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[Assistant] I think that it would be a pleasure to my friend here to take the box round to the young lady to whom half of it rightfully belongs. Let her be the first to open it, eh, Watson? It would be a great pleasure to me.


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[Assistant] Rather an irregular proceeding," said Jones, shaking his head.


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[Assistant] The whole thing is irregular, and I suppose he must wink at it. The treasure must afterwards be handed over to the authorities, until after the official investigation.


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[Assistant] Certainly. That is easily managed. One other point.


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[Assistant] I should much like to have a few details about this matter from the lips of Jonathan Small himself.


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[Assistant] You know I like to work the detail of my cases out. There is no objection to my having an unofficial interview with him, either here in my rooms or elsewhere, as long as he is efficiently guarded.


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[Assistant] Well, you're a master of the situation. I've had no proof yet of the existence of this Jonathan Small. However, if you can catch him, I don't see how I can refuse you an interview with him. That is understood, then. Perfectly. Is there anything else?


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[Assistant] Only that I insist upon your dining with us. It will be ready in half an hour. I have oysters and a brace of grouse with something a little choice in white wines.


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[Assistant] Our meal was a merry one. Holmes could talk exceedingly well when he chose, and that night he did choose. He appeared to be in a state of nervous exultation.


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[Assistant] I've never known him so brilliant. He spoke on a quick succession of subjects,


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[Assistant] On miracle plays, on medieval pottery, on Stradivarius violins, on the Buddhism of Ceylon, and on the warships of the future.


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[Assistant] Handling each as though he had made a special study of it.


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[Assistant] His bright humour marked the reaction from his black depression of the preceding days.


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[Assistant] Atholney Jones proved to be a sociable soul in his hours of relaxation, and faced his dinner with the air of a bon vivant.


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[Assistant] For myself I felt elated at the thought that we were nearing the end of our task, and I caught something of Holmes's gaiety.


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[Assistant] None of us alluded during dinner to the cause which had brought us together.


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[Assistant] When the cloth was cleared, Holmes glanced at his watch and filled up three glasses with port.


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[Assistant] One bumper," said he, to the success of our little expedition. And now it is high time we were off. Have you a pistol, Watson? I have my old service revolver in my desk.


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[Assistant] You had best take it, then. It is well to be prepared. I see that the cab is at the door. I ordered it for half past six.


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[Assistant] It was little past seven before we reached the Westminster wharf and found our launch awaiting us. Holmes eyed it critically. Is there anything to mark it as a police boat? Yes, that green lamp at the side. Then take it off.


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[Assistant] The small change was made, we stepped on board, and the ropes were cast off.


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[Assistant] To the tower. Tell him to stop opposite Jacobson's yard.


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[Assistant] Our craft was evidently a very fast one. We shot past the long lines of loaded barges as though they were stationary.


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[Assistant] Holmes smiled with satisfaction as we overhauled a river steamer and left her behind us. We ought to be able to catch anything on the river, he said.


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[Assistant] Well, oddly that. But there are not many launches to beat us.


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[Assistant] We shall have to catch the Aurora, and she has a name for being a clipper. I will tell you how the land lies, Watson. You recollect how annoyed I was at being borked by so small a thing. Yes.


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[Assistant] Well, I gave my mind a thorough rest by plunging into a chemical analysis. One of our greatest statesmen has said that a change of work is the best rest. So it is.


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[Assistant] I came back to our problem of the shaltos and thought the whole matter out again.


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[Assistant] My boys had been up the river and down the river without result. The launch was not at any landing stage or wharf, nor had it returned.


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[Assistant] Yet it could hardly have been scuttled to hide their traces, though that always remained as a possible hypothesis if all else failed.


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[Assistant] I knew this man small had a certain degree of low cunning, but I did not think him capable of anything in the nature of delicate finesse. That is usually a product of higher education.


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[Assistant] I then reflected that since he had certainly been in London some time, as we had evidenced that he maintained a continual watch over Pondicherry Lodge, he could hardly leave at a moment's notice, but would need some little time, if it were only a day, to arrange his affairs. That was the balance of probability at any rate. It seems to me to be a little weak, said I.


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[Assistant] It is more probable that he had arranged his affairs before ever he set out upon his expedition.


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[Assistant] No, I hardly think so. This layer of his would be too valuable at a retreat, in case of need for him to give it up, until he was sure that he could do without it. But a second consideration struck me.


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[Assistant] Jonathan Small must have felt that the peculiar appearance of his companion—however much he may have top-coated him—would give rise to gossip, and possibly be associated with this Norwood tragedy. He was quite sharp enough to see that.


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[Assistant] They had started from their headquarters under cover of darkness, and he would wish to get back before it was broad light. Now it was past three o'clock, according to Mrs Smith, when they got the boat.


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[Assistant] It would be quite bright, and people would be about in an hour or so. Therefore I argued that they did not go very far. They paid Smith well to hold his tongue, reserved his launch for the final escape, and hurried to their lodgings with the treasure-box.


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[Assistant] In a couple of nights, when they had time to see what view the papers took, and whether there was any suspicion, they would make their way under cover of darkness to some ship at Gravesend or in the Downs, where no doubt they had already arranged for passages to America or the colonies.


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[Assistant] But the launch? They could not have taken that to their lodgings. Quite so.


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[Assistant] I argue that the launch must be no great way off, in spite of its invisibility.


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[Assistant] I then put myself in the place of small, and looked at it as a man of his capacity would.


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[Assistant] He would probably consider that to send back the launch, or to keep it at a wharf, would make pursuit easy if the police did happen to get on his track.


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[Assistant] How then could he conceal the launch, and yet have her at hand when wanted?


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[Assistant] I wondered what I should do myself if I were in his shoes. I could only think of one way of doing it.


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[Assistant] I might land the launch over to some boat builder or repairer, with directions to make a trifling change in her.


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[Assistant] She would then be removed to his shed or yard, and so be effectually concealed, while at the same time I could have her at a few hours notice. That seems simple enough.


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[Assistant] It is just these very simple things which are extremely liable to be overlooked.


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[Assistant] However, I determined to act on the idea.


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[Assistant] I started at once in this harmless seaman's rig, and inquired at all the yards down the


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[Assistant] I drew blank at fifteen, but at the sixteenth, Jacobson's, I learned that the Aurora had been handed over to them two days ago by a wooden-legged man, with some trivial directions as to her rudder.


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[Assistant] There ain't nought amiss with her rudder," said the foreman. There she lies, with the red streaks.


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[Assistant] At that moment, who should come down but Mordecai Smith, the missing owner?


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[Assistant] He was rather the worst for liquor. I should not, of course, have known him, but he bellowed out his name and the name of his launch.


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[Assistant] Eight o'clock sharp, mine, for I have two gentlemen who won't be kept waiting.


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[Assistant] They had evinly paid him well, for he was very flush of money, chucking shillings about to the men.


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[Assistant] I followed him some distance, but he subsided into an ale-house.


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[Assistant] So I went back to the yard, and, happening to pick up one of my boys on the way, I stationed him as a sentry over the launch.


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[Assistant] He is to stand at water's edge and wave his handkerchief to us when they start.


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[Assistant] We shall be lying off in the stream, and it will be a strange thing if we do not take men, treasure, and all.


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[Assistant] You have planned it all very neatly, whether they are the right men or not," said Jones. But if the affair were in my hands, I should have had a body of police in Jacobson's yard and arrested them when they came down. Which would have been never.


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[Assistant] This man small is a pretty shrewd fellow. He would send a scout on ahead, and if anything made him suspicious, lie snug for another week.


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[Assistant] But you might have stuck to Mordecai Smith, and so been led to their hiding place," said I.


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[Assistant] In that case I would have wasted my day. I think that it is a hundred to one against Smith knowing where they live. As long as he has liquor and a good pay, why should he ask questions?


