to them.


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[Assistant] Obviously, LA Reader doesn't need to know the chemical formula of the metal organic framework.


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[Assistant] And, uh, most readers aren't gonna be familiar with units of sun, so you can also filter that out.


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[Assistant] The fifth skill is that you need to get to the point faster.


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[Assistant] When we write journal articles in science, we tend to take our time getting to the point.


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[Assistant] We start with why something was done and then we say what was done and then what was found and then what it all means.


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[Assistant] A lay reader is not going to bear with you if you take that long to get to the point. You have to cut to the chase. And doing that involves trusting your reader.


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[Assistant] Your reader may not know a lot of science, but you have to assume that they're intelligent and can make inferences.


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[Assistant] For example, if you say what a study found, implied in that may be what was done and what it means. So you don't have to spell out all three of those things for your reader.


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[Assistant] Don't hold the reader by the hand and provide them with a running commentary. Trust your reader to be able to make small leaps.


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[Assistant] In the physical activity example, the authors started with two sentences about the study design.


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[Assistant] The first sentence gives a general description of the study. The second sentence gives a specific description of the dataset.


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[Assistant] A lay reader doesn't want to sit through both of these, so I just went straight for the specific description. I said, researchers use data from smartphones to look at the walking habits of 717,000 people from 111 countries. Cut to the chase, right to the point.


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[Assistant] One of, uh, my Stanford students was writing a story about this experiment that they did in mice where they rewired the connections between the taste buds and the brain so that sweet taste buds were perceived by the brain as bitter.


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[Assistant] And bitter taste buds were perceived by the brain as sweet.


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[Assistant] She'd already explained all of that, and then she got to explaining the experiment where they verified that the rewiring had actually worked.


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[Assistant] And in explaining that, she goes through why it was done. She says in order to examine if this rewiring led to changes in behavior. Then she says what was done. Researchers observed the mice as they tasted these different tastes.


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[Assistant] She says what it all means, the mice who are altered seem to have more of a tolerance for bitter taste.


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[Assistant] And then finally she says what was found. The altered mice licked the quinine more than the unaltered mice.


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[Assistant] In fact we don't need to go through all of that. In my edit, I edited this down to just one sentence. I just said what was found.


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[Assistant] The mice with the altered bitter taste buds licked quinine, a bitter substance, more than unaltered mice.


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[Assistant] And notice that implied in that is the why the scientists did it, the what they did, and the, uh, what it all means. You don't need to spell it all out for your reader. Just get to the point and get there fast.


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[Assistant] Finally, to appeal to wide audiences, you have to tell a story. People don't connect to abstract ideas. They connect with stories.


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[Assistant] So in your lab, you may be working on a particular gene or molecule or chemical reaction or device that you find to be fascinating. You're immersed in that science every day, so it seems inherently exciting to you.


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[Assistant] I hate to tell you though, if you go outside of your lab and try to explain that molecule or gene to somebody outside of your lab,


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[Assistant] They're probably not going to find it all that interesting, especially if you explain it as an abstraction.


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[Assistant] If you want to engage people in your science, you have to tell the science as a story, something people can connect to.


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[Assistant] And what's a story? A story has description. It appeals to the five senses. It has plot, drama, and suspense. It has characters. Remember, scientists are human beings after all. They're characters.


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[Assistant] Now in those short lay summaries I showed you earlier, there wasn't a lot of room to use storytelling techniques. You could think of those as short little stories.


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[Assistant] Uh, but to be able to illustrate some storytelling techniques, I'm gonna show you a larger magazine piece that I wrote a few years back.


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[Assistant] In this story, I was actually assigned to write about a specific research study that had just been published in Science Magazine.


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[Assistant] And it was on plant biology, and to be very honest, I didn't expect it to be all that exciting to me because I've never been that interested in plant biology.


