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[Assistant] If uh, if we're gonna be friends, I think we gotta, we gotta establish some, some ground rules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vicky just left her work and my strategy is survival. Being a dad is like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 700 times harder than being a prison guard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the beginning, I obviously loved them, but the more I get to know them, the more, the stronger the love gets, you know what I'm saying? And, uh...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think once they can speak to me, you know, English or communicate better, that will, uh, that'll increase my feelings too, but they're not so bad right now, you know. So I try to be very appreciative of what I have, even though what I have sometimes doesn't sleep, cries all the time, doesn't know what they want, and what else? Relax, I didn't mean anything by it.


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[Assistant] Because right now, there is no intel about what they're saying.


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[Assistant] Today, we're teaching Street Hustlin 101. So, guys, we have this. Something you like. Something you like to play with. Can't touch it. See that? There you go. Can't touch it.


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[Assistant] Alright, alright. We got it. Let's go. She sees it's there. She wants the bet. Big spender. Saturday night special.


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[Assistant] Uuuh. Alright buddy, you see this?


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[Assistant] I mean, they're not my first words, they're hers, so I really, you know, I'm a proud father regardless.


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[Assistant] The program trains and places educators into needy Catholic schools all over the United States.


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[Assistant] You can't be good at everything, Mophie. Your friends had a skill in the other games. You were each good at something, and that should make you very happy.


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[Assistant] When she came on the pool deck a couple years ago, I don't think anyone could believe the level of proficiency she has in the swimming pool. Ashley has competed at the world level.


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[Assistant] I think the fighting spirit, the mission of Notre Dame is that we don't give up, that there are challenges and obstacles in our way, and we need to just find ways to deal with them.


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[Assistant] Listen, the kids are watching videos, so we got only about 45 minutes until they actually find Nemo. Okay, let's have a look. Nemo.


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[Assistant] You know, this moment will only you and me. No kids. Nemo. Wow, what a surprise. What a nice husband. This is the game.


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[Assistant] Live, eh, live a kind of life, live kind of life, blah, blah, blah. Most men live lives of quite desperation. Live, really live, like.


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[Assistant] Uh, in America you say, hey, let's go out.


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[Assistant] You know, it's just gonna take more than just this one night.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I want more, you know, this is, the more the merrier, surprise. I love this, honey. More than this night. More than this night. More nights.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looks like we have an audience. Looks like we have an audience. Okay guys, if this is in your timeline when you were little,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, your parents found out you were watching Adam kissing.


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[Assistant] For boys, you should love your husband to the girls. You know, we're love, mother and father, we love each other. We should, we should always cultivate a feeling to kids. Make them have this feeling that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When people find out I write about time management, they assume two things. One is that I'm always on time. And I'm not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have four small children and I would like to blame them for my occasional tardiness, but sometimes it's just not their fault. I was once late to my own speech on time management.


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[Assistant] The second thing they assume is that I have lots of tips and tricks for saving bits of time here and there. Sometimes I'll hear from magazines that are doing a story along these lines, generally on how to help their readers find an extra hour in the day. And the idea is that we'll shave bits of time off everyday activities, add it up, and we'll have time for the good stuff.


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[Assistant] And I question the entire premise of this piece. But I'm always interested in hearing what they've come up with before they call me. So some of my favorites. Doing errands in a way where you only have to make right hand turns.


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[Assistant] Being extremely judicious in microwave usage, so it says three to three and a half minutes on the package, we are totally getting in on the bottom side of that. And my personal favorite, which makes sense on some level, is to DVR your favorite shows, so you can fast forward through the commercials. And that way you save about eight minutes every half hour. So in the course of two hours of watching TV, you find 32 minutes to exercise. Which is true. You know another way to find 32 minutes to exercise? Don't watch two hours of TV a day, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, the idea is we'll save bits of time here and there, add it up, we will finally get to everything we want to do. But after studying how successful people spend their time, and looking at their schedules hour by hour, I think this idea has it completely backward.


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[Assistant] We don't build the lives we want by saving time. We build the lives we want.


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[Assistant] Here's what I mean. I recently did a time diary project looking at 1001 days in the lives of extremely busy women. They had demanding jobs, sometimes their own businesses, kids to care for, maybe parents to care for, community commitments, busy, busy people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had them keep track of their time for a week so I could add up how much they worked and slept, and I interviewed them about their strategies for my book.


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[Assistant] One of the women whose time log I studied, she goes out for a Wednesday night for something. She comes home to find that her water heater has broken. And there is now water all over her basement.


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[Assistant] If you've ever had anything like this happen to you, you know it is a hugely damaging, frightening, sopping mess. So she's dealing with the immediate aftermath at night, next day she's got plumbers coming in, day after that professional cleaning crew dealing with the ruined carpet. All this is being recorded on her time log, winds up taking seven hours of her week. Seven hours? That's like finding an extra hour in the day.


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[Assistant] But I'm sure if you had asked her at the start of the week, could you find seven hours to train for triathlon?


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[Assistant] Could you find seven hours to mentor seven worthy people? I'm sure she would have said what most of us would have said, which is, no. Can't you see how busy I am?


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[Assistant] Yet when she had to find seven hours because there is water all over her basement, she found seven hours. And what this shows us is that time is highly elastic.


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[Assistant] We cannot make more time, but time will stretch to accommodate what we choose to put into it. And so the key to time management


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[Assistant] Is treating our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater.


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[Assistant] And to get at this, I like to use some language from one of the busiest people I ever interviewed. By busy, I mean she was running a small business with 12 people on the payroll. She had six children in her spare time. I was getting in touch with her to set up an interview on how she had it all, that phrase. I remember it was a Thursday morning and she was not available to speak with me, of course, right?


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[Assistant] So of course this makes me even more intrigued, and when I finally do catch up with her, she explains it like this. She says, listen Laura, everything I do,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And rather than say, I don't have time to do x, y or z, you should say, I don't do x, y or z because it's not a priority.


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[Assistant] I don't have time often means it's not a priority.


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[Assistant] If you think about it, that's really more accurate language. I mean, I could tell you I don't have time to dust my blinds, but that's not true. If you offered to pay me $100,000 to go dust my blinds, I would get to it pretty quickly.


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[Assistant] Since that is not going to happen, I can acknowledge this is not a matter of lacking time. It's that I don't want to do it. Using this language reminds us that time is a choice. And granted, there may be horrible consequences for making different choices. I will give you that.


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[Assistant] But we are smart people and certainly over the long run, we have the power to fill our lives with the things that deserve to be there. So how do we do that?


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[Assistant] How do we treat our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater?


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[Assistant] Well first we need to figure out what they are. I want to give you two strategies for thinking about this. The first, on the professional side. I'm sure many people coming up to the end of the year are giving or getting annual performance reviews. You look back over your successes over the year, your opportunities for growth, uh, and this serves its purpose


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I find it's more effective to do this looking forward. So I want you to pretend it's the end of next year.


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[Assistant] You're giving yourself a performance review and it has been an absolutely amazing year for you professionally. What three to five things did you do that made it so amazing?


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[Assistant] And you can do this for your personal life too. I'm sure many of you, like me, come December, get cards that contain these folded up sheets of colored paper. On which is written what is known as the family holiday letter.


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[Assistant] What three to five things did you do that made it so amazing?


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[Assistant] Don't send it. But you can write it. And now between the performance review and the family holiday letter, we have a list of six to ten goals we can work on in the next year.


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[Assistant] And now we need to break these down into doable steps. So maybe you want to write a family history. Well first you can read some other family histories, get a sense for the style. And then maybe think about the questions you want to ask your relatives, set up appointments to interview them. Or maybe you want to run a 5K.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you need to find a race and sign up and figure out a training plan and dig those shoes out of the back of the closet. And then, this is key, we treat our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater by putting them into our schedules first.


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[Assistant] And we do this by thinking through our weeks before we are in them.


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[Assistant] Friday afternoon is what an economist might call a low opportunity cost time.


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[Assistant] Most of us are not sitting there on Friday afternoon saying I am excited to make progress toward my personal and professional priorities right now. But we are willing to think about what those should be.


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[Assistant] So take a little bit of time, Friday afternoon, make yourself a three category priority list. Career, relationships, self.


