[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because, you know, I, I think the, the kind of the, one of the underlying premises of the show is that, you know, success won't make you happy at all, it'll just make you feel more empty. And I've kind of been surprised to find that like, oh actually it's nice sometimes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I think we're, we're very lucky with our main cast. They are incredibly talented. Uhm, and so I would say all of them often elevate the material. And uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, if you work in television at all, or you work with actors at all, I think you will discover that there are three kinds of actors. Uhm, there are more kinds of actors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And voice acting is a very particular talent. And the way it works is, you know, they have the script.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we'll, we'll, we'll look at a line and it'll just like in a row give me like three completely different versions, right? Uhm, it's, it's, it's less about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Terrible versions, right? Yes, you gave me some variety, but I can't use any of it. So Will, we'll just like knock it out right away, three very funny versions of your joke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, he can also make the setups to jokes funny, somehow, and I-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is where I'm in awe of his talents. I don't know how he does it. But that his lines that are not meant to be funny become very funny. Like you can give him the line, what? And he'll just say, what? And it's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before this, he played primarily comedic roles, but he really, the heartfelt stuff he really digs into and he really gets and it comes out very honest and very vulnerable and very real, uhm, and it just inspired us to give him more and more stuff and go further and further in that direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I could say the same thing about all of our actors, that all of them, I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, Paul F. Tompkins is hilarious, uhm, but I don't think anyone necessarily thought of him as a dramatic actor. And we started giving him more dramatic stuff, and he just really was good at it. Uhm, so I, I am very delighted by all of him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's, it is, cause we, you know, we have a lot of actors who are all doing other stuff. Uhm, so, I don't think we're anyone's primary gig, so we get them when we can take them. It's true, you know? Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You edit it together and you go, oh yea, this feels totally normal. Like, you're not missing it, right? Like, you watch the show, you don't know that they're all recording separately. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The one time we did record people together was the big...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, BoJack Princess Carolyn episode in season 3 that's like at the restaurant. Uhm, it's like basically just one long conversation. Uh, we...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Amy Sedaris is in New York and she called in and we had Will in LA and they read through the whole thing like they're doing like a play together basically so they can actually feed off each other and get each other's energy so we can kind of have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That, uhm, and I think that kind of gives that episode like a real special texture. Uhm, but in general, yeaah, everyone records separately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then I got staffed on a show that lasted six episodes and then got cancelled. Uhm, it was, I would be shocked if it made it down here. It was called Save Me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then, and then I did, uh, six episodes of another show that also got cancelled very quickly, uhm, which was, uh, Us and Them, which is the American version of Gavin and Stacey? Do you know that? Uhm, so that also didn't work. Uhm, and then I did BoJack!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's true, I mean you wouldn't know that given all the things that are made about how you would think, like they're so fucking full of themselves. And I think they are worried about that perception. I think a little bit of it is like, a little like weird false modesty of like, I don't want people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, that's why. Uhm, and so yeaah, so whenever you do pitch something about Hollywood, you do get that pushback.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's, it's like fear three times removed, cause it's like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The executives of the production company are worried that the executives at the network aren't gonna want it because the executives at the network are worried that their bosses of the network aren't gonna want it because the bosses of the network is worried that like middle America's not gonna like it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's like how a lot of like decisions in Hollywood are made. It's like fear of like other people and like second guessing and like trying to predict what other people aren't gonna like and then being like, here you go, it's two and a half men.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's a huge figure, and he used to do the introductions in America for the Wonderful World of Disney, right? So I remember him being like, uh, there's a little funny thing about angels when they get into the outfields. Uhm, and so I got to meet him and was like, that's the guy who introduced angels in the outfield on TV!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think he liked it, I think he wanted to. Uhm, and so I'm like, pitching to him, which was, I mean, I was like, if this goes no further than this, at least I get to like talk to this guy about it. And he, uhm, said, you know, does he have to be an actor, like could he be...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, uhm, uh, uh, a horse, a racehorse or something like that that's washed up instead of in, uh, Los Angeles takes place in Kentucky. And I said, okay, well that's the whole premise of my show is now different. Uhm, but I can work with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know what? I like the Hollywood version better and here's why. And I had my pitch for that. And what I said is, I said, I think this is a show about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, dreams and about someone who's kind of risen the ladder and gotten to the top and finds that he still isn't happy. And I feel like in our culture,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We did, we, we developed it for a very long time, and so when I actually originally pitched the idea to Toronto, I had done, I had nothing. I had not done the CalPen thing. I had not worked on the other two shows. I had like some sketch comedy and like a couple like pilots I'd written on spec.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this guy, Steve Cohen, just like found me and was like, you seem like a smart guy, what do you got cooking? Uhm, and so like I, I pitched this show, uhm, he's like, alright, sure. And then we like worked on it together for like two years, then meanwhile, I got these other opportunities, I was doing this other stuff, then it was time to actually do my own show, like, okay, I think I know how to do a show now. Like if it had gotten picked up right away, I would have floundered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, so, so my friend Lisa Hannawalt, uhm, who designs all the characters of the show and works on the show, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've known her since middle school, so we've been good friends for a long time. So, so part of this project was like, how can I work with my friend Lisa? Like that's a lot of like Hollywood is just like, I wanna work with my friends. Like how can I get away from these other assholes and just like do my thing with like my cool buddies?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, no, so, so, so, you know, I was going to this meeting at Tornante, and I was like, ugh, animation ideas, animation ideas, and I went to her blog, and she'd been kind of drawing these animal people on her own, and so I just like printed out a bunch, and I was like, here's my show, it's animal people, and I was like-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they're like, okay, I mean, it's your good friend making the show, like, this is a really cool opportunity. And she's like, yeah, but like, I'm kind of doing my own thing right now, like, I'm living in Brooklyn, like, I'm good. And so then they called me, and they're like, well, Lisa passed. Alright, I didn't want to like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I was like, alright, and like I went, I met him, and he was like, I think he's from, uhm, Canada. And he like flew down to LA, and like I drove him around LA to give him like my tour of Los Angeles, and like how I wanted the show and what I wanted it to be about. And he's like, alright cool, I'm gonna draw some stuff up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And like six months later I got a call from Steve like, that guy didn't work out. Uh, we got another guy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, uhm, same thing with that guy. Really hit it off. About six months later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna go back to Lisa, we're not offering her more money. We really just got Lisa in our head and we really want her to do it. So they went back to her and they said how, you know, please, please, please.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've ruined us for anybody else. Uhm, and, and she, she said, uh, well, what do I have to do? And they said, just like, design the characters. And if you don't want to do anything else, you can go. And she's like, alright. And so she did that. And then like, she kind of got used to it. She's like, alright, okay. So then she, she and her boyfriend moved out to LA, and now she works on the show full time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well that's, I mean, that's, that's, you gotta be able to walk away from anything, or you're screwed. Especially in Hollywood, cause they'll, they're, they're, they're coming from a place of like, it's, we're doing you a favor, and so the second you say, no, I don't need this, and they're like, well actually, no, no, no, no, no, no, no. And so if you don't have that in your pocket, you're gonna get ripped off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I, well, here's the thing that I am passionate about right now, which is smaller than some of the bigger problems I have, because I have a lot of problems with Hollywood. No, I'm not, this is boring, I'm going to say the other thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Goodness. And I think especially right now in America,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think a lot of people in California feel like, oh my god, our country is being run by mad men, but like, we're the good guys. Like, we're cool, we just have to like fight the good fight. And there are a lot of problems in Hollywood in terms of racism, in terms of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're starting to. I think we are more aware of that problem than maybe people were even five years ago. And so I think things are moving in the right direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I think it's a huge problem, uhm, who is, is making the content and who the content is about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and again, I like to think we're moving in the right direction, but I think it's, I think even now, you know, you take one step in the right direction, and you have like 20 men pat themselves on the back and say, okay, let's go have lunch, right? And so I think it is something we need to be diligent about and be better at, and that is a thing that I would like to change and have more people working towards that and moving faster in that direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I have a half and half male-female writing staff, which is very important to me. I would love it if that were mandated for writers' rooms, although you can't really say that or do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I, I would like there to be more pressure on showrunners to do that, because, I mean, it's shocking how many, uhm, rooms are still all men, or all white men specifically. Uhm, you know, I, I, I make an effort to hire people of color, people with different perspectives than I have, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, on the casting side too, I came out of my first season on the show kind of shocked at how little diversity we had.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, because again, I thought of myself as like, one of the good guys, right? And then you look back, and when you're casting, you're doing one at a time. So you're thinking, okay, I gotta cast this person. Like, how about Angelica Huston? Lover, great, bring her in. How about this person? Yes, yes, yes. And you kind of look at all the names over the course of the season, and you think, I gotta do better. Uhm, so we really made a, a concerted effort in season two to go to people of color first. Uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the end of season two, I felt like we can do better. Uh, so I talked to my casting director and we tried to qualify and said, okay, for season three,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to have at least one actor of color in every episode. Uhm, because I think if you don't set those actual benchmarks and guideposts for yourself, then it's easy to say like, I'm trying, I'm moving, I'm pushing it, and so I've been