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[Assistant] But this turned out to be one of my favorite stories ever because the researcher, Professor Virginia Walbot of Stanford,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, turned out to be this amazing, fascinating woman. And for example, she invited me to interview her at her outdoor laboratory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's this cornfield in the middle of Stanford campus that I didn't know about and I met her there at 6am in the morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it was just this beautiful, peaceful outdoor laboratory. And as we were standing there talking, all of a sudden,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the corn stalks became blanketed with birds and I looked at Dr. Walbot and said, what just happened? So she explained to me that as soon as the temperature hits a certain level, uh, these little bugs called aphids come out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And those dry out the ladybugs and those dry out the birds. Uh, but it was just this amazing moment. And so I used all of that as the opener for my piece to draw my reader in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then Dr. Walbot was a pioneer for women in science and she had some amazing stories about being an early woman in science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My editor and I decided to actually expand the piece to be about more than just her recent research article, but also about her experiences as an early woman in science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the stories she told is she, uh, did her doctorate at Yale in the late 1960s. And on the first day, her department head got up and he was all proud and happy because half of the incoming class were women.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But he says the reason he was proud and happy is that there is no better combination than a male professor with a PhD wife to run his lab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that tells you a lot about the state of women in science at that time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But by couching the science, by putting that research in the context of her laboratory and these stories and her experiences, that made the science more interesting and more accessible for general audiences. So you have to be a storyteller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love listening to music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite song is Bohemian Rhapsody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite TV show is Friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite player is Lionel Messi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have only been to America and England.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I love seeing my friends when I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I have lived here for ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My address is 25 Lane Road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email address is peter at gmail dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been married ten years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong eyed the turtle suspiciously. How do we know we can trust you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Demons all along the way are waiting for my master to pass by.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stop complaining, said Wukong. Be happy that the road is flat here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a bad place. We're not going there. It looks fine to me, said the monk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can see things that humans can't see, said Wukong. And I see a dark mist hanging over that monastery. A demon could be in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brackish Slightly salty


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brackish Slightly salty


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brackish. Slightly salty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brackish Slightly salty


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brackish, brackish. Slightly salty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Somber. Somber.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Somber. Somber.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are many rivers between here and the west, said Wukong. We'll have to cross them all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Master, I don't think this is a good idea. The Tang Monk frowned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Am I imagining things or is the canoe sinking? Ask the monkey. Wujing looked. You're not imagining things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 58, The Meditation Contest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But before the monk could answer, Wukong collapsed him on the back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monkey replied. Then he whispered into the monk's ear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Tiger Immortal and the Tang Monk went in front of the crowd.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They sat down with their legs crossed and their palms facing up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They closed their eyes and started meditating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After a moment, the Tiger Immortal slowly floated up into the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monkey recited a spell and then blew toward the Tang monk. The monk lifted off the ground. His eyes remained closed. Soon he was floating next to the tiger immortal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong brushed the flea away and scratched the Tang monk's head. The monk's face stopped twitching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I'll teach the Tiger Immortal a lesson. Thought Wukong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Tiger Immortal's lip curled slightly, his nose wrinkled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Daoists and Buddhists all stared at one another. The monkey cleared his throat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like your friend. I think she's cute sir.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was I wrong to call your friend Lambcake, sir? No, but you're wrong to call me sir. I think she's beautiful. I think I'm in love with her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well friends, camp is over for my group. I'm heading home. Bye, Patty. Good luck with everything. Goodbye, my little lamb-cake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I should have stopped Master from getting in that canoe. But whenever I warn him about someone, he doesn't believe me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong laughed. Haha! That dragon is a friend of mine!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's also a bit scared of me. I'll go have a talk with him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your nephew, a lizard demon, took over the Black River, said Wukong, and now he's planning to eat the Tang Monk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this Leap Learning video, we will help you practice and improve your English listening and speaking ability by listening to native English speakers talking about a wide range of topics. The video features over 500 phrases and multiple dialogues of English being spoken about a wide range of topics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listen to this as you go to sleep and leave on whilst you sleep for best results.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We use three different binaural beats in this video. The first one enhances your learning ability. The second initiates sleep learning. And the third improves memory. If you enjoyed the video, remember to leave a comment and hit the subscribe button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you'll need a note from the doctor to justify the sick day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, let me think about it. I'm sure we can work something out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, we really want to keep you here, so I'll do what I can. Thanks. How's that spreadsheet coming, Scott?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well, we need to present it to the client next Monday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. Okay, I'll let you get back to work. Thanks. Hey, and don't forget, we're all going out for drinks after work today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They just opened a new sandwich place around the corner I want to try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a friend at her old company and she said she's really tough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, I thought she seemed pretty nice. Yeah, she said she was nice, but tough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I was really tired of our old boss. He could be so mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey Scott, let's see what supplies we need to buy. Alright. Let's see, do we need photocopy paper?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ha ha ha. Okay, good. And what about glue?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're going to be holding special elections. Oh really? Why? Because the mayor quit. I hadn't heard that. Why did she quit? Because she might run for president. That's cool. Do you think she could win? I don't know. I hope so. Me too. Do you think she's got a chance? I really do. Hi, I'm new here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope so too. I just moved to town. How long have you worked here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to have to leave early today. Really? Why? I have to pick my daughter up from school. Oh, alright. Could you finish a quick thing for me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a flower garden and I love seeing them bloom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I have a sailboat and I was hoping to use it on Saturday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there is no wind, it's impossible. If it's too windy, it's too dangerous, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's too bad. Well, maybe I should reschedule the picnic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've been watering them with the hose, but it's time consuming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's supposed to snow this weekend. Really? Oh my-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it's so nice. We should all go together this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's terrible. It's supposed to be the hottest year ever this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So was mine. What have you been doing to keep warm?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do I. I love drinking hot cocoa in front of the fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, I really like riding my bike, but it's too wet out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The forecast says it will rain for another three days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Me too. I always go to my parents' house and spend it with my brothers and sisters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So did mine. It was back on when I left for work, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, and I was actually going to ask if you would come with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Will you help me make a shopping list? Sure. Okay, can you check and see if we need rice?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, he does. He said he wanted the new PlayStation. Let's take a look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm having some trouble finding a few things. What are you looking for? Well, I can't seem to find the pasta aisle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great! I also can't find frozen strawberries.


