[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you know how to remember that the hippocampus, there's part of the brain called the hippocampus. This is the worst memory trick ever, but it will stick with you for 20 years. The hippocampus is involved in spatial memory. Uhm, it's involved in finding your way around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think to yourself, the way I find my way around campus is through the hippocampus.


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[Assistant] So the memory books always typically involve somebody, like you meet somebody very spiky here, and they say, my name is Mr. Fish.


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[Assistant] It only really works for names like fish, but, but the, but the idea is you try to generate vivid imagery. When stuck, when stuck with a situation where you have to remember ten letters, turn it into a song.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're, are, are, are a dirty poem, where each of the letters is the first words of it. When having to remember something that seems totally arbitrary, try to figure out


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A grand and obscene image that will come to mind easily. And this is how, these are one way to get things into memory.


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[Assistant] At a deep level though, the way to get things into memory, and this applies to this course no less than anything else, is by understanding it. I'm gonna read you something.


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[Assistant] And I want you to try your best to remember what I tell you. These are not going to be strings of numbers. These are going to be, this is going to be a series of sentences. A newspaper is better than a magazine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A seashore is a better place than the street. At first it is better to run than to walk. You may have to try several times. It takes some skill, but it's easy to learn. Even young children can enjoy it. Once successful, complications are minimal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Birds seldom get too close. Rain, however, soaks in very fast.


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[Assistant] Finally, a rock will serve as an anchor. If things break loose from it, however, you will not have a second chance.


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[Assistant] This is murderously hard to remember. Now try it.


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[Assistant] Being able to put a context to it helps the memory. And, and, and helps it come to mind.


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[Assistant] So, you know, it's exam period. You got this stuff presumably into your head. You have to get it out. You have to retrieve it. There's a court case you have to figure out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to recount the crime that you witnessed. Uhm, you see somebody and you want to know his or her name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you, you heard it. You just have to get it out. Well, how do you do that? Well, there's retrieval cues.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With what you, uhm, what you're trying to remember.


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[Assistant] When I walk into my living room and see that a window's cracked, that will remind me to replace the windows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeaah, we were supposed to get together to have lunch. Um, retrieval cues bring things back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's a little bit more complicated than that. Uhm, there's a more general relationship between encoding and retrieval called the compatibility principle. And what this means is you're much better to remember something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the context in which you have learned it.


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[Assistant] It's illustrated by one of the strangest experiments in the history of psychology where they had people on a boat


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[Assistant] And then they had them scuba dive underwater. And they taught them things either on the boat or underwater, like with things that they held up. And then they tested them later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're tested on it in the context in which you learn it. And it might be because then the retrieval cues help bring it back. Uhm, but it's more general than that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have to remember something you learned in this class, you will do better if you try to think about the room in which you learned in it. You will do better on your final exam if you were to take it in this room than if you were to take it in another room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because being in this room will bring back the cues. It's not just the environment. People will learn things when they're stoned.


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[Assistant] It's sort of like a what happens in Vegas stays in Vegas sort of result. Uhm.


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[Assistant] Uhm, elaborative rehearsal and retrieval.


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[Assistant] Is that the more you think about something, the easier it is to remember.


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[Assistant] If you have to think about, if you have to remember something, try to connect it to as many things as possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think of an image. Make a joke out of it. Imagine how you would explain it to somebody else. Uhm, imagine how the world, what the world would be like if it wasn't so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the idea is that this sort of thinking about it makes connections in your memory from that thing you have to learn to other memories. And so makes it easier to recover. Um, Elaborative Retrieval refers to a finding that, um,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you want to get something back out of memory, people tend to give up too soon.


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[Assistant] One study asked people, uhm, who were considerably older than you, to remember their high school classmates. And in the first pass, people were terrible. Maybe they had a couple of friends they kept in touch with, otherwise, pretty bad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is a good experiment because you could use high school yearbooks to judge whether or not they get it right. But then what you do is you tell the person, look, keep trying. Uhm, were you, what sort of, who was your teacher?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What sort of clubs did you belong to? What sort of sports did you participate in? How did you get to school? How did you get from school?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know how many friends whose last name began with B, with C, with D, and you keep pushing and pushing and pushing?


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[Assistant] And over the span of time things come back. Again, it's not true.


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[Assistant] That you never forget. There is honest to God, forget it.


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[Assistant] But sometimes you think you forget, and it's because you haven't looked long enough.


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[Assistant] There's a real physical notion of searching for the right answer.


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[Assistant] Every class I've given, somebody asks, either in class or by email, what about deja vu? Uhm, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Deja vu is a feeling that an event has happened before. So you're looking at me and I'm lecturing you and you say, I've heard this before.


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[Assistant] No, I, I, I know this before. You see somebody and say, I've been in this situation before. This is not evidence for psychic powers. Uhm.


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[Assistant] Why this exists? We know, and this is a clue, it's worse for frontal lobe damage.


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[Assistant] If you get damaged this part of the brain, you get a lot more deja vu experiences. I asked some experts in memory, uhm, including Marsha Johnson, who's chair of our department, what the best explanation for deja vu is. And the answer she gave, said one big theory, goes like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, deja vu is a feeling that has happened before. The answer is, it has happened before. It's happened half a second ago. And so,


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[Assistant] You're talking and then something happens to you and you put it in your memory but it's as if you don't put the stamp on it of what time and what date. So you're talking to me and then you store it in memory but you don't store it in memory as happening right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so far this is sort of good news remembering, but then there's bad news forgetting.


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[Assistant] How many people can remember, without looking down at your notes, at least two of the numbers I gave you earlier?


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[Assistant] Why is there forgetting at all? Well, there's different explanations for this. One explanation is, your brain's a physical thing. It's a physical piece of meat. And it kinda goes bad. Physical things decay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the memory traces that are laid onto your brain will just decay over time. A second answer is interference. So remember those numbers?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, and maybe this is most interesting, there are changes in retrieval cues.


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[Assistant] So the more time goes by, the more the world changes. And if your memory is to some extent dependent on cues bringing it back to life, then uhm, the change in retrieval cues


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can make it more difficult to uhm, to recall certain things.


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[Assistant] Is uhm, doesn't refer to when a child gets brain damage against amnesia. What it refers to is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People have a difficult time recovering very early memories.


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[Assistant] I want people to just take a second and try to think back.


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[Assistant] Don't think you have a first memory until you're about five years old or older.


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[Assistant] How many people think you have a first memory of around age four or younger?


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[Assistant] How many people think you have first memory of around age 3 or younger?


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[Assistant] The literature is unclear on this, because it's very difficult to test people's recollections of their first memories. If I have to ask people about their first memories, they'll often say, oh yea, I remember I was in this room and there was a crib, and I went ga ga goo goo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was on a potty. I was, I was walking. I was so cute. I remember it.


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[Assistant] Where people have terrible experiences when they're one or two.


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[Assistant] Typically this trauma is not remembered later on. People know of trauma because they're told about it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but they don't typically remember it with any accuracy. Even children, older children, don't remember back beyond that age.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nobody knows why childhood amnesia occurs. Nobody knows why it's very difficult to recover memories before about the age of three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had a friend of mine who's a clinical psychologist and he suggested a new form of therapy where they make these giant tables and chairs and then they bring you into the office and you're standing at these giant tables and chairs and all these memories of being a baby would come flooding back and uh, he dropped out of the field.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At around one, two, and three. And it might be that the learning of a language reformats your memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the end, uhm, it could be neural maturation. It could be that there's memory parts of the brains grow around age two or three that just weren't there prior to that.


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[Assistant] And nobody really knows. It's a fascinating research area, why, about memory changes early on.


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[Assistant] There is retrograde amnesia. Retro for past.