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, can we, can we have more perspectives in the writer's room? Uhm, can we get more, uh, women directing? Uh, more people of color directing episodes? Uhm, so that is something that I am...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since it is about Hollywood, I try to highlight that and point to that as a problem and satirize those issues and talk about them in the show itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, I think that's been a challenge too, I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, cause I think, uh, Zootopia handled this very well, actually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but that they, you know, they very clearly wanted to make some racial analogues with their animals and the predators and the prey. And I think it gets very sticky because you see very quickly, you can go, so are you saying that black people are predators? Right? Is that, is that what you're saying? Uhm, and then you say, well no, just in this movie they get stereotyped in a similar way, you know, and so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On our show, uh, early in the first season we had, just by coincidence, we had three writers who'd worked on the show Cavemen, which I don't know if it ever made it down here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But a lot of talented people worked on it, and so we got a bunch of them, including the creator, Joe Lawson, who's written some of our, uh, best episodes. Uhm, and so early in the first season,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, they would talk about how they feel like they really got cornered in at the beginning, because they had a line about, like, uhm, for cavemen who were Cro-Magnon, sometimes they called each other Maggers. And it's like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doing that at all, I don't want to be saying like, yeaah, all the, you know, the lemurs at Sarah Lynn's party, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that has, it has made it tricky to comment on race in a real way too because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not force it, you know, I think it has to come from character and come out of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think if you start a story saying like, I'm gonna make this point about this and really like make people think this, then you're kind of doing backflips and you're working in the wrong direction. I think, at least as far as I work, I think it's better to kind of have like a general idea of the kind of world you want to live in and the kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come out naturally as the characters have conversations, and not necessarily be precious about like, here's my idea, I gotta cram in somewhere. Because you might find that the idea you start with is different than the idea you end up with, and so you don't want to force it too much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, you know what's really interesting is I, uhm, uh, yesterday, uhm, I did a lot of press for the show here in Australia and I actually see some of the people I talked to yesterday here again, uhm, and,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I got questions about the Marge Simpson thread a lot, and no one in America has ever asked me about it, so I think it must have...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, which kind of lends themselves better to flash puppets than trying to do frame by frame because then you get these really jittery watercolor textures that are moving around and the patterns would be impossible. Uhm, and so yeaah, we do have more of a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Standardized character model, uhm, I think because of that. I think that was the main reason.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, some of it's done in America, and a lot of it's done in Korea, and then it comes back and we do more in America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love that story. I mean, I did, I did used to write plays. I was a playwriting major in college. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's great. Well, but I, I, you know, I uhm, one of the first plays I wrote in college, you know, you write it in sections because you're in this workshop, and so I wrote the first third, and it was really, uhm, heavily based on my relationship with my best friend from high school, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rea- very autobiographical. And the reaction I got from like my workshop was like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I don't know if this is a story I'm allowed to tell actually about Netflix. Then definitely tell it. Uhm, but uh, uh, allegedly, I actually didn't hear this from them, I heard it like fourth party, so it might not even be true. It's fine. But apparently, uhm, they were, uh, you know, at the beginning they weren't sure how do we tell our creators about who's watching, who's not watching. Uhm, so they went to David Fincher.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and they said, you know, House of Cards, in the first minute, uh, he kills a dog, that's like the first thing that Underwood does on that show, and he said, and the people just, like, at that moment, like a minute two, you just lost like a whole bunch of people, and David Fincher said, never tell anybody anything like that ever again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like a barbecue or something, and like, like goddess in the door. Uhm, but I, I, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is not something you see a lot of in animations. I really talked about that in the meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I pitched the whole season. I said, here's episode one, here's episode two, here's episode three, all the way through episode twelve. Uhm, and I really, you know, kinda, as I said, it's gonna end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of you go to these pitch meetings, I feel like a lot of times you're selling yourself more than you're selling the show. You're selling yourself as a person who should have a TV show and can run a TV show and has ideas and has exciting things to say. So I feel like by the end of the meeting, they went like, okay, yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am the boss. Uh, and so, you know, I like to give my writers freedom, and I like to give them authority, and I like them to feel ownership over their own episodes. Uhm, and it is a collaboration, and I think, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But at the end of the day, it is my show and I'm not gonna let something through that I don't like. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, you know, every episode that we've made is something that I've been very proud of and I feel personally connected to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make sure you're, you know, if you're doing 22, 25 episodes a year, a few are gonna go by and you're like, oh, there it went, you know? Uhm, but because we just make these 12 episodes a season, I, we can really all look at them and, and then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even after the written, you know, we have, we work with the actors, we have the animation and we, and editing and over and over again, we can kind of find the best jokes and really craft it and, and.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I'm with it from the very beginning all the way to the very end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes. Uhm, I'd say the, uh, the game show episode in season 2. Uhm, which really became a fan favorite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, and there were moments when it was coming together, it was like, I don't know if this one's gonna work. Like I really like, cause also, you know, when you pitch the jokes over, like you hear them over and over again, and you're like, I thought this was funny at some point, is this still funny? Uhm, so that one, for whatever reason, was,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I've kind of stopped worrying because I've noticed as each season comes out, all my worries are wrong. Like, oh, I was worried about this one, but it turns out people hated that episode or whatever. You know, I don't know. So, and I am, you know, I have my own