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[Assistant] They send him messages, what to do. No, I thought every possible course, and this is the best.


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[Assistant] While this conversation had been proceeding, we had been shooting the long series of bridges which spanned the Thames. As we passed the city the last rays of the sun were gilding the cross upon the summit of St. Paul's. It was twilight before we reached the tower.


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[Assistant] That is Jacobson's yard," said Holmes, pointing to a bristle of masts and rigging on the Surrey side.


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[Assistant] Cruise gently up and down here under cover of this string of lighters.


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[Assistant] Suppose we go down stream a short way and lie and wait for them," said Jones eagerly.


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[Assistant] We were all eager by this time, even the policemen and stokers, who had a very vague idea of what was going forward.


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[Assistant] We have no right to take anything for granted, Holmes answered.


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[Assistant] It is certainly 10 to 1 that they go downstream, but we cannot be certain.


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[Assistant] From this point we can see the entrance of the yard, and they can hardly see us. It will be a clear night and plenty of light. We must stay where we are. See how the folk swarm over yonder in the gaslight. They are coming from work in the yard.


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[Assistant] Dirty looking rascals. But I suppose every one has some little immortal spark concealed about him.


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[Assistant] You would not think it, to look at them. There is no a priori probability about it. A strange enigma is man.


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[Assistant] Someone calls him a soul concealed in an animal, I suggested.


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[Assistant] Wynwood Reed is good upon the subject," said Holmes. He remarks that while the individual man is an insoluble puzzle, in the aggregate he becomes a mathematical certainty.


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[Assistant] You can, for example, never foretell what any one man will do, but you can say with precision what an average number will be up to.


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[Assistant] But do I see a handkerchief? Surely there is a white flutter over yonder.


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[Assistant] Yes, it is your boy, I cried. I can see him plainly.


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[Assistant] And there is the Aurora, exclaimed Holmes, and going like the devil. Full speed ahead, engineer. Make after that launch with the yellow light. By heaven, I shall never forgive myself if she proves to have the heels of us.


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[Assistant] She had slipped unseen through the yard entrance and passed behind two or three small craft, so that she had fairly got her speed up before we saw her.


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[Assistant] Now she was flying down the stream, near into the shore, going at a tremendous rate. Jones looked gravely at her, and shook his head.


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[Assistant] She's very fast, he said. I doubt if we shall catch her.


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[Assistant] We must catch her, cried Holmes, between his teeth. Heap it on, Stokers. Make her do all she can. If we burn the boat, we must have them.


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[Assistant] We were fairly after her now. The furnaces roared and the powerful engines whizzed and clanked like a great metallic heart.


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[Assistant] Her sharp, steep prow cut through the river water and sent two rolling waves to right and to left of us. With every throb of the engines we sprang and quivered like a living thing.


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[Assistant] One great yellow lantern in our bows through a long flickering funnel of light in front of us.


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[Assistant] Right ahead a dark blur upon the water showed where the aurora lay, and a swirl of white foam behind her spoke of the pace at which she was going. We flashed past barges, steamers, merchant vessels, in and out, behind this one and round the other. Voices hailed us out of the darkness.


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[Assistant] But still the Aurora thundered on, and still we followed close upon her track.


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[Assistant] Pile it on, men, pile it on!" cried Holmes, looking down into the engine room, while the fierce glow from below beat upon his eager, aquiline face. Get every pound of steam you can!


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[Assistant] I think we can gain a little," said Jones, with his eyes on the Aurora. I'm sure of it, said I. We shall be up with her in a very few minutes.


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[Assistant] At that moment, however, as our evil fate would have it, a tug with three barges in tow blundered in between us.


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[Assistant] It was only by putting our helm hard down that we avoided a collision, and before we could round them and recover our way, the Aurora had gained a good two hundred yards.


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[Assistant] She was still, however, well in view, and the murky, uncertain twilight was setting into a clear starlit night.


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[Assistant] Our boilers were strained to their utmost, and the frail shell vibrated and creaked with the fierce energy which was driving us along.


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[Assistant] We had shot through the pool, past the West India docks, down the Long Deptford Reach, and up again after rounding the Isle of Dogs.


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[Assistant] One man sat by the stern with something black between his knees over which he stooped.


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[Assistant] Beside him lay a dark mass which looked like a newfoundland dog.


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[Assistant] The boy held the tiller, while against the red glare of the furnace I could see old Smith strip to the waist and shoveling coals for dear life.


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[Assistant] They may have had some doubt at first as to whether we were really pursuing them.


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[Assistant] But now, as we followed every winding and turning which they took, there could be no longer any question about it.


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[Assistant] At Greenwich we were about 300 paces behind them.


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[Assistant] At Blackwall we could not have been more than two hundred and fifty.


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[Assistant] I have coursed many creatures in many countries during my chequered career, but never did sport give me such a wild thrill as this mad flying manhunt down the Thames.


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[Assistant] Steadily we drew in upon them, yard by yard.


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[Assistant] In the silence of the night we could hear the panting and clanking of their machinery.


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[Assistant] The man in the stern still crouched upon the deck, and his arms were moving as though he were busy, while every now and then he would look up and measure with a glance the distance which still separated us.


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[Assistant] Nearer we came, and nearer. Jones yelled to them to stop.


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[Assistant] We were not more than four boats lengths behind them, both boats flying at a tremendous pace.


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[Assistant] It was a clear reach of the river, with barking level upon one side, and the melancholy plumstered marshes upon the other.


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[Assistant] At our hail the man in the stern sprang up from the deck and shook his two clenched fists at us, cursing the wild in a high, cracked voice.


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[Assistant] He was a good-sized, powerful man, and as he stood, poisoning himself with legs astride, I could see that from the thigh downwards there was but a wooden stump upon the right side.


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[Assistant] At the sound of his strident, angry cries there was movement in the huddled bundle upon the deck.


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[Assistant] It straightened itself into a little black man, the smallest I have ever seen.


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[Assistant] With a great misshapen head and the shock of tangled dishevelled hair.


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[Assistant] Holmes had already drawn his revolver, and I whipped out mine at the sight of this savage, distorted creature.


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[Assistant] He was wrapped in some sort of dark ulster or blanket, which left only his face exposed.


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[Assistant] But that face was enough to give a man a sleepless night.


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[Assistant] Never have I seen features so deeply marked with all bestiality and cruelty.


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[Assistant] His small eyes glowed and burned with a sombre light, and his thick lips were writhed back from his teeth, which grinned and chattered at us with a half-animal fury.


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[Assistant] Fire if he raises his hand," said Holmes quietly. We were within a boat's length by this time, and almost within touch of our quarry.


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[Assistant] I can see the two of them now as they stood, the white man with his legs far apart, shrieking out curses, and the unhallowed dwarf with his hideous face and his strong yellow teeth gnashing at us in the light of our lantern. It was well that we had so clear a view of him.


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[Assistant] Even as we looked he plucked out from under his covering a short, round piece of wood like a school ruler and clapped it to his lips. Our pistols rang out together.


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[Assistant] He whirled round, threw up his arms, and with a kind of choking cough fell sideways into the stream.


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[Assistant] I caught one glimpse of his venomous, menacing eyes amid the white swirl of the waters.


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[Assistant] At the same moment the wooden-legged man threw himself upon the rudder and put it hard down so that his boat made straight in for the southern bank while we shot past her stern, only clearing her by a few feet. We were round after her in an instant, but she was already nearly at the bank.


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[Assistant] It was a wild and desolate place where the moon glimmered upon a wide expanse of marshland, with pools of stagnant water and beds of decaying vegetation.


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[Assistant] The launch, with a dull thud, ran up upon the mud bank with her bow in the air and her stern flush with the water.


