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[Assistant] Fantasy entails the infinite combination of these elements, which is why Lacan says that his formula is designed to allow for 101 different readings.


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[Assistant] We're thinking in particular of sexual fantasies here. Could be formulated as a sentence.


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[Assistant] Freud picked one that he found cropping up with unusual regularity in his patients. A child is being beaten.


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[Assistant] As Lacan's son-in-law Jacquela Miller puts it, when commenting on the difference between the drive and the fantasy, fantasy is a misrecognition of the drive.


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[Assistant] Fantasy is that by which desire sustains itself in order to misrecognise the direction pointed out to it by the drive.


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[Assistant] The same goes for fantasy in a wider sense. Take the case of Shreve for instance.


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[Assistant] Daniel Paul Schreber wrote what is probably the most famous account of psychosis from the inside in his memoirs of my nervous illness in 1903, and it has fascinated people for over a century. Freud thought that the appearance of his paranoia


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[Assistant] Directed towards his psychiatrist, Fleshing, was a result of repressed homosexuality which morphed into paranoia. The grammatical inversions in this case were, I love the man. This idea is rejected. I hate the man. Also problematic. The man hates me. In which we have the paranoid crystallization.


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[Assistant] Reading the Poinçon or lozenge as a combination of less than and more than, we see that, as we did above, this too presents a situation of impossibility.


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[Assistant] Now, regardless of what we think of Freud's reading of the Schreiber case, we can see that it's these lexical configurations which propel and sustain all the transformations of the fantasy scenario that Freud had noted in the production of sexual fantasies.


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[Assistant] Thus, Millaire defines fantasy as meaning related to satisfaction, and fantasy is their conjoining.


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[Assistant] He describes his formula for fantasy as an absolute signification


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[Assistant] This denotes the more general sense of the term fantasy, what Leeder describes as a compass or a rule that governs our lives. Fantasy is the pattern we repeat.


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[Assistant] The groove we fall into, our modus operandi.


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[Assistant] This is why in psychoanalysis it's always important to locate the fantasy to understand what particular relation that person has constructed between meaning and satisfaction.


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[Assistant] It may be the pattern of always putting oneself in the position of a victim or always striving for dominance. For Freud,


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[Assistant] According to a brilliant analysis made by Leclerc in a paper called Unconscious Desire, with Freud, reading Freud, his formula was to reveal a secret. Seriously, go read this paper.


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[Assistant] The fantasy will draw towards it all of the little contingencies of life and fit them into a single frame.


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[Assistant] This is why in his third iteration of the graph, Lacan talks about how desire adjusts to fantasy, like the ego does in relation to the body image.


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[Assistant] Because we explained demand earlier, we can now explain the drive, which is denoted with this formula, the subject in relation to demand. What does demand have to do with the drive?


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[Assistant] A link between these two is already made by Freud, whose brilliantly enigmatic definition of the driver's as the demand made upon the mind for work in consequence of its relation to the body.


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[Assistant] A definition he gives twice, in the three essays on the theory of sexuality and then the meta-psychological paper from 1915, drives and their vicissitudes.


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[Assistant] Lacan attempts to locate the drive on his graph here by saying that the drive is what becomes a demand when the subject vanishes from it.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we're talking about a kind of pure demand.


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[Assistant] Oh, except that the cut remains, for the latter remains present in what distinguishes the dry from the organic function it inhabits, namely its grammatical artifice, so manifest in the reversals of its articulation with respect to both source and object. How do we make sense of this? Take the example of alcohol addiction.


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[Assistant] We have a split from the organic function, drinking to quench thirst.


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[Assistant] But for the alcoholic, drink inhabits that function in the way that the Trojan horse inhabits a citadel.


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[Assistant] Source and object are reversed, as Lacan says here, in that the source of the drive from where the organic need of thirst arises, the oral zone in this case, with its locus of the mouth, is given over to the object. The organic need is cheapened in favour of the object.


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[Assistant] Alcohol becomes more important than water, and thirst for water becomes thirst for alcohol.


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[Assistant] Vampire movies play on this trope very well. There's no better illustration of the all-drive-at-work than the undead vampire driven by a lust for blood which neither quenches its thirst nor keeps it alive.


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[Assistant] Lacron's own example here of Pavlov's dog is also not bad either.


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[Assistant] The signifier of a lack in the other which Lacan describes as a lack inherent in the other's very function as the treasure trove of signifiers.


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[Assistant] This means that there's no other of the other, as we saw earlier.


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[Assistant] A signifier that signifies a fundamental lack of any possible signification.


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[Assistant] Ontologically, it's nothing, but as a signifier, it still needs to denote the fact of nothing.


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[Assistant] The paper for which Jacques-Alain Miller made his name, Suture, Elements of the Logic of the Signifier, is a meditation on this paradox, and Alain Badiou calls it the first great Lacanian text not to have been written by Lacan himself.


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[Assistant] This is not some abstract theoretical point, it's a very personal question for each of us to deal with because it signifies that there is nothing which can ultimately guarantee the other's consistency. That there is ultimately no answer to what the other wants from us. Kei boi.


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[Assistant] Now, in Lacanian jargon, one way to think of this signifier of the lack of the other is with Lacan's concept of the phallus.


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[Assistant] It's a kind of positivization of an absence. It occupies a very privileged place because the phallus is also the signifier of desire and the signifier of sexual difference too, which means that the signification of the phallus is the point around which all articulations of sexuality are referenced. To illustrate this with an example,


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[Assistant] The centre of my city, London, is Charing Cross. It's the junction where six roads meet, and when people measure the distance of any other place relative to London, Charing Cross is taken as the ground zero, the official centre of central London.


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[Assistant] The site takes its name from a memorial erected by King Edward I to his wife Eleanor of Castile.


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[Assistant] Grief stricken, he placed monuments at each station marking the procession of her funeral cortege.


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[Assistant] Thus, Charing Cross is both an orientation point and a signifier of lack.


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[Assistant] But the signifier of the lack in the other is also a very necessary structural element because it allows for the flexibility or mobility of the signifying chain.


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[Assistant] Without one special signifier denoting the lack in the other, there would be no chain of signifiers, no sliding of the signified under the signifier, and each signification would be fixed into a closed code.


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[Assistant] Imagine something like a jigsaw puzzle. If all the pieces were locked into place, nothing would move, and we'd be stuck with one image as defining the whole of reality. But with one piece missing, the others can shift.


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[Assistant] New significations can become possible, and thus all the practices that depend on being able to play with the signifier and signified to create new significations, the world of art, literature, culture, all become possible.


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[Assistant] A signifier is what represents the subject to another signifier.


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[Assistant] We can see that logically, there has to be a chain of signifiers. Because as he puts it, this latter signifier is therefore the signifier to which all the other signifiers represent the subject. Which means that if this signifier is missing, all the other signifiers represent nothing. For something is only represented to.


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[Assistant] Just to the left of the signifier of the lac in the other, we have schweissons.


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[Assistant] A difficult term in itself and there's a full article explaining Lacan's idea of suissance on lacanonline.com.


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[Assistant] But here, we can approach jouissance by asking, what does Lacom mean when he says that jouissance is prohibited to whoever speaks as such?


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[Assistant] Or put differently, it can only be said between the lines.


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[Assistant] Well, notice the pun that Lacan makes in French between d and dit, between saying and forbidden.


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[Assistant] Elsewhere Lacan talks about Sri Sans as being a caustic enjoyment, a backhanded enjoyment, which begins as a tickle and turns into an inferno.


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[Assistant] The child's entrance into language, with its inherent structural lack, as we saw, means that enjoyment or excitation is sort of progressively drained from the body, so that its only refuges are at the margins of the body, what we know as the erotogenic zones, the place where the objects A are found.


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[Assistant] In places of exquisite and complete jouissance, and with the critical function of protecting us from it, we get a kind of poultry jouissance, to use Bruce Fink's term.


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[Assistant] It's a kind of a cack-handed, roundabout way of enjoying. Roundabout because it passes through the defiles of the signifier. And because of this, desire manifests itself in odd places, appearing in the half-set, in the slips or parapraxies, in the stifling or bungling of some other articulation.


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[Assistant] Desire is the very consequence of this impossibility.


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[Assistant] Let's take an example from Freud's practice of what this looks like.


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[Assistant] He sees a man who is attracted to women who have what he refers to as a certain shine on their nose.


