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[Assistant] And then we get this little bit of repetition of all injuries to treat medically. Well.


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[Assistant] Measures on individuals, and then we get abilities to perform functions that usually fall in the domains. This is kind of very wordy. How about we just get to what the test measures? An IQ test measures on individuals. I'm going to get rid of all of this.


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[Assistant] Says as we can see from figure two, if the return kinetic energy is less than 3.2, uh, up, there will be two electron trajectories associated with this kinetic energy.


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[Assistant] If the return kinetic energy is less than 3.2, let's just say figure 2 shows that a return kinetic energy


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[Assistant] Less than 3.2 up. That's kind of now the subject of the sentence that, that eh, the subject of this clause that, uh, that a return kinetic energy less than 3.2.


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[Assistant] I'll never forget the fun I had, right here in this egg.


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[Assistant] When they try again, I'll jump up and say, aha! That's what I'll do.


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[Assistant] Hey, I'll put in a word with the boss. I may be able to work something out for my little pal, Peep.


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[Assistant] You are? Okay. It's all arranged. Sunset. At the pond. Top secret. Don't tell the bird.


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[Assistant] All the listening materials and questions will be spoken only once.


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[Assistant] Of course I've started it, but I can't get to the writing yet, as I haven't found enough resources to use, so I'm still researching the topic.


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[Assistant] I've tried all that, but don't have enough to write the dissertation.


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[Assistant] In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.


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[Assistant] What did researchers discover about rats placed briefly in a stressful situation?


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[Assistant] It's likely the unpredictable, uncontrollable, and ongoing nature of day-to-day email in terms of volume, importance, and urgency contributes to their levels of anxiety and to diminished leadership skills.


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[Assistant] An obsession with managing their inbox prevents them from dealing with their employees.


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[Assistant] Until, unfortunately, they inevitably transform into a major problem or crisis by virtue of neglect.


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[Assistant] And also, less ambitiously but more practically, to monitor their daily output, to set clear expectations, and to give regular feedback.


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[Assistant] When presented with a choice between the appeal of their inbox and other more important activities, many sacrificed the latter.


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[Assistant] This is because leaders must divert resources from other tasks to check, filter, and respond to emails.


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[Assistant] The solution is cultivating self-control, which is like a muscle.


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[Assistant] Setting a timer for yourself so you don't become distracted by your inbox for too long.


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[Assistant] Turning off email alerts, so you're not interrupted by them.


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[Assistant] The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. From the four choices, marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet one with a single line through the center.


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[Assistant] The household cleaning products industry really began to take off in the 1950s.


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[Assistant] Today, the household cleaning products industry is worth billions of dollars a year and is dominated by large global companies.


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[Assistant] There is perhaps no better example of this than a patented cloth sold by one company which remarkably uses only water rather than traditional cleaning products.


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[Assistant] The company claims its cloth lifts, traps, and removes dirt and bacteria.


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[Assistant] And considering that people don't see these products in shops or advertised on TV or in the press, it has been a pretty steep rise.


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[Assistant] Many of the people behind these companies began testing the viability of their products by selling them at local markets.


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[Assistant] Then, in many cases, customers are doing the marketing for these products by leaving threads of comments on social media praising their virtues.


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[Assistant] One woman in Britain has become a social media sensation with more than 2 million followers for her cleaning tips page.


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[Assistant] Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 22.


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[Assistant] Yes, I am, said Monkey, and I want to live forever. Do you know where I can find a sage?


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[Assistant] I might be a monkey but I can walk and talk and do many other things. I traveled almost 13 years to get here. I'm sure I can be your student.


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[Assistant] I don't know. You tell me what I should learn. Well...


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[Assistant] My name is Damon Gammo. This is my weatherboard house. This is a time lapse of my girlfriend's pregnancy. It's three months to go. And this is a photo of me at age 10.


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[Assistant] I actually cut out refined sugar from my diet. To seal the deal.


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[Assistant] But now sugar is dominating the headline. And there's so much debate and conjecture on the topic, that it's hard to know what to believe. But with this little person on the way, I feel like I need some definitive answer.


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[Assistant] The US President Dwight Eisenhower suffered a heart attack.


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[Assistant] Any issue of heart disease was thrust into the public domain.


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[Assistant] One led by an American scientist named Ansel Keys who declared that fat was the problem. While a British doctor named John Yudkin believed sugar was to blame.


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[Assistant] Over the next two decades, the discussion brought fierce arguments from both camps.


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[Assistant] But by the end of the 1970s, Ansel Keys had won out. Fat became the villain, sugar was exonerated, and the low fat movement was in full swing.


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[Assistant] With sugar now saturating our food supply and a constant confusion over its effects on our health.


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[Assistant] The only real way to get some answers is for me to start eating sugar again and see what it does to my body. So the first step is to set up an experiment with the help of a team of experts.


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[Assistant] My Chief Sugar Advisor is the author David Gillespie, aka The Crusader.


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[Assistant] In charge of my blood tests is one of Australia's leading clinical pathologists, Dr. Ken Zakaris, AKA Professor Blood. My nutritionist is Sharon Johnson, the Celtic food queen. And supervising my overall health is Dr. Debbie Hurst, AKA Checkups. Okay, so I want to do this mission. I want to find out


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[Assistant] Candy or junk food, I mean, I can't quite fathom that's possible, but if we can do that...


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[Assistant] And see some changes, then that's, yeaah, that seems like a pretty good story.


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[Assistant] My total calorie intake is approximately 2,300 a day.


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[Assistant] With 50% coming from good fats like avocado and nuts.


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[Assistant] 26% from proteins such as eggs, meat or fish.


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[Assistant] And 24% from carbohydrates, like fresh vegetables. And of course, there is no refined sugar.


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[Assistant] I currently weigh 76 kilograms with a waist circumference of 84 centimetres.


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[Assistant] My blood tests showed a very healthy liver, a very low level of triglyceride, which is fat in the bloodstream, and thankfully no sign of insulin resistance or diabetes.


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[Assistant] Overall, I rated slightly healthier than the average Western male of my age.


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[Assistant] The next step in the experiment was to do a shot. To calculate my 40 teaspoons,


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[Assistant] I need to keep in mind that one teaspoon equals roughly four grams of sugar. But I also need a lesson in the different types of sugar.


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[Assistant] I must consume 40 teaspoons of sugar a day, but they must be hidden sugars found in commonly perceived healthy foods and drinks. So no soft drink, chocolate, confectionery or ice cream.


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[Assistant] These 40 teaspoons of sugar will consist of sucrose and fructose specifically.


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[Assistant] They can be added, like jam or naturally occurring, like sultanas.


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[Assistant] And maintain the same level of exercise as I already do.


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[Assistant] That's three laps of my garden twice a week and a ten minute workout on my homemade gym. And by homemade, I mean homemade.


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[Assistant] Tomorrow morning, I start. What are your feelings?


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[Assistant] I was amazed at how easy it was to get to 40 teaspoons without eating any junk food.


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[Assistant] I've just had a breakthrough as to how we might be consuming so much fructose. I just bought these four apples. Now I know that if I tried to eat these apples, I'd probably get through two of them.


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[Assistant] And I'd feel full. The fibre in the fruit would tell my body to stop. It's had enough to eat. But I want to see what happens if I can juice these four apples.


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[Assistant] Four apples. That's the sugar from four apples in one glass. Now one apple is about four teaspoons of sugar, so that's sixteen teaspoons of sugar in that glass.


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[Assistant] See, nature has given us this perfect little packet.


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[Assistant] And it's got all the nutrients, the fibre that tells us when we're full, and just the right amount of sugar in this. But what we do is we invent a machine like this, which extracts only the sugar, and then we throw everything else away.


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[Assistant] This high amount of sugar in juice, and drinks in general, was certainly the biggest surprise of the first week.


