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[Assistant] We know that this woman has led a most quiet and respectable life at Penge, and here for the last twenty years. She's hardly been away from her own for a day during that time. Why on earth, then, should any criminal send her the proofs of his guilt?


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[Assistant] Especially as, unless she is a most consummate actress, she understands quite as little of the matter as we do.


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[Assistant] That is the problem which we have to solve," Holmes answered, and for my part I shall set about it by presuming that my reasoning is correct, and that a double murder has been committed. One of these ears is a woman's.


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[Assistant] Small, finely formed and pierced for an earring.


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[Assistant] The other is a man's, sunburned, discoloured, and also pierced for an earring.


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[Assistant] These two people are presumably dead, or we should have heard their story before now. Today is Friday. The packet was posted on Thursday morning. The tragedy then occurred on Wednesday, or Tuesday, or earlier.


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[Assistant] If the two people were murdered, who but their murderer would have sent this sign of his work to Miss Cushing? We may take it that the sender of the packet is the man whom we want.


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[Assistant] But he must have some strong reason for sending Miss Cushing this packet.


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[Assistant] If she knew why she should call the police in, she might have buried the ears, and no one would have been the wiser.


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[Assistant] That is what she would have done if she had wished to shield the criminal.


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[Assistant] But if she does not wish to shield him, she would give his name. There is a tangle here which needs straightening out.


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[Assistant] He'd been talking in a high, quick voice, staring blankly up over the garden fence.


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[Assistant] But now he sprang briskly to his feet and walked towards the house. I have a few questions to ask Miss Cushing, said he.


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[Assistant] In that case I may leave you here," said Lestrade, for I have another small business on hand. I think that I have nothing further to learn from Miss Cushing. You will find me at the police station."


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[Assistant] We shall look in on our way to the train, answered Holmes.


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[Assistant] A moment later he and I were back in the front room where the impassive lady was still quietly working away at her antimacassar.


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[Assistant] I have said this several times to the gentleman from Scotland Yard, but he simply laughs at me. I have not an enemy in the world as far as I know, so why should anyone play me such a trick?


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[Assistant] I am coming to be of the same opinion, Miss Cushing," said Holmes, taking a seat beside her. I think that it is more than probable.


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[Assistant] He paused, and I was surprised on glancing round to see that he was staring with singular intentness at the lady's profile.


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[Assistant] Surprise and satisfaction were both for an instant to be read upon his eager face, though when she glanced round to find out the cause of his silence, he had become as demure as ever.


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[Assistant] I stared hard myself at her flat grizzled hair, her trim cap, her little gilt earrings, her placid features, but I could see nothing which would account for my companion's evident excitement. There were one or two questions.


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[Assistant] Oh, I'm weary of questions," cried Miss Cushing impatiently. You have two sisters, I believe. How could you know that?


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[Assistant] I observe the very instant that I enter the room that you have a portrait group of three ladies upon the mantelpiece, one of whom is undoubtedly yourself, while the others are so exceedingly like you that there could be no doubt of the relationship


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[Assistant] Yes, you are quite right. Those are my sisters Sarah and Mary.


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[Assistant] And here at my elbow is another portrait, taken at Liverpool, of your younger sister in the company of a man who appears to be a steward by his uniform. I observe that she was unmarried at the time. You are very quick at observing. That is my trade.


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[Assistant] Well, you are quite right, but she was married to Mr. Browner a few days afterwards. He was on the South American line when that was taken, but he was so fond of her that he couldn't abide to leave her for so long, and he got into the Liverpool and London boats. Ah, the conqueror, perhaps. No, the May Day, when last I heard. Jim came down here to see me once. That was before he broke the pledge.


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[Assistant] But afterwards he would always take drink when he was ashore, and a little drink would send him stark staring mad. Ah, it was a bad day that ever he took a glass in his hand again. First he dropped me, then he quarrelled with Sarah, and now that Mary has stopped writing, we don't know how things are going with them.


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[Assistant] It was evident that Miss Cushing had come upon a subject on which she felt very deeply. Like most people who lead a lonely life she was shy at first, but ended by becoming extremely communicative.


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[Assistant] She told us many details about her brother-in-law, the steward, and then wandering off on the subject of her former lodgers, the medical students, she gave us a long account of their delinquencies, with their names and those of their hospitals. Holmes listened attentively to everything, throwing in a question from time to time.


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[Assistant] About your second sister Sarah, said he, I wonder, since you are both maiden ladies, that you do not keep house together.


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[Assistant] Ah, you don't know Sarah's temper, or you'd wonder no more. I tried it when I came to Croydon, and we kept on until about two months ago, when we had to part. I don't want to say a word against my own sister, but she was always meddlesome and hard to please with Sarah. You say that she quarrelled with your Liverpool relations.


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[Assistant] Yes, and they were the best friends at one time. Why, she went up there to live in order to be near them, and now she has no word hard enough for Jim Browner.


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[Assistant] The last six months that she was here she would speak of nothing but his drinking and his ways.


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[Assistant] He had caught her meddling, I suspect, and given her a bit of his mind, and that was the start of it.


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[Assistant] Thank you, Miss Cushing," said Holmes, rising and bowing. Your sister Sarah lives, I think you said, at New Street, Wallington. Goodbye, and I am very sorry that you should have been troubled over a case with which, as you say, you have nothing whatever to do.


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[Assistant] There was a cab passing as we came out and Holmes hailed it.


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[Assistant] How far to Wallington? he asked. Only about a mile, sir.


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[Assistant] Very good. Jump in, Watson. We must strike while the iron is hot.


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[Assistant] Simple as the case is, there have been one or two very instructive details in connection with it. Just pull up at a telegraph office as you pass, cabbie.


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[Assistant] Holmes sent off a short wire, and for the rest of the drive laid back in the cab, with his hat tilted over his nose to keep the sun from his face. Our drive pulled up at a house which was not unlike the one which we had just quitted.


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[Assistant] My companion ordered him to wait, and had his hand upon the knocker when the door opened, and a grave young gentleman in black with a very shiny hat appeared on the step.


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[Assistant] Miss Sarah Cushing is extremely ill," said he.


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[Assistant] She has been suffering since yesterday from brain symptoms of great severity. As her medical adviser, I cannot possibly take the responsibility of allowing anyone to see her. I should recommend you to call again in ten days.


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[Assistant] He drew on his gloves, closed the door, and marched off down the street.


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[Assistant] Well, if we can't, we can't," said Holmes cheerfully. Perhaps she could not or would not have told you much. I did not wish her to tell me anything. I only wanted to look at her.


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[Assistant] However, I think that I have got all that I want. Drive us to some decent hotel cabbie, where we may have some lunch, and afterwards we shall drop down upon Friend Lestrade at the police station.


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[Assistant] We had a pleasant little meal together during which Holmes would talk about nothing but violins, narrating with great exultation how he had purchased his own Stradivarius, which was worth at least five hundred guineas, at a Jew Brokers in Tottenham Court Road for fifty-five shillings.


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[Assistant] This led him to Paganini, and we sat for an hour over a bottle of claret, while he told me anecdote after anecdote of that extraordinary man. The afternoon was far advanced, and the hot glare had softened into mellow glow, before we found ourselves at the police station. Lestrade was waiting for us at the door. "'A telegram for you, Mr. Owens,' said he. "'Ha, it is the answer.'


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[Assistant] Mestrade stared at him in amazement.


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[Assistant] I was never more serious in my life. A shocking crime has been committed, and I think I have now laid bare every detail of it. And the criminal?


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[Assistant] Holmes scribbled a few words upon the back of one of his visiting cards and threw it over to Lestrade. "'That is the name,' he said. "'You cannot effect an arrest until tomorrow night at the earliest. I should prefer that you do not mention my name at all in connection with the case.'


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[Assistant] As I choose to be only associated with those crimes which present some difficulty in their solution. Come on Watson.


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[Assistant] We strode off together to the station, leaving Lestrade still staring with a delighted face at the card which Holmes had thrown him.