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[Assistant] Making a three category list reminds us that there should be something in all three categories. Career we think about, relationships, self, not so much. But anyway, just a short list, two to three items in each. Then look out over the whole of the next week and see where you can plan them in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where you plan them in is up to you. And I know this is going to be more complicated for some people than others. I mean, some people's lives are just harder than others. It is not going to be easy to find time to take that poetry class if you are caring for multiple children on your own.


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[Assistant] I get that. And I don't want to minimize anyone's struggle. But I do think that the numbers I am about to tell you are empowering.


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[Assistant] If you are working a full-time job, so 40 hours a week, sleeping 8 hours a night, so 56 hours a week, that leaves 72 hours for other things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is a lot of time. You say you're working 50 hours a week, maybe a main job and a side hustle, well that leaves 62 hours for other things. You say you're working 60 hours, well that leaves 52 hours for other things. You say you're working more than 60 hours, well are you sure?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, in 168 hours a week, I think we can find time for what matters to you. If you want to spend more time with your kids, you want to study more for a test you're taking, you want to exercise for three hours and volunteer for two, you can. And that's even if you're working way more than full-time hours. So we have plenty of time, which is great, because guess what?


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[Assistant] We don't even need that much time to do amazing things. But when most of us have bits of time, what do we do?


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[Assistant] Pull out the phone, right? Start deleting emails or otherwise we're puttering around the house or watching TV. But small moments can have great power. You can use your bits of time for bits of joy.


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[Assistant] Maybe it's choosing to read something wonderful on the bus on the way to work.


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[Assistant] I know when I had a job that required two bus rides and a subway ride every morning, I used to go to the library on weekends to get stuff to read. Made the whole experience almost, almost, enjoyable.


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[Assistant] Breaks at work can be used for meditating or praying. If family dinner is out because of your crazy work schedule, maybe family breakfast could be a good substitute.


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[Assistant] It's about looking at the whole of one's time and seeing where the good stuff can go.


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[Assistant] Even if we are busy, we have time for what matters. And when we focus on what matters, we can build the lives we want in the time we've got. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Mom, see you! Okay, have fun!


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[Assistant] Mom, see you! Okay, have fun!


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[Assistant] We're going to have to find other ways of generating the power and energy that we need.


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[Assistant] What we're trying to do is develop new technology that uses ionic liquids that can absorb the carbon dioxide to remove it from the flue gas, hopefully costing a lot less and being more efficient.


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[Assistant] Fighting for the environment. We are a fighting Irish.


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[Assistant] It's cold and windy. Put on your coat, please. Thank you, Mom. Put on your gloves, Mom.


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[Assistant] When your band is trying to perform, feedback is an annoying obstacle. But in the grand orchestra of nature, feedback is not only beneficial, it's what makes everything work.


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[Assistant] And the natural world is full of these mechanisms, formed by the links between living and nonliving things that build resilience by governing the way populations and food webs respond to events.


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[Assistant] When plants die, the dead material enriches the soil with hummus, a stable mass of organic matter, providing moisture and nutrients for other plants to grow.


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[Assistant] The more plants grow and die, the more hummus is produced, allowing even more plants to grow, and so on.


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[Assistant] These positive or amplifying loops can also be harmful, like when removing a forest makes it vulnerable to erosion, which removes organic matter and nutrients from the earth, leaving less plants to anchor the soil and leading to more erosion.


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[Assistant] In contrast, negative feedback diminishes or counteracts changes in an ecosystem to maintain a more stable balance. Consider predators and their prey.


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[Assistant] Feedback processes might seem counterintuitive because many of us are used to more predictable linear scenarios of cause and effect. For instance, it seems simple enough that spraying pesticides would help plants grow by killing pest insects. But it may trigger a host of other unexpected reactions.


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[Assistant] And one weak link will reduce the effect of the entire feedback considerably. Lose a link, and the whole loop is broken.


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[Assistant] But this is only a simple example, since natural communities consist not of separate food chains, but networks of interactions. Feedback loops will often be indirect, occurring through longer chains. A food web containing 20 populations can generate thousands of loops of up to 20 links in length.


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[Assistant] But instead of forming a disordered cacophony, feedback loops in ecological systems play together, creating regular patterns just like multiple instruments coming together to create a complex but harmonious piece of music. Wide-ranging negative feedbacks keep the positive feedbacks in check, like drums maintaining a rhythm.


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[Assistant] Ocean environments, dominated by predator-prey interactions and strong negative and positive loops stabilized by self-damping feedback, are powerful and loud with many oscillations.


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[Assistant] And the tropical rainforest, with its great diversity of species, high nutrient turnover, and strong feedbacks among both living and dead matter, is like a lush panoply of sounds.


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[Assistant] Deforestation may turn lush tropics into a barren patch, like a successful ensemble breaking up after losing its star performers.


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[Assistant] And yeaah, I put her down twice and then on the third time I was like, I'm never putting her down again. She got quite used to...


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[Assistant] Being asleep on us. I kept her on me for like an hour and a half and it was, she was just so warm and cosy.


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[Assistant] Okay, so the mommy hack is playing cartoons.


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[Assistant] Because we've headed into month two. He started doing a bit more. He start to sort of see the in, you know, the next couple of weeks and months.


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[Assistant] He's gonna start sort of actually playing with you and interacting properly, which will be quite fun I think. What are you dreaming about?


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[Assistant] Caught his eye over here and then as Rich's head moved all the way around he sort of kept eye contact and moved his head as well.


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[Assistant] If you sat in the front room and you talked to him from the kitchen, he'll turn his head around and look up the corridor to sort of look towards you.


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[Assistant] I think it's nice to see sort of how inquisitive and sort of how curious he is.


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[Assistant] The shiny one or the... Yes! Rugby wins. I think also the further you get along on all these milestones, you start to see a real personality emerge. So they've gone from a little sort of helpless baby to someone who, for example, he loves balls. And you can see that personality starting to emerge and seeing who Pasco is going to be when he's older.


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[Assistant] He plays with his cars every day. So in terms of a hot housing, Nelson Thor, Formula One career, I'd be looking closely at what his focus might be.


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[Assistant] We've also supplied the guards with goggles that have special lenses. Advanced Geass countermeasures.


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[Assistant] Hi, welcome back. Again, my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshop's 15th training session, Part B.


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[Assistant] Okay, now for the grand finale. In this section, as an added bonus, what all my clients beg me for, I've included for you.


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[Assistant] The 50 most mispronounced words in American English. I give you the words, I show you how to pronounce them correctly, and then I use them in a sentence. You will find this list to be extremely beneficial.


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[Assistant] These are all pretty common words and many of them are often used in professional situations like offices and universities. I hope you find this list to be helpful. Here are the words in alphabetical order.


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[Assistant] Accounting. Ow. Like down. He works in the accounting department.


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[Assistant] Argue. It's not argue, it's argue. There's a hidden y. I don't argue with my coworkers. Actually. It's not actually with a ch, it's ac-shually with an sh sound.


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[Assistant] Actually, actually I left you a message.


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[Assistant] Available, with a strong V. It also has four syllables. Available. Available. Those shoes are not available in your size.


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[Assistant] Arrangements. Use a strong r followed by the j sound. Arrangements. We made arrangements to meet after work.


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[Assistant] Basically, there are three syllables. Ba-sic-ly.


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[Assistant] Basically. It's basically a good idea.


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[Assistant] Business. Most Americans pronounce this word with two syllables. Biz-nis. Her business does very well.


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[Assistant] Calls. Bring your tongue up for that L. Calls. She calls me every day.


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[Assistant] Complete. This has a strong L in the second syllable. Complete. We will complete our project.


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[Assistant] Continue. Three syllables. Last syllable has a hidden y. Continue. His classes will continue next month.


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[Assistant] Contribute. Three syllables. Contribute. We will contribute our time.


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[Assistant] Corporation. Four syllables. The third syllable has a very strong R.


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[Assistant] Three syllables, and the second syllable begins with a strong R.


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[Assistant] Differences. There are many differences between us.


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[Assistant] Directly, three syllables, and most Americans drop the T. Directly.


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[Assistant] Three syllables. Egg-zack-ly.


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[Assistant] It's exactly what we always wanted.


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[Assistant] Educational. Five syllables. Eh-ju-ca.


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[Assistant] K-shun-oh. Educational. This movie is very educational.


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[Assistant] Every has a very strong V sound followed by an R. Every. We travel every year.


