[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's something for which all of you have intuitive understandings, so there's no need to mess it up right now. You go to the lake, you drop a rock, you see when the waves get to the shore, you take the distance, divide by time, that's the velocity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In sound, you know, you light up a firecracker, after a while you hear it, you can see how long it took and how far you are, and you can find the velocity. That's the velocity of sound in air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now these velocities are all variable. Unlike the velocity of light that doesn't seem to depend on anything, all other velocities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depending on various conditions, the velocity of sound depends on the temperature, for example. Or you can take the following thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which you know is made up of a lot of atoms, and you take a hammer and you hit it here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You send, you basically compress these atoms, and they compress the atoms next to them, and the shock waves travels through this royal. That's also called sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That travels at a speed which is much faster than the speed of sound in air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's technically also called sound. If you were a creature living inside the iron bar,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there is some kind of a mountain here, and you're over here, and the train is coming here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out, if the train lets out a sound, the sound will travel around the bend and you will hear it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But actually the pounding of the train on the tracks will set up shockwaves in the track that you can hear by putting your ear to the track. And you will hear the train before


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You hear it by depending on the sound coming through the air because the waves going through the solid travel much faster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So most of the things, please don't do this at home. Uh, this should be done by a trained person. But, uh, I certainly did it as a kid. Listen for trains before they come around the bend and you can actually hear it in practice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or in, in water, if there are explosions in water, you can hear them faster if you're under the water than if you're outside the water, because the waves travel faster in water than in air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or thunder and lightning is the most famous example. Something happens in the sky, the light gets to you first and the sound gets to you. They're traveling at different velocities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now let's talk about longitudinal and transverse waves. When I talk to you, I think you sort of know what happens. The air in this room is at some pressure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The vocal cords move back and forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the eardrum is getting the pressure different from the outside, but the inside pressure is fixed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what happens is, when I decompress, the eardrum comes out, and it goes in. It goes back and forth, and the eardrum moves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then behind the eardrum are the little bones. And then the bones go and there is some tube and there's, no, the doctors take over from this point. So some loose hair is shaking in this fluid. Then it picks up some nervous things and goes to your brain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then you figure out, you know, you at least know what the person is saying, and how sure why he is talking in this particular fashion. But you can at least understand and translate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a long chain of transducers of energy from sound to the stuff in your ear into your brain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's a longitudinal wave for the following reason. If you look at the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pressure waves, the molecules of air, they're going back and forth. Follow my hands. And the signal from me to you is also going from me to you. So the motion is in line with the velocity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The motion of the medium is in the same direction as the motion of the wave. A transverse wave is what you find in water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you are on a string, take a string, clamp it with that, and you give it a little flick like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This bump, after a while, will end up here. So the rope is moving transverse, but the velocity of the signal is to the right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do not confuse the motion of the medium with the motion of the signal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the rope at any given point is either at rest or going up and down, but the signal is going from left to right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the medium doesn't have to actually move in the direction of the wave. For example, if a bunch of people line up,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And each one tells the person next to the next person some secret and the secret is eventually transmitted all the way to the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What has traveled is a secret. The actual person in the first place has not gone over physically to the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what happens is, you're sitting there, not doing anything, suddenly you hear something, you pass it on to the next person, then you've gone back to doing nothing, then the signal travels. That's what will happen in the rope here. This section of the rope is not doing anything. When this pulse hits it, it'll jump up and down for a while, then it'll quiet down, and somebody to the right will start moving. Okay, so there are the examples of longitudinal and transverse waves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to consider one concrete example of a wave, so you people have a good feeling of how to study waves in physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there are many many waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves, elastic waves. I'm going to do one. I think to do one thing in some depth will give you a feeling for how we analyze waves. That's going to be waves on a string. So you have to imagine that I have a string


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's being clamped at two ends, and somebody plucks the string, say into that shape and lets it go, we know the string is going to vibrate back and forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's measure the coordinate x, which is the point on the string, and psi is the displacement of the string at that point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You guys got that? This is really the x-axis, this is not my string. That is my string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each point is labeled by an x value that it would have the string relaxed to the normal position. We are asking, what is the displacement of the string at the point x at time t?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So psi is our new dynamical variable, namely the variable for which we like to write the equations governing its motion. And we want to ask, how does psi vary with time? What will it do? If I start it out, what will it do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you understand the parallel to the mass and spring system? The mass and spring system, you got a mass and you got a spring. You pull the mass out to some new location. You let it go and you want to know what it does. The answer was cosωt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I displace all those degrees of freedom, and I let them go, and they're gonna do something, and I want to know how they're all varying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So previously we had only one coordinate, which I call x, which varied with time. Now at every point x, I have a coordinate psi that varies with time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And our job is to find the equation satisfied by psi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let us take a string, and the string has to be under some tension. That means you hang some weights on the end, or you tighten it with some screws. That's the tension, so that the string is willing to, dying to break apart if you cut it. So t is the tension on the string. Without the tension, none of this will work. So here is a string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fate of a sine, tiny segment of length dx.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An essential parameter here is called mu, which is the mass per unit length. That means you


