[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. Well missy, the white smoke that you saw is stained from the radiator. You overheated your engine so now the pistons are busted and so is your transmission.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should have called us and we could have told you over here when your car died.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm afraid a bit more than that. We need to order the spare parts, take apart your electrical system, fuel pump, and engine, and then put it back together again. You are gonna have to leave it here for at least, uh, two weeks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a pediatrician, as a geneticist, as a researcher, we try and address that question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But autism is not a single condition. It's actually a spectrum of disorders.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who communicates by using an iPad to touch pictures to communicate his thoughts and his concerns. A little boy who when he gets upset will start rocking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another 13-year-old boy who has quite a different set of challenges. He's actually quite remarkably gifted in mathematics. He can multiply three numbers by three numbers in his head with ease. Yet when it comes to trying to have a conversation, he has great difficulty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He doesn't make eye contact. He has difficulty starting a conversation, feels awkward.


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[Assistant] And when he gets nervous, he actually shuts down.


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[Assistant] Yet both of these boys have the same diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.


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[Assistant] One of the things that concerns us is whether or not there really is an epidemic of autism.


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[Assistant] And the question is, why does this graph look this way?


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[Assistant] Or is it because we have now started labeling individuals with autism, simply giving them the diagnosis, when they were still present there before, yet simply didn't have that label?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in fact, in the late 1980s, the early 1990s, legislation was passed that actually provided individuals with autism with resources, with access to educational materials that would help them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More individuals were diagnosed and got access to the resources they needed.


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[Assistant] In addition, we've changed our definition over time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, the original research study that suggested that was the case was completely fraudulent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the ingredients in vaccines, something called thimerosal, was thought to be what the cause of autism was. That was actually removed from vaccines in the year 1992, and you can see that it really did not have an effect in what happens with the prevalence of autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, there is no evidence that this is the answer. So the question remains, what does cause autism?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition, another vulnerable and critical period in terms of development is when the mother's pregnant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In particular, there's a medication, valproic acid, which mothers with epilepsy sometimes take, we know can increase that risk of autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one of the things I'm going to spend a lot of time focusing on are the genes that can cause autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm focusing on this not because genes are the only cause of autism, but it's a cause of autism that we can readily define and be able to better understand the biology and understand better how the brain works so that we can come up with strategies to be able to intervene.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the difference that we see in terms of males and females.


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[Assistant] Males are affected 4 to 1 compared to females with autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we really don't understand what that causes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, if one sibling has autism, what's the probability that another sibling in that family will have autism? And we can look in particular at three types of siblings. Identical twins.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Twins that actually share 100% of their genetic information and share the same intrauterine environment versus fraternal twins.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also sharing 50% of their genetic information, yet not sharing the same intrauterine environment.


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[Assistant] And when you look at those concordance ratios, one of the striking things that you will see is that in identical twins, that concordance rate is 77%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is not that genes account for all of the risk for autism, but yet they account for a lot of that risk, because when you look at fraternal twins, that concordance rate is only 31%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the other hand, there is a difference between those fraternal twins and the siblings, suggesting that there are common exposures for those fraternal twins that may not be shared as commonly with siblings alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this provides some of the data that autism is genetic. Well, how genetic is it? When we compare it to other conditions that we're familiar with, things like cancer,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Heart disease, diabetes. In fact, genetics plays a much larger role in autism than it does in any of these other conditions. But with this, that doesn't tell us what the genes are. It doesn't even tell us in any one child is it one gene or potentially a combination of genes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is that it is one single powerful deterministic gene that causes the autism. However, in other individuals, it's genetic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is that it's actually a combination of genes in part with the developmental process that ultimately determines that risk for autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't know in any one person necessarily which of those two answers it is until we start digging deeper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the question becomes, how can we start to identify what exactly those genes are? And let me pose something that might not be intuitive. In certain individuals,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They can have autism for a reason that is genetic, but yet not because of autism running in the family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason is because in certain individuals, they can actually have genetic changes or mutations that are not passed down from the mother or from the father, but actually start brand new in them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mutations that are present in the egg or the sperm at the time of conception that have not been passed down generation through generation within the family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can actually use that strategy to now understand and to identify those genes causing autism in those individuals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in fact, at the Simons Foundation, we took 2600 individuals that had no family history of autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we took that child and their mother and father and used them to try and understand what were those genes causing autism in those cases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To do that, we actually had to comprehensively be able to look at all that genetic information and determine what those differences were between the mother, the father and the child.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm going to do so to try and help make the point that as we did this inventory, we needed to be able to look at massive amounts of information.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our genetic information is organized into a set of 46 volumes, and when we did that, we had to be able to count for each of those 46 volumes, because in some cases with autism, there's actually a single volume that's missing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even more subtle than that, a single letter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One out of three billion letters that was changed, that was altered, yet had profound effects in terms of how the brain functions and affects behavior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In doing this within these families, we were able to account for approximately 25% of the individuals and determine that there was a single powerful genetic factor that caused autism within those families.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because we realized that there was not simply one gene for autism. In fact, the current estimates are that there are 200 to 400 different genes that can cause autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that explains in part why we see such a broad spectrum in terms of its effects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although there are that many genes, there is some method to the madness. It's not simply random 200, 400 different genes, but in fact, they fit together. They fit together in a pathway. They fit together in a network that's starting to make sense now in terms of how the brain functions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're starting to have a bottom-up approach where we're identifying those genes, those proteins, those molecules, understanding how they interact together to make that neuron work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Understanding how those neurons interact together to make circuits work and understand how those circuits work to now control behavior. And understand that both in individuals with autism as well as individuals who have normal cognition. But early diagnosis is a key for us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being able to make that diagnosis of someone who's susceptible at a time in a window where we have the ability to transform, to be able to impact that growing, developing brain is critical.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so folks like Ami Klin have developed methods to be able to take infants, small babies, and be able to use biomarkers, in this case eye contact and eye tracking, to identify an infant at risk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This particular infant you can see making very good eye contact with this woman as she's singing Itsy Bitsy Spider, in fact is not going to develop autism. This baby we know is going to be in the clear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the other hand, this other baby is going to go on to develop autism. And this particular child, you can see, is not making good eye contact. Instead of the eyes focusing in and having that social connection,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And being able to do this on a very large scale, screen infants, screen children for autism through something very robust, very reliable, is going to be very helpful to us in terms of being able to intervene at an early stage when we can have the greatest impact. How are we going to intervene? Probably going to be a combination of factors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In part, in some individuals, we're going to try and use medications. And so in fact, identifying the genes for autism is important for us to identify drug targets, to identify things that we might be able to impact and can be certain that that's really what we need to do in autism. But that's not going to be the only answer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beyond just drugs, we're going to use educational strategies. Individuals with autism, some of them are wired a little bit differently. They learn in a different way, they absorb their surroundings in a different way, and we need to be able to educate them in a way that serves them best.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beyond that, there are a lot of individuals in this room who have great ideas in terms of new technologies we can use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To even things like Google Glass. You could imagine, for instance, Gabriel, with his social awkwardness, might be able to wear Google Glass with an earpiece in his ear and have a coach be able to help him, be able to help


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about conversations, conversation starters, being able to even perhaps one day invite a girl out on a date.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of these new technologies just offer tremendous opportunities for us to be able to impact the individuals with autism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I invite all of you to be able to help us think about how to do this better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To use as a community our collective wisdom to be able to make a difference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in particular, for the individuals and families with autism, I invite you to join the Interactive Autism Network to be part of the solution to this because it's going to take really a lot of us to think about what's important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's going to be a meaningful difference? As we think about something that's potentially a solution, how well does it work? Is it something that's really going to make a difference in your lives as an individual, as a family with autism?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to need individuals of all ages, from the young to the old, and with all different shapes and sizes of the autism spectrum disorder to make sure that we can have an impact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I invite all of you to join the mission and to help to be able to make the lives of individuals with autism so much better and so much richer. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna be looking at a scary lesson today, and we have nothing to preview, so let's listen to this dialogue and see why everyone is so scared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very similar to another TV show, but, uh, it's different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's start with the very first line of our dialogue. Shabby described the mansion to be ultra spooky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a little bit scary. It maybe makes you feel a little bit uncomfortable or maybe it makes you feel a little bit scared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, ultra is another way of saying super or very or really spooky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, there is a ghost haunting his house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, to hunt. So the ghost is coming to the house frequently and not letting them live in peace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. Now, they were all afraid and they didn't wanna go in, and so Wilma called everyone cowards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so they were being cowards, they were afraid, so that's why they didn't want to go in.


