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[Assistant] And Edgar Rice Burroughs actually put himself as a character inside this movie and is the narrator. And he's summoned by his rich uncle John Carter to his mansion with a telegram saying, see me at once. But once he gets there, he's found out that his uncle has mysteriously passed away and been entombed in a mausoleum on the property.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What this scene is doing, and it did in the book, is it's fundamentally making a promise.


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[Assistant] It's making a promise to you this story will lead somewhere that's worth your time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's what all good stories should do at the beginning, is they should give you a promise. You could do it an infinite amount of ways. Sometimes it's as simple as once upon a time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These Carter books always had Edgar Rice Burroughs as a narrator in it, and I always thought it was such a fantastic device. It's like a guy inviting you around the campfire, or somebody in a bar saying, here, let me tell you a story. It didn't happen to me, it happened to somebody else, but it's gonna be worth your time. A well-told promise is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like a pebble being pulled back in a slingshot and propels you forward through the story to the end.


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[Assistant] In 2008, I pushed all the theories that I had on story at the time to the limits of my understanding on this project.


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[Assistant] Storytelling without dialogue. It's the purest form of cinematic storytelling. It's the most inclusive approach you can take.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It confirms something I really had a hunch on is that the audience actually wants to work for their meal. They just don't want to know that they're doing that.


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[Assistant] That's your job as a storyteller is to hide the fact that you're making them work for their meal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're born problem solvers. We're compelled to deduce and to deduct.


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[Assistant] Because that's what we do in real life. It's this well-organized absence of information that draws us in.


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[Assistant] There's a reason that we're all attracted to an infant or a puppy. It's not just that they're damn cute. It's because they can't completely express what they're thinking and what their intentions are. And it's like a magnet. We can't stop ourselves from wanting to complete the sentence and fill it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I first started really understanding this storytelling device when I was writing with Bob Peterson on Finding Nemo and we would call this the unifying theory of 2 plus 2. Make the audience put things together. Don't give them 4, give them 2 plus 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't mean to make it sound like this is an actual exact science. It's not. That's what's so special about stories. They're not a widget.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They aren't exact. Stories are inevitable if they're good, but they're not predictable.


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[Assistant] I took a seminar in this year with an acting teacher named Judith Weston. And I learned a key insight to character. She believed that all well-drawn characters


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have a spine. And the idea is that the character has an inner motor. A dominant, unconscious goal that they're striving for. An itch that they can't scratch. She gave a wonderful example of Michael Corleone, Al Pacino's character in The Godfather. And that probably his spine was to please his father.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's something that always drove all his choices. Even after his father died, he was still trying to itch, scratch that itch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I took like to this like a duck to water. Wally's was to find the beauty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Marlin's The Father in Finding Nemo was to prevent harm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Woody's was to do what was best for his child. And these spines don't always drive you to make the best choices. Sometimes you can make some horrible choices with them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really blessed to be a parent and watching my children grow. I really firmly believe that you're born with a temperament and you're wired a certain way and you don't have any say about it. And there's no changing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All you can do is learn to recognize it and own it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And some of us are born with temperaments that are positive, some are negative, but a major threshold is passed when you mature enough to acknowledge what drives you and to take the wheel and steer it. As parents, you're always learning who your children are, they're learning who they are, and you're still learning who you are. So we're all learning all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's why change is fundamental in story. If things go static, stories die, because life is never static.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 1998, I had finished writing Toy Story and A Bug's Life, and I was completely hooked on screenwriting, so I wanted to become much better at it and learn anything I could, so I researched everything I possibly could, and I finally came across this fantastic quote by a British playwright, William Archer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Drama is anticipation mingled with uncertainty.


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[Assistant] It's an incredibly insightful definition. When you're telling a story have you constructed anticipation?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the short term, have you made me want to know what will happen next?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have you constructed honest conflicts with truth that creates doubt in what the outcome might be? An example would be in Finding Nemo, in the short tension, you were always worried, would Dory's short-term memory forget whatever she was being told by Marlin? But under that was this global tension of will we ever find Nemo in this huge, vast ocean?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In our earliest days at Pixar, before we truly understood the invisible workings of story, we were simply a group of guys just going on our gut, going on our instincts, and it's interesting to see how that led us places that were actually pretty good. You gotta remember that in this time of year,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 1993. What was considered a successful animated picture was...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Lion King. So when we pitched Toy Story to Tom Hanks for the first time, he walked in and he said, You don't want me to sing, do you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I thought that epitomized perfectly what everybody thought animation had to be at the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we really wanted to prove that you could tell stories completely different in animation. So we didn't have any influence then, so we had a little secret list of rules that we kept to ourselves and they were no songs, no I want moment, no happy village, no love story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the irony is that in the first year, our story was not working at all, and Disney was panicking. So they privately got advice from a famous lyricist who I won't name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he faxed them some suggestions, and we got ahold of that fax. And the fax said, there should be songs.


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[Assistant] There should be an I want song, there should be a happy village song, there should be a love story, and there should be a villain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And thank goodness, we were just too young, rebellious and contrarian. At the time, that just gave us more determination to prove that you could build a better story. And a year after that, we did conquer it. And it just went to prove that storytelling has guidelines, not hard, fast rules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another fundamental thing we learned was about liking your main character. And we had naively thought, well, Woody in Toy Story has to become selfless at the end, so you gotta start from some place, so let's make him selfish. And this is what you get. What do you think you're doing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before I even decided to make storytelling my career, I can now see key things that happened in my youth that really sort of opened my eyes to certain things about story. In 1986, I was, uh, truly understood the notion of story having a theme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I saw that thing seven times in one month. I couldn't get enough of it. I could just tell there was a grand design under it. There was, in every shot, every scene, every line. Yet on the surface it just seemed to be...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depicting his historical lineage of what went on.


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[Assistant] Yet there was something more being said. What exactly was it? It wasn't until on one of my later viewings that the veil was lifted and it was in a scene where he's walked across the Sinai Desert and he's reached the Suez Canal and I suddenly got it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here were all these seemingly disparate events and dialogues that just were chronologically telling the history of him, but underneath it was a constant, a guideline, a road map.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was introduced to possibly the most major ingredient that I feel a story should have, but is rarely invoked. And this is what my mother took me to when I was five.


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[Assistant] And that's what I think the magic ingredient is. The secret sauce.


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[Assistant] Is can you invoke wonder? Wonder is honest. It's completely innocent. It can't be artificially evoked.


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[Assistant] For me, there's no greater ability than the gift of another human being giving you that feeling. To hold them still just for a brief moment in their day and have them surrender to wonder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When it's tapped, the affirmation of being alive reaches you almost to a cellular level. And when an artist does that to another artist, it's like you're compelled to pass it on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like a dormant command that's suddenly activated in you, like a call to devil's tower. Do unto others what's been done to you. The best stories infuse wonder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was four years old, I have a vivid memory of finding two pinpoint scars on my ankle.


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[Assistant] And asking my dad what they were and he said I had a matching pair like that on my head but I couldn't see them because of my hair.


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[Assistant] And he explained that when I was born, I was born premature. That I came out much too early.


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[Assistant] And I wasn't fully baked. I was very, very sick. And when the doctor took a look at this yellow kid with black teeth, he looked straight at my mom and said, he's not going to live. And I was in the hospital for months and many blood transfusions later I lived. And that made me special.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know if I really believe that. I don't know if my parents really believe that. But I didn't want to prove them wrong. Whatever I ended up being good at, I would strive to be worthy of the second chance I was given.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nemo. And that's the first story lesson I ever learned.


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[Assistant] Use what you know. Draw from it. Doesn't always mean plot or fact. It means capturing a truth from your experiencing. Expressing values you personally feel deep down in your core.