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[Assistant] Retrograde amnesia is when you lose some memory of the past. This could be in a case where you get some sort of head trauma and you lose memory of your entire episodic memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason for this is, as you're having these experiences now, they need to kind of get, get consolidated into your brain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another sort of memory is anterior grade amnesia. And this was the case of, this happens in Korsakoff syndrome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and it happened to Clive Waring, the film you saw last class. And this, as sort of amnesia,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so you live in a perpetual present, unable to accumulate new memories. But it's actually a little bit more complicated than that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What happens is, and this was an exciting discovery about these patients that led to some real insights about normal memory. What happens is, and this is the brain damage in these cases, temporal lobe and the hippocampus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very useful for spatial memory, you'll know.


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[Assistant] One discovery made about people who couldn't form new memories is that they could form new memories, but of certain types.


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[Assistant] And if I asked you to do it, you'd find it pretty difficult. It's just kind of difficult to do. You'd be clumsy at it.


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[Assistant] You bring in an amnesic, who can form new memories, and you say, hey, I want you to try something new, I want you to try this star game.


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[Assistant] Say, okay, I've never seen it before, but I'll do it. Tries it. Does very badly. You bring him in over and over again. Each time he does it,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He starts off by saying, I've never seen this before. I'm sure I'll give it a try. But he gets better and better at it. And this is known as implicit memory. The claim is that in these sorts of cases,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is about a character who loses, uhm,


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[Assistant] His ability to form new memories while trying to track down his wife's killer.


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[Assistant] Memento is a movie which is fascinating because it's told backwards, but throughout Memento there's another story told forwards. And I like this story because it very dramatically illustrates what does and what is and is not impaired in uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In, in cases of severe memory damage. So I'm going to show you a couple of clips that illustrate the dissociation from memento.


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[Assistant] Those of you who've seen the movie knows, know that this ends up quite tragically for Sammy. Uhm, highly recommend the movie.


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[Assistant] We've, we've dealt right now with two sorts of failures of memory. One is everyday failure of memory. When you forget. How many of you remember three or more of the numbers I originally presented?


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[Assistant] Uhm, but it's interesting in that it illustrates some more general themes about how the mind works. Remember, one theme of this course is we're going to look at exotic cases, like the case of Clive Waring.


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[Assistant] Uhm, not just because they're interesting in their own right, but sometimes by looking at the extremes, we can learn something about how normal people's normal intact minds and brains work. The third case of forgetting is more interesting and it actually, well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to come to some, your own guess. Imagine you were a judge.


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[Assistant] Who believes, there's three of them, one, two, three, who believes the first one?


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[Assistant] 2300 experts were shown these films and asked, uhm, about the different actions. Whether or not the person ripped the book, messed up the beer, tossed the book in the air. Uhm, and as you can see the majority


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By, uh, Steve Sisi, who was gracious enough to, uhm, to lend me the film to use for teaching purposes. It turns out the second girl was right. Absolutely nothing happened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, not through any sort of science fiction means. They had their memories implanted, uhm, well, they had their memories implanted like this. Some of the children,


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[Assistant] So the interviewer is a perfectly naive interviewer. Uhm, and it turns out if you just interview children and you ask them questions about whether the book was ripped, did you see him, did he really do it? They don't say anything. They, they, they didn't see anything and they won't say anything. Other children,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're told about Sam Stone. They were told a stereotype about Sam Stone, that he's very clumsy.


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[Assistant] And he tends to rip things and he trips and he breaks things and he spills things.


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[Assistant] A series of leading questions. Like, oh, Sam Stone came in? Did he rip a book while he was there?


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[Assistant] And still more children got both. And in fact, the children you saw were from this group.


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[Assistant] They heard Sam Stone being described as a clumsy fellow, and they were given a series of suggestive questionings. In this condition, they were given several suggestive questionings over the period of several months.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These children, like the first child and the third child, are not lying. They honestly believe that Sam Stone came in and did these things.


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[Assistant] Also, they believe it and they're so convincing in their belief that experts, including police officers and child case workers and judges and lawyers, find these children to be extremely believable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think they probably find them to be extremely believable because the children are not lying. They really believe they saw what they saw. But these memories were implanted.


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[Assistant] in people's minds through suggestion and through leading questions. It turns out


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[Assistant] That the same sort of experiment and same sort of research has been done with considerable success.


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[Assistant] Terrible crimes and confessing to them when actually they didn't commit them. And this is not because uhm, they are lying.


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[Assistant] It's not even because they're in some obvious sense deranged or schizophrenic or delusional. Rather...


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[Assistant] They have persuaded themselves or more often been persuaded by others that these things have actually happened.


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[Assistant] Psychologists have studied in the laboratory how one could do this. How one can implant memories in other people. Uhm, and some things are sort of standard. Suppose I was to tell you a story about a trip I took to the dentist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or a visit I took to, or a time when I ate out at a restaurant. And I'm to omit certain details.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, I omit the fact that I paid the bill in a restaurant. Say, oh I finished a meal and then I went home. Still, you'll tend to fill in the blanks. You'll tend to fill in the blanks with things you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can integrate suppositions made by others.


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[Assistant] The person was just asked, in the course of a series of questions, shown a scene where there's a car accident, and asked either, did you see a broken headlight, or did you see the broken headlight?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The THE presupposes there was a broken headlight.


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[Assistant] And in fact, the people told, asked, did you see the broken headlight, later on are more likely to remember one. It creates an image, and they fill it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, in another study, uh, she would show film segments and then ask, did you see the children getting on the school bus? Now there was no school bus.


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[Assistant] How fast were the cars going when they hit each other or


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[Assistant] How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? A week later.


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[Assistant] She'd bring people back into the laboratory and ask, did you see any broken glass?


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[Assistant] Those who hear smash tend to see the broken glass more than those who hear hit. Because the question has changed their memory, making it more of a dramatic, uhm, event.


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[Assistant] Hypnosis is the clearest case where uhm, where there's a sort of reconstructive effort led by uhm,


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[Assistant] Let as a result of leading and probing questions. Uhm, some of you are readily hypnotizable and you can be hypnotized.


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[Assistant] What happens is what somebody will do in a hypnotizable state is they'll be very eager to please the hypnotist and so they'll make stuff up.


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[Assistant] And people under hypnosis just make stuff up and they do very enthusiastically, uhm, and very believably make stuff up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is particularly the case with hypnotic regression, uhm, when we ask you to go back to your sixth birthday party, for instance. And what's great as a developmental psychologist is, if I ask you to go back to your fourth birthday party, and you're hypnotizable, you'll be just like a four-year-old.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Except, you won't be like a real four year old. What you'll be like is an adult's notion of what a four year old is supposed to be. Uhm.


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[Assistant] In fact, this has happened in the extreme case with hypnotic regression where people claim to speak, uh, languages like from, from ancient Egypt.


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[Assistant] He's speaking a language from ancient Egypt.


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[Assistant] It makes you want to give a persuasive account of what happened. And so hypnotism is just an extreme form.


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[Assistant] A class, we could devote a semester to the very heated debate.


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[Assistant] In the United States, mostly, about repressed memories. There are many adults who have claimed to have experienced traumatic sexual abuse.


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[Assistant] Uhm, in some cases, this is unexceptional from a memory point of view, people know this happened to them, they've always known it happens to them, and then they tell people about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then they go to a psychologist or psychiatrist. They undergo questioning, uhm, often using hypnotic techniques. And then they recover a memory of past traumatic sexual abuse. And what this is, what makes this so debatable,


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[Assistant] And there is a debate about this. I don't want to try to preclude it one way or another. What makes this debatable is some psychologists believe that in at least some cases these memories are real. And they have been repressed.


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[Assistant] Through a Freudian mechanism that they're too terrible to bring to consciousness, and the therapy brings them out into real life.


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[Assistant] But most psychologists believe that these memories cannot be trusted. That these memories are created.


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[Assistant] Through the actions of the therapist.