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[Assistant] It was now day 12, and time for my first weigh-in.


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[Assistant] You can see there is a very small amount of fat just under the skin, but lots of visceral fat on the inside, cramping the organs. There is a term for this. Toffee. Thin on the outside, fat on the inside.


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[Assistant] So it's lunch. I have this delicious piece of chicken here.


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[Assistant] Now I could add half a packet of this teriyaki chicken sauce.


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[Assistant] Now, as it picked me up, I could have this Go Natural Superfood Apple Strawberry Cranberry Ripple Bar.


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[Assistant] I could have this seven teaspooned water cracker sugar sandwich.


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[Assistant] It was at this point that I thought I better check in with Professor Blood.


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[Assistant] I think it's time to take a closer look at what sugar does once it enters the body.


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[Assistant] He's very kindly volunteered his body for the following demonstration.


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[Assistant] Now when we're eating lots of sugar and other carbohydrates like bread and pasta, we're producing lots of glucose. A hormone called insulin is released.


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[Assistant] It was obvious that sugar was affecting me physically.


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[Assistant] But the real surprise was the impact it was having on my moods.


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[Assistant] The thing I've noticed the most is the mood swings. Big highs when I have the sugar and I feel super alert and switched on for about 45 minutes.


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[Assistant] And then I'll get this feeling of real effigy, I'll feel vague, a bit aloof.


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[Assistant] Tell me a little bit more about what it's like when you've just had some sugar.


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[Assistant] And when you're on the sugar high. A quite childish thing comes out of me, like a, and then I'm full of beans for a while.


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[Assistant] The speed at which my high sugar diet was affecting me took us all by surprise. I was going to have to expand the scope of the experiment and this would take me out of town for a few days.


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[Assistant] In 2002, I spent some time with an Aboriginal community and was stunned by the amount of sugar they consumed.


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[Assistant] Like so many indigenous cultures introduced to a western diet, their relationship with sugar seemed particularly destructive.


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[Assistant] In 2008, Coca Cola claimed that Australia's Northern Territory was their highest selling region per capita in the world.


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[Assistant] This was in large part due to the local stores in the Aboriginal communities.


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[Assistant] Just 100 kilometres from Uluru is the small town of Amata.


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[Assistant] It has always been alcohol free. But in 2007, its population of just under 400 people consumed 40,000 litres of soft drink.


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[Assistant] The main one being the introduction of a foreign grass that took over the plains and drove away the native plants and animals that had provided bush tucker for centuries.


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[Assistant] Being an armiter, it was hard to believe that only 40 years ago, these people were living predominantly off the land.


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[Assistant] With stores filling up with highly profitable sugary items and the community's health rapidly declining.


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[Assistant] John, his colleagues and a local health council.


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[Assistant] Established a program to ensure people had access to fresh, healthy produce. They called it Mayweeroo.


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[Assistant] And in a very short time, armata had the lowest rate of sugar consumption in the region.


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[Assistant] But just when everything seemed to be headed in the right direction, the government slashed Mayweeroo's funding.


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[Assistant] The thing that struck me about Armata is that although Coke is gone, without a nutritionist to continue the education.


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[Assistant] People are still consuming vast amounts of sugar in other products.


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[Assistant] Where the full effects of a disabled Mayweeroo can be felt.


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[Assistant] After four days in armata, it occurred to me that what is happening to my body


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[Assistant] is perhaps a concentrated version of what has happened here and in many other indigenous communities.


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[Assistant] And now, by suddenly subjecting myself to a high sugar diet, the effects have been both rapid and acute.


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[Assistant] If immediate action isn't taken to restore the positive direction that Mae Wiru was heading in, then the oldest living culture on earth is in great danger of disappearing.


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[Assistant] I needed to talk to some people that knew a lot more about the subject than I did.


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[Assistant] It was time to head to the cultural capital of convenience. The mecca of the processed food and sugar industry.


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[Assistant] And the current number one ranked world obesity champion.


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[Assistant] Now if I was to eat the same amount of sugar that was in that smoothie, but the sugar was in its original fruit packaging, I would have to eat four peaches, nine limes, thirty lemons, and thirty strawberries. This might be fine for a bear about to go into hibernation.


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[Assistant] Which adds roughly 4,000 teaspoons a year to the diet of each American.


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[Assistant] I noticed that companies are using a range of seductive names.


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[Assistant] The next stop was Barbaville, Kentucky. In the great coal wars of the 1990s, Pepsi and Coke were engaged in a fierce battle. The Pepsi army took a strong foothold in the state of Kentucky.


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[Assistant] And the number one sniper is the drink Mountain Dew.


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[Assistant] In this 1.25 litre bottle, you'll find 37 teaspoons of sugar


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[Assistant] And 40% more caffeine in the same size bottle of Coke.


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[Assistant] The people of Kentucky have understandably had some problems with their teeth. And one dentist is doing something about it. His name is Edwin Smith. This is his letterbox, this is his daughter, and this is him as a collectible figurine.


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[Assistant] Edwin drives around the state of Kentucky. In RVs he is converted into mobile dental clinics.


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[Assistant] He and his team visit schools, educate the kids and treat their teeth.


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[Assistant] This is 17 year old Larry. He's lived in Kentucky all his life. This is his tat. This is his favourite t-shirt. And these are his teeth.


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[Assistant] Is that, is that the people doing that in this town? Yeah. What about you talking about your cousin before?


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[Assistant] Edwin is meeting Larry today because he plans to remove all of his teeth and replace them with dentures.


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[Assistant] So Edwin has decided to postpone the procedure for another day.


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[Assistant] Pepsi said that in moderation, Mountain Dew is part of a healthy balanced diet.


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[Assistant] But I would argue that any drink with that much sugar and caffeine in it is quite difficult to have in moderation.


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[Assistant] The biggest shock came when Larry told me that he still loved Mountain Dew and would continue to drink it.


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[Assistant] And now this, you're seeing the direct effects of what sugar's doing. And the companies, they just don't see it because they're...


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[Assistant] They're worried about making money, they're not on the ground level seeing the effects and they don't care, really.


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[Assistant] My experience with Larry led me to a Pulitzer Prize winning author.


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[Assistant] Who has written extensively on how the food giants have got us hooked on their products.


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[Assistant] This optimal amount of sugar is referred to as the bliss point.


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[Assistant] Back in the 1970s, Howard Moskowitz discovered that as you increase the amount of sugar in a product, people liked it more and more. But then they peeped. And if any more sugar was added, then they stopped liking it.


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[Assistant] It's understandable that our palates have adjusted to all of these blissed out foods, when we have such a primal desire for sweet.


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[Assistant] Even Mother Nature herself has created a berry that makes everything taste sweet.


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[Assistant] I have three food items that it's fair to say I don't enjoy. This here, piping hot chili. This here, sour lemon. And this nasty bottle of apple cider vinegar. Apparently, if I put this miracle berry onto my tongue and then eat those things, it's supposed to make them taste sweet.


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[Assistant] But this has got me nervous. I do not like chilli at all.


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[Assistant] And the rule of the experiment I was finding increasingly hard to maintain was exercise. My motivation plummet.


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[Assistant] Sugar's effects on me physically were obvious, but my cravings for it and the mental toll it was taking prompted me to explore what it was doing to my brain.


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[Assistant] So I took my pimply face to the Oregon Research Institute.


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[Assistant] On this colossal magnetic sucking machine called an fmri. Which they are going to put me and my brain into.


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[Assistant] They will then show me images of this high sugar, low fat milkshake. And then feed me the milkshake through a special mega straw.


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[Assistant] Then they'll take some photos of my brain and show me how it reacted.