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[Assistant] Exceptional. It has four syllables. Exceptional.


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[Assistant] Familiar with a strong L and there's also a hidden Y after the L. Familiar. She has a familiar face. Financial.


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[Assistant] New York is a great financial center.


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[Assistant] Frustrating. Strong R's in that word. Frustrating.


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[Assistant] Good pronunciation can be frustrating.


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[Assistant] General. Don't forget the L at the end of that word. General.


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[Assistant] Give me a general idea.


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[Assistant] Immediately. Has five syllables. Immediately. Immediately.


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[Assistant] Once I took the phone call, I left immediately.


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[Assistant] Inconvenience, four syllables, and there is also a hidden y in the last syllable. Inconvenience.


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[Assistant] The power outage was a big inconvenience.


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[Assistant] Introduce. Three syllables. In-tro-duce. Let me introduce you.


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[Assistant] Irrational. Four syllables with a very strong R. Irrational. His fear of elevators was irrational. Justice.


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[Assistant] Don't drop the middle T. Just this.


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[Assistant] Likeable has the high I vowel. I. Likeable. He is very likeable.


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[Assistant] Loosen. This has the uuuh vowel sound. Bring your lips forward. Uuuh. Loosen. It's too tight. We need to loosen it.


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[Assistant] Measurements has the voiced zz sound. Me-ger-ments. The measurements were accurate. Middle.


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[Assistant] It has two syllables and bring your tongue up quickly for that final L.


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[Assistant] Middle. Middle. We get paid in the middle of the month.


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[Assistant] Multiple. Three syllables. Mul-ti-ple. Multiple. We have multiple offices in the city.


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[Assistant] National with the shh sound in the middle and an L sound at the end. National. Our story made the national news.


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[Assistant] Original. Four syllables with a strong R.


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[Assistant] O-ri-ge-no. Your idea is certainly original.


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[Assistant] Outrageous. Three syllables. First syllable has the ow sound followed by an r. Outrageous. That was an outrageous request.


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[Assistant] Particular. Four syllables. Particular. Particular. She wants a particular car.


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[Assistant] Problem. This has a strong R and then in the second syllable there's a strong L. Problem. They no longer have a problem.


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[Assistant] Prohibit. Three syllables. Pro-hi-bit. They prohibit the use of alcohol.


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[Assistant] Quality. Your tongue should come up slowly for the L. Quality. This shirt is made of good quality. Question.


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[Assistant] Referring. Three syllables. Referring. What are you referring to?


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[Assistant] Regardless, regardless, with a strong L, I want to redo this project regardless of the cost.


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[Assistant] Request. Don't forget that s-t ending. Request. They made a special request.


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[Assistant] Similar. Has three syllables. Si-mi-ler. Similar. We have similar opinions. Specific.


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[Assistant] Three syllables. Spe-ci-fic. Please be specific.


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[Assistant] Value. There's a strong L and then a hidden Y. Value. I value our friendship.


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[Assistant] Visualize. Four syllables. Vi-ju-ol-ize. Visualize. Can you visualize what you'll be doing in 10 years?


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[Assistant] Vulnerable. Give that a strong L. Vul-ner-able. Without the police, they were very vulnerable.


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[Assistant] Working. This word has the rr vowel sound. Wur-king.


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[Assistant] I have been working on these videos for six years. No kidding.


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[Assistant] Well, there you go. The 50 most mispronounced words in American English. I hope that was helpful. You may wish to go over this list again.


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[Assistant] Well, congratulations, you finally made it to the end of the program. Although I'm sure there is more to improve upon, I do hope that the Pronunciation Workshop program has given you a greater sense of confidence and self-worth in terms of your English communication skills.


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[Assistant] I hope that if before you began my program, if you were self conscious about your English pronunciation, that you now feel a little better about your speech and at least know what areas of pronunciation you need to continue to work on.


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[Assistant] I am always trying to improve this program and I do get many ideas from my clients.


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[Assistant] If you have time, please send me an email through my website. Let me know how you did, if you enjoyed the program, and if you have any suggestions to make it even better. I always love to hear from people who took this program and see how my work has changed people's lives for the better.


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[Assistant] Also, don't forget to tell your friends, relatives, and coworkers about this unique online training program. I'm sure that they would love to improve the way they speak English as well.


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[Assistant] Also, for your information, at certain times throughout the year, depending on my work schedule, I do work with people individually over the telephone as well as in person.


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[Assistant] Believe it or not, working with me personally over the telephone one-on-one can be very effective, especially after completing this online training. If you are interested in working with me on a direct one-to-one basis, again contact me through the pronunciationworkshop.com website.


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[Assistant] Well, congratulations again. You have just completed the most comprehensive and effective program on English pronunciation available today.


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[Assistant] You should be very proud of yourself for all your efforts. I hope my program has brought you a greater sense of confidence and I also hope that in some way I've been a positive influence on your life. I thank you for allowing me this opportunity.


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[Assistant] Good luck in all your endeavors and take care. I'm Paul Gruber for the Pronunciation Workshop. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Whenever I put them together to play and he's always looking, looking at her and copying whatever she's doing.


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[Assistant] Since they were born, they will look at you and lock with your eyes and just engage.


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[Assistant] They are both getting more social in different ways.


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[Assistant] Eloisa loves going out. She's always very smiley, very happy.


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[Assistant] When she catches someone's looking at her, she smiles, engages a little bit and then goes on doing whatever she's doing.


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[Assistant] I like to think we are communicating. Otherwise I'm just talking to myself.


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[Assistant] More of where I try to let them play together, but it's very clear they don't like sharing between them.


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[Assistant] But if I ask for it, she'll give it to me. She'll share it with me, but not with Agusta. They fight for stuff all the time.


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[Assistant] First year. It happens so, so, so quickly. They're almost toddlers now.


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[Assistant] They are fine with each other. They can do things together. They share a lot. They share with their brothers and sisters.


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[Assistant] But they are their own peasants.


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[Assistant] Part of the fun that they are completely unique different human beings.


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[Assistant] Aerial Maine is a journey across distant isles, down rugged shores, and into the great wilderness seafarers once called the mainland. Maine.


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[Assistant] One of Maine's southernmost towns is also one of its oldest. York lies on the York River.


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[Assistant] It includes the villages of York Harbor and York Beach.


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[Assistant] In fact, there are so many villages called York here, locals refer to them simply as the Yorks.


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[Assistant] The Native American Wabanaki word for New York River.


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[Assistant] He'd been awarded a land grant and permission to start a new colony in Maine.


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[Assistant] For 40 years, gorgeous, financed and masterminded expedition after expedition from England.


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[Assistant] Spending his fortune to realize his dream of colonizing Maine.


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[Assistant] Gorgias never actually set foot here and died a destitute man, but many consider him to be the father of the state.


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[Assistant] And despite many early attacks on the village by Native Americans, the village survived.


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[Assistant] Amazingly today, many buildings from colonial days still stand.


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[Assistant] One of the most cherished is Sayward Wheeler House. A proud, clever building from 1718.


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[Assistant] Jonathan Sayward was a wealthy shipping merchant, and many of his descendants lived and died here. Right up to the 20th century.


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[Assistant] A simple causeway is all that divides Star Island, New Hampshire, from Smutty Does Island, Maine.


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[Assistant] Appledore Island, on the main side, used to be a haunt of artists and free spirits, thanks to a welcoming poet and hotel keeper named Celia Thaxter.


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[Assistant] Despite the many islands and rocky dangers of the main coast, it was more than 250 years after the colonists arrived that the first lighthouse was built. Clabboard houses were built easily from the abundant trees.


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[Assistant] But the Cape Netic light was constructed of brick and clad in cast iron to weather the worst winters of the North Atlantic.


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[Assistant] Although modernized now, its original 3,000 pound fog bell and red light have guided seafarers since 1879.


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[Assistant] Many might be surprised to learn that the Capenetic light, the Great Wall of China, and India's Taj Mahal have something in common.


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[Assistant] The Voyager spacecraft carried images of all three into space.


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[Assistant] As examples of some of the Earth's most impressive man-made structures.


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[Assistant] On a brilliant fall day, Mainers and Vacationers alike are drawn to its coast, and with good reason.


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[Assistant] The beach is actually a long sandbar, split off from the mainland by the Ogunflut River.