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[Assistant] Freud's understanding of this is based on the fact that the patient had been brought up in an English nursery but had later come to Germany where he'd forgotten his mother tongue almost completely.


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[Assistant] The fetish, for it calls it a fetishistic precondition, which originated from this earliest childhood, has to be understood in English, not German.


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[Assistant] The shine on the nose, in German, Glanz auf der Nase, was in reality a glance at the nose.


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[Assistant] Where the ability to look or gaze was restricted and the enjoyment curtailed, it's mangled and metabolized via the signifier, resulting in glance after NASA, shine on the nose being what excites the man.


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[Assistant] Notice Lacan says that there's no agency forbidding Sri Sats. No one's telling us that we're not allowed to enjoy whatever kinky perversion we please.


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[Assistant] It's not the law itself that barred the subject's access to suissance, he says. It simply makes a barred subject out of an almost natural barrier.


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[Assistant] But even this imaginary incarnation still retains symbolic effects because the phallus, for Lacan, is the male organ plus the idea of Lac.


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[Assistant] And so, Lacan gives it a symbolic formulation. The square root of minus one. What does this mean? Lacan's English translator Bruce Fink helps us out.


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[Assistant] The phallus represents what is missing in the desired image.


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[Assistant] Incarnated as the male organ, the phallus is negativised where it's situated in the specular image. It is a part that's missing in the desired image.


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[Assistant] Thus we have minus phi, not included here in the graph, but which is the algebraic formula conuses for castration at the end of this vector.


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[Assistant] In symbolizing this loss, the phallus is transformed


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[Assistant] Think of this as the post-castration phallus, and you get some sense of why reading the phallus as the penis makes no sense.


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[Assistant] Castration here refers to the evacuation of enjoyment to the margins of the body, a draining of excitation to the body's extremities at localized points that Lacan aligns with the source of the drive, aural-anoscopic invocatory. Hence why the phallus is the signifier of schrisence.


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[Assistant] Just as the young child that Freud observes uses the signifiers fort and da to make absence into present when it throws the cotton wheel over the side of its bed and pulls it back again in an attempt to master the presence and absence of its mother.


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[Assistant] We make of pure loss an absence only when the thing in question is granted a representation.


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[Assistant] Now, Fink refers us to Lacan's The Signification of the Phallus paper at this point, and to a gorgeous German term that Lacan uses to illustrate this.


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[Assistant] This curious term has a rich history in philosophy, as it connotes several seemingly contradictory meanings, including to lift up, to abolish, to cancel or suspend, to preserve, and to transcend.


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[Assistant] In English, it's often translated rather meekly as to sublate, which means nothing to anyone.


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[Assistant] To quote Fink's explanation, the phallus is the symbol of this positivization of the loss that language performs.


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[Assistant] It represents lack despite it being present.


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[Assistant] And what is the best way to represent in an image something that is lacking but at the same time present? You veil it.


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[Assistant] This is why in the Signification of the Phallus, Lacan says that the phallus can only perform its function when veiled.


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[Assistant] A weird example that he offers at the end of some version of the subject illustrates this.


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[Assistant] Such is woman concealed behind her veil.


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[Assistant] It is the absence of the penis that makes her the phallus, the object of desire.


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[Assistant] Evoke this absence in a more precise way by having her wear a cute fake one under a fancy dress and you, or rather she, will have plenty to tell us about. The effect is 100% guaranteed for men who don't beat around the bush, that is.


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[Assistant] The effect here, I take to mean sexual attraction. On the part of men who don't beat around the bush, I take to mean men who are straight.


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[Assistant] Towards the end of subversion of the subject, Lacan brings these different formulas together to describe the situation of the neurotic, whose defining problem is a conflation of the other's lack with the other's demand.


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[Assistant] Consequently, the neurotic is he or she who takes seriously the other's demand.


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[Assistant] So seriously, as to make of it their object.


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[Assistant] Now, the mistake that many analysts made, Lacan thinks, is to see this as evidence of frustration, whereas it's actually covering over the anxiety induced in him by the other's desire.


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[Assistant] Phobia is the perfect example of this, but the other neuroses can be defined in terms of their configuration of this fantasy.


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[Assistant] The obsession with strategy is to deny the lack in the other, to believe that nothing is lacking.


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[Assistant] He has a fundamental need to be the other's guarantor, Lacan says.


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[Assistant] And hysteria, rather than being a 19th century pathologisation of unruly women, in Lacan's hands is defined as a position in which the faithlessness of hysterical intrigue is the result of desire for desire itself.


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[Assistant] The hysteric aims at infinitely perpetuating the other's desire, and thereby would always strive to create situations in which the other is shown to be lacking.


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[Assistant] What the neurotic aims at, says Lacan, is to have the perfect master of his desire. The name of this agent for Lacan is the Father.


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[Assistant] Like the other, the father is less a person than a place, or more precisely, a function, which is to measure desire, not in the sense of restricting it, but in the sense of ensuring its proximal distance from an overwhelming enjoyment that Lacan calls elsewhere the thing.


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[Assistant] Borrowing Freud's German term, das Ding.


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[Assistant] Now, although it's not depicted on the graph, Lacan's masterly re-reading of the Oedipus complex by way of what he calls the paternal metaphor, the substitution of the desire of the mother for the name of the father, looms large.


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[Assistant] This function of the father is thus an important operator. Not in some vague fashion, but for the analyst to use in clinical practice.


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[Assistant] Lacan thinks that how we work with the position or function of the father is one of the really useful levers we can pull in order to have a psychotherapeutic effect. An effect which is produced by shifting the subject's perspective relative to his or her fantasy.


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[Assistant] If the neurotic wants to find the perfect master of his desire, as Lacan says, the analyst should take care not to incarnate this figure in the transmins, but to bring it into play in order to destabilise or undermine it.


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[Assistant] Practically speaking, this means it's not always going to be the best strategy for the analysts to remain neutral, passive, or silent, because this would position them in the very masterly position they should attempt to question.


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[Assistant] Let's take an example from the rat man's case history. At one point, Freud's notes simply record


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[Assistant] While it may seem unorthodox for a psychoanalyst to be preparing his patient a meal during a session, an intervention like this is justified if it produces more associative material, more grist for the mill of the analysis.


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[Assistant] This example isn't the one that Lacan uses, and Lacan says that he's not making any recommendations on technique, but what he does say is super instructive.


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[Assistant] How the analyst must safeguard the imaginary dimension of his non-mastery and necessary imperfection for the other is as important a matter to deal with as the deliberate reinforcement of an ever renewed ignorance so that no one is considered a typical case.


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[Assistant] So that no one is considered a typical case.


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[Assistant] At the end of subversion of the subject, and I can't talk a bit more about the position of the neurotic.


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[Assistant] Slips under the bath subject in the fantasy life of the new attic, he says.


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[Assistant] Yes, it's behind this ego that the neurotic hinds the castration he denies, Lacan says.


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[Assistant] So, if your approach to psychotherapy aims at strengthening the ego, it's missing the point, because it misses the point of castration as a defense against recence on the one hand, and as a yardstick of desire on the other. And as such, it misses what lies beneath.


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[Assistant] Namely that contrary to appearances, he cleaves to this castration.


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[Assistant] The point is not that he wants to deny it, but rather that he doesn't want to sacrifice it to the other Sri Sons. That is, to allow the other to exploit his lack for its own gain.


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[Assistant] The neurotic gets that things must come at a price, but to pay that price by allowing the other to enjoy is intolerable for him.


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[Assistant] So if we look at the arc that runs from fantasy and suissance on the left to castration and desire on the right, we can see the central dilemma of the neurotic, that is, of most of us.


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[Assistant] To get over this curve towards castration, we have to reject schrisans, full enjoyment, and accept the fact that the best satisfaction we're gonna get is the one that desire offers. Despite its infinite autonomy, its twists and turns, its perpetual dissatisfaction with an object.


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[Assistant] This is what Lacan means when he ends the paper with one of the most beautiful lines in the whole écrit, and which we can take as something of a mantra for a life resigned to the reality of constant striving.


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[Assistant] Castration means that Jouissance has to be refused in order to be attained on the inverse scale of the law of desire.


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[Assistant] Hit subscribe to see more videos from Lacon online as they're released and check out much more stuff exploring psychoanalysis through the work of Jacques Lacon on lacononline.com


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[Assistant] You really chose


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[Assistant] I never dreamed I'd be turned into an Angeal copy.