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not a member. No, I'm actually, I have a, I have a real love-hate relationship with Facebook in general. So, and because Facebook makes it really easy to like suspend your account and then pop back in, so I often will go months without having Facebook, so I can't always access the page, and then as soon as I like, I'm like, it's time for Facebook again, let's see what those Bojack pages are about. Uhm, so I have seen it, there's some very funny stuff there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was scared to write my first spec script, uh, cause I was doing sketch comedy in New York and it felt like almost like presumptuous to write a television script, like that's, I, you know, that's like, that's what, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I did, uh, and it was okay, and I got some feedback on it, and then it got better, uhm, and eventually I was like, I'm gonna write another TV script, and then I had two scripts, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were both pretty good, and then I wrote a third one that was like, not very good, and I didn't show it to anybody. Uhm, and then eventually based on those scripts, I started getting meetings with people, and I started, uh, getting some experience, and I learned how to do it. I mean, I think the only way to do any creative pursuit is to dive in and start trying. Do you remember the moment you stopped feeling like an amateur? No, it hasn't happened yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, I think that's, but I've learned to be okay with it. That's the amazing thing about imposter syndrome, is eventually you get to the point where it's like, everyone's gonna realize what a phony I am, but like, okay, I can't be afraid of that anymore because it's gonna happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think, I think a lot of people who watch the show, like, kind of, in a sense, it was happening eventually. Like, definitely, literally every time you see Sarah Lynn, there's some foreshadowing to the fact that this is not going to end well for her. Uhm, but somehow in season three,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She just like had an inkling and someone came into the room one day and was like, I saw Kristen Schall at a party yesterday and she asked me if Sarah Lynn was dying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, you know, I think luckily that last episode she's in, she gets to do so much. It's such a wonderful, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I knew her back in New York cause she was doing comedy and performing around the same time I was. Uhm, so it's really been exciting for me to like watch her career kind of take off, uhm, and, and, and as she's become more successful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I, I think they're like a giant, uh, of the format. Uhm, and particularly like I always really loved the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe this is obvious, the sadder episodes of The Simpsons. Uhm, you know, the more emotional, emotionally resonant ones, right? Like Lisa's substitute, uhm, Marge Be Not Proud is the one where Bart steals the video game and he worries that his mother doesn't love him anymore. That was heartbreaking. It's really, but, but even in the midst of those heartbreaking episodes, they were very funny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And so that was kind of a definite touchstone when starting BoJack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was like, they can do it, I think we can do it too. Like we can go to these really dark places and also be very funny. You know, one of the best compliments I got.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the first season came out, someone said, you know, it really feels like one of those, like, sad episodes of The Simpsons stretched out over a whole season.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, a lot of other animated shows, but I think most of my, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Influences on Bojack have actually been more in the live action world. Uhm, you know, like when I pitched the show I said it's gonna start out kind of like your more typical, uh, animated comedy, but it's gonna get...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you know, another show I really liked was, uh, The Critic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, from the 90s. And that's actually, when we were starting this show, I said, you know, a lot of cartoons kind of take place in fake places. But one of the things I loved about the critic was like, it was New York. And I want R.L.A. to feel like that New York. It's actually Los Angeles in America. It's not Springfield somewhere. So that was definitely an influence as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a real Los Angeles, obviously. Except it's full of animal people and the D is missing from the Hollywood sign. It's so recognizable. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, trickles out to us through these news reports, and I don't know how they're, you know, like, if we have like a guy in China who likes the show and wants to write a news story about like, me and my friends love it, like, it might just be that. Uhm, but like there have been some stories about how like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Verify like, yeah, it's true. We love it there. Or like, no, I've never heard of it. Uhm, so I don't, I don't know. Do you know anything?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can verify that there are a lot of fans in China. Oh, well thank you very much. I learned something tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I, I, it was a dream. I mean, I really was lost for a long time. I didn't quite know, uhm, what I wanted to be doing. Uhm, you know, after college I went to New York and that's a very easy place to be lost and be pulled in a million different directions like an octopus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Found myself falling into the television writers lane. That I felt like, okay, no good, this is, this is what I'm doing. And so I was about,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 25, 26, when that started happening. Uhm, and up until then I really had no idea. I mean, I think if you ask...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we always thought you'd be doing this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I think I always was fascinated with show business and fascinated with television and how it got made, so I, I definitely, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's always the thing I think everyone can relate to is that looking back, you see the straight trajectory of like, oh, I went from here to here. While you're in it, you're like, I don't know what I'm doing. When am I going? What's happening? And then you look back, oh, obviously it was this to that. Yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She was very generous. She, she, she gave her earlier question to her friend. Are we out of toys though, or is this? Did you miss your toy because you were so generous earlier?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're actually restricted by our production. They have to be 2530 and then sometimes when they come back, we'll add a little bit more or sometimes if we have a lot of like still frames or like two weeks later, Chirons or things like that that aren't actually animated, the episodes can be a little bit longer, but they're about 2530.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so that's what it is, right? So, so we, we, uhm, we record with the actors and then we edit together a radio play, which is literally just everything you hear in the episode. And we really tighten that and work on that because


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[Assistant] The theory is, like, if that's good, then everything else is great, right? Like, you want that to be in a good position. If, like, those jokes are working and making you laugh, then, like, you know you're in a good spot. And that's also the point where we start to pull stuff out, because we don't want to be


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[Assistant] Uhm, then we do, uh, you know, thumbnail animatics which are very rough and kind of just so we can kind of see the, uhm, uh,


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[Assistant] I mean, they're brilliant and they're very talented and we love them, but, you know, we want to make the story decisions. Uhm, and so then, uh, you know, it goes away for a few months, it comes back, uh, animated, and then we do our own fixes, our final polish, and sometimes we'll change stuff, even that late in the process, we'll go, you know what?


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[Assistant] This scene really isn't working as a close up. I know it's gonna break everyone's butts, but we gotta do it in a wide shot. Uhm, we try to be very stirring about that. And that's our, that's our basic process.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but I know cover to cover for the whole season takes us about a year. So like when we are starting the room up to when we are, you know, delivering our episodes to Netflix, it's about 11 months.


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[Assistant] They don't go that fast. So the idea of doing it in six days like South Park does it, that's insane to me. I can't imagine.


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[Assistant] I assume HBO makes it down here mostly, but Luck was a very short-lived show. Uhm, it was, it was, uh, David Milch, I think, right? Uhm, he made this show about horse racing.


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[Assistant] And it lasted one season, they got picked up for the second season, then they got cancelled between seasons because multiple horses on the show died.


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[Assistant] Also, I think because it's like a rival network, it's like, let's not give them the free press. Even though we're making fun of them, it's like, let's not, let's not, let's not make people go on HBO Go and be like, ooh, I want to watch Lock. That was, thanks for reminding me.


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[Assistant] Who, okay, who was I like? Fuck that guy. Exactly.


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[Assistant] I don't know. Uhm, I'm doing the dance in my head of like, what can I say? And what should I say?


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[Assistant] Well, we, we, we really, I feel like we kind of went after George Clooney with uncharacteristically this season. Uhm, and his whole like weird thing about pranks, which is like, you are an adult with grey hair. You should not be so delighted by like pranking people. This is not charming.


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[Assistant] I don't like him. I feel like he's still coasting off my so-called life. Like, it's goodwill from that. It's like, like he- And Requiem for a Dream. He was great in that. Yes, he was great in that. I mean, my line on Jared Leto, which is not in the show, it's just what I say about him in conversations, is that the coolest thing Jared Leto ever did was get punched in the face by Edward Norton in Fight Club.


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[Assistant] And in the script, we wrote multiple drafts, and with Netflix, uhm, in Season 2, uh, when Charlotte opens the door on Bojack and Penny in the yacht, we're very specific about what they are wearing,


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[Assistant] And it felt like, nah, I think you lose it. That's a bridge too far. I don't think you can do that. And so we really were like, okay, what if they're about to, and then even in season 3 we clarify that like, they, he was gonna go through with it, but he didn't actually yet. And that seemed to be like, that's where the line is for us on that issue. Uhm.


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[Assistant] I mean, you know, we brainstorm things all the time that sometimes we don't get to just because we can't find a good story route to get there. Like there was a uhm, we had a really...


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[Assistant] This is getting into season four, so I don't really want to go into it, but we had a story we wanted to do in season four this year involving, uh, Princess Carolyn.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then we were kind of gearing up to go there and then midway through it felt like we don't need to. Like it just, the story is powerful enough without that and just kind of muddies it up so let's, let's not do that part. Uhm, and you're gonna watch this season and go like, that was pretty dark, they were gonna go darker?


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[Assistant] Very little. That's something that we really kind of go season by season. And in fact, my initial pitch of the show was that they were going to break up before the end of the first season.


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[Assistant] And we actually even flirted with the idea of like, writing Diane out of the show. And kind of like, wouldn't that be a fun surprise if you have this like, main character who then just disappears after season one?


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[Assistant] Alright, yeaah, yeaah. Once he pitches, it's like, yeaah, that does feel like the logical end of this episode. He's gotta, he's gotta propose. And then we were doing episode 9, and we're like, okay, what if there's like some big, you know, party we're kind of building towards at the end of the episode? It's like, is it like a, uhm,


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[Assistant] These are two people who got married, uh, very quickly and what is their relationship now and what is that marriage actually look like? And it's been really fun to develop that relationship further and kind of see


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[Assistant] Have you ever had a problem with a schoolmate or a friend and you got into a fight?


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[Assistant] Well, wouldn't it be nice to have somebody to help you?


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[Assistant] Get over that fight or to solve that problem?


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[Assistant] Well that's what this story is in this lesson, and it's a very good story. It also shows us


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[Assistant] How we can solve problems that we might have with our friends or our schoolmates. The title of this story is Ruby to the Rescue.


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[Assistant] And actually we can see Ruby right here. Ruby is in the middle. And these two children, they're having a fight. They're having an argument. Ruby is going to help them solve their problem. How will she do it? Well that's what we're going to find out in this lesson.


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[Assistant] And there's Ruby again. Ruby to the rescue. She's a very wise and she's a very smart, uh, third grader. She's in the third grade and she knows how to help her friends solve an argument. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's see what happened. We're gonna start with a story. Now the first person that we're gonna start with is Jack. He was the boy sitting on the side, on the left side. Let's find out what happened with Jack. Let's read.