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[Assistant] the fugitive sprang out but his stump instantly sank its whole length into the sodden soil in vain he struggled and writhed


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[Assistant] Not one step could he possibly take either forwards or backwards.


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[Assistant] He yelled in impotent rage, and kicked frantically into the mud with his other foot.


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[Assistant] But his struggles only bored his wooden pen the deeper into the sticky bank.


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[Assistant] When we brought our launch alongside, he was so firmly anchored, it was only by throwing the end of a rope over his shoulders that we were able to haul him out and to drag him, like some evil fish, over our side.


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[Assistant] The two Smiths, father and son, sat sullenly in their launch, but came aboard meekly enough when commanded.


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[Assistant] The aurora herself was hauled off and made fast to our stern. A solid iron chest of Indian workmanship stood upon the deck. This, there could be no question, was the same that had contained the ill-omened treasure of the Shaltos. There was no key


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[Assistant] But it was of considerable weight, so we transferred it carefully to our own little cabin.


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[Assistant] As we steamed slowly upstream again, we flashed our searchlight in every direction, but there was no sign of the islander.


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[Assistant] Somewhere in the dark ooze at the bottom of the Thames lie the bones of that strange visitor to our shores.


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[Assistant] See here, said Holmes, pointing to the wooden hatchway. We were hardly quick enough with our pistols.


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[Assistant] There, sure enough, just behind where we had been standing, stuck one of those murderous darts which we knew so well.


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[Assistant] It must have whizzed between us at the instant that we fired.


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[Assistant] Holmes smiled at it and shrugged his shoulders in his easy fashion.


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[Assistant] A series of events called the menstrual cycle happens about once every month to prepare a woman's body for pregnancy.


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[Assistant] Changing levels of natural chemicals in the bloodstream called hormones control these events.


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[Assistant] The reproductive organs affected by these hormones include the vagina,


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[Assistant] The ovaries produce two main hormones called estrogen and progesterone.


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[Assistant] As the level of estrogen begins to rise,


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[Assistant] It causes the normally thick mucus inside the cervix to thin out.


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[Assistant] Estrogen also triggers other hormones to cause one of the ovaries to release an egg. This process is called ovulation.


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[Assistant] If a woman has sex during this time, a man's reproductive cells, called sperm, can pass through the thinner mucus to fertilize an egg.


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[Assistant] In the uterus, estrogen causes the lining to thicken which prepares it to receive a fertilized egg.


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[Assistant] Rising progesterone levels cause glands in the lining to release fluid that feeds the fertilized egg.


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[Assistant] Progesterone also causes the thinned out mucus in the cervix to become thick again, which prevents sperm from passing through.


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[Assistant] If an egg hasn't been fertilized, the levels of both estrogen and progesterone begin to fall.


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[Assistant] This drop in hormone levels causes menstruation, a process where the uterus sheds its inner tissue lining and blood through the vagina.


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[Assistant] Birth control pills are medications that a woman takes every day to prevent pregnancy.


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[Assistant] The most common and effective type of birth control pill is a combination pill.


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[Assistant] It contains both estrogen and progestin, which is a manmade hormone similar to progesterone.


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[Assistant] The estrogen and progestin from the pill maintain constant levels of these hormones in the body.


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[Assistant] These levels prevent the body from releasing similar hormones that cause ovulation.


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[Assistant] Without ovulation, there is no egg available for fertilization, so a woman can't get pregnant.


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[Assistant] Progestin also prevents pregnancy by keeping the mucus in the cervix thick enough so sperm can't get through it.


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[Assistant] A third effect of progestin on pregnancy involves its influence on the lining of the uterus.


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[Assistant] In contrast to natural progesterone, progestin is slightly different chemically.


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[Assistant] Over time, it makes the uterine lining thinner instead of thicker.


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[Assistant] As a result, if fertilization of an egg does take place, the lining may be too thin for it to stay in the uterus so it passes out of the body with the next menstrual period.


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[Assistant] Combination pills usually come in 28-day packs. Depending on the brand of pill, the first 21 to 24 pills are active pills because they contain hormones.


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[Assistant] The last four to seven pills are inactive or reminder pills that don't contain any hormones.


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[Assistant] Inactive pills allow the hormone levels in the body to drop so that bleeding during the menstrual cycle can occur.


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[Assistant] Even though the inactive pills don't contain any hormones, the woman remains protected against pregnancy during this time.


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[Assistant] Inactive pills are also called reminder pills because they keep a woman in the habit of taking a birth control pill every day.


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[Assistant] Progestin only pills or mini pills only contain progestin.


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[Assistant] Like the combination pill, the progestin in the progestin-only pills prevents pregnancy by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus,


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[Assistant] Women may choose progestin only pills if they can't tolerate the estrogen in combination pills due to side effects or other medical reasons.


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[Assistant] All Progestin Only pills are active.


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[Assistant] Menstrual bleeding with progestin-only pills may occur once every month.


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[Assistant] On and off throughout the month, or there may be no bleeding at all.


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[Assistant] For the highest protection against pregnancy, it is important to take progestin-only pills at the same time every day.


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[Assistant] Both combination and progestin only birth control pills are about 99% effective at preventing pregnancy if used correctly.


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[Assistant] This means about 1 out of 100 women will become pregnant each year if they use them correctly every day.


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[Assistant] However, they are only about 92% effective with typical use, which means about 8 out of 100 women will become pregnant each year if they don't always remember to take them every day.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. Today I've got a slightly more personal video for you, but as we always talk about self-improvement and confidence and how to be a better student and things like that, uhm,


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[Assistant] And in some cases, a better student and a better teacher. Now, this video is fully subtitled and will be an excellent listening practice, especially if you want to practice with the British English accent. Remember, these are my opinions and my experiences. You may not agree with them and that is absolutely fine.


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[Assistant] I completely welcome constructive criticism, so feel free. And if you've got something else you'd like to share, don't be afraid of your grammar, don't be afraid of your spelling, just go for it, let's make this a discussion. The first thing that helped me become a better person


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[Assistant] And also a better student and teacher, especially in this one. And that is realising that everybody learns in different ways, completely different ways.


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[Assistant] And uhm, this has helped me in my teaching career because I've realised that I can't set the same exercise for absolutely everyone and expect the same results. It's also helped me as a student because I'm always learning things, but especially when I was a university student.


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[Assistant] I realised that I am terrible at exams, like really, really, really bad. I'm great at early morning cramming before an exam, I've got great temporary retention, but that's not really learning anything, that's just retaining information for a short period of time. So I've had to work around that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I realised that I have to do things in a practical way.


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[Assistant] Now, unfortunately, much of our lives as students are completely dominated by exams, so we can't always find a way to avoid them. The best way to deal with that is finding the best possible way for you to get the best possible result, which might sound obvious.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But looking at that in a very specific way really really helped me. For me, I found that talking about answers and talking about ideas was way way way more effective.


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[Assistant] than just sitting and reading a page. So my English with Lucy subscribers who come here to learn English, you guys have found out that you might prefer having a teacher actually explain something to you rather than reading grammar books, which I think is fantastic, so well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now number two refers to relationships, and not just romantic relationships, but it does, it does work with that.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but also friendships, professional relationships, student-teacher relationships, and it is so, so important and it's helped me through so much potential heartbreak and potential hurt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is the realisation that it's not just about finding the right person, it's also about being the right person. So take a look at yourself and ask yourself, are you acting?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the best possible way that you could be acting, are you being the best possible partner or friend or coworker? And if you're not, look at correcting that first before you go on to criticise or start arguments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, number three, links to number two. It's more directed towards women, uhm, if you hadn't noticed I'm a woman, and I suffer from really bad PMS, so I get pretty down at a certain point in my monthly cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think part of my duty of being a really good partner and a good friend and a good co-worker, although I work alone, okay.