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put the string on a weighing machine, you find the mass and you divide by the length.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, if you've got a 10-meter string, and it weighs, uh, one-tenth of a kilogram, then the mass-filament length is 1 over 1000 kilograms per meter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The textbook may use f for tension, because t is the time period also, so it depends on what symbol they use in the book. I'm not completely sure. I'm going to call it t, because it's been called t in the past.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I pull this thing, and I want to know what the whole string will do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who is going to tell me now, what authority will decide the behavior of this string? What do we have to appeal to?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. So he said, find the force that will return it to the original position. And what was the it that you mentioned? Pardon me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, but uhm, we are going to apply. Yes, any other answers before I go? Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it will look like that. That is correct. But you, all I want you to understand is, there are no new laws.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not going to say, well, you studied masses and springs, today's time to study springs, and I'm going to tell you a new law of motion. There's only one law of motion, that's F equals ma. The whole purpose of my exercise now is to show you that really does control. That's why it's a super law.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything mechanical follows from that law, and I want to show you F equals ma is all I have, and I got to use it properly. That's going to tell me what the string will do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, the string is of course a long and extended and complicated object. I isolate a portion of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The total force on it, and I'm going to equate it to mass times acceleration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This force on this little segment is the tension pulling this way, the same tension pulling that way. The tension on the string doesn't change from point to point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the angle at which it is pulling is not necessarily the same. Here there is some angle, theta plus delta theta, and here there is some angle, theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This force is at an angle, say, theta below the horizontal, this pulling above theta plus delta theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The tangent to the string at this end and that end are not quite the same, and that's the key. Because if they were exactly the same,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The same tension on the two ends, if you take any object like this and apply exactly the same force,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They will cancel, because they're opposite forces, and F is zero, MA will be zero, and this thing won't move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason it moves is because even though the magnitude of the force is the same, the angle at which it's acting is not the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to find out the vertical component of the force here and take the difference from there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the fourth on the other side will be t times sine theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Theta is the angle made by the string from the horizontal, and that angle itself is changing over this tiny length.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's gonna be mass times acceleration. Mass of this little segment is the mass per unit length times the length of this segment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, what is the acceleration in the language of calculus? What is the acceleration here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, he said d2x over dt squared, but the d by dt squared is right. It's not d2 of x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's jumping up and down is psi, so the acceleration is the second derivative, and I write partial derivative because psi can vary with x or it can vary with time, and I want to take the second time derivative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now come to the left hand side, and you assume the angles involved are very small. The angles involved are very small.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I remind you guys of the following identity, sine theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Begins as theta plus dot dot dot. You remember the series I wrote for you. Cosine theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So tanθ is 1-θ² over 2, and we have decided that we are going to treat θ so small that θ² we are not interested in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is sine theta over cosine theta is now theta over 1, which is theta. So small angle approximation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sine theta approximately equal to theta, cosine theta approximately equal to 1, tan theta may be approximately replaced by theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, first nice break. We don't have to work with sine. We just want T of θ plus Δθ minus that, which is Δθ.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Δθ has a change in the angle from the left end of the string bit to the right end of the string bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I got a dx here, so what I'm going to do is divide by a dx and multiply it by a dx.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know from the calculus, if you move horizontally by dx and you move vertically by dpsi, dpsi dx is the tan of the angle. That's one of the first things you learned in calculus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, some of you may find the derivation hard, then forget about the details. You're not responsible for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But some of you may say, look, I don't ever want you to tell me something which you cannot prove, unless it's an axiom or a law of nature. Well, this is not a new law of nature, so I have to tell you where I got this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I got this by applying F equals ma to a tiny portion of the string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can ask yourself, when you pull a string up, why does it come down? It comes down because there's a tension on the string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the tension here, and the tension here have vertical components that don't quite match. You see the string is flattening out like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The vertical downward component of this is bigger than the vertical upward component of this force. If you resolve it in the vertical horizontal part, the downward part is bigger than the upward part in this picture. Therefore, there's a net force bringing you down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what I want you to think of is dθ dx is really d by dx of dψ dx. And, well, I should actually use partial derivatives because psi depends on x and t. So if you're a little careful with that, you get d to psi over dp squared. So now I'm going to write down the final wave equation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From this point on, you have to get engaged in the problem, because even though you may or may not follow the derivation, you should know what is called the wave equation. This is the wave equation. d2psi over dx squared is equal to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is very important. What you have to know is that psi, the displacement of the string at the point labeled x horizontally from the left end at a time t varies with time according to this equation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a very famous equation. It turns out, you take any elastic medium, and you disturb a little bit from equilibrium, always seems to obey equations of this type.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So our job from now till sometime is to analyze the equation and see what it means. What are the consequences of this wave equation?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And even though I called it d, it has units of velocity, I have no right to argue that it really is the velocity of the wave. We'll have to find out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me write down a solution to this equation, then we will understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is like saying, I got some equation, second derivative of x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or if you stood at one point in the water and have the wave go past you, the water will go up and down in time at a given space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Understand if the wave is coming towards the shore, you stand in one place, you don't, you don't have to move. The wave will go past you, and where you are, the water will go up and down with time. Or if you took a picture of it at one instant, the wave will go up and down in space at a given time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So waves oscillate in space and time, and you have to guess the answer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if I had more time, I can tell you guys how to deduce the answer. It's not very hard, but I just don't have that kind of time, so I'm going to just write down a solution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, there are many, many solutions to the equation. It's very general. So I'm going to write a particular solution. The solution I'm going to write down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looks like this. It is some number a, which is the amplitude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some number called k times x minus omega t.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unfortunately, this k is not a force constant. It is a new symbol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And omega is another symbol whose meaning we will deduce shortly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That I just cannot write a wave like x minus t or something, because cosine should have an argument which has no dimensions. So if I have an x, I should multiply it by some number that's got units of inverse x. And if I have a time, I should multiply it by something that looks like a frequency. From dimensional analysis, I look for a solution of this form to these equations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once again, whether you solve, this by the way is called a partial differential equation, because it involves partial derivatives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All I'm going to be do, I'm going to be content with showing you that this solution, when I stick it into this equation, actually works. Let us first verify that it works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, next Monday and analyze in detail what does this really do. We'll come to that in a moment. Let's verify that it works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's take dpsi dx. What happens when you take dpsi dx?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you take a partial derivative in x, it says forget about time, treat x as the only variable, then you'll get


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sin kx-ωt times the derivative of what's inside the argument, which happens to be k.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if you differentiate the second time, d to psi dx squared, you do the whole thing again, then you'll get minus a k squared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if you take d2 psi dt square,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you take 1 over v squared times that, you will get this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does the wave equation say? It says the second derivative in x should be 1 over v squared times the second derivative in time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And for my solution, that's the second derivative in x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a second derivative time. I want them to match.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, they're almost there. a matches a, cos matches the cos. But omega and k are not independent numbers. Omega over b should be equal to k.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, this wave equation for waves on a string will have solutions that look like this, where a can be any number you like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] K and ω, between the two of them, there is one degree of freedom. You can pick K at will.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And pick omega so that omega equal to kV, or pick omega freely and choose k so that k is omega over V. But there is a relation between the two of them, which you can write in any number of ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let us put that knowledge back into the solution. Let us say omega is in fact kv, so that we write it explicitly in terms of the k which is completely free. So psi now looks like A cos k times x