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[Assistant] Alright, so get goosebumps. Now, goosebumps, it may sound a little bit strange, but it's very easy when you're scared or maybe you're cold.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, chicken skin. And that's actually how we call it in Spanish, chicken skin. But, this is goose bumps, so I guess it's kind of similar. A goose?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, as adults you wouldn't say he's a scaredy cat.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now that we understand all the vocabulary we saw in language takeaway, why don't we take a look at two phrases now in Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Alright, great examples and now we know how we can combine looking with different adjectives.


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[Assistant] Okay, so an interesting dialogue about ghosts and haunted houses. So, what do you think, Erica? Do you believe in ghosts? Have you ever seen a ghost?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, no, no, nothing. We were just, the only thing on the whole table that was moving was that and we all just kind of stared at the glass moving and we didn't know what to do. And then my mom started kind of giggling, a nervous laugh and we really didn't know what happened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. In Latin America, people are very superstitious. They believe in ghosts or in spirits or we have a lot of urban legends about, you know, like a leprechaun that lives under a bridge or...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, somebody's grandma that comes and haunts them or visits them at night and stuff like that. So yeah, Latin American people are very, uh, superstitious in this sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, I think the difference would be that you have a different type of superstition, like, people are afraid of, uh, black cats.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So, because they consider it to be bad luck, but not because something like a ghost or an alien is gonna come out and eat them.


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[Assistant] Come to our website EnglishPod.com and let us know and we'll see you guys there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Machu Wetland has more than 300 tributaries, large and small.


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[Assistant] Distributed like capillaries across the surface of the earth.


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[Assistant] China's second longest river reaches Machu.


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[Assistant] It is about the size of three cities the size of Los Angeles. But this is no city of angels, but a paradise for cattle and sheep.


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[Assistant] The Ula sheep breed is unique to Mashu. It gets its name from Mount Ula nearby.


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[Assistant] The secret of the resilience of the Ula sheep lies in the green grassland.


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[Assistant] More than 50% of the grassland here is put over to growing Chinese herbal medicines. By grazing on these herbs,


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[Assistant] More than 90% of Yak's in the world live on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and in the surrounding six provinces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yaks account for more than half of the livestock raised by Matthew Hertzman.


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[Assistant] Is called the Mother River by the Chinese people.


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[Assistant] Finance ministers from the G20 economics meeting in France have reached a deal aimed at preventing a repeat of the global financial crisis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Accord covers what indicators can be used to measure economic imbalances such as large trade services. The French finance minister Christine Lagarde described the deal as a compromise agreed after sometimes frank and tense negotiations in Paris.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The president of Bolivia, Ivo Morales, has accused the United States and the United Nations of conspiring to defame his government.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mr. Morales said the US was trying to force him to invite American anti-narcotics agents, which he expelled in 2008, back into the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finance ministers from the G20 economics meeting in France have reached a deal aimed at preventing a repeat of the global financial crisis. The accord covers what indicators can be used to measure economic imbalances, such as large trade services.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The French finance minister Christine Lagarde described the deal as a compromise agreed after sometimes frank and tense negotiations in Paris.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The president of Bolivia, Ivo Morales, has accused the United States and the United Nations of conspiring to defame his government.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said criticism by the US and the UN drugs agency over Bolivia's handling of the war on drugs were part of a strategy to falsely link his government to drug trafficking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mr. Morales said the US was trying to force him to invite American anti-narcotics agents, which he expelled in 2008, back into the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me introduce you to something I've been working on. It's what the Victorian illusionists would have described as a mechanical marvel, an automaton, a thinking machine. Say hello to Eddie. Now he's asleep. Let's wake him up. Eddie. Eddie.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These mechanical performers were popular throughout Europe. Audiences marveled at the way they moved. It was science fiction made true. Robotic engineering in a pre-electronic age. Machines far in advance of anything that Victorian technology could create. A machine we would later know as the robot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were not intelligence. They were illusions. A clever combination of mechanical engineering and the deceptiveness of the conjurer's art. Eddie is different. Eddie is real.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm Eddie. Will you be my friend? We are intrigued by the possibility of creating a mechanical version of ourselves. We build them so they look like us, behave like us, and think like us. The perfect robot would be indistinguishable from the human. And that scares us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the first story about robots, they turn against their creators. It's one of the light motifs of science fiction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I was saying, besides the faces and bodies we give our robots, we cannot read their intentions. And that makes us nervous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When someone hands an object to you, you can read intention in their eyes, their face, their body language. That's not true of the robot. Now this goes both ways. Wow! Robots cannot anticipate human actions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That hurt! Sorry. Now one way of persuading humans that robots are safe is to create the illusion of trust.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Much as the Victorians faked their mechanical marvels, we can add a layer of deception to help us feel more comfortable with our robotic friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With that in mind, I said about teaching Eddie a magic trick. Ready, Eddie? Uh, ready Marco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alan Turing, pioneer of artificial intelligence, spoke about creating the illusion that a machine could think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, if we not yet have the technological solutions, would illusions serve the same purpose?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To create a robotic illusion which divides a set of ethical rules, a code that all robots would live by.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We anthropomorphize our machines. We give them a friendly face and a reassuring voice.


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[Assistant] We let them entertain us. Most important, we make them indicate that they are aware of our presence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Marco, you're standing on my foot! Sorry. They'll be conscious of our fragile frame and move aside if we got too close. And they'll account for our unpredictability and anticipate our actions. And now?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under the spell of a technological illusion, we could ignore our fears and truly interact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has been probably one of the worst experiences of my life so far. I hope I will learn to smile again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, the sea sickness is already forgotten to be honest, but it's all forgotten. It's just out of this world. It's so wonderful that these places still exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For me it's emotional because I know this might have been a once in a lifetime experience.


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[Assistant] It's a really special place, you know. So... I don't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just hope we can keep these places and protect them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where Animals Live. Written by Robert Charles. Illustrated by Terry Herman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Animals live in many different places. Some live above the ground. Some live in the ground. Some live on the ground. Some live in the water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This frog lives in a pond. The turtle lives in a pond too.