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[Assistant] Over the veracity of the therapist, where women who have claimed to have sexual abuse, sexual abuse, for instance, have pressed criminal charges against their fathers on the basis of false memories. Similarly, people who have been accused of sexual abuse have pressed criminal charges against psychiatrists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Claiming that these psychiatrists have implanted the memories into their sons and daughters. Uhm, it is controversial whether memories are ever repressed. What isn't controversial is that for at least some cases you can implant false memories in people.


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[Assistant] Not because you're a sinister evil person, but because you really believe something happened, and you talk to them about it, and then you cause these memories to come into being.


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[Assistant] Is there anybody who doesn't remember where they were in September 11, 2001? It would be interesting. It's a socially relevant event.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But here's the problem with these flashbulb memories. Flashbulb memories are the idea that these memories being so vivid, and they are vivid for many of us, exactly where we stood. What happened?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Important events. I bet many of you have actually heard the question before, where were you on September 11th? And talked about it.


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[Assistant] What happens in these conversations is stories change.


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[Assistant] I have my event, I knew where I was on September 11th, my wife knew where she was, but I spent as much time listening to her talk about it, as I spent time me talking about it, and now maybe my memory is actually of her experience and not mine. It's not, for all of these cases, the temptation you have to resist is saying,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to resist that temptation because there are so many cases we know, including the tape of the girls that we just saw, where people are entirely sure things happened and we know full well that they didn't exist. Being sure is no guarantee that a memory isn't false, reconstructed, or even implanted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Introduction, introduction to X courses, including introduction to psychology courses are among the hardest courses at Yale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that, that is diverse and you have to command each aspect separately. The easiest courses at Yale tend to be highfalutin seminars where you kind of have enough of a background that everything is, could be clear and understandable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the more you understand something, the easier you'll remember it. And finally, uhm, you can't trust some of your memories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, your reading response for this week


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[Assistant] But you have to, you have to describe based on the lecture materials and the readings how to implant a false memory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is long term memory, because you might know how to do a concerto or a song, and you have it stored in your head, you carry it around with you. You'll remember it a year from now, two years from now. It is long term memory, but it is also an excellent example of implicit memory. Because you know how to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you could do it unconsciously without attending to it. It's not sensory, but it's as if, put it crudely, that your fingers know, and not your mind. We have time for one more question. Yes?


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[Assistant] It's for me! Now get in the back, and while you're there, use this cream to massage the leather.


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[Assistant] Rachel, can I come? We can share blazers. Just follow me.


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[Assistant] At Mario's, the picture of Sinatra on the wall is signed by Frank Jr. The frame hides the Jr.


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[Assistant] Lisa, I'm afraid you've gotten all the extra credit we can give out. So, Willy has been growing you a nice pumpkin.


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[Assistant] No way. A person on morphine all the time would constantly dissolve in inappropriate laughter.


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[Assistant] I am four. Have we met before?


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[Assistant] I am one, two, three, four. Four blocks. And this little fellow means four. Can you guess what my favourite shape is?


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[Assistant] One, two, three, four. Four plates!


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[Assistant] You gotta stop me smoking this stuff, Ray. I'm fucking killing myself.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you know me. Cherise. I used to go out with Duane. You, you know you.


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[Assistant] Well, after, after what happened, you know, I just wanted to change my life, turn things around.


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[Assistant] Discovered by Urban Novellia in 1846.


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[Assistant] You've killed yourself and your cousin Yokel. You're a dead man.


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[Assistant] You've killed yourself and your cousin Yokel. You're a dead man. Mikhail Fausty thought of me as a brother. He will get revenge. You're nothing in this city. You will be crushed.


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[Assistant] People, I'm completely out of milk. I do have several DVDs of the movie Milk, an inspiring return to form for director Gus Van Zandt. Uh, do you have Life of Pi? No, but I have some home movies of me on a canoe with a big dog. People who have never seen a movie say it is a good movie.


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[Assistant] So, Nico Bellic, you think it's okay to kill my employees? If he is an asshole, yes.


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[Assistant] This prick who owes me money owns a garage in Chase Point. I want you to pick up a truck and take it to him. Call me when you get to the truck. It's in Shotlar on Montauk Avenue. Go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey Dimitri, I took care of that thing for you. Very good. I'm proud of you. Good.


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[Assistant] Ha, if you were property then all the brothers would get to share you. I want you all to myself.


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[Assistant] Short byes, huh? You don't know, my avid saint's da.


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[Assistant] Hey, let me in. You have lead protection money, old man. Big Vlad and his protection money? I so scared. What I need protection from? You think this door is going to save your shop? There's shit I can break out here. Vlad should pay me to tell punks like you to go away. He get no money.


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[Assistant] Stop it, shitbrain! I pay up now! I pay up! Shit! Here! I thought Vlad and I had understanding! Only thing I understood was you owed him money!


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[Assistant] Geekly beloved, we're gathered here in the eyes of me, King of the Cameo, Stan Lee, to celebrate the wedding of Comic Book Guy and Kamiko Nakamura. Does anyone wish to offer any thoughts on this blessed occasion?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mmm, CBG, what's the haps, my man?


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[Assistant] Let's see. I wrote a lost fan fiction finale that also answers all the questions from Twin Peaks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reranked all the Doctor Who's by puffiness of the hair. Oh, and I also got married to my actual non-imaginary, comic-tolerating girlfriend, Strawberry.


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[Assistant] Now if you'll excuse me, I'm gonna share this primo origin-ish with my bride.


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[Assistant] Even the mintiest comic is just acidifying pulp if you have no one to read it with, right? Nerds don't get girls! These days they do, man. Comic-Con is now 8% women. Heyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy


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[Assistant] Gah! Your days of naughtiness are numbered, terrible twos!


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[Assistant] What about a valentine that says bully for you? Hmm.


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[Assistant] Hi Marge, Dr. Carlock is ready for you. Thank you.


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[Assistant] He deserves asylum. He deserves asylum.


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[Assistant] I see my colors written by Maribeth Bolts.


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[Assistant] Illustrated by Shirley Ng Benitez.


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[Assistant] It's day three in Survivor and we don't have a plan.


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[Assistant] Which means, there's no food, there's no fire,


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[Assistant] I know so because I went through a dilemma.


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[Assistant] Last time I played survivor, I had a moral dilemma.


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[Assistant] But I was the Cookie Monster.


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[Assistant] I swear sometimes when I'm listening to Loki, everything that comes out of his mouth is full of crap. It doesn't sound right. And I know that there's something that they're hiding. I just don't know what it is, but they're hiding something.


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[Assistant] So I gotta make sure that I do everything I can to bring AK and Phoebe on our side.


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[Assistant] I'm confident right now that AK and Phoebe, they're gonna be working with me. But anything can happen in this game.


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[Assistant] Oh man, tonight's tribal council is gonna be so hectic.


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[Assistant] Oh, this is hard because, you know, I've gravitated to almost everyone in this whole, uhm, tribe, but I didn't think I'd get really attached to some of them.


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[Assistant] So, to think that we're going to our first tribal council.


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[Assistant] And then, all of a sudden we're all split up. Yeah, it tears me apart, you know, cause we were so solid.


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[Assistant] It just sucks to know that one person's gonna go home tonight and it could be somebody that I really gravitated to in day one.


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[Assistant] It's hard cause this game is something where you're supposed to suspend your values, your morals, your even your feelings.


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[Assistant] First time for everyone. I actually applaud the other guys for doing such a amazing blindside because I think this is what All-Stars is about, to play the big moves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I totally root for the underdogs and right now Matt is got his hands behind his back. But I'm hoping that Matt somehow manages to come up on top.


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[Assistant] But that's the same all over town. This is a dying game.


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[Assistant] I mean, I'm gonna ask you to deal with a problem. And you're gonna deal with it.