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[Assistant] Is understanding my own hormones and understanding why I feel a certain way. So when I feel particularly bad, I feel very, very sh- not short tempered because I never raise my voice, but I feel very easily annoyed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If somebody's talking to me for too long, I want to interrupt them and change the subject. I'm not very sympathetic. I'm more likely to say things that I might regret.


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[Assistant] I really do think it's my duty to understand, to predict when I'm going to feel that way, and also to work out why I'm feeling that way in the moment, because in the moment when I feel angry, I never think, ah, it must be my hormones. I always think, ugh.


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[Assistant] I'm just having a really bad day. So I have found the perfect solution and it's actually an app and I contacted the app myself to see if they'd want to sponsor the video and they did, which is so lovely of them.


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[Assistant] The app is called Clue, and it's basically a menstruation cycle tracker. So every single day of your cycle, you put in how you're feeling, what's going on down there, and over time, you start to see patterns. It's a gorgeous, simple app.


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[Assistant] I am likely to feel frustrated or annoyed. So before I send an angsty email, before I tell my boyfriend that he's doing something wrong, I like to just look at the app. Is it my time of the month?


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[Assistant] And if it is, it really takes a weight off my shoulder and I can try extra, extra hard to beat those feelings and to be a nice person that day. Also, another amazing new feature actually, you can share your cycle with your friends, family and partner.


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[Assistant] So you don't even have to explain yourself, they can just check and see how you're doing and where you are in your cycle. It can also send you reminders like take your pill or your period might start.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so it's a really, really, really useful little piece of software that I have recommended to absolutely everyone. And I'm so touched that they wanted to sponsor this video, because it was something that I was already using and loving, so thank you Clue. Uhm, if you'd like to check it out, you can download it for free. The link is in the description box.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next one, number four, is learning to respect and value every single culture and religion. I'm going to be very, very honest now. When I was younger, I wasn't a very respectful person. When I was like, 11 to 14,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was brought up in an atheist family. We didn't have religion in our family, and so I never really understood why people would be religious. And so I wasn't very respectful, uhm, of religions, and, you know, I'd never really seen another culture, so I wasn't very respectful of that either.


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[Assistant] And also just to learn more about it, that you can't lose anything from learning more about someone else's culture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Living in Spain taught me so much about amazing food, amazing people, and amazing language, but it also taught me about their religion, their predominantly Catholic country. And I remember going with my ex-boyfriend and seeing these Catholic processions, and at first I was a bit like, ugh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is so boring, but actually seeing the emotional connection between the people and the processions, uhm, really moved me. That's why it always saddens me when I get messages like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How dare you drink alcohol or how dare you not believe in God?


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[Assistant] Respect me and my wishes and my beliefs and my culture and I will always respect yours.


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[Assistant] If something's, if somebody's doing something that you really can't understand, try and learn more about it. Try and see where they're coming from and listen to their point of view. Now number, number five is one that's going to get a few of you gasping. And uhm, this is getting up early. Getting up early has made me a machine. I am so productive when I get up early.


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[Assistant] Uhm, hear me out because I know a lot of us appreciate our sleep and on most days I do. When I have a lot of work to do, which, it goes in ebbs and flows, sometimes I will have two weeks where I can get up at 7.30, 8 o'clock, go on a run and have a really chilled morning for, you know, two weeks at a time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But sometimes I have deadlines, I have loads of work, I have to be in London during the day so in the morning I have to get everything else done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It may look on the outside like I just put up a couple of videos every now and again, but I promise you it's a lot more than that. I learnt to get up


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really, really early, especially in the summer months. The sun rises at 4.30 in the morning. It's amazing. So I can get up with the sun and have a really, really long day. I will get up anywhere between 4.30 and 7.30. And if I get up at 4.30 in the morning and most people start work at 8.30, I feel like I've won four hours of productivity.


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[Assistant] I don't carry on working till six o'clock in the evening. I finish at three or I finish at four and then I can do loads of things with my afternoon. Uhm, and so shifting my body clock has been amazing for my social life and for my work life as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, one thing you do have to learn to do is go to bed early. And I know this isn't possible for everyone, but I'm an absolute advocate for the early bird lifestyle. Night owls can...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do their thing, but for me, there's nothing better than starting the day as you mean to go on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then just chilling quite early on in the afternoon. I absolutely love that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Number six is quite a deep topic. I'm not going to go too deep into it because there are just some parts of my life that I don't need to share on the internet, but it is about moving away from toxic relationships and people who do not treat you how you deserve to be treated.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it's very easy to talk about this now because I've stepped away from my negative and horrible relationships.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but when I was in those relationships, I was really, really caught up in them and I wasn't listening to those around me.


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[Assistant] You know, sometimes your own intuition isn't enough. Sometimes you need to listen to those around you. If you are in a relationship and your friends don't like your partner,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your workmates don't like your partner. Your parents don't like your partner. It's only you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, only you get to see the good side of them. Just take a moment to listen to them. They can see things from a different perspective. And...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They might be seeing things that you can't see yourself. A romantic relationship should add value to your life. It should take nothing away from it. It should not take away your freedom. It should not take away your independence. It should not take away your self worth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it's not adding more than it's taking away, is it worth it? Is it? I don't think it is, but...


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[Assistant] That's for you to judge. Everyone knows their own situation. And I know how hard it is to leave a negative relationship. Suffering is temporary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Time heals so well and something positive will come out of the blue and it will hit you in the face and sweep you off your feet. My boyfriend's never hit me in the face but he has swept me off my feet. And that is all I'm going to say about that. My next point, point number seven is another thing that I've learnt and that is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having a handful, like a barely even a fistful of very very close and special friends.


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[Assistant] Is so much better than having a massive group of meaningless friends that you can make loads of plans with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a child, I never used to feel like I fitted in, uhm, with big groups of girls. Uhm, it would, it would be okay for a while. I'd act like somebody I wasn't, just to fit in, and everyone would love me and think I was hilarious. And then I just couldn't keep up the act.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, you know, it would always dissipate, they would lose interest in me. It was something I always beat myself up about. I looked at girls going away on group holidays together and having an amazing time, and I just feel like, what's wrong with me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why does no group of girls want to be on holiday with me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd love to go on like girls' Christmas meals and stuff like that.


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[Assistant] But as I've got older, I've, I just realised that that's not what I want and that's not who I am.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I have a couple of very, very special friends. One is my mum. My mum is my best friend. But if I sit down and try and count the people that really, really matter to me,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, they can fit on one hand. I mean, one you will all know is Ali. He is such an important person in my life. He's relatively new, but he is one of my first points of call whenever something goes wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but yeaah, realising that having a massive group of friends and having loads of group pictures on Facebook and Instagram isn't what I want and it isn't what's going to make me happy in the long run. Having really important friendships and long lasting relationships that you can depend on, that is what makes me happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My next one is learning to enjoy things because of contrast. Learning to enjoy positive things because you've experienced the negative things. But I think, I think the same goes for any negative feeling. I enjoy earning a good income now. I earn a good income, the income makes me happy and it fulfills all of my needs. But!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm only happy being financially stable now because in the past I was really, really poor. I remember going to a supermarket as a student with like my pockets full of 5p and 10p coins and I had counted up to exactly 18 pounds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that I could hand over this 18 pounds in like all this change and, you know, just be done with the embarrassment. But I'd miscalculated. There was some sort of offer that I hadn't taken into account. It didn't go through.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it was just so embarrassing. But I'm so glad that I went through that because now I'm financially stable. I don't think I would appreciate it as much as I do now if I hadn't been, you know, poor before. And it's actually something I learnt from my grandad. He said we've been richer, we've been poorer.