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[Assistant] This prairie dog lives in a burrow. The woodchuck lives in a burrow too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This deer lives in the woods. The fox lives in the woods too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We got a report last night that there was a wolf kill on the road, so, you know, we've been going into the wilderness to try and find...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're changing strategy, uhm, I've moved the camera teams to a car park above the village where we're staying, which, I can't even quite believe I'm saying that, but, uh, hopefully it'll pay off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nah, this sounds boring. I'm gonna go play Killer Zombies on my PlayStation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nah, this sounds boring. I'm gonna go play Killer Zombies on my PlayStation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nah, this sounds boring. I'm gonna go play Killer Zombies on my PlayStation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was about as tragic as it gets really, and we heard the two shots go off, so we were there when it happened and the elephant went down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you buy two pizzas, we will throw in another one for free. Example two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The salesman threw in a subscription to the local newspaper for buying his product. Isn't that great?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my name is Catherine and today we've got a very, very useful lesson for all of you out there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Small and it is kind of grammar focused, but it's very, very important because you often want to talk about things that don't happen. We're calling these hypotheticals or conditional statements.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's complex and we're actually talking about things that did not happen and that will not happen, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so uh, two guys, you know, talking about life. These, I, I imagine these guys as being, you know, middle to middle age, or a little bit older, sitting on a porch, drinking a beer, talking about what could have been. Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well Marco, this first phrase is a phrase you'll hear very often in English, uh, it's a phrase that even has philosophical roots, something we talked a lot about when we were studying Socrates back in school, but uh, this is the good life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a good life is a very common phrase, but here the good life is an idiom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And maybe you have a good, a nice family and you have a good job and you're just happy. So this is the good life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This often happens when people lose their jobs. You say, well, you know, everything happens for a reason.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Losing this job will allow you to find a better job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is a way for people speaking English to say, listen, I agree with you, I like that idea, and I will, cheers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can, and you know, often times we say, uhm, for example, something really positive, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really glad I have such great friends. And then everyone says, Oh, I'll drink to that. Right. And so this is something you'll hear when you're out with friends or with family and they may sound funny at first, but you will recognize them when you're speaking to people who speak English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in Grammar Breakdown, we're going to look at the two main parts of these phrases that allow us to talk about things that didn't happen. So we're talking about looking back at our life and seeing what decisions and what actions we made. And in this case, we have a great sentence here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Studied architecture. I would have become an artist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He did, so if I hadn't studied architecture, it means I did study architecture, but if I had not studied it,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is if I could change the past.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so he wanted to be an artist, but he didn't become an artist. He studied architecture instead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see the two parts here, we have one, the condition, if I hadn't done this thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we've got the same idea here, but we've got it flipped. We've got these two parts in different places. And so, uh, he's pretty much saying, if I hadn't moved to this town, then I wouldn't have gotten married.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I hadn't moved to China, I wouldn't have learned Chinese.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or if I hadn't opened my big mouth, my best friend wouldn't have gotten so angry at me. Exactly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She, no, she didn't speak Swedish or Czech. Her parents spoke English as their common language, but she grew up speaking Italian and German.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But she didn't speak to me in those languages. And then as an adult, she forgot some of it, some, some of them. And so, um, because my dad was, my dad, well, they're both Americans now, but my dad's American. Uh, they just spoke English to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Definitely true, and I think there are a lot of people, uhm, a lot of our users that speak


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually it's true, it sounds, it sounds funny when you hear it because you're like, how could it be easier to learn more? But your brain starts to understand patterns better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm supposed to go with him too. You are?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But don't worry. I distracted them with a fake tiger skin. They'll never find us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How can we save him? That wind was too powerful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Only the Bodhisattva Lingji can stop my wind magic. Start a fire! We're having a feast tonight!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Several other European countries and the United States then withdrew it, but it remained on sale in France for another 10 years. The health minister, Javier Bertrand, said it was now his duty to rebuild the regulatory system to protect the public.


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[Assistant] His statement is being seen as an admission that one of the biggest medical scandals in France in recent years may not be an isolated case.


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[Assistant] Wikipedia is now available in 270 languages, covers 17 million topics, and is read by hundreds of millions of people around the world.


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[Assistant] But the man behind the site, Jimmy Wales, says he expects its future growth to come from emerging nations like India and Brazil.


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[Assistant] A government report said the drug known as Mediator should have been banned as early as 1999 when it began to emerge that it could cause heart disease.


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[Assistant] Several other European countries and the United States then withdrew it, but it remained on sale in France for another 10 years. The health minister, Javier Bertrand, said it was now his duty to rebuild the regulatory system to protect the public.


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[Assistant] His statement is being seen as an admission that one of the biggest medical scandals in France in recent years may not be an isolated case.


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[Assistant] Wikipedia is now available in 270 languages, covers 17 million topics and is read by hundreds of millions of people around the world.


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[Assistant] But the man behind the site, Jimmy Wales, says he expects its future growth to come from emerging nations like India and Brazil.


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[Assistant] Winter is just gone and it's ushering in spring and it gives that joyful and happy feeling to people to see how beautiful daft dills are.


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[Assistant] Fish can swim. They use their fins and tails to swim.


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[Assistant] They use their feet and tails to swim.


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[Assistant] Otters can swim. They use their feet and tails to swim.


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[Assistant] These peaches take thousands of years to become ripe. Anybody who takes a bite of one will live forever.


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[Assistant] Why does an octopus need eight arms? Written by Anthony Curran Illustrated by Laura Hoffman


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[Assistant] The first arm is for brushing her teeth.


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[Assistant] The third arm is for playing catch.


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[Assistant] The fourth arm is for giving high fives.


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[Assistant] The fifth arm is for holding an umbrella.


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[Assistant] We'll reveal a land defined by water and mountains.


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[Assistant] Where the Norwegian people blend ancient traditions


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[Assistant] And ingenious new technology to conquer the rugged wilderness.


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[Assistant] We'll take an aerial tour across Europe, seeing its sights from a brand new perspective.


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[Assistant] Filmed from above over the course of a single year as the landscape transforms through the changing seasons, we will uncover the culture, history,


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[Assistant] And engineering that built the great European nations we see today.


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[Assistant] Norway clings to northwest Europe like an elongated teardrop.


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[Assistant] With Sweden to the east and Denmark to the south.


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[Assistant] Its coastline runs 101,000 kilometers from the cities of the south to some of the world's most northerly towns.


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[Assistant] Cities like Bergen and Oslo grew rich trading fish, and today are a magnet for tourists. Then in the 20th century,


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[Assistant] The discovery of North Sea oil added one trillion dollars to the public purse.


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[Assistant] As the year comes to a close, the nation undergoes a dramatic transformation.


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[Assistant] The north is covered in a thick blanket of snow. As winter grips Norway.


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[Assistant] As an icy tranquility settles over the country's north,


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[Assistant] A forest in the milder south is a hive of activity, preparing for the upcoming Christmas celebrations.


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[Assistant] The Østmarka Forest is a green oasis situated just east of Norway's bustling capital. A closer look


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[Assistant] Reveals an area of forest riven with rocky folds and valleys.


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[Assistant] This is where some of the world's largest Christmas trees grow.


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[Assistant] In late autumn, workers in the Ustmaka forest fell and then ship giant Christmas trees across the world for city plazas.


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[Assistant] Our aerial cameras reveal the tree that has been earmarked for Oslo's University Square this winter.


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[Assistant] This year, lead forester Eivind Birkeland has chosen this colossal two-ton, 23-metre-tall Norwegian spruce.


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[Assistant] Ivan must fell the tree without damaging a single branch.


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[Assistant] To do this, he must attach a giant crane to the top of the tree to gently lower it onto the waiting truck below.


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[Assistant] Hanging 13 meters from the ground, Ivan secures the tree to the winch.


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[Assistant] He then clambers back down to quickly slice through the base of the tree.


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[Assistant] The team very slowly lower the tree onto the truck, making sure that not a single branch is twisted or snapped.


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[Assistant] Once secure, it's time for Ivan to prepare for the most difficult part of the task. Transporting it through Norway's bustling capital. And for that, he needs to wait until dark.


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[Assistant] Driving at night gives Ivan and his monster tree the run of the city streets.


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[Assistant] With a tree this big, he needs every square meter of Oslo's roads to steer the 23-meter Goliath around the tight city bends.


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[Assistant] The team get to work on the next stage of this almighty challenge. Lifting the tree into position.


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[Assistant] The team must work quickly before Oslo's roads flood with early morning commuters.


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[Assistant] As the crane lifts the Norwegian spruce into the air,


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[Assistant] Ivan carefully guides the trunk into its footing.


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[Assistant] Towering 23 meters into the sky, this tree is the perfect monument to mark the start of Oslo's Christmas season. But there's just one thing missing.