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[Assistant] The case," said Sherlock Holmes as we chatted over our cigars that night in our rooms at Baker Street.


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[Assistant] Is one where, as in the investigations which you have chronicled under the name of A Study in Scarlet and of the Sign of Four, we have been compelled to reason backward from effects to causes.


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[Assistant] I have written to Lestrade, asking him to supply us with the details which are now wanting, and which he will only get after he has secured his man.


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[Assistant] That he may be safely trusted to do, for although he is absolutely devoid of reason, he is as tenacious as a bulldog when he once understands what he has to do, and indeed it is just this tenacity which has brought him to the top at Scotland Yard. Your case is not complete, then?" I asked. It is fairly complete in essentials.


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[Assistant] We know who the author of the revolting business is, although one of the victims still escapes us. Of course, you have formed your own conclusions.


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[Assistant] I presume that this Jim Browner, the steward of a Liverpool boat, is the man whom you suspect. Oh, it is more than a suspicion.


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[Assistant] And yet I cannot see anything save very vague indications. On the contrary, to my mind nothing could be more clear. Let me run over the principal steps.


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[Assistant] We approached the case, you remember, with an absolutely blank mind, which is always an advantage. We had formed no theories. We were simply there to observe and to draw inferences from our observations. What did we see first?


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[Assistant] A very placid and respectable lady who seemed quite innocent of any secret, and a portrait which showed me that she had two younger sisters.


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[Assistant] It instantly flashed across my mind that the box might have been meant for one of these.


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[Assistant] I set the idea aside as one which could be disproved or confirmed at our leisure.


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[Assistant] Then we went to the garden, as you remember, and we saw the very singular contents of the little yellow box.


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[Assistant] The string was of the quality which is used by sail-makers aboard ship.


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[Assistant] And at once the whiff of the sea was perceptible in our investigation.


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[Assistant] When I observed that the knot was one which is popular with sailors, that the parcel had been posted at a port, and that the male ear was pierced for an earring which is so much more common among sailors than landsmen, I was quite certain that all the actors in the tragedy were to be found among our seafaring classes.


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[Assistant] When I came to examine the address of the packet, I observed that it was to Miss S. Cushing. Now the oldest sister would of course be Miss Cushing, and although her initial was S., it might belong to one of the others as well.


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[Assistant] I was about to assure Miss Cushing that I was convinced that a mistake had been made, when you may remember that I came suddenly to a stop.


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[Assistant] The fact was that I had just seen something which filled me with surprise, and at the same time narrowed the field of our inquiry immensely.


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[Assistant] As a medical man you are aware, Watson, that there is no part of the body which varies so much as the human ear. Each ear is as a rule quite distinctive and differs from all other ones.


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[Assistant] In last year's Anthropological Journal you will find two short monographs from my pen upon the subject, and had carefully noted their anatomical peculiarities.


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[Assistant] Imagine my surprise, then, when on looking at Miss Cushing, I perceived that her ear corresponded exactly with the female ear which I had just inspected.


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[Assistant] The matter was entirely beyond coincidence. There was the same shortening of the pinna, the same broad curve of the upper lobe, the same convolution of the inner cartilage. In all essentials it was the same ear.


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[Assistant] In the first place, her sister's name was Sarah, and her address had until recently been the same, so it was quite obvious how the mistake had occurred and for whom the packet was meant.


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[Assistant] Then we heard of this steward, married to the third sister, and learned that he had at one time been so intimate with Miss Sarah that she had actually gone up to Liverpool to be near the Browners, but a quarrel had afterwards divided them.


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[Assistant] This quarrel had put a stop to all communication for some months, so that if Browner had occasioned to address a packet to Miss Sarah, he would undoubtedly have done so to her old address.


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[Assistant] And now the matter had begun to straighten itself out wonderfully. We had learned of the existence of this steward, an impulsive man of strong passions. You remember that he threw up what must have been a very superior birth in order to be nearer to his wife.


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[Assistant] Subject two to occasional fits of hard drinking.


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[Assistant] We had reason to believe that his wife had been murdered, and that a man presumably a seafaring man had been murdered at the same time.


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[Assistant] Jealousy, of course, at once suggests itself as the motive for the crime. And why should these proofs of the deed be sent to Miss Sarah Cushing?


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[Assistant] Probably because during her residence in Liverpool she had some hand in bringing about the events which led to the tragedy.


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[Assistant] You will observe that this line of boats call Belfast, Dublin, and Waterford, so that, presuming that Browner had committed the deed, and had embarked at once upon his steamer the May Day, Belfast would be the first place at which he could post his terrible packet.


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[Assistant] A second solution was at this stage obviously possible, and although I thought it exceedingly unlikely, I was determined to elucidate it before going further.


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[Assistant] An unsuccessful lover might have killed Mr. Browner and Mrs. Browner, and the male ear might have belonged to the husband. There were many grave objections to this theory, but it was conceivable.


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[Assistant] I therefore sent off a telegram to my friend Algar of the Liverpool force, and asked him to find out if Mrs. Browner were at home, and if Browner had departed in the May day. Then we went on to Wallington to visit Miss Sarah.


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[Assistant] I was curious in the first place to see how far the family ear had been reproduced in her. Then, of course, she might give us very important information. But I was not sanguine that she would.


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[Assistant] She must have heard of the business the day before, since all Croydon was ringing with it, and she alone could have understood for whom the packet was meant.


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[Assistant] If she had been willing to help justice, she would probably have communicated with the police already.


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[Assistant] However, it was clearly our duty to see her, so we went. We found that the news of the arrival of the Packet, for her illness dated from that time, had such an effect upon her as to bring on brain fever.


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[Assistant] It was clearer than ever that she understood its full significance, but equally clear that we should have to wait for some time for any assistance from her.


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[Assistant] However, we were really independent of her help. Our answers were waiting for us at the police station, where I had directed Algar to send them. Nothing could be more conclusive.


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[Assistant] Mrs. Browner's house had been closed for more than three days, and the neighbours were of opinion that she had gone south to see her relatives. It had been ascertained at the shipping offices that Browner had left aboard the May Day, and I calculate that she is due in the Thames to-morrow night.


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[Assistant] When he arrives he will be met by the obtuse but resolute Lestrade, and I have no doubt we shall have all our details filled in.


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[Assistant] Sherlock Holmes was not disappointed in his expectations. Two days later he received a bulky envelope, which contained a short note from the detective, and a typewritten document, which covered several pages of fool's cap. "'The Straders got him all right,' said Holmes, glancing up at me. "'Perhaps it would interest you to hear what he says.'


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[Assistant] My dear Mr. Holmes, in accordance with the scheme which we had formed in order to test our theories—the wee is rather fine, Watson, is it not?—I went down to the Albert Dock yesterday at six p.m. and boarded the S.S. Mayday, belonging to the Liverpool, Dublin, and London steam-packet company.


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[Assistant] On inquiry I found that there was a steward on board of the name of James Browner, and that he had acted during the voyage in such an extraordinary manner that the captain had been compelled to relieve him of his duties.


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[Assistant] On descending to his berth I found him seated upon a chest with his head sunk upon his hands, rocking himself to and fro.


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[Assistant] He's a big, powerful chap—clean shaven and very suavey—something like Aldridge, who helped us in the bogus laundry affair.


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[Assistant] He jumped up when he heard my business, and I had my whistle to my lips to call a couple of river police who were round the corner, but he seemed to have no heart in him, and he held out his hands quietly enough for the derbies.


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[Assistant] We brought him along to the cells and his box as well, for we thought there might be something incriminating.


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[Assistant] Bar a big sharp knife, such as most sailors have, we got nothing for our trouble.


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[Assistant] However, we find that we shall want no more evidence, for on being brought before the inspector at the station he asked leave to make a statement, which was of course taken down just as he made it by our shorthand man. We had three copies typewritten, one of which I enclose.


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[Assistant] The affair proves, as I always thought it would, to be an extremely simple one.