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[Assistant] The lust for vengeance that had so consumed my life is all but gone now. And its place is a desire to help you, a desire to save Genesis. No, it's bigger than that.


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[Assistant] Heh. Unattainable dreams are the best kind.


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[Assistant] You all went through so much to make it to this day. The highs and the lows, the triumphs, the challenges, the celebrations, the devastations. And I'm not just talking about your love lives either.


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[Assistant] To school was a huge sacrifice for them.


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[Assistant] They couldn't give us a lot of guidance when it came to choosing classes and professors or finding internships and jobs.


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[Assistant] How to pick out the right classes. I didn't find the right buildings. So I began to.


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[Assistant] I think that maybe all those doubters might have been right. I didn't even know how to furnish my own dorm room.


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[Assistant] When you come from a family like mine, that's what you do. You make the most of what you've got. Yeaah, you-


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[Assistant] You use all that good common sense and you don't make excuses.


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[Assistant] We're far more valuable than money or connections.


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[Assistant] Because when you pair those two things together, you will be prepared for whatever comes next. Whatever comes next. And that brings me to an important question. What does come next?


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[Assistant] But I think there was also something profound about her question. Where are you gonna go?


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[Assistant] See, these are the moments that define us. Not the day you get the promotion.


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[Assistant] Whether you've worn our country's uniform or not, we are all called to serve.


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[Assistant] I don't want to just be successful in the world. I don't want to just make a mark or have a legacy.


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[Assistant] Even if you don't know the plan, you have to have a direction in which you choose to go.


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[Assistant] Knowing who you really are in this space and time that we embody.


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[Assistant] Said that not everybody can be famous, but everybody can be great because greatness is determined by service.


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[Assistant] Now we live in a world where everybody wants to be famous.


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[Assistant] The truth is all of that will fade in time.


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[Assistant] Service and the significance that you bring to your service is that which is lasting.


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[Assistant] Have the potential for enormous success. There's a price that comes with that. People don't always like you and they're not always happy for you. And if you surround yourself with people,


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[Assistant] Who are not accustomed to your success. They become fearful. They become scared.


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[Assistant] Because you are reflecting back something to them that they don't recognize.


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[Assistant] People who want the best for you want you to be your best. So my greatest advice to you is to surround yourself.


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[Assistant] Those tires are from my secret stock. They can withstand up to 140 MPH. You can bet I'll be rooting for you, my man.


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[Assistant] The number of storytellers in the world is very, very small.


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[Assistant] I keep a spreadsheet with a timed budget, how I want to spend my time, and I manage to the budget.


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[Assistant] Be what I would call sharks. That's a dangerous thing to say, so let me explain it.


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[Assistant] Are like sharks. They move forward or they die.


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[Assistant] I'm learning new things, I'm studying new topics. You've done most of the hard work now. You've come back.


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[Assistant] In the central portion of the great North American continent, there lies an arid and repulsive desert, which for many a long year served as a barrier against the advance of civilization.


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[Assistant] From the Sierra Nevada to Nebraska and from the Yellowstone River in the north to the Colorado upon the south is a region of desolation and silence.


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[Assistant] Nor is nature always in one mood throughout this grim district. It comprises snow-capped and lofty mountains and dark and gloomy valleys.


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[Assistant] There are swift-flowing rivers which dash through jagged canyons, and there are enormous plains which in winter are white with snow, and in summer are grey with the saline alkali dust.


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[Assistant] They all preserve, however, the common characteristics of barrenness, inhospitality and misery.


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[Assistant] There are now inhabitants of this land of despair. A band of Pawnees or of Blackfeet may occasionally traverse it in order to reach other hunting grounds.


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[Assistant] But the hardiest of the braves are glad to lose sight of those awesome plains, and to find themselves once more upon their prairies.


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[Assistant] The coyote skulks among the scrub, the buzzard flaps heavily through the air, and the clumsy grizzly bear lumbers through the dark ravines and picks up such sustenance as it can amongst the rocks. These are the sole dwellers in the wilderness.


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[Assistant] In the whole world there can be no more dreary view than that from the northern slope of the Sierra Blanco. As far as the eye can reach stretches the great flat plain land, all dusted over with patches of alkali and intersected by clumps of the dwarfish chaparral bushes.


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[Assistant] On the extreme verge of the horizon lie a long chain of mountain peaks, with their rugged summits flecked with snow.


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[Assistant] In this great stretch of country there is no sign of life, nor of anything appertaining to life. There is no bird in the steel-blue heaven, no movement upon the dull grey earth. Above all, there is absolute silence.


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[Assistant] Listen as one may, there is no shadow of a sound in all that mighty wilderness, nothing but silence, complete and heart-subduing silence.


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[Assistant] It has been said there is nothing appertaining to life upon the broad plain. That is hardly true. Looking down from the Sierra Blanca one sees a pathway traced out across the desert, which winds away and is lost in the extreme distance. It is rutted with wheels and trodden down by the feet of many adventurers.


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[Assistant] Here and there there are scattered white objects which glisten in the sun and stand out against the dull deposit of alkali. Approach and examine them.


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[Assistant] They are bones, some large and coarse, others smaller and more delicate. The former have belonged to oxen and the latter to men.


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[Assistant] For fifteen hundred miles one may trace this ghastly caravan route by these scattered remains of those who had fallen by the wayside. Looking down on this very scene,


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[Assistant] His appearance was such that he might have been the very genius or demon of the region.


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[Assistant] An observer would have found it difficult to say whether he was nearer to forty or to sixty. His face was lean and haggard, and the brown parchment-like skin was drawn tightly over the projecting bones. His long brown hair and beard were all flecked and dashed with white


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[Assistant] His eyes were sunken in his head and burned with an unnatural luster.


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[Assistant] While the hand which grasped his rifle was hardly more fleshy than that of a skeleton.


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[Assistant] As he stood he leaned upon his weapon for support, and yet his tall figure and the massive framework of his bones suggested a wiry and vigorous constitution.


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[Assistant] His gaunt face, however, and his clothes, which hung so baggily over his shrivelled limbs, proclaimed what it was that gave him that senile and decrepit appearance. The man was dying—dying from hunger and from thirst.


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[Assistant] He had toiled painfully down the ravine, and on to this little elevation in the vain hope of seeing some signs of water.


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[Assistant] Now the great salt plain stretched before his eyes, and the distant belt of savage mountains, without a sign anywhere of plant or tree, which might indicate the presence of moisture,


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[Assistant] In all that broad landscape there was no gleam of hope. North and east and west he looked, with wild, questioning eyes, and then he realized that his wanderings had come to an end.


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[Assistant] And that there, on that barren crag, he was about to die.


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[Assistant] Why not here? As well as in a feather bed, twenty years hence?" he muttered, as he seated himself in the shelter of a boulder.


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[Assistant] Before sitting down he had deposited upon the ground his useless rifle, and also a large bundle tied up in a grey shawl, which he had carried slung over his right shoulder. It appeared to be somewhat too heavy for his strength.


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[Assistant] For in lowering it, it came down the ground with some little violence.


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[Assistant] Instantly there broke from the grey parcel a little moaning cry, and from it protruded a small, scared face with very bright brown eyes and two little speckled, dimpled fists. "'You've hurt me,' said a childish voice reproachfully.


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[Assistant] Have I, though? the man answered penitently. I didn't go for to do it.


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[Assistant] As he spoke he unwrapped the grey shawl and extricated a pretty little girl of about five years of age, whose dainty shoes and smart pink frock with its little linen apron all bespoke a mother's care.


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[Assistant] For she was still rubbing the tauzy golden curls which covered the back of her head.


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[Assistant] Kiss it and make it well," she said with perfect gravity, shoving the injured part up to him. That's what mother used to do. Where's mother? Mother's gone. I guess you'll see her before long. Gone, eh? said the little girl. Funny.


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[Assistant] She didn't say goodbye. She most always did if she was just going over to Auntie's for tea, and now she's been away three days. Say, it's awful dry, ain't it? Ain't there no water, nor nothing to eat?


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[Assistant] No, there ain't nothing, dearie. You'll just need to be patient a while, and then you'll be all right.


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[Assistant] Put your head up, begin me like that again, and you'll feel bullier. It ain't easy to talk when your lips is like leather.


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[Assistant] You'll see prettier things than them soon," said the man confidently. You just wait a bit. I was going to tell you, though. You remember when we left the river? Oh, yes. Well, we reckon we'd strike another river soon, do you see?