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[Assistant] Soon, the Christmas decorations are joined by a dusting of snow, as the winter cold reaches the capital.


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[Assistant] Between November and January, the long winter nights bring magic to Norway's far north.


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[Assistant] The Aurora Borealis dances across the inky sky.


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[Assistant] Northern Norway is one of Europe's last truly wild frontiers. Stretching all the way up to the Arctic Circle.


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[Assistant] And this icy landscape is most striking when seen from above.


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[Assistant] In winter, North Norway appears an impenetrable tundra.


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[Assistant] As the roads and railways disappear below the ice.


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[Assistant] A farmstead surrounded by dozens of tiny red boxes.


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[Assistant] Each winter, in the remote Arctic Circle hamlet of Inset,


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[Assistant] Morton Clower and Anna Tiesvar prepare their pack of 86 huskies for a season of expeditions.


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[Assistant] They take visitors from around the world, husky sledding, through this beautiful and extreme environment.


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[Assistant] Three puppies are now 18 months old and strong enough to join the sled pulling pack.


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[Assistant] Morton and Anna are going to challenge them to a grueling 9km trek.


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[Assistant] With the dogs in position and raring to go.


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[Assistant] Morton mounts the sled and signals for the lead dog to set off.


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[Assistant] Morton and Anna have placed the young huskies in the middle of the pack.


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[Assistant] They hope the rookies will instinctively take the lead from the older and more experienced dogs around them.


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[Assistant] Just a hundred meters in, the pups face a test of their nerve.


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[Assistant] This narrow bridge crosses a fast flowing river, and the dogs can see through its sides to the torrent below.


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[Assistant] With a few words of encouragement from Morton. The pups make it over the bridge without missing a beat.


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[Assistant] The pack make short work of the forest slopes, but the biggest test still lies ahead.


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[Assistant] And it's a challenge that will test their courage to its limit.


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[Assistant] From above, it looks like pristine snowfall, but the dogs can feel the ice below.


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[Assistant] For two thousand years, sled dogs were the preferred way to travel long distances through the region. Today, snowmobiles provide an alternative.


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[Assistant] The young huskies have successfully completed their first expedition into the Norwegian wilderness.


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[Assistant] And soon, this new generation will be leading visitors into Norway's wild frontier.


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[Assistant] 850 kilometers south of Inset, the land rises in a series of majestic peaks.


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[Assistant] This western highland is the location of one of Norway's most remarkable winter sites.


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[Assistant] Norway's towering mountains and deep valleys divide towns and villages in the country's west.


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[Assistant] These communities rely on a network of extraordinary mountain passes, which from above look like doodles on a page.


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[Assistant] Of all these routes, the most spectacular is the Trollstigen, or Trollpass.


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[Assistant] This 55 kilometer highway twists through a series of brutal hairpin bends as it snakes to its peak 858 meters in the mountains. In winter, it completely disappears from view under a deep blanket of snow.


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[Assistant] When winter begins to loosen its grip on western Norway,


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[Assistant] It rests on the shoulders of Dag Christian Ugseth to open up this valley route.


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[Assistant] Doug uses two massive snow clearing machines.


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[Assistant] The only thing to stop them plummeting off the side of the steep road are wooden markers buried in the ground.


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[Assistant] Our aerial cameras capture the two giant snow plows chopping the ice and snow into small pieces and then propelling it 30 meters into the sky.


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[Assistant] Working together, the plows can shift a staggering 5,000 tons of snow an hour.


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[Assistant] The leading vehicle forges a path through the heavy snow, while the one behind cuts into the sides to widen the road.


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[Assistant] For six months of the year, this route is impassable to the public.


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[Assistant] Doug and his colleagues work in complete isolation from the outside world.


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[Assistant] They are some of the first humans to venture into this frozen wilderness since the snow fell.


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[Assistant] All you can see of the road clearers from our unique aerial view are the plumes of snow that rise from their machines.


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[Assistant] Today, Dag and the team have successfully cleared one kilometer of road.


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[Assistant] If the weather holds out, they should complete the entire pass in the next two weeks.


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[Assistant] And this beautiful setting will be opened up for visitors from all over the globe to enjoy.


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[Assistant] And Norway's hydroelectric industry kicks up a gear.


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[Assistant] Norway is Europe's largest producer of hydropower.


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[Assistant] It generates so much electricity that plans are now underway to feed the excess energy to other countries.


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[Assistant] The most ambitious of these projects is a record-breaking scheme to link a Norwegian hydro power system to the United Kingdom.


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[Assistant] To do this, engineers are using specialized chips loaded with vast coils of cable to lay the power line on the seabed.


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[Assistant] The final seven kilometres section that connects to the hydro station itself is the most difficult to build, and it calls for extraordinary engineering.


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[Assistant] The cable-laying ship must sail from the North Sea towards its destination, the Kvildal Converter Station.


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[Assistant] But as it closes in on the finish line, a tall mountain makes the final stretch of water inaccessible to the ship.


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[Assistant] The only solution is for engineers to drill a 2.3 kilometer tunnel through the mountain.


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[Assistant] Then connect the cable to the station on the other side.


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[Assistant] It took engineers over a year to excavate the tunnel through the mountain. On the other side they are now faced with another problem.


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[Assistant] How to lay the final section of cable without the boat.


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[Assistant] Hilde Hogan-Torstad is one of the pioneering engineers who must find a way to the power station.


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[Assistant] From above, our aerial cameras capture the team as they tackle the problem.


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[Assistant] They used 21 hollow steel boxes to create a huge raft.


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[Assistant] And over the next seven days, turn it into a temporary cable laying barge.


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[Assistant] With the barge in place, they are ready to begin the operation.


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[Assistant] On the north side of the mountain, the team feed the cable from the ship.


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[Assistant] Through the tunnel and onto the raft's giant reel.


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[Assistant] The fully loaded raft now heads for the far shore, slowly uncoiling the long cable behind it.


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[Assistant] This cautious approach ensures the delicate line isn't stretched or bent.


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[Assistant] Remarkably, this record-breaking power link to the UK will feed power both ways. The connection will not only channel excess Norwegian hydropower to the UK,


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[Assistant] But also feed surplus energy generated by UK wind turbines to Norway. The team finally reached land with a cable.


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[Assistant] Then, they winch it through a 400 meter long microtunnel that leads to the Kvildal converter station.


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[Assistant] Years of careful planning by Hilda and the team allowed them to lay the cable through the mountain and across the lake in just eight days.


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[Assistant] The team hope that in just a few more months, the hookup to the UK will be complete.


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[Assistant] And this valuable energy partnership between Norway and the UK can begin.


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[Assistant] Across Norway, in late spring, a celebration draws people to the streets.


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[Assistant] And parades through towns and cities mark Norway's declaration of independence from Denmark in 1814.


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[Assistant] But 80 years ago, Norway's proud freedom was very nearly lost, thanks to a threat from the South.


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[Assistant] In 1940 Norway, along with vast swathes of Europe, fell to Nazi Germany.


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[Assistant] The invasion gave Hitler control of a key Norwegian asset in the town of Vemork.


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[Assistant] This strange elongated building was a vital piece in Hitler's master plan to build a nuclear weapon.


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[Assistant] This is the Wehrmacht Hydroelectric Power Plant.


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[Assistant] Today, historian Gunheal Louros works deep underground to reveal its wartime secrets.


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[Assistant] This was the largest power station in the world when it was built in 1911.


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[Assistant] Our aerial cameras reveal the massive pipes that once fed running water down the mountain to make electricity. But Wehrmacht created more than just energy.


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[Assistant] Scientists here use surplus power to create a substance called heavy water.


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[Assistant] An essential component in the first step towards making a nuclear bomb.


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[Assistant] A Nazi atomic bomb was unthinkable to the Allies.