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Minus, now here's where you guys gotta do a little mental algebra here. If I pull the k out, can you see that t will be multiplied by ω over k? But ω over k is v.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is a very pretty result, and I just, I will conclude by telling you what that is telling me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which depends on x and depends on t, depends on x and t through this combination x minus vt. In other words, if x minus vt has a certain value, psi has a certain value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I change x, and if I change t, keeping x minus bd constant, the function doesn't change, right? Because it's function only of this combination.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will argue that that really means it's the wave that's traveling at a velocity v.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me show you why. Let's take a function e to the minus x squared. You must have seen this function in statistics. It looks like this. It likes to have x equal to 0.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take the function that x is replaced by x minus vt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where does this function have its maximum? It has the maximum when this guy on top vanishes, that is to say, when x equal to bt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you took the function e to the x minus bt squared with a minus sign, at t equal to 0 it'll be here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At other time it will be here, but at every instant the bump will be moving to the right, you can see with the velocity v, because the peak is at a location vt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in a wave, the whole profile moves at a velocity, and therefore this symbol we use here is in fact the velocity of the wave.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It just looks like cosine kx, and we all know what cosine kx looks like. It's got a maximum at x equal to zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you wait a little longer, where is this maximum a little later? If you increase x a little bit, if you increase time a little bit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You gotta increase x a little bit so that these two still cancel each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Originally x was at 0 and t was at 0, you're at a maximum. A little later, after some time delta t, if you go to the point delta x so that these two numbers cancel, you're still riding the maximum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that means the Δx over Δt is v. That means if you move to the right,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After time delta t, you will ride the crest. That means the crest is moving at the velocity v.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think to summarize what I've shown you so far is that when you take a string and you have a tension on it, you pull it and let it go, it vibrates according to this equation, that's the first statement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a solution. I'm not telling you it's the most general one or the only one or anything. I want us to at least have one concrete solution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I've not told you yet how to visualize the function. But I have told you, whatever the function is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is drifting to the right at a speed that we call B.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because any function of x minus vt has a property that if it did something at x equal to 0, it does the same thing at x equal to vt. That means the whole shape is bodily transported to the right. So this really signifies a wave traveling to the right. If you wanted a wave traveling to the left, you should put a plus sign here, and it'll go backwards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, Fizz. You let him talk to you like that? You got some kind of secret kink I should know about or something? It's just how he is. I mean, shit, if he talked to me that way... Ugh, that's fine!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bull was busy with the matador at the time, but it suddenly caught sight of the drunk, who was shouting rude remarks and waving a red cap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Apparently sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The drunk, however, seemed quite sure of himself. When the ball got close to him,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really think that if this group here, the group of Gilbert actually catches up to the next group on the road, there's going to be that moment of chaos when everybody looks around themselves to try and figure out what's going to be our tactics, who are we going to work ourselves for? And you'll see that gap even go a little bit further out and give the advantage to the leading group of three on the road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there's Marcus Seberg in the white jersey. Marcus Berghardt, sorry. And all he's doing is trying to mess up the organisation in the group behind. The advantage that Peter Sagan is going to have on a day like this is he's got himself a lot of teammates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the third group on the road. Gilbert is in this group. Oliver Naesen, the Belgian national champion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This ride that Peter Sagan is doing right now puts himself right up there for me with those great Paris-Roubaix champions, if of course he pulls it off, and I think he will.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chapeau, as the French would say, because he came around that corner in first position, and he's really doing everything he can with his teammate, Sept-Van-Mart, number 21. He's hanging on the back for a grim life. Four-star section of this is now at Camp-Van-en-Pebell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Set fund mark was in difficulty there because of the acceleration coming from the man in blue. Niki Terpstra, the winner back in 2014. Third position in that line of riders, Greg Van Avermaet, the winner in 2017. The gap of 50 seconds now, I've got to say, is pretty safe for the two leaders.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Illustrated by Mary Yules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome back to game three of RNG taking on Kingzone!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well look, Vladimir as well as the Rakan are the two that we've been, uh, we're missing right now, and there is a pivot. Rakan not banned by RNG to get rid of BDD's Irelia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I just want to say the Orn has been banned, so let me, we'll need to find something else as an Instalock Ezreal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was six wins and three losses across the nine games, including the two today. His next plate is Cho'Gath at three. Then Gangplank, Maokai, Shen, Vladimir. There's a number of options available.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Initiation, step one engage. Where will it come from if at all? Kingzone needs to ban out one more champion here in phase two. We see the Ryze showing his face in that ban pool despite not being one of the most successful champions at the tournament. Xiaohu actually is undefeated on that one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, what other champions are available? We've mentioned the Shen, we've touched on even the Maokai, which is something we've seen if they wanted a tank in that top lane, and it will be the Shen, Kobe. So there's the team composition here from RNG.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a sentence I've never heard before. RNG want to win the bot lane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also so important, Ming holding onto his flash from that very very early gank. Uh, we saw in the previous game how flashless targets were picked on and punished. Now that was Letme and Khan primarily. This time around both of them on these...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Top lane champions that want to scale, uh, not the most exciting 3-6, but now Stand United's up to let me. We're gonna have that Cannon Barrage, Paul Khan. They will start impacting the other lanes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Four teleports in total on the side of Kingzone. Looking at two for now on the side of RNG. Xiaohu can swap to that later. As it stands, small CS advantages for every lane on RNG.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plus 10 for Letme, plus 10 for Xiaohu, plus 11 for Uzi, and that's giving them this 1500 gold lead with the addition of first blood, and Khan's gonna be the recipient of a dive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're down 2,000 gold, Officio. RNG with another strong opening to the matchup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, that definite possibility becomes an absolute possibility, uh, if Pina decides to engage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's find out, because if they go down 2-1 in the series, much less will that hurt. This is a replay of the fight just before the drag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Average comes back out, but just look at the healing. The shield! I didn't even see how Xiaohu popped rain on the back end. But with Baron empowered minions and 60 seconds to go, Kingzone have no defenses!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything and more. I saw the Vel'koz, and like they mentioned, LCK special, we saw plenty of it from Crown, everything was going normal. There was a lost chapter. I'm like, okay, I see what this is all about. Let's attack. It kind of reminded me a little bit of the Syndra vs Malzahar, and I'm like, can they make it work? B2D's had another season behind them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the end of the day, the Ornn is a pressure valve. He goes top side. He actually doesn't have good pressure. The Caster's mentioned a couple times until Black Cleaver and then some. So of course he's annoying. Of course he's getting some lane priority. He kept getting lane priority, kept getting ganked. But crucially, because we weren't seeing Sejuani, because we were seeing Olaf, because as you mentioned, it's a pressure draft. Good things were happening where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And RNG was this team that could rewrite what seemed like a script of win the first 15 minutes, win the game, a couple of comeback victories. Look at how big the gold lead was up to 7.4k in this meta. Unassailable for most, not for Uzi and RNG.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, you have to eat that one and you do remember that it's also gonna be Worlds in Korea this year and Korea with a point to prove. Could you ask for a better setup for what should be just an insane tournament?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they clearly cannot be held as the one of Korea. They are not the SKT, they are not the Impervious Team. I understand where you're coming from, Proskurin, because we are sitting at this moment. I think when it comes to Worlds, like you say, the re-ignition of the Hope, the three teams coming together and representing Korea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think there's a lot of set up things about China developing, the LPL developing, moving back to single language rosters like we have here on RNG, just really doubling down on infrastructure rather than just importing star names, a lot less


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, of my players jumping over to the LPL recently, I think they really put their faith in the right positions, and now you're reaping the rewards, because RNG are clearly a top 3 squad in the world, and of course with the title, a top 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That moment, I looked at it and I said, okay, it's game five time, maybe this curse is real, but uh, the turnaround still happened. Absolutely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From there, of course, the dominoes fall one by one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course that was a big turnaround Pentakill. It wasn't necessarily about the mechanics, but to me it was about the story because of course that came on the back end of a Quadrakill for Reckless and Caps taking it away. Quadrakill for Caps and that one not going their way. And then finally they gave it over to Reckless, the EU LCS superstar. Fun story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I watched that guy, uh, debut. I was Kostro of the LPL back in 2015 when Xiaohu and Letme were with Bungam Tea. They were a fun up and coming team. You see so many years of seasonings, so many seasons of playing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Coming up against their own hubris, the skeletons of SKT and things like that, there was so many moments of desperation that you didn't see in the LCK, and eventually they piled up and RNG were the better team on the day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's the excitement is that it's kind of an expectation that Korea always wins. It's not just true in the English speaking community. It's the same thing in Korea. There will be criticism. There will be people that will have to bounce back from this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now I just want to skip to worlds already and of course there's a lot of action before them because I want to know is this a moment of a sea change coming through or is this just a blip? We don't know right now. It's certainly a very significant result for this massive market in China for Uzi and for Legacies but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where it's going from here, we've had Korean dominance for so long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now there's no guarantees and that just makes it all a little bit more spicy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's up everyone, tonight it's time for Massive Saturdays with Radical Redemption, Nols, the Tour Manager, Wout, Camera Guy, Maart, Act of Rage, let's go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That does not sound right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, what a lovely birthday surprise!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What a super birthday. I'm the luckiest mummy in the whole world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A dinosaur? Uh, how about a tiger instead? I'm good at tigers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Luckily, I managed to hang onto my slice of strawberry cake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, have you put mummy's shoes in the box?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the count of three, you each show what's in your boxes. Ready?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Written by Rachel Rice Focus Question