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[Assistant] But there was something wrong, compasses or map or something, and it didn't turn up.


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[Assistant] Water ran out. Just accept a little drop for the likes of you and, and... And you couldn't wash yourself.


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[Assistant] He was the first to go, and then Indian Pete, and then Mrs. McGregor, and then Johnny Hones, and then Deary—your mother. Then Mother Zedetta, too?


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[Assistant] Cried the little girl, dropping her face in a pinafore, and sobbing bitterly.


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[Assistant] Yes. They all went except you and me. Then I thought there was some chance of water in this direction.


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[Assistant] So I heaved you over my shoulder, and we tramped it together.


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[Assistant] It don't seem as though we've improved matters. There's an almighty small chance for us now. You mean, that we're going to die too?


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[Assistant] Ask the child, checking her sobs and raising her tear-stained face. I guess that's about the size of it.


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[Assistant] Why didn't you say so before? She said laughing gleefully. You gave me such a fright.


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[Assistant] Why, of course. Now as long as we die we'll be with mother again. Yes, you will, dearie. And you too. I'll tell her how awful good you've been.


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[Assistant] I'll bet she meets us at the door of heaven, with a big pitcher of water, and a lot of buckwheat cakes, hot and toasted on both sides, like Bob and me was fond of. How long will it be first? I don't know. Not very long.


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[Assistant] The man's eyes were fixed upon the northern horizon.


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[Assistant] In the blue vault of the heaven there had appeared three little specks which increased in size every moment, so rapidly did they approach.


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[Assistant] They speedily resolved themselves into three large brown birds, which circled over the heads of the two wanderers, and then settled upon some rocks which overlooked them. They were buzzards, the vultures of the West, whose coming is the forerunner of death.


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[Assistant] Cocks and hens," cried a little girl gleefully, pointing at their ill-omined forms and clapping her hands to make them rise. Say, did God make this country?


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[Assistant] "'In course he did,' said her companion, rather startled by this unexpected question. "'He made the country down in Illinois, and he made the Missouri,' little girl continued.


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[Assistant] I guess somebody else made the country in these parts. It's not nearly so well done. They forgot the water and the trees." What would you think of offering up prayer?" the man asked diffidently. It ain't night yet, she answered. It don't matter.


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[Assistant] It ain't quite regular, but he won't mind that, you bet.


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[Assistant] You say over them ones that you used to say every night in the wagon, when we was on the planes?" Why don't you say some yourself?" the child asked, with wondering eyes.


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[Assistant] I ain't said none since I was half the height of that gun. I guess it's never too late.


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[Assistant] You say them out and I'll standby and come in on the choruses. Then you'll need to kneel down.


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[Assistant] Me too, she said, laying the shawl out for that purpose. You've got to put your hands up like this. It makes you feel kind of good.


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[Assistant] It was a strange sight, had there been anything but the buzzards to see it. Side by side on the narrow shawl knelt the two wanderers, the little prattling child and the reckless hardened adventurer.


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[Assistant] Her chubby face and his haggard angular visage were both turned up to the cloudless heaven in heartfelt entreaty to that dread being with whom they were face to face, while the two voices, the one thin and clear,


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[Assistant] The other deep and harsh, united in the entreaty for mercy and forgiveness.


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[Assistant] When prayer finished, they resumed their seat in the shadow of the boulder until the child fell asleep, nestling upon the broad breast of her protector.


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[Assistant] He watched over her slumber for some time, but nature proved to be too strong for him. For three days and three nights he had allowed himself neither rest nor repose.


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[Assistant] Slowly the eyelids drooped over the tired eyes, and the head sunk lower and lower upon the breast, until the man's grizzled beard was mixed with the gold tresses of his companion, and both slept the same deep and dreamless slumber.


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[Assistant] Had the wanderer remained awake for another half hour, a strange sight would have met his eyes.


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[Assistant] Far away, on the extreme verge of the alkali plain, there rose up a little spray of dust, very slight at first, and hardly to be distinguished from the mists of the distance.


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[Assistant] Gradually growing higher and broader until it formed a solid, well-defined cloud.


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[Assistant] This cloud continued to increase in size until it became evident that it could only be raised by a great multitude of moving creatures.


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[Assistant] In more fertile spots the observer would have come to the conclusion that one of these great herds of bison, which graze upon the prairie land, was approaching him.


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[Assistant] This was obviously impossible in these arid wilds. As the whirl of dust grew nearer to the solitary bluff upon which the two castaways were reposing,


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[Assistant] The canvas-covered tilts of wagons and the figures of armed horsemen began to show up through the haze, and the apparition revealed itself as being a great caravan upon its journey for the West. But what a caravan!


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[Assistant] When the head of it had reached the base of the mountains, the rear was not yet visible on the horizon.


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[Assistant] Right across the enormous plain stretched a straggling array, wagons and carts, men on horseback and men on foot.


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[Assistant] Innumerable women who staggered along under burdens, and children who toddled beside the wagons or peeped out from under the white coverings.


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[Assistant] This was evidently no ordinary party of immigrants, but rather some nomad people who had been compelled from stress of circumstances to seek themselves a new country.


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[Assistant] There rose through the clear air a confused clattering and rumbling from this great mass of humanity, with the creaking of wheels and the neighing of horses.


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[Assistant] Loud as it was, it was not sufficient to rouse the two tired wayfarers above them.


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[Assistant] At the head of the column there rode a score or more of grave, iron-faced men clad in somber, homespun garments, and armed with rifles.


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[Assistant] On reaching the base of the bluff they halted, and held a short council among themselves.


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[Assistant] The wells are to the right, my brothers," said one, a hard-lipped, clean-shaven man with grizzly hair.


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[Assistant] To the ride of the Sierra Blanco. So we shall reach the Rio Grande, said another.


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[Assistant] Fear not for water, cried the third. He who could draw it from the rocks will not now abandon his own chosen people.


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[Assistant] When one of the youngest and keenest-eyed uttered an exclamation and pointed up at the rugged crag above them.


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[Assistant] From its summit there fluttered a little wisp of pink, showing up hard and bright against the grey rocks behind.


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[Assistant] At the site there was a general reigning up of horses and unslinging of guns, while fresh horsemen came galloping up to reinforce the vanguard. The word Redskins was on every lip.


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[Assistant] There can't be any number of engines here," said the elderly man who appeared to be in command.


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[Assistant] We have passed the Pawnees, and there are no other tribes until we cross the great mountains. Shall I go forward and see, Brother Stangerson?" asked one of the band.


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[Assistant] Leave your horses below, and we will await you here," the elder answered. In a moment the young fellows had dismounted, fastened their horses, and were ascending the precipitous slope which led up to the object which had excited their curiosity.


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[Assistant] They advanced rapidly and noiselessly, with the confidence and dexterity of practiced scouts.


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[Assistant] The watchers from the plane below could see them flipped from rock to rock until their figures stood out against a skyline. The young man who had first given the alarm was leading them.


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[Assistant] Suddenly his followers saw him throw up his hands as though overcome with astonishment.


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[Assistant] And on joining him they were affected in the same way by the sight which met their eyes.


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[Assistant] On the little plateau which crowned the barren hill there stood a single giant boulder.


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[Assistant] And against this boulder there lay a tall man, long-bearded and hard featured, but of an excessive thinness. His placid face and regular breathing showed that he was fast asleep.


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[Assistant] Beside him lay a little child with her round white arms encircling his brown sinewy neck, and her golden-haired head resting upon the breast of his velveteen tunic.


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[Assistant] Her rosy lips were parted, showing the regular line of snow-white teeth within, and a playful smile played over her infantile features.


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[Assistant] Her plump little white legs, terminating in white socks and neat shoes, with shining buckles, offered a strange contrast to the long shriveled members of her companion.


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[Assistant] On the ledge of rock above this strange couple there stood three solemn buzzards, who at the sight of the newcomers uttered raucous screams of disappointment, and flapped sullenly away.


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[Assistant] The cries of the foul birds awoke the two sleepers, who stared about them in bewilderment.


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[Assistant] The man staggered to his feet and looked down upon the plain, which had been so desolate when sleep had overtaken him, and which was now traversed by this enormous body of men and of beasts.


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[Assistant] His face assumed an expression of incredulity as he gazed, and he passed his bony hand over his eyes.


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[Assistant] This is what they called Illyrium, I guess," he muttered. The child stood beside him, holding on to the skirt of his coat, and said nothing but looked all around her with the wondering, questioning gaze of childhood.