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[Assistant] The investigation really was a very simple one," remarked Holmes. But I don't think it struck him in that light when he first called us in. However, let us see what Jim Browner has to say for himself.


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[Assistant] This is his statement as made before Inspector Montgomery at the Shadwell police station, and it has the advantage of being verbatim.


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[Assistant] Have I anything to say? Yes, I have a deal to say. I have to make a clean breast of it all. You can hang me, or you can leave me alone. I don't care a plug which you do. I tell you I've not shut an eye in sleep since I did it, and I don't believe I ever will again until I get past all waking.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it's his face, but most generally it's hers. I'm never without one or the other before me. He looks frowning and black like, but she has a kind of surprise upon her face. I, the white lamb, she might well be surprised when she read death on a face that had seldom looked anything but love upon her before.


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[Assistant] But it was Sarah's fault, and may the curse of a broken man put a blight on her and set the blood rotting in her veins.


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[Assistant] It's not that I want to clear myself. I know that I went back to drink, like the beast that I was. But she would have forgiven me. She would have stuck as close to me as rope to a block, if that woman had never darkened our door.


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[Assistant] For Sarah Cushing loved me. That's the root of the business. She loved me until all her love turned to poisonous hate, when she knew that I thought more of my wife's footmark in the mud than I did of her whole body and soul.


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[Assistant] There were three sisters altogether. The old one was just a good woman, the second was a devil, and the third was an angel. Sarah was thirty-three, and Mary was twenty-nine when I married. We were just as happy as the day was long when we set up house together, and in all Liverpool there was no better woman than my Mary.


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[Assistant] And then we asked Sarah up for a week, and the week grew into a month, and one thing led to another until she was just one of ourselves.


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[Assistant] I was blue ribbon at that time, and we were putting a little money by, and all was as bright as a new dollar. My God, whoever would have thought that it would have come to this, whoever would have dreamed it.


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[Assistant] I used to be home for the weekends very often, and sometimes if the ship were held back for cargo I would have a whole week at a time, and in this way I saw a deal of my sister-in-law Sarah. She was a fine tall woman, black and quick and fierce, with a proud way of carrying her head and a glint from her eye like a spark from a flint.


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[Assistant] But when little Mary was there I had never thought of her, and that I swear as I hope for God's mercy.


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[Assistant] It had seemed to me sometimes that she liked to be alone with me, or to coax me out for a walk with her. But I had never thought anything of that.


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[Assistant] But one evening my eyes were opened. I had come up from the ship and found my wife out but Sarah at home.


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[Assistant] Where's Mary?" I asked. Oh, she's gone to pay some accounts. I was impatient and paced up and down the room.


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[Assistant] Can't you be happy for five minutes without Mary, Jim? says she. It's a bad compliment to me that you can't be contented with my society for so short a time.


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[Assistant] That's all right, my lass," said I, putting out my hand towards her in a kindly way, but she had it in both hers in an instant, and they burned as if they were in a fever. I looked into her eyes, and I read it all there.


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[Assistant] There was no need for her to speak, nor for me either. I frowned and drew my hand away


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[Assistant] And she stood by my side in silence for a bit, and then put up her hand and patted me on the shoulder.


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[Assistant] Steady, old Jim," said she, and with a kind of mocking laugh she ran out of the room.


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[Assistant] Well, from that time Sarah hated me with her whole heart and soul, and she is a woman who can hate too.


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[Assistant] I was a fool to let her go on biding with us, a besotted fool.


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[Assistant] But I never said a word to Mary, for I knew it would grieve her.


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[Assistant] Things went on much as before, but after a time I began to find that there was a bit of a change in Mary herself.


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[Assistant] She had always been so trusting and so innocent, but now she became queer and suspicious, wanting to know where I'd been, and what I'd been doing, and whom my letters were from, and what I had in my pockets, and a thousand such follies


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[Assistant] Day by day she grew queerer and more irritable, and we had ceaseless rouse about nothing. I was fairly puzzled by it all.


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[Assistant] Sarah avoided me now, but she and Mary were just inseparable.


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[Assistant] I can see now how she was plotting and scheming and poisoning my wife's mind against me.


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[Assistant] But I was such a blind beetle that I could not understand it at the time. Then I broke my blue ribbon and began to drink again.


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[Assistant] But I think I should not have done it if Mary had been the same as ever.


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[Assistant] She had some reason to be disgusted with me now, and the gap between us began to be wider and wider, and then this Alec Fairbairn chipped in, and things became a thousand times blacker. It was to see Sarah as he came to my house first.


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[Assistant] But soon it was to see us, for he was a man with winning ways and he made friends wherever he went. He was a dashing, swaggering chap, smart and curled, who'd seen half the world and could talk of what he'd seen.


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[Assistant] He was good company, I won't deny it, and he had wonderful polite ways with him for a sailor man, so that I think there must have been a time when he knew more of the poop than the forecastle.


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[Assistant] For a month he was in and out of my house, and never once did it cross my mind that harm might come of his soft, tricky ways, and then at last something made me suspect, and from that day my peace was gone forever. It was only a little thing, too. I had come into the parlour unexpected,


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[Assistant] And as I walked in at the door I saw a light of welcome on my wife's face.


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[Assistant] But as she saw who it was it faded again and she turned away with a look of disappointment. That was enough for me.


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[Assistant] There was no one but Alec Fairburn, whose step she could have mistaken for mine.


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[Assistant] If I could have seen him, then I should have killed him, for I have always been like a madman when my temper gets loose.


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[Assistant] Mary saw the devil's light in my eyes, and she ran forward with her hands on my sleeve. "'Don't, Jim, don't,' says she. "'Where's Sarah?' I asked. "'In the kitchen,' says she.


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[Assistant] Sarah, says I, as I went in, this man Fairburn is never to darken my door again. Why not, says she, because I order it.


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[Assistant] Oh, says she, if my friends are not good enough for this house, then I'm not good enough for it either.


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[Assistant] You can do what you like, says I, but if Fairburn shows his face here again I'll send you one of his ears for a keepsake.


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[Assistant] She was frightened by my face, I think, for she never answered a word, and the same evening she left my house.


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[Assistant] Well, I don't know now whether it was pure devilry on the part of this woman, or whether she thought that she could turn me against my wife by encouraging her to misbehave. Anyway, she took her house just two streets off and let lodgings to sailors. Fairburn used to stay there, and Mary would go round to have tea with her sister and him. How often she went, I don't know.


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[Assistant] But I followed her one day, and as I broke in at the door, Fairburn got away over the back garden wall like the cowardly skunk that he was.


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[Assistant] I swore to my wife that I would kill her if I found her in his company again, and I led her back with me sobbing and trembling and as white as a piece of paper.


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[Assistant] There was no trace of love between us any longer. I could see that she hated me and feared me, and when the thought of it drove me to drink, then she despised me as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, Sarah found that she could not make a living in Liverpool, so she went back, as I understand, to live with her sister in Croydon, and things jogged on much the same as ever at home.


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[Assistant] And then came this week, and all the misery and ruin


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[Assistant] It was in this way. We'd gone on the May Day for a round voyage of seven days, but a hog's head got loose and started one of our plates, so we had to get back into port for twelve hours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I left the ship and came home, thinking what a surprise it would be for my wife, and hoping that maybe she would be glad to see me so soon.


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[Assistant] A thought was in my head as I turned into my own street, and at that moment a cab passed me, and there she was, sitting by the side of Fairburn, the two chatting and laughing, with never a thought for me as I stood watching them from the footpath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I tell you, and I give you my word for it, that from that moment I was not my own master, and it is all like a dim dream when I look back on it.


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[Assistant] I've been drinking hard of late, and the two things together fairly turn my brain.


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[Assistant] There's something throbbing in my head now, like a docker's hammer, but that morning I seem to have all Niagara's whizzing and buzzing in my ears.


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[Assistant] It was just as if they'd been given into my hands.


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[Assistant] There was a bit of a haze, and you could not see more than a few hundred yards.


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[Assistant] I hired a boat for myself and I pulled after them. I could see the blur of their craft.