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How are birds the same and different?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Draw a picture of the bird and write a sentence about it. Science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell a partner two facts you know about birds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Crusaders are immortal defenders of Germany. People will be singing songs about our legacies. Our legacies are our deeds. And this war is bigger than all of us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Global warming, water pollution, ocean acidification, deforestation, ecological deterioration, overpopulation and a massive extinction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome indeed to the Anthropocene.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The term Anthropocene designates nothing less than a call to humanity. A call with an unprecedented and unsurpassable ethical


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also sphere-born creatures, an anthropology eminently suited for the age of the Anthropocene. His most recent book, What Happened in the Twentieth Century,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I thought. Plenty of time before it rains.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The higher we can count, the further away the thunderstorm is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's five! The thunderstorm is going away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Jahu was feeling Jad and Dash. The big thing there was he actually used his Dematerializer stacks early. Five of them before even the banner came out. Because he was feeling, I can push and roam. If I get that first push, I can make things happen. And again, it's him that makes the unexpected move. Because Vladimir on the map before Sion is unheard of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First time Vladimir's left open, it's snapped up, it's a big champion. And the second round, Janna's not bad, could've been bad, they looked over it, and like you say, Froskuren, unsung hero is certainly me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I'm RNG, I might consider banning Jayce early, just to stop the Jayce game coming through, because that is the real tonic for King's Zone combat. And Dash, I need two questions answered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Indexing into cards, setting up cards for success, that is still their win condition. That doesn't necessarily need to mean last picking on Redstone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has to be with comfort. I think they need to fall back to something, maybe a different strategy. Again, the Jayce, I would just consider banning it first round as RNG. Why do you fit that in? I don't have all the answers, but you need comfort here. They are a fiery bunch, these guys. We've seen the happy side of it. The sad side is probably just as vicious, so it's a close call.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jesse McCree. Been a while. You promised you'd write.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're pretty busy ourselves. So it's awful convenient you showing up today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, we worked hard for this score. You best move on now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This cray. Huh. Bob.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, well. Now you got my attention. What is it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Night night. George, what are you doing? You have to help me with the tea party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We were working about 80 to 100 hour weeks each of us and we were kind of reaching the limits of what we could do without a team.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We do look at ourselves like a marketplace, but it's not a true marketplace because we're not connecting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so we're not connecting landlords with the tenants. We have to make the deal with the landlord themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So part of that, so there is a good deal of tech. Uhm, I do agree that it is not the key differentiating factor that we have. Uhm, some of it's different and we automate a lot of the operations that are happening in one of those.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, more along the lines of automatically finding houses to go and see, uh, using some different methods there, automatically posting, and so we have a constant in stream of, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of it's unique, some of it's not so much unique. I'd say the bigger differentiating factor, which we haven't mentioned yet, is the community fact that we build into it, which is a lot of people come because it's cheaper and because it's a place that they need quickly, but we have a very strong community element and create an infrastructure in each house. So people are actually forming these really strong bonds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so part of that is we set up, uh, monthly dinnows and we give them...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, since then, our average stay length has been a continual process upwards, uhm, since the beginning and still going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it is branding, uhm, a lot of that. We do have a network effect because it's not just community and the houses, we connect all the houses to each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who did very something very similar, but they had very low, uh, margin on it, and they did the community aspect really well. People loved staying in them, but the operations was awful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then there's other companies that do the operations very, very well, but, and many people have come to us and said, everybody talks about community, but you're the only ones with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so we feel that what we have is different, but we are also good at operations. Uhm, and so that's the part that we are trying to scale and trying to hire for tech to turn it more and more into a tech business and to take


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the lengthy processes that are taking operations, like we're hiring for more engineers right now and making that as automated as possible so we can do less of the actual designing the leases and the direct things there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think I would agree that that's the number one risk. Uh, the other part is, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not being able to out, be able to continue to scale because operations costs are not able to be automated in a valid way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I didn't come back in time, you would have been like, Geary, go ahead, it'll be like silence. Cause I was still fucking on the toilet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When was twice? When was twice? I know how to make carbonara because I don't need you to teach me because you're a terrible teacher. Anyways, move on. Next person. You're not the host!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's the talent. Oh, we use our mouths to talent her. Okay, I get it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, okay. Got it, got it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although she doesn't do too much cooking, she loves to still potentially learn cooking and stuff. So I'll probably take her to like, uh, places like, uh, Gordon Ramsay or Jamie Oliver and then we shit on them. Nothing brings love and fosters love more than hate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we just like hate on everybody and how bad they suck and they should learn how to burn rice properly and then, and then we'll frolic through YouTube land and laugh at everybody who cooks worse than me and then we have a lovely dinner date after.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, probably just didn't hear it properly. I forgive her. I'll say it again later if she needs me to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're a parasocial Vito, bro. Kinda weird. This is really ironic. Kinda weird.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One. What is up everybody? We are back with Rizzo VTuber. Where is our host? Why is the break still going on?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mmm, I think what I'm gonna do is download, uh, Neuro's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, what is it, a consciousness into many, many little computer chips, and then I'm gonna bake a whole bunch of cookies and fry up a whole bunch of steak, and I'm gonna insert the cookie, the, the computer chip into the cookie, and then I'm gonna insert a hallucinogen into the steak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nero, if you were given a chance for a physical body, what would you want to be?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want whatever body makes neuro happy. There it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh dear daddy, that's not very good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Daddy, these are the pedals, these are the brakes, and this is the bell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we are working on Commaful, a place where people share and read short stories. We found a new format that's a little bit like a picture book, so there's a little bit of text on each page, then there's a background image that relates to the text, and you tap through to flip through the pages of the story. People share anything from poetry, fiction,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, 20,000 have been created total about 1,500 a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so there's a girl in LA, uhm, and she basically writes, uhm, like, kind of fourth wall fiction stories, and she already had an audience before joining Commaful, and she brought a good chunk of her audience over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so she has about 700 followers. Uhm, that's, so we have people who have more followers than her. However, she gets the most likes on her stories. She gets the most engagement. Probably a couple times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a very different model. Those are built as games. So there's a subscription model built into them. However, we have very similar users. So many of the target users use both or, you know, if they're