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[Assistant] So in 1943, they sent a crack team of Norwegian commandos to sabotage the plant.


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[Assistant] Was in an underground steel bunker below the main building.


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[Assistant] One way for the commandos to get to it was down a sheer slope behind the plant. But this was covered in landmines.


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[Assistant] The other route was to cross a precipitous gorge, where the only bridge was heavily guarded.


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[Assistant] So the commandos scrambled down the 150 meter high gorge, crossed the frozen river, and scaled the cliffs on the other side. They broke into the lab, laid their explosives, and escaped.


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[Assistant] The lab was completely destroyed and dented Hitler's dreams for a nuclear bomb.


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[Assistant] In 2017, a team of engineers uncovered Wehrmacht's heavy water basement.


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[Assistant] And now this extraordinary building has a new lease of life as a museum.


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[Assistant] It's a reminder of the brave souls who helped prevent the nightmare of a Nazi nuclear bomb.


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[Assistant] As the days grow longer and temperatures rise,


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[Assistant] In Norway's western islands, the sun brings visitors to one of the world's most remarkable engineering wonders.


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[Assistant] Norway's coastline is home to around 50,000 islands. But from high above the clouds it's hard to make them out.


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[Assistant] Many sit tightly packed like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.


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[Assistant] In the country's west, one group stands out.


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[Assistant] This 12 million euro project has been called both Norway's engineering feat of the century and the world's most scenic car journey.


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[Assistant] And eight breathtaking bridges to link the houses on the archipelago with the mainland.


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[Assistant] Hostman Kai Haraldset knows this road better than anyone.


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[Assistant] He has worked along this route for over 15 years.


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[Assistant] Taking to the air reveals the Atlantic Road's engineering secrets.


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[Assistant] It follows a natural snaking path through the archipelago, leapfrogging between the islands.


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[Assistant] By keeping a low-flowing profile, the road seems to compliment nature rather than fight it.


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[Assistant] It took hundreds of workers six years to build the Atlantic Road, during which time they battled twelve hurricanes.


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[Assistant] It was designed to connect communities together, but it's done much more.


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[Assistant] Each year, thousands flock here to witness one of the engineering wonders of the world.


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[Assistant] And even after all these years, Kai still enjoys the view.


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[Assistant] Kai makes his final delivery for the day and sets off home.


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[Assistant] The Atlantic Ocean Road has transformed his work and the lives of those living on the archipelago.


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[Assistant] Parts of Norway, Sweden and Denmark were home to seafaring warriors known as the Vikings.


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[Assistant] The Vikings were renowned for their boat building skills, which allowed them to terrorize the nations around them for 300 years.


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[Assistant] The area of Telemark holds a surprising living reminder of their legacy.


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[Assistant] Telemark is a land of valleys, lakes, mountains and traditional towns.


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[Assistant] Where some residents still hold onto dialects that date back to the Vikings.


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[Assistant] But perhaps the most striking legacy of the Viking Age can be found in the area's spectacular wooden buildings.


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[Assistant] Descendants of the Vikings converted from paganism to Christianity.


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[Assistant] And used their ancestral skills to build their churches entirely from wood, just like their boats.


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[Assistant] The largest of these churches is the Hedal Stave Church.


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[Assistant] A spectacular 13th century wooden masterpiece.


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[Assistant] Towering 29 meters high, it's a miracle of medieval timber technology.


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[Assistant] The only nails used in its construction are in the ornate door.


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[Assistant] As the summer draws to an end, it's the job of churchwarden Ingmar Kroken to preserve this medieval wonder.


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[Assistant] Stave churches get their name from the thick wooden posts or staves that form their internal skeleton.


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[Assistant] These staves rest on stone foundations that support the entire weight of the church.


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[Assistant] Creating a flexible timber construction that resists Norway's fierce winds.


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[Assistant] Today, Ingmar needs to paint the 50 square metre roof on the southern side with black tar.


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[Assistant] Just as his ancestors did, 800 years ago.


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[Assistant] Straight from the can, the protective tar is as hard as toffee.


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[Assistant] So they must apply it hot so it spreads evenly, just like paint.


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[Assistant] Ingmar and his colleagues work quickly whilst the tar is hot and pliable.


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[Assistant] Every inch of wood must be coated to protect it from the bitter cold and wet weather.


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[Assistant] Even with a special insulated bucket, the team must paint rapidly to finish before the tar cools.


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[Assistant] Five hours later, this section of the roof is ready to face the elements.


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[Assistant] Ingmar hopes to complete the final sections in the last weeks of summer Thanks to the effort of Ingmar and his team


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[Assistant] The Hedau Staf Church will stand as an icon of medieval Norwegian architecture through countless more winters.


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[Assistant] A chill in the September air heralds a dramatic transformation in Norway's famous fjords.


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[Assistant] These steep sea-filled valleys were carved by glaciers thousands of years ago.


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[Assistant] The trees that surround the fjords erupt in a riot of color blazing yellow and gold with the arrival of autumn.


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[Assistant] The Songnye fjord in the west is the longest and deepest fjord in the country.


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[Assistant] It stretches over 200 kilometres inland from the ocean.


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[Assistant] The Myrdal Mountains tower ominously over the small village of Flom.


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[Assistant] The four hundred inhabitants of Flom would be isolated by the mountains but for one thing.


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[Assistant] The Flombsbahn railway is the steepest electric railway in Northern Europe.


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[Assistant] It scales 866 vertical meters. Higher than the world's tallest building. On its way to Myrdal Station.


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[Assistant] Where the villagers can join the cross-country bag and to Oslo train line.


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[Assistant] And time for train driver Christine Shea-DeFe to get to work.


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[Assistant] The open floodplain soon gives way to towering mountains.


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[Assistant] Our unique aerial view reveals the train line as it twists through the stunning landscape.


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[Assistant] But in autumn, when the leaves turn, it's truly spectacular.


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[Assistant] It's even said to be the world's most beautiful railway journey.


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[Assistant] It's so special that each year nearly a million visitors flock to Tiny Flom just to experience the view from its railway.


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[Assistant] One of the Train Journey's highlights is the iconic Kioskfossen Falls.


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[Assistant] An hourglass-shaped waterfall that descends a staggering 225 metres.


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[Assistant] At the top is a hydroelectric dam that generates enough energy to power the entire Flombsbahn railway.


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[Assistant] To pass the waterfall, the train disappears into a series of deep tunnels.


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[Assistant] It steers the train around a full 180 degree turn.


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[Assistant] This allows the train to climb slowly at a gradual angle.


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[Assistant] From the Chiosfoson Falls to the final mountain station of Myrdal,


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[Assistant] Special coverings between the tunnels, called snowsheds, help protect the track from severe blizzards and avalanches in winter.


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[Assistant] Bursting out of the final snow shed, Christine powers the train up the last stretch.


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[Assistant] At 9.50am, she reaches Myrdal, her final destination.


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[Assistant] And has a moment to enjoy the breathtaking views.


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[Assistant] Norway is a land of water with strong seafaring traditions.


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[Assistant] Of the 5.4 million people who live here, the vast majority are clustered around the nation's colorful seaport cities.


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[Assistant] Bergen, a medieval trade hub that grew rich exporting fish and furs. Trondheim


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[Assistant] Where warehouses are built on stilts over the water to make unloading boats easier.


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[Assistant] This entire city moved, rebuilt two kilometers across the bay.


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[Assistant] From above we can see the wide open streets they hoped would act as a fire break and prevent future catastrophes.


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[Assistant] But the greatest transformation of this city is happening right now.


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[Assistant] Oslo sits at the end of the magnificent Oslofjord, with a vast 10km long waterfront.


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[Assistant] For years, this prime real estate was dominated by decaying docklands. But a closer look today shows an incredible transformation is underway.