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[Assistant] So when we saw it, our brain said get that because you need it for quick energy and to feel good. And the next step is that we get the sugary item. We bring it to our mouth and we taste its sweetness. It's then that chemicals called opioids and beta endorphins are released and we feel terrific.


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[Assistant] For more than 50 years, the food industry has insisted that obesity is caused by too many calories and not enough exercise.


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[Assistant] Which implies that anyone overweight is simply lazy or greedy.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we just passed halfway, and I've never counted calories in my life.


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[Assistant] I'm trying my best in this experiment. It's hard to be accurate, obviously, but it looks like my calories so far are pretty much exactly the same as they were pre-experiment. And that feels strange because I feel like I'm eating a lot more.


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[Assistant] But I can see here that when I was eating pre-experiment avocado and nuts and stuff.


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[Assistant] There's a lot more calories in fat than there is in sugar. So in fact it's half, like nine...


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[Assistant] So it feels like the calories from sugar behave very differently to other calories.


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[Assistant] It's become clear to me that in the search for profits,


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[Assistant] The food companies are not only targeting our primal desire for sugar, but are also insisting that all calories are equal.


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[Assistant] Is that we feel like failures if we're addicted or overweight.


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[Assistant] Perhaps the greed that is actually making us overweight and sick is of the corporate variety.


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[Assistant] It became more and more evident that we're just not getting a clear message about sugar.


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[Assistant] Could the fact that sugar's global trade is worth 50 billion dollars have anything to do with it?


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[Assistant] It turns out that the suppression of the message began in the 1970s.


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[Assistant] When the US government was reviewing the safety of sugar for the first time.


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[Assistant] The Sugar Association launched a campaign to ensure their product wasn't vilified.


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[Assistant] To do this, the Sugar Association paid scientists, hired a PR company, and released a report with a press release that read, scientists dispel sugar fears.


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[Assistant] This manipulation of evidence and deliberate muddying of the waters is all sounding very familiar.


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[Assistant] It was hard to believe there are still scientists defending sugar and fructose. I was curious to meet one of them.


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[Assistant] I haven't eaten sugar for nearly three years. And part of this film is that I'm for 60 days eating a very high fructose sugar diet. I thought maybe I'll put on a little bit of weight.


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[Assistant] Put on 6 kilos in Australia, which is 15 pounds. Right. All hidden. Sugars, granola bars, low fat yogurt. What's happening?


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[Assistant] I found John's position on calories, so similar to the line that the food industry takes.


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[Assistant] Have you ever received any kind of funding from Coca-Cola?


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[Assistant] For me to hear you even say that is like, woah, okay.


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[Assistant] This is a, this is a company with 650 beverage products that rely on fructose.


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[Assistant] I saw an ad for a symposium on fructose and sweetened beverages. It was sponsored by Coca Cola.


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[Assistant] Their keynote speaker was Dr John Sievenpiper.


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[Assistant] He spoke about calories and there being no link between fructose and cardiometabolic diseases in the studies. Coke madly tweeted about it and then the host asked the audience,


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[Assistant] I found this video on YouTube, but I'm not sure it's quite what they had in mind.


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[Assistant] As the US leg of my experiment neared its conclusion, what really struck me is that despite all the effects sugar is having on us,


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[Assistant] In many ways we've just adapted to its saturation.


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[Assistant] To this new reality. My body just accepts that this is what I eat.


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[Assistant] And my brain deals with the moods up and down, I just get on with life and it's fine, I can function.


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[Assistant] But, uh, I'm not nearly as efficient as I was. My fuse is a lot shorter. I'm exhausted. And I think that's how a lot of people live their lives.


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[Assistant] People are up and down all day, but it's just their reality, so they accept it, and they've never experienced anything different.


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[Assistant] But more profoundly, it is one of the simplest ways we communicate love.


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[Assistant] With sugar having such complex associations with our hearts, minds and bodies.


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[Assistant] I wonder if it is having far greater ramifications for the culture than we've considered.


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[Assistant] After 60 days and 2,360 teaspoons of sugar, it was time for the last meal.


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[Assistant] One week later, after having all my blood tests done, I assembled the team.


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[Assistant] A key marker for determining liver health is a hormone called ALT.


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[Assistant] In the first month alone, mine jumped from 20 below the safety line to 20 above the safety line.


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[Assistant] My triglyceride levels, which is the fat in the blood, went from a healthy .08 to 1.5.


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[Assistant] High triglycerides can also indicate a switch from healthy cholesterol to the damaging small dense LDL cholesterol.


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[Assistant] In terms of weight, I gained 8.5 kilograms overall. And added 7% to my total body fat. But more ominously, increased my waist measurement by 10 centimeters. This is the dangerous visceral fat.


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[Assistant] I showed a slight change in the bum expansion test, a variance in the rear flesh wings test, and had great success in the highly scientific belly slap make a fat wave wobble test.


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[Assistant] But perhaps the most enlightening of my results was the calorie count.


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[Assistant] As I discovered, my calorie intake was virtually the same as my pre-experiment diet. The big difference was the source of the calories. I'd pretty much done a direct swap of healthy fats for sugar-laden products.


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[Assistant] The first week of giving up sugar wasn't a lot of fun. Frankly it didn't feel that different from giving up cigarettes. I had headaches, I was moody, and my sleep patterns were terrible.


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[Assistant] But I knew from previous experience that I wouldn't feel like this forever. And that ultimately, it would all be worth it.


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[Assistant] One month after finishing the experiment, a miracle occurred.


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[Assistant] Our daughter was born. This is her mobile, this is her teething giraffe, and this is her lunch.


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[Assistant] But then some other remarkable things happened. After just two months of cutting out sugar, my vitality had returned, my skin was brighter, and thankfully, my moods had evened out.


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[Assistant] In terms of my weight, all I did is return to my pre-experiment diet.


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[Assistant] I swapped cereal and low-fat yoghurt for bacon, eggs and avocado without toast.


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[Assistant] I snacked on nuts and cheese instead of muesli bars.