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[Assistant] Or you're not gonna deal with it and you're gonna be a problem that somebody else has to deal with. But me, I ain't doing nothing.


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[Assistant] Anthony! Yo! Did Phil call? Not yet, boss. Ray called. Of course he did. I wonder, is it better to have a talented snake or a historical lion who's gonna be cut down in his prime? I don't know. What do you think?


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[Assistant] Anthony, get in here! Boss? Where's Big Pete and Marco? On their way. Listen to me. Here's what the plan is. Me and two of my guys, gonna meet with a couple of boys from the Pavano family. I need these guys if we're ever gonna be taken serious. You know, get on the commission. Now the thing is, these guys ain't, shall we say, shown us the appropriate respect in the past.


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[Assistant] I want you to run security. Keep an eye on things. Cause they won't be looking out for you. Ah, here they are. It's either them or the cops. It's them. They're outside. Looks like Ray's here too. I know it's them. God give me strength. I'll be out in a minute. Look after Ray till I get back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You guys all friends now? Nice. You best hope you made a good first impression on Nico, boys. He's gonna be the one looking out for you during this meet. Well, he's being paid to look out for me, so saving you guys' asses would be overtime.


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[Assistant] This should be a spot where you can see over the meat. Don't start shooting unless they attack us. I don't want this thing screwing up for no good reason.


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[Assistant] You're a good earner, Nico. Take me back to my place.


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[Assistant] I can't believe that Pavanos would treat me like this! Pegarino names should mean something to them! It means something in Alderney! Even if it don't in El Garcwin, they better not think of crossing that West River and not looking over their shoulders! Too bad about Marco and Pete. Marco and Pete? Oh yeaah! Those guys didn't make it, did they?


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[Assistant] You did good, kid. Kept your head when everyone else was losing theirs. Sometimes literally. We're gonna need your skills again soon. Arrivederci!


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[Assistant] Uh, uh, sure, I-I'll get him. BOOTS! Anthony, will you shut up? In fact, will you fuck off? Go on, get outta here.


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[Assistant] Don't come back till you get a brain implant or something. I'm sorry, I'm s- Nice to see you, Nico. You too. I got a couple of things I want to talk to you about. First up, can you kill this shithead? Sure. Second, come in here.


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[Assistant] So, listen, we've got a bit of a problem with the Pavanos.


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[Assistant] We ain't a real family to them, just a bunch of guernsey goombas. When things are cool, we're getting fucked. I'm sorry to hear that. Uh, sure. Listen, some of that boys are in town today, gonna collect their piece of it all in a bookie ring. Where it is, they're at the diner, an actor. Find them, and follow them to the meat.


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[Assistant] You disrupt it, and I'll let you keep the money. But make sure you hit the Pavanos real hard! Kabish!


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[Assistant] I think maybe I've talked him out of it. Then, he has a goddamn heart attack on the phone. I'm thinking problem solved. He's dying right in front of my ears.


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[Assistant] We got real problems. Police are all over us. Maybe you heard, I got served papers today. Bill yesterday. We got a couple of boys in jail. I think they might squeal. Somebody's talking. Wants us out of the picture. Maybe John Gravelli. Or them enchilades.


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[Assistant] Somebody got to my people! So, what you going to do about it? I don't know! I gotta shut someone up and show people I mean business!


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[Assistant] I've known Phil a long time. He's straight, more or less.


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[Assistant] Maybe he's too straight. Then there's Ray.


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[Assistant] I don't know. I don't trust him. But he's a good earner. I know he's got his eye on the big prize. But he's no dummy. Him and Phil hate each other. I gotta think about it!


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[Assistant] I'll give you a call. Whoever I say to go see, go see him. And shut him up!


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[Assistant] We got legal problems, all kinds of crap. You know how things have gone. I've heard some things.


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[Assistant] Well, commission or no commission, I ain't gonna starve. People don't want me around, they don't have to have me. But I know how to earn. I need a favor.


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[Assistant] Fuck you! I looked out for you. And I'll pay good. Real good. But I need you to do something.


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[Assistant] I need you to collect that H. I got some Russians who have a buyer. Russians? Yeah. Dmitri Raskolov.


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[Assistant] I know! But this is real! I need ya!


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[Assistant] I looked out for you, you know, people wanted to whack you, I said no. Now I need you. And I'll pay a lot of money.


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[Assistant] Get over your principles! These guys don't hold grudges! Do it or you and me are gonna have a problem!


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[Assistant] Look, Phil will look after you. You won't even have to deal with the fucking Russians. He's waiting for you down in Tudor.


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[Assistant] Alright. I knew I could count on you! Hey, how about that drink?


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[Assistant] Hey! Hey! Is Mr. Pegorino around?


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[Assistant] I'm already working for a mafia family. They're scum.


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[Assistant] Sorry Ray, I'm freelance. I don't buy into that tribute stuff. This work has many disadvantages, but uh, hey, at least it's tax free.


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[Assistant] I have to admit that was not my first thought when I heard. I'm happy for him.


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[Assistant] He's not going anywhere. Him and Mallory are only getting married. We'll have to settle down sometime.


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[Assistant] Sure, sure. Enjoy all that extra pussy then, Brucey. I'll see you around.


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[Assistant] Yeah, sure. You are as clean as the driven snow. I'll explain that important cultural difference to one of these Russian gangsters if our paths cross.


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[Assistant] Mr. Grovaili, I took that friend of yours to City Hall. He should be giving a speech any minute.


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[Assistant] You're working with me, aren't you, Mr. Gravelli? See you later.


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[Assistant] Shit man, I can't. I'm already on my way to a Korean place. Some other time, okay?


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[Assistant] Where is Kim? He's upstairs, speaking with the manager. They don't want to see nobody though. Kim and I are old friends. Kim got a lot of money. He don't need no friends. Get lost!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure, the crack smoking American dream. I'm clean, man. Ah, what a ride.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Iho, good to see you. Interesting friendships you both keep.


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[Assistant] I don't know if anyone would give away a load of coke without asking any questions. Even the Russian coke runners ain't that stupid. Yeah, sure, this is just plain A. It's the one just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't need to worry about the fat man singing. He's lost his voice.


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[Assistant] I need to find something out about someone. Maybe you can help. Are you fucking blackmailing me? No! I'm asking for a favor. Why do you think I put my neck on the line for you? Because I need help with something.


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[Assistant] You know, since you don't look like you're full of crap, how could I say no?


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[Assistant] So it's been long enough. You think we're going to be okay to pick it up?


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[Assistant] Are you fucking blind? You don't know this to 50 fans watching these cars. I thought Phil was just paranoid. Give me a break, man.


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[Assistant] Don't play around with other people's lives either. I don't want to take a bullet or a stint in the pin for anyone else's fuck up. Alright guys, shit, I'm sorry.


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[Assistant] Okay, okay, don't worry.


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[Assistant] I don't think you will be seeing Anthony on the witness stand.


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[Assistant] Gentlemen, what's going on? Nothing!


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[Assistant] Roman, they brought Darko Brevic into the country for me.


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[Assistant] This is almost over. I'm going to finish it.


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[Assistant] Do you want to come in and hang with Brucey? No. I need to be alone. Thank you for being with me, cousin.


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[Assistant] Do not mention it. Call me, Nico. The wedding is soon.


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[Assistant] Florin, I thought I should let you know. I found Darko. The guild has destroyed him. I don't know. Somehow, it was better to walk away.


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[Assistant] Sure, whatever. I'll speak to you soon, Bernie.


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[Assistant] What the fuck is real? Real because it's you?


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[Assistant] What, you knew about this? He's on a boat in East Hook?


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[Assistant] It would mean going back on an oath I swore to myself.


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[Assistant] I killed Demetri. It's over. He was on the platypus, the boat I arrived in Liberty City on. So it seems it ends where it began.