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[Assistant] As the waterfront looms out of the autumn mist, it reveals a sci-fi skyline of modern materials and cutting-edge design.


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[Assistant] Oslo's waterfront is in the middle of the country's most ambitious regeneration project.


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[Assistant] Architect Henning Nielsen has been tracking the Oslo waterfront as it transforms the capital's skyline.


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[Assistant] This incredible new building looks like a pile of stacked papers.


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[Assistant] It houses the work of Norway's most renowned artist, forever famous for his iconic painting, The Scream.


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[Assistant] The jewel in the crown of this new cultural hub is Oslo's National Opera House.


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[Assistant] It's clad and paved with 36,000 Italian white marble slabs.


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[Assistant] These make it resemble a fragment of iceberg that's drifted up the Oslo fjord.


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[Assistant] It takes extraordinary engineering to make the opera house look like it floats on the fjord.


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[Assistant] 28 kilometers of concrete piles, each up to 55 meters long, reach down into the bedrock.


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[Assistant] These hold the building steady just above the waterline.


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[Assistant] And from above, it's clear this building isn't just for sitting in, it's for walking on too.


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[Assistant] The roof of the opera house slopes steeply up from the water to the structure's peak.


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[Assistant] And visitors are able to stroll and relax on the surface where they can enjoy the views of Oslo and the fjord.


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[Assistant] The aim of this ambitious engineering project was to open Oslo's industrial waterfront to the public. But it's already done so much more.


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[Assistant] The regeneration has firmly cemented the city's place on the world stage as a beacon of culture and innovation. And for residents like Henning,


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[Assistant] This change brings with it a sense of pride too.


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[Assistant] Norway is a land of contrasts that marries harsh wilderness with breathtaking beauty.


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[Assistant] The people who live here have successfully adapted to life in the far north.


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[Assistant] And their passion for innovation to make the most of the bountiful ocean and rugged landscape.


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[Assistant] While preserving ancient traditions defines Norway as the great European nation we see today.


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[Assistant] The Busy Pond Written by Kate Page Illustrated by Cindy Hill


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[Assistant] I see water when I go to the pond.


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[Assistant] I see cattails when I go to the pond. They are very tall.


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[Assistant] I see lily pads when I go to the pond. They are very round.


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[Assistant] I see frogs when I go to the pond. They sit on the lily pads.


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[Assistant] I see turtles when I go to the pond. They sit on a log.


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[Assistant] I see ducks when I go to the pond. They swim on the water.


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[Assistant] I see fish when I go to the pond. They swim in the water.


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[Assistant] I see many things when I go to the pond. The pond is a busy place.


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[Assistant] And my name is Katherine. So what are we talking about today, Marco?


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[Assistant] Yes, and not only a new one, but a bigger and better and faster one.


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[Assistant] Obsolete. And we're not just talking about like, ooh, I haven't touched that pen in like 10 years. We're talking about a piece of technology that is no longer useful because there's something else that can do a better job.


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[Assistant] Exactly, so obviously means it's no longer of use, we have better and newer things in, in its place.


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[Assistant] Alright, so these are actually prefixes that have to do with numbers, and so this is not just a computer thing, this is a math thing, or a science thing, so. Okay, so we've got three different prefixes. A prefix is something we tack on at the beginning of a word. So we have, we have, uh, hertz, uh, or byte, right? These are little bits of a computer, byte. Right, so you have like,


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[Assistant] Megabytes we've all heard before, that's the smallest here. Uhm, we've got megabytes, but bigger than mega, we've got gigabytes.


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[Assistant] You might even hear someone say gigs. You've got a 250 gig hard drive.


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[Assistant] So mega, giga, terra, going from littlest to biggest.


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[Assistant] Okay, so the processor is our next word and this is actually something that, uhm, that determines how fast your computer is going to run.


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[Assistant] Right, so it's like Microsoft Word, it allows you to make Word documents.


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[Assistant] You can also say to process, uh, that up. You're trying to calculate it.


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[Assistant] Okay, so freezing is another key word, especially when talking about computers. This one drives me nuts. Uh, to freeze, uh, it means to stop moving.


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[Assistant] Right, so uh, well it has a couple different meanings, you might have heard it about ice before, but to freeze here we're talking about stopping moving, so we have a game called freeze tag, where if I touch you you have to stop running, but here we're talking about a computer freezing, I'm moving my mouse and I'm typing, and all of a sudden


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[Assistant] So that is about it for those words, but let's take another listen and slow the dialogue down this time so we can catch some of those big words.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, this is a sort of poetic line here, so, uh, ever changing means always changing.


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[Assistant] So the man who's trying to buy this computer, or at least get his computer fixed, really starts to get frustrated with the salesman and he says, okay, I know where this is going.


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[Assistant] Okay, so he's saying, I know why you're telling me these things. I know your motive.


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[Assistant] Okay, so he's essentially saying, I know you're going to try and sell me a computer.


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[Assistant] Top of the line, now what line we're talking about, I do not know, but this is


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[Assistant] Right, so this is the best of the best. This is the top model or the top computer and uh, you can definitely imagine a car salesman using this.


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[Assistant] More than above average, it's really, it's the best you can do. And so, the guy is saying, listen, this is our best computer, really, you should buy it. And obviously, top of the line, it costs a lot of money.


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[Assistant] Uh, top of the line I think generally refers to electronics and cars or like motorcycles and so you often hear top of the line stereo, top of the line TV, uhm, top of the line car, but you wouldn't say this about food or people or art.


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[Assistant] Yea, it is. It's a desktop, right, so it's not a laptop. And, uh, it's got a very fast processor because Macs started using Intel processors a couple of years ago and that made them much faster.


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[Assistant] I'm a Mac fan. I've been converted. My roommate in college my sophomore year had a Mac and ever since then I've really...


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[Assistant] It's really hard to change over. Right? But once you do, you don't want to change back because everything is so much easier on a map.


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[Assistant] But if you're really into PC gaming, uh, then you should probably stick with it, stick with the PCs because the games just don't really compare on that.


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[Assistant] Well now I don't really have that problem and uhm, and also there's really wonderful photo editing software and video editing software. Right. So everything's just really easy to find and easy to use.


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[Assistant] Well, let us know either way. We're very curious to hear what you have to say. And of course, writing on our comments section is great practice for your English.


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[Assistant] Let's say I'm over here. I'm going to do two scenarios. So I'm an observer over here. This is me.


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[Assistant] This is me. And then, maybe even better, I should just draw my eyeball. Because we're going to be observing light. So I'm just going to draw my eyeball. So this is me in the first scenario. And then this is, or this is one of my eyeballs. And then this is one of my eyeballs in the second scenario.


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[Assistant] Now in the first scenario, so let me draw it. So in both scenarios we're going to have an object. We're going to have some type of source of light.


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[Assistant] But in the first scenario, I'm relative to me, the source of light will not be moving. While in the second scenario, the source of light


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[Assistant] The source of light, just for the sake of discussion, just for fun, will be moving at half the speed of light. Unimaginably fast speed, but let's just assuming it is. So it's moving at...


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[Assistant] It has a velocity of one half the speed of light, one half light speed.


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[Assistant] Now let's just imagine what would happen. They're both emitting light. So, and they're both gonna start emitting light at the exact same time. And when they start emitting light, they're both at the exact same distance from my eye. The only difference is, is that this is


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[Assistant] stationary relative to me while this is moving away from me at half the speed of light


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[Assistant] So let's say that after some period of time that the light wave from this, this source reaches my eye.


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[Assistant] So and then it looks something like this. I'll try my best, I'll try my best to draw it. So let's say I have


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[Assistant] I wanna draw a couple of wavelengths here, so let's say that's half a wavelength, that's a full wavelength, that's another half a full wavelength, another half full wavelength,


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[Assistant] And then a half, and then a full wavelength. So let me see if I can draw that. So it would look, it would look like whole wavelength. Whole wavelength.