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[Assistant] The single story creates stereotypes. And the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete.


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[Assistant] Economists have been exploring people's behavior for hundreds of years.


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[Assistant] They've studied the institutions that facilitate our trade, like legal systems, corporations, marketplaces.


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[Assistant] But there is a new technological institution that will fundamentally change how we exchange value. And it's called the blockchain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, that's a pretty bold statement, but if you take nothing else away from this talk, I actually want you to remember that while blockchain technology is relatively new,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As humans, we find ways to lower uncertainty about one another so that we can exchange value.


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[Assistant] And what he meant by institutions were really just formal rules like a constitution and informal constraints like bribery.


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[Assistant] And we can see this play out over the course of human history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we think back to when we were hunter-gatherer economies, we really just traded within our village structure. We had some informal constraints in place, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As our societies grew more complex and our trade routes grew more distant, we built up more formal institutions. Institutions like banks for currency, governments, corporations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These institutions helped us manage our trade as the uncertainty and the complexity grew and our personal control was much lower.


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[Assistant] We built platform marketplaces like Amazon, eBay, Alibaba. Just faster institutions that act as middlemen to facilitate human economic activity.


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[Assistant] And I believe we are now entering a further and radical evolution of how we interact and trade.


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[Assistant] Because for the first time, we can lower uncertainty not just with political and economic institutions, like our banks, our corporations, our governments, but we can do it with technology alone.


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[Assistant] The transactions are secured through cryptography, and over time, that transaction history gets locked in blocks of data that are then cryptographically linked together and secured.


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[Assistant] This record is replicated on every computer that uses the network. It's not an app. It's not a company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can create our own Wikis because at their core, they're just a data infrastructure. On Wikipedia,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's an open platform that stores words and images and the changes to that data over time.


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[Assistant] But at its core, that's how it works. It's this public registry that stores transactions in a network.


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[Assistant] And how they therefore promise to transform our economic systems in radical ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Say I want to buy a used smartphone on eBay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reviews, ratings, check marks, these are the attestations about our identities that we cobble together today and use to lower uncertainty about who we're dealing with. But the problem is they're very fragmented. Think about how many profiles you have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The different attributes about you that help facilitate trade or interaction. For instance, that a government issued you an ID or that you're over 21.


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[Assistant] By revealing the cryptographic proof that these details exist and are signed off on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want some degree of transparency. I want to know the product I bought is the same one that arrives in the mail and that there's some record for how it got to me. This is true not just for electronics like smartphones, but for many kinds of goods and data. Things like medicine, luxury goods.


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[Assistant] Any kind of data or product that we don't want tampered with.


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[Assistant] The problem in many companies, especially those that produce something complicated like a smartphone, is they're managing all of these different vendors across a horizontal supply chain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using the blockchain we can create a shared reality across non-trusting entities.


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[Assistant] By this I mean all of these nodes in the network do not need to know each other or trust each other because they each have the ability to monitor and validate the chain for themselves.


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[Assistant] Think back to Wikipedia. It's a shared database.


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[Assistant] And even though it has multiple readers and multiple writers at the same time, it has one single truth.


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[Assistant] So we can create that using blockchains. We can create a decentralized database that has the same efficiency of a monopoly without actually creating that central authority.


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[Assistant] So all of these vendors, all sorts of companies can interact using the same database without trusting one another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means for consumers, we can have a lot more transparency. As a real-world object travels along, we can see its digital certificate or token move on the blockchain, adding value as it goes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a whole new world in terms of our visibility.


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[Assistant] So I've talked about how blockchains can lower our uncertainties about identity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And how they change what we mean about transparency in long distances and complex trades, like in a supply chain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What if you don't send me the smartphone? Can I get my money back?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't need to release the funds until you can verify that all the conditions have been met. You got the phone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think this is one of the most exciting ways that blockchains lower our uncertainties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means a lot of human economic activity can get collateralized and automated.


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[Assistant] Is the fact that the very thing that makes it work, the very thing that keeps the blockchain secure and verified is our mutual distrust.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So rather than all of our uncertainties slowing us down and requiring institutions like banks, our governments, our corporations,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And use it to collaborate and exchange more and faster and more open.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's also going to solve the counterfeit drug problem and potentially save the rainforest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there are tons of people working on this from financial institutions to technology companies, startups and universities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Blockchains give us the technological capability of creating


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All kinds of digital and physical assets, even of our own personal attributes, in a totally new way.


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[Assistant] So in some ways, they become a technological institution that has a lot of the benefits of the traditional institutions we're used to using in society. But it does this in a decentralized way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think we need to start preparing ourselves because we're about to face a world where distributed autonomous institutions have quite a significant role. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that's a really good question. Uhm, my lab is pretty much focused on going the enterprise and government route first. Because in reality, blockchain is a complex technology. How many of you actually understand how the internet works? But you use it every day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think we're sort of facing the same John Scully idea of technology should either be invisible or beautiful. And blockchain is kind of neither of those things right now. So it's better suited for, uhm, either really early adopters who kind of get it and can tinker around or