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[Assistant] He prefers being rich, but only after having been poor and


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[Assistant] I think that goes for everything. I enjoy having friends now, but only because I've been lonely. I enjoy my fantastic relationship now, but only because I had a terrible one before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I enjoy being fit and healthy and able to run so far every day, but only because I had glandular fever and ME for two years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was literally unable to move for one year and another year of recovery after that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And right now I feel amazing and so full of energy because I have that negative experience to compare it to. Number nine. This is something that I've never mentioned before and I'm hopefully never going to have to mention it again. Uhm, number nine is not retaliating to bullies. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've had a couple now. I've had a couple now and they are only what I can describe as bullying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Luckily, I'm feeling pretty strong, uhm, right now. But I think if it had hit me when I was younger, I don't think I would have reacted in the same way. The best thing that I ever did, and the best thing that I actually did do, was not retaliate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this is what worked for me. It might not work for everyone. If you're being bullied...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I get bullied, I don't want to respond to that because I don't want to make them feel even worse. I don't want them to become more agitated. I also don't want to be responsible for anything that they do to themselves out of the grief that, you know, I might have caused them by my response.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With everyone who needed to know, I ignored it, it got a bit worse for a little bit, and then it just went away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if it doesn't go away, that's when you need to take some action, but consider trying ignoring something first. Now, my last point, number ten, uh, the thing that's made me become a better person, and also a better student, and obviously a better teacher, that goes without saying, is teaching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my god, teaching is amazing. You are giving back, you are passing over knowledge. What you are giving is invaluable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It makes you feel so much better because you are making everyone else feel so much better.


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[Assistant] Helping people improve their language skills makes me feel amazing in a completely selfish way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But also, I know that it's making loads of other people feel amazing. Uhm, I know that when people walk out of my class feeling- when people walk out of my classes or watch my videos and afterwards feel more confident or I get little messages of people feeling-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or I get messages from people saying that they managed to hold a conversation, that they spoke to the person they fancied, that they passed their exam with a really high grade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From a selfish point of view, teaching makes you know your subject so much better. Before I started teaching, I knew nothing about grammar. Now I know a lot about grammar. Teaching builds my curiosity. I was speaking to a graphic designer called Charlie Marie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's got a YouTube channel, she's fantastic. I was on a panel with her and she was saying sometimes she learns something new about graphic design and she just can't wait to go home and make a video about it because she wants to spread and share this knowledge and I get that totally. Teaching.


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[Assistant] Makes me want to learn more. It makes me a better student because I understand.


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[Assistant] I understand people's learning styles. I know why they do specific things. I'm not excellent at connecting with people on a social level.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it feels quite forced, but when I'm teaching, I know that that social connection is for a reason. Right guys!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is it for today's video. Uhm, it was a much more personal one than usual. I hope you enjoyed it, and I hope you understood everything. I'll mention it again, there are subtitles, and also if you look in the description box, there is also a link to contribute subtitle translations, so you can represent your language.


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[Assistant] Don't forget to check out Clue as well, the fabulous app that has sponsored this video. It's really, it's really improved my life. I've been shouting about it to my friends and family for ages and I just thought it would fit so well into this video so I did get in contact with them and they were so sweet to accept so thank you to Clue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The link for the free download is in the description box. Don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media. I've got my Facebook, I've got my Instagram, and I've got my Twitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I will see you soon for another lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ovulation is a part of the menstrual cycle when the ovary releases a ripe egg or ovum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inside the ovary are hundreds of thousands of follicles. Each follicle is a hollow ball of cells with an immature egg in the center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The typical 28-day menstrual cycle begins on the first day of menstrual bleeding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During the first seven days of the cycle, a few follicles begin to grow at the same time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These maturing follicles secrete estrogen hormone into the bloodstream to prepare the lining of the uterus for pregnancy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Around day seven, all of the follicles stop growing and begin to degenerate except for one.


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[Assistant] Around day 12, the follicle secretes a large amount of estrogen into the bloodstream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the estrogen reaches the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the brain, the anterior or front part of the pituitary gland releases a huge surge of luteinizing hormone into the bloodstream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Around day 14, luteinizing hormone causes the follicle to undergo a sudden growth spurt.


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[Assistant] The bulging follicle releases chemicals causing one of the two fallopian tubes to move in closer and surround the follicle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The follicle swells until it bursts open, ejecting the egg and fluid from the follicle into the abdominal cavity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In response, the fimbriae, tiny projections at the end of the fallopian tube, sweep across the ovulation site and pick up the egg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Microscopic cilia on the fimbriae surface transport the egg to the entrance of the fallopian tube.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inside the walls of the fallopian tube, muscular contractions gently push the egg towards the uterus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After ovulation, the egg lives for 12 to 24 hours, so it must be fertilized by a sperm from the male during this time for a woman to become pregnant.


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[Assistant] In the last lesson, we got started using Beautiful Soup.


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[Assistant] And we saw how we could use it to pass through the HTML of a website and pull out the pieces that we're interested in.


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[Assistant] Now it's no fun scraping a website that you've already got access to locally.


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[Assistant] It's much better if we can get hold of something that's currently live on the internet.


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[Assistant] So I'm going to go ahead and comment out all of this code.


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[Assistant] And I'm going to be using Beautiful Soup to get a hold of a live website and grab data from it.


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[Assistant] And the website that we're going to be using is the Y Combinators Hack and Use website. This is where anybody can post a link.


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[Assistant] To a news piece that they've discovered that's tech related.


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[Assistant] Or you could show off things that you've built. For example, I've just been looking at this guy's website that he built called My Desk Tour, where you can post a picture of your desk set up and you can see all of the tools and gear that they've got.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're going to be scraping the main Hacker News website, which is under this particular URL. And this is usually where I go to find the latest tech news.


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[Assistant] We're going to copy this URL and we're going to go back to our main.py.


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[Assistant] And in order to download the data from that website, we're going to be using our handy friend, which is requests. Now requests allows us to get hold of the data from a particular URL, which in this case is news.ycombinator.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once we've made that request, then we can save the data that we get back in a response variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once we've got the response, we can actually print out the text of the response and this is basically equivalent to what we did


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we opened up our HTML file and we read the file contents, the text of the file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now if I go ahead and run this, then you can see that it's gonna print out loads of stuff, but this is basically the code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That represents this particular page. So in fact, if you right click and click view page source, you'll see that this is exactly the same HTML code that we're getting back over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we don't actually want all of this jumbled mess. What we're more interested in is the specific titles and the links for each of these pieces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It shows by default 30 of the top articles and this is ranked by an algorithm. So it's most recent and also getting a lot of traction. So a lot of upvotes, but it doesn't represent the most upvoted item. So you can see here, in fact, the most upvoted,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At least today anyways is Mozilla laying off 250 employees. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What if I wanted to get hold of the article title and the link?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't want to have to manually check all of this. I want to do it with code. So let's go ahead and scrape it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if I right click on each of these titles and I click on inspect, then it takes me to the precise line of code in the HTML that's responsible for rendering this component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is actually a anchor tag. So that's the a tag and the text in the anchor tag is the title of the article. And then the href is the link that will take me to the actual story. So if I click on this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see it takes me to the actual news piece about Joan Fineman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what about this point? Well, let's go ahead and right click on it and click inspect. You can see this is in a span and it has a class of score.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While this title is in a aref and it has a class of story link.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So with those two pieces of information, we can use Beautiful Soup to scrape all of the titles, all of the links and all of their points. And we can compare all of those points and figure out which one has the highest point on this page. So let's go ahead and do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to save the YC webpage as the response.text.