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[Assistant] Jack went to get his pencil case.


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[Assistant] Do you have a pencil case? It's probably a little case with a zipper. You open it up.


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[Assistant] And inside are all your pencils, your erasers, other things, right? Okay? You keep many little things in there. It's an easy way to keep those things together so you don't lose them. You don't have pencils and pens everywhere. They're all in your case. So Jack went to get his pencil case. And there's Jack.


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[Assistant] Where is his pencil case? I don't see it, there's no pencil case here. It's in his backpack? Nope, he's not getting his backpack. It looks like it's gone, right?


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[Assistant] It was blue with stars on it. It's a blue pencil case with stars on it.


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[Assistant] He looked in his desk, right? Some desks, they have the top, you open up, you keep books and stuff inside. He looked in his desk.


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[Assistant] Then he looked in his backpack. He looked in his backpack.


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[Assistant] No pencil case. His pencil case was missing. It's missing. I can't find it. I don't know where it is. It's lost. It's lost. If something is missing,


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[Assistant] I don't know what I'm doing here. It's lost.


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[Assistant] It's lost. It's missing. I can't find it. I don't know where it is.


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[Assistant] Look at the picture carefully. Can you find the blue pencil case with stars on it? Do you see it?


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[Assistant] That's right. There is a blue pencil case with stars on it over there. But that's somebody else's desk. This is Jack's desk. Whose desk is that?


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[Assistant] Then he noticed Stella's desk. Aha! That's Stella's desk.


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[Assistant] On it was a blue pencil case.


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[Assistant] It had stars on it. That's like his pencil case, right? A pencil case that looks very much like his is on Stella's desk. Okay?


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[Assistant] So, he picked it up. He thought, well, that's my pencil case. It's blue, it has stars on it. So he picked it up.


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[Assistant] Just then, just then, at that moment, at the same time that he picked it up,


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[Assistant] Stella came into the room. So he picked it up at the same time Stella came in the room. She saw him pick up


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[Assistant] The pencil case from her desk. Not his desk, her desk.


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[Assistant] Leave my pencil case alone, she said.


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[Assistant] So Stella says that's her pencil case. Right? Here's Jack. There's the pencil case. Now he's like, ooooh. Right?


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[Assistant] And she's angry. That's my pencil case. Leave it alone. Leave it alone. Don't touch. Don't touch my pencil case. Okay? So, we have an argument between Jack and Stella.


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[Assistant] Jack thinks that's his pencil case. Stella says it's her pencil case. She doesn't want Jack to touch it. This is a problem and this is our problem. How will it be solved?


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[Assistant] Well, let's take a short break. We'll come back and we'll see how they're going to solve it. Well, let's take a look.


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[Assistant] Jack and Stella try to solve the problem in the wrong way. Okay, we can see them, they're fighting. Jack has one part of the pencil case, Stella has the other part, and they're pulling it. It's mine! No, it's mine! Right? Let's read.


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[Assistant] Jack and Stella had an argument. Had an argument. When you don't agree with somebody, you think one way, your friend thinks another way, you have, and you fight about it with your words, you have an argument.


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[Assistant] Stella said the pencil case was hers.


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[Assistant] So you see, Stella says one thing, Jack says another thing.


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[Assistant] And they don't agree. They have an argument. It's because they're saying something that are different. They're opposite. The pencil case is hers. No, the pencil case is his. That's their argument.


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[Assistant] So, some other children, some other children heard them, right? Cause they're arguing, it's mine, no, it's mine, no, it's mine.


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[Assistant] Other children heard them, they came into the classroom. So other children start to come in and they start to get involved. Okay?


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[Assistant] Stella's friends thought Stella was right. Jack's friends thought Jack was right. Okay, this is very common.


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[Assistant] Stella's friends are going to support or agree with Stella.


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[Assistant] Jack's friends are going to agree with or support Jack.


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[Assistant] They are going to take sides. When you choose somebody to help or to support in an argument,


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[Assistant] You are taking a side. They are taking sides. So, do you take Jack's side? Or do you take Stella's side? Of course, Stella's friends are going to take her side.


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[Assistant] Jack's friends are going to take his side. So whose side?


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[Assistant] Are you going to take? You can also say, whose side are you on? Are you on Jack's side or are you on Stella's side? I'm on Stella's side. I'm on Jack's side. Whose side are you on? Okay?


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[Assistant] So, but then Josh, here's Josh. Josh is a smart kid, right? Josh had an idea. Ding! He has an idea.


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[Assistant] I will get Ruby. Ah, Ruby. Remember Ruby? She's the smart third grader.


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[Assistant] I will get Ruby, he said. She will help you decide. Ruby will help you decide. Ruby will help you solve this argument. Okay? So, what will Ruby do? Ruby's very smart. She knows what she's doing. She comes.


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[Assistant] Ruby was in the third grade. Whoops, Ruby was in the third grade. Here's Ruby. Now, we don't know what grade Jack and Stella are. It doesn't say.


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[Assistant] But because we see Ruby is in the third grade, we get the idea that she's older. Probably Jack and Stella are in the first grade or the second grade. We're not sure, but we get the idea that Ruby is older than them. So she's in the third grade.


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[Assistant] She had an important job. She has an important job.


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[Assistant] She helped children solve arguments. She helped children solve arguments. To solve an argument, to find a solution to the argument.


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[Assistant] She has a special name. People, not just Ruby, but people who help


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[Assistant] Two sides solve an argument. They have a special name. They're called


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[Assistant] Mediator. A mediator. Ruby is


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[Assistant] A mediator. That's a little himdero word. Mediator. Mediator. Mediator.


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[Assistant] She's a mediator because she helps people solve their arguments.


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[Assistant] Ruby came to the first grade classroom. Ah, actually we find out right there. First grade, Jack and Stella. Now we know they're in the first grade. So they're in the first grade. Ruby is two years older than them. She's older.


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[Assistant] So, Ruby came to the first grade classroom.


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[Assistant] And she does something first. The mediator does several things. She has several steps. The first step she asks is she wants to find that there's agreement between the two parties. Some type of agreement.


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[Assistant] They disagree, but the mediator's job is to find some place where the two people fighting can agree. So she asks a question. Very simple question. Do you want to?


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[Assistant] Do you want to solve this problem? She asked Jack


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[Assistant] Yes, said Jack, of course. Even though they're fighting, right, they want to solve the problem.


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[Assistant] Even if two people have a very terrible, uh, argument, right, very serious argument, they still, they don't want to fight. People don't want to fight. It's very obvious that they want to solve the problem. So the first thing she does is she finds some area of agreement. Let me see if I can do this. Area of agreement.


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[Assistant] She wants to find out if Jack wants to solve the problem? Yeaah. What do you think Stella will say? Will Stella say yes? Probably. Okay, she probably will.


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[Assistant] But what we're gonna do here is we're gonna take a short break. We'll come back in the next part of the lesson. We're gonna see Ruby ask Stella the same question and we're gonna hear what Stella says.


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[Assistant] Probably Stella will say yes, right? Because Ruby wants to find an area of agreement. Nobody wants to keep fighting. People want to solve the problem. So let's take a short break. We'll find out what happens in the next part. See you then.


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[Assistant] Hi, uhm, so last season it was very, very, very strongly hinted that Todd was asexual and I know that at the time you said in interviews that


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[Assistant] Jellyfish float in this tank.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody. Did you have some guacamole while you were waiting for this next lesson? I hope so. Okay, well let's find out how to make some other kinds of delicious foods. The first one is cheesy pizza.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, the children and dad made a pizza. The children and dad. So remember, Jasmine, Nat, and dad, all three of them worked together. Because pizzas, pizza is a difficult thing to make. Everybody has to work together.


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[Assistant] From the other lesson about guacamole. Jasmine got everything ready to make guacamole.


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[Assistant] To make cheesy pizza, the children got everything ready. Get everything ready. It means you gather all the ingredients. And this is an important thing to do before you do anything.


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[Assistant] Whether it's cooking, studying, going to play a sport, you need certain things. So you need to get everything ready before you do something. So this is a very important sentence. Get everything ready. Okay.


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[Assistant] Dad made the dough. Nat rolled it out. It means dough. What is dough?


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[Assistant] Dough, we can see a picture here of dough. This is dough.