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. So we're gonna be learning, uh, language that you can use if you're talking about boxing, but not only boxing, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, maybe one of our listeners knows and can tell us about that cause, uh, I am not an expert on boxing, but what I do know is our next words. They were describing Rocky Balboa's career and they said he had 37 knockouts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so to knock someone out, a knockout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so when you dodge a bullet, you avoid some, some bad situation or some bad event.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but that's an entirely different lesson. Uhm, I think we need to focus here on the boxing vocabulary. So, so the announcers said that Apollo is getting pounded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so you don't have really good form, your body is kind of moving all over the place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, the announcers said that the boxing match was about to get underway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're going to look at this phrase to square off against someone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now Bob said that, uh, Rocky landed a strong blow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so land a strong blow. Now, let's break this down. So, a blow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and when you land a strong blow, what happens?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I could also change this a little bit. I could say, I landed a punch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the verb throw, you throw a left punch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as I mentioned, Marco, I'm not really, um, that much of a fan or that knowledgeable about boxing. And actually this is becoming a theme in any sort of lessons, isn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so, uh, the pay-per-view boxing party, a common way to watch the sport in America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We see a lot of this, you know. When we have a workshop or we have clients in to work with us side by side, eventually we get to the point in the process that it's kind of fuzzy or unconventional.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If they stick with the process, if they stick with it, they end up doing amazing things. And they surprise themselves just how innovative they and their teams really are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything was fine. They were cured. In fact, everything was better than fine. These people who had lifelong fears of snakes were saying things like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They tried harder, they persevered longer, and they were more resilient in the face of failure. Right? They just gained a new confidence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Bandura called that confidence self-efficacy, right? The sense that you can change the world and that you can attain what you set out to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and this was really disappointing to Doug because before this time he was proud of what he did. You know, he was saving lives with this machine. But it really hurt him to see the fear that this machine caused in kids.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about other things. I thought a lot about what was I put on earth to do? You know, what was my calling? What should I do? Right? And I was lucky because I had lots of options. We'd been working in health and wellness and K through 12 and the developing world and so there were lots of projects that I could work on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was to help as many people as possible regain the creative confidence they lost along their way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, uh, we've got a lesson about, um, construction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we'll also learn some phrases that you can use to talk about work. So even if you're not really interested in building and making stuff with your hands, uhm, you will learn some language to talk about work in general.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, Marco, we're gonna look at two words now, and like you said, we're building something in this lesson, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a platform that's a little bit higher off the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A barbecue or something. Exactly. Yep. Okay, so a deck. Now they're building this deck and they, they need to follow some plans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that shows you how the building looks, like where the different rooms are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great. So two interesting words. We're going to hear both of these in the dialogue. Now, why don't we get started and find out what's going to happen as they're building this deck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and I think this is a good lesson in, uh, maybe not rushing through important projects, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we got some language all about tools. So why don't we just get started. So they mentioned a nail gun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, alright, so they're nailing some, some, some pieces of wood together, but they also needed to cut the wood and they said, uhm, help me cut the two by four.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I guess it's called a circular saw because the blade or the cutting part is shaped in a circle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after they cut the piece of wood, one of the guys said, I think you should sand the edges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A splinter. Okay, so why don't we go onto our next tool. They were talking about a level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and it helps you make sure that everything is straight and flat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I'm sure if this was a video podcast we could show, show you what a measuring tape was and you'd really understand it, but we'll do our best to describe it for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so that's our last tool that we're going to talk about. So why don't we move on now to Fluency Builder where we've got some phrases that you can use to talk about work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well you know what, I think we can understand the meaning pretty clearly if we listen to some examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, one of the guys noticed a few problems, you know, the splinters, uhm, and he said, you've gotta take pride in your work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, because she made some mistakes, she didn't do such a good job. He's wanting her to work harder, work better, work more carefully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you take pride in your work, you work so well and do such a good job that you feel really happy about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so if you live, uhm, in a, in a neighborhood in North America, you might see like, you know, the dad of a family outside building something and all his friends come over and they, you know, drink beer and build this big thing together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and you know, it's actually, it's so popular that there are tons of TV shows about how to build stuff for your house and there are a lot of really big stores where you can go and find like all of this equipment for building stuff for your house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, you can come to our website at EnglishPod.com and tell us about it. As well, you can also leave your questions there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, they don't help, let's just say. Alright, so before we listen to this dialogue, let's take a look at some of the words in today's vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a verb, okay, to spew, uh, well what can spew? A volcano can spew, an engine can spew, a person can spew.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if a person spews, it means a person throws up, but it's usually very forceful. Alright, it's very messy. A volcano can spew lava.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you mean? My daddy gave me this car for my birthday last month. It's brand new.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, how long is this gonna take? An hour?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How am I supposed to go to school? Or go shopping? This is not happening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I were the mechanic, I would not be very happy to be dealing with someone like this girl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a radiator is something that you normally find in the front of the car near the engine. It usually gets very, very hot, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one of the big issues is radiators getting too hot because there's no way to cool them down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So broken pistons. Pistons are important because they're kind of like valves that go up and down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and so pistons in general are things in mechanics, so like a trumpet has pistons, things that go up and down and that allow for the flow of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so think about transmission as coming from the word to transmit. That means to transfer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've got the mechanic who says, well, we've gotta order you some spare parts. So first let's look at the word spare. What's another word for spare?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so spare means extra, parts are, well, pieces. Somebody's talking about ordering a new transmission, new pistons, things to replace the broken things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so a pump is a, you could have a bike pump. A water pump. A water pump. So these are something, these are some things that we use very, very often, but a fuel pump is something that allows gas, gasoline, to get into your engine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, these are phrases that you hear sometimes when you're talking about electronics, but in today's lesson, we're all talking about specific car phrases, so you're going to hear these all the time with mechanics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, to die on. So we keep these two words together, die on.


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[Assistant] Oh man, so while you were driving, your car died. It stopped moving.


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[Assistant] Exactly, and what it means is it's not like you left it and you forgot about it and you tried it again and it didn't work. It means while you're using it, it dies. It doesn't work.


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[Assistant] And so this next one is a phrase you hear the first thing you hear maybe when you tell someone you have a car problem.


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[Assistant] This means let's open the front part of the car, the hood, to look at the engine transmission, all those parts.


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[Assistant] So the reason is because there's a little spring and you have to pull inside the car and it goes


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[Assistant] And uh, next we've got this, this girl actually who's talking about her car because she just got this car. So it's another way to say it's a new car.


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[Assistant] Alright, so brand, you think about brands like Ford or uh, Gucci. These are brands. But brand new means she maybe got it like today.


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[Assistant] Alright, so this is very popular with young children, like they like to take things apart so they can find out how they work, but uh, to take apart means to take all the pieces and to pull them out.


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[Assistant] What do you mean? My daddy gave me this car for my birthday last month. It's brand new.


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[Assistant] So, how long is this gonna take? An hour?


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[Assistant] How am I supposed to go to school? Or go shopping? This is not happening.


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[Assistant] Actually, uh, the week before I decided to leave Chicago,


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[Assistant] And I was driving home from work, I was on the highway, had the radio on, the windows open, and then do do do do, boom. It died. It died in the middle of the highway during rush hour. Right? So that's when there's tons of cars.


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[Assistant] And, uh, and he's like, listen, do you need a hand? I said yes. So I put the car in neutral so that there's, there's no brake. And, uh, he pushed it to a side road and gave me a ride home. He was the coolest guy, so nice.


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[Assistant] And he was just there with his truck, he's a gardener, and just gave me a ride home. It was super, super cool. Wow. And so, turns out my, my, uh, my engine died. No, the engine was new, it was the transmission, it was shot. It was totally broken.


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[Assistant] Or if you can offer someone a lift. I know it's not terribly safe to ride with strangers, but uh, this guy totally helped me out, so.


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[Assistant] And of course, if you have any questions about the vocabulary or phrases that you heard today, please ask away. Don't hesitate and, uh, well again, we hope to see you on the website.


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[Assistant] And my name is Katherine. Hello everyone. Today, Marco, what are we talking about?


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[Assistant] This is a very useful lesson, hopefully you're not feeling this way but if you have to talk about someone who is, I've got lots of words for you but first we're going to preview a couple in today's vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] Okay, down. You might have heard this before because it's the opposite of the word up.


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[Assistant] So you're not feeling up happy looking up, you're feeling down. This is another word for sad like Marco said.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I'm a bit down today. Or, you look really down. Are you okay?


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[Assistant] No, so grouchy is a way someone acts, usually when they're in a bad mood.


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[Assistant] So there's a very famous TV character called Oscar the Grouch on Sesame Street. Look for him on YouTube or Youku. And, uh, he's very, very good, uh, for learning about this feeling grouchy because he's a grouchy guy.


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[Assistant] Men are like that, you know. They can feel nervous, anxious, or on edge. And the only way they can express it is by trying to hide it through aggressiveness.


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[Assistant] Talk to him, try to cheer him up when he's down, and if that doesn't work, I say get rid of him and get a new one.


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[Assistant] I think anyone can have a bad temper, but we're talking today about one of, uh, the boyfriend of one of these girls who has a very bad temper and has been very grouchy recently.


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[Assistant] Alright, so in today's language takeaway, we've got some wonderful words for you. Words that are very good for describing stress or having anxiety. And the first of these words is something you hear all the time, especially with young people.


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[Assistant] My gosh, Marco, I'm so stressed out. I have ten homework assignments to do and softball practice and my mom wants me to help cook dinner tonight.


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[Assistant] But uh, being stressed out is usually something you feel when you have too much stuff to do.


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[Assistant] Exactly, and I just want to point out here that you can say I'm stressed or I'm feeling stressed, but, uh, commonly in spoken English, so when you're talking to your friends, you hear this much more often.


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[Assistant] Nerve racking. So nerves are those things in our body that help us feel things, right? And so something that racks our nerves makes us very, very tense, very anxious, very uncomfortable.


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[Assistant] Right, so there are some movies that are nerve wracking. For example, suspense movies like Hitchcock's movies like Psycho or The Birds.


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[Assistant] And there's another way to describe this feeling again. It's a little bit different, but very, very similar. We can say someone is feeling on edge.


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[Assistant] Absolutely, I think there is a thousand ways to describe being nervous or anxious or upset. So maybe we should take another listen to today's dialogue and figure out how exactly we use these words when we come back. We'll be talking about some other phrases that are useful.