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Metaphor wise, we see this as kind of how these teens interact with the written word. So you see Instagram and Snapchat as these very, very visual creatures, very short form types of content. However, the written word...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, very few. We get like 700 clicks, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, so we're actually, so we actually are friends with almost all the top Tumblr creators. What we've been thinking about is critical mass, and we think that there's a certain point, like, we want to spike everything with all of the users coming together at once, where you hit this critical mass point, and theoretically, you know, supply meets demand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've heard that embedding helps us get backlinks and, you know, help us rank some of those stories that uh, that normally wouldn't rank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The biggest challenge for us obviously is getting from our 100,000 to a million, right? Like that's the next big phase. Uhm, you've already kind of gone over different strategies. I'm curious what other companies that you've seen through going through YC who have, you know, successfully gone from that 100,000 to a million.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So because they're teens, email has been pretty tricky in terms of getting high response rates. We tried messenger bots, so we get some decent response rate there. Still nothing huge or significant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are ferociously religious and in so far as our existence amounts to the condemnation of everything that is known today, an inner necessity demands that we be equally unyielding. What we are starting is a war. This is Acid Horizon and our episode on George Bataille and the notion of expenditure. Thank you for joining us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome to Acid Horizon, The Theory Podcast. Our topic today is George Bataille's 1933 essay, The Notion of Expenditure, which can be found in the collection of Bataille's essays, Visions of Excess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This episode has been in the works for a few months, in fact, but I'm glad we waited because since planning this episode, I have had numerous sporadic encounters with this material and surrounding texts of Bataille's, all of which I hope we'll get into some of today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Starting off, one of the primary claims Bataille makes, one connected to his interest in the cultural anthropology of Marcel Mauss, Emile Durkheim, and others, is that the primary driver of the construction of societies and social dynamics is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And has been what he calls the notion of expenditure. The idea that various forms of non-productive excess and the destruction of property undergird social relations and to some extent, precede or inform the utilitarian forms of exchange that occur within a society.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In terms of things that we've looked at on this show, this essay's a little bit on the shorter side, so that gives us the opportunity to go through it step by step, more or less. And I'd like to start out by gathering up everyone's impressions, starting with Adam and Will. So, Adam, what did you think of the text?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. As for me, the first Bataille text I ever looked at was the first volume of The Accursed Share. I picked it up after finishing my master's thesis as a way to sort of cleanse the palate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I did it as a kind of speed run. I didn't really take notes on it, but it was very striking to me because the notion of expenditure is something that runs through the entirety of that book, of course, and it's arguable that this notion of expenditure is operative behind


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of Bataille's texts after he developed this essay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in fact, the very first place I encountered the notion of expenditure wasn't in the work of Bataille himself. It was actually in the work of Deleuze and Gattari in Anti-Oedipus, especially in the first chapter where they talk about the body without organs and the concept of the production of anti-production.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as I understand it, the French volume of Antietopis contains a fairly lengthy footnote or acknowledgement to the fact that the concept of the production of anti-production


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is something that Diluz and Gattari owe to the work of Bataille in virtue of reading his notion of expenditure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you listen to our very first episode about the body without organs, I go into the notion of the body without organs actually being this kind of non-productive attitude that conditions all production in a productive milieu.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to be completely fair, Deleuze and Gattari use the concept of a body without organs in a much more expansive way than Bataille does in his notion of expenditure. For example, the concept of a body without organs lends itself more aptly to talking about individuals, small groups, organizations and so forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's also important to understand the genealogy of this concept. Like I said, Bataille is using Marcel Moss. He's using the cultural anthropology of the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Talk about how debt, for example, functions in a society. How obligation functions through rituals and customs of destructive expenditure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think it's important to note that the role of the creditor debtor relationship as important to the construction of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think all of those writings can give us a sense why authors like Bataille and Moss and Deleuze and Gattari found these exchanges conceptions of anthropology as being insufficient to describe the entirety of social phenomenon that happened in any given society.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In any case, I hope we get to most or all of this today, and I want to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Asafel and the College of Sociology. And so maybe Adam, you can start us off by giving us a very brief vignette of the context in which Bataille and his cohort was writing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I'm, I'm not entirely sure. I mean, in this paper,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The thing that he's riffing off the hardest is definitely the work of Marcel Moss, and maybe to a certain extent, Emil Durkheim, and then always functioning in the background is Nietzsche.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the prerogatives of SFL was to take the leftism of that time off the track of Marxism somewhat, and place it firmly on the track of Nietzsche.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, well, let's go into the first part of this essay, which is the insufficiency of the classical principle of utility, or what I've called classical conceptions of utilitarianism. He might even use that term, too. And the one thing that Bataille is raging against is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we're talking about utilitarianism, we're typically talking about what is maximally utilitarian.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meaning the basis of our ethics revolves around finding out which is most useful or most pleasurable to us. And of course, there are hierarchies of usefulness and what is most pleasurable and so on. And if you remember philosophy or ethics 101, when we're confronting utilitarian arguments, there are some garden variety objections that we can go to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When confronting its main premises. And Bataille has his own take on this, which is very non-standard from a philosophical standpoint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the claims of some utilitarians that Batai is going after is that utilitarian activity is motivated


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the top by things like honor, duty, glory, recognition, and those virtues.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And moreover, the utilitarian has to make an account of where base pleasures fit into this whole utilitarian schema.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things that I became very interested in when I first encountered this essay, and I still haven't made good on it, is the distinction that Bataille draws right off the bat between a notion of honor, duty, and glory and all of these qualities or characteristics associated with recognition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The inversion of those things being something like secrecy. Imperceptibility.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The ability to avoid a gaze. That is going to be part of the foundation, I think, of his ethics. And I think that's something to keep in mind as we move forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another thing that I'm very interested in in this text that just comes at you in the first paragraph is the attack on utilitarianism. I mean, utilitarianism has to make an account of why it is some people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This seemed to gravitate towards doing painful things over and over again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? That's one of the things that, uh, typically...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] End up on the same side of the same existential delineation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That our enlivenment as human being requires that we are capable of accepting the highest highs and the lowest lows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so this means acknowledging the inherent connection between pleasure and pain. These are just two things that I'd like to keep in mind. If I were a grad student or, you know, if I wanted to do a paper on this, those are two things that I would kind of like be looking at as I move forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And for Bataille, the one thing that he notes in conjunction with that is that...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All endeavors like art, artistic expression, uhm, or even just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lounging around the house, hanging out, sexual debauchery. They're, they're given a subsidiary role in relation to production. And one of the implicit suggestions in Bataille's ethics is that in order to transgress upon these systems, those are the vectors that we have to chase. We're moving into art. We're moving into sexual debauchery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's actually more than a metaphor. I mean, there is a metaphorical aspect to it too. It's interesting to think that there's this dyadic relationship between father and son that's constituted by what? The necessity of a certain kind of production.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's also then constituted by this mutual resentment shared by both of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the side of the father, Bataille uses the words a partial malevolent solicitude. I just love that turn of the phrase. I actually used it in one of the tracks that I created for one of the EPs I released during the pandemic. And, uh, I just thought that was interesting that the father, he's in, in the sort of tableau that Bataille sets up, he's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pushing the son along like, I gotta make this little piece of shit into a productive member of society, but here he is always going off track and I have to serve his needs. The son, in some aspect, reluctantly receives that care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Situates this disjunction of roles, father and son.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To me, it's something bigger. It's something within the society itself. It's the body without organs in which any father-son relationship exists within. Whether it's a father-son relationship in a feudalistic society or a society under capitalism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is to say that the father-son relationship under any given set of social relations is not a universal one. At some level, the role between father and son has transformed over time. And I think the interesting thing is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That the exigencies of what happens in the family between father and son is pushed by something else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in, in, uh, Deleuze and Gattari, in the 20th century and the 21st century, that's going to be the exigencies of capitalism. Market imperatives are going to shape the way that relationship and that tension evolves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so maybe we'll kind of move on to the principle of loss section. The important thing in this text is this notion of non-productive expenditure. The idea that a principle of loss is what undergirds all the relations of society.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Including society under capitalism. And each society has a form of non-productive expenditure that is peculiar to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, Jules is just one version of this nonproductive expenditure. If we look back through history, if we look back anthropologically,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The important thing is that this notion of non-productive expenditure changes over time. So in some societies, this took the form of the potlatch, right, in a lot of pre-modern societies. And there's actually different versions of the potlatch. Bataille's work, or at least this essay, doesn't constitute an exhaustive list of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in one version of the potlatch, the goal is to actually out-gift someone else, who would then, in virtue of accepting that gift, be socially humiliated and maybe even lose their social ranking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Bataille touches upon the fact that there were somewhat extreme forms of this. For example...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In front of your social rival, you would execute X number of slaves, for example. And so you would lose all the utilitarian value of having, I don't know, eight to ten slaves or how many ever slaves you had.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the upshot is an increase in your own social standing, even though you could have used those resources to benefit your society in some other way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one of the things that's important for Bataille and isn't as explicit here but is very explicit in the text Theory of Religion, especially when it comes to animal sacrifice, is that the event of sacrifice