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[Assistant] Dough is like, uh, bread, uh, wheat that you mix, or flour that you mix. It's like garu, garu that you mix with water and maybe you put some other ingredients into it and you make it like this and it's very soft. It's like when you make bread, it's what you have before you make bread.


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[Assistant] Before you cook it, that's dough. And it's kind of fun to play with actually. You can make little shapes, you can push it, you can make a ball out of it.


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[Assistant] But don't play with it too much, okay? You don't want to get it dirty, right? So, uh, Dad made the dough. Nat rolled it out. Nat is using a roller. He's going to use a rolling pin.


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[Assistant] And he's gonna roll it out. Why? Because the dough is going to be the bottom of the pizza. And as you know with pizza, it's very flat, right? So you have to make it flat and you have to make a circle. So Nat's gonna roll it out.


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[Assistant] Now these are the things that they need. When they get everything ready, these are the things they need. These are the ingredients and these are the tools. Okay? Ingredients and tools. The ingredients are tomato sauce,


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[Assistant] Of course you also need dough, and that's part of the ingredients, right?


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[Assistant] The tools are a rolling pin to roll the dough, a baking sheet, so you put everything on the baking sheet to put in the oven, and a spatula.


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[Assistant] Dad put on the sauce. Remember the tomato sauce. So dad put the tomato sauce on the dough. And look what Nat did. Nat did a good job. He rolled it thin and he rolled it in a circle.


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[Assistant] So first dad put on the sauce and then Jasmine put on the cheese. Look at all the cheese. You can't see the sauce. She covered the sauce.


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[Assistant] Cheese. That's a really cheesy pizza. Okay?


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[Assistant] Matt put on the tomatoes. So tomato sauce on the bottom, cheese on the top, and on the very top are tomatoes. Mmm, looks good. Now dad baked the pizza. Bake mean


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[Assistant] To bake something, you put it in the oven. And there's heat on the top, heat on the bottom, heat on the sides. There's heat all around it. You bake it. And afterwards, of course you know what pizza looks like.


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[Assistant] This is the pizza here. It's very good, right? It looks really good. Look at all the cheese. Wow, it's a really cheesy pizza.


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[Assistant] Looks good. Okay, so that's Cheesy Pizza. What else are they going to make?


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[Assistant] They're going to make fruit kebabs. Okay? So fruit kebabs are very healthy and they're kind of light. They'll go well with the cheesy pizza. So fruit kebabs.


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[Assistant] Jasmine and Nat made fruit kebabs, fruit kebabs. And as you can see here, these, this is the fruit that they're going to use, right? They're going to use apples, they're going to use kiwi fruit, or just kiwi. Kiwi is okay, most people just say kiwi.


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[Assistant] Strawberries, grapes, banana, and pineapple. Wow, that's a lot of different fruit.


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[Assistant] This fruit kebab has a lot of different fruit in it, right?


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[Assistant] Dad cut up the fruit. He used a knife to cut up the fruit, the tool.


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[Assistant] Okay, now what is this tool here? It's skewers. Let's read. Jasmine and Nat put the fruit pieces onto skewers. A skewer is a metal piece or it can be wood. It can be wood or it can be metal.


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[Assistant] These look like wood, wood skewers. But you can also get metal skewers. And as you can see, they're just very long sticks with a sharp point.


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[Assistant] Be careful. You can hurt yourself, right? So be careful handling or using skewers.


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[Assistant] But they're very good because it's sharp, you can put the fruit on the skewers very easily. So Jasmine and Nat put the fruit pieces onto skewers. You can see pineapple, kiwi, banana, maybe next will be strawberry, maybe next will be grape, right? And here's all the fruit that they're using.


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[Assistant] Yum, yum means um, um, um, um, um, right? Yummy, we also say yummy, yum or yummy, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, right? It looks delicious.


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[Assistant] These fruit kebabs look tasty. Tasty is the same as delicious. They look delicious. They look tasty. Look at them here. Wow.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, I'm getting really hungry now. I think it's time for dinner, not lunch. Okay, it's time for a big meal. Okay, well this looks really good. There's one more thing they're going to make too, and that is pink lemonade.


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[Assistant] So lemonade, as we know, is usually yellow, but they're going to make pink. Pink lemonade, like this color here.


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[Assistant] So, last of all, last of all, at the last, last of all, the children made pink lemonade.


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[Assistant] In our sentence, they got everything ready. Of course they got everything ready. They get all the ingredients together, right?


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[Assistant] What are the ingredients? The ingredients are eight lemons. It's lemonade. You need a lot of lemons, right? Look at this. One cup raspberries.


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[Assistant] Did you know you can make lemonade with raspberries?


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[Assistant] 10 tablespoons, of course that's a tool, not an ingredient. They use 10 tablespoons of white sugar. Well, 10 tablespoons


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[Assistant] The spoon is a tool that you use for measurement. And the sugar, white sugar, is the ingredient. So you see, you can use a spoon as a tool to do something. You also use a spoon to measure.


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[Assistant] How much do you need? One tablespoon? Two tablespoons? Or ten tablespoons? They need ten tablespoons of white sugar to make it sweet.


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[Assistant] They use five cups of water. Again, a cup is a measuring tool. And this is a special cup because it shows exactly the amount of water they need. Five cups.


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[Assistant] And they need ice. They also need ice, of course, to make it cool. Then it's very refreshing. Okay? These are the tools they will use. A pitcher, a pitcher to put the lemonade in and to serve the lemonade, to pour the lemonade.


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[Assistant] They need a juicer. We know about the juicer. We saw that before. What do you think they're going to use the juicer with? Which ingredient?


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[Assistant] Of course, they're going to use the lemons with the juicer. They're going to squeeze the lemons onto the juicer to get the juice from the lemons.


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[Assistant] And of course they're going to use a spoon to measure the sugar. They're going to use, what's this? How do you pronounce that? A sieve. Sieve.


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[Assistant] That's a little bit of a difficult word. This is a special tool. It's like a bowl, right? It's like a bowl, but it has many holes in it. It has holes in it. If you pour water in here, the water just goes right through the holes.


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[Assistant] Why would you use something like this? Well, think about it. If you use the juicer to squeeze the lemons, you're going to get some of the seeds, lemon seeds. And when you're drinking your lemonade, you don't want to drink a lemon seed, do you? That's weird, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what you do is you pour the juice into the sieve, and the sieve lets the juice go, but it catches the seeds, right, because it has holes, and the holes are very small. So this is a sieve, and we use it to separate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't want the seeds, so pour the juice into the seed. The seed catches the seeds, but it lets the juice go out the bottom. Okay?


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[Assistant] And then we have a bowl, of course, to mix everything in. Okay, well these are the things we're going to need to make pink lemonade, but we're going to take a break right now. And when we come back, we're going to see how to combine these ingredients and tools and to make lemonade. Mmm, sounds good. And then we'll also have a surprise for mom. So, we'll see you next time.


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[Assistant] Don't feel like doing anything. Da da da da da da. I just wanna lay in my bed.


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[Assistant] Don't feel like picking up my phone Leave a message at the tone Because today I swear I'm not doing anything


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[Assistant] Do you remember what Claudia said was her least favorite attraction? The walking dead.


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[Assistant] Since its pilot launch in 2010, The Walking Dead is one of the most popular US TV series in recent years.


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[Assistant] Lifelike zombies and bloody fight scenes have attacked plenty of fans. As a result, Universal Studios has created a Walking Dead themed house of horrors. The interior is set up like a dark maze, with special effects and animatronics creating a very tense atmosphere.


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[Assistant] Our host is just about to go in and experience this house of horror. I wonder if she has a strong enough heart to make it through.


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[Assistant] Nice! Claudia's courage is worthy of praise. The meaning of life lies in overcoming the challenges that you don't think you can manage. So, before Claudia recovers from the lingering shock, we'll go check out the exciting Jurassic Park!


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[Assistant] To get to Jurassic Park, you have to first go through this multi-staged escalator called the Starway. This escalator connects the two areas of Universal Studios. On the escalator, you can use this not so short amount of time to admire the view overlooking the stages of Universal Studios and the entire area.


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[Assistant] Jurassic Park is one of the most exciting parts of Universal Studios. There is a giant dinosaur up to 15 meters tall, as well as the Jurassic Park ride with a death-defying drop into River Rapids.