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[Assistant] Maybe it's just that he's stressed out from working or something. He does have a pretty nerve wracking job, you know.


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[Assistant] Men are like that, you know. They can feel nervous, anxious, or on edge. And the only way they can express it is by trying to hide it through aggressiveness.


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[Assistant] Talk to him, try to cheer him up when he's down, and if that doesn't work, I say get rid of him and get a new one.


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[Assistant] Fluency builder. Alright, so Marco, here's the big question. What makes you lose your temper?


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[Assistant] Okay, so this great phrase, lose your temper, or lose one's temper, is a phrase we use in English to describe getting angry. Alright, so maybe you're okay, you're a little frustrated with something, but someone does something like throws all of their clothes on the floor. Marco here says,


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[Assistant] That's it. I'm tired of this. You're always throwing your clothes on the floor. And that's an example of Marco losing his temper.


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[Assistant] When people, when people tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, tap, or when they like stomp their feet, feet, feet, or when they, when they make noise, yeaah.


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[Assistant] And so slowly it's like, okay, fine, calm down, it's okay. Okay, no, seriously, stop it. And then all of a sudden, I just can't stand it anymore.


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[Assistant] Alright, or when you get brushed off, and that's not very good feeling. But this phrase, to brush someone off, you've heard the word brush before, it's the word that we use to, you know, brush your hair or brush your teeth, exactly. When you brush someone off, it's like saying that you're ignoring them.


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[Assistant] Exactly, and so to brush someone off is to avoid their company. And so a lot of times when people are angry, they like to be alone, so they brush you off.


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[Assistant] So I could say, hey, did you wanna go see that movie tonight?


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[Assistant] Right, exactly. So to brush someone off or he brushed me off doesn't feel good.


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[Assistant] Exactly, and so friends are actually the people that do that the best or family, I think. And, uh, well, we can break this phrase down because, uh, most of it's pretty clear, but cheer might be a new word for some of our listeners.


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[Assistant] So cheer is like happiness. So someone who can cheer you up.


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[Assistant] Is someone who makes you happy. Remember that down we had earlier? I'm feeling down. We're trying to cheer someone up. We're trying to make them go up and be happy.


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[Assistant] That's a great question. Well, this might be a little bit hard to understand at first, but she's saying, I can't believe you.


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[Assistant] She's like, there's no one like you, you're really something else, you know that. So it's kind of like a joke, but what she's saying is, I can't believe you, you just want to go on and encourage me to find another boy. You're unbelievable.


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[Assistant] Well here we've got two friends who are using it, so it's a positive note, but she's kind of making fun of her saying, I can't believe you.


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[Assistant] You are something else, you know that? It's like, there's no comparison, you're the worst.


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[Assistant] So yeaah, it really depends on how this is used and what the tone of voice is, so how someone says it. Uh, but in this case, I think it's uh, kind of a joke, joke, but uh, it's, it's a positive.


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[Assistant] Men are like that, you know. They can feel nervous, anxious, or on edge. And the only way they can express it is by trying to hide it through aggressiveness.


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[Assistant] Talk to him, try to cheer him up when he's down, and if that doesn't work, I say get rid of him and get a new one.


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[Assistant] Not a morning person, so I'm very grouchy in the morning, but uh, I'm generally pretty good about losing my temper, it doesn't happen very often. Oh really? Uhm, but I do get frustrated with things like tapping, or when people eat with their mouth open.


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[Assistant] It is annoying. So what makes you really lose your temper? We say, what makes you blow your top?


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[Assistant] I agree. So what's something that really cheers you up? Because we talked about like going out with a friend maybe helps you, helps you cheer up. But is there one thing, some kind of remedy?


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[Assistant] Who cheers you up? So tell us, who is someone you like to talk to when you're upset, and how do they cheer you up?


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[Assistant] Please do that. So, that's all for today. Goodbye everyone.


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[Assistant] Exactly. So that's why we're going to the gym on this occasion. We're going to be pumping some iron. We're going to be working out. So why don't we take a look at vocabulary preview and see what this means.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we're pumping iron, we're lifting weights.


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[Assistant] Alright, so we're pumping iron, good. And well, we're gonna be giving you guys some pointers.


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[Assistant] So this guy was a little bit arrogant. I think he was very, you know, very muscular, but I think he embarrassed himself in front of the lady.


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[Assistant] So this girl, she was new in the gym, she didn't really know what she was doing, and, well the guy said, well, do you want to develop strength, or muscle tone?


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[Assistant] Okay, so if you want to develop muscle tone, or to have muscle tone, it means that you have healthy muscles, not like huge big muscles, right? But you have, uh,


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[Assistant] Okay, and this actually is very related to our next word because you said muscle tone and definition.


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[Assistant] Alright, so you have defined muscles. Alright, good. Now the girl was like, no, no, I don't want to be like super strong and huge, right?


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[Assistant] Okay, so I can say, uh, she has a nice physique.


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[Assistant] So, but basically it's like her whole body, right? You can't just say like, she has good physique in her arms or something.


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[Assistant] Alright, so good physique. And now the tips that he was giving her, or the pointers, uh, he was talking about these two words, reps and sets.


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[Assistant] Okay, so if you are lifting this weight ten times, uh, and you have five sets, you will do a total of...


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[Assistant] Okay, so reps and sets are probably the most important or common words you'll hear in the gym, especially if you're lifting weights, right?


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[Assistant] Cool, so uhm, those are the words that we have for you on Language Takeaway. I think in order to better understand these words, we should listen to our dialogue again, but we're going to slow it down just a little bit.


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[Assistant] Alright, so uhm, the girl, she was a little bit lost, right? So this guy was trying to help her out. I think it was her first time in the gym.


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[Assistant] This is a good phrase, it's actually uhm, I think it's very common for somebody to kinda sympathize with you, huh?


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[Assistant] Great. And, well, now they were talking about, you know, lifting weights and the physique, and she said this interesting word, she says, I don't want to be ripped like you.


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[Assistant] Okay, so basically bodybuilders.


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[Assistant] Okay, so it's a very informal way, but it's a very informal way of saying very muscular.


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[Assistant] Right? And that's what we want to avoid. You don't want to pull a muscle.


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[Assistant] So if you don't stretch and you're lifting weights, maybe your muscles start to hurt and you can't lift anymore.


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[Assistant] Now, I think there's another way of saying it also is to, to tear a muscle, right?


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[Assistant] Okay, so we don't want you to pull a muscle or to tear a muscle, so be sure to stretch. But we have some more examples with this phrase, to pull a muscle, so let's listen.


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[Assistant] Alright, so now that that's clear, I think we can listen to our gym dialogue one more time and see what happens to this arrogant bodybuilder.


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[Assistant] Wow, well I guess you have to look nice when you go to the gym.


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[Assistant] Alright, so uhm, that's all the time we have for today, but we would like to hear if you have any questions, any doubts, or comments, so come to our site, EnglishPod.com.


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[Assistant] UN patrols have been attacked and their movements severely restricted by forces loyal to the incumbent president, Laurent Bagbo, who accuses the UN of bias because it supports his rival, Alassane Ouattara.


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[Assistant] The extra troops and armed helicopters authorized by the Security Council will be used to protect UN personnel as well as the delivery of supplies to the hotel where Mr. Uwe Tara is under blockade.


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[Assistant] They'll also comprise a rapid reaction force to respond to emergencies and strengthen attempts to protect civilians and investigate reported atrocities.


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[Assistant] The Electoral Commission in Uganda has identified at least nine armed groups allied to political parties and candidates, which it says are threatening to disrupt presidential elections later this year.


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[Assistant] The Commission Chairman said the militias had been organized with the pretext of guarding the votes of the politicians they are affiliated with.