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[Assistant] The Halloween Storm of 1991, better known as the Perfect Storm, damaged much of the beach.


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[Assistant] But efforts are underway to protect its dunes and wildlife.


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[Assistant] But it still means rugged, natural beauty that draws most visitors today.


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[Assistant] And it's taken the work of extraordinary people to protect it.


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[Assistant] 11,000 years ago, Native Americans thrived in this region, using the coastal rivers for fresh water, transport, and an abundant source of food.


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[Assistant] While their original settlements have long gone, their ancient land remains.


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[Assistant] Today, part of it is called the Rachel Carson Wildlife Refuge after one of the 20th century's greatest environmentalists and writers.


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[Assistant] Carson's groundbreaking book, Silent Spring, brought environmental concerns to an unprecedented portion of the American public, and led to change in the country's use of pesticides.


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[Assistant] The marshes and estuaries of the reserve are not only a refuge for wildlife, but humans too.


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[Assistant] Further north along the coast, the gold chain of beaches end, and normal ruggedness begins.


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[Assistant] Just before we reach the main town that's best known around the world, Kennebunkport.


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[Assistant] Here, strewn across the city center, are the 18th and 19th century homes of the country's early elite, who made their fortunes from the wealth of the oceans.


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[Assistant] One of the most unique homes in town is known as the Wedding Cake House.


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[Assistant] In 1825, a prominent shipbuilder named George Washington Bourne bought a federal-style brick house for his new bride.


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[Assistant] But inspired by the design of a gothic cathedral in Milan, he later restyled the house himself using only hand tools.


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[Assistant] Completing the work just before his death in 1856.


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[Assistant] Kennebunk Beach is still a modest community. But it was here on Cape Arundel in 1903.


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[Assistant] That the wealthy Walker family chose to build their beachfront mansion.


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[Assistant] That's the W in the names of the two Bush presidents.


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[Assistant] World leaders have passed the guard post here. Welcomed by two Bush presidents.


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[Assistant] Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Vladimir Putin have all signed the guestbook.


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[Assistant] While the Maine coastline is a good place for politicians to unwind, it's even better for artists.


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[Assistant] At Prouts Neck, among the modern vacation homes of the wealthy.


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[Assistant] Is the former studio of one of America's greatest landscape painters, Winslow Homer.


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[Assistant] Here, just a few feet from the ocean, he painted his monumental seascapes.


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[Assistant] Images of the timeless struggle of men and women against the power of the sea.


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[Assistant] The turbulent seas he famously depicted are deceptively calm on this day. But the boatmen he captured wrestling with the elements were mainers.


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[Assistant] An island rises like a whale's hump out of the sea.


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[Assistant] It's thought the state took its name from the settlers on the more than 400 offshore islands along the coast who look back to the mainland.


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[Assistant] Those views inspired painters, Jamie Wyeth and Edward Hopper.


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[Assistant] Who are attracted by its rugged beauty and remote location.


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[Assistant] Barely one square mile in area. Monhegan is accessible only by boat. And there are no paved roads.


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[Assistant] The year-round population is tiny. Just 65.


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[Assistant] Today, the island's economy is still ruled as it has been for centuries by those who make their living from the sea.


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[Assistant] The courageous fishermen and lobstermen who work these waters through the harsh Maine winter.


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[Assistant] Approaching Portland, a great beacon calls out to homebound sailors. Just as it has for centuries.


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[Assistant] Even today, the rocky shores of Portland are not easily navigated.


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[Assistant] But after a number of tragic shipwrecks, Maine's first lighthouse, the Portland Headlight, was built at the order of George Washington.


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[Assistant] Today, the old tower still stands. But much has changed since 16 whale oil lamps lit the lighthouse in 1791.


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[Assistant] Welcoming mariners to safe harbor in Maine's biggest town.


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[Assistant] Situated in Casco Bay, Portland was once considered strategically important by the U.S. military because of its proximity to Europe compared to other eastern ports.


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[Assistant] The granite-walled Fort Scammell on House Island and Fort Gorgeous on Hog Island Ledge were originally built in the Bay in the 1800s to protect against enemy attack.


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[Assistant] Mounds of sand were used to insulate the forts and their supplies of ammunition.


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[Assistant] But Fort Scammell was the only one to fire a shot in battle against a British privateer in 1813.


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[Assistant] In the 19th century, when trade in Portland was booming, some of the state's oldest banks opened their doors here.


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[Assistant] And if you know who penned the lines, listen my children and you shall hear of the midnight ride of Paul Revere. Take note.


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[Assistant] That the childhood home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is tucked in between modern office buildings.


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[Assistant] Many of Portland's other former residents ended up with some of the prettiest plots in town. 65,000 people are buried in Evergreen Cemetery, one of the largest publicly owned spaces in the city. And while many famous Mainers have been buried here, the story of one


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[Assistant] The 19th century mayor, Neil Dow, is infamous.


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[Assistant] And the city's workers were even allowed rum breaks during the day.


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[Assistant] But chances are a few of the people who are buried here beside him succumb to his demon rum.


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[Assistant] At its heart, the city that thrived on fishing and shipping in the 1800s is still a harbor town. Set on a peninsula reaching into Casco Bay, Portland remains as Longfellow described it, the city by the sea.


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[Assistant] Today, the harbor that drew English settlers in 1632 still bustles with vessels big and small.


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[Assistant] The state's landmass takes up half of New England, most of it remote and unspoiled. Among the pines of Maine's endless forests, one is struck by its majesty.


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[Assistant] One explorer of the region was the great 19th century thinker Henry David Thoreau. Of his visit here, he wrote, I looked with awe at the ground I trod on. This was the earth of which we have heard made out of chaos and old night.


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[Assistant] Words that led to his landmark book, The Maine Woods.


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[Assistant] Here, at Mooshead Lake, Maine's largest, Thoreau writes of hiring a Penobscot Indian guy to help him cross the lake in a birchbark canoe, or what Thoreau described as a little eggshell of a boat.


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[Assistant] The lake stretches as far as the eye can see until it disappears into a great dark green forest.


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[Assistant] These are the three and a half million acres of Maine's famous North Woods. Under a canopy of maples, firs and white pine.


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[Assistant] Black bears and moose crossed the ancient lands of the Wabanaki.


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[Assistant] In the 1990s, a group of high-profile conservationists lobbied to preserve 3 million acres of the North Woods as a national park. But the effort has stalled.


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[Assistant] With more than 90% of the state covered with trees and 39 commercial tree species,


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[Assistant] Maine's forest products industry contributes over 4 billion dollars to the state's economy.


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[Assistant] Many of the state's hills and mountains are too low to break clear of the tree line. But not this one.


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[Assistant] At over 5,000 feet, Mount Katahdin's peaks are the highest in Maine. Its name comes from the Penobscot Indians and means the greatest mountain. Thanks to being the centerpiece of Baxter State Park.


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[Assistant] We can see the mountain much as it was when Thoreau scaled it in 1846.


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[Assistant] Mount Katahdin is also the northern end of the Appalachian Trail, a national scenic path that follows the spine of the Appalachian Mountains all the way to Georgia.


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[Assistant] Alongside Maine's carpet of forests, another dramatic landscape appears. The Blueberry Fields.


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[Assistant] Maine is the largest producer of wild blueberries in the world. Its fields cover 60,000 acres of land.


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[Assistant] By autumn, the blueberries have already been plucked from the bushes. And the leaves turn a vivid shade of red. The color of flame.


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[Assistant] In the distance, great clouds of smoke reveal a real fire.


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[Assistant] In a technique first used by Native Americans, the bushes are cut back every two years and then burned in order to stimulate new growth.


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[Assistant] The fire and smoke increase berry yields and kill insects and diseases in a traditional, organic way.


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[Assistant] Is a land tied to the great rivers that make their way to the sea. And the Kennebec is no exception.


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[Assistant] Follow the Kennebec River south from its source at Moosehead Lake and you'll find a bustling waterway.


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[Assistant] Bordered with towns and cities, stretching all the way to Merry Meeting Bay.


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[Assistant] One town on the Kennebec holds statewide importance. Once home to the Abenaki people.


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[Assistant] It now boasts what some call the finest building in the state. The Capitol at Augusta.


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[Assistant] Designed by architect Charles Bullfinch and built from granite quarried nearby.