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[Assistant] You'll look into the bloodthirsty mouth of the Tyrannosaurus Rex up close, an experience of fear that makes you take the dive into the waters and escape from the dinosaur hunting you.


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[Assistant] Although she looks like she is comfortably enjoying the primeval scenery in front of her. In the next few moments, I expect her to be crying for her mother.


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[Assistant] Next time, if you don't need your raincoat anymore, it seems like a good way to give it to others. Today, we'll end the episode while Claudia's screaming still lingering.


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[Assistant] Before we meet next time, don't forget to review today's content.


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[Assistant] Usually, when we are in a museum of modern art, huge question marks keep popping up in our heads. Look at this! And this! And this! I am lost and clueless.


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[Assistant] What are these insanely expensive works of art trying to say?


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[Assistant] Today, Tomato Team heads for the most famous Tate Gallery of Modern Art in London. Let's see whether Connor honestly admits his inability to understand or talks pretentious nonsense as if he were an art critic when in the face of the confusing, incomprehensible works of modern art.


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[Assistant] A lot of people like rainbow ice, I like chocolate.


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[Assistant] Okay. Why do I feel weird hearing that?


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[Assistant] Oh god, I was about to trip and scrape my butt this time.


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[Assistant] You have received 10 questions about Transformers on your phone and now you have to invite a person wearing yellow to answer questions. If they complete 6 out of 10 correctly, it will count as passing for your mission.


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[Assistant] This is gonna be hard. I already chose someone that I thought would be easy, but...


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[Assistant] Uhm, number three, entrance number one. How much did Sam spend on the Bumblebee?


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[Assistant] I'm just gonna go ahead and guess 1, 2, 3, 4, other rest of them.


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[Assistant] On here, so I'm gonna get a picture of it here.


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[Assistant] Jingpo Lake, the largest alpine lava barrier lake in China, is as famous as Lake Geneva in Switzerland.


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[Assistant] Jingpo lake is 45 kilometers long with an average depth of 40 meters and a maximum depth of 60 meters.


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[Assistant] The winter here is cold, with an extreme minimum temperature of minus 35 degrees Celsius.


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[Assistant] At the base of the cliff is the Black Dragon Pool, 60 meters deep.


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[Assistant] Although the winter temperature here is lower than minus 20 degrees Celsius, the temperature at the bottom of the water is kept above 10 degrees Celsius all year round. And the deeper the water, the higher the temperature.


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[Assistant] Because of underground hot springs, this lake amid the ice and snow will never freeze.


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[Assistant] If you seek the most authentic Sydney, you would definitely not want to miss out on a time travel tour in the Rocks. The Rocks area sits right next to Circular Quay, Harbor Bridge, and overlooks the Sydney Opera House. It couldn't stay hidden if it tried.


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[Assistant] The richly colonial-styled streets and alleys still retain its historical framework. Ink lines and disorder, making it easy to get lost, even with a GPS on hand.


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[Assistant] Today, we're going to visit a building in the Rocks with over a hundred years of history. The Australian Heritage Hotel.


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[Assistant] As to what we'll be doing, we'll let Andy do the talk.


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[Assistant] But no word is the answer why I feel this way.


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[Assistant] It's called REM behavior disorder, which means I sleep in a sleeping bag up to my neck and I wear mittens so I can't open the sleeping bag.


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[Assistant] Hey Samuel, can you come take a look at my PC? It's acting up again. It must have a virus or something.


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[Assistant] This stupid computer froze again. That's the third time today.


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[Assistant] Hey Samuel, can you come take a look at my PC? It's acting up again. It must have a virus or something.


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[Assistant] Hey Samuel, can you come take a look at my PC? It's acting up again. Must have a virus or something.


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[Assistant] So the British version of an eraser?


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[Assistant] It's something that you put on something when you're making a certain action with another person. Maybe if you don't want to have a baby. Yea, if you don't want a baby, you use a rubber.


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[Assistant] Disregard what people are saying, do you know? Like, ah, that's for the birds. It means like, it's worthless.


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[Assistant] Yeah. On the pool, I would say it's like you're on... Does it have to do with going out?


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[Assistant] And you're, you're pulling people over the opposite sex. Right?


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[Assistant] You are, yeaah, you're passing current, but you're scheduling again.


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[Assistant] So this is the final. This is the decider. This is the deciding factor here.


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[Assistant] Looking in a card brochure, recently,


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[Assistant] Apparently Will is better at American English than I am at British English. Alright. Thanks for watching. Now we're gonna enjoy our dinner and tequila. Me and more with the tequila. Laura. I was gonna say have a leg up. Shoot the breeze with my friends.


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[Assistant] I'd like to check in, please. I have a reservation under the name Anthony Roberts.


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[Assistant] I'd like to check in, please. I have a reservation under the name Anthony Roberts.


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[Assistant] Draw a picture and write about it. Science.


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[Assistant] What types of animals could you see at the beach? Share your ideas with a partner.


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[Assistant] Yep, I think so. The car's packed, we have munchies and music, and the map's in the car.


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[Assistant] Well, let's get going then. I love road trips.


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[Assistant] I have another meeting in 20 minutes, so let's get down to business.


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[Assistant] Yep, I think so. The car's packed, we have munchies and music, and the map's in the car.


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[Assistant] Well, let's get going then. I love road trips. Uhm, do you think we can make a pit stop?


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[Assistant] I know, but I forgot to go to the bathroom before we left.


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[Assistant] Yep, I think so. The car's packed, we have munchies and music, and the map's in the car.


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[Assistant] Well, let's get going then. I love road trips.


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[Assistant] That's why we came to Cairns, the city that guards the most primitive side of Australia, the city of the Great Barrier Reef and Tropical Rainforest.


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[Assistant] With bizarre looking trees and strange insect species everywhere, you feel you're inside the world of Avatar.


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[Assistant] AJ Hackett, father of bungee jumping, is said to have been an adrenaline junkie since he was a kid.


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[Assistant] Bungie jumping, or the Minjing swing? What is Andy's choice?


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[Assistant] The priority queue series, make sure you watch the last video so we understand the underlying structure of the binary heap. So let's get started.


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[Assistant] In general, with heaps, we always want to remove the root value, because it's the node of interest. It's the one of the highest priority, because it's the smallest or the largest value.


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[Assistant] When we remove the root, we call it polling.


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[Assistant] A special thing about removing the root is that we don't need to search for its index. Because in an array implementation, it has position or index zero. So when I say poll, in red, we have


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[Assistant] The node we want to remove and in purple is the one we're going to swap it with.


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[Assistant] So the node of purple is always going to be the one at the end of our array, which we also have its index. So we swap them, we get rid of the one. And now, since 10 is at the top, well, we're not satisfying the heap invariant. So we need to make sure that


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[Assistant] The heap invariant is satisfied. So we need to do what's called bubbling down now instead of bubbling up.


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[Assistant] What we do is we look at 10 children, five and one, and we select the smallest, and we swap with the smallest. So 10 would go to one.


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[Assistant] So make sure you default selecting the left node in case there was a tie. So as you can see, 1010 children are two and two.


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[Assistant] They're both equal. So we're going to select the left node to break time. And now we bubble down 10 again. And now the heap invariant is satisfied. Now we want to remove the value 12.


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[Assistant] So polling was removing the,


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[Assistant] However, we still want to be able to remove 12. So what we do is we have to search for 12 in our tree, even though we don't know its position yet.


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[Assistant] We start at one and we do a linear scan through all our elements until we find 12.


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[Assistant] So five is not 12, two is not 12 and so on until


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[Assistant] Find 12. And now we found 12. And now we know where its position is. So we can mark it as the node we want to remove, and also swap it with the purple node being the last node in our tree. swap them remove the 12.


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[Assistant] And now we're in violation of the heap invariant. So now we want to bubble up three until the heap invariant is satisfied.


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[Assistant] Now we want to remove three, same thing as last time, search for three in the tree. Three wasn't far, it was just two nodes away. So now to remove an element, again,


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[Assistant] Drop it. But now the question is, do we bubble up or bubble down the value? Because


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[Assistant] You don't really know what the value of the node in the last position is when you're swapping it in.