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[Assistant] The rescuing party was speedily able to convince the two castaways that their appearance was no delusion.


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[Assistant] One of them seized a little girl and hoisted her upon his shoulder.


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[Assistant] Me and that little one are all that's left of twenty-one people. The rest is all dead of thirst and hunger, away down in the south. Is she your child? asks someone.


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[Assistant] I guess she is now," the other cried defiantly. She's mine because I saved her. No man will take her from me. She's Lucy Ferrier from this day on. Who are you, though?


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[Assistant] Nigh upon ten thousand, said one of the young men, we are the persecuted children of God, the chosen of the angel Morona.


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[Assistant] I never heard tell on him, said the wanderer. He appears to have chosen a fair crowdy.


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[Assistant] Do not jest at that which is sacred, said the other sternly.


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[Assistant] We are of those who believe in those sacred writings drawn in Egyptian letters on plates of beaten gold, which were handed unto the Holy Joseph Smith at Palmyra.


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[Assistant] We have come from Nauvoo, in the state of Illinois, where we had founded our temple.


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[Assistant] We've come to seek a refuge from the violent man and from the godless, even though it be the heart of the desert.


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[Assistant] We are the Mormons, answered his companions with one voice. And where are you going?


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[Assistant] We don't know. The hand of God is leading us under the person of our prophet. You must come before him. He shall say what is to be done with you.


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[Assistant] They had reached the base of the hill by this time, and were surrounded by crowds of the pilgrims—pale-faced, meek-looking women, strong laughing children, and anxious, earnest-eyed men.


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[Assistant] Many were the cries of astonishment and of commiseration which arose from them when they perceived the youth of one of the strangers and the destitution of the other.


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[Assistant] Their escort did not halt, however, but pushed on, followed by a great crowd of Mormons, until they reached a wagon which was conspicuous for its great size and for the gaudiness and smartness of its appearance.


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[Assistant] Six horses were yoked to it, whereas the others were furnished with two or, at the most, four apiece.


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[Assistant] Beside the driver there sat a man who could not have been more than thirty years of age, but whose massive head and resolute expression marked him as a leader.


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[Assistant] He was reading a brown-backed volume, but as the crowd approached he laid it aside and listened attentively to an account of the episode. Then he turned to the two castaways.


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[Assistant] If we take you with us, he said in solemn words.


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[Assistant] It can only be as believers in our own Creed. We shall have no wolves in our fold.


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[Assistant] Better far that your bones should bleach in this wilderness, than that you should prove to be that little speck of decay which in time corrupts the whole fruit. Will you come with us on these terms?


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[Assistant] Guess I'll come with you on any terms," said Ferrier, with such emphasis that the grave elders could not restrain a smile.


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[Assistant] The leader alone retained his stern, impressive expression.


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[Assistant] Take him, Brother Stangerson, he said. Give him food and drink, and the child likewise.


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[Assistant] Let it be your task also to teach him our holy creed. We have delayed long enough.


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[Assistant] On, on to Zion!" cried the crowd of Mormons, and the words rippled down the long caravan, passing from mouth to mouth until they died away in a dull murmur in the far distance.


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[Assistant] With a cracking of whips and a creaking of wheels, the great wagons got into motion, and soon the whole caravan was winding along once more.


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[Assistant] The elder to whose care the two waifs had been committed led them to his wagon, where Emil was already awaiting them.


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[Assistant] In a few days you will have recovered from your fatigues. In the meantime, remember that now and forever you are of our religion. Brigham Young has said it.


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[Assistant] Asma is a lung disease that inflames and narrows your airways. Normally as you inhale, air moves freely through your trachea or windpipe, then through large tubes called bronchi, smaller tubes called bronchioles,


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[Assistant] And finally into tiny sacks called alveoli.


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[Assistant] Small blood vessels called capillaries surround your alveoli.


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[Assistant] Oxygen from the air you breathe passes into your capillaries.


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[Assistant] Then carbon dioxide from your body passes out of your capillaries into your alveoli so that your lungs can get rid of it when you exhale.


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[Assistant] Your bronchioles expand when the air is warm, moist, and free of irritants and allergy-causing substances called allergens. When air is cold or dry, or contains irritants or allergens, your bronchioles contract.


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[Assistant] If you have asthma, your airways are frequently inflamed and swollen.


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[Assistant] Certain substances can cause your inflamed airways to overreact even more, resulting in an asthma attack.


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[Assistant] Triggers of asthma attacks are slightly different for everyone, but usually include


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[Assistant] Outdoor irritants and allergens such as pollen, smoke, pollution, and cold weather


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[Assistant] Indoor irritants and allergens such as mold, pet dander, dust mites, and cockroach droppings


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[Assistant] And conditions such as respiratory infections, stress, strong emotions, and exercise.


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[Assistant] The symptoms of an asthma attack include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and tightness in your chest.


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[Assistant] During an asthma attack, also known as a bronchospasm, the muscles around your airways tighten and the airway wall becomes more swollen.


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[Assistant] Your airways also produce thick mucus that narrows them even more, making it hard for you to breathe.


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[Assistant] If you have asthma, your doctor may prescribe medications to reduce inflammation in your airways, constriction of the muscles surrounding your airways, or mucus secretion in your airways.


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[Assistant] During an asthma attack, you may need to use a short acting rescue medication called a bronchodilator.


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[Assistant] This medication causes your airway muscles to relax quickly and provide symptom relief within minutes.


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[Assistant] Since there is no cure for asthma, the goal is to prevent you from having asthma attacks by using long-acting anti-inflammatory control medications.


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[Assistant] If you take them everyday, they will reduce the inflammation of your airways, making them less sensitive to triggers of asthma attacks.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. Don't worry guys, it is me this time, not my weird.


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[Assistant] Lucy, replica, in the form of aloe vera, cover teach me. That was a lot of fun, I'm glad you liked it. The response was honestly hilarious. I had a blast. So.


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[Assistant] But my second ever video was a video called how to learn and remember vocabulary. The video is a little bit disorganised. It was my second video ever. I was 21 years old and I was eager to get onto YouTube and


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[Assistant] Share this knowledge that I had. Uhm, but the video's done really, really well.


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[Assistant] But, looking back at the video, there are some updates that I would like to add on. Uhm, because...


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[Assistant] But it doesn't teach you how to expand and widen your vocabulary, which is something that could benefit


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[Assistant] Basically everyone. I want to expand my vocabulary in my mother tongue.


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[Assistant] My native language, which is English. And I also want to expand my vocabulary in my second and third languages, Spanish and Italian, and maybe even Portuguese. If you haven't seen my video about Portuguese yet, check up there.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so this is a video that will be useful for both native speakers and non-native speakers. I want to share with you some tips that I've picked up, some pieces of advice, but it's not going to be your typical, how to improve your vocabulary video, where it's like, ooh, read books, ooh, watch films. I want to give you some tips that are really, really gonna help that you might not have thought of before. So,


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[Assistant] Bear with me. Before we get started, I'd just like to thank the sponsor of today's video. It is Lingoda. Lingoda is an online language academy where you can learn English, Spanish, French and German. They only use real native teachers. You sign up on a monthly basis through subscription packages.


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[Assistant] And you get a mixture of group and private video sort of Skype lessons. They've given me a special discount for you. You can get $50 or 50 euros off your first month at Lingodot. All you have to do is click on the link in the description box and use the code that's in the description box as well.


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[Assistant] Right, let's get started with the video. So my first tip is don't get overwhelmed. When I think I want to expand my vocabulary, I feel, I feel overwhelmed. I'm like, I just think, oh my god, there are so many words and there are so, there's so many words that I'm lacking in my vocabulary. Uhm, how on earth am I going to learn them all? You need to realise that it's not humanly possible to swallow and regurgitate the full Oxford dictionary.


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[Assistant] I've seen a couple of comments on some of my videos from people saying, I like to read the dictionary before I go to bed, which if your mind is capable of doing that and you can read a little bit of the dictionary each day and take it in,


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[Assistant] Wow, I take my hat off to you because that's a really, really impressive amount of dedication you have there. I personally cannot do that.


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[Assistant] So I recommend that you chunk your vocabulary learning into three sections and you focus your time and energy and effort


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[Assistant] Into learning the vocabulary from these three sections. It's not as complicated as it sounds. Section one. Topics you are interested in.