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[Assistant] Sure, Roman. I'll see you at the church. I'm looking forward to it.


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[Assistant] Hey, Kate. I took your advice. I cut my connections with that man.


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[Assistant] Well, it was the right thing to do. Are you coming to Roman's wedding?


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[Assistant] No, there won't be any gunfire at this wedding. I might steal the collection box if the moon takes me, though.


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[Assistant] They will have to. I'm not a slave. It would be easier to be happy if I was with the right person though.


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[Assistant] Wait for me, I'm on my way. What is Roman doing there? This is not the place for him. You're fucking up, Rasta.


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[Assistant] But I do not think this is the place for you, Roman. This is too dangerous. You are my cousin, Nico, and Kate died at my wedding!


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[Assistant] There's no one else to blame, Roman. It's my fault.


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[Assistant] Because I refused to do that deal for Pegorino. It's my fault because I got close to her. I shouldn't get close to anyone.


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[Assistant] Congratulations, Roman. You'll make a good father. We'll see you soon.


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[Assistant] Jericho is back, baby. Jericho the Cookie Monster.


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[Assistant] People underestimated me. People thought that, you know, Jericho couldn't hurt a fly. And one by one, they were dropping like flies. In the real world, I still go to church every Sunday. But when I enter the jungle, I have a cold heart. I want to be the one that disrupts everyone's gameplay. I just want to see some chaos. I'm looking out for the new crowd. The old stars crowd.


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[Assistant] They're clean as a fucking whistle. One previous owner, safely driven, ready for action.


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[Assistant] We got an opportunity, my boy. Yep, fortune favors the brave.


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[Assistant] Down for what? Down for robbing a thief.


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[Assistant] Ray tipped us off about a big payoff they just got. A fat cash payoff. Anchilades, huh? I can't tell all those Watt families apart. Anchilades, Gambinos, Pecorinos. It's the fucking Peg-a-rinos, man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This figure was another one of the five families. Us McCreery's are under the fucking radar nowadays. It ain't a problem. I hope you're right. For my sake. Shut up and think about the money.


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[Assistant] We did it. Top of the fucking world. Here's your chef. Don't go spending it in Italian restaurants. I'll see you soon, Becky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, they're going to be washable, alright. Can't wait to see what sort of kick C4 residue is gonna give me when I snort up a line of chop through one of them notes. First, you're a fucking charmer, Patrick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do we all know what we're doing? Once the vault door blows, I want Nico and Michael to go down into the vault to get the money while me and my brother handle the crowd control. All makes sense to me. If you guys can stop arguing for a few minutes, then I think we might be okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't want you to have to break no bad news to our mom. Neither do I. Thanks, Nico. You're a damn good man. I wasn't just driving you two. The money was in the car as well. Remember that. We won't forget it, Nico. Here's your cut.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I tell Jerry you did good, he might give you a call or something.


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[Assistant] Thanks, Kiki. The cops do give me a hard time for no reason. I'll talk to you soon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ugh, the mother fucker thinks she can drag me down. What's wrong now? Oh man.


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[Assistant] Yeah, sure you do. So listen, I got something I need you to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Francis McCreary is the community now? You're starting to sound like your friend Manny. Oh, yo, yo, man, you got me, chill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I surrender. You wouldn't kill an unarmed man, would you? This isn't my choice. The police want you dead.


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[Assistant] Whatever you say. They don't look much cleaner from where I'm standing.


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[Assistant] Oh, yes. Oh, I didn't mean like that. Ha. Ain't you got a home or something?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You shouldn't be fucking strange men for money. I'll give you some money. I need junk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nico, I hear my brother Derek is asking you to ice his old drinking buddy, eh? No mouth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, I've got the truck. When we have them blocked in, we take down the escort and make off with the prism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great, they're leaving the old cop shop now, should be at the booth tunnel soon.


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[Assistant] Alright man, we're coming to you. We'll take out the escort, but keep Derek's pal alive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got rid of the unwanted attention. Now it's time for business. Get us to the cliffs in Leftwood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cliffs. The sea air. I really am free. I could cry. You've made me a happy man, boys. Now it's time to tell me who asked you to do this. Name Derek McCreary ringing bells?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's my brother. Derek? But he ratted me out! He's the reason I ended up in that place to start with, the spineless- So you thought you'd rat him out? This is the last sunset you're ever going to see. Enjoy it. Nico, send him packing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everyone got taken down. The rest of them should think the Albanian muscle is making a play.


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[Assistant] Rats! Okay, I got it, so... Now!


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[Assistant] You got the big problem then. Me? Ah, we my friend, we.


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[Assistant] Listen, where to begin? I don't know. Let me put it like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I- He's got it all wrong. He's got-


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[Assistant] The guy's name is Tom Goldberg. Thinks he's got something on me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not in the showers. Not a shower, it's a job interview. Then, you can steal some files I need. An interview? Sure. It'll be easy. You're an immigrant. They're almost legally bound to interview you. But, uh, get yourself a suit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've always been a good boy. You know me, Ma. Yes, I'll make Commissioner. No, I don't care about Paki. Listen, Ma, I've gotta go. Love you too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know it's funny, but I see a lot of me in you. You know why? No. You know there's no good and no evil. Just shades of fucking grey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanna make things a bit better. By any means necessary. And you? What do you want?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some drug dealer is holed up in a tower block in East Holland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This scumbag's been pushing drugs, pimping women, you name it, he's done it. I need him dealt with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the moon is made of cheese and the streets is paved with gold. Wake up!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, it'll take me a year to get the evidence. More maybe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If someone was to tell me you were some fresh off the boat killer with more balls than brains, I'd say he was about right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, you got a deal. Head on up to Voxite and call me. Fight cheese.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are you trying to get us both killed, you fucking asshole? What? I send you to destroy an organization and you only make the boss disappear. Now his chief lieutenant is holed up in an apartment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One more. That guy's a fuckin' lowlife. He means nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the guy lives in an apartment on Denver between B and W. He's holed up there pretty tight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I left a rifle for you in the trunk of a car at the corner of Albany and M.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The famous snitching trader for a brother. You know, the crooks I can handle. See, that I can spin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know how to cure hiccups. You stand on your head. I think it's working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How you doin', kid? Fine. Ah! Hey! That McBastard friend of yours says you're okay. Good. That you're reliable. Yep. But can I trust you? Hm? Why go through all this? Why stick your neck out? Why do all this work? Because I need the money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, maybe we can help. See how we do. So anyways, I got this friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Only the friend ain't my friend no more because he ain't getting me the vigios. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seems this guy does not respect the waste management business. Lives over in a project on Galveston, near you. Name is Teddy Benavidez. Do what you gotta do. Somebody gets burnt, so be it. Fine. And you'll pay. Hey, you kid not pay double. Cool. But! You mess up, bad things are gonna happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeaah. Oh, this is black church good.


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[Assistant] Christmas is not about what happened in a manger some two thousand years ago. It is about what you do for others now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lovejoy's on fire! Christmas is the Holy Spirit! I didn't know there were doves in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give with your hearts, give with your acts, and you will know the true meaning of Christmas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought they were just gonna watch me. Excuse me, this eggnog is terrible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We now return to King Winter Feasts on His Children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The blocks are red, like me. So maybe I should go first. Red, red, red. Red, red, red. They're all red.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're supposed to suspend your values, your morals, even your feelings. Sometimes you can't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got a solid four of Matt, Moana, Tarzan and myself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unfortunately, we clearly sit at the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Matt's used to fighting tooth and nail. You know, he's been a team member all his life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could have ASEAN conversations with these people, but if their minds made up, their minds made up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The magazine was flipping through survivor history by the people who made that history. So Lee opened up our little barista coffee shop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trying to hide from the tabloids is not a good idea. I lied about a idle clue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was designed to throw off three people off the scent, um, but it all backfired because then they thought I was lying to them as well, which I can see why they thought that. Yes, I remember what happened and it is not going to happen again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's going to tear this beach apart and everyone on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We really want Matt to think we're all voting for Moenna. But if everything goes to plan, Jackie will go home tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jonathan? Sorry, while we're on topic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nico Bellic, right? Yea, that's me. Stay in convoy with us all the way to City Hall. Alright? Sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, buddy, we're here to pick up the shipment. I don't speak English. Fuck off!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Back at your camp, there's a termite mound inside an idol should be bound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know that I got all the votes last tribal, you know, I'm on the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know that Moana is gunning for me. She took a shot at me last tribal council.