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[Assistant] So do we bubble up or bubble down? Well, we already satisfy the heap invariant from above. So we need to bubble down 15. So


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[Assistant] So five was smaller, so we swapped it with five. Now eight is smaller, so we swap it with eight. And again, the heap invariant is satisfied. Now we want to pull.


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[Assistant] So mark the root node red, swap it, remove the one. And now we would want to bubble down.


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[Assistant] And the heap invariant is satisfied. Now we want to remove six. So search for six in


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[Assistant] Okay, we have found six and do the swap.


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[Assistant] Remove six. Now do we bubble up or bubble down? The answer is neither.


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[Assistant] The heap invariant is already satisfied. So we don't even need to touch our node. We got lucky.


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[Assistant] That polling takes logarithmic time since we're removing the root and we already know where to find it.


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[Assistant] And also that removing a random node can take up to linear time, since we have to actually find the index of that node we want to remove before removing it.


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[Assistant] However, if you're as dissatisfied with this linear removal as I am,


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[Assistant] And indeed there is, and I'm about to show you a hack to improve this complexity.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now we're going to look at how to remove nodes from a heap with the improved time complexity.


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[Assistant] To do this, we'll need to make use of a hash table, a data structure I have not yet covered.


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[Assistant] So buckle up, things are about to get a little wild.


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[Assistant] At some positions and instead of doing a linear scan to find out where the node we want to remove is


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[Assistant] We just want to be able to do a lookup and figure that out.


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[Assistant] The way we're going to do this is that every node is going to be mapped to the indexes found at


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[Assistant] So when we want to remove a particular node, just look up its index and start doing it linear scan. Sounds good, right?


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[Assistant] That sounds great except for one caveat or two. What about


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[Assistant] If the heap has multiple nodes with the same value, what problems would that cause?


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[Assistant] Well, just a few, but nothing we can't handle.


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[Assistant] Instead of mapping one value to one position, we will map one value to multiple positions. And we can do this


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[Assistant] For which a particular node value or key if you want maps to. So kind of example. Okay, so observe the blue heap remark that has repeated values. Namely, we can see that the two


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[Assistant] Is there three times seven? Is there twice 11 and 13 watts?


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[Assistant] Below I have drawn the index tree, a tree which can help us determine the index position of a node in the tree.


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[Assistant] 11, for example, is at index three, 13 at index five, and the first two at index zero. On the left is the hash table.


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[Assistant] With the key value pairs, notice that two is found in three positions, zero, two and six, while seven is found in two positions, one and four and so on.


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[Assistant] So this is how we're going to keep track of the positions of the values in the tree. If notes start moving in the tree, we also need to keep track of that. For example,


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[Assistant] If a bubble up or a bubble down occurs, we need to track all of those movements.


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[Assistant] And where the swaps go to so we can update the index position in our map. We swap 13.


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[Assistant] And the last seven, for example, the following should happen. So we look at where seven and


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[Assistant] In our table, and then I've mapped those respective positions as red for the seven and yellow for the 13.


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[Assistant] And this is what happens when we do a swap. We do a swap in the tree, but also in the table.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this all sounds great. We keep track of repeated values by maintaining a set of indices a particular node, the particular value was found out. But now let's ask a further question.


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[Assistant] If we want to remove a repeated node in our heap,


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[Assistant] Which node do we remove and does it matter? Because if we look in our heap right here,


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[Assistant] There's three possible two values we can remove doesn't matter which one we remove. The answer is no, it does not matter.


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[Assistant] So we need to place three at the bottom of the heap in the insertion position.


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[Assistant] We also need to track where the new node


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[Assistant] So we add three to our table, along with its position, which happens to be at index seven.


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[Assistant] Look at the index tree in grey to confirm this.


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[Assistant] Now that three is has been inserted, we need to make sure the heap invariant is satisfying. Currently it is not. So what we do is we bubble up three.


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[Assistant] The parent of three is 11, which is greater than three. So we need to swap those two notes. I've highlighted the seven in the index tree because it maps to three in the heap and three in the index tree because it maps to the value of 11.


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[Assistant] Now swap those both in the tree and in the table. Awesome.


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[Assistant] Now the heap variant is still not satisfied. So do a similar thing for the node above. We grab the parent and do a swap in the tree on the table.


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[Assistant] And now the heap and variant is satisfied. So three has been inserted successfully. The next instruction is to remove two from the heap. So which two should we remove?


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[Assistant] Well, as I said, it doesn't matter as long as we satisfy the heap invariant in the end.


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[Assistant] If we remove the last two, we can immediately satisfy the heap invariant with one swap.


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[Assistant] But for learning purposes, I will simply remove the first one found in our set, which happens to be located at index zero.


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[Assistant] So we want to remove the two at position zero. So how do we remove a node again?


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[Assistant] So we did a lookup. So we didn't have to do that linear scan, which was nice. And now we swap it with the end, the last node, which happens to be 11. We remove the last node


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[Assistant] Now we need to satisfy the heap invariant. So we need to bubble down 11


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[Assistant] So we look at 11 children, which happens to be three and two.


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[Assistant] Two is smaller, so it's the one we're going to.


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[Assistant] Swap with so swap it in the table and in the tree now.


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[Assistant] We are still not in satisfaction of the human variant. So look at Levin's children being 13 and two, two is smaller, so swap it with two. And that's it, we're done.


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[Assistant] Last instructions has to pull. So get the value at the root, just to swap it with 11. Get rid of the two and bubble down 11.


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[Assistant] Quick removals and a priority queue.


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[Assistant] So guys, thanks for watching. And in the next video, I promise we'll look at some source code for all this crazy stuff that's been going on. The source code can be found at the link provided on this page.


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[Assistant] Stick around if you want to see an implementation in detail. Also, the link to that should be in the description below. I'll catch you in the next video. Thank you so much for watching.


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[Assistant] Terrible weather is easily the biggest bummer for tourists. Fortunately, the Blue Mountains National Park, 80 kilometers outside Sydney, lives up to every bit of its fame.


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[Assistant] It's a heaven for sightseeing, and also a paradise for the adventurous spirits.


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[Assistant] With activities such as abseiling, canoeing, rock climbing, and hiking, one becomes immersed in the rocks, creeks, and trees of the Blue Mountains.


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[Assistant] Next time you were planning a trip, try putting them on your list, just in case of bad weather.


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[Assistant] Yes, it's actually a very, very useful lesson. It's about someone asking his boss for an assistant.


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[Assistant] Well it's someone who helps you with your work around the office. Okay.


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[Assistant] And we're back. Tony, haha, he's surprised, huh?


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[Assistant] Yes, for now let's look at some interesting vocabulary and phrases here. Marco, I know you've chosen one for us.


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[Assistant] Okay, I've chosen another interesting word for you and that's understaffed. Understaffed. Understaffed.


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[Assistant] Means that they don't have enough people working there.


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[Assistant] Yes, actually it's very obvious that it means that it's just not a good time.


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[Assistant] Perfect. I have another interesting phrase for you, which is weight off my shoulders.


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[Assistant] So, to take weight off my shoulders is another way of saying to help me with my work or to take some of my work away from me.


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[Assistant] Now the last phrase we're going to look at here in this dialogue is keep our costs down. Keep our costs down. Keep our costs down. Keep our costs down.


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[Assistant] So, to keep our costs down means to try and not spend so much money.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, so in other words, they do not want to have unnecessary spending.


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[Assistant] Well, you know Marco, I think that Tony was really surprised because he was kind of hoping to have a female intern.


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[Assistant] Right. And in turn, Marco, do you want to elaborate on that?


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[Assistant] Yes, definitely. Uhm, actually I, I know a friend of mine, she used to work as an intern in one of those really big companies and she told me that she has gained so much experience doing that.


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[Assistant] Yes, you should definitely do that. And Marco and I would love to receive your comments and suggestions that you can leave on our community forum. But for now, it's time for us to say bye.


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[Assistant] Written by Sarah Goosson.


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[Assistant] Focus question. What happens when you mix colors?


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[Assistant] Mix the red and blue colors.


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[Assistant] They turn into purple.


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[Assistant] Mix the yellow and red colors.


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[Assistant] They turn into orange.


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[Assistant] Mix the blue and yellow colors.


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[Assistant] They turn into green.


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[Assistant] Mix the green and purple colors.