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[Assistant] So yes, reading books, watching films, watching videos is a great technique. Make sure you're focusing. So you're choosing a video that will help you expand your vocabulary and, and you're absorbing it. And then you're applying what you learned in my previous video, how to learn and remember vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Basically, you're keeping a vocabulary diary and you're being really, really aware.


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[Assistant] And meticulous about words that you don't know already.


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[Assistant] Don't let anything slide. If you don't know that word, you find out what it means and you write it down. In your phone or in a book. Doesn't matter. Just make sure you are meticulous. Section number two. Vocabulary that you use and come across on a daily basis.


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[Assistant] Now why do I say use and come across? There's two different parts of vocabulary expansion. There's seeing a word that you don't know and learning what it means, but there's also taking words you already know and finding alternative ways of saying them.


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[Assistant] Synonyms, for example. So it's really, really useful to look into synonyms. There may be words that you're using every single day.


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[Assistant] For me, a bit of a problem is the word like. So you're using some words every day, all day, like the word


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[Assistant] Like, for example. Like the word like! And you will sound much more eloquent if you find alternatives and you switch between the alternatives. Words that you come across on a daily basis, things in the news, political terms, if there's, you know, for example, when the Brexit was going on. I learnt loads of political vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Because I was coming across the terms on a daily basis. I was reading the newspaper, I was watching the news, I was very conscious of the fact that I didn't totally understand what was going on, so I made myself understand.


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[Assistant] Both on a political level and a vocabulary level. And section number three, my favourite section. Random, spontaneous randomness is, you know, when you sit down and you think, I wonder what that extra toe on the back of a dog's leg that doesn't work is called. Your brain wonders.


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[Assistant] Use it to your advantage, use it to improve your vocabulary, find out what it means.


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[Assistant] Now the next one, the next point that I want to talk about, I know I've already said that I don't want to say read books, watch films.


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[Assistant] But what I'm gonna say is read books and watch films, but not in the normal way. Everyone knows that if you read a book, your vocabulary will improve. If you watch a film, your vocabulary will improve.


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[Assistant] I want you to think first about, in your language, what is a good vocabulary?


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[Assistant] What makes one person sound eloquent and another person sound uneducated?


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[Assistant] I really admire the way Stephen Fry speaks. I know I mentioned Stephen Fry in so many videos


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[Assistant] I love the way he speaks. So I'll put on a speech or a monologue from him and I'll really try to listen to elements of his accent but also elements of speech


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[Assistant] His vocabulary, the vocabulary that he uses, which words does Stephen use that make him sound really really educated and eloquent? And then I'll note those down and I'll try and implement them into my own vocabulary. And you can do the same. It will work in any language. So I guess the way you could summarise that point is...


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[Assistant] Pick and choose reading and listening exercises from which you want to improve your vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Okay, number three. If you want to improve and widen and expand your vocabulary and sound more eloquent,


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[Assistant] Stop using the word very and start incorporating more advanced adjectives into your everyday speech and writing. When you're speaking, try and be conscious of every time that you use the word very and which adjective you used it with.


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[Assistant] Then you can go and search the adjective in a thesaurus and find synonyms. Very dirty can be filthy or squalid. Very cross can be seething, livid. I actually have a video about that. You can check it up there.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but yeaah, being conscious of when you use the word very is, is very very useful. How ironic. So I just made that mistake there.


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[Assistant] My last tip might not be for everybody, but it really helps me, especially when I'm bored and waiting for something. I'm an incredibly impatient person. I hate waiting. And if there's one room that an impatient person cannot stand, it's a waiting room.


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[Assistant] So I recommend that you use this time to your advantage. When you're doing nothing, so you're sitting on a train,


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[Assistant] You're sitting in a waiting room anytime you're waiting. Do vocabulary checks. So just sit or stand.


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[Assistant] Try and find something that you don't know how to say. It's most likely going to be a noun, but it could be a verb, it could be somebody doing something, somebody could be skipping and you think, oh god, I don't know how to say that in Japanese. Uhm, it could be an emotion that somebody has. Just use that time to look around, meticulously note down what it is that you don't know, and then


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[Assistant] Search it. If you're trying to acquire vocabulary in another language


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[Assistant] Then you can just write it down in your own language. It gets a bit more complicated if you don't really know how to say the word in your own language. Use what you can, take a picture of it, video it if appropriate, uhm, try and describe it, use other words to describe it, note it down, and then you can talk to somebody about it.


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[Assistant] Something that I'm going through at the moment is farm vocabulary. Uh, my boyfriend is a farmer.


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[Assistant] And I have suddenly been launched into this new world of machinery and...


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[Assistant] He said to me the other day, oh, we use farm save or something, and I was like, farm save. So I just noted it down.


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[Assistant] Uhm, got back home, searched it, and, let him hold, I know what farm save is now. I think it's when you, uhm, you keep your own seed and then you use it the next day. Sometimes if he's gone off in the contractor and I have to wait for him, I'll just look around the farm and I'll think, Bail? Challenger?


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[Assistant] John Deere Tractor. And if there's anything I don't know how to say, I will then ask him later. It might be a bit annoying for him, but I'm trying my best.


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[Assistant] Right guys, that's it for today's lesson. I hope you learnt something. I hope you enjoyed it. Don't forget to check out Lingoda. All of the relevant information is in the description box. It's a very, very good tool, or should I say it's an excellent tool.


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[Assistant] And don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media. I've got my Facebook, my Instagram, and my Twitter.


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[Assistant] I will see you soon for another lesson. Muah.


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[Assistant] A cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure in which incisions are made in a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver a baby.


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[Assistant] Some cesarean sections are planned. More often, however, the need for the procedure becomes apparent after the onset of labor when abnormal conditions make a vaginal delivery unsafe for the mother or her baby.


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[Assistant] Dystocia, or prolonged non-progressive labor, can occur when the baby's head is unable to fit through the birth canal or its body is in an unfavorable position, such as perpendicular to the birth canal or buttocks first, which is the breech position.


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[Assistant] Placenta previa occurs when a low-lying placenta partially or completely blocks the cervical opening.


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[Assistant] Fetal distress occurs whenever the health of the baby is in imminent danger, usually from inadequate blood flow through the placenta or umbilical cord.


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[Assistant] Fetal distress can occur when the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus prior to delivery or the umbilical cord becomes compressed or squeezed.


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[Assistant] Other conditions that may require a cesarean section include multiple births, large tumors of the uterus, genital herpes or other infections, or medical problems such as uncontrolled diabetes or hypertension.


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[Assistant] Your doctor may use ultrasound testing and a fetal heart monitor to help decide whether your baby should be delivered by cesarean.


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[Assistant] When a cesarean section becomes necessary, you will be prepped for surgery. If not already in place, an intravenous line will be started and a catheter will be inserted into your bladder to drain urine.


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[Assistant] In the operating room you will be given anesthesia. In most cases a spinal anesthetic is administered to numb the lower portion of your body. Sometimes however a general anesthetic will be used.


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[Assistant] It will either be a vertical incision from just below the navel to the top of the pubic bone or more frequently a horizontal incision across and just above the pubic bone. This is often called a bikini cut. Your doctor will then make a second incision on the lower part of the uterus.


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[Assistant] Once the uterus is opened, your doctor will rupture the amniotic sac if it is still intact and deliver the baby.


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[Assistant] The time from the initial abdominal incision to birth is typically five minutes.


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[Assistant] Your doctor will then clamp and cut the umbilical cord.


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[Assistant] The hospital stay after a cesarean section is usually three to five days. During this time, you will be encouraged to breastfeed, nap when the baby sleeps, and get out of bed often.


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[Assistant] While most patients are able to take care of their new baby soon after the procedure, full recovery may take six to eight weeks. Your scar will lighten as it heals.


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[Assistant] Now, we've already used some CSS properties in order to apply CSS to our different HTML elements.


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[Assistant] But in this section, we're going to do a deep dive into some of the most important CSS properties that you'll see and use.


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[Assistant] We're going to start with CSS color properties. Some of the color properties you've already seen previously.


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[Assistant] I've shown you how you can set the background color of a particular HTML element by using the background-color property. And previously we've been setting it to basic colors like red or blue or green.


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[Assistant] And remember that the way that the CSS rules work is the first part is the property.


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[Assistant] And the part that comes after the colon is the value that you want to set that property to. So in this case, we're setting the background color of the HTML element, which remember contains everything on our website. So the entire webpage to a color of red. That's what that rule does.