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[Assistant] And eight fish or meat with the fat left on. And lots of green vegetables for dinners. I lost six kilograms with minimal exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because I replaced sugar with healthy fats, I felt full again and didn't have to eat as much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Consequently, I spent the same amount on shopping as I had during the experiment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the biggest surprise was that all of my blood tests had returned to normal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So no more heart disease risks, and no more fatty liver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In truth, it did take a while for my palate to readjust to my ladies unsweetened cooking. Things tasted bland for the first few weeks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then I rediscovered the full flavours of fresh produce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the USA, it was recently recommended for men to have no more than nine teaspoons of sugar a day, and women no more than six. Australia currently doesn't have an equivalent recommendation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's simpler to cut out sugar altogether. And that means avoiding artificial sweeteners too, that keep the cravings alive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want my daughter to grow up healthy and happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And not waste any of her precious time counting calories or obsessing over weight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This experiment has proven to me that refined sugar and excess fructose are causing serious damage to the health and wellbeing of millions of people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as the debate heats up and the food industry fight tooth and nail to shut the message down, we'll be bombarded with conflicting nutritional advice. But for me, quite simply, the proof is in the pudding. About 10 teaspoons of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This second option, optional module is particularly interesting because it brought up a good conversation in that previous course about an issue that we're going to be talking about in this course as well, which is plagiarism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not okay to just lift lines from something that other people have written.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also start thinking about how to avoid plagiarism in your own work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's actually fairly interesting when you hear me go through the demo edit, a couple of times I'll say something like, I really like this sentence, or I really like how the author, uh, you know, put this, I like this language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it turns out that actually those are the instances, uh, that the author had plagiarized from the professional writer from the press release.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In those instances it was actually different than the rest of the piece.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, just to give you a few examples before you watch this demo edit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The charges trick the roach into thinking that the antennas are in contact with a physical barrier, which effectively steers them in the opposite direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all of that language was lifted from the press releases. There's some other smaller instances used as an electronic interface to remotely steer cockroaches, create some mobile web of sensors. There's some other pieces of sentences that were also lifted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a great teaching moment just to be aware of plagiarism and we're going to be talking more about that and how to avoid that later in this course. So now pause the video, read through the paper one or two times and then restart the video and I'll walk you through the edit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now that you've read through the paper, it's a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Interesting paper, it's got a cool concept here. We're using cockroaches as biological robots, bio-bots. So it's got a really nice hook on this paper as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm just going to go through and edit it again looking for the overall structure and also editing things uhm, line by line. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The author has a lot of technical details about the device in the paper. And that's fine. They do a good job. I, I was able to understand everything even though there were a lot of technical details. So it wasn't bothersome to have so many technical details. But I thought maybe we could reserve one paragraph for all of the technical details. So I'm going to move things around just a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in general it's reading really nicely and these are just a few things to streamline it and kind of reorganize it just slightly so that the, the flow is just slightly better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is really nice language, dynamic and unknown environments. That's really good language and I'm actually going to add one little piece to that because at the end of this paragraph they get to this idea about survivors and earthquakes. And that's a nice little detail that really grounds the reader. You kind of see the,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of an earthquake. I got that little thought in early, and that means I'm going to be able to cut some material from the end of this paragraph, so I, it's just going to streamline things a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This challenge inspired these researchers from North Carolina State University to use cockroaches as biobots.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't change much here. I just streamlined this just slightly to turn cockroaches into biobots. Seemed like a slightly stronger verb than used. You could even probably come up with a better verb there to, uh, to, uh, transform cockroaches or something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we get uhm, they developed a wireless biological interface that uses an electronic interface to remotely steer cockroaches. This is a little bit too wordy for the first paragraph where you're really trying to draw the reader in. And so I actually don't think we need all of this. Biological interface, electronic interface are kind of vague.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reader, the author is going to give us this in the next paragraph later on. So I don't think we need all that. The best concept, the best wording from, from this sentence is this idea of the remotely steering the cockroaches. I thought if we could just take those couple of words, that would convey exactly what it is these researchers are trying to do. They're trying to remotely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remote control cockroaches. So I don't think we need those things about the interfaces yet. We can leave that for the next paragraph.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cockroaches. So that gets the concept across really fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I like this idea of a mobile web of sensors. That's a really nice way of putting it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm gonna kind of just start with their remotely controlled cockroaches and go right into that idea. So their remotely controlled cockroaches could.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Someday, I think I'm going to put the word someday because it's, we're not there yet. This is still preliminary. Could someday serve as a mobile web of sensors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we don't need to repeat that uses cockroaches, so we can get rid of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A mobile web of sensors that collect and transmit data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've already got the idea of earthquakes in our, here, so I'm just gonna say that collect and transmit data from hard to reach places. Something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this shortens up the first paragraph just a little bit so we get right into it. We don't get too much details, but we have a good picture in our, our mind of what the researchers were trying to achieve here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we go into the second paragraph. Cockroaches have antennas. I really appreciate, by the way, that this author made a good effort to use dashes and semicolons and colons and.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so it's nice to see that they obviously, uh, watched the videos and thought, uh, thought carefully about it and tried to implement some of these, uh, punctuation techniques. It's always feels great for a teacher to, to see somebody putting those things into action.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to change a few things, so, so like, instead of dashes here, I think probably uhm, this is a little extra detail, so I'm going to put it in parentheses rather than dashes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I like that sense versus two sense, but, you know, that's, that can sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, these are all, that's a little stylistic. We actually probably don't need the colon here. I do again appreciate that, that they tried to use a colon. But actually we can just go right into, this is a very simple list. So, the colon's actually not needed there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So cockroaches have antennas called cersei that can sense tactile temperature and humidity. And the one thing I'll just point out there is that there's a little bit of non-parallelism here. So temperature and humidity are nouns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tactile is actually an adjective, so we want to make that parallel by making this first item in the list a noun, so I'm going to call it tactile input.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we get researchers, and we might as well say the particular researchers here, so I'm just going to use their last names. So, those two researchers, Latif and, uh, Bozkurt, am I pronouncing that right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we get, use these antennas to drive the cockroaches by sending a series of electrical pulses to it. So I thought here it would be a good place to put in created, the fact that they developed a device, so created a wireless device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's just say you're upfront what they did, the, the bulk of what they did, the gist of it is they created a wireless device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that attaches to these antennas, so let's get that concept early on too, so it's easy for the reader to picture what's going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these are wireless devices that actually attach the antenna. So let's get that really in the piece so that the reader has a very concrete picture of what's going on here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is kind of a high level summary of what their device does. I like to put the, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The driving the electrical, the electrical pulses drive the cockroach rather than putting those concepts the other way around. So that's why I'm putting the electrical pulses before the driving. I think it just works slightly better there. So we now get kind of this high level summary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For this second paragraph, let's keep it to a high level summary of exactly kind of what the device does. And I really like this sentence that they have, uh, down in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to leave the second paragraph at just that. It gives me a high level summary of what the device does and how it works. And it's an easy to read summary so the reader can immediately picture how this thing works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we can go into the actual details about the technical parts of the, of the summary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the system consists of, I like device, let's talk just about the device for the moment. So the device consists of a microprocessor with Zigbee interface, electrodes, and a battery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we've talked about the device itself, the microprocessor, the transceiver, the electrodes, and the battery. And so now this is a good place actually to move up something that the author had here below. The author talks about the particular microprocessor that was used in the device. So it seems to me that it would be perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now, as long as we're talking about the device, let's talk about the microprocessor in the device. So the researchers evaluated, I'm going to change evaluated to tested, I like that just slightly better, so tested.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't think we have to say that control the electrodes that's implied, so we can just go right into they, we know there's a microprocessor. Here are the two ones that they tested. And then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's low weight, uh, it's Zigbee module connectivity. Obviously that would be important if it has to connect with the Zigbee. And


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then we get to, and the availability of 21 general purpose IO. I wasn't quite sure what that is. So, I'm guessing here, I'm completely guessing here, and greater, uh, number of IO parts. That wasn't exactly parallel either, IO ports maybe. So I'm picturing like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, little electrodes here. So I'm not sure that I've got this quite right, so I'm gonna highlight that so that the author can look at that and put it in a way that I can understand. I don't think we need to know the details about the battery, so I'm actually gonna cut that detail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they incorporated the CC2530 in their final device due to its low weight, its Zigbee module connectivity, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The greater number of IO ports, because they said there were 21. So I'm guessing a little bit and hopefully I got that right. But if not, I'm highlighting it so the author in their revision can put something there that's similar but is accurate if that isn't accurate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So then we get to, uhm, exactly what cockroaches the authors use, the researchers here use. And so I'm gonna just use their last name. Uh, Latif and Bozkurt used, uhm, the Madagascar hissing cockroach. I, I don't think we need, during their analysis, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just need to know that they used it, used it because of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, I appreciate the author using this, the colon, but we probably don't need the colon here because it's a fairly simple list. So because of its larger size, so speed, long lifespan, and robustness. And I like to have a comma at the end of a list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that all looks good. Before the experiment starts, they anesthetized. I think uhm, I'd just say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We could get kind of, uh, collapse this into after.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anesthetizing. Wait, I spelled that right. After anesthetizing the cockroaches by cold treatment, we can just go right into that for 45 to 60 minutes. They need to anesthetize them before they attach the electrode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They attached one side of the elect, so we can go right into that. So they anesthetize them, after they anesthetize them, then they attach one side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Double check that detail with the author, but it sounds a little better to say one side of each electrode to the antennas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I really liked the wording here, to serve as electronic reins. I thought that was a nice way of putting it. But in fact, we've already said that in this second paragraph, that it delivers these small charges to the rodent's, uh, neural, uh, the roach's neural tissue. So actually, I'm going to get rid of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we just need to know that they, after they anesthetized these bugs, they attached the electrodes to the antennas. And we don't need to repeat again that it's delivering these small electrical pulses. Although I like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, visual of electronic rain. So if there was some way to work that back into maybe the second paragraph, I'd encourage the author to do that. That was some nice language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the next paragraph we get to the actual test. So they made the device and then they were testing the device on actual cockroaches. And this is one part where I want some more details. I want to know more about what happened when they actually tested the cockroaches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cockroaches followed an S shaped trajectory drawn on laboratory floor and spent