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[Assistant] They turn into brown.


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[Assistant] Connections Writing and Art


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[Assistant] What is your favorite color to paint with? Draw a picture and write about it.


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[Assistant] What do you think would happen to a color if you added white or black to it?


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[Assistant] Share your ideas with a partner.


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[Assistant] Okay, so if I gossip, I maybe share news or information about other people with my friends, like I might say something like, Marco, did you see what happened in Chinese pod today? You'll never


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[Assistant] Yeah, uh, this word just means strange. It's strange.


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[Assistant] Yeah, if I move into a new house, maybe some of my friends or family will bring a gift over to make my house a little bit more beautiful.


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[Assistant] Or maybe a plant or sometimes even like maybe a basket of pastries or something. Okay. Yeah.


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[Assistant] So we've got a few examples that will help you to understand how this phrase works.


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[Assistant] Yeah. Marco, have you ever kicked someone out of your class?


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[Assistant] So kicked out of class, kicked out of the house, kicked out of bed.


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[Assistant] I like this phrase a lot and we've got some examples for you to listen to to help you understand this word a little bit better.


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[Assistant] So creeped me out basically means made me feel uncomfortable.


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[Assistant] Yeah, well speaking of being scared, we have our final word for language takeaway and it is scared the heck out of me. You scared the heck out of me. Scared the heck out of me.


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[Assistant] So when you gossip with somebody, you often tell them news or information that they don't know already. And you might start by saying, did you know that?


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[Assistant] Yeah, both of those phrases are perfectly fine, but if you want to sound a little bit more native-like when you're gossiping, you might try out this phrase from the dialogue.


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[Assistant] That's right, so you might say, oh, tell me about it.


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[Assistant] Yeah, and again, both of these examples are perfectly fine, but when you're gossiping, you might want to try something like this.


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[Assistant] And you want to start up a conversation, you might use this phrase here.


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[Assistant] Okay, Markle, I have a true story for you. Is it kind of like a creepy story? It is a creepy story indeed.


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[Assistant] And, you know, in the country, all of the neighbors know each other. It's a small community, so everyone knows what's happening all the time.


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[Assistant] And there was some gossip going on in our community about a guy who lived at the end of the road.


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[Assistant] And he was the owner of a car wrecking yard. So a place where you take old broken down cars and take the parts apart to sell.


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[Assistant] Okay, so, you know, he had a wife and a couple of kids, uhm, and suddenly his wife disappeared.


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[Assistant] And no one knew what happened or anything. And so several years passed and suddenly the police start coming in and start investigating this guy and start digging up all of the land around his property. And I guess, I don't know what they're doing, but I think they were looking for the wife's body.


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[Assistant] Written by Eugene Stanley Focus Question What do boats carry?


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[Assistant] This boat carries people.


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[Assistant] This boat carries police.


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[Assistant] This boat carries food.


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[Assistant] This boat carries logs.


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[Assistant] This boat carries trash.


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[Assistant] This boat carries cars.


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[Assistant] This boat carries planes.


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[Assistant] This boat carries boats.


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[Assistant] Which boat do you think is the most interesting? Why? Draw a picture and write about it. Social Studies


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[Assistant] How are things carried on land or in the air? Discuss your ideas with a partner.


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[Assistant] That's because the building work hasn't started yet.


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[Assistant] This cold has hit me pretty hard. I've been in bed for a week.


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[Assistant] Alright, welcome back everybody. This is part five of five in the priority queue series


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[Assistant] And we're going to have a look at some source code for the priority queue today. So if you want the source code, here's a GitHub link


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[Assistant] With all the data structures in the series, the priority queue is one of them.


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[Assistant] Also make sure you've watched parts one to four so you can actually understand what's going on. Alright, let's dive into the code. Alright, here we are inside the source code. So


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[Assistant] Notice that inside my priority queue,


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[Assistant] The types of elements I'm allowing inside my priority queue have to be comparable elements as we talked about. So if they implement the comparable interface,


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[Assistant] Then we are going to allow them inside our queue. So this is anything like strings, integers, anything with a comparable interface. So let's have a look at some of the instance variables. So I have the heap size. So this is


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[Assistant] The number of elements currently inside the heap, but then I also have another instance variable, which is the heap capacity.


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[Assistant] So this is gonna be the size of the list.


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[Assistant] That we have for our elements, which may be larger than, uh, the heap size is.


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[Assistant] This is the actual heap and we're going to be maintaining it as a dynamic list of elements using Java's list.


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[Assistant] Next for our log of n removals, I'm also going to keep track of this map. That's going to map an element


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[Assistant] To a tree set of integers. So these are going to be all the positions inside our heap, which we can find this element t.


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[Assistant] Next I have got a few different constructors for our priority queue.


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[Assistant] We can just create a priority queue and by default I'm creating an initially empty priority queue with a capacity of one.


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[Assistant] But I also allow you to create a priority queue with a defined initial capacity which actually is more useful.


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[Assistant] You can actually construct the priority queue in linear time using an operation called heapify, which I didn't talk about in the slides. But


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[Assistant] So, so this just has all the usual setup stuff. Here, I'm adding all the elements to the map, but also to the heap. And then here's the heapify process. So we start at


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[Assistant] Halfway through the heap size, and then we start decreasing and then we sync all the elements. And you're like, wait a second, isn't the seek sync a logarithmic removal? Well, yes, it is in the general case, but not if we're doing it in this fashion.


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[Assistant] I put a link to this paper up here just because the heapify operation isn't


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[Assistant] If you look at the analysis in the paper, you will end up seeing that


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[Assistant] Uhm, the complexity boils down to a convergent series and that's why we get a constant and we can say it's linear time.


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[Assistant] But in general, this isn't what you might be tempted to do. If you're giving a collection of elements, you would initialize the heap and then you would just use our add method to add the elements one at a time. And this will give you an n login bound. But definitely use the heap of five whenever possible.


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[Assistant] Okay, now some pretty simple methods we have is empty, just returns true or false if the heap is empty or not. Then clear


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[Assistant] So when we clear the heap, we remove all the elements inside of our heap array, but also inside our, uh, map. So that's why I call map.clear.


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[Assistant] Size returns a size, it's pretty simple. Peak, the first really useful method just looks at the top of our prior priority queue. And if it's empty returns null. Otherwise, we


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[Assistant] Do a look up at the first index inside our heap and return it because it's the root node


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[Assistant] Pull similar to peak except that we're going to remove the very first element. And we're also going to return it because you want that information.


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[Assistant] So because we have a map with all our elements, we can do a map lookup to see if our elements inside heap. And this reduces our complexity from linear


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[Assistant] In which case we have to scan through a linear scan through all elements to check containment.


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[Assistant] But, in the general case, people don't usually maintain this map.


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[Assistant] I just wanted to do it just to show you guys that it is possible. Although the map does add a lot of


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[Assistant] Constant overhead and you may or may not want. I personally find that the overhead is quite a lot and


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[Assistant] I usually don't really remove things very frequently from maps, so it might not be entirely worth it.


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[Assistant] But it's up to you. If you're doing as many additions as you are removals, then definitely worth it. Alright, now let's have a look at the add method.


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[Assistant] So, so this element, sorry, this method adds an element to the prior queue, that element cannot be null.


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[Assistant] So what we do is first we check if our heap size is less than capacity. Otherwise, we have to expand our capacity of the heap. Next, we make sure we add it to the map. So we keep track of it. And then we swim it up.


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[Assistant] Remember that we have to swim a node up because we add it to the very end of our list. And so we have to like adjust where it goes inside our heap by swimming upwards.


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[Assistant] This next method called less is is a helper method which helps me check


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[Assistant] If node i is less than or equal to node j, and


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[Assistant] This uses the fact that both elements node one


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[Assistant] And node two are comparable. So we can invoke the comparative method. If we go back up, that comes from this interface, the comparable interface, which we needed. So let's go back down. Alright,


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[Assistant] So next, this is the bottom up node swim. So we are going to try to swim node k.


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[Assistant] So first we grab the parent of node k and we can do that by solving for the parent. So remember that I am working in I'm starting at zero. Some people like to start their heaps index that one. I like everything zero based. So I get the parent


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[Assistant] Uhm, which is at this position, k minus one divided by two, because we're going upwards.