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[Assistant] UN patrols have been attacked and their movements severely restricted by forces loyal to the incumbent president, Laurent Bagbo, who accuses the UN of bias because it supports his rival, Alassane Ouattara.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Electoral Commission in Uganda has identified at least nine armed groups allied to political parties and candidates, which it says are threatening to disrupt presidential elections later this year.


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[Assistant] The Commission Chairman said the militias had been organized with the pretext of guarding the votes of the politicians they are affiliated with.


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[Assistant] The government has been accused of sponsoring two of the nine groups.


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[Assistant] And my name is Catherine and today we're talking about being clean.


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[Assistant] Well, let's say this. It might not be difficult, but it's very easy to mess up.


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[Assistant] Okay, so central to all of these phrases and words that we're going to be hearing is a thing, an electric thing that helps us wash our clothes.


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[Assistant] Alright, pretty simple, right? So washing is uh, to wash, washing, and machine. So they go together, washing, machine. Right.


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[Assistant] Really, well I'd say most clothes get, get washed pretty well with the washing machine, but if you have those hard to, uh, hard to get stains or some dirt, maybe it's good to have a washing board. A washing board, yeaah. Yeaah, where you can really scrub it yourself.


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[Assistant] Right, a stain is some color, maybe some food or wine or grass that you can't remove from your clothes.


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[Assistant] I hate that. And uh, you can also have stain on your, you can also have a stain on your carpet, right? So if you spill some coffee on your carpet, it's got a little circle that's brown forever.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's go through this one more time. I don't want any more ruined or dyed blouses.


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[Assistant] Right, you have to turn it on and program it depending on what type of clothes you're washing. For example, for delicates, you should set a shorter washing cycle. Also, be sure to use fabric softener and this detergent when washing.


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[Assistant] Since this is a white t-shirt, you can just pour a little bit of bleach on it and it will do the trick.


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[Assistant] Since you're washing delicates and cotton, you should set the dryer to medium heat and for 20 minutes.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we've got someone who is maybe doing the laundry for the first time, and uh, he's not really understanding the instructions he's got.


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[Assistant] Well the first thing that's maybe tedious about it is that you have to really worry about what colors go together.


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[Assistant] Okay, the first word we have is actually related to a joke we made earlier about pink socks. So if you change the color of something, you're dyeing it.


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[Assistant] So something that you put on clothes to change the color is called a dye.


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[Assistant] But to do this, to change the color of some clothes is to dye the clothes.


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[Assistant] Then you have dyed shirts, you have pink shirts, and ugh.


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[Assistant] Exactly, so that means you change the color of your hair. It means it's a long term change. It's not short, it's not like one day. It means probably for a long time.


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[Assistant] And next we have a word that describes a certain kind of clothing. We're not talking about pants or socks, we're talking about...


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[Assistant] Right, so you think of something that's easy to break or to ruin, maybe you think of underwear.


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[Assistant] You know, underwear is something you wear under your clothing, and so it's generally not as strong as a shirt or a pair of jeans. And so we call these in English, delicates.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so that's why many women, I know, wash delicates by hand.


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[Assistant] Alright, fabric softener. What are these two words? One of them you understand already. Maybe it's soft, softener.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's something that makes something softer. We've got fabric softeners. That's something that makes the clothes that you wash softer.


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[Assistant] And our dishes. But here we have detergent. So this is a special soap for your clothes.


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[Assistant] Yeah, you could just say laundry, you could say laundry detergent or simply detergent.


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[Assistant] Alright, so bleach is the dangerous chemical because it smells very strong.


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[Assistant] And it can change the color of your clothes to white or yellow. So we usually only use bleach with white clothes.


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[Assistant] Oh wow, so many people do that because they want to go from dark colors to light colors.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's go through this one more time. I don't want any more ruined or dyed blouses.


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[Assistant] You have to turn it on and program it depending on what type of clothes you are washing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, for delicates you should set a shorter washing cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, be sure to use fabric softener and this detergent when washing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since this is a white t-shirt, you can just pour a little bit of bleach on it, and it will do the trick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since you are washing delicates and cotton, you should set the dryer to medium heat and for 20 minutes.


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[Assistant] Okay, so normally we say this when there are many different steps to do something, so let's go through this again. When you leave work, you go home, you unlock the door, you open the door,


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[Assistant] And then, so, it means that there's a, there's a process, you know, there are many steps. And so, let's go through this again as a way for us to say, let's, let's think about and discuss this process.


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[Assistant] Now this next phrase is very common when we're using sarcasm, when we're trying to make jokes. So we say,


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[Assistant] Her so-called boyfriend wants to go out tonight, so I say that because he doesn't really act like a boyfriend.


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[Assistant] Yeah, actually in the 1990s in America, there was a very famous TV show called My So-Called Life. Alright, so this is My So-Called Life. It's almost like, it's not really like I have any control over it, so.


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[Assistant] It's got a different meaning. Alright, so she's saying this should work. This should fix your problem.


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[Assistant] So Marco, uh, I've been having this itch on my foot and I just can't, I can't seem to figure out what to do with it. Do you have any suggestions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, great, so that should do the trick or it will do the trick.


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[Assistant] All set. So this is another phrase that, uh, that has two words that always go together to mean, uh, well, we're finished. We're done.


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[Assistant] Or after a meeting you can say, are we all set here? That means, are we finished? Is it time to leave?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's go through this one more time. I don't want any more ruined or dyed blouses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, you have to turn it on and program it depending on what type of clothes you're washing. For example, for delicates, you should set a shorter washing cycle. Also, be sure to use fabric softener and this detergent when washing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since this is a white t-shirt, you can just pour a little bit of bleach on it and it will do the trick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since you're washing delicates and cotton, you should set the dryer to medium heat and for 20 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's time consuming. It takes a lot of time and I just, I have no patience. And so normally when I was, well at least when I was in college, I would take all of my laundry in a bag and I'd throw it in the washing machine and I'd put it on cold. You know, because cold water, it's okay for all colors, but hot water makes the colors bleed.


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[Assistant] Alright, hope to hear from you soon and until next time everyone. Bye.


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[Assistant] Song Song by Cisco. I believe the genre is R&B.


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[Assistant] Swamps Written by Gabriel Harper Focus Question


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[Assistant] Swamps can have many plants.


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[Assistant] Swamps help the air stay clean.


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[Assistant] Swamps help the water stay clean.


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[Assistant] Swamps help Earth stay healthy.


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[Assistant] Draw a picture of a swamp and write about it. Science.


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[Assistant] What other types of plants and animals might live in a swamp?


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[Assistant] Share your ideas with a partner.


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[Assistant] Ancient sculptures blown to pieces by a British air raid on Berlin in 1943 have been reassembled and put on public display.


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[Assistant] Archaeologists spent nine years painstakingly piecing together nearly 30,000 shards of basalt to reconstruct the giant figures of sphinxes, gods and lions.


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[Assistant] An official report in the United States says the American banking crisis that rocked the global economy three years ago was caused by the failure of regulators and excessive risk taking on the part of the financial industry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Investigating panels said the crisis was avoidable and resulted directly from human action and inaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ancient sculptures blown to pieces by a British air raid on Berlin in 1943 have been reassembled and put on public display.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Archaeologists spent nine years painstakingly piecing together nearly 30,000 shards of basalt to reconstruct the giant figures of sphinxes, gods and lions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An official report in the United States says the American banking crisis that rocked the global economy three years ago was caused by the failure of regulators and excessive risk taking on the part of the financial industry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Investigating panels said the crisis was avoidable and resulted directly from human action and inaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lily the cat woke up from her nap.


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[Assistant] She walked through the door. She saw a room.


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[Assistant] She strolled under the table. She saw the couch.