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[Assistant] And then I'm going to use Beautiful Soup to parse that webpage. So Beautiful Soup, and then I'm going to parse in the actual HTML document that we want to parse. So this is the YC webpage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we provide the method to which we're going to parse it. So html.parse with an er at the end. And this is our soup. Once we've created our soup,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next step is actually to dig in the soup and find the parts that we want. So for example, if I want to get a hold of the title,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of all of that, then I can just say print soup.title.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now you'll see it gives me the title, which is Hacker News.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's the same as what you see here in the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what if I didn't want the title? What if I actually wanted to get hold of this text here? The title of each of these articles. See if you can figure out how to get hold of this text and print it out in your code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember it has a class that's story link and it's an anchor tag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pause the video and see if you can get this title. So yours might be different from what I've got on screen. Of course, it depends on what's showing up on Hacker News on the day you're doing this, but get the title of the first article printed out using Beautiful Soup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All right, what we want to do is we want to use find. So we're going to find the first instance from this webpage where the actual name of the tag is equal to a, so that's an anchor tag. And then the class is equal to the story link. So I'm just going to copy that and paste it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember that in order to not clash with the reserved class keyword, we have to add a underscore afterwards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this should be our article tag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we go ahead and print it, then you can see that we get this exact anchor tag. But if we want to get hold of the text that's actually in the anchor tag, then we have to go one step further and call the getText method. That's also from Beautiful Soup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now when I run that, you can see I only get the actual text of the article.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's work on some of the other pieces. So this is the article text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if we want to get hold of the article link and the article upvotes,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See if you can figure out how to complete these two parts as well. So we want the HTML link that is of course all of this, HTTP, et cetera.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we also want to get hold of the upvote, which is this little number right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's inside a span with a class of score.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All right, so let's do the first thing, which is article link.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we can actually already tap into the same article tag we already got up here. And instead of saying getText, we can use the get method to get the specific value of a attribute. So what we want is of course the href.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the article upvote will have to tap into our soup and find the tag with a name that is span because this is what we're looking for and has a class of score.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finding this particular tag is not enough. This actually just gets us the tag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we want to go further and we actually want to get the text that's inside that span, which is of course the 19 points, then we have to dig one step deeper and call the getText method like this.


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[Assistant] Now if I go ahead and print out the article text and the article link and also finally the article upvotes.


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[Assistant] Then you can see I get all three pieces of data that I'm interested in.


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[Assistant] Now instead of getting the first occurrence, I want to get all of the ones that are on this page. So all 30 results.


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[Assistant] This way we get a list of all of the articles and I'll get a list of all of the article upvotes.


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[Assistant] So now it's going to be a little bit different. In order to get all of the text and all of the link, then I have to use a for loop.


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[Assistant] So I'll say for article tag in articles. So articles is of course this list where we find all of the anchor tags with a class of story link.


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[Assistant] And then I'm going to loop through each one of those and for each of the tags, I'm going to get the text and also get the href.


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[Assistant] I'm going to create two new lists, article tags and article links.


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[Assistant] And then I'm going to save each of the new articles into those lists.


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[Assistant] Like this. And in fact, we could probably simplify this a little bit.


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[Assistant] By refactoring and renaming the article text, so the singular version into just text and the article link to just the link.


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[Assistant] So now let's print out the lists. So the article text.


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[Assistant] The article links and the article upvotes and this find all gives me a list and I can't call get text on the list. So I'll also need to create a new list. So I'm going to choose to use list comprehension here. So I'm going to say,


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[Assistant] For score in all of the scores, we're going to create a list using each of those scores and we're going to call getText in order to get each of them.


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[Assistant] This is the same as writing out a for loop like this, but it's obviously much shorter.


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[Assistant] Now when I hit run, you can see that each of my lists are ordered. So this is the first article's text, this is the first article's link, and this is the first article's points.


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[Assistant] What we want to do is we want to get the article upvotes into a number format, so an integer.


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[Assistant] And to do that, we of course have to get rid of the points that comes afterwards. But notice how each of these items are strings. So that means we can split the string by the space and only get hold of the first item in that space. Let me show you what I mean.


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[Assistant] So we've got all of the article upvotes. Let's go ahead and just print out the first item.


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[Assistant] So now we just get the first item, which is 40 points. Now if I take that item and I call the split method, then it's going to split every word in the sentence. By default, it splits by the space. Now if I run this code,


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[Assistant] You can see I get a list where I've got the first item being 40 and the second being points. So it's basically split that string by the space.


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[Assistant] Now the next stage is I could get hold of just the first item that comes from that list, which is now 40.


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[Assistant] If I now finally wrap it around an int, then I can turn that into an actual number. Don't worry if your number changes because you're pulling data live from a website. That upvote number can change in any second.


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[Assistant] So this is the method how we can get hold of the actual number from the upvotes.


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[Assistant] Now we're going to apply all of this dot split and also getting hold of the first item into our list comprehension. So for each of the scores that Sup finds, we're going to get hold of the text and then split the text and then get the first item from the text.


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[Assistant] And then finally we wrap all of this around an int and turn it into an integer.


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[Assistant] Then if I go ahead and uncomment all these lines of code,


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[Assistant] Then you can see I've got all of these numbers being printed out, which means I can now sort them.


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[Assistant] I want to get the index of the list item that has the highest value. And then I want to use that index to pick out the title, text, and also the link from these two lists.


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[Assistant] Because they're all ordered in exactly the same way. So this first item corresponds to this first link, corresponds to this first upvote.


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[Assistant] And I want to pose this to you as a challenge. Can you print out the title and link for the Hacker News story with the highest number of uploads?


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[Assistant] Since we're working with three different lists at this point, you'll have to find the index of the largest number inside the article upvotes list to accomplish this. I'll give you a few seconds to pause the video before I show you the solution.


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[Assistant] We can use the max function that Python comes with to get the largest number from our article upvotes.


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[Assistant] And then we can print this largest number and see if it works.


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[Assistant] Now, once we've gotten hold of the largest number, then we can find its index from this list. So we can say articleUpvotes.index, and then we find the index of this largest number.


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[Assistant] Now if we hit run, you can see that we're getting index number 27.


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[Assistant] So instead of just printing out that index, we can print instead the article texts with that index, so passing in the largest index and also


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[Assistant] The article links and passing in the same index.


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[Assistant] So now if I hit run, you can see that the most popular article at the moment on this page has this title text and this particular link. Of course, for you it will be different because it depends on what's currently showing up on Hacker News.


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[Assistant] But if I refresh this page, you can see that...


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[Assistant] This article with 1313 points is of course the most popular article and it is the one that's about Mozilla.


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[Assistant] You can imagine a use case for this where every day we scrape all the data on Y Combinator.


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[Assistant] And then we send ourselves through a text message or through an email the most upvoted title and article.


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[Assistant] So that we can just look at that one thing.


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[Assistant] And you've seen now how we can use the request module to get hold of the text, the HTML code from a particular website.


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[Assistant] And then use Beautiful Soup to pass through that website.


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[Assistant] And then to get hold of the specific parts that we want by using find all or find


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[Assistant] And then getting hold of the text or getting hold of the link or getting hold of any other thing that we want.


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[Assistant] So now that we've seen how we can do web scraping using Beautiful Soup, in the next lesson, I want to talk a little bit about the ethics of scraping websites and when to do it and what you can use the data you get from this for. So for all of that and more, I'll see you on the next lesson.


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[Assistant] Now, there's two things you'll notice here. One is we're only getting hold of the first, for example, p tag or a tag, but we're not getting hold of any of the other ones. So what if we want to get all of the anchor tags or all of the paragraphs in our website?


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[Assistant] Well then we can use a function that comes with Beautiful Soup called findAll.


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[Assistant] And here we can search by a bunch of things.


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[Assistant] We could search by name, so we can say find all.


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[Assistant] Of the tags where the tag name is equal to a. So this is going to give us all of the anchor tags.


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[Assistant] And if I print that, you can see that it gives us a list and it gives us all three of the links that exist in our website.


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[Assistant] And if I change this to P for example, then it'll find all of the paragraphs and we can change this to basically any of the tag names in our website.