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[Assistant] Now, there are different types of color properties. There's the background color, but you can also simply use the color property. And what this does is it sets the text color. So always check the MDN docs if you're not sure which property does what.


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[Assistant] So notice that in this case, we've got two colors, which we've named red and blue.


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[Assistant] Well, they're called named colors and there's a whole bunch of them out there with poetic names like cornflower blue or cadet blue or dim gray, olive drab, et cetera. And you can find all of them by of course, going to the developer documentation.


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[Assistant] If you Google for MDN darks named color, the first link should take you to this webpage. Alternatively, you can use this URL as well.


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[Assistant] Don't worry too much about the CSS level one or level two or level three. It just describes historically when each color was introduced. So these were introduced first because it's basically the rainbow. And then over time we got some more fun colors like cyan and dark khaki and all of these different colors. So you can simply copy the name of the color.


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[Assistant] And paste it into your code and you'll be able to see that rendered in your website.


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[Assistant] Of course, even though there's many colors available in the default CSS named colors, but you still sometimes might want to have a more unique color palette. So what do you do in that case? Well, one of my favorite color palettes is colorhunt.co.


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[Assistant] It's a free tool that's created by designers, for designers, and of course for us as well.


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[Assistant] Here you've got professionally designed color palettes, four colors stacked together that would look perfect on any website. You can imagine that if you select any of these random websites, maybe this could be the background color of the website, this could be an H1 color.


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[Assistant] This could be a subtitle or H2 color. You have accent tones, you have main tones, and you can use all of these colors in your website. But how do we use them if we don't have a name that's attached to it? Instead we've got all these numbers and letters. What exactly are these?


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[Assistant] Well, these are hex codes and they are a way of representing a larger number code for that particular color. So for example, in this case, this is a color purple, which is formed of three fractions, red, green, and blue.


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[Assistant] And these are colors out of 255. So if you imagine a fraction, 93 out of 255 red, 56 out of 255 green, and 145 out of 255 blue. And when you mix all three of these primary colors, you can get so many different types of shades.


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[Assistant] So a different way of representing that number, we get this particular hex code.


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[Assistant] What does this mean for you? Well, when you're using something like color hunt and you want to apply these different colors to your website, you can simply copy the hex code and use it instead of the name. And even on the MDN docs for the name colors, you can see their hex codes lined up next to the names.


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[Assistant] And in code, it looks pretty much exactly the same. Instead of the name, you just put the hex code.


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[Assistant] So now it's time to try an exercise. Go ahead and download this zip file from this current lesson, extract it and open it inside VS code.


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[Assistant] Once you're here, you should see it's a pretty simple website with just two elements inside the body.


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[Assistant] An H1 and an H2. And if we look at the preview, then you can see it's clearly a drab black and white world.


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[Assistant] We're going to change all of that by adding in CSS colors. So you've got five steps that you need to complete here and you should follow them one by one. And by the end of all five steps, you should have a website that looks something like this with lots of different colors and different background colors as well. Pause the video now and give this challenge a go.


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[Assistant] We've got the background color of the body, which is set to antique white, which is this color right here. And we've got the text color of the H1 set to white smoke.


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[Assistant] But you can also set the background color of the H1. It's a property that's available on any of the elements and it simply takes the existing area of that element and colors the background.


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[Assistant] Now that might have required a little bit of lateral thinking, but hopefully you got there in the end. And notice how in the H1 we've got all named colors, and in the H2 I've asked you to use hex colors. And this is just so that you have practice adding colors using the two different methods.


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[Assistant] Hopefully you got there in the end. Once you're ready, head over to the next lesson and let's learn more about formatting fonts using CSS.


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[Assistant] Yeah, he said he loves you, but he can't handle working the door at a gay club anymore. He says people are laughing at him.


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[Assistant] I don't know, I think the little people who live in his head. The ones stuck in 1955?


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[Assistant] You know I didn't even like that. Okay, you don't pay for shit in here. Okay, you just can't be looking like you came from selling dope on the corner.


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[Assistant] Hey. You saved me, man. Made me. Gay Tony?


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[Assistant] Then maybe I've been hanging out with Tony too long. Or maybe it's you. Does your fiancee gay too? Is that like a fetish for you?


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[Assistant] You want me to get you a helicopter, and that'll make your dad happy? You better be the real deal, man.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I think maybe you're taking the tough love thing a little too far, man. I mean, I got sent to juvie when I was 17 years old for shooting a teacher who felt up my sister. They tried the tough love thing with me. It didn't fucking work too well. So maybe try a different fucking approach.


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[Assistant] Evan, look, I always thought that even for a coke pushin' steroid junkie, you were a particular asshole. Okay, I'm just gonna admit that. Now would you shut the fuck up before I shut you up? Now where's Tony?


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[Assistant] But, no, he probably was, okay? But, if you'll excuse me, I gotta go.


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[Assistant] If every man alive, I don't want to marry someone who's a complete psychopath. Okay, I don't care which it is, just get over here, please.


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[Assistant] Okay, man, good for you. Get a nice place here, Mr. B. That is piece of shit. I bought it for my sister.


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[Assistant] Hey, the problem ain't just gonna disappear over here if we kill some crooked cops.


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[Assistant] You mean after you killed this special team of cops? It's weird. You want me to negotiate with him? No.


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[Assistant] You'll have to find someone else, man. I mean, it's not my thing. I ain't qualified for that shit.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, sounds perfect man, just what the people want right now. But, what are you doing here?


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[Assistant] Wait a sec. You're a guy who just enjoyed an opium-laden threesome.


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[Assistant] With some light bondage. How could your dignity ever be in question?


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[Assistant] Well, I can't sell what ain't mine, bro. Plus, with all the work I put in for


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[Assistant] Last chance, D. So you wanna hand this stuff over? Sure, I'm sure. Father's gonna kill us if we don't.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you both get whacked. You're way out of your league, kid. And you? You're a fucking loser hanging out with children living a fantasy life. I ain't killing Tony.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry T, you, you was family man, but it's either you or all of us.


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[Assistant] Take care of yourself, okay? Stay away from idiots like me. Fuck you!


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[Assistant] You're a pill-popping old queen, man. I'm a murdering maniac. But we survived him. We survived.


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[Assistant] Blogger, this nebbish with internet connection, badmouthing me all over town. Do you know this guy? The, the Slynetbernator?


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[Assistant] If I ain't like her, I would've burned this building down by now.


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[Assistant] It's not really gold, but I still think it's special.


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[Assistant] Oh, well I was just about to go for a slide. Hehe, into the cool water!


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[Assistant] Thank you for showing me. So, shall we keep going to the flowery field now?


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[Assistant] Well, this creature is quite big.


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[Assistant] Do you know the name of every creature that lives here? Big nut-brown hair? Well, it's been a long time since I was a little nut-brown hair. And every season, as I was growing up, my father showed me more amazing creatures.


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[Assistant] Well, I think so, although you never know. Ohohoho, hello!


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[Assistant] What's this then? A very strange, leafy creature.


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[Assistant] Oh ho ho ho, fish are alright in winter. He he he, see?


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[Assistant] Hell of a show, I'm sure. But perhaps the show wasn't as much fun as the reality of that war.


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[Assistant] I apologize for our associate's uncouth manner. I can only say that our partnership with him is one of necessity, not volition. Please, you must be the famous Tony Prince.


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[Assistant] Mr. Pelosi has led me to expect much from this meeting. Ah yea, about that.


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[Assistant] As you can see, we are already behind schedule on this project. We need you to...


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[Assistant] Before I was being polite, Mr. Lopez, but I do not have to be.


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[Assistant] Mr. Pelosi made it clear that you are not in a position to choose who you help and who you do not.


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[Assistant] Hmm, I'm talking something seriously intense. How about a mother?


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[Assistant] Don't forget to subscribe for more fun and adventure with me and all my friends.


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[Assistant] Why don't you tidy your room as well, Penelope?


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[Assistant] That's right, you put the books on the bookshelf.


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[Assistant] The elephant and the polar bear are next, and the crocodile needs a bar.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, I do too, little nut-brown hair. Lots of animals wish they could fly, but can't.


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[Assistant] But, you know what, maybe if we made a big, comfortable pile of leaves, we could all lie on it and have a really good think about how to fly.


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[Assistant] Don't forget to subscribe for more fun and adventure with me and all my friends.


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[Assistant] That's not how things are. No problem. Let's do this! Okay. Let's see the stuff, gentlemen. Mori, come over here.