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[Assistant] The elders in this group know where to find the most nutritious food and how to extract it.


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[Assistant] Using tools like this is so complex that it has only been mastered by a handful of chimpanzee communities.


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[Assistant] This is a skill that has been practiced by chimps for several thousand years.


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[Assistant] The sheer abundance of life in the rainforests is rivalled by that on the eastern side of the continent.


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[Assistant] These lakes are now one of the richest freshwater habitats to be found anywhere.


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[Assistant] One single family of fish here, the cichlids, has evolved into more than 1500 different species.


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[Assistant] Baby fish, after all, make a tasty meal.


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[Assistant] So many acyclic mothers have developed a very effective way of keeping their offspring safe.


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[Assistant] Three times the size of her own babies. She may have as many as six of them in her mouth.


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[Assistant] The female cichlid treats the baby catfish as if they were hers.


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[Assistant] The forces that created the Great Rift Valley continue to shape Africa's landscape, even today.


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[Assistant] At weak spots in the Earth's crust, molten rock continues to erupt.


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[Assistant] has fallen on the surrounding savannas of the Serengeti and greatly enriched them.


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[Assistant] And they, in turn, support predators.


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[Assistant] Here in Kenya, cheaters have formed an unusual alliance.


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[Assistant] But even so, with five mouths to feed, every hunt is very important.


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[Assistant] And quite strong enough to fight off a lion. Let alone a single cheetah.


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[Assistant] Out in the open, they seem to be no threat.


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[Assistant] Today, Africa's savannas support larger herds of big game than anywhere else in the world.


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[Assistant] And they, one way or another, provide food for all kinds of smaller creatures.


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[Assistant] And the host is clean in those places it could never reach for itself.


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[Assistant] Pecking ensures that cuts remain open and blood keeps flowing.


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[Assistant] Not all of Africa is rich and fertile.


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[Assistant] At its heart, a disused diamond mine that was abandoned nearly 70 years ago.


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[Assistant] Its ruins give her valuable protection from the elements.


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[Assistant] Hyenas from all over the Namib. Head for where the sand dunes meet the sea.


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[Assistant] The Jackals won't follow her very far from the coast. It's too hot for them in the desert interior.


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[Assistant] Only by making these long journeys can brown hyenas manage to survive in the middle of the Namib.


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[Assistant] She can collect food that others can't reach.


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[Assistant] A keen sense of smell enables her to detect the presence of ants and termites in their nests beneath the sand.


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[Assistant] Her sticky tongue, some 30 centimeters long, enables her to collect them from deep underground.


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[Assistant] His sense of smell is extremely acute.


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[Assistant] A full-grown aardvark needs to eat about 50,000 termites every day.


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[Assistant] But the fact that this one is foraging in daylight is a sign that food is scarce.


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[Assistant] Recent droughts in the Kalahari have led to low termite numbers.


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[Assistant] The future will be bleak for those that cannot adapt fast enough.


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[Assistant] In Zimbabwe, it hasn't rained in six months.


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[Assistant] Apple ringer cassias produce pods that are full of protein, but mostly on their higher branches.


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[Assistant] It's thought that as many as 20 million elephants once roamed the continent. And many have been killed for their tusks.


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[Assistant] These stockpiles of confiscated tusks.


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[Assistant] Represent half of the elephants killed on the continent in just one year.


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[Assistant] But of all Africa's remaining wildlife, it is the rhinoceros that has been most affected by poaching.


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[Assistant] These two females are the last of their kind. When they die, an entire subspecies that inhabited the earth for millions of years will have disappeared forever.


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[Assistant] The global demand for pangolin scales for use in traditional medicine has now made them the most trafficked animal on the planet.


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[Assistant] Deforestation and not only in Africa continues on an enormous scale.


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[Assistant] 26 million hectares of forest are cut down each year to make way for agriculture and industry.


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[Assistant] Climate change is affecting global weather patterns.


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[Assistant] Extreme weather is now affecting wildlife on all seven of the planet's continents.


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[Assistant] Over a million species could be wiped out. Many within the next few decades.


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[Assistant] This is a crucial moment in time. The decisions we take now will influence the future of animals, humanity, and indeed all life on earth.


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[Assistant] For the Africa team, each shoot presented its own challenge.


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[Assistant] Their aim? To film the intimate lives of lowland cougars.


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[Assistant] As they close in, the team wear masks to stop the spread of disease.


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[Assistant] With the arm poacher still on the run, the team decide to abandon the shoot.


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[Assistant] Even animals in the remotest parts of Africa and indeed all our seven worlds are now at risk.


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[Assistant] Bertie is setting up the drone cause it helps find, find the cats, get a unique perspective on exactly where they are in this habitat.


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[Assistant] I understood your secret message, said the monkey. You hit me on the head three times. That meant you wanted me to visit you at three o'clock. Now will you teach me how to live forever?


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[Assistant] I am now as powerful as a god. I'm not afraid of any demon. I'll be back soon.


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[Assistant] The demon of chaos attacked my subjects! I want revenge!


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[Assistant] I am small, he said, but I am more powerful than you can imagine.


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[Assistant] There's just one problem though. What's that?


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[Assistant] But I am very powerful. I need a much heavier weapon.


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[Assistant] I need a heavy weapon because I'm as strong as a god. I want one of yours.


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[Assistant] From above, we'll reveal a land filled with ancient walled cities, stunning coastlines and mountainous terrain.


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[Assistant] In this series, we'll take an aerial tour across Europe.


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[Assistant] Seeing its sights from a brand new perspective. Filmed from above, over the course of a single year, as the landscape transforms through the changing seasons, we will uncover the culture, history, and engineering.


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[Assistant] Croatia sits at the crossroads of central and southeast Europe. With Italy to the west,


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[Assistant] And Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia to the east.


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[Assistant] It's famed for its long Adriatic coastline.


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[Assistant] Dotted with around a thousand islands that bask in a Mediterranean climate.


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[Assistant] For centuries, mighty empires and conflicts have left their mark on Croatia's landscape. The great amphitheatre at Pula, and Diocletian's palace in Split,


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[Assistant] are reminders of almost 600 years of Roman rule. Later in the Middle Ages,


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[Assistant] Powerful walled cities rose up as the Ottoman Empire fought for control of these lands. And in the 19th century, the cities of Osiek and Zagreb


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[Assistant] Today, Croatia is a modern republic, with a thriving economy.


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[Assistant] And its historic landscape is a popular destination for tourists from across the world.


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[Assistant] As the year progresses, the clear blue seas of the Adriatic begin to fill with lavish yachts.


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[Assistant] Tourism forms a vital part of Croatia's economy.


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[Assistant] They head to the capital, Zagreb, for its history, culture and architecture.


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[Assistant] And to Dubrovnik, in Croatia's sun-drenched south.


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[Assistant] They come to walk the 25 meter high defensive walls that encircle the city.


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[Assistant] For much of the 20th century, Croatia was part of the former state of Yugoslavia.


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[Assistant] Initially created five new states and a challenge on Croatia's southern tip.


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[Assistant] The break allowed Bosnia and Herzegovina access to the sea.


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[Assistant] But cut off Dubrovnik from the rest of the country.


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[Assistant] For years, tourists have faced a trip through two border crossings to visit this storied city.


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[Assistant] But a record-breaking project is set to change that.


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[Assistant] It will allow travelers to move between Croatia's two halves unimpeded.


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[Assistant] Six towers will rise from the waters, soaring 100 meters into the sky.


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[Assistant] Today, our aerial cameras will capture a crucial milestone in this mammoth engineering project.


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[Assistant] The installation of the first bridge deck section entirely above water. Bridging the gap between these two towers.


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[Assistant] Overseeing today's installation is Steel Supervisor Zoran Trogovic.