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[Assistant] But they were going nearly as fast as I, and they must have been a long mile from the shore before I caught them up.


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[Assistant] The haze was like a curtain all round us, and there we were, three in the middle of it. My God, shall I ever forget their faces when they saw who was in the boat that was closing in upon them?


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[Assistant] She screamed out. He swore like a madman and jabbed at me with an oar, for he must have seen death in my eyes. I got past it and got one in with my stick that crushed his head like an egg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would have spared her, perhaps, for all my madness, but she threw her arms round him, crying out to him and calling him Alec.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I struck again, and she lay stretched beside him. I was like a wild beast then that had tasted blood.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If Sarah had been there by the Lord, she would have joined them. I pulled out my knife, and, well, there, I've said enough. It gave me a kind of savage joy when I thought how Sarah would feel, when she had such signs as these of what her meddling had brought about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I tied the bodies into the boat, stowed a plank, and stood by until they had sunk. I knew very well that the owner would think that they had lost their bearings in the A's, and had drifted off out to sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I cleaned myself up, got back to land, and joined my ship without a soul having a suspicion of what had passed. At night I made up the packet for Sarah Cushing, and next day I sent it from Belfast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There you have the whole truth of it. You can hang me or do what you like with me, but you cannot punish me as I have been punished already.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I cannot shut my eyes, but I see those two faces staring at me, staring at me as they stared when my boat broke through the haze. I kill them quick, but they are killing me slow, and if I have another night of it I shall be either mad or dead before morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You won't put me alone into a cell, sir, for pity's sake don't, and may you be treated in your day of agony as you treat me now.


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[Assistant] What is the meaning of it, Watson?" said Holmes solemnly as he laid down the paper. What object is served by this circle of misery and violence and fear? It must tend to some end, or else our universe is ruled by chance, which is unthinkable. But what end?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you see something cool, just say it as the person may need to hear it. When you feel excited to do something, act on it. You will make a difference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aww, mom's making them a soft grass bed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Huh, are those marbles? Those aren't marbles. Those are toad eggs.


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[Assistant] It's amazing. One mom can lay up to 8,000 eggs at a time. Wow, that's a lot of babies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll call this little guy Tony. They feed on small plant matter called algae. You mean that green slimy stuff? Eww.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, this is how tadpoles grow up, but fast forwarded. So that's how they get from tadpoles to toads. Exactly. We can see that his legs are starting to grow, which means he's five weeks old.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, is he trying to cross the road? Yup.


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[Assistant] It's a good thing we have crosswalks. Unlike poor Tony.


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[Assistant] I think he found his true love. I think so too. Congratulations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd be the king of the African savanna. That sounds like the life for me. Look Tim, he has three little lion cubs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where's she taking them, Tim? She's gonna show them her hunting skills.


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[Assistant] And who gets to be in charge when mom and dad go off hunting? The eldest. They've got the same rules as we do at home.


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[Assistant] These kids are real pawful. They never seem to run out of energy.


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[Assistant] Jack's bought us something yummy, but he's gonna have to wait his turn. He's not gonna steal the lion's lunch? Not until the lion leaves. It was his kill so he gets first dibs.


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[Assistant] The styles we've created so far have been paragraph styles. Let me show you quickly how to create a character style. I'm going to select the text.


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[Assistant] And format it just as I did when I created a paragraph styling. Our use case is that whenever we mention a product by name, we'd like to make sure that it pops off the page. So I'm going to apply our beautiful Kinetico color to it. I'm going to bold it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is what I would like to apply and it's not a paragraph style. If I choose to save this as a new style,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I did with paragraph styles for example, simply clicking the drop down and choosing create a style.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Notice, paragraph style preview. This is a paragraph style.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not exactly what I want, but if I click modify, I get a bigger dialog box.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to name this product and because it's a Kinetico product, Kproduct is my style name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I don't want a linked style. I want simply a character style.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's based on the default paragraph font, which in this case ends up being normal. It's not choosing a specific font. It is instead choosing the custom color, the small caps, and it will show in the styles gallery. If I didn't want it in the styles gallery, I'd turn this off.


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[Assistant] And if I wanted to save this document as a template to create more reports, I might say any new document based on this template.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right now I want to save this only in this specific document. Now I can create paragraph styles here as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Linked Styles, List Styles, Table Styles. This Create New Style dialog box is useful for creating all types of styles, but it's particularly necessary for character styles because the default is to save either as a paragraph or as linked. This is all done. Click OK. There's my new style. I'd like to apply it right here. Works just fine. Shows up in the styles list and in my gallery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By default, modifying a style is either done in the dialog box or it's a two-step process.


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[Assistant] For example, if I select this text, formatted as a heading 1, and I change its color, nothing else has changed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unless I then right click and choose to update heading one and in that case I've now propagated that change to all of the other heading ones in my document. But it doesn't have to be this way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm changing not just this selected heading one, but all heading ones and the heading one style itself. Let me show you where you turn this feature on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right click on the style, choose modify, and turn on update automatically.


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[Assistant] This is both incredibly powerful and incredibly dangerous. That's why it's not on by default.


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[Assistant] Notice what happens now when I change the color. I'm not just changing one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm changing both heading ones to green for example. After I click, look in my style gallery, heading one here is also green. If I change the font to Algerian. If I change it back to Cambria. To Calibri. Back to blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each of these changes is modifying the style itself and all of the applications of that style. If you like this, turn it on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a good idea to turn it off before you send this document out for others to use, however, or make sure that they understand.


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[Assistant] Turn off automatically update and you're back in and modifications that I make now


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll then need to be propagated by updating the style itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey everyone, you heard the big blue face. He's not into sharing. Let's make tracks, okay? Hup, two, three, four, hup!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Choose a style like kproduct and I want to rename it. One way to do that is to open the styles pane. I really like working with this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if I then go to kproduct and click the drop down, notice that I have the ability to modify it and one way to modify it is to change its name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it could be called now KProductName if I wish.


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[Assistant] And notice I have my new style name here and in the gallery. Easy enough to do.


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[Assistant] Well deleting style is just as easy but it does have a level of complexity about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to delete it and what happens when I delete a style is that the style that it was based on becomes the new style. Khead 2 was based on normal, therefore level 2 headings, my Khead 2s are now all formatted using the normal style.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't delete the normal style and I can't delete many of the other built-in styles. Notice, not a choice. If I choose heading one, deleting it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not a choice. I can, however, delete, for example, title. It will let me get rid of that one. So it's not all the built-ins, but the heading styles in normal are not deleteable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What if I wanted to change my mind about this? I can. I can undo immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if I save the document after I've deleted khead2,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then khead2 will no longer be included with this document. I'm going to bring it back though, because...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a reason that I would like to have it. What if I wanted to delete a number of different styles? Well, in that case, let's go back to our organizer, manage styles and click import export.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wish this said organize rather than import export. That would be more helpful for me. Notice that I can get rid of styles in this document. And because I used K in front of all of them, if I wanted to get rid of all three, select them all and delete them. If I no longer want them in every new document I create,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is where I would remove them from the normal template. Select them all and hit delete.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do I wish to delete? Yes to all. Nothing happens here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if I hold ctrl and hit n and create a new document, we no longer have khead1, khead2, and kproduct or kproduct name in this document.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's one more thing I might wish to rename or delete that has to do with styles. And that's my style set that I created earlier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right here. This is called kreport. If I right click, I can delete it and get rid of it right here. If I wanted to save it with a new name, the easiest way to do that is to save it as a new style set. Give it a new name and then delete this version of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if I delete this style set, then it will no longer be available. Not just in this document, but in any document. Because style sets are not saved as part of a document. Style sets are loaded each and every single time you start Word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I delete styles, they live on in any document where they exist. But if I delete a style set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will still appear as the style set for that document but it will not be a separate choice


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[Assistant] That I can't apply to other documents unless I once again save that style set from the document it appears in as a new style set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have styles that you don't want to use and they appear in your normal template, you should get rid of them because they're loaded each and every time word loads. You have to look at them. They take up space here. And if you have style sets you no longer use, then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By all means, remove them so they aren't taking up room and providing choices that you'd rather not have people use.