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[Assistant] Augusta has been the state capital since 1827.


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[Assistant] By the mid-19th century, Augusta was a thriving port town with river traffic running to and from Boston.


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[Assistant] But today, most travel to this capital city is by interstate.


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[Assistant] And the Kennebec River has been left to wind its way to the sea on its own.


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[Assistant] But where this river meets the sea, human industry returns in a big way.


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[Assistant] Bath Ironworks has supplied the US Navy with some of the toughest ships in its long history. During World War II,


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[Assistant] One out of four American destroyers was bath-built. At the height of the war effort, women went to work at the shipyard.


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[Assistant] And the Ironworks produced a new destroyer every three weeks.


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[Assistant] Here, the destroyer USS Wayne E. Meyer is preparing for launch, while a sister ship is taking shape.


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[Assistant] Ships from here have seen action off the coasts of France, the Philippines, and Vietnam.


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[Assistant] From the peaceful waters of Maine to any theater of war, crews came to respect and rely on bath-built ships.


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[Assistant] Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.


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[Assistant] The landmark book that attacked the cruelty of slavery.


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[Assistant] For three years, Stowe lived here in this Brunswick house.


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[Assistant] But it was earlier in Cincinnati that she met escaped slaves from the bordering state of Kentucky and learned of their appalling treatment.


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[Assistant] Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in 1852 and went on to become the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book following the Bible.


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[Assistant] It's claimed that when President Abraham Lincoln met Stowe during the Civil War, he said, So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.


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[Assistant] Stowe's husband taught at nearby Bowdoin College and it's campus lore that she often wrote in his study in Appleton Hall.


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[Assistant] The small but prestigious college dates from 1794 and its literary tradition had started as early as the 1820s when writers Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow were classmates here.


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[Assistant] Longfellow, a true son of Maine, went on to become America's most loved 19th century poet.


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[Assistant] The lines, ships that pass in the night, and


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[Assistant] Footprints on the sands of time were originally longfellows, but are now so well known, they are simply part of the American lexicon.


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[Assistant] Maine's wealth is not just its writers and poets, but also its wilderness.


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[Assistant] It was England's demand for lumber that drove the settlement of Maine.


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[Assistant] And the city of Bangor, located on the Penobscot River, played a major role in the timber trade.


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[Assistant] At the entrance of Bangor stands evidence of just how serious this town is about its lumber.


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[Assistant] A 31 foot tall statue of the mythical lumberjack, Paul Bunyan.


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[Assistant] Until the 1870s, Bangor was the lumber capital of the world.


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[Assistant] With a billion feet of timber shipped from its docks down the Penobscot River.


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[Assistant] By the 20th century, the lumber trade had moved west, and Bangor's glory days were over.


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[Assistant] Today, Bangor's economy is based on wholesale and retail trade.


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[Assistant] It's once again a thriving city in the commercial and cultural center of eastern Maine.


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[Assistant] The city is also home to one of the most prolific authors in the world, credited with almost as many movies as books.


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[Assistant] A monster came to the small town of Castle Rock, Maine.


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[Assistant] So begins the thriller Kuja, penned by the grand master of the macabre, Stephen King.


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[Assistant] Maine born and raised, King now makes his home in an old lumber baron's mansion.


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[Assistant] His best-selling horror stories, from Carrie to the Mist, often feature real main towns and fictional ones like Castle Rock as a backdrop.


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[Assistant] His home is protected by a gate adorned with bats and spiders.


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[Assistant] Just south of Bangor, it's the dizzying heights of Penobscot Narrows Bridge that can frighten visitors. It's the tallest public bridge observatory in the world.


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[Assistant] The views of the Penobscot Narrows Bridge and the surrounding countryside are breathtaking.


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[Assistant] While this Fort Knox doesn't hold America's gold, it looks like it would be safe here.


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[Assistant] Maine's great forests part to reveal blueberry farms, lakes and rivers that make this break in the trees seem very out of place. The desert of Maine.


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[Assistant] Hiding it until colonial farmers and sheep herders eroded the soil.


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[Assistant] The sandy shoreline of the south breaks into a series of islands carved by melting glaciers thousands of years ago. The calendar islands.


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[Assistant] The islands we see today were once mountains until they were drowned by a sea of melting ice.


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[Assistant] One tragic story of man's inhumanity began here on Harbor Island.


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[Assistant] In 1794, Benjamin Darling, a former slave from the West Indies, bought this island with the money he was given for saving his master's life in a shipwreck. He called it Horse Island. Over generations, his descendants settled on the nearby island of Malaga.


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[Assistant] Where they intermarried with whites and eked out a living from the sea.


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[Assistant] After the Civil War, suspicion of the mixed-race community grew.


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[Assistant] Newspaper articles called it a blight on an otherwise picturesque aisle.


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[Assistant] In 1912, in a sad chapter of the state's history, the government decided Malaga was an embarrassment.


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[Assistant] The state committed eight people to the main school for the feeble-minded and evicted the rest. They even destroyed the island cemetery. Some families moved their homes to the mainland. Others moved to nearby islands.


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[Assistant] With treacherous tides, hidden reefs and shoals stretching 3,500 miles, it's no surprise that Maine's coastline has 60 lighthouses.


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[Assistant] Look in your pocket, and you may find this one on a coin. It's the Pemaquid Point Light.


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[Assistant] A man named John Bailey sailed for the New World leaving his wife behind to follow him once he had established a home.


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[Assistant] But his ship, the Angel Gabriel, was smashed to pieces in a storm here. And although Bailey survived, his wife was afraid to follow him. They never saw each other again.


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[Assistant] Pemaquid Point Light was built on the mainland in 1827.


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[Assistant] From its ledge-top tower, the light shines 14 nautical miles out to sea. In the hope that no more ships will founder on the rocks below.


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[Assistant] The Maine Eastern crosses the Sheepsgott River to reach a perfectly preserved Maine village. Wiscasset.


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[Assistant] At the start of the 19th century, this was the busiest port in the state.


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[Assistant] Some say that there were so many ships anchored off Wiscasset, you could cross the harbor stepping deck to deck.


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[Assistant] The town proudly calls itself Maine's prettiest village.


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[Assistant] And from the air, with its historic houses set off against a backdrop of colorful fall leaves, it's easy to see why.


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[Assistant] One of the great walks in Maine has to be along the granite breakwater of Rockland Harbor. Completed in 1899, the breakwater leads to a lighthouse on Penobscot Bay.


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[Assistant] Fishing vessels and ferries pass by the granite ledge all year long.


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[Assistant] And in July, the breakwater becomes the site of the annual Maine Windjammer Parade, featuring a display of turn-of-the-century cargo ships.


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[Assistant] On the west side of Penobscot Bay, the busy fishing port of Rockland is known to visitors as the place to catch ferries to the splendid islands of the bay.


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[Assistant] is a site made famous by painter Andrew Wyeth.


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[Assistant] Here, a stark, weather-beaten farmhouse overlooks a river, and in the distance, the sea.


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[Assistant] In the 1940s, the Olson family, who owned the house, offered a young Andrew Wyeth a room as a part-time studio.


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[Assistant] Wyeth depicted the Olsen House in his haunting painting, Christina's World.


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[Assistant] In the painting, a young girl disabled with polio crawls up the hill towards her house.


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[Assistant] It's one of the best known works of American art, now exhibited in New York's MoMA.


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[Assistant] From the time he made his first drawings of Maine's islands at age 10 until his death in 2009,


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[Assistant] Wyeth captured a vision of rural Maine that is both beautiful and symbolic.


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[Assistant] Of the Olsen House, Wyeth said, I just couldn't stay away from there. It was Maine.


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[Assistant] An artist colony with one of the loveliest harbors in the state.


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[Assistant] Its narrow harbor serves both the working lobster boats and classic wooden sailing ships.


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[Assistant] The town that began as a fishing village is still a place where people make their living from the sea. Not from fishing, but from tourists eager to explore the ocean side.


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[Assistant] Today, the harbor buzzes with pleasure craft. And the homes of 19th century sea captains have become luxury hotels.


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[Assistant] That the young Edna St. Vincent Millay recited her award-winning poem, Renaissance.


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[Assistant] Malay became the first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for poetry.


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[Assistant] Today, 6,500 acres of the Camden Hills which inspired Malay's poetry are preserved as a state park.