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The function of it is to do something that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How the act or the ritual of sacrifice changes our relationship with an animal. He says, but to kill the animal and alter it as one pleases is not merely to change into a thing that which doubtless was not a thing from a start. It is to define the animal as a thing beforehand. So one of the things, uh, in becoming human, one of the things that makes us distinct


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From other animals in the animal realm is our ability to render from the earth tools and make them useful to us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And for Bataille in his phenomenology, that ability to render tools from the earth is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to answer your question, Will, you know, this is one of those questions that you would get in the Philosophy 101 class, uh, about utilitarianism. You know, to what extent is something no longer useful or can we characterize it as something other than useful? I think Bataille gives us


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so Bataille says the ideal indicates Moss, and this is actually Moss's quote, would be to give a potlatch and not have it returned. This ideal is realized in certain forms of destruction to which custom allows no possible response.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I think we can stop there and just say that built into the sort of ideological religious structure of society is this ideal notion of a complete non-reciprocal form of destruction or loss.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does that take the form of in the average citizen in society? It becomes a transcendent ideal of sorts. It becomes a virtue of the gods perhaps, right? And that in and of itself doesn't have any utilitarian value except


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To say that this is the sort of ideological operator in society that then structures all other forms of utilitarian action within a society.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The one interesting thing where he talks about class struggle is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, he said that class struggle is prefigured in the agonism that you see in the potlatch ceremony. I think that's interesting because then once, uhm, capital is instituted,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For ameliorating the plight of workers and the failure of the capitalist to admit to the destructiveness of capital.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looking at capitalists today, I actually think many smart capitalists are going to admit to the destructiveness of capital, except maybe, you know, in a television interview, right? And I think it's less cowardice and just more necessity on the part of the capitalists. In order to keep capital moving, you know, these are the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, this is the way that we keep the motor greased. And I think it's trivial to test the capitalist to see if they maintain the courage of their convictions. Of course, they're going to still be capitalist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think one of the things that perhaps I should have mentioned earlier in the discussion, uhm, and Bataille touches on this, is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The middle class, if there is such a thing, or the labor aristocracy, or just workers who have money, are able to live the lives of the bourgeois or of the capitalist in miniature in terms of expenditure. But to an extent, under capitalism, we all kind of do that anyway. One of the things that Bataille says is that the bourgeois basically


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The form of expenditure is very constrained. It's only happening within the confines of their class with their class peers. And the form of expenditure is never going to involve a complete compromise of their bottom line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's what happens to us as workers. We're watching our bottom line. The kinds of things that we indulge in, uh, happen at a very either individualistic or atomistic level. It happens just with our, our friends, our family, our urban enclaves or what have you. And one of the things that we're forced to admit is that capitalism has created


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A productive milieu that now forces us to use


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one of the products of capital is the continued entrenchment of ourselves as workers, labors, what have you, into the world of commodity production, the production of information, and so on. And that's what we talked about in our Heart Negri episode a little bit too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think that's one of the important elements of not only Bataille's thought, but of the SFL group itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that they were trying to discover for themselves a way to live life well and escape the apparatuses of capture of capitalism and fascism, religion and so forth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think that it's important to note that Bataille and others in SFL in conjunction with their use of Nietzsche


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They believe that ethics wasn't always pegged to politics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is to say that the political isn't always commensurate with life, with a capital L. And this is in part because that societies impose certain kinds of constraints that repress the Dionysian forces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It always has some element to it that it must repress or exclude in order to maintain its cohesion. And this is one of the things that they were trying to get at. And this is articulated pretty clearly in Kai Wah's essay, The Dionysian Virtues.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one of the things that he suggests there is that there is a form of life that transcends history, race, localities, and languages. And so I'll just go ahead and actually read that quote.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These virtues were sufficient in themselves to enable a collectivity to create its emotional foundation and to establish the solidarity of its members.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This would affirm, for those drawn to them, the conviction that these virtues were unfairly mistreated in a society that chose not to recognize them, and which did not know how to suppress them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So too, to give them a taste and show how they might group themselves together in an organic formation that was irreducible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has been and always will be insufficient to valorize Dainese virtues in their fullest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Societies are always going to exclude something. And so the ethical praxis or the kind of line of flight that the members of ASAPEL are interested in involves


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Making this intentional break with social forces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I'm, I'm conflicted on this. I mean, it's a big question. When I think of the outside, my go-to with Deleuze and Gattari is the notion of fabulation. That the authorship of the future involves a kind of creativity in which we herald a new people or a new earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These people are always absent in the present political milieu.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There can be intimations of what this future might look like within the present at any given moment. Going once again back to what is philosophy, pages 99 to 102, right? Like we always talk about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think there's a great example of this concept at work, whether it knows it or not, in the film Blade Runner 2049.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm a little bit hazy on the details because I saw it so long ago, but the story of the film centers around the notion of a child who was born of one of the replicants. And if I remember correctly, these new forms of replicants


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bore with them the possibility of a new politics that was emerging. And I'm kinda fuzzy on some of the details since I saw so long ago, but Adam, I know you know this film pretty well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, what really led me to make the connection between Fabulation and Blade Runner was that at the end of the film,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They indicate that there's going to be a dawning of a new era for the replicants, and they themselves are going to enjoy a freedom and autonomy that they previously could not. And the form of political struggle that's taking place in the context of the film is setting up the conditions for the possibility of this freedom and autonomy to be enjoyed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and the important thing is, is that throughout the entirety of this film, that figure is repressed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. And so that's what, and that's what led me to bring in the concept of fabulation because in any given political struggle, there is the kernel of the possibility of the future. And in some sense, I kind of saw that film as being analogous to that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can barely do philosophy. Film criticism? Let's see. So maybe we can just finish up the discussion talking about the section on Christianity and revolution. Adam, I know this is always a topic that interests you, so why don't you go to the piece that we talked about earlier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll just jump in. Yeah, my big takeaway from this section, it's actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pretty simple. I mean, when you, when you look at this, it's almost like you're reading the genealogy of morals just in a condensed form, right? And I think it's interesting