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[Assistant] This bridge section weighs in at 587 tonnes.


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[Assistant] So it takes a very special type of crane to lift it.


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[Assistant] This is the CMT-1, one of Europe's most powerful floating cranes.


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[Assistant] This colossal machine is capable of lifting 1,000 tons.


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[Assistant] Fifty times more than an average tower crane.


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[Assistant] The section weighs as much as three jumbo jets.


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[Assistant] And a sudden gust could cause it to swing dangerously in the air.


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[Assistant] We can see how the crane carefully positions the section of deck above the void, before slowly lowering it into place.


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[Assistant] After three hours of back-breaking work, the crew secure the section.


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[Assistant] Bringing this build one step closer to connecting Croatia's two halves.


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[Assistant] Once complete, the Pelješac bridge will shuttle more than four and a half million cars a year between Croatia's south and the rest of the country.


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[Assistant] Its position bridges Central Europe with the Mediterranean and Southeast Europe.


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[Assistant] Ancient conflict is written into the landscape in the form of fortified towns.


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[Assistant] 50 kilometers north of Dubrovnik sits the medieval walled city of Stom.


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[Assistant] Ston's walls don't just surround the boundary of the city. They run up a steep hill in two enormous parallel lines.


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[Assistant] The ancient city of Ston is no bigger than a village.


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[Assistant] Yet its walls are vast, and zigzag far across the hills.


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[Assistant] At one time they stretched over seven kilometres.


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[Assistant] Dalia Ficovic-Franucic believes that the view from the top of STON's high walls reveals a clue to their huge scale.


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[Assistant] Spreading out down below the wall, into the lagoon, lie more than 50 giant salt pans.


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[Assistant] At harvest time, locals scrape drying salt from the evaporating pools.


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[Assistant] It's a scene unchanged for four thousand years. The salt that was produced here was so valuable that the people of Stomp built a wall around them to keep out thieves.


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[Assistant] But why did they also extend the wall behind the town and far over the hill?


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[Assistant] Extended the walls from the salt pans over the hill to the opposite bank of the peninsula.


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[Assistant] To protect Stomp from a potential power grab.


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[Assistant] At one time the wall boasted 41 defensive towers and 6 colossal fortresses.


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[Assistant] All filled with enough troops to hold off an invading army.


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[Assistant] Stone's great gamble paid off, and its mighty wall was never breached.


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[Assistant] Today the picturesque town remains. And the salt farms are still working.


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[Assistant] Just as they have been for four thousand years.


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[Assistant] As the year drifts on, the long summer evenings shorten.


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[Assistant] The lush green banks of turquoise lakes turn a warm shade of brown and orange.


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[Assistant] Ancient hilltop towns are stripped bare of their summer foliage.


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[Assistant] And green forests appear flecked with gold.


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[Assistant] Workers forage for one of the world's most expensive wild foods.


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[Assistant] Croatia's northwest is home to a giant heart-shaped peninsula called Istria. A closer look


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[Assistant] Reveals a remarkable hilltop village that's well known to top chefs across the globe.


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[Assistant] In autumn, the medieval village of Motavum appears to float above a river of mist.


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[Assistant] This place and the woodland that surrounds it is the hunting ground for the world's rarest type of truffle. The white truffle.


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[Assistant] White truffles are a type of fungi that can sell for 6,000 euros a kilo.


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[Assistant] 45 times as much as the common black truffle.


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[Assistant] Miriana Cotiga and her highly trained sniffer dogs make a living hunting down this rarest of delicacies.


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[Assistant] So Mirjana relies on her dog's heightened sense of smell to sniff them out.


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[Assistant] In the woods, our aerial cameras capture the dogs as they track the telltale scent.


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[Assistant] This is where months of patient training are put into practice.


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[Assistant] If the dogs damage the truffles or even worse, eat them, Miriana's profits will take a huge hit.


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[Assistant] She rewards the dogs with a tasty treat for their find, before the hunt continues.


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[Assistant] It's thanks to the mineral-rich Miena River, which passes through Motivoon and its forests.


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[Assistant] And create the perfect conditions for the rare white truffles to thrive.


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[Assistant] Truffle hunting can be highly profitable, but it's an unpredictable business.


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[Assistant] Across Istria, teams of foragers just like Mirjana find tons of these truffles every autumn.


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[Assistant] They bring more than a million euros into Croatia's economy. And keep this picturesque region firmly on the global culinary map.


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[Assistant] Croatia is a nation steeped in history and culture.


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[Assistant] The Art Pavilion in Zagreb hosts many iconic exhibitions.


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[Assistant] The Mimura Museum is home to one of the largest private art collections in the world. And there's one artist here who uses nature as his canvas.


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[Assistant] Croatia boasts over 5,800 kilometers of coastline and a wealth of pristine beaches. Some beaches even stretch along riverbanks.


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[Assistant] Like this one on the banks of the Drava River, on the edge of Osijek.


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[Assistant] By late autumn, the levels of the drava become so low,


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[Assistant] They expose vast swathes of multicoloured sandbanks.


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[Assistant] Croatian sculptor and land artist Nicola Fala.


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[Assistant] Nicola's abstract works are inspired by nature and geometry.


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[Assistant] He starts by placing a small stick attached to a reel of string into the sand.


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[Assistant] He then uses the string as a guide to help him mark out the perfect circle.


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[Assistant] Nicola repeats this process multiple times.


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[Assistant] As the design begins to grow, the only way Nicola can check on his progress is to take a glimpse from above.


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[Assistant] He launches a drone into the air, and positions it directly above his heart.


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[Assistant] As much as nature is his inspiration, it is also his downfall.


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[Assistant] Wind and rain will eventually return this order to disorder. But for Nicola, that's all part of the appeal.


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[Assistant] Nikola raises up the drone for one last time to capture a photograph of his creation.


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[Assistant] This image will be displayed in an online gallery with his other giant works.


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[Assistant] Leaving the original to be enjoyed only by bemused walkers or glimpsed from passing aircraft.


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[Assistant] As the evenings get shorter, the cooling climate transforms Croatia's highest landscapes.


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[Assistant] A cold wind covers the Denaric Alps with a coating of icy white snow.


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[Assistant] And medieval hilltop attractions are frozen in time.


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[Assistant] As winter sets in, the people of Croatia come outdoors to enjoy the seasonal festivities.


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[Assistant] And in the warmer south on Lastavo Island, locals celebrate the Pocloday Carnival.


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[Assistant] Where farmers can squeeze in a final harvest.


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[Assistant] Ninety kilometers outside Dubrovnik lies a flat green valley that's cut in two by the Nuretva River. From high above, nothing looks out of the ordinary, but a closer look reveals strange repeating patterns.


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[Assistant] The patterns are framed by row upon row of ditches filled with water from the nearby river. For nearly a century,


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[Assistant] The farmers here have dug water channels in these plains to irrigate the land and maximize their yields.


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[Assistant] And winter signals the peak of the annual harvest.


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[Assistant] The journey to inspect his fields each day is not by tractor, but by boat.


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[Assistant] The team have to work fast, but also with great care. The mandarins are too delicate to be plucked. So workers snip them off, with stalks still attached.


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[Assistant] The first seedlings were a gift from the Japanese consul in 1933.


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[Assistant] And they found their perfect growing conditions right here in Nuretva.


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[Assistant] Which produce up to 32,000 tons of mandarins each year.


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[Assistant] It takes eight hours of almost non-stop picking to harvest this field.


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[Assistant] Pettah drops off his crew and heads to the local distribution center.


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[Assistant] His boat weighed down with 240 crates of fruit.


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[Assistant] Every day, Petar and the other farmers descend on this hub.


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[Assistant] From just ten centres like this across the whole valley.