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[Assistant] Renaissance describes both the landscape and a state of mind.


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[Assistant] All I could see from where I stood was three long mountains and a wood. I turned and looked another way and saw three islands in a bay.


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[Assistant] The poem, which became the title of Millay's first book, is still a favorite of those who choose to wander here, among the hills and woods of Maine.


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[Assistant] For those who'd rather climb than wander, Mount Batty offers stunning views of Camden and the islands of Penobscot Bay.


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[Assistant] In the 17th century, it was fought over by the English, French, and Dutch. It takes its name from Baron de Saint-Castan, a young Frenchman who married a native Penobscot princess and became an Abenaki chief.


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[Assistant] Building Fort George as a defense against the colonial forces. Today, it's the site of a local ball field.


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[Assistant] In an ill-fated mission called the Penobscot Expedition.


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[Assistant] Americans tried, but failed to retake Castine.


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[Assistant] It was the greatest American naval disaster until Pearl Harbor.


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[Assistant] The down east coast, as Mainers call everything east of Penobscot Bay, is simply a sailor's paradise.


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[Assistant] Sailing along the coast, on a fair wind from Castine.


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[Assistant] Vessels arrive at one of the greatest treasures of the United States, Acadia National Park.


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[Assistant] The park includes Mount Desert Island, the largest island in Maine.


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[Assistant] The name comes from French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who landed on the island in 1604.


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[Assistant] Centuries later, Acadia became the summer home of the robber barons of the Gilded Age, the Rockefellers, Morgans, and Vanderbilts.


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[Assistant] They were drawn by the paintings of Thomas Cole and Frederick Church who capture the island's awe-inspiring wilderness.


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[Assistant] And other wealthy residents entertain guests in lavish houses by the sea. But as more and more people inhabited the area the wilderness started to disappear.


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[Assistant] Realizing that America's wild lands wouldn't last forever, a group of philanthropists stepped in.


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[Assistant] In 1901, the Rockefellers and others began buying huge tracts of forests for public use. And in 1919, they convinced Washington to declare the area the first national park east of the Mississippi.


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[Assistant] Today, Desert Island's Bar Harbor is far less exclusive, but it remains a beautiful seaside town.


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[Assistant] High above the harbor stands Cadillac Mountain, climbing over 1500 feet. This is the highest point along the North Atlantic coast.


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[Assistant] It is said to be the first place in the United States to receive the sun's rays each day.


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[Assistant] But exploring Acadia National Park from the sea can be even more exciting.


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[Assistant] The Margaret Todd, sales from Bar Harbor, several times a day.


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[Assistant] She was built in 1998 in the style of a traditional cargo schooner.


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[Assistant] But these boats are now known locally as Windjammers.


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[Assistant] Some say the name Windjammers was the derogatory term used by early steamship sailors to describe the crews of old-fashioned wind-powered cargo ships. In 1935


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[Assistant] Artist Frank Swift began buying up these old masted vessels. He refit them for passengers and opened the first business of its kind.


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[Assistant] Since then, thousands have enjoyed the thrill of sailing a tall ship out to sea.


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[Assistant] Mains lobstermen still have to catch the creatures just as they have for a hundred years. One trap at a time.


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[Assistant] But fishermen here don't just catch lobsters. On the far north coast.


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[Assistant] Strange patterns can be seen floating on the water. They are a recent phenomenon


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[Assistant] At Cobbs Cook Bay, young Atlantic salmon leap in their circular pans.


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[Assistant] Millions are raised in this bay alone to feed America's growing appetite for fish.


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[Assistant] Sadly, wild salmon are in drastic decline.


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[Assistant] And some of the blame is placed on the spread of diseases from farms like these.


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[Assistant] But these fishermen argue that they are just following in the path of generations of manors, harvesting the fruits of the sea.


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[Assistant] The West Quoddy Head Lighthouse stands at the easternmost tip of the United States.


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[Assistant] It is one of only two lights in the nation to have distinctive red and white stripes, a feature that was common to Canadian lighthouses helping them stand out against the snow.


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[Assistant] At night, its light draws weary mainers home from the sea, to a state of stunning natural beauty.


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[Assistant] Ariel Maine is a journey across the state of poets, painters, and presidents.


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[Assistant] It's the down east state of windswept isles and great pine forests.


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[Assistant] And uhm, for what it's worth. Wow.


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[Assistant] Schneisel, are the people of Pendragon really alright? Are you sure they're safe?


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[Assistant] I can't fight battles or defend my country or my people, so at the very least, I want this sin to be on my shoulders.


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[Assistant] Hello, my name is Dan Bounet and I'd like to welcome you to my course on cryptography that I'll be teaching at Stanford University this quarter.


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[Assistant] In fact, anyone is welcome to watch the lectures and join the course. This is an experiment, so we'll see how it goes.


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[Assistant] My goals for this course are basically to teach you how cryptographic primitives work.


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[Assistant] But more importantly, I'd like to teach you how to use cryptographic primitives correctly and reason about the security of your constructions. We will see various abstractions of cryptographic primitives and we'll do some security proofs.


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[Assistant] My goal is that by the end of the course you'll be able to reason about the security of cryptographic constructions and be able to break ones that are not secure.


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[Assistant] Now I'd like to say a few words on how I would like you to take the class. First of all, I'm a big believer in taking notes as you listen to the lectures, so I would really encourage you to summarize and take notes in your own words of the material that's being presented.


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[Assistant] Also I should mention that on the videos I'm able to go much faster than I would go in a normal classroom. And so I would encourage you to periodically pause the video and think about the material that's being covered.


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[Assistant] Usually the questions are about the material that has just been covered and so it shouldn't be too difficult to answer the questions. So I would really encourage you to do them rather than skip them.


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[Assistant] Now by now I'm sure everybody taking the class knows that cryptography is used everywhere computers are. It's a very common tool that's used to protect data. For example, web traffic is protected using a protocol called HTTPS. Wireless traffic, for example, Wi-Fi traffic is protected using the WPA2 protocol that's part of 8.2.11i.


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[Assistant] Bluetooth traffic is protected using cryptography and so on. We're gonna see how these various systems work. In fact,


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[Assistant] We're gonna cover SSL and in fact even 802.11i in quite a bit of detail and you'll see how these systems work in practice.


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[Assistant] Cryptography is also used for protecting files that are stored on disk by encrypting them. So that if the disk is stolen, the files are not compromised. It's also used for content protection


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[Assistant] For example, when you buy DVDs and Blu-ray discs, the movies on these discs are encrypted. In particular, DVD uses a system called CSS, the content scrambling system.


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[Assistant] Cryptography is also used for user authentication and many, many, many other applications that we'll talk about in the next segment. Now I want to go back to secure communication and talk about the case where here we have a laptop trying to communicate with a web server


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[Assistant] Essentially Alice is trying to communicate securely with Bob.


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[Assistant] Here Alice is on the laptop and Bob is on the server.


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[Assistant] Uh, the protocol that's used to do that is called HTTPS, but in fact the actual protocol is called SSL, sometimes it's called TLS. And the goals of these protocols is basically to make sure that this data travels across the network


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[Assistant] An attacker, first of all, can't eavesdrop on this data. And second of all, an attacker can't modify the data while it's in the network. So no eavesdropping and no tampering.


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[Assistant] Now, as I said, the protocol that's used to secure web traffic called TLS actually consists of two parts.


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[Assistant] The first part is called this handshake protocol, where Alice and Bob, uh, talk with one another, and at the end of the handshake, basically a shared secret key appears between the two of them. So both Alice and Bob know this secret key, but an attacker looking at the conversation has no idea what the key K is.


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[Assistant] Now, the way you establish a secret key, the way you do the handshake, is using public key cryptography techniques, which we're gonna talk about in the second part of the course.


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[Assistant] Now once Alice and Bob have the shared key, you can use this key to communicate securely by properly encrypting data between them. And in fact, this is gonna be the first part of the course


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[Assistant] Which is essentially once the two sides have a shared secret key, how do they use that secret key to encrypt and protect data that goes back and forth between them?


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[Assistant] Now as I said, another application of cryptography is to protect files on disk. So here you have a file that happens to be encrypted.


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[Assistant] So that even if the disk is stolen, an attacker can't actually read the contents in the file.