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[Assistant] Managing and even deleting styles and style sets is an important piece of style leadership for your organization.


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[Assistant] In this next module, I'm going to teach you how to cut clutter from your writing.


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[Assistant] The secret of good writing is to strip every sentence to its cleanest components. Every word that serves no function. Every long word that could be a short word. Every adverb that carries the same meaning that's already in the verb.


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[Assistant] And I find this last part especially amusing since I do teach many people who are highly educated and high in rank.


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[Assistant] Today we're going to practice stripping sentences of all this kind of clutter.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna jump right in here with an example sentence that needs to be stripped of clutter.


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[Assistant] It reads, this paper provides a review of the basic tenets of cancer biology study design.


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[Assistant] Using as examples studies that illustrate the methodologic challenges or that demonstrate successful solutions to the difficulties inherent in biological research.


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[Assistant] You can hear when I'm reading that sentence out loud that there are a lot of extra unnecessary words in there.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna go through this word by word now and show you just how much we can cut.


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[Assistant] First, this paper provides a review of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is an instance where we've taken a nice spunky verb to review and turned it into a boring noun, a review, and then paired it with a boring verb provides. So we can just change this back to the verb by saying this paper reviews.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, this is one of those vague, amorphous phrases that doesn't add anything for the reader.


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[Assistant] It doesn't help the reader understand what is going on here. So we can just cut it.


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[Assistant] So we get, this paper reviews cancer biology study design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using as examples studies that illustrate.


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[Assistant] When I read that out loud, you can hear how awkward it is. And you can hear the repetition.


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[Assistant] The word examples means the same thing as studies. We don't need both. So I'm just going to get rid of studies.


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[Assistant] Then we get to methodologic challenges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that word, methodologic, is again one of those vague, amorphous words that's so broad that it adds nothing for the reader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've already said that we're talking about study design, so methodology is implied.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using examples that illustrate the challenges or that demonstrate successful solutions.


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[Assistant] And notice we have a repetition here. We have illustrate, which means the same thing as demonstrate.


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[Assistant] And I always picture that the author was sitting there and thinking,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, if you catch yourself reaching for the thesaurus to avoid repeating a word,


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[Assistant] Always ask yourself, do I even need the second instance of that word at all?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oftentimes you simply don't need the second instance of the word.


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[Assistant] In this case, the illustrate can carry over to both the challenges and solutions. We can just say using examples that illustrate both challenges and solutions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm also going to strike out the word successful here. Did you notice that? Uh, think about it. Is there such a thing as an unsuccessful solution? There isn't, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The adjective successful is already inherent in the word solution. So we don't need to say successful solutions because solution implies successful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we get to this last part, two of the difficulties inherent in biological research. We have another repetition here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We already said challenges, and now we're saying difficulties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, I'm picturing that author that has gone to the thesaurus to avoid repeating the word challenges and they find difficulties


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, just like before, we don't need that repetition at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also have this inherent in biological research. I don't think that adds anything because we already know that we're talking about biology study design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Biological research is therefore just a repetition, so I'm gonna take out this entire last bit.


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[Assistant] So we get, this paper reviews cancer biology study design using examples that illustrate specific challenges and solutions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Notice how we stripped that sentence of all the garbage to get it down just to the important words, just to the words that get the idea across.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As it is well known, increased athletic activity has been related to a profile of lower cardiovascular risk, lower blood pressure levels, and improved muscular and cardio respiratory performance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see again that this sentence has a lot of extra words. It starts with as it is well known. This is an introductory phrase that you simply don't need.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's just the authors clearing their throat at the beginning of the sentence. We can strike that all together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to indicate that something is well known, just indicate that by putting citations, by putting references at the end of the sentence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we get increased athletic activity has been related to, this is just stylistic, but I kind of prefer is associated with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like that better. And then we get to a profile of lower cardiovascular risk. Well, a profile of, again,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, that word levels is not necessary. We can just say lower blood pressure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, we get to improved muscular and cardio respiratory performance. Well, that's just a fancy way of saying fitness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm just going to cross all of that out and just say what I mean, which is fitness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we get increased athletic activity is associated with lower cardiovascular risk, lower blood pressure, and improved fitness. Notice how much clutter we've stripped away from that sentence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this example though, I think we could even be more direct.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think we have adequate scientific evidence to state that increased athletic activity lowers cardiovascular risk and blood pressure and improves fitness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course this requires a higher level of evidence, but I do think we can confidently say that exercise does have these direct effects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's one last example. The experimental demonstration is the first of its kind and is a proof of principle for the concept of laser driven particle acceleration in a structure loaded vacuum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll jump right into this one. I think instead of the experimental demonstration, we can just say the experiment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we get to is the first of its kind and is a proof of principle. Notice that we get to, to be verbs, is and is. Those are boring verbs, so maybe we can try to put a better verb in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also get the first of its kind and proof of principle. I think those are repetitive. It's kind of the same thing. So I'm going to change this to the experiment provides the first


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we get to for the concept of laser driven particle acceleration. I don't think we need the for the concept of, that's just extra words, so that's just a proof of principle of laser driven particle acceleration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can get this one down too. The experiment provides the first proof of principle of laser driven particle acceleration in a structure loaded vacuum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I just want to acknowledge and thank Deborah Biasca of the University of Colorado Boulder, who shared some writing examples in physics with me that appear in my slides.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, I want you to get in the habit of cutting unnecessary words. You have to be vigilant and ruthless. Cutting your words is really hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because you've invested all this effort to put your words on the page. You've wrestled with the sentence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It feels like you're negating that effort by going back and throwing those words away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, you may have read the sentence over in your head so many times that it starts to sound good. It starts to sound like this is just the way it should be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you're gonna have to fight against this inertia and this complacency. You're gonna have to actively train yourself to go back and take out all those unnecessary words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Try taking out all the extra words. Read the sentence and see how it's better. See how it conveys the same idea with more power.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I always tell students is that you have the undo key as a crutch. You have the control Z or the equivalent on a Mac.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can take those words out, read the sentence without them,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't tell you how many times I've done this myself. I've said, well I really like that word very in there. I don't want to take it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I convinced myself to try the sentence without it, knowing that I could always control Z the word back in. And I've never put the word back in. It's always better without it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brain injury incidence peaks in the young and the elderly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See how much crisper, how much more power that second sentence has when we get rid of all the unnecessary words?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here are some common sources of clutter that you should be on the lookout for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First of all, deadweight words and phrases. As it is well known.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As it has been shown, it can be regarded that, it should be emphasized that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are just the authors clearing their throats. They can be deleted altogether? Just provide citations to show that it's well known?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, uh, look out for empty words and phrases. These kinds of words don't add anything because they are so vague and empty. And I love this quote from William Zinzer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He says some words and phrases are blobs. And that's really true. Some words and phrases are so amorphous they don't add anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also look out for long words or phrases that could be short. Remember muscular and cardiorespiratory performance. That's just a fancy way to say fitness. You might as well use the short version.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look out for unnecessary jargon and acronyms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Muscular and cardiorespiratory performance again. Glioma genesis, we saw that in an earlier module. MIR, the use of acronyms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want to avoid acronyms unless they're completely standard and well known throughout science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also want to get rid of any extra repetition. We saw some examples of this earlier. We saw studies examples, illustrate and demonstrate, challenges and difficulties, successful solutions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that's an example where the adjective repeats what's already in the noun. So watch out for that kind of repetition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, watch out for adverbs. Everybody loves to put in adverbs when they're talking, in emails, or on a first draft. You'll notice that I love adverbs in speaking. But in your writing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You are not making your idea or statement more powerful by adding that adverb. In fact, you're losing power.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I want you to cut all those adverbs very really quite basically generally and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here are a few more examples of long words and phrases that could be short. I have tons of these examples and we'll do some more for homework. A majority of them, that could just be most. A number of, that's just many.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are of the same opinion, I love that one, that's just agree. Less frequently occurring, just say rare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All three of the, just say the three, you don't need the all. Give rise to, that's cause. Due to the fact that, that's just because.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have an effect on, that's effect, you get the idea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These words and phrases don't carry the main idea of the sentence, so they're just slowing your reader down when you choose a long version when a short version would have done the same job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The expected prevalence of mental retardation, based on the assumption that intelligence is normally distributed, is about 2.5%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, another way to say based on the assumption of is just to say if, if intelligence is normally distributed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This sentence has a repetition in it. A robust cell-mediated immune response is necessary and deficiency in this response predisposes an individual toward active TB.