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[Assistant] Now what if we wanted to drill a little bit deeper? We've got a list of all the anchor tags, but what if I only wanted the text in that anchor tag? So I just wanted this part. Well, how would I get hold of all of them?


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[Assistant] Well firstly, we would probably need a for loop. So we could say for tag in all anchor tags and we can loop through all of those anchor tags.


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[Assistant] And use a method called tag.getText. And now if I go ahead and print this, you can see that it's basically going to print out all three of the text that is in all three of the anchor tags that it found.


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[Assistant] Now what if I didn't want to get the text, but instead I wanted to get hold of the actual href, so the link, right? So let's print our all anchor tags again.


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[Assistant] And you can see that there is a attribute called href, which stores the actual link that the tag goes to.


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[Assistant] So very often you'll want to isolate that link. So how would you do that? Well, you can tap into each of the tags,


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[Assistant] And you can use another method called get.


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[Assistant] And here you can get the value of any of the attributes. So if I pass an href here and I print this,


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[Assistant] Then it's going to give me all of the links and it's not going to give me anything else. It's basically just stripped out the link, which is what I'm interested in.


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[Assistant] Similarly, when we use find all, we can also find things by their attribute. So at the moment we're searching by the tag name.


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[Assistant] But we can also get hold of things by the attribute name.


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[Assistant] For example, if I wanted to get hold of this item, I can of course search for an H1.


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[Assistant] Soup dot find all, which will give me a list of all of the items that match the search query.


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[Assistant] Or I can use the find method to only find the first item that matches the query.


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[Assistant] As you can see, this id is equal to name and it's also an h1 tag.


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[Assistant] So this will give us that particular element. So if I print out this heading and let's comment out everything else.


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[Assistant] Then now you can see I've just isolated that 1H1.


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[Assistant] And this also means that if I just add another h1 here,


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[Assistant] And I run this code again, that is not going to show up because I've said it has to have a name of h1 and an ID that matches this particular value.


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[Assistant] Now, as you can imagine, you can also do the same thing with the class attribute. So we can say,


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[Assistant] But it's also got a class that's equal to heading. So I'm just gonna copy that and paste that in here. Now, one of the things you'll get here is an error because


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[Assistant] Class keyword is a reserved keyword in Python. And what that means is that it's a special word which can only be used for creating classes. Now in this case, we're definitely not creating a class or an object here. Instead, we're trying to tap into an attribute.


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[Assistant] So in order to not clash with the class keyword, this attribute is actually called class underscore.


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[Assistant] Now it's going to look for all of the h3s where the class attribute is equal to heading. Let's go ahead and print this section heading and you should see now,


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[Assistant] We'll get that H3 with the class of heading show up.


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[Assistant] And again, if we wanted to get hold of the text that's contained in that h3, then we simply use the getText method. Or if we want to know the name of that particular tag, then we can say .name.


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[Assistant] And if we want to get hold of the value of an attribute, for example, get the class value, then we can do something like this.


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[Assistant] Now, while that's a pretty good way of selecting elements from the entire website, there's certain cases where it might not work.


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[Assistant] For example, at the moment here, we've got our three anchor tags. If we wanted to get hold of a specific anchor tag, let's say we wanted this anchor tag, then what do we do?


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[Assistant] Well then we could just simply find all of the anchor tags and then find the first one.


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[Assistant] But as you can imagine, this is a incredibly simple website. Most websites will have thousands, if not tens of thousands of links.


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[Assistant] In that situation, it's really hard to know which particular link you want from the list of all of the anchor tags.


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[Assistant] So we want to have a way where we can drill down into a particular element.


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[Assistant] What's unique about this particular anchor tag? Well, it sits inside a strong tag and it sits inside an emphasis tag and it sits inside a paragraph tag, which itself is in the body.


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[Assistant] We can narrow it down using these steps.


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[Assistant] In our current website, nowhere else is there an anchor tag that sits inside a paragraph tag. And you'll remember from our previous lessons on CSS that you can use CSS selectors in order to narrow down on a particular element in order to specify its style. And if we were to write CSS code, then it would look something like this.


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[Assistant] So we would select first the paragraph and then we would select the anchor tag and then we can specify what the style should be.


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[Assistant] Now when we're using Beautiful Soup, we can also use these CSS selectors.


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[Assistant] I can get hold of that company URL by simply saying soup.


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[Assistant] And instead of using find or find all, I'm going to use select one.


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[Assistant] There's select and there's select one. Select one will give us the first matching item and select will give us all of the matching items in a list.


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[Assistant] Now we get to specify the selector as a string. And again, I'm going to use the same selector that I showed you before. So we're looking for a, a tag which sits inside a p tag. And this string is the CSS selector. So you can write anything in here, really.


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[Assistant] This means that we'll be able to get that anchor tag. And then once I've gotten hold of the company URL,


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[Assistant] And print it out. You can see it's that exact anchor tag that we wanted.


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[Assistant] We don't have to just stick to the HTML selectors. You can also use the class or the ID in your CSS selector.


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[Assistant] So remember to select on an ID, we use the pound sign. So let's say we want to get hold of this H1, which has an ID of name. We can say pound sign name.


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[Assistant] And if I now run it, you can see that last one, the element that was picked out is the h1 with the ID of name.


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[Assistant] And finally, you can use the CSS selector to select an element by class. So for example, here we've got heading and here we've got heading as well.


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[Assistant] So if we want to select all of the elements that have a class of heading, then we could say soup.select.


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[Assistant] So this will give us a list and then the selector is the first item that goes into the method. So similar to this, we can have this keyword argument there or we can delete it.


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[Assistant] And this selector will be using the dot heading in order to select the element that has a class of heading.


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[Assistant] And this is now going to be a list if we print it out.


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[Assistant] So you can use everything that you've learned about CSS selectors to select a particular item out of an HTML file. And this is usually really useful because a lot of these elements will be nested inside divs and the div will have an ID.


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[Assistant] And then all you have to do is to narrow down on the div and then narrow down on the element you want. So you can basically drill through using CSS Selectives to get to any item you want on the page.


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[Assistant] Now that we've looked at how to find various items from HTML using Beautiful Soup, in the next lesson, I've got a quiz for you.


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[Assistant] For you to have a go and have some practice at selecting and finding elements from an HTML file using Beautiful Soup. So for all of that and more, head over to the next lesson.


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[Assistant] Hmm, is it the sky?


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[Assistant] Oh, that's a good one. My turn now. Hmm.


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[Assistant] I spy with my little eye something brown.


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[Assistant] Something... not brown?


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[Assistant] It is. I'd never thought of it like that.


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[Assistant] It's nothing to be afraid of. It's a special treat from nature. Like a beautiful rainbow. Or a colorful sunset.


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[Assistant] Well, clouds make interesting shapes to look at.


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[Assistant] But they also tell you what sort of weather is coming.


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[Assistant] These clouds are grey and low, which means...


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[Assistant] It's called the Northern Lights. We're very lucky to see them.


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[Assistant] Yes, I'll be careful. You were riding the bike very well.


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[Assistant] Hey guys, welcome to day 49 of 100 days of code. We're almost halfway and today we've got a pretty special project for you. Now I know a lot of you guys are learning programming to get a new job or change the area in which you work.


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[Assistant] And basically just find better opportunities for yourself.


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[Assistant] So today's project is going to test what you've learned about how to work with Selenium.


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[Assistant] And we're going to be building a automated job application bot.


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[Assistant] This is going to put all the skills that we've learned yesterday into use where we get Selenium WebDriver to


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[Assistant] Working through each of the applications, filling in the required details,


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[Assistant] And hoping that your application stands out. So let's see if we can make this easier for ourselves by automating the process.