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[Assistant] Thousands of tons of produce are shipped out across Croatia and to all of Europe.


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[Assistant] Known for its extreme shyness lives in the woodland here and the wolf


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[Assistant] Which prowls the dense hillside forests in search of wild-born deer to feed on.


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[Assistant] But in the lowlands, there's another truly remarkable predator.


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[Assistant] One that relies on a spectacular annual transformation for its survival.


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[Assistant] Heavy rainfall begins a long journey into the heart of Croatia.


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[Assistant] The river Sava bursts its banks and transforms the land around it into a giant seasonal wetland.


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[Assistant] Fields and forests turn to lakes as an area the size of New York is submerged in up to six meters of water.


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[Assistant] For Park Ranger Sandra Prevendar-Nekvapil, the floods are a welcome sight.


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[Assistant] Sandra takes to the water to monitor its rarest inhabitant. The white-tailed eagle.


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[Assistant] Twenty years ago, they were on the brink of extinction here.


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[Assistant] But preserving and protecting these seasonal waters have turned that around.


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[Assistant] The eagles raise their young in the floods when the waters bring fish to their woodland doorstep.


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[Assistant] After two hours of scanning the flooded forest, her hard work finally pays off.


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[Assistant] Over the past 15 years, the eagle numbers have risen by a staggering 66%. And there are now 58 pairs that nest here.


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[Assistant] These impressive figures are a testament to Sandra and her colleagues' work to preserve the wetlands for generations to come.


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[Assistant] The nation's capital, Zagreb, undergoes a colorful aerial transformation.


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[Assistant] And the umbrellas of the Dollat's Market paint the square a dazzling pink for the arrival of spring.


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[Assistant] Around a fifth of all Croatians live in Zagreb. It's a vital modern transport hub.


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[Assistant] With road, rail and air links that connect the Mediterranean to Central and Southeastern Europe.


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[Assistant] Uppertown, in the city's north, is the capital's historic heart.


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[Assistant] And it's home to one of the world's most extraordinary restoration projects.


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[Assistant] This towering gothic masterpiece soars more than 100 meters tall, with not one, but two famous spires that can be seen from most of the city.


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[Assistant] Today these towers are undergoing a restoration project like no other due to an extraordinary natural disaster.


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[Assistant] A massive earthquake shook Zagreb to its core.


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[Assistant] And the tip of the south tower tumbled off the cathedral and smashed into the buildings below.


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[Assistant] Engineers can't afford to let the weakened structure collapse.


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[Assistant] So they're gearing up to execute an astonishing plan.


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[Assistant] They're going to remove the entire tip for repairs with a controlled explosion.


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[Assistant] The engineers hope to sever each of them in a single, highly targeted blast. With the eyes of Zagreb on the operation, the explosives blow.


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[Assistant] A year later, the North Tower is completely repaired.


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[Assistant] The areas damaged by the earthquake have been restored, and the tip reconnected, with barely a sign that it was ever blown up.


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[Assistant] The South Tower too now rises to its full height.


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[Assistant] And in a few years time, the ongoing restoration work at its base will be complete.


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[Assistant] The famous Twin Towers of Zagreb will soon watch over the city again.


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[Assistant] Outside of its bustling capital, Croatia is feigned for its national parks. There are eight of them dotted around the country.


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[Assistant] In springtime, tourists flock to Plitvice Lakes with its emerald pools and spectacular waterfalls.


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[Assistant] 150 islands and rocks make this a prime spot for aquatic wildlife and divers alike. But one national park stands out because it is home to a giant.


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[Assistant] Croatia's Adriatic coast is home to a long mountain chain called Velabit.


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[Assistant] It features some of the country's steepest cliff faces. A closer look reveals why.


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[Assistant] A colossal gorge carved by an ancient river cuts through the mountain range, resulting in huge vertical limestone walls.


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[Assistant] Paklenica National Park sits in the heart of the ancient gorge.


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[Assistant] And it's Croatia's top rock climbing destination. The jewel in the park's crown is the legendary Anica Kuk.


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[Assistant] Soaring 712 meters into the clouds. It's as tall as New York's Empire State Building.


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[Assistant] It rests on the shoulders of Sunchit Sahras Chanets to make sure this iconic rock face is kept safe for climbers.


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[Assistant] Our unique aerial view reveals the heights Sun Jitsa and her team face as they dangle precariously over the edge of this 400 meter rock face.


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[Assistant] The team tap on the cliff face and listen for the hollow sound of loose rocks.


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[Assistant] For most people, it would be terrifying working at these heights. But for Suncica, it feels like home.


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[Assistant] Sunchitsa and the team successfully remove around 100 loose rocks.


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[Assistant] Making it a safe haven for climbers of all levels, once they return.


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[Assistant] Croatia is one of Europe's top sporting nations. From tennis to handball.


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[Assistant] Thousands flock to stadiums dotted across the country. Like the impressive Arena Zagreb, built in 2008.


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[Assistant] The Pollywood Stadium in Split, which is shaped like an open seashell.


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[Assistant] And there's one stadium in Croatia that's been holding sporting events for millennia.


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[Assistant] Two thousand years ago, Croatia and most of southern Europe were part of the ancient Roman Empire. In the country's northwest,


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[Assistant] The city of Pula was one of the Empire's key Adriatic ports.


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[Assistant] Roman megastructures survive across the city today. From this ancient theater, and the temple of Emperor Augustus,


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[Assistant] To perhaps the finest monument of them all, the Pula Arena.


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[Assistant] To host barbaric gladiatorial contests.


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[Assistant] Here, men would fight to the death or battle wild animals that were set loose into the main arena.


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[Assistant] Covering an area of 11,000 square meters, it was large enough to accommodate 23,000 spectators.


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[Assistant] has dedicated his life to studying the country's Roman architecture.


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[Assistant] Darko investigates why this arena has stood tall for over two thousand years. While so many others have crumbled to the ground.


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[Assistant] Darko believes the cracks and holes betray the existence of ironwork deep inside the stones.


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[Assistant] And then fitted them with iron bars, knitting the blocks together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This created an extremely stable and tightly packed structure that was able to withstand anything from hurricanes to earthquakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, the ironwork has long rusted away, so Pula must conceal another secret that helps explain how it still stands strong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From high above, the drains form a pattern around the amphitheatre.


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[Assistant] Darko believes the Romans built them this way to protect the foundations of the amphitheatre from being washed away by rain.


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[Assistant] These innovative engineering solutions ensure that the Pooler Arena survives to this day.


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[Assistant] Where ancient cities blend in effortlessly with modern innovations and a diverse dynamic landscape.


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[Assistant] For thousands of years, the people of Croatia have made the most of this wonderful nation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By preserving their rich history, culture and traditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the good life. We have it good, don't you think?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, now that I think of it, I wouldn't have gotten married if I hadn't moved to this town and met Sally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the good life. We have it good, don't you think? Yeah, of course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, now that I think of it, I wouldn't have gotten married if I hadn't moved to this town and met Sally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the good life. We have it good, don't you think?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, now that I think of it, I wouldn't have gotten married if I hadn't moved to this town and met Sally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a steersman, you just have to watch and make sure that you're just gonna keep a couple of inches off the wall to get around. Because you need every inch in square. Every inch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I see your monsters. I see your pain. Tell me your problems. Problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's read the whole sentence in Chinese. Okay, listen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 在口语当中以及在美剧当中和在英文歌曲当中。


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, uh, uh, uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's read it one more time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll chase them away. I'll chase them away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uh, uh, uh, uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I'll be your lighthouse, lighthouse. I'll make it okay. I'll make it okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll make ke- I'll make ke- okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll make it okay. I'll be your lighthouse. I'll make it okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll trade them.