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[Assistant] But she doesn't know I have an advantage.


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[Assistant] At the cake reward, I found an idle clue. Having an advantage like this is huge.


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[Assistant] Dave and I have kind of, you know, we've been almost in it together. We've been on the bottom together.


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[Assistant] Even though, after the last tribal council, I didn't vote with David. I voted, uhm, against David and I voted with Nick.


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[Assistant] But I feel like it shows him I am still with him and we can still count on each other and we're still in it together.


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[Assistant] I need to find this idol. Or I could be in trouble again.


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[Assistant] Am I missing something? Like, did I misread the clue?


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[Assistant] Losing isn't fun, uhm, I don't mind losing the reward.


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[Assistant] But if we lose the immunity challenge, well I could be in trouble.


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[Assistant] She plays this game in her own way, and she's got people that are not wavering from her, locked into her. She's secured this really tight alliance. That's good gameplay. She's not to be underestimated.


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[Assistant] I've not found an idol and I have searched everywhere that I could think to look, I have already looked.


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[Assistant] There are a couple of people here whose votes I'm getting, irrespective of whatever I do. I'm getting Moana's vote, I'm getting Jacky and Tarzan's vote.


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[Assistant] Need to try to make them see that Moana is not a good option for them moving forward. Uhm, that I'm the better option and that I can be trusted.


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[Assistant] I also know Nick has an extra vote up his sleeve, which is an advantage he found in a Pandora's box. It feels like it's the right time to play that advantage.


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[Assistant] Moana should get five or six votes tonight and there's only, you know, nine bars left.


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[Assistant] I'm pretty confident I'll be catching some votes tonight.


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[Assistant] But I'm just gonna hope that I can rely on the relationships that I have. I think I've done what I can do, so...


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[Assistant] It's a little bit of a shame that I've kind of been a little bit swap screwed.


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[Assistant] Like I've come over here with three people that were in the minority alliance. And the first thing that Moana did was sell everybody out and target me.


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[Assistant] I don't have anything, uhm, to say. I think right now, the less I say, the better.


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[Assistant] The way all kind of like, the pretty girls have got together and they're like, nyah nyah nyah.


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[Assistant] I'm trying to like make sure Matt's working with me. I'm trying to make sure Locky's working with me. And at the same time, I'm pretty good across the board with the girls. So right now, I'm in a really good position.


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[Assistant] Haha, yeaah. Surprised? Uh, pretty surprised about that. But uhm, yeaah. Crazy. Why are you happy?


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[Assistant] I dunno, I thought Henry would probably be a big threat for me that I'd have to deal with at some point. But lucky, uh, these guys have dealt with him for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We get down to business, we start eating, and then as, uh, we kinda look up, on the back wall, there's photos of everyone with their mom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, where should we park our pills? What pills?


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[Assistant] My name is Jenny McCarthy, and I endorse this tirade. And I endorse this tirade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was so many discussions today and plans kind of thrown around.


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[Assistant] It's difficult to know if I know the one that Shani's talking about, but yeah, there were lots of conversations to be had.


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[Assistant] I don't get it. There are taboos about premarital sex in the middle eastern. You don't see those people getting all violent.


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[Assistant] She really did not see that coming at all. We got her good. Got her real good. I feel so elated right now.


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[Assistant] But last night we found out Harry has an advantage. I don't know what that's gonna be. And that's making me feel a bit nervous.


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[Assistant] I really want to know what Harry's advantage is. There's just no way to find out because dirty Harry is keeping his dirty little secret.


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[Assistant] It was just nice to get away from our, you know, survivor husbands.


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[Assistant] But everybody was drooling, shining a night for information.


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[Assistant] Yeah, Nick straight up said, I can't talk to you today or I might be the next one going. And so he laid really low.


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[Assistant] Yo, what's going on guys, Tanmayar for Simple Snippets and welcome back to the part two of doubly linked list data structure. And in this video tutorial, we're going to be implementing the data structure using C++ programming language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you have missed the part one, I will drop the link to part one in the video description and you can also see a card. In fact, I will drop the entire link to this complete data structures and algorithms playlist. You will find a lot of topics in this entire playlist as well. And with that being said, let's start off with today's topic. Now, quick disclaimer before we start.


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[Assistant] Implementing of any kind of data structure usually happens in multiple ways.


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[Assistant] And by that what I'm trying to say is if you search the internet, you'll find various different codes with different syntax, which does the same thing for doubly linked list or any other data structure.


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[Assistant] However, we are going to be applying our own approach and that's what we discussed in part one. So that's why I told you that you do check out that part because in that part we've discussed the algorithm and our approach that we're going to use. And we also saw what happens behind the scenes and how the standard doubly linked list operations happen and what happens in the computer memory. Now, it's not like you will not understand anything if you haven't watched the part one, but it will be very easy if you've already watched it.


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[Assistant] Okay, so enough of the long intro. Let's get started. And as you can see on the screen, I have already opened up my dvc++ ID and typed in the


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[Assistant] Boilerplate that is the structure of the C++ program. You can do the same. Just pause the screen and quickly type it out.


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[Assistant] So the first thing that we're going to do is we're going to create the node class and in wlinklist we know our node class has four different information, the previous pointer, the key, the data and the next pointer. So let's create that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if you're using C programming, you can also use structures. I'm gonna use classes and objects concept.


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[Assistant] By the way, I also have a complete C++ programming tutorials playlist. If you don't know classes and objects and the concept of pointers, which are gonna be needed in this tutorial, do check them out in this entire tutorial playlist. Okay, so creating the class node. So I'm gonna say class node.


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[Assistant] In the public part, I'm going to keep all the data members. I know data members are supposed to be kept private, but just to make things simple, I'm going to do everything inside the public part, the public access specifier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these are the four things that we need. We have the key and keeping the data type as int for simplicity purpose. You can have different data types also.


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[Assistant] So we have key, we have data, then we have two pointers next and previous and both of them have the same type as the class. Okay.


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[Assistant] So class node is what the type is of these pointers because these pointers are going to be pointing other objects of the same class. Okay.


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[Assistant] So these are the data members. Let's create two constructors also. Let's create a default constructor first.


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[Assistant] So in the default constructor what I'm doing is I'm assigning 0 and 0 to key and data and the next and previous pointer I'm assigning null.


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[Assistant] When we create a node object in the main function right now, we are not doing anything in the main function. We are creating the class node and this is pretty much done.


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[Assistant] Now we have to get started with creating the main class that is the doubly English class inside which all the standard operations that is all the functions and methods are going to be included. So let's create that. So now I'm going to say class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which points to the first node. Okay, so that's why we need this data member inside this class.


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[Assistant] You'll understand more in detail as we progress through this entire program. Now this is the only one data member that is residing in the doubly linked list class.


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[Assistant] Now again in this class also we will quickly create the constructors.


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[Assistant] So first one is gonna be a default constructor inside which we assign head as null. So whenever a doubly linked list object is created for the first time,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or inside that object is gonna be pointing to null, right? It is not gonna be pointing to first node. But however, if we create a doubly linked list object by passing a node object


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[Assistant] Method or function, by the way when we say method it is basically


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[Assistant] A function inside a class, okay. It's one and the same.