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[Assistant] That will be detected and she'll then basically ignore the contents of the file. So we have both confidentiality and integrity for files stored on disk.


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[Assistant] Now I want to make a minor philosophical point that in fact storing encrypted files on disk is very much the same as protecting communication between Alice and Bob.


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[Assistant] wants to read the file tomorrow. So rather than communicating between two parties, Alice and Bob, in the case of a stored disk encryption, it's Alice today who's communicating with Alice tomorrow. But really the two scenarios, secure communications and secure files, are kind of philosophically the same.


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[Assistant] Now the building block for securing traffic is what's called symmetric encryption systems. And we're gonna talk in the first half of the course extensively about symmetric encryption systems.


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[Assistant] So in a symmetric encryption system basically the two parties, Alice and Bob, share a secret key K, which the attacker does not know. Only they know the secret key K.


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[Assistant] Now they're gonna use a cipher which consists of these two algorithms, E and D. E is called an encryption algorithm and D is called a decryption algorithm.


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[Assistant] The encryption algorithm takes the message and the key as inputs and produces a corresponding ciphertext.


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[Assistant] And the decryption algorithm does the opposite. It takes the ciphertext as input along with the key and produces the corresponding message.


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[Assistant] Now a very important point that I'd like to stress, I'm only going to say this once now and never again, but it is an extremely important point. And that is that the algorithms E and D, the actual encryption algorithms are publicly known, adversary knows exactly how they work.


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[Assistant] The only thing that's kept secret is the secret key K. Other than that, everything else is completely public.


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[Assistant] And it's really important to realize that you should only use algorithms that are public because those algorithms have been peer reviewed by a very large community of hundreds of people for many, many, many years and these algorithms only begin to be used once this community has shown that they cannot be broken essentially.


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[Assistant] So in fact if someone comes to you and says, hey, I have a proprietary cipher that you might want to use.


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[Assistant] And not use a proprietary cipher. In fact, there are many examples


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[Assistant] Of proprietary ciphers that as soon as they were reverse engineered, they were easily broken at simple analysis.


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[Assistant] Now, even in the simple case of symmetric encryption, which we're gonna discuss in the first half of the course, there are actually two cases that we're gonna discuss in turn. The first is when every key is only used to encrypt a single message. We call these one-time keys.


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[Assistant] Okay, so for example, when you encrypt email messages,


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[Assistant] It's very common that every single email is encrypted using a different symmetric key. Yeah, different symmetric cipher key.


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[Assistant] Because the key is used to only encrypt one message, there are actually fairly efficient and simple ways of encrypting messages using these one-time keys, and we'll discuss those actually in the next module.


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[Assistant] Now, there are many cases in fact where keys need to be used to encrypt multiple messages. We call these many-time keys. For example, when you encrypt files in a file system, the same key is used to encrypt many, many different files.


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[Assistant] And it turns out if the key is now gonna be used to encrypt multiple messages, we need a little bit of more machinery to make sure that the encryption system is secure.


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[Assistant] In fact, after we talk about one-time keys, we'll move over and talk about encryption modes that are specifically designed for many-time keys and we'll see that there are a couple more steps that need to be taken to ensure security in those cases.


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[Assistant] Okay, the last point I want to make is that there are a couple of important things to remember about cryptography. First of all, cryptography of course is a fantastic tool for protecting information in computer systems.


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[Assistant] However, it's also very important that cryptography has its limitations.


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[Assistant] So for example, there are a number of systems that work perfectly fine and we'll see examples of those systems that in fact allow Alice and Bob to communicate and in fact messages that Alice sent to Bob, Bob can receive and decrypt. However, because cryptography is implemented incorrectly, the systems are completely insecure. And actually I should say that I like to mention


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[Assistant] And finally, a very important point that I'd like you to remember is that cryptography is not something you should try to invent and design yourself.


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[Assistant] As I said, there are standards in cryptography, standard cryptographic primitives, which we're going to discuss at length during this course. And


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[Assistant] And not invent things, these primitives yourself. They have, the standards have all gone through many years of review by hundreds of people and that's not something that's gonna happen to an ad hoc design. And as I said, over the years there are many examples of ad hoc designs that were immediately broken as soon as they were


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[Assistant] In light of the fact that I have just sent you paper topics, my lecture today is going to do two things.


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[Assistant] But it's gonna actually give you more than a way into it. It's really gonna give you a whole packaged reading of Franny and Zoe. We have just the one day on this novel.


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[Assistant] It's useful to you when you think about writing a paper to remember if it's been a long time since you've written an English paper or even if it isn't a long time since you've written an English paper that the facts that we literary critics and you writers on literature the facts that we deal with are the details of the text itself. You may have noticed


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[Assistant] That I am very fond of reading aloud to you from these novels. I'm very fond of reading out passages. I do it a lot.


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[Assistant] Why do I do it? Well there are two reasons. One...


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[Assistant] Because I want you to hear literary art. Literary art is a verbal art. And I think too often we only read it silently.


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[Assistant] So, to get a sense of that, you have to have it in your ear and feel the sound and the rhythm and the quality, the timbre, the expression of the voices that we have in these novels.


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[Assistant] Our writer for today thinks so highly of that capacity of literature to embody the human voice that he imagines a whole religious world around it. That's going to be the gist of my argument today.


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[Assistant] But then there's a second sort of less, uh, mystical reason, and that's that these are the facts.


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[Assistant] Of a literary argument. These words that I give to you.


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[Assistant] It's like if you're in an astronomy lecture, they're gonna give you some facts about the composition of a planet or its atmosphere or whatever. Those are the facts for that field. For this field, these are the facts. So in your papers,


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[Assistant] If you find yourself writing and you get to the end of a page and you look back, you scan back over your page and you see that there are no quotation marks?


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[Assistant] You are not using any of the facts of the novel.


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[Assistant] To produce your argument to support your claims. So that's like the eye test. The glance test.


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[Assistant] So, think of this lecture as I go through it as a kind of model. Pay attention to what I'm doing in using these textual bits and pieces and putting them together and making claims for them. I do it every week.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it just so happens that this argument is more closed, more settled in my own mind. It's less of an opening argument than it is something that I want to convince you of.


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[Assistant] So, there's a reason for that, uhm, and that is that I'm writing about this novel. It's in the introduction to a book that I'm writing about the literature of this period. And so it's very present to my mind as a sort of piece of a larger argument about religion and the American novel in this period. Uhm, so that's what I'm giving you. When you approach any novel to make an argument about it,


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[Assistant] If you want to be ambitious, the first thing to think about is well, what's obvious about the novel?


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[Assistant] What can you observe at first glance about its style, about its form, about its setting, about its character, about its presuppositions?


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[Assistant] And Franny and Zoe, what did you notice? Tell me what you noticed at first bat.


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[Assistant] Absolutely, confined settings, very confined settings, absolutely. Yes, what else? Yes?


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[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, absolutely. Yeah, there's a backstory. You can feel that backstory to the novel. Yeah, what else? What else did you notice? Yes.


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[Assistant] Yeah, a lot of attention to physical detail and physical movement. And that's connected to this point about confined spaces. It's the movement of bodies within confined spaces that really preoccupies this novel. What about the style of the novel? Talk about dialogue. Is there anything else about the style that you noticed? Yes? A lot of italics. What does that connote to you?


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[Assistant] Yeaah, absolutely. A lot of emphasis, a lot of variation in tone, and the italics are part of the representation of that. Yeaah. What else? Yes?


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[Assistant] Yes, this is a book about arguments, absolutely. What are they arguing about? Most of the time.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, yeaah, absolutely. They're talking about abstract intellectual ideas, often religious or philosophical ones. Uhm, and that, plus it's setting.


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[Assistant] I hope you noticed the sort of New Haven-ish setting of Franny's breakdown. We're told that, uh, Lane isn't exactly a Yale man, but he sure looks a lot like a Yale, a Yale English major. Dare I say, such an unpleasant character. And so, so, Pompous.


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[Assistant] What you do when you write a paper or try to advance an argument is try to write an argument that will attend to all those things that you guys just said.


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[Assistant] That you take the obvious things and when you craft an argument, the best thing, the most ambitious thing to do is to come up with something where in the end you can say something about those major aspects. You don't have to do it in the paper.