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[Assistant] There it is. Beautiful, huh? Unmarked Bills. No history, no need to launder. Good. Nico, show him the stuff.


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[Assistant] Dreaming of the world. Wondering what it was like at that place over there or that little island over there. You ever go with that thing? Nah, went to Algonquin instead. Waiting for the world to come to me.


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[Assistant] I know, franchise is not the way to go. The club is all about the people.


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[Assistant] There were indeed a queer looking party that assembled on the bank. The birds with draggled feathers, the animals with their fur clean close to them, and all dripping wet, cross, and uncomfortable.


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[Assistant] The first question of course was how to get dry again.


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[Assistant] They had a consultation about this, and after a few minutes, it seemed quite natural to Alice to find herself talking with familiarity with them, as if she had known them all her life. Indeed, she had quite a long argument with Laurie, who at last turned sulky, and would only say, I'm older than you.


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[Assistant] Alice kept her eyes anxiously fixed on it, for she felt sure she would catch a bad cold if she could not get dry very soon. Ahem, said the mouse with an important air. Are you all ready? This is the driest thing I know. Silence all round if you please. William the Conqueror


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[Assistant] Whose cause was favoured by the Pope, was soon submitted to by the English, who wanted leaders, and had been of late much accustomed to absorption and conquest. Edwin and Morkar, the Earls of Mercia and Northumbria, uh, said the lorry with a shiver.


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[Assistant] The patriotic archbishop of Canterbury. Found it advisable. Found what, said the duck. Found it, the mouse replied rather grossly. Of course you know what it means. I know what it means well enough. When I find a thing, said the duck, it's generally a frog or a worm. The question is, what did the archbishop find?


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[Assistant] Early thing to meet William and offer him the crown.


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[Assistant] Williams' conduct at first was moderate, for the insolence of his Normans.


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[Assistant] How are you getting on now, my dear? It continued, turning to Alice as it spoke. As wet as ever, said Alice in a melancholy tone, it doesn't seem to dry me at all. In that case, said the dodo, solemnly rising to its feet, I'll move with that smeeting adjourn and the immediate adoption of more energetic remedies.


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[Assistant] I don't know the meaning of half of those long words, and what's more, I don't believe you do either. And the eaglet bent down to its head to hide a smile. Some of the other birds tittered audibly.


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[Assistant] That question the dodo could not answer without a great deal of thought.


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[Assistant] She of course, said the dodo, pointing to Alice with one finger, and the whole party at once crowded round her, calling out in a confused way, Prizes, Prizes. Alice had no idea what to do.


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[Assistant] And in the spare, she put her hand in her pocket and pulled out a box of confets.


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[Assistant] Luckily the saltwater had not got into it and handed them round as prizes. There was exactly one apiece for all round. But she must have a prize herself, you noted the mouse. Of course, the dodo replied very gravely.


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[Assistant] While the dodo summarily presented the thimble, saying


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[Assistant] The next thing was to eat the comfits. This caused some noise and confusion as the large birds complained that they could not taste theirs and the small ones choked and had to be patted on the back. However, it was over at last and they sat down in a ring and begged the mouse to tell them something more.


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[Assistant] You promised to tell me your history, you know, said Alice.


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[Assistant] She added in a whisper, half afraid that it would be offended again.


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[Assistant] Mine is a long and sad tale, said the mouse, turning to Alice and sighing. It is a long tale, certainly said Alice, looking down with wonder at the mouse's tale. But why do you call it sad? And she kept on puzzling about it while the mouse was speaking, so that her idea of the tale was something like this. Fury said to a mouse,


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[Assistant] That he met in the house. Let us both go to the law. I will prosecute you. Come. I'll take no denial. We must have a trial. For really this morning, I've nothing to do. Said the mouse to the cur. Such a trial, dear sir. With no jury or judge. We'll be wasting our breath. I'll be judge. I'll be jury. Said cunning old fury.


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[Assistant] I'll try the whole course and continue to death.


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[Assistant] I didn't mean it, pleading poor old Alice. But you're so easily offended, you know. The mouse only growled in reply. Please come back and finish your story, Alice called after it, and the others all joined in chorus. Yes, please do! But the mouse only shook its head impatiently and walked a little quicker. What a


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[Assistant] Let this be a lesson to you to never lose your temper. Hold your tong ma, said the young crab, a little snappishly.


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[Assistant] You're enough to try the patience of an oyster. I wish I had Dinah here. I know I do, said Alice aloud, addressing nobody in particular. She would soon fetch it back. And who is Dinah, if I might venture to ask the question, said the lorry. Alice replied eagerly, but she was already ready to talk about her pet.


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[Assistant] Why shall each little bird, as soon as look at it?


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[Assistant] This speech caused a remarkable sensation among the party. Some of the birds hurried off at once. One old magpie began wrapping itself up very carefully and remarking, I really must be getting home. The night air doesn't suit my throat. And a canary called out in a trembling voice to its children, come away, my dears. It's high time you were all off to bed.


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[Assistant] And here, poor Alice began to cry again, but she felt very lonely and low-spirited in a little while, however.


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[Assistant] She again heard a little pattering of footsteps in the distance, and she looked up eagerly.


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[Assistant] Oh dear. But sometimes these things happen. Nobody means to harm anyone.


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[Assistant] It's good. It's very good. We're lucky to find tasty food like this in winter.


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[Assistant] Really? Yes, and little field mouse too. Would you like to play with them?


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[Assistant] Never mind. It was an accident. We'll find other food.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. Welcome to the video you've all been waiting for. This is the first of a series of videos that I have filmed with Oxford University Press to celebrate the launch of their course


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[Assistant] Which is now offered to the public rather than just to businesses.


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[Assistant] You guys might remember that I mentioned this collaboration way back, uhm, in a video called Oxford English where I introduced the course and I also made an introductory offer. I've managed to squeeze them again.


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[Assistant] And we've got something even better for you. So make sure you check out the link in the description box. This offer is completely exclusive to English with Lucy. You won't find it anywhere else. So, uh, please have a look and see if it interests you. To all existing students, you will be receiving a special email with the best of the best. Look forward to that.


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[Assistant] With that said, please enjoy the video that we created in and around Oxford on received pronunciation, a topic which has been so highly requested. Enjoy, I'm very proud of it.


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[Assistant] While the word received comes from the fact that it's received wisdom, the 2% of the population that speak with received pronunciation have normally learnt it from their education in private school, which means that it was a very small social minority that actually received received pronunciation.


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[Assistant] So, received pronunciation is constantly evolving. The received pronunciation that was used by the BBC all those years ago is vastly different than the received pronunciation that's used nowadays. Take a look at an example of BBC English from all those years ago. It sounds quite old fashioned and maybe even a little bit ridiculous.


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[Assistant] They've actually included their own Americanisms, like saying better instead of better. Almost every British English dictionary uses RP.


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[Assistant] So it's important to remember when you're reading a phonetic transcription, you're learning how to say the word in received pronunciation. So it's important to remember that when you're reading a phonetic transcription, you're learning how to say it in received pronunciation.


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[Assistant] Well, it's hard to say. It's a decision that you have to make. I can't make that decision for you. I always recommend to my students that they pick an accent that is relevant and interesting to them. If you like the sound of the northern accents, then go for one of those. If you want to do something more southern, then why not give it a try?


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[Assistant] However, you should always include received pronunciation in your British English studies because it is a really good basis for standard eloquent English.


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[Assistant] Right guys, that's it for the Received Pronunciation video. I hope you enjoyed it. I hope you learnt something.


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[Assistant] Don't forget to check out the offer from English LL in association with Oxford University Press by clicking on the link in the description box and you'll see my smiling face. And to anyone who signed up to English LL from the first ever video, you will be receiving an email very, very shortly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media. I've got my Facebook, I've got my Instagram, and I've got my Twitter, and I will see you soon for another lesson.


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[Assistant] I had called upon my friend, Mr. Sherlock Holmes, one day in the autumn of last year, and found him in deep conversation with a very stout, florid-faced, elderly gentleman with fiery red hair.


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[Assistant] With an apology for my intrusion, I was about to withdraw when Holmes pulled me abruptly into the room and closed the door behind me.


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[Assistant] You could not possibly have come at a better time, my dear Watson," he said cordially.


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[Assistant] This gentleman, Mr. Wilson, has been my partner and helper in many of my most successful cases, and I have no doubt that he will be of the utmost use to me in yours also.