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[Assistant] Just that when a function is kept inside a class, it is addressed as method. Okay. So the first method is we have to create a method to check if a node exists using key value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you'll understand why we need this as we move ahead. So let's first create that method. I'm going to say node star.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the reason why I'm giving node star as a return type is because if the node exists in the doubly linked list with this particular key, it will return address to that object. Okay, so address of that object and it's going to be a node type object only.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's why node star. Okay, you'll understand more as we move ahead or as we write the code inside this method. Let's go ahead. The first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to say node star temp equals to null. So I'm creating a temporary pointer of class node and I'm storing null inside it initially. Now I'm again creating one more pointer ptr of the same class node and I'm saying equal to head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the head pointer is going to be inside the object of doubly linked list class, right? So whatever that head pointer is pointing or whatever address that head pointer is storing, that address will be stored in this temporary ptr pointer. Okay. So we are going to use this ptr. You'll understand.


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[Assistant] I'll explain to you what is happening. Right now, just follow along. And outside the if condition, I'm gonna say ptr is equal to ptr of next.


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[Assistant] And at the end of the function or end of the method actually, we have to return a pointer, right? We have to return address because that's the return type. So we will return temp. Okay, I'm gonna say return.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now temp is a pointer of node class. So we can return that because that's the return type. Okay. Okay. So what did I just do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So at this line what I'm doing I'm creating a pointer ptr of node class and I'm assigning the address which is stored inside the head pointer. Now head pointer is obviously going to point to the first node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that address is gonna be stored in the PTR pointer. Now I'm gonna say while PTR is not null, that is it is having some actual address, then I'm gonna go inside and say if


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now remember ptr is a pointer of class node, which is pointing to an object of node type only. So when it comes to accessing the data members inside that object using a pointer, we have to use this syntax.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To access the object's key. And that's the reason why I kept the key as public in the public section so that we can easily access it. And now what I'm checking is if that key is equal to what we passed.


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[Assistant] Because we need to check if the node exists, right? So we have to go from starting node till the end node and we have to check every node's key value. So this is what is happening in the while loop. So let's say for the first time we did not find the matching key. So in that case this if block will not be executed. And now what I'm doing is I'm saying ptr is equal to ptr of next.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now ptr is pointing to let's say object n1 for the first time. So at this line what is happening I'm seeing now the ptr will point to the next object because every object has a next pointer also. So in the n1 object we will have a next pointer which will be storing address of the next object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that address I am now assigning to the ptr pointer and then this will keep on going until and unless we come to the end of the list and at the end of the list in the last node the next pointer is going to be having an address of null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So that's when this loop will exit. And in between if we find a particular match, then the address of that particular node will be stored in this temp pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is what we are returning. So if we find a match in all those nodes, let's say we have 10 nodes in the doubly linked list. If you find a matching node having the same key value, then at least one time this if block is going to be executed, which means that the temp will have a proper address and not null. So that's why we are returning that temp over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you do not find a match, then this if block will never be executed, which means that the temp pointer will have null only, which was assigned at the very start. It did not change because the only change happening to the temp pointer is inside the if block. And for the if block to execute, we need to find a match. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is the mechanism that we're going to use to find if a particular node exists in the particular doubly linked list data structure. Okay, so this was the first method. Let's move on to the next. Now the next method is append a node to the list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as the name suggests appending happens at the end of the list. So again, we have to traverse till the end and attach a new node at the end. So how do we do that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since we are playing with pointers, we are gonna use address because pass by address actually changes the values and there is a difference between pass by value, pass by address and pass by reference. I have a clear video if you don't know or if you are confused because a lot of times beginners are confused between these three topics.


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[Assistant] Or these three concepts. I've clearly explained it over here. You can see a card on the top right corner. Go check that video out. It is very important. So when you want a permanent change to happen, we use pass by address or pass by reference. We are going to be using pass by address. So that's why we are using or we are passing the address of the node objects over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first thing what we have to do is, in the append node, we will first have to check whether the node exists or not, right? So whatever this new node we want to attach, what if the key value of this new node matches some key value in the existing w-linklist nodes? So that is not allowed, right? We need to have unique key values.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first thing that we have to do is, we have to check if node exists. And that is the reason why we created this method over here. So the first condition, if condition what I'm gonna say is, if and inside this I'm gonna say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Check if node exists and whatever node I'm passing by address. So this is basically a pointer to that object rate. So this end pointer.


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[Assistant] I'm saying n of key, so I'm accessing the key of that object that I'm passing by address and checkifNodeExist requires an integer key value.


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[Assistant] And that is what I'm passing over here. And this method will return a valid address or it will return null depending on whether that particular node exists or not. So let's see I pass 5 over here.


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[Assistant] So if phi exists or if a node exists having the key value of phi, that address will be returned.


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[Assistant] And it will not be equal to null, right? So if it is not equal to null, it will mean that a node exists already in the doubly linked list having the same key value as this newly passed node. So in that case, I'm going to say node already exists with key value n of key upon another node with different key. And if it returns null,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that case, I can proceed ahead. So in the else part, I'm gonna write the code where we have to append this newly passed node.


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[Assistant] And when it comes to appending, as I mentioned, we have to append it at the end. So we have to first traverse from the head node till the end of the node, right? But there is a catch over here in the else part also we have two conditions. Now the first condition was whether the node already exists with that particular key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that is solved over here. Now in the else part, we have two conditions. Either we are appending the node for the first time, which means that there is absolutely no node in the doubly linked list. So in that case, the head value or the head pointer in the doubly linked list will be having null, right? So you have to check for that. So I'm going to say if head equal equal to null.


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[Assistant] Then I'm directly gonna store this address in the head pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because head is also of node class, head is a pointer of node class and we are passing a pointer only basically. So this is directly assigned and I'm gonna say node appended and I'll say as head node to differentiate. Now this was first condition, now the second condition is when


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Head is not equal to null, which means that there are some values in the doubly linked list. Because if head is not equal to null, head is pointing to an object, right? And that object is of type node only.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there are some nodes in the doubly linked list. So now in the else part we have to traverse till the end. How do we traverse till the end? We use this same concept of while pointer not equal to null. So we have to create these things. So let's do that. Okay, so this is


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[Assistant] The lines of code that you have to type again. I'm creating the pointer. So this is a temporary node pointer PTR. I store the address which is stored in the head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I'm using this ptr to iterate through the entire loop. Now in the else part, if we come in the else part, we already know that the


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[Assistant] So that's why we directly start off with ptr of next because ptr is currently storing the same address as head. So I'm saying if ptr of next not equal to null, which means if head is pointing to node n1


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then ptr is also pointing to node n1. Now, if I want to access the next pointer inside n1, I have to say ptr off and use this hyphen and closing bracket because this is a pointer and this is how you access the data members and we are accessing the next pointer inside n1, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm saying while ptr of next not equal to null and inside this I'm gonna say ptr is equal to ptr of next. So we have to move from n1 to n2 right. So n2 address is stored in n1 next pointer. Now ptr is pointing to n1. So we are saying


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ptr of next is stored in ptr. So now ptr will start pointing to n2. Okay, I hope you are understanding. I'll put a diagram over here somewhere for better understanding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next value is not null. So as soon as the pointer reaches at n3, it will say ptr of next equal equal to null, right? And it is null. So we will exit this loop and now we are at the end of the entire doubly linked list. You can see pointer ptr is pointing to n3. So we are saying


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ptr of next which means n3 of next equals to n. Now this n is the node that we are wanting to append that we passed in this argument over here inside this method itself. So this address is now stored in n3 of next provided that there are three