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rather than using the concept of ideology from Marx.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bataille uses this more Nietzschean concept to say that, you know, religion, it doesn't seek to eradicate suffering from the world. In fact, what it does is it rewires.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The circuitry of society in such a way to nurture the material divisions by being able to say that the capitalist, the bourgeoisie, that they are the bad ones, and if they're bad, well then I'm one of the good ones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's this construction of this Manichean apparatus in the ethics of the society that keeps the motor of capital turning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have plenty of new episodes in the works. Our next episode is going to be on Plato. We have prospective episodes on Gatari again. On Duluz again. On...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Fondain, which will be an interesting one. An existential thinker who is not often talked about. Uh, but anyway, if you want to stay connected, subscribe wherever you're listening, and then we will see you on our next episode. Okay, take care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we, we thought about it. Uh, there are some leads that we talked to. There is definitely the, uh, potential there for international markets. Uhm, but, you know, the platform that we have built out so far is really targeted to US. Uhm, but, you know, that doesn't really limit us on, you know, expanding to more markets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So our, our target was basically states first. That's, that was the focus. Uh, and in fact, you know, um, our website is emission.us. So it's more like, you know, um, uh, but you know, definitely again, you know, we do have, we, we do know that there are people out there, you know, outside of United States who want to study here in the States.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but there's definitely, you know, alternatives for them, like, you know, financial aid and things like that. And that's the, you know, that's the tier that we're trying to target, uhm, to make sure that they have access to that information so that they know they at least have the chance to, you know, apply to college and maybe, you know, qualify for financial aid and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm Kristina Cordova, um, and I manage the partnerships team at Stripe. Stripe builds tools and infrastructure to accept payments for online businesses. And we are about 750 people, uh, and I also spend a significant amount of my time on our diversity and inclusion initiatives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, immigrated to the United States, uhm, a lot of our really early employees are also immigrants everywhere from, uh, Honduras to Kenya to Sweden, uhm, all in our first like 20 or so employees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think one of the reasons for that is because of our core mission, which is really looking at, you know, how can we enable, uhm, economic opportunities and access to creating an online business no matter where you are in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we've launched products like Atlas, which enable entrepreneurs around the world to get set up with like a U.S. entity and a U.S. bank account, which, you know, if you are an entrepreneur in Cuba or if you are an entrepreneur in Canada, um, very difficult to do regardless.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I think for us early on it was about, you know, how can we build this into our culture because we know that we need to launch a product that works in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In working on diversity and inclusion making sure that we had a direct line to ultimately people who were making decisions that affect


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] of what's going on and that they are approving every single thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I would say for us, uhm, at Stripe, the, the probably one of the biggest mistakes we made fairly early on was, uh, we need to hire a pretty significant number of engineers and a very


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fast period of time in our early growth, uhm, and we hadn't necessarily hired the number of engineers that we were looking to hire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that period of time, which was about three months, uhm, at that rate ever in our history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we set a really like audacious goal in terms of like the percentage of women and percentage of underrepresented minorities that would make up this kind of batch of engineers that we wanted to bring on in that short period of time. Uhm, and so we set this like lofty goal, we had all these aspirations, uhm, but we actually had no plan for how to meet that goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, of course we completely failed, uhm, and it was a very hard time I think in the company because we


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, not many of them were people of color, um, or women. And as a result, we had to sit down as a company and say like, yeah, we, we screwed up and we had to admit that, um, like at an all hands in front of our entire company and start thinking about, okay, well, what are we going to do to fix this? Right? Because we are going to continue to hire engineers and we need to set up a plan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so that we can do that in a more effective way. So what we did from that point on was say, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think in a lot of ways, hiring managers, people who need to add engineers onto their team, think about it in the context of like, well, recruiting is bringing me these candidates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I'm going to, you know, find the best ones and bring them through my, my hiring pipeline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but the reality is that as a hiring manager, it's your responsibility for what your team looks like at the end of the day. And you need to take an active role in that hiring process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we actually implemented two quarters ago, uhm, a goal effectively saying that every engineering manager, uh, is required to bring an underrepresented candidate, so a person of color or a woman for engineering, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the way through to the onsite stage of our hiring pipeline at Stripe. Uhm, and this really put the onus on the end managers to do this, uh, because we, one, created a public, internally public spreadsheet in the company of all the end managers and which one of them had met the goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so they could see this, their team members could see this, and so if they weren't dedicating the time necessary to meet this goal, everyone would know about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And how can I ensure that we are bringing more people from different backgrounds into the funnel, uhm, of our hiring pipeline? Uhm, and we 3X the number of women in engineering that we would normally hire during that period of time, uh, through that effort.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, last thing I'll say is, uhm, we, we did probably 20 things to improve our, our intern, uh, diversity for this past year, so, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 2016, we had 11% um, women and underrepresented minorities in our intern class, which was, you know, failure, mistake. Uhm, and this year we had over 41% women and underrepresented minorities in our intern class and we over doubled the intern program.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I would say one of the things that we did in particular that had, uhm, that effect