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[Assistant] Notice how the two parts of the sentence actually say the same thing. One part says it's necessary. The other part says that bad things will happen if you don't have it.


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[Assistant] So we can convey the same idea here by just saying, deficiency in T cell mediated immune response predisposes an individual to active TB. We don't need the first part of that sentence.


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[Assistant] Here's a quote to end on, on cutting clutter. This is a great quote.


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[Assistant] My French is a little rusty, so I won't try to pronounce it in the French. But there's something to this, right?


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[Assistant] You spent all this time writing this long sentence or paragraph or paper.


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[Assistant] But the last step of that, the final, most important step is that you go back and make it shorter. You need to refine it, take out all the extra garbage, and get down to the essence of what you're trying to say. That's where the elegance in your writing comes in. Now,


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[Assistant] Most of you probably had courses in high school or college where you were told that you had to fill some minimum number of pages, maybe a 10 page report.


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[Assistant] And at that age, you probably did not have anywhere near 10 pages of ideas. So you started to learn to pad your writing with a lot of extra words. You picked up this bad habit.


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[Assistant] Now I want you to break yourself of that habit and learn to strip your writing of everything that isn't necessary. Get it down to the key ideas.


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[Assistant] When you convey your ideas with the fewest words possible, your writing is more readable, engaging, and powerful.


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[Assistant] And a former student in this course, John Hodges, was kind enough to find the original reference to this quote and shared it with me. So I want to share the original text with you here. Thanks John for digging this up.


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[Assistant] Huh? That doesn't work! The elephant gathers the nuts.


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[Assistant] The elephant stomps. Only leaves fall.


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[Assistant] It's not as much fun without the noise.


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[Assistant] Sorry Quack.


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[Assistant] We're leaving. Okay, uh, when you come back then? We're not coming back. Ever.


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[Assistant] I almost forgot. I wanted you to have something to remember me by. So I made this for you.


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[Assistant] It's mud. Can I have something to remember you by? Uh, okay. Uhm, like what?


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[Assistant] Memories are nice, but they don't keep the sun off your head. Why you're not getting my hat.


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[Assistant] Why does the woman say she can feel immersed in the scene in the painting?


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[Assistant] Question 10. When is forgiveness especially challenging?


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[Assistant] Why does the Glasgow subway remain important today?


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[Assistant] But at a frequency cosine omega, at a frequency omega, this is my forcing term.


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[Assistant] For this one, for the null solution, there was a natural frequency, omega n.


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[Assistant] And it will, second derivative will bring out a minus omega squared, right? Times the cosine.


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[Assistant] Minus omega squared m and a k, so it's k minus m omega squared. Can I write it that way? Times y. I'm going to cancel the cosines. That's just a 1. On the side is a 1. I've cancelled the cosines, so I've kept ky. I've kept the 1.


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[Assistant] And I've kept the minus omega squared m y.


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[Assistant] Well, let me put y particular first, plus yn. So I've just found y particular. Y particular.


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[Assistant] That's what we just found, that particular solution. The capital Y, the multiplying constant was 1 over that constant. Okay, and now comes the C1


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[Assistant] Okay, it's the same as m omega n squared, and here I'm subtracting m omega squared.


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[Assistant] I don't know, that's not much of a pendulum, but it's good enough. Okay.


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[Assistant] It doesn't move in that instant second. Now this is, this is where delta functions come in. So let me give you the result of what happens and then we'll see them again. So what am I doing?


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[Assistant] I start from rest. Nothing's happening. Y of zero is zero. And


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[Assistant] It starts from an initial velocity, y prime of zero. I give it a, the impulse.


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[Assistant] This is what happens to the, the, uh, pendulum, or the golf ball.


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[Assistant] The response to an impulse. And why do I like that? First of all, it's beautiful. Simple answer.


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[Assistant] All because of love.


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[Assistant] Inconventional political historical analysis is generally kept separate and that's still true now in the way we treat politics, right? One thing that Foucault would argue is that political structures tended to be kind of treated as separate entities from the medical at a superficial level. But.


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[Assistant] The structures of medicine, of family, of policing, and some of this is still true today.


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[Assistant] They were waiting and waiting and waiting to hear from Dr. Anthony Fauci, which


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[Assistant] The politics of health is one that informs all other politics, and what Foucault starts to try to do here is show, kind of broadly, uhm, and he does this throughout his corpus, how one feeds into the other, and this gets


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[Assistant] These general hospitals serve both a medical role for the individual, right? You have an illness, you want to get it cured, you go to this space and they deal with it. But also one that deals with societal ills, right? Uhm, when we talk about corruption, right? The term corruption, we think of things like


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[Assistant] Richard Nixon or the Nixon campaign, uh, discussing things with the North Vietnamese, uh, the Watergate break-in.


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[Assistant] Corruption goes far back to the medical age, so there's both a philological association but also a practical one. And then you see these hospitals taking in folks like vagabonds, those who could not work or would not work, and


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[Assistant] This, uh, of this practice, but what Foucault is doing here is laying out a methodology to show that these sorts of relationships are not clear cut. In fact, you know, they are reliant upon one another.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think that's a great place to start methodologically, particularly as it relates to the juridical role that individuals in spaces of, uh,


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[Assistant] Foucault makes this very clear in the opening chapter of madness and civilization where he argues that


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[Assistant] The general played more than just a medical role that doctors on the floor there were not just determining.


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[Assistant] You know, he is using, uh, the tools that the Enlightenment gives him and turning them back on Enlightenment thinking.


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[Assistant] Right? Mitterrand gets elected and wants Foucault to serve in that government. You know, his staff sees kind of an interest in Foucault's activism.


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[Assistant] Press you into coming to conclusions that these forms of social organizations always find.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think what's deeply frustrating, uhm, about


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[Assistant] Folks like Steven Hicks and Jordan Peterson, particularly in the way that they.


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[Assistant] Relate themselves to Foucault is, you know, I really do hate doing this because I, you know, it became sort of a cultural motif when Jordan Peterson just looked at that one person and said, read more, but I can't help but see, uh, a remarkable shallowness of understanding of Foucault and Derrida and, uh,


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[Assistant] You know, that ilk, uhm, whenever Stephen Hicks or Jordan Peterson.


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[Assistant] Look, there are so many people who are guilty of simply rejecting philosophical schools, movements, uhm, but the problem here is that they set out to provide a profound critique of it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and when they fail to understand that Foucault's very project is grounded in the very tools of the Enlightenment, at least on the analysis side, at least on the material analysis side of the critique of historical reason,


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[Assistant] There's something deeply frustrating about it because what does the What Is Enlightenment essay begin with? Well, it begins with Foucault talking about the history of that question. Foucault is deeply interested in


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[Assistant] ...of enlightenment, and no historian, I think, could be satisfied with any form of analysis in the social or political transformations that occurred in the 18th century.


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[Assistant] Foucault's entire corpus is based on the transition.


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[Assistant] From pre and post enlightenment philosophy and the socio-political and economico-political transformations that occurred because of this line of thinking and


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[Assistant] Nietzsche wasn't particularly interested, right? The genealogy of morals, uh, particularly the second essay, is much more interested


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[Assistant] Genealogy is a practice of alteration, right? With Nietzsche, it was the trans-evaluation, uh,


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[Assistant] The third-ish paragraph of the essay where he brings up this concept of no-so-politics.