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nodes in the doubly linked list, we are assuming that there are three. There can be many more and then this while loop will execute till we reach the end itself. So if there are five nodes, we will have five iterations of while loop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then one thing that you have to do is we also have to point back, right? So when we pass this newly created node n, that is address of this newly created node n, it will also have next pointer and previous pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this newly passed node needs to be attached properly. So we have to make two connections. So the first connection is done over here. ptr of next equals to n that is n3 of next equals to n you can see on the screen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we also have to go back, that is n of previous equals to ptr. So it also has to point back, right? So this newly appended node also has to point back to the node which is one, one iteration behind or just besides it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is how you do it. N of previous equals to ptr. And then now you can say node appended successfully. So I hope you are understanding. This is how the appended node goes. Let's move on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the third one is prepend node and this one is pretty easy so I'm directly gonna copy page the code and explain to you what is happening. So this is the prepend node code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now prepend happens at the start of the doubly linked list. So whenever you want to prepend a new node, you just attach it at the start. So you don't have to traverse till the end. So obviously first thing you have to check if node exists, right? So let me just change this method name to node exists over here also. All right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first thing we do is we again check if the node that we want to prepend, whether it already exists. And when I say whether it already exists, I am saying whether the key value of this new node that we want to prepend already exists in the doubly linked list. If it exists, then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have to give a message that this node already exists with this particular key value. You cannot have duplicate key values, right? And if it doesn't exist, then we have to go in the else part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's why we created this node exist method at the start. We're using it pretty much everywhere, right? So this is very important. Okay, so in the else part what we have to do, now we want to add or prepend this node n at the start. Now the head pointer inside the doubly linked list is already pointing at n1, let's assume.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now we want it to point to this newly passed node n. So the only thing that we have to do is we have to say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Head of previous, so right now head is pointing to n1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when I say head of previous, what I'm saying, I'm accessing the previous pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This newly passed node will now point to n1, that is the first node. Now if you just write these two lines, still the problem exists that the head pointer is still pointing to n1 and not this newly passed node you can see in the diagram. So now I will say head equals to n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now the new address stored in the head pointer is gonna be of this newly passed node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now the doubly linked list will start from this n, n object. Okay. And now you can say node prepended.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now one more thing that you need to understand over here is again in the else part also we have two conditions and the two conditions are if head equal equal to null. So let's just first


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Copy this and paste it over here. And if head equals null, it means that there is no node in the doubly linked list. We will directly assign the address of this newly passed node into the head pointer and you can say node prepended, right? And in the else part,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also apply over here in prepend rule. So don't forget that. So this standard operation is done. Let's move ahead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so the next method is a little bit lengthy because it has multiple conditions and it is inserting a node after a particular node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the method name is insertNodeAfter and it is taking two parameters. The first parameter is the key of the node after which you want to attach the new node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the address of the new node, okay, or the pointer to that new node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing again, what we're doing is we're checking if node exists, but here you can see we're not using it in an if condition. We know that when the node exists, it returns the address to that particular node, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the return type of this node exist method. So you are passing the key and we are checking in the double linked list whether this particular node exists. If it exists, it will properly give us a address which will be stored in this pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we have to check is we have to check for the keys and see if this newly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And check that also. So first node exist was for whether a node exist or not after which you want to insert this new node. The second node exist is for this new nodes key matching with any other key of the doubly linked list nodes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if it again matches, we have to say a node already exists with that particular key. You cannot enter a node with the same key. Now, if these two checks are done, now in the else part again, we have multiple conditions. So the two conditions are appending at the end or inserting at the end actually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the second is inserting in between. So what I'm doing over here is I'm creating another node pointer and I'm storing the address of the next node to the current node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To that node after which we want to insert the new node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so if you want to diagrammatically represent this, let's assume that you have three nodes n1, n2 and n3 again. And now you want to insert node at the end, which means you want to insert a node after n3. So you will first have to reach till n3, right? So when you call this node exist method,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will give us the address of that node after which we want to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Insert the new node, right? And we want to insert after 3. Let's say you pass key as 3. Now, n3 as the key as 3. Let's assume n3 as the key as 3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the address of n3 will be stored in ptr. So when I say ptr of next, I'm saying n3 of next. Now we know that n3 is the last object in the doubly linked list. So after n3 we have null. So null will be stored in next node. So that's how you check whether we are at the end of the list or we are in between.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if next node is equal equal to null, then we know that we are at end of the list. So in the end of the list, we, it's very simple. We just say,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ptr of next equals to n. So we are saying n3 of next equals to this newly passed node n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So address is stored. And I'm saying n of previous, we also have to do the back linking. So that's why I'm saying n of previous equals to ptr. So this newly passed n, let's say n4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will pass 2 over here, right? We are passing this same k. So when I pass 2, the address of node 2 is gonna be returned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now ptr is pointing to n2. So next node pointer will be ptr of next, which means n2 of next. So n2 of next is the address of n3. So n3 is stored over here. And this is not going to be null because n3 is an object which is having an actual address, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now this if block will not be true, we will go in the else part. So this is where inserting in between is happening. So now what we're doing is we're saying n of next equals to next node. So what is happening?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this n is basically n4. So I'm gonna say n4 of next equals to next node, which means the next pointer of n4 will point to n3. So one connection is made. You can see it from the diagram. Then we have next node of previous that is n3 of previous. Next node is n3, right? So n3 of previous equals to n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the back linking from N3 to N4 is done. Now we are saying N of previous equals to ptr. N is again N4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] n4 of previous equals to ptr, ptr is n2. So that backlinking is done from n4 to n2. And lastly, we will say ptr of next equals to n, which means n2 of next equals to n4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now you can see a new link is created completely between N2 and N3 and between N2 and N3 we have a new node N4. So now we can say node inserted in between.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I hope you are understanding this, the diagram might be making it much more easy to understand, but this is the exact steps that you have to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this was inserting a node after a particular node in the list. Let's move ahead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm just going to copy paste the entire code over here and we'll go line by line and we'll take the help of diagram to understand it. Okay, so this is delete node by key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you want to delete a node in the entire doubly linked list, obviously you need to uniquely identify that node which you want to delete. And the way you uniquely identify is by using its key. So that's why we want all the key values to be unique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it exists, it will return an address and it will be stored in this pointer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it is null, it means that no node exists with the key. We cannot delete that. So else what we're checking is, since we now know that there exists a node,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which you want to delete. So we have to first check whether that node is the head node itself. So here we check if head of key equals to that newly passed key that is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whether the key of the head node is matching to this past key, then we have to delete the head node itself, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in that case, what we will say head equals to head of next. So let's say we have n1, n2 and n3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we are passing 1 and the key value of n1 is also 1. So you can see head pointer is currently pointing to n1. So here we say head of key which is 1, right? Equal equal to key or k. Now k is also 1 so it is matching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we did not delete the node n1, we just removed the link and now the head is now pointing to n2. Okay, so the next time wlink list will start, it will start from n2. Even though the object n1 is already gonna be there in the memory, it will not be a part of the wlink list. So that's why we say node unlinked with key value. So this if condition is whether when the key of the head itself is matching the key that we passed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when it is not matching the head, then we have to traverse to that particular node, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's say you pass n3, which is let's say we have three node objects in the doubly linked list n1, n2 and n3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it will not be equal to null, so this if will not be executed, we will come in the else. In the else we will check if head of key equal equal to k, head of key is 1 and the key or k that we passed is equal to 3. So this is also not equal, so this if block will not be executed. So now the else block will be executed, we will come over here. So now what we do is we come over here and say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next node equals to ptr of next. So n3 of next we know is null. So null will be stored in next node. Previous node is equal to ptr of previous. So ptr is pointing to n3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So how do we come to know that we are deleting or de-linking a node at the end when the next node is equal to null, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's what we check over here and right now since we passed key as 3 we are at n3 which means we are at the end only. So we are delinking n3 only. So we are at the end. So what we do is we say previous node of next


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we are saying n2 of next equals to null. So we are breaking the link of n2 to n3 that is the next pointer is now become null. So you can see that link is broken.