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 81 seconds with 100, with 10% success rate to complete the route. Now, I'm wondering if that's an error.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Push off this last parting thought as in make that into a new paragraph because this test of the system really deserves its own paragraph.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I wonder if that was supposed to be 100% success rate to complete the route. Because if it's only a 10% success rate, I'm thinking that that's not very good. So I would highlight that and ask the author if that's maybe an error and it was supposed to be 100%. Or if it's only 10% success rate, I'd like to know a little bit more about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What else did they test? Was that the only test they did? Give me some more details about exactly what happened, how promising the results were, because this is the proof of principle of the device. So we need a lot more details here about that part of the experiment, so I'd ask the author to add that in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this last sentence, this will become the concluding paragraph, will lead into the concluding paragraph.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this finding opens the door to scientists to start using insects and biobots.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's a little bit of grammatical error here, uh, in Biobots. I might just kind of cut it there. And then it's a new thought that the system's weight is still a problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, so this one I, I thought I needed a little bit more set up for because I'm not sure why the weight is still a problem. It seems like a cockroach is pretty small, they have a pretty small device, so why is the weight still a problem?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I feel like we need a little bit more detail about that. You could put that in this second to last paragraph or maybe start the last paragraph with you know, this system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is still too large because, give me the, why the system needs to be shrunk even further. So further research needs to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reduce the weight of the system because I need to know why, because I'm not sure why this isn't already small enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then maybe a but to transition if we're kind of saying that the negative and the drawback and what, you know, the challenges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could end there. Maybe it's nice to add one last kind of parting thought here. So, again, I mentioned that I cut out of that first paragraph the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Specific reference to the survivor of the earthquake. So maybe we could add something at the end to wrap back to the beginning. Someday armies of cockroaches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Natural disaster survival, survivors or something like that. Natural disaster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So maybe something like that, you know, kind of get some hope back. Someday armies of cockroaches may be the best hope for rescue for natural disaster survivors. So turn it, you know, again, kind of wrap it back to that first thought. Just gives it a nice ending to tie it back to the beginning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now I think it's reading really well. It has a nice setup. We've got a nice introduction that pulls you into the piece. We get an overview of this device without too many technical details. We get a nice paragraph that delivers all the information about the technical details. We get how they actually attach it to the cockroaches. And then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we get some information about the first test of the system. That's where I'd like the author to add a little bit more information and then we get kind of a parting thought and maybe some of the challenges that remain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We know that with fructose, you tend to accumulate more fat in this area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't know why, but we know on the other hand that when you do accumulate that fat in this area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have a lot of metabolic diseases that are associated with this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think we should not take money from the industry directly. I think we should, I think it's just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More wrong to do that. And you know, money is tough. So it's, it's a big dilemma for researcher as well. But


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't want to taint the answer. We want to know the truth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think the most important message is that this is not you get a fatty liver and that's seeds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will stay fatty. It actually can be reversed very easily by


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I first came up here in 1973, I would...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Estimate that say 10% of the people's diet, uhm, came from the store. And now it's almost 100%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it was obviously critical that uhm, people's health depended on what they were carrying out the store door.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The organisation is now left with the skeleton of staff. The Nutrition was the first to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The people that are young and that are people really feel it because it was their idea. Like, they're the ones who saw the problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're the ones who bury their own people. They're the ones who want to make a change. And uhm, they've been totally, uhm, ignored.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a perception abroad that the problems with obesity and diabetes may be related to alcohol. But here at Armada it's been a dry community ever, ever since it was established. So all of the health problems including diabetes and kidney failure is all related to the diet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've known almost everyone buried here. I've got family members buried here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These five graves here are all people under 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Old group up here of two sisters and a brother. Who all passed away from kidney failure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've talked to some kids that say they may drink ten a day. They started drinking it so early that they don't know when they started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They take the lid off, they take a drink, 20 minutes or so it starts to wear off and they take another drink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes three year olds, three four year olds that have a lot of tooth decaying. And those are usually, uhm, what they call baby bottle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to say that that's really rare, but it's not. You doing okay, Larry?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] the condition is teeth ar know he suffered a lot be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Amazing tiger. We used to have a cat called Tiger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh hey! I did! Not bad!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So nobody stole the world? Nope, it's all still here. You just can't see it. Oh, that's good. Quack was afraid that everyone would see it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the skunk. We must be near his house. If the skunk's house is this way, then your house is that way, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are you talking about? The only thing here is a leaf. That's it! The leaf! I hate leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Leaves aren't emergencies, and I'm not a squirrel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your two friends have feathers. Are they ducks?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And good night to you little fishies. Good niiight. Good niiight. Are you done? Uh huh. Night night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, yeaah, but I'm not sure you can stop her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, I think I'll have it here. I like how it sounds. Kind of, uh, oh gosh, I don't know. Tin canny?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, okay, I'll find someplace else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Me, me, me, me, me. Me, me, me, me. Okay, what's going on here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does your being comfy have to do with my voice?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, there seems to be enough room for my admirers, but does it pass the voice test? Me, me, me, me, me, me, me, me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on, guys. This ravine isn't big enough for two ducks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Got it? So I'll see you tomorrow with the big long round thing. Don't be late!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The people in the East, in the Tang Empire, need our help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They lie, cheat, and steal. They are greedy and constantly fighting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope I never have to do that again. So, I guess the moral of the story is don't go to sleep with mud on your face.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not only that, but you made a promise to Guan Yin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I tried on a robe and she saw that I was a true believer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uh, this is the second video for chapter three, and it's going to be pictures again, but it's pictures for a second order equation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and in, and I'll make them, these will be nice, we'll know formulas here. These will be constant coefficient linear second order equations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we know that the solution, there are two, uh, special solutions, e to the s1t and e to the s2t, two null solutions, and any combination is a null solution, so we're talking about null equations. Zero on the right hand side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we just want to draw that picture that goes with solutions like that. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here is the magic word. Phase plane. Phase plane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to draw the pictures in a plane, because that's what a blackboard is. And the axes we'll choose will be y and y prime, not t.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll see how t time comes into the picture. But we have the two axes will be y and y prime. So I had to figure out what y prime was. It just brings down an s1 from that term and brings down an s2 from that term. And now here's the example. Here is the first example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so I made this, took this particular equation. Notice that the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, damping term is negative. I have negative damping. This will be unstable. Solutions will


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go out to infinity, and I can find those solutions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] S1 is 1, and S2 is 2, and now I'm ready for the phase plane picture. Okay. Phase plane picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here are my solutions. S is 1 or 2. Then the derivative has a 1 or a 2. And here's my plane. Here's my plane. And I want to draw on that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The solutions, these solutions, I actually have formulas, I just want to draw them. So I'm plotting the, uh, one example would be let c1 be 1, and let c2 be 0. So that's gone, c1 is 1, I just have that picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What kind of a picture do I have in the phase plane, in the y, y prime plane, when that's y and that's y prime? Well, those are equal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So y equals y prime for that solution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Y equals y prime along the 45 degree line. It's just like y equal x. Y prime is y. And what's happening on this 45 degree line? The solution is this solution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is going straight out the line. As t increases, y and y prime both increase. I go out to, so as t, this is t going to infinity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what about t going to minus infinity? Because we got the whole picture here. When t goes to minus infinity, that goes to zero, that goes to zero. Here is the point where


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where the universe began. The big bang is right there, at t equal minus infinity. And as t increases, this, these, this point, yy prime, is traveling along that 45 degree line, because y equals y prime, and out there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what about the rest of the line? Well, if, if I, if c1 was negative, if c1 was negative, I'd have a minus there and a minus there. I would just have minuses and I'd be going out that way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's one line in my whole plane, but not all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let me take as a second line, uh, c1 equals 0, so nothing from e to the t. And let me take y1 as y as e to the 2t. And y prime then would be 2e to the 2t. Okay.