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[Assistant] Which would be born out into the biopolitical, the anatomopolitical, but no, so politics is sort of this understanding of health.


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[Assistant] Sitting alongside the political realm that in order for a state.


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[Assistant] Hospitals, individual health workers, to look at the particular economic output of a member of the working class.


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[Assistant] That the relations that exist there are not merely between the owner of the means of production and the individual who's alienated from their labor, but it's also the owner of the means of production.


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[Assistant] The person in the prison, the person at the Hopital General, the doctor, the nurse, they're all contributing to this production of power that is far more complex than maybe some of his contemporaries would have seen it and what I always like about Matt's analysis of Foucault is when he really


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[Assistant] And extraordinarily physical right he's literally looking at buildings literally looking at charging documents at diagnoses so that's where you start to to see him take a leap away from.


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[Assistant] Uhm, away from the normal, uh, Marxist analysis, because I love this one, uh, section of the essay where he discusses, uh, the role of the medical establishment in examining poverty. And he goes, an analysis of idleness and its conditions and effects.


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[Assistant] Right at the birth of utilitarian philosophy. Because no longer are the poor, the misfortune, those in states of misfortune, right, the way we generally understood it through


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[Assistant] For that reason, I think it's fundamentally different, but it's still sticking really, really stringently to material analysis as Matt said.


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[Assistant] Great question. Some say yes, some say no. The problem with no-so politics is that it's only ever referenced in regards to this particular text.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so the reality is, I would take no-so politics to be slightly different. I would see it as a part of the medical gaze, right, of understanding and ranking particular symptoms, understanding and creating systems of organization of bodies, which is a part of biopolitics, right, but it isn't the, the biopolitical project.


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[Assistant] Parallel use here because, you know, when he talks about, uh, uh, the, being the problem of health of all is the priority of all.


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[Assistant] The state of health, the state of health of a population as the general objective of policy. Well, that sounds like biopolitics, right? Largely because it is, it's a, it's a part of the broader biopolitical project. But here we're not getting to the point of.


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[Assistant] The self-maintaining practices, the emergence of particular hygiene that are tied in with sexual morality and all of these other


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[Assistant] A Gambin, uh, you know, contemporarily is, is so interesting. I know you and I were discussing earlier before we recorded this podcast, you know, who's going to be the one to bring them up.


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[Assistant] See these same arguments present in Deleuze's account of Foucault. Is that largely what he's doing to these systems is what D&G are doing to psychoanalysis.


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[Assistant] Uh, you know, Foucault uses the word machine as well because he sees these places as zones of productivity.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and I think one of the spaces where we could have a pretty fruitful discussion is about Foucault's analysis of the family and of police and of hospitalization, all of which emerge in this essay, which is again why, you know, if I had to, if you had 20 minutes to understand Foucault.


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[Assistant] I'd give you this essay and what is enlightenment? Because I think what is enlightenment gives the best breakdown of


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[Assistant] The politics of health in the 18th century nailed down everything from the society of discipline to the treatment of


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[Assistant] The insane, the mad, those who have fallen into folly, and to that of the self-regulating body.


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[Assistant] So I think you're right, but I want to point out one quote from, from Deleuze when he writes in Foucault.


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[Assistant] That a machine is social before it is technical. That all of these social relations need to exist prior to these machines finally taking form. Uhm, and for that reason, you know, I do think that there is, uh, a materialist compatibility.


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[Assistant] So not only does the owner of the means of production, the factory floor manager need to ensure that his workers are engaged in activities in such a way that they can increase productivity, but


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[Assistant] Government now and individuals themselves all need to create networks kind of of insurance to maintain the productivity of those individuals. Jacques Danzolo has a wonderful book that is kind of speaking through this essay called The Policing of Families, The Policing of the Family. Danzolo wrote this thesis


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[Assistant] Francis Ryan's book, Crippled, which was on austerity, uh, in the NHS, and it seems to be that this is a political phenomenon, uh, that continues to manifest itself, uhm, with this idea


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[Assistant] Of non-productivity, uh, among individuals, and I think it's encapsulated so perfectly, uh, in your analysis of that the stress vacation can for, for, you know, C-suite employees is,


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[Assistant] Hey for but you know not necessarily like the coffee runner or you know the.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but here too, it returns to just the simple fact that our politics is still driven by the utility of bodies. I, you know, I work, uh,


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[Assistant] Uh, and briefly, all of these candidates just kept talking about how, uh, from, from the most centrist and, you know, mildly right-winged all the way to the more liberal,


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[Assistant] of the extraction of utility. So, you know, that, that, that discussion about dentistry is just, I think, a perfect


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[Assistant] So when we hear the word police, right, particularly in the context now where we're having this really important discussion about brutality and, and the violence brought on particularly, uh,


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[Assistant] Policing occurs in all of these spaces, right? Just as, uh,


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[Assistant] Just as the doctor has a medical role, he also has a judicial one, right? He also gets to deem whether or not you're sane, whether or not you're capable of not being confined in an asylum.


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[Assistant] The juridical or medical bodies those are actually quite well matched so with with that i think.


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[Assistant] We have to engage with the word police a little differently, but what's interesting though is, you know, we have these talks about reforms all the time and I'm reminded of.


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[Assistant] Discussions about trying to alter what the police do and don't do, what social workers do and don't do, and the problem here is that it's rooted in the very practices of monitoring the population, that these sorts of


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[Assistant] Transgressions by individuals of authority beyond what we believe is their bounds, right? Like a cop shouldn't act as a person who analyzes mental health, yet he does. Foucault is kind of presenting, uh, this as not


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[Assistant] The United States military draft, right? The role that the medical establishment played in deeming bodies worthy or unworthy of combat, right? These sorts of things change. Now, now a draft is no longer the problem. We shift to just the hyper focus on economics.


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[Assistant] But there is a significant material difference between that of the United States and that of the UK in which the United States is so heavily drowned in utility based


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[Assistant] Policy making that i think that argument about the good and the bad poor right we see it just so blatantly in in in the politics of the reagan era so blatantly in even the politics of going back to the politics of the nixon era.


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[Assistant] I don't think there has been this sort of re-examination, liberation, whatever you want to call it, of the medicalized subject. There hasn't been this fundamental viewpoint change. No, I don't.


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[Assistant] I think they are entirely interwoven. I think Matt would probably say there's a particular problem with, you know, private companies engaging in this kind of surveillance and then selling the data to the US government, which is what is happening, right? Like the, like the US government is contracting out.


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[Assistant] I- I don't think you can, uh, theoretically put the genie back in the bottle. I- I'm tempted to respond to say that we already have-


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[Assistant] That this can be done and then simply disregard it, right? Because we see that with the lepers being condemned.


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[Assistant] So it might be utilized in this particular way now, but once we build these structures, we will return to them time and time again.


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[Assistant] These sorts of developments of, of monitoring sort of the health.


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[Assistant] What's part of what's crucial to this essay is not only the doctor in the hospital, but the nomadic doctor on the countryside, right? Going in and checking up on populations in outskirts towns, you know, doing the daily rounds. And then we kind of see this formulating in.


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[Assistant] Well, the Oedipalized family, right?


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[Assistant] So I understand the concerns about, about data and all of that, but this data is, there's already, you know, a remarkable amount of health data that's collected by all sorts of entities all around the country.


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[Assistant] I know this, I know this story, uh, I was, I was speaking with, uhm,


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[Assistant] A professor at a university a few months ago, and he was talking about that whole process where a Gambin tried to convince someone he knew not to get heart surgery. Had he successfully convinced him, that man could be dead. You know, Foucault's not engaging in that kind of anti-medicalism, right? This is a weird byproduct of, of


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[Assistant] Kind of unintended byproduct of projects like Antietapus.


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[Assistant] Foucault is not going to play either or in his analysis. It's part of the reason why, you know, he's hypercritical of the traditional Marxists, uh, is because, you know, he's


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[Assistant] Even now with all of, all of this, you know, awful stuff going on as it relates to coronavirus and just the terrible tragedy.