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[Assistant] Hi, welcome. Thanks. Are you looking for something in particular?


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[Assistant] That's alright. Why don't I get a few for you to try on? Thanks. Did any of them fit?


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[Assistant] Oh, I really like the first one. Can I try it?


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[Assistant] Hmm, yeaah. What color do you think would go well?


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[Assistant] Oh, I love that. You know, I need some mascara too.


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[Assistant] That's wonderful. So I guess you're looking for a ring.


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[Assistant] We have these beautiful rose gold rings. Oh, that one is perfect. Hi, welcome to the outdoor store. Thanks.


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[Assistant] Alright, and will you be backpacking or traveling in a car? A bit of both.


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[Assistant] Okay, I think we have the perfect one. It's yellow, is that okay? Perfect, I love that color.


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[Assistant] Great, here it is. You can go pay for it at checkout. Thanks. Hey, where did you get that backpack?


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[Assistant] Oh, that's interesting. How old was she when she moved here?


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[Assistant] Oh, she was born in Texas and grew up in Ohio. What does she do for a living? She's an elementary school teacher. What about yours?


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[Assistant] Wow, that's cool. What kind of engineer?


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[Assistant] And how old was she when she had you? Thirty-five. And what about your dad? How old is he?


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[Assistant] He's 70. He's retired. Is your dad retired?


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[Assistant] Yeah, he loved being on the road. What does your dad do?


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[Assistant] You're right, I did. I always got double the presents.


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[Assistant] Yeah, and the boy was just one year younger.


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[Assistant] Yeah, we all have a good relationship now. That's great. Do you have any sisters?


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[Assistant] Oh, one of my sisters is studying sociology too.


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[Assistant] I always have problems with my car. I could use a good mechanic.


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[Assistant] That's great. I'm engaged to be married to my boyfriend.


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[Assistant] Yeah, but there are still things I want to do before I have a baby.


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[Assistant] Oh wow, that's great. Both of my grandmothers passed away.


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[Assistant] I really miss my grandmothers. One of them really liked to bake.


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[Assistant] Oh, she was an adventurer. She spent her whole retirement traveling on cruise ships.


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[Assistant] He was so nice. He always used to take me hiking and fishing.


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[Assistant] I miss those days. Both of my grandfathers are dead now.


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[Assistant] Well, you'll need a note from the doctor to justify the sick day.


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[Assistant] That's true. We're very happy with your work. That's great.


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[Assistant] Oh, well, let me think about it. I'm sure we can work something out.


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[Assistant] Oh, well, we really want to keep you here, so I'll do what I can. Thanks. How's that spreadsheet coming, Scott?


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[Assistant] Alright, well, we need to present it to the client next Monday.


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[Assistant] Great. Okay, I'll let you get back to work. Thanks. Hey, and don't forget, we're all going out for drinks after work today.


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[Assistant] They just opened a new sandwich place around the corner I want to try.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I was really tired of our old boss. He could be so mean.


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[Assistant] Hey Scott, let's see what supplies we need to buy. Alright. Let's see, do we need photocopy paper?


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[Assistant] Ha ha ha. Okay, good. And what about glue?


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[Assistant] They're going to be holding special elections. Oh really? Why? Because the mayor quit. I hadn't heard that. Why did she quit? Because she might run for president. That's cool. Do you think she could win? I don't know. I hope so. Me too. Do you think she's got a chance? I really do. Hi, I'm new here.