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the Black Society of Engineers at certain different colleges, uhm, the Grace Hopper, etc. And we said if you just take out your computer and show us a project of something that you've built, if we think the code is good, like you automatically get to the next stage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so how can we think about candidates as more than just their resume, especially when, in reality, at a college stage, their resume probably doesn't really matter that much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Share your ideas with a partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you're here today, you're watching the video later, uh, you're probably planning to start a company. That's why you're taking the course. Uh, most of the class is going to be about, like, how to go about doing that and achieving success. Uh, but before you dive into the how of being an entrepreneur, I'm here to help you think about the why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so it's important to know which reason is yours so that you think through this, this, uh, the decision correctly. So I hear a variety of common motivators from, uh, potential entrepreneurs. Uhm, but I found that once they've fully considered the trade-off, they often decide that starting a company isn't actually the best way to achieve their goals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so I'll help you make sure you're choosing the best solution. And I'll also explain the reason I like to hear best from people about why they want to start a company, what I hear when I think someone's really set up for success.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, great. So, let's call spade a spade. A lot of people, uh, become entrepreneurs specifically as a way to try to become extremely wealthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they see themselves uh, starting the next Facebook or Google.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, however the odds of being that successful are actually incredibly small. So only a handful and an entire generation of companies actually end up getting to that scale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's a funnel from CB Insights actually. It shows how many seed funded tech companies get through each round of funding. So even if we reduce our ambitions a bit to becoming a unicorn, so a company with a billion dollar valuation, you still have like incredibly long odds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you have to execute ex- oop, sorry, you have to execute extremely well, so that means you have to work hard, you have to attract the right people, and you have to, uh, have a better strategy than your competitors. And you also just have to be really, really lucky, because there's a lot of things that can get in your way, and a lot of them, uh, aren't even in your control.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And investors have higher expectations too, so you've seen valuation multiples start to decline, particularly on the public market. And perhaps most importantly, it's becoming harder to disrupt incumbents. So they're not the slow moving giants that they were 10 or 20 years ago. They know how to take advantage of their market position.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, some of you are thinking, sure it's hard, but you get so much more equity as a founder that it's clearly the only way to make a lot of money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's talk about two different ways that you might get to a great financial outcome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, story one, you're the founder. You started a company that does Uber for pet setting. So in this picture, this is the customer, not the founder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's a great idea and you execute it well. So you sell the company at some point for $100 million.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you've been really successful limiting dilution, uh, your equity might be as high as 10% uh, of the company at that point by the time it becomes liquid. So you're walking away with 10 million dollars. Pretty great outcome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, I just showed you only a small portion of startups make it that far, so this is the lucky case. 100 million dollars, a little easier than a billion dollars, but it's still extremely rare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and, and it's actually most likely that you end up with nothing on this path because you just end up shutting down the company for whatever reason.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and often times you see a company, uhm, you know, sell to an acquirer, uh, at this kind of range evaluation. In a lot of those cases, uh, the founder still ends up with nothing because of investor liquidity preference. Uhm, so it depends a lot on, uh, on how much money you've raised to get there. So this is definitely the high risk path. But another way to make a similar amount of money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So even straight out of college, uh, you can do really well financially by joining a company at that stage. But especially if you have a few years of experience, you're gonna get a really good options package, and you're gonna have a fairly high salary too. So I just sort of swagged five basis points here. If you joined a little earlier, it might be more than that. If you have more experience, it might be more than that. But this is sort of a, a good sort of benchmark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and you probably know the market for experienced tech workers, extremely competitive right now, particularly for product roles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you choose well, you can also walk away with $10 million by taking this path. And if you choose really well, and you do find that next Facebook or Google, while it's still not yet a unicorn, you can do extremely well. So the 100th engineer at Facebook had a way better financial outcome than the vast majority of entrepreneurs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, of course, it's still possible you'll choose the wrong company. It won't grow enough for this kind of outcome. This is actually 40X growth, which is pretty impressive. But the key is you get to join it much later in its life cycles. You have a lot more information. You can see the performance so far. You can meet some of the team. You can understand the competitive landscape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and even if you don't find a company that's gonna grow this much, you've got a good chance of picking one that's gonna grow some. In fact, your equity, uh, value's probably already non-zero. Uhm, so you've got a pretty good chance of having a positive outcome in that situation, and maybe a really great outcome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then finally, if you found a company, uh, you have a long-term commitment. So there's a good chance you're gonna be putting 10 years or more into making it scale, uh, and you still may fail in the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, whereas if you join an established company, you can work there for a couple years, you can get a sense of whether it's growing. If not, you can, uh, you can easily leave and try again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the ultimate takeaway here is there are multiple ways to get a great, uh, financial outcome, uh, but it's a lot lower risk to join an established company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't worry, not all of these will be arguments about why you should join an established company. So similarly, a lot of people want to start a company in order to maximize their impact. So usually financial outcomes pretty well correlated with that. So a lot of the arguments I just made apply here as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but when you join a company that's already established, you get some big advantages. So you get access to their existing user base, might be hundreds of millions, sometimes a billion people. Uh, you get the ability to work on top of infrastructure that's already been built out and scaled. Uh, and you're collaborating with an established team. So they're gonna help you succeed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I want to give some concrete examples of massive impact that people achieved as an employee.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so Brett Taylor, uh, who's the head of Quip, uh, before he became an entrepreneur, he, he joined Google after it already had over a thousand employees, and there he was able to spearhead the creation of Google Maps, which is used by hundreds of millions of people, including me on my way here today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, similarly my co-founder at Asana, Justin Rosenstein, he joined, uh, Google at a similar time. Uh, and there he prototyped G-Chat inside Gmail. So this was over ten years ago, uh, still used by a ton of people. Uh, and then shortly after that, he went to Facebook, uh, after it had a few hundred employees and he led the hackathon project that created the like button. Some of you have probably used it once or twice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so you can still join teams at Facebook and Google today and work on something that literally might reach a billion people. Uhm, so that's a lot of impact even if your port, even if your contribution is a relatively small portion of the product surface area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you want to become an entrepreneur to maximize impact, these are the types of stories that I think you should be comparing opportunity to. So next there's lifestyle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So everyone's got their own story about what it means to be an entrepreneur.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in general, the media likes to make it seem glamorous, emphasizing launches and funding milestones. They tend to talk about success cases and ignore failures. And the entrepreneurs themselves are like ducks. They're calm on the surface, but they're paddling like hell underneath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but you only get to see them, you know, on that surface looking passionate and focused.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, looks pretty fun. Uh, and the last image is an actual photo from the founding of Facebook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, they're a little different. So, reality is, is a lot of heads down time doing hard work. We hardly had any time to bust open champagne and spray it all over our laptops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, in practice, tech is a little less like the social network and more like Silicon Valley. It's actually really stressful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each round of fundraising feels a little like life and death, and your competitors are actually trying to kill you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and you always feel stretched then because it's hard to make time for the company, your significant other, your family, and yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So of course my title here is a reference to Ben Horowitz's book, The Hard Thing About Hard Things. If you want to go like way deep on this subject, I definitely recommend giving that a read.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So relatedly, people also think being a founder will give you control over how you spend your time. Here's a great quote from Phil Leibin here. Give you a sec to read it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Phil and I both learned this the hard way, but you don't actually have control and practice. So I spend most of my time, uh, working on the problems I just couldn't delegate. Reacting to issues that are popping up or resolving conflicts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and you're always on call, so it makes it hard to like really unplug during a vacation or on the weekends. Uh, and you're a role model too. So if you take the foot off, if you take your foot off the gas, then so will your team.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's a, this one really doesn't apply if you want to have a lifestyle business, if you like a small business entrepreneur. If you do that, then you actually do have a lot of control over your lifestyle. But the financial and impact outcomes are going to be smaller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is a recap of those first four topics. So these are the top reasons I usually hear from people. Uhm, so the success funnel that I showed you, uh, in practice suggests that startups aren't clearly the best way to maximize financial impact, uhm, or, sorry, financial reward or impact, which might do better by joining an established company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so if you want to aim for a home run, uh, you should, you should, uh, feel committed to putting in the many years of effort and discipline that it takes to become a professional athlete. And you still may fail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now that I've, uh, given you a bunch of bad news, uhm, let's talk about what I see as the best reason for starting a company. So basically you can't not do it. So this has two roots. The first is passion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so passion is, is really important since we just talked about how hard it is to start a company. So you're gonna need that passion to power through. And you also need it to recruit great people to follow you as a leader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the second part of this is that you're the right person to make this happen by starting a company. So if you fail to do it, you're actually going to be depriving the world of something great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, this implies that the idea itself is really valuable, and it also implies that you're the best person to bring that idea into the world. If you're not the best person, then that best person's out there, uh, and they're probably gonna out-compete you and create something even more valuable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one twist on this is maybe you're the best person, uh, but you should do it within the context of an existing company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I often feel this way when I hear someone describe something to me that really sounds like a feature of an existing product. So if you want to have like the next, uh, twist on photo sharing, I definitely recommend considering Instagram or Snapchat, uh, and helping them build it into their products. So you can be entrepreneurial inside the context of an existing company.