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[Assistant] But it should be an argument that has something to say back to those obvious things. Why is the style this way? Why is the plot working this way? Why are these particular characters behaving in this way? Why use those confined spaces?


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[Assistant] So my argument today is going to try to have something to say back to all those obvious aspects that you pointed out, uhm, so rightly.


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[Assistant] But I'm going to start from a much more pointed and local question. And this is the other thing that a good short paper especially does. Is that you don't get at all that big stuff by kind of taking it head on. You have to come down to the facts.


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[Assistant] That I was talking about. The bits of text. The text itself. The words that author chose. That's where you begin. And part of the genius of a strong paper is choosing the place in the text to begin that pointed analysis.


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[Assistant] So my choice for this is that odd introduction


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[Assistant] We come to find out Buddy, Zoe's older brother, narrating the story.


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[Assistant] And Buddy gives us a little preamble telling us how the real characters in the story, the real people who are then characters in his story, how they felt about the story and what their objections to it were. And this is on 48.


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[Assistant] We find out that Franny objects to the story's distribution in the world, or the movie, the pro's home movie, as Buddy calls it, uh, because it shows her blowing her nose a lot.


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[Assistant] His mother, Bessie, objects because it shows her in her housecoat.


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[Assistant] The leading man, however, who has made the most eloquent appeal to me to call off the production. This is in the middle of page 48. He feels that the plot hinges on mysticism.


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[Assistant] Or religious mystification. In any case, he makes it very clear a too vividly apparent transcendent element of sorts. Which he says he's worried can only expedite move up.


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[Assistant] The day and hour of my professional undoing.


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[Assistant] People are already shaking their heads over me and any immediate further professional use on my part of the word God, except as a familiar healthy American expletive, will be taken or rather confirmed as the very worst kind of name dropping and a sure sign that I'm going straight to the dogs.


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[Assistant] And then he speaks back to Zoe. He says, well, I'm gonna still...


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[Assistant] Somewhere in the Great Gatsby, which was my Tom Sawyer when I was 12, the youthful narrator remarks that everybody suspects himself of having at least one of the cardinal virtues. And he goes on to say that he thinks his, bless his heart, is honesty.


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[Assistant] Mine, I think, is that I know the difference between a mystical story and a love story.


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[Assistant] I say that my current offering isn't a mystical story or a religiously mystifying story at all.


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[Assistant] I say it's a compound or multiple love story, pure and complicated.


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[Assistant] This opposition between his own reading of his story and Zoe's.


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[Assistant] Now why are we given these objections? I think it's to give us a dynamic sense of the family conversation going on between them.


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[Assistant] But it also addresses one of those obvious things. They talk a lot, as Sarah said, they talk a lot about abstract questions. And this puts the meaning of the story in that abstract register. Is it a love story, or is it a religious story, a mystifying story? Which is it? I'm going to argue that it's both.


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[Assistant] And I'm going to advance that argument by going straight to the theological question that Zoe is so intent on solving when Franny is having her breakdown in the living room.


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[Assistant] So, just to review, Franny has her breakdown when she comes into what I suspect is New Haven to attend the Yale-Harvard game, football game with her boyfriend Lane. So, Franny


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[Assistant] When she sees Lane, affects great enthusiasm and so on.


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[Assistant] But this is what we hear about Lane from the narrator. This is on page 11.


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[Assistant] Lane was speaking now as someone does who has been monopolizing conversation for a good quarter of an hour or so and who believes he has just hit a stride where his voice can do absolutely no wrong. You know, I always read this and I think I'm lecturing. So good.


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[Assistant] He was slouched rhetorically forward toward Franny, his receptive audience, a supporting forearm on either side of his martini. Lax what? Franny said. She had had to clear her throat before speaking. It had been so long since she had said anything at all.


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[Assistant] Lane hesitated. Masculinity, he said. I heard you the first time. Anyway, it was one of, it was the motif of the thing, so to speak. What I was trying to bring out in a fairly subtle way.


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[Assistant] Franny again cleared her throat. Apparently, her self-imposed sentence of unadulterated good listenership had been fully served. Why? she asked. Lane looked faintly interrupted. Why what?


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[Assistant] Why'd you think it was going to go over like a lead balloon? I just told you. I just got through saying this guy, uh, Brome, is a big flow bear man. Or at least I thought he was. Oh, Franny said. She smiled. Franny!


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[Assistant] Is disgusted by his pomposity.


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[Assistant] This experience combined with her experience in a religion seminar with this man, Professor Tupper, at school,


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[Assistant] has convinced herself that the world is superficial


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[Assistant] That it's impossible to find anything meaningful in the academic discussion.


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[Assistant] Of these pseudo-intellectual problems, the testicularity of one writer or another.


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[Assistant] And Lane's engagement with literature specifically is all about


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[Assistant] His ego inflation. So he can't wait to tell Franny that the professor said he should try to publish it. And then,


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[Assistant] So she starts saying the Jesus prayer, which is


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[Assistant] Now, she has taken this prayer from a book called The Way of the Pilgrim. It's a Russian Orthodox religious classic. Very old text.


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[Assistant] And it depicts the life of a pilgrim and we get the summary of this a little bit in the novel as Franny explains it or tries to explain it to Lane who's entirely uninterested.


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[Assistant] It is about a man who tries to take seriously the Bible's injunction to pray without ceasing.


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[Assistant] She's trying to say it over and over again as she goes about in this world that is so disappointing to her, feels so false to her.


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[Assistant] And so finally the strain of trying to hold out this kind of religious awareness in the face of Lane and his English paper is just too much and she faints. Now Zoe,


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[Assistant] Has a big problem with her use of this prayer. And this is what gives the book that sort of combative tone, uhm, that we, uh, that we were talking about a little earlier that somebody mentioned. So if you look on page 169, my question now is, in my argument, what is Zoe's critique of Franny's use of the prayer?


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[Assistant] So 169, he says to Franny as she's sniveling on the couch.


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[Assistant] You don't get the prayer at all. You just get some kind of organized cant. Jesus was a supreme adept, by God, on a terribly important mission. This was no St. Francis, with enough time to knock out a few canticles, or to preach to the birds, or do any of the other endearing things so close to Franny Glass's heart. I'm being serious now, God damn it.


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[Assistant] So Zoe's critique is that Franny is not being specific in her use of the prayer. She's paying no attention


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[Assistant] But to anyone paying attention to the other things that Zoe says and the other things that he does in this novel,


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[Assistant] How does that very doctrinally specific understanding of the Jesus Prayer relate to the whole religious education that Buddy and Seymour gave him and that he seems to be thinking so hard about as he reads that letter in the bathtub?


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[Assistant] The letter in the bathtub tells us about that education. And let's look on 61.


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[Assistant] In this letter, Buddy explains to Zoe what he and Seymour had been trying to do.


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[Assistant] Much, much more important though, but he says, in the middle of 65, Seymour had already begun to believe, and I agreed with him as far as I was able to see the point,


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[Assistant] That education by any name would smell as sweet and maybe much sweeter if it didn't begin with a quest for knowledge at all, but with a quest, as Zen would put it, for no knowledge.


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[Assistant] Dr. Suzuki says somewhere that to be in a state of pure consciousness, satori, is to be with God before he said, let there be light.


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[Assistant] Seymour and I thought it might be a good thing to hold back this light from you, and Franny, at least as far as we were able.


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[Assistant] And all the many lower, more fashionable lighting effects, the arts, sciences, classics, languages, till you were both able at least to conceive of a state of being where the mind knows the source of all light.


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[Assistant] So the religious education that Zoe's response to Franny comes out of is precisely not


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[Assistant] Rather it's something more like a Buddhist tradition, a syncretic, mystical tradition.


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[Assistant] The idea is that there is some state of being with God.


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[Assistant] Knowledge, all the arts and sciences, literature, all the religious writings of the world are manifestations of that voice that at its origin is God saying, let there be light. It's the voice of creation.


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[Assistant] To rest at that origin, undistracted by the manifestations of the creation.


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[Assistant] When he goes into his brother's old room. Now let me explain a detail that I think is important, but I think a little lost to us in today's world of technology. There's a phone in Buddy and Seymour's old room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not an outside phone line. And what's interesting about it and what, uhm, indicates its importance to Buddy is that Bessie gets on about him getting a phone where he's teaching in upstate New York. He's teaching writing as a visiting writer at a college in upstate New York.