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[Assistant] Now one of the ways that a lot of people apply for jobs is on LinkedIn.


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[Assistant] So they have this section called jobs, and when you go there, you can search for the kind of jobs you're looking for, where you're looking to work, you can even add in filters like


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[Assistant] Show remote jobs only, where you can work from anywhere in the world.


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[Assistant] And they've also got this really neat feature called Easy Apply.


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[Assistant] And all you have to do is just to click on this button, easy apply, fill in any of the fields that you haven't filled in before, and then just click submit application.


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[Assistant] Some applications are a little bit more complicated than this. This is the simplest format.


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[Assistant] Now in order to actually show you the whole process without messing with anybody else's job applications, I decided to create a job posting on LinkedIn from our own company. So we're currently looking for a marketing intern to help us launch courses. And when I click on this job, you can see this easy apply button show up.


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[Assistant] So if I click on easy apply and I fill in my dummy phone number, then I click on next, then I can include a resume.


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[Assistant] Now the resume comes from your settings. So if you go to your settings and privacy,


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[Assistant] And you go to job seeking preferences, then here you can actually already pre-upload your resume.


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[Assistant] Once you've done that, then when you click easy apply,


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[Assistant] You'll see the resume already uploaded, so we don't even have to do that using our bot.


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[Assistant] Finally, we click review and we're ready to go ahead and send and submit our application. So that's how easy it is to submit our application. And you can see that there's only four or five steps that we need to automate in order to apply for a job.


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[Assistant] So that's the project for today and I hope you're as excited as I am to tackle this project.


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[Assistant] And you might even see a practical use for it in the future. Once you're ready, head over to the next lesson where you'll find step-by-step instructions on how to complete this project.


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[Assistant] Hey guys, welcome to day 54 of 100 days of code. Today we're going to be moving on to a new topic and that is going to be web development. And we're going to be working on this for the next few days as well.


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[Assistant] Now there's quite a lot to cover today. We're going to be talking about the command line, Python decorators, as well as web development using Flask, one of the most popular frameworks for creating websites using Python.


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[Assistant] Now, before we get started though, you might be thinking, well, I already know how to make websites. I learned about HTML and CSS on days 41 through to 44, so I really know how to make websites. So what exactly is it that you're teaching me now?


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[Assistant] Well, if you think of a website, a simple website,


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[Assistant] Just contains HML and CSS. Now that is also what we call the front end. This is the beautiful mermaid that the user gets to see.


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[Assistant] Now, for the website to actually have some functionality, for example, if you're building a web app instead of just a simple display website, then it's also gotta have a backend.


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[Assistant] And the backend is the part that we're going to be learning how to build right now.


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[Assistant] So if the front end is just the part that displays information to the user, the back end is the part that does a lot of the business logic, a lot of the calculations and a lot of things that we've been doing with Python.


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[Assistant] Now when people talk about full stack web development, which is a term that you would have heard of if you were searching for web development jobs.


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[Assistant] Now full stack basically just means front end and back end. So somebody who can deal with both front end and back end technologies.


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[Assistant] Now usually there's quite a few languages that are used for the front and the backend. So the front, it's usually HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. HTML gives the website structure, CSS gives it style, and JavaScript allows it to have some sort of interactivity.


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[Assistant] Now the backend can also be created by a bunch of different languages. And here is more of a choice. Uhm, you could choose between JavaScript, Java, Python, Ruby, there's a whole bunch of different languages.


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[Assistant] To make it even more complicated, in addition to languages, there's also different frameworks that you could use for the front and back end. So some popular frameworks you might have heard of are things like Angular and React for the front end, and Node and Flask or Django for the back end.


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[Assistant] So these frameworks are basically tools that really come with a lot of code pre-built for a lot of the common functionalities that you find when building the front and back end.


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[Assistant] So that way we don't always have to reinvent the wheel and we can simply just use the wheel and build a bicycle or build a car or build a scooter and whatever it is that we want.


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[Assistant] Now when we're considering Python backends, there's a whole myriad of different frameworks that you could choose from. For example, Flask, Django, Bottle, CherryPie, Pyramid, and a whole bunch more. But the most popular ones, if you look at job search anyways, is Flask and Django.


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[Assistant] Where Flask is better suited to beginners and also small projects and Django suited much more to larger commercial projects.


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[Assistant] In order to build out a website which has a front end and a back end, we have to kind of understand what exactly is the back end.


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[Assistant] There's three components that you really need to understand when it comes to the backend. And that is the client, the server and the database.


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[Assistant] These three components together will determine how your backend will work.


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[Assistant] Now firstly, the client you can sort of imagine just as a user going onto a browser. This is the client side. This is the part that faces the user.


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[Assistant] And then there's the server. So you can think of the server as basically just a powerful computer that's hooked up to the internet and it's on 24 seven, always ready to receive requests over the internet.


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[Assistant] Finally, you've got the database, which is kind of like a souped up spreadsheet where you're storing all the information related to your website. So let's say the client wanted to go to google.com.


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[Assistant] Well, when they type that into the URL bar and they hit enter, that gets sent to the server as a request.


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[Assistant] And this goes across the internet to this other computer and this server has to respond.


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[Assistant] And it responds by sending over the HTML, CSS and JavaScript files that it has for that particular website. And once that gets sent back to the browser, then that can be rendered by the browser as the actual webpage.


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[Assistant] Now if you're a website that has a lot of user data or different types of data that could be requested,


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[Assistant] The client makes the request to the server and the server fetches the data from the database. Once it gets the data back from the database, it puts the data into the HTML, CSS and JavaScript files and then sends the whole bundle back to the browser to be viewed by the user.


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[Assistant] If this whole process seems a little bit convoluted and complex, don't worry. We're going to be diving deep into creating our server, creating our database, and we're going to be creating all of these parts from scratch, step by step ourselves. So.


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[Assistant] At the end of the web dev section, you'll find that if you come back to this video, everything's going to make a lot more sense.


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[Assistant] Now, in order for you to have a good overview of what the whole system looks like, I'd like to use the analogy of a restaurant.


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[Assistant] So imagine if you have a restaurant and you've got the front of house, which is where the tables are, where the customers sit. And then you've got the kitchen, which is where the chefs work and where you're creating all the dishes. And finally, you've also got the larder, which is where you store all the ingredients in the fridge or on the shelves. Now this front of house part,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is where the user sits in is the client side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now in the middle, we've got the kitchen, which is the server.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally we've got the LADA, which is basically the database of ingredients. Now the client side is completely separate from the rest. So as a user, when I go onto a website,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not interacting with the server or the database directly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead, I'm interacting with my browser, which is on the client side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, when you go to a website and you request to see some piece of information, for example, you log into Spotify and you want to view your playlist,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What actually happens is, you know, you don't have the chef sort of cooking up the dish in front of you on the client side. No, instead, what happens is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The server fetches the relevant ingredients from the database. So the data that's related to your Spotify playlist, and then it takes that data and it renders it into a HTML, CSS and JavaScript files.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then once that end product is created, it ships it out to the browser on the client side, which you as the user can now view.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is basically an overview of how our front end and our back ends interact in order to create a website experience for people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the coming lessons we're going to be building out each of these parts and you're going to see in greater detail how they work together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Story Number 7 The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had called upon my friend Sherlock Holmes upon the second morning after Christmas, with the intention of wishing him the compliments of the season.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was lounging upon the sofa in a purple dressing-gown, a pipe-rack within his reach upon the right, and a pile of crumpled morning papers, evidently newly studied near at hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beside the couch was a wooden chair, and on the angle of the back hung a very seedy and disreputable hard-felt hat, much the worse for wear, and cracked in several places.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lens under forceps, lying upon the seat of the chair, suggested that the hat had been suspended in this manner for the purpose of examination.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're engaged, said I. Perhaps I interrupt you.