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[Assistant] This is not easy to do. And then you get another full wavelength. So it would look something like that.


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[Assistant] So this is just the front of the waveform is just getting to my eye. And then as the waveforms keep going past my eye, my eye will perceive some type of a wavelength or frequency and perceive it to be some type of color, assuming that we're in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.


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[Assistant] Let's think about what's going to happen with this source. So the first thing is, is that the front of the waveform is going to reach me at the exact same time. One of those neat and amazing things about light traveling in general, or especially in a vacuum,


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[Assistant] It doesn't matter that this is moving away from me at half the speed of light. The light will still move towards me at the speed of light. It's absolute. It doesn't matter if this is going away at .9 the speed of light. The light will still


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[Assistant] It's very unintuitive, because in our everyday sense, if I'm moving away from you at half the speed of a bullet, and I shoot a bullet, the bullet will only move towards you.


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[Assistant] So by the time, by the time the light reached here, we need to think, let me actually redraw this over here. Let me redraw this eyeball. Let me redraw this eyeball right over here.


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[Assistant] This is me again. So by the time the light reaches my eye. So they both started emitting the light at the exact same time. This guy has traveled half this distance. Right? If it took light, if it took light a certain amount of time to get this far, this guy will get half as far in that same amount of time. So by the time the light reaches my eye,


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[Assistant] And this guy will have traveled about half that distance. So he would have traveled about that far.


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[Assistant] But just, they started emitting the light at the same time. So that very first, that very first photon, if you view light as a particle, will reach my eye at the very same time as the very first photon from this guy. So the waveform is going to essentially be stretched. So instead of having, so we're still going to have, we're still going to have, see, we're going to have one, two,


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[Assistant] Three, four full wavelengths, but they'll now be stretched. Let me see if I can draw four full wavelengths. So let me cut this in half over here. Let me cut each of those in half. So each of these are going to be a full wavelength, and then they're going to have a half wavelength. Half wavelength in half.


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[Assistant] Between, and so the waveform is going to look like this.


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[Assistant] Is going to look like this. Try my best to draw it. This is the hardest part. Drawing this stretched out waveform.


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[Assistant] And there you go, it's going to look like this. And so when it gets to my eye, my eye is going to perceive it as having a longer wavelength. Even though from the perspective of each of these objects, if you're traveling with each of them,


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[Assistant] The, the frequency and the wavelength of the light emitted is the same. The only difference is, this guy's moving away from me, or I'm moving away from it, depending on how you want to view it, while I am stationary or it is state, while in this first case, the observer and the source are both stationary.


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[Assistant] Now, in this situation, what's my eye going to say? Well, my eye will get each of these successive pulses, or each of these successive wave strains, and it's gonna say, hey, there's a longer wavelength here. There is a longer wavelength. Longer wavelength.


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[Assistant] A perceived longer wavelength, let me write that, perceived


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[Assistant] A perceived longer wavelength here, and also a perceived, a perceived lower frequency. A perceived lower frequency.


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[Assistant] So what would that do to the perception of the light? Let's say that this is, let's say that this is green light. So if we were a stationary observer, it would be green light. So let's look at the electromagnetic spectrum. I got this off of Wikipedia.


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[Assistant] So, if I was stationary towards, with the observer, we'd be in the green light part of the spectrum. So a 500 nanometer wavelength.


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[Assistant] But if all of a sudden, because the object is moving away from me at this huge velocity, it's, the perceived wavelength becomes wider. So from my perception, it's going to have a wider wavelength. And you can see what's happening. It will look redder. It will move towards the red part of the spectrum. And this phenomenon is called redshift. This is called redshift. This is red, redshift.


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[Assistant] And I've done a bunch of videos in the physics playlist on the Doppler effect. And over there I talk about sound waves and the perceived frequency of sound as something travels towards you versus away from you. That's the exact same idea. This is the Doppler effect applied to light. And the reason why the Doppler effect works for light traveling through space and for sound traveling through


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[Assistant] Air is because a sound wave in air, regardless of whether it's moving away, whether the source is moving away or towards you, the sound wave is going to move at the speed of sound in air at a certain pressure and all of that.


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[Assistant] And light is the same thing, but in a vacuum, it will always, it will always move, regardless of the source,


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[Assistant] Light that it gets redshift to see whether things are traveling away or towards you.


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[Assistant] And, you know, people talk about redshift because frankly most things are traveling away from us. And that's one of our, the reasons why we, why we tend to believe in the Big Bang. The opposite, if something is traveling towards me at relative, at, at, at super high velocities, then we would have something called, and you don't hear the word, it would be violet shift. The frequency would increase.


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[Assistant] Now the other thing I wanna, I wanna highlight is this redshift phenomena, this, this idea, it doesn't apply only to visible light. So it could even apply to things that we can't even see. So it would only, it would become redder, but it's not like you can even see. It could even be, apply to things that are even more red than red. So maybe it's a microwave.


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[Assistant] That is being emitted, but because the source is moving away from us so fast, it could be perceived as an actual


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[Assistant] And actually, I should have talked about this in the video on the microwave background radiation, is that we're perceiving it as microwaves


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[Assistant] But the sources were moving away from us. They were being redshifted. So they were not actually emitting microwave radiation. Just what we would, we observe, and this is actually what would be predicted based on the Big Bang, is actually microwave radiation.


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[Assistant] So anyway, hopefully that gives you a sense of what redshift is, and now we can use this tool to, uh,


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[Assistant] Explain why we think many, many things are moving away from us.


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[Assistant] Make sure you get that idea. If I have two objects, let's say that these are suns.


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[Assistant] Let's say that these, these are both suns, or both galaxies, either way. And because of other properties, and I won't talk about them right now, we know that they are probably, they are probably emitting light of the same color. They're probably emitting light of the same color because we know other properties of that, of that star or of that galaxy.


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[Assistant] Now, if what we actually perceive is that this one looks redder to us than this one, then we know that it is traveling away from us. And the redder it looks, the more its wavelength is spread out relative to this other star, the faster we know that this is moving away from us.


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[Assistant] Since we've been talking about how stars form and the evolution of stars, I thought it was about time that we looked at some cool pictures of stars forming or stars themselves or evolution of stars. So this right here is from the Eagle Nebula. Eagle, yea, I should capitalize the E. This right here is from the Eagle Nebula.


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[Assistant] Just so you know, the word nebula is kind of a general word for any interstellar cloud of gas or dust.


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[Assistant] So when we're talking about the eagle nebula, we're talking about a huge nebula. Actually, it's a nebula that spans, and just so you have a sense, this is just one of the pillars in the, this is called the pillars of creation. You've probably seen this image before. There's these three pillars here. And this is just a small part of the actual eagle nebula. And just this pillar right over here.


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[Assistant] Just this pillar here, just so that you have a sense of how large it is.


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[Assistant] It is seven light years tall. So this is an enormous amount of distance. Remember, the distance from Earth to the nearest star.


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[Assistant] was about four light years. It would take Voyager, if it was pointed in the right direction, at moving at 60,000 kilometers per hour, it would take Voyager 80,000 years to go four light years. Just this pillar is


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[Assistant] But I wanted to show you this because these types of nebulae, the plural of nebulae,


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[Assistant] So this right here, you actually see, this is actually, uh, kind of the breeding ground for the birth of new stars. This gas is condensing just like we talked about a couple of videos ago until it gets to that critical temperature, that critical density where you can actually get fusion.


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[Assistant] Well, you could actually get fusion of hydrogen. So this is just a huge interstellar cloud of hydrogen gas. And over here you could, well, you could just see it's just this, it's just this breeding ground four stars. And we don't even, we actually think that this,


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[Assistant] This structure doesn't even exist anymore, because remember, this thing is very, very far away from us. In fact, it is, just so you have the number, this is 7,000 light years away. 7,000 light, light years away.