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[Assistant] What's happening in the phase plane for this solution? Now looking at this one. Well, alone, in this solution, in this case, y prime is 2 times y.


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[Assistant] y' is 2 times y. So I'm staying on the line y', where y' is 2 times y. It's a steeper line. Steeper line.


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[Assistant] This is the case, so that was the case. This was the line where C2 was 0.


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[Assistant] There was no e to the 2t on that first line that we drew. In the second line that we drew,


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[Assistant] C1 is zero. There's no e to the t. Everything is in e to the 2t. So now, C1 is zero on this line. Okay, and we just go out it.


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[Assistant] As t increases, y prime increases faster because of the factor 2. So it goes up steeply. And it goes this way when t is negative.


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[Assistant] Going to, or no, sorry, when c2 is negative, if I took a minus and a minus, I would just go down the other way on the same line. And this is still the big bang.


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[Assistant] t equal minus infinity, where everything starts. Okay. So that is two lines.


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[Assistant] Two very, the two special lines in the phase plane, but now I have to draw all the other curves, and they will be curves. And where will they come from? They will come from a combination.


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[Assistant] Now, so now I'm ready for that one. Let me take the case c1 equal 1, c2 equal 1.


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[Assistant] y and y prime, and I want to put it in the phase plane. So at every value of t, at every value of t, that's a point, that's a value of y, this is a value of y prime, I plot the points y and y prime, and I look at the picture. And again, as t changes,


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[Assistant] As t changes, I'll travel along the solution curve in the phase plane. I'll travel along as t changes, y will grow, y prime will grow. I'll head out here, but I won't be on that straight line.


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[Assistant] Or that straight line, because those were the cases when I had only one of the two solutions. These were the special solutions, and now I have a combination. So what happens as t goes to infinity? As t goes to infinity, this wins. As t goes to infinity,


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[Assistant] The e to the 2t is bigger than e to the t. So this is the larger term. So it approaches, this curve now will approach closer and closer to the one when


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[Assistant] The, the, the line with slope 2. The 2 will be the winner out here.


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[Assistant] But at t equal minus infinity, near the Big Bang, at t equal minus infinity, e to the 2t is even more small.


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[Assistant] So a t equal minus infinity, or t equal minus 10, let's say. This is e to the minus 10. This would be e to the minus 20. Very, very, very small. These would win. So what happens for this solution is it starts out


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[Assistant] The not-so-small exponent. It starts up that line, but t is increasing as t, when t passes some point, this 2t will be bigger than t, and, uh,


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[Assistant] Uh, it will, I guess t, t equals 0, 2t will be bigger than t, and from that point on, from that


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[Assistant] Oh, I could even plot that t equals 0. So at t equals 0, y is 2, and y prime is 3. So 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, somewhere in there.


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[Assistant] They have the same size at t equals zero.


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[Assistant] Both equal 1, this is at t equals 0. And then, the, for large times, this one wins. So I approach that line.


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[Assistant] And the same here, it'll start with this slope, but then go, yeaah. Probably this is a better picture. Yeaah. Yeaah. That's a better picture.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it doesn't, it won't just go up with slope.


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[Assistant] At the end it will have slope 2 going upwards. Yeaah, that looks good.


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[Assistant] Well, you could say I only drew part of the phase plane and you're completely right. If I start somewhere here, what would you think would happen?


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[Assistant] What would you think would happen if I start with that value of y?


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[Assistant] That much and that value of y prime. It would have some mixture of, uh, of, uh, there would be a c1 and a c2.


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[Assistant] So the other curves that I haven't drawn yet come from the other C1 and C2. I've done C1 equal 1.


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[Assistant] And c2 equal 1. And c1 equal c2 equal 1. But now I have many more possibilities. And what they do,


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[Assistant] This is the winner. This is, this is where C1 is 1, where this is happening. There is the winner for large time. So all curves swing up toward that, toward parallel to that line.


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[Assistant] Or down here, they swing down parallel to that line. So things here will swing down this way.


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[Assistant] That's the phase point. May I do one more example?


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[Assistant] To show that this was a source. This is called a source because the solution goes to infinity. Wherever you start, the solution goes to infinity. It's unstable, totally unstable. Now if I change to a positive damping,


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[Assistant] Then I would have a plus sign there. These would be plus signs. I would have s equal minus 1 or s equal minus 2. So with positive damping, I damp out naturally. And the


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[Assistant] The solutions are damping to zero zero, to nothing happening. So I just track the same lines, but in the opposite direction into, so instead of this being the big bang, it's the end of the universe. t equal infinity. Okay.


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[Assistant] I'm up for one more picture of this possibility. And let me take the equation y double prime equal 4y.


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[Assistant] S equals 2 or minus 2, and when I draw the phase plane,


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[Assistant] And c2e to the minus 2t from a 2 and a minus 2. That's the, that's the solution we all know.


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[Assistant] And now I should compute its slope. y prime will be 2c1e to the 2t minus


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[Assistant] 2c2 e to the 2t. And now you just want me to draw those pictures. You just want me to draw those pictures. And let me try to say what happens here.


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[Assistant] Uh, this is, this is a saddle point.


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[Assistant] It's called a saddle when we have in one direction things are growing.


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[Assistant] But in the other things are decreasing. So, uh, mostly, most solutions, if c1 is not zero,


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[Assistant] Then the growth is going to win and that will disappear.


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[Assistant] But there is the possibility that C1 is zero, so there will be one line coming from there.


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[Assistant] There'd be one line coming from there. Maybe I can try to draw that, again, I'll draw that pure line where, where C1 is 0.


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[Assistant] So that pure line is coming, these are minuses here.


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[Assistant] So that's why we have a saddle. We, we approach the saddle, uh, if, uh, along this where, where, where this is minus 2 of that. So I think it would be, so it's a slope of minus 2.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so it will be very exceptional that we're just right on that line.


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[Assistant] Points, all other curves in this phase plane are going to have a little c1 in them.


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[Assistant] And then this will take over, and that is, gives us, as we saw before, this slope is, this is 2 times that. So that line,


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[Assistant] Is the, is where everybody wants to go.


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[Assistant] And only if you start exactly on this line do you, do you get this picture and you come in to the south. There's the, instead of the big bang,


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[Assistant] Where we come in on this most special of all lines, coming from this picture, but almost always, this is the dominant thing, and we go out. So, so, uh, if I take a typical starting point, I'll go out this. Like that. Or like this. Ooh, no. Uh, yeaah. No, I'll go out. It'll have to go out.


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[Assistant] So if I start anywhere here, these are probably their hyperbolas, uh, going out in that direction. I don't swear that they're hyperbolas.


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[Assistant] Here, again, we might start in because we have a big numbers here, but then e to the t takes over and we go out. So those go out. These go out. And these go out. Yeaah. So this is the big line. That's the line coming from here.


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[Assistant] And that's where everything wants to go. And everything eventually goes that way, except the one line where c1 is 0, so that this dominant term is not even here, then, and then we come inwards. So that saddle point is, uh, uh, uh, the special point where


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[Assistant] You could go out if you go the right way, or you could come in if you go the other special, special way.