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[Assistant] Marxist that find themselves allergic to post structuralist analysis do a real disservice to their own political pursuit because the reality.


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[Assistant] Is that when Foucault says that some forms of Marxism exist in


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[Assistant] He's right, because the economic analysis refuses to advance into new forms of social control, new forms of productivity, and they remain kind of stringent in this realm of, of, uh,


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[Assistant] Between two individuals, that social conflict is way too simple. There are all of these other factors and Foucault is interested in the referee, the bars, you know, the stiffness of the gloves. You know, Foucault is engaging in


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[Assistant] A good way to understand Foucault's issue with power analytics before his time, uh, comes out of another essay in this chapter, which, uh, is a series of conversations. So interviews are generally less conducive. Um, but I would just want to pull this one out.


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[Assistant] If one tries to erect a theory of power, one will always be obliged to view it as emerging at a given place and time and hence deduce it to reconstruct its genesis. But if power


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[Assistant] But if power is in reality an open or more or less coordinated cluster of relations, then the only problem is to provide oneself with a grid of analysis, which makes possible an analytic of relations of power. And I think this comes down to.


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[Assistant] Come down to a desire to find alterations in discourse that feed into power relations that are more complex more or less complex ideology.


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[Assistant] Provides us with is the complexity of power relations, the fact that


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[Assistant] Uhm, and of course this is present in texts like One Dimensional Man. Uhm, so.


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[Assistant] What one should be left with with Foucault, among a lot of other things, is a really unique interpretation of the role power plays in social production.


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[Assistant] Peep stood at Quack's pond, thinking about all the things that had changed.


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[Assistant] When we were still foraging and hunting and gathering and trying to search for fruit and things in our environment, we needed to be highly attuned to what sweetness there was because we really need the calories. And of course now we bring with us that ancient


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[Assistant] Lust for sugar, the ability to find even small amounts. And it's a case where we were looking for a little, but now we have too much. And so the system in an evolutionary terms is not really set up to deal with this sudden abundance of highly refined sugar.


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[Assistant] What you're describing is absolutely what the research has shown. There's a high concentration, energy, followed by a crash.


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[Assistant] Now, the manic state is quite interesting because it's not the same as happiness, right? There's a sort of a sense of being wired.


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[Assistant] In that particular condition where there's a very high mood, but it's not actually a very pleasant mood.


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[Assistant] I think the Maiwaroo group in itself, uh, could teach a lot of the other communities a lot.


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[Assistant] Where the right hand side of the equation is zero.


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[Assistant] And my question is, if we start near, near capital Y, do we approach capital Y as time goes on? It's, in that case I would say stable.


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[Assistant] Or does the solution, when we start near Y, go far away from Y? From capital Y. Leave the steady state.


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[Assistant] Okay, this example, y equals zero, that's stable.


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[Assistant] If, well, do you see what's coming? The solution is e to the a t.


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[Assistant] If I start, or a constant times e to the a t, when does that go to zero? When does it approach the steady state? I need a to be negative. That's going to be the key to everything. A, that number a should be negative.


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[Assistant] of that right hand side at


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[Assistant] The derivative of, so I'm looking at 1 minus 2y, that's the, that's dfdy.


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[Assistant] Plus one, unstable. So y equals, y equals zero is now unstable.


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[Assistant] 1 minus 2y comes out minus 1 now. Negative. And that's the test for stability. So capital Y equal 1.


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[Assistant] Y squared will be 2, will be 1 in those cases, so I have 1 minus 3, minus 2, it's negative. So those are stable.


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[Assistant] And if, and that gives you, see whether is it negative or is it positive that decides stable or unstable. Now I just want to show why briefly and then show you an example by throwing a book in


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[Assistant] This would be an example in three dimensions that we will get to, uh,


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[Assistant] Differential equations and all this discussion.


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[Assistant] So this stability is one of the nice topics. Okay, now, what's the reasoning behind it? Behind this test. This, here's our test.


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[Assistant] Y, capital Y is that constant steady state, and at the same time, F of Y.


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[Assistant] The function at a point and the function at a nearby point is approximately, and the mean value theorem tells me that it really is, is approximately the derivative dfdy times y minus y, right? That's the whole point of calculus, actually. To be able to estimate


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[Assistant] The difference between f at two points, this is delta f, if you like. And this is delta y.


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[Assistant] Then it's just like the linear equation, the exponential of a t goes to zero, y minus capital y goes to zero, stable. When this thing is positive,


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's the reasoning behind the beautiful, simple,


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[Assistant] Put on a rubber band to hold it together, because the book is rather precious to be throwing around.


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[Assistant] And let me say here, I learned about this experiment from Professor Alar Tumri. And just today I've asked him, would he like to do the experiment on a video?


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[Assistant] Okay, I'm gonna throw it now this way. I'm gonna start it this way and the question is, does it turn steadily this way or not? No!


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[Assistant] And this way to minus infinity. And if I took this example,


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[Assistant] I draw a line of y's, there's y equals zero, and the solution, wherever it starts, approaches zero.


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[Assistant] Which is the same as showing me the sine of dy dt. The sine of dy dt is positive in this y minus y squared is positive for y between 0 and 1.


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[Assistant] Stability line for y minus y cubed. This is still correct.


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[Assistant] 0, 1, or that other possibility, minus 1. So let me put that into the picture. Minus 1. That is a stable one, right?


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[Assistant] And, uh, getting that picture without a formula. Okay, so tumbling book.


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[Assistant] So I discovered the bliss point, and that's what it was Christian, the bliss point. Well, fast forward 45 years later, it means pasta sauce, it means sodas, it means cereals.


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[Assistant] This piece of iron really is magical. I bet it will do whatever I want it to do.


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[Assistant] The Dragon King of the Eastern Sea is here to see you. Let him in.


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[Assistant] How did you get so powerful? A sage taught me secret formulas.


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[Assistant] The Jade Emperor has been practicing the same formulas for many lifetimes.


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[Assistant] Go back to your mountain now and behave yourself.


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[Assistant] The Jade Emperor will come to live with me in the Western Paradise.


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[Assistant] How can you say you're back? You never left my hand.


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[Assistant] In this next module, we're gonna talk about parallelism, which means writing sentences in parallel structure.


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[Assistant] Pairs of ideas that are joined by and, or, or but should be written in parallel form. That means that the two parts have to follow the same grammatical structure.


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[Assistant] Here's an example. The velocity decreased by 50%, but the pressure decreased by only 10%. So we've got subject verb.


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[Assistant] Velocity decreased and then subject verb, pressure decreased.


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[Assistant] I'm going to refer you here to another good writing reference. I borrowed this example from the Essentials of Writing Biomedical Papers by Mimi Zeiger. This is an excellent reference that's specifically on scientific writing, so I'll just point that out to you now.


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[Assistant] Here's another example of pairs of ideas that are joined by and, or, or, but.


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[Assistant] You would say, we aimed to increase the resolution and to improve picture quality. So we get infinitive phrase and infinitive phrase. Those pairs of ideas must be written in parallel form like this.


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[Assistant] Besides pairs of ideas, lists of ideas also need to be written in parallel form.


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[Assistant] This means that all items in the list should have the same grammatical structure.


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[Assistant] That's unparallel because all the items in the list have different constructions.


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[Assistant] Locusts denuded, that's subject verb.


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[Assistant] Rural Iowa was washed away, that's in the passive voice.


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[Assistant] In Arizona, that's a prepositional phrase.


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[Assistant] To make this sentence parallel, you can make all the items in the list follow subject verb.


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[Assistant] So you can say, Locusts denuded fields in Utah.


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[Assistant] Torrance washed away rural Iowa and blazing heat shriveled Arizona's cotton. All of those follow subject verb.


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[Assistant] Parallelism means that you have to make a choice for the structure and stick with it.


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[Assistant] It says NASA's Intrepid Mars Rover Curiosity has been through a lot in the past year.