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[Assistant] Which means that what we are seeing now, the photons that are reaching us right now, reaching our eyes or reaching our telescopes right now, left this region of space 7,000 years ago.


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[Assistant] So we're seeing it as it was 7000 years ago. So a lot of this gas, a lot of this hydrogen,


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[Assistant] Supernova that happened that we think might have kind of blown away a lot of this dust and we won't even be able to see what the effects of that supernova were for another


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[Assistant] But anyway, this is just a pretty amazing photograph in my opinion, especially, and it's beautiful at any scale, but it's even more mind-blowing when you think that this is seven, this is a structure that is seven light-years tall, and this is really just part of the eagle nebula, one of the pillars of creation.


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[Assistant] This right here is a star field, and this is as we're looking towards the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way. So this is the Sagittarius star field.


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[Assistant] And what I just wanted, the neat thing here you just see is such a diversity in stars. And this is also kind of mind-boggling because every one of these stars are inside of our galaxy. This is looking towards the center of our galaxy. We're not looking at, this isn't one of those where we're looking beyond our galaxy or we're looking at clusters of galaxies. This is just stars here. But what's neat here is you see a huge variety. You see some stars that are shining red.


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[Assistant] Right over here. And obviously, the apparent size, you cannot completely tell because the stars are at different distances and at different intensities.


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[Assistant] But the, the redder stars, these are stars at their red giant phase.


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[Assistant] They're probably at their red giant phase. I haven't done specific research on these stars, but that's what we suspect. Those are at the red giant phase. The ones that are kind of in the yellowish-white part of the spectrum, these are stars probably in their main sequence, probably not too different than our own sun. The ones that are in the yellowish-white


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[Assistant] And the ones that look a little bit more bluish, the ones that look a little bit more bluish or a little bit more greenish, these are burning super fast. Let me see if I can find, this one looks a little bit bluish to me. Sorry, I had to pause the video for a cough.


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[Assistant] These are burning super, super fast, and so the supermassive stars, they burn kind of fast and fierce and then just die out, while the smaller, the smaller stars, the ones with less mass,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They burn slower over many, many, over a much, much, much longer period of time. So the ones that are burning really fast are emitting a lot of energy at the smaller wavelength part of the light spectrum, and that's why they look bluer or greener. And these are going to be more massive stars, the ones that look


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whiter, bluer, greener. While the redder ones...


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[Assistant] The redder ones are less massive stars that are in kind of their supergiant phase and so they are at this point cooler than kind of the main sequence stars. This right here


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This right here is a cat's eye nebula, and the word nebula, this is actually a planetary nebula, and I want to differentiate it. This right here is a planetary, this is a planetary nebula.


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[Assistant] It's called a nebula because it is kind of this gas that's kind of floating out in space, but it's at a completely different scale.


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[Assistant] Then this nebula, then the eagle nebula that we drew over here. So normally when people just talk about nebula, they're talking about something like the eagle nebula. These huge masses of interstellar


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When people talk about planetary nebula, this is still actually a huge, huge radius, but nowhere near seven light years, but it's still a huge, but this is the byproduct of a star shedding off


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's shed off kind of its outer layers, and it did that while it was in its red giant phase. So the core would keep flaring up, keep having these hot explosions, and every time you had one of those hot explosions, you had more and more of its outer layers getting pushed off, pushed off into space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is still an active star, fusion is still occurring in this star, but it's well on its way to becoming a white dwarf, once all the fuel runs out. So it's past the red giant phase, it's thrown all of this material into space, and it's on its way to becoming a white dwarf. Anyway, hopefully you enjoyed that. I actually find all of these


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[Assistant] Of the 200 to 400 billion stars inside the Milky Way.


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[Assistant] So what if we ate some ginseng fruit? We have no right to call us names!


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[Assistant] Why don't you go outside to your ginseng tree and count the fruit again?


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[Assistant] I went down to check it out and found a wonderful Buddhist robe! I think it's a Buddhist treasure! Anyway, I stole it.


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[Assistant] So tonight, I'm throwing a feast to celebrate!


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[Assistant] I can do whatever I want, said the bear. I am the Black Wind King.


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[Assistant] I need to take a break. It's time for my lunch.


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[Assistant] Oh! It's you, my old friend. Sorry for yelling.


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[Assistant] A pesky monkey spirit was here a little while ago.


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[Assistant] He kept banging on my door and yelling at me. He was very rude.


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[Assistant] But let's not talk about him. It's good to see you. How have you been? I'm well.


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[Assistant] Scientists tell us that an earthquake like 1356 occurs every 500 years. So it's, it's already due, but of course nobody knows when it will happen.


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[Assistant] This coupling beams act as a crumple zone, like you know, the crumple zone of a car.


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[Assistant] Therefore it gets damaged, yes, but the structure is still intact and it doesn't collapse.


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[Assistant] Of course for me it will the rest of my life be something special. If I sit in my living room I can see the tower and so that will always remind me of my work.


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[Assistant] Today we are going to learn Scarborough Fare. Let's listen to it first, and then we will talk about it.


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[Assistant] This side, parsley, sage, rosemary, rosemary, rosemary.


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[Assistant] She once was the true lover. Lover.


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[Assistant] Tell her to make me a cambric.


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[Assistant] And, uh, parsley. Parsley is sage, uh, rosemary. Rosemary amethyne.


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[Assistant] Autistic dance without no scenes and no needlework.


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[Assistant] An acre, an acre, an acre of land.


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[Assistant] Here is the word strand, salt water in the sea strand.


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[Assistant] I want you to be, and, uh, gather, gather your darling, uh.


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[Assistant] A dog and a bunch of bunch of.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this is all the content for this episode.


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[Assistant] Those sound like really draconian measures. Firstly, what do you do about miscarriages of justice if you've already put innocent people to death?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, there have been many cases of wrongful conviction where people have been imprisoned for many years. The authorities were sure at the time, but later it was shown that the evidence was unreliable. In some cases, it had been fabricated by the police.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I doubt whether they could act as an effective deterrent while the detection rate is so low. The best way to prevent crime is to convince people who commit it that they're going to be caught. It doesn't make sense to divert all your resources into the prison system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, but remember that prisons are often schools for criminals. To remove crime from society, you really have to tackle its causes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those sound like really draconian measures. Firstly, what do you do about miscarriages of justice if you've already put innocent people to death?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, there have been many cases of wrongful conviction where people have been imprisoned for many years. The authorities were sure at the time, but later it was shown that the evidence was unreliable. In some cases, it had been fabricated by the police.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I doubt whether they could act as an effective deterrent while the detection rate is so low. The best way to prevent crime is to convince people who committed that they're going to be caught. It doesn't make sense to divert all your resources into the prison system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, but remember that prisons are often schools for criminals. To remove crime from society, you really have to tackle its causes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's eating for two now, if you know what I mean. Example two. Tim hit a home run today, if you know what I mean. Example three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jim and Laura are going their separate ways, if you know what I mean.


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[Assistant] Thousands of supporters of Ivory Coast's Young Patriots movement have answered a call to join the army to fight for Laurent Bagbo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number of people confirmed dead in the earthquake and tsunami in northeast Japan now stands at nearly 8,500. Almost 13,000 are missing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More than 350,000 people are living in basic shelters with little food. Japanese television has shown footage of an elderly woman rescued from her wrecked home. It's said she'd been trapped in her kitchen with her grandson for nine days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you do, I'll recite the spell until your head explodes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want my daughter back. And I want that monster destroyed!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brown shades, majimabushii naa, me no mae kira kira shite mirai ga, yeah. Kono saki nara limitless, negativity wa subete eliminate. Kigatsuitara tashite tte easy game, kore nara easy game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my name is Catherine and today we have an exciting lesson for everyone out there, very cultural.