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[Assistant] Which involves spirals that come from complex.


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[Assistant] S, where we have oscillation. That'll be the next video.


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[Assistant] They had to find a way to sing the underwater song at the same tempo each and every time.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 17, The Dragon in the River.


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[Assistant] The dragon spun around, blocking the bar with his tail. Then with a splash he dived back underwater. Wukong stomped his foot and yelled at the river.


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[Assistant] Ask the Tang Monk. Wukong thought for a moment.


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[Assistant] Soon he came to Mount Podolaka in the South Sea. Guan Yin was in a garden next to her pagoda.


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[Assistant] How dare you try to burn my master! I should club you with my iron bar!


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[Assistant] I went down to check it out and found a wonderful Buddhist robe. I think it's a Buddhist treasure. Anyway, I stole it.


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[Assistant] So tonight, I'm throwing a feast to celebrate!


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[Assistant] How dare you pound on my door and yell at me? He cried.


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[Assistant] I need to take a break. It's time for my lunch.


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[Assistant] He dared her to fly from a tree.


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[Assistant] You are a professor of physics at the University of Oxford. You're a senior advisor at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. You also seem to tour the globe tirelessly, giving talks


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[Assistant] And in addition, you have your own weekly TV show on science. Where do you get the energy?


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[Assistant] What exactly is your goal? Why do you do all of this?


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[Assistant] Don't these two things get in the way of each other? What I mean is, doesn't giving lectures take time away from the lab?


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[Assistant] A significant discovery or invention we can expect soon.


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[Assistant] Conversation 2. Do you think dreams have special meanings?


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[Assistant] I would say people who believe that dreams have special meanings are superstitious, especially nowadays. In the past,


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[Assistant] During the times of Ancient Egypt, Greece or China,


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[Assistant] People used to believe that dreams could foresee the future, but today with all the scientific knowledge that we have


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[Assistant] I think it's much harder to believe in these sorts of things.


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[Assistant] Did you know that flying is actually safer than any other mode of transport? It's been statistically proven. People can be so irrational sometimes.


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[Assistant] Exactly. People do all sorts of crazy things because of their irrational feelings. But in fact, some psychologists believe that our dreams are the result of our emotions and memories from that day.


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[Assistant] I think it was Sigmund Freud who said that children's dreams were usually simple representations of their wishes. Things they wish would happen.


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[Assistant] But in adults, dreams are much more complicated reflections of their more sophisticated sentiments.


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[Assistant] While some scientists explore the surface of Antarctica, others are learning more about a giant body of water four kilometres beneath the ice pack. Scientists first discovered Lake Vostok.


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[Assistant] In the 1970s, by using radio waves that penetrate the ice.


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[Assistant] How does the water in Lake Vostok remain liquid beneath an ice sheet?


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[Assistant] The thick glacier above acts like an insulating blanket and keeps the water from freezing, says Martin Seagirt, a glaciologist from the University of Wales.


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[Assistant] The scientists suspect that microorganisms may be living in Lake Vostok.


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[Assistant] Closed off from the outside world for more than 2 million years.


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[Assistant] Anything down there will be totally alien to what's on the surface of the Earth, Sir Seagirt.


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[Assistant] Scientists are trying to find a way to drill into the ice and draw water samples without causing contamination. Again, robots might be the solution.


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[Assistant] If all goes as planned, a drill-shaped robot will melt through the surface ice.


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[Assistant] When it reaches the lake, it will release another robot that can swim in the lake, take pictures and look for signs of life.


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[Assistant] The scientists hope their discoveries will shed light on life in outer space, which might exist in similar dark and air-less conditions. Recently,


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[Assistant] Close-up pictures of Jupiter's moon, Europa, show signs of water beneath its icy surface.


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[Assistant] Once tested in Antarctica, robots could be sent to Europa to search for life there too.


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[Assistant] Questions 12-15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 12.


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[Assistant] Why did James Copeland want to study the American Indian tribe Tarahumaris?


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[Assistant] Question 14. What does the speaker say about Jane Copeland's trip to the Tarahumaris village?


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[Assistant] It seems today that people are terrified of the term, particularly of having the label attached to them.


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[Assistant] Accusing individuals or groups of being radical often serves to silence them into submission.


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[Assistant] Thereby, maintaining the existing state of affairs, and, more important, preserving the power of a select minority, who are mostly wealthy white male in western society.


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[Assistant] Stereotypes, misrepresentations by the media, and accusations of man-hating and radicalism.


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[Assistant] Women back down from their worthy cause and consequently participate in their own oppression.


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[Assistant] It has gotten to the point that many women are afraid to call themselves feminists because of the stigma attached to the word.


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[Assistant] If people refuse to be controlled and intimidated by stigmas, the stigmas lose all their power.


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[Assistant] Without fear on which to feed, such stigmas can only die.


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[Assistant] To me, a radical is simply someone who rebels against the norm.


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[Assistant] What advocates a change in the existing state of affairs?


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[Assistant] On Closer Inspection, it becomes clear that the norm is constantly evolving and therefore is not a constant entity.


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[Assistant] So why then is deviation from the present situation such a threat when the state of affairs itself is unstable and subject to relentless transformation?


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[Assistant] It all goes back to maintaining the power of those who have it and preventing the rise of those who don't.


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[Assistant] In fact, when we look at the word radical in a historical context, nearly every figure we now hold up as a hero was considered a radical in his or her time. Radicals are people who affect change. They are the people about whom history is written. Abolitionists were radicals. Civil rights activists were radicals.


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[Assistant] The founders of our country, in their fight to win independence from England, were radicals.


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[Assistant] Their presence in history has changed the way our society functions, mainly by shifting the balance of power that previously existed. Of course, there are some radicals who've made a negative impact on humanity.


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[Assistant] But undeniably, there would simply be no progress without radicals. That being said,


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[Assistant] Next time someone calls me a radical, I will accept that label with pride.


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[Assistant] Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 19.


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about us as human beings?


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say Fred should do first to improve his quality of life?


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[Assistant] Question 21. What does the speaker say about psychiatrists?


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[Assistant] Virtually every American can recognize a dollar bill at a mere glance. Many can identify it by its sound or texture.


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[Assistant] But few people indeed can accurately describe the world's most powerful, important currency.


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[Assistant] The exact composition of the paper and ink is a closely guarded government secret.


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[Assistant] Despite its weighty importance, the dollar bill actually weighs little.


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[Assistant] It requires nearly 500 bills to tip the scales at a pound. Not only is the dollar bill lightweight, but it also has a brief lifespan.


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[Assistant] Few dollar bills survive longer than 18 months. The word dollar is taken from the German word taler.


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[Assistant] The name for the world's most important currency in the 16th century.


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[Assistant] The tala was a silver coin first minted in 1518 under the reign of Charles V, Emperor of Germany. The concept of paper money


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[Assistant] is a relatively recent innovation in the history of American currency.


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[Assistant] When the Constitution was signed, people had little regard for paper money because of its steadily decreasing value during the colonial era.


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[Assistant] Because of this lack of faith, the new American government minted many coins for common currency.


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[Assistant] Interest bearing banknotes were issued at the same time, but their purpose was limited.


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[Assistant] To providing money for urgent government crises.


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[Assistant] The first non-interest-bearing paper currency was authorised by Congress in 1862 at the height of the Civil War.


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[Assistant] At this point, citizens old fear of devalued paper currency had calmed, and the dollar bill was born.


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[Assistant] The new green coloured paper money quickly earned the name Greenback.


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[Assistant] Today, the American dollar bill is a product of the Federal Reserve, and it's issued from the 12 Federal Reserve Banks around the United States.


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[Assistant] The government keeps a steady supply of approximately 2 billion bills in circulation at all times.


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[Assistant] Controversy continues to surround the true value of the dollar bill.


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[Assistant] American history has seen generations of politicians argue in favor of a gold standard for American currency.


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[Assistant] However, for the present, the American dollar bill holds the value that is printed on it, and little more.


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[Assistant] The only other guarantee on the bill is a Federal Reserve pledge as a confirmation in the form of government securities.


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[Assistant] We're going to fry these criminals. Let's start with Sun Wukong.


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[Assistant] He made that statue look like himself! That rotten monkey!


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[Assistant] It's bad enough that Sun Wukong wanted to escape. But did he really have to break my frying pan too? He stamped his foot. Bring out another frying pan!


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[Assistant] We'll fry his companions, starting with the Tang Monk!


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[Assistant] Hmmmmm. Nothing there. And quack, quack, quack, quack, quack, quack. Nope. Sorry peep. I'm afraid it's gone forever.


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[Assistant] Better than birds. That's just crazy. Quack needs to get more sleep. I know. We should go back later and check on him. Poor Quack.


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[Assistant] Hi Brian, thanks for having me today. I'm excited to explain to the audience what my book is really about.


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[Assistant] I'm aware of those claims, but they simply aren't true.


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[Assistant] People who haven't read the book are making assumptions about my arguments. They know I'm a vegetarian, that I don't wear leather or fur, and that I always use public transportation.


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[Assistant] So, they're depicting me as a radical animal rights activist and environmentalist determined to force my beliefs on others.


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[Assistant] I'd love it if people chose to live as I do, but my life choices are based on my personal convictions. They aren't my recommendations for others who don't share those convictions.


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[Assistant] I did write that, but those are examples of what I call best practices, not what I'm actually suggesting.


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[Assistant] In my guidelines for saving the environment, I suggest modest changes, like eating vegetarian meals two days a week.


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[Assistant] But the taxes I suggest aren't that high. Less than 3% only.


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[Assistant] Plus the money generated would be allocated to environmental protection, which benefits everyone.


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[Assistant] They also tend to be motivated by a negative or positive life event.


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[Assistant] They credit their success to having someone in their life who believes in them.


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[Assistant] Yes, greater ambition as well as a burning desire to be the best of the best is also a common characteristic.


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[Assistant] Absolutely. Successful people are also optimistic as it is important to stay positive while being aware of obstacles that can deter us from achieving our goals.


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[Assistant] They are usually good at cooperating with people and understanding the needs of others.


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[Assistant] That's correct, and this often leads to a great deal of mutual respect, whether it's with a colleague, an assistant, or even a receptionist.


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[Assistant] Not entirely. There's a prerequisite. That is, you have to work in an environment that nurtures passion. If that exists, success will follow.


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[Assistant] The saying, blind as a bat, simply isn't correct.


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[Assistant] The truth is that all 1,100 bat species can see and often their vision is pretty good.


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[Assistant] Although not as excellent as other night hunting animals.


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[Assistant] There are two main groups of bats which are believed to have evolved independently of each other, but both from a common ancestor.


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[Assistant] The first group, known as Megabats, are mostly medium-sized or large bats who eat fruits, flowers, and sometimes small animals or fish.


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[Assistant] These species have distinctive visual centers and big eyes.


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[Assistant] They use senses of vision and smell to capture their prey.


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[Assistant] For example, flying foxes not only see well during daylight, but can also distinguish colors.


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[Assistant] They actually rely on their daylight vision and cannot fly during the night with no moonlight.


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[Assistant] The second group, called Microbats, are smaller in size and mostly eat insects. These species use echolocation to find their way and identify food.


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[Assistant] Scientists have proven that despite their poorly developed small eyes, these bats still can see during the day.


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[Assistant] When we consider the nightly lifestyle of these bats, we will see they have to be sensitive to the changing light levels because this is how they sense when to start hunting.


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[Assistant] Moreover, vision is used by microbats to travel over long distances beyond the range of echolocation.


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[Assistant] So the truth is, there are no bats which are naturally blind. Some species use their sense of hearing more than their eyes as a matter of adaptation to a particular lifestyle. But their eyes are still functional.


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[Assistant] Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 12.


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[Assistant] What does the passage say about children watching educational programs?


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[Assistant] Why can't preschool children get the moral conveyed in the TV programs?


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[Assistant] Question 14. What does the passage suggest parents do?


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[Assistant] What should parents do right after watching the TV program?


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[Assistant] While it has long been a practice in Asian countries, many people in Western countries have yet to embrace the no shoes in the house rule.


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[Assistant] For many in those countries, wiping their shoes before going inside is regarded as sufficient. After all, they may think a little dirt doesn't hurt anyone.


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[Assistant] But I can give you several good reasons why people should remove their shoes before going inside their homes. Bacteria are everywhere.


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[Assistant] They collect on your shoes when you walk along sidewalks, public toilet floors, and even office carpets. In one study conducted at an American university,


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[Assistant] Researchers collected microscopic germs from footwear.


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[Assistant] They found that up to 421,000 units of bacteria can collect on the outside of a single shoe.


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[Assistant] And it only takes a little bit of dirt to damage your timber floors.


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[Assistant] The more dirt you track in, the more it scratches and the more often you have to clean.


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[Assistant] The extra scrubbing will harm your floors over time.


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[Assistant] Shoes can also leave marks and scratches on floors. Especially high heels or shoes with pointy or hard parts. These can dent and scratch your floor.


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[Assistant] And if you live in an apartment building, removing your noisy shoes is the polite thing to do out of consideration for your downstairs neighbors.


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[Assistant] Walking around with bare feet is actually better for your feet. It strengthens the muscles in your feet.


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[Assistant] Though many people are accustomed to wearing shoes during all their waking hours, the more time you spend wearing shoes, the more likely you are to incur foot injuries as a result.


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[Assistant] And if people aren't yet convinced by my arguments, I can give one final reason.


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[Assistant] The dust and toxic chemicals you bring into your house via your shoes can deteriorate the air quality in your home.


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[Assistant] Toxic chemicals are everywhere in our lives. Insect killing chemicals used on public grass areas. Cleaning chemicals on the floors of public areas. By kicking off your shoes before you enter the home, you are denying entry to these harmful chemicals.


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[Assistant] Given the amount of time we spend in classrooms and the number of shoes that pass through them every day, you may well understand me if I were to propose a no shoes in the classroom rule.


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[Assistant] Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 19.


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about hiding one's emotions?


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[Assistant] What should we do first in dealing with emotions?


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[Assistant] What are we advised to do when emotions arise?


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[Assistant] Good morning class. My topic today is how to feed a hungry world.


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[Assistant] The world's population is expected to grow from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050. Meanwhile,


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[Assistant] The world's population more than doubled from 3 billion.


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[Assistant] Simultaneously, food production has been constrained by a lack of scientific research. Still...


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[Assistant] This is an approach that is described as the sustainable growth of global agriculture.


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[Assistant] There is an urgent need for new crop varieties.


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[Assistant] They must offer higher yields, but use less water, nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs.


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[Assistant] These new crops must also be more resistant to drought, heat and pests.


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[Assistant] Equally crucial is lower tech research into basics such as crop rotation,


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[Assistant] And mixed farming of animals and plants on small farms.


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[Assistant] Developing nations could score substantial gains in productivity by making better use of modern technologies and practices. But that requires money. It is estimated that to meet the 2050 challenge,


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[Assistant] Investment must double to 83 billion US dollars a year.


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[Assistant] Most of that money needs to go towards improving agricultural infrastructure. Everything from production to storage and processing must improve. However,


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[Assistant] Research agendas need to be focused on the needs of the poorest and most resource-limited countries.


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[Assistant] It is there that most of the world's population lives.


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[Assistant] And it is there that population growth over the next decades will be the greatest.