[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we'll see also the comment, you know, when we talk about the uh, source follower, which is the most counterpart of this. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So that R out can be written into two parts. This part, which is RE, and this part looking up. Which is what? What do you see? If I null my independent source the way I've drawn it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is gonna be AC ground, this is gonna be AC ground, we talked about what are the three impedances that you see into the, looking into the terminals of the resist, transistor, right? What do you see, roughly, looking into the emitter? RM, right? Alpha RM, RM. So, you see RM, in parallel with RE.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have a source whose input resistance is small. What kind of a source is it? Is it more like a voltage source or a current source? Voltage source, right? Small source resistance looks like a voltage source. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A voltage source with a smaller, a large source resistance corresponds to a current source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have to get used to this kind of location. So, it is a good voltmeter and a good voltage source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's almost trivial to calculate the gain of this thing. Uhm, so this is I, alpha IE, this is IE, this is V in, and this is V out. Can you see what V out to V in ratio is? What determines that? This voltage is V in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, it's a voltage divider, right? RE divided by the parallel cop- the sum of the two resistances. So this is how- you can see how T-model makes it really simple. Because now the gain is RE divided by RE plus alpha RM.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If rA is large, much larger than rM, it can become one. Close, approach asymptotically to one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have a stage that has a, and we can calculate the other parameters more accurately precisely in a second, but you have a stage whose input resistance is large, whose output resistance is small, and whose gain can be close to one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can say, what use is a stage with a gain less than one or one? A wire is better, I can use a wire, why do I need to use this? Burn current and spend money on a transistor. Well, it does something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It takes, it presents a lot of large input resistance and it can drive well, so it's a good driver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doesn't get you gain, but it can provide current. Because it has really current gain if you think about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We said something and we'll see this more and more as we go. If you're trying to get gain, you need high impedance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, if you are trying to increase your gain, you need high impedance nodes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if you have high impedance nodes, those nodes are very high gain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as soon as you connect a resistor, it doesn't even have to be a small resistor, it's like a, connect a kilo ohm resistor to that. Well, you have a mega ohm in parallel with a kilo ohm, it's a kilo ohm. So now your game, instead of being 40,000, is 40. If you attach a 100 ohm, it's gonna be 4. If you attach a 50 ohm, it's gonna be, I don't know, 2 and so on and so forth, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They are like some individuals. Some individuals have a very high game, but they are very fragile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to put them in the right operation points until like they have to have the right environment, everything for them. But then they are high gain, they can produce a lot. Some, some, some of them are very resilient.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They may not have a lot of gain, but they can carry, handle anything. So, this guy is a tough guy. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it is good to protect, these are like the, I don't know, they're in the football, if you think about them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lime minerals, the people who are standing in front of the quarterback, right, is the protective, uh, from...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these guys, you can see them appearing before and after your game stages. Right? So they protect them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, okay, so let's do a little bit more calculations. So let's see. This is the gain, fine. What is the input resistance? Well, the input resistance is what we just said. You can use the reflection rule. We talked about the reflection rule. It's whatever we had in the emitter multiplied by beta plus one. So you have alpha RM times beta plus one, which gives you r pi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, you're grounding this, of course. You're trying to calculate the output resistance. So your output resistance is going to be the parallel combination of what you see this way and that way. We'll talk about that. Looking down, you see RE, obviously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you see looking up? Again, reflection rule. I'm taking something in the base and moving into the emitter. What does it get multiplied by or divided by?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Divided by beta, beta. Good, good, good way of thinking. It's beta plus one, but beta is good. I like thinking about it as beta. So it gets divided by beta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we won't be bothered. Actually, we would encourage you if you make these kind of simplifications. That's fine. Remember, there are cases where you subtract something from something else. If you're subtracting an RE from one alpha RE, then you have to take this into account.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But other than that, a lot of time basically it's just this stuff. Now, and simplifications are good. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it does change. What you can do, you can take the RV and move it into the emitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does it make sense? If you had a base resistance, then that also moves into the emitter, so you have two resistors here. You have Rb divided by Vector plus one, and R alpha Rm, and then you have Re.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have a resistive divider between those three resistors, which is the same thing. That gives you that value. So, that's the game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, high input impedance, low output impedance,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a close to unity gain. Properly designed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is from a small signal. From a large signal perspective also it should make sense, right? I mean, what does it look like from a large signal perspective? If you look at the large signal, so this is capital V in, V out characteristic, well, as I, if I'm at zero,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's very little current. As I increase it, slightly my current will increase, right? But what would happen? What is the voltage VBE across here? The VBE,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is going to be vt, kt over q, natural log of ic over is. Alright, that's the inverse of the exponential.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's inside the log. So what happens is that V in V out, it kind of looks like this. So if this is V out equals V in, then this is a slope of one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it starts growing a little bit slowly, kind of like just, and then it basically drops. But, so there's a little bit of a drop, so this is like a .6, .7, but,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 0.6, 0.7 volts, whatever the drop VBE is. For a silicon transistor at milliamps of current you're looking at 0.7.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a germanium transistor, that voltage would be, because IS is smaller, uh, is you will have a, uh, .5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if you had a other kind of like some of the HPT silicon germanium or some of the other combination of transistors may have a different voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, but that's what it is. So you can, you can see it. And now what if I said, okay, this is really horrible. I don't really want to deal with this variation of the voltage because I want the output to be a perfect replica of the input. How would I do that? How would I deal with that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How would I get, can you think of a way of getting rid of this weak dependence? So you can see it's not perfectly linear, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From a large signal perspective, not depend on this voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What, where does this dependent come from? Where does this change come from? Something changes that results in a change in this voltage. What is that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's this guy, right? The collector current is changing. As I increase the input, right, this voltage goes up, there's more current going through the RE.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The emitter current is changing, so the collector current is changing, so my VBE is changing. Albeit slowly because it's through a log, but it changes. So how can I avoid this change? Can you propose a solution? Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Driving. So that's one way. But, but it's in the right direction. You're thinking in the right direction. I think there was a hand raise. That happened like half a second before you. So, so, okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so two solutions, I mean three solutions really. R, make R a larger. The other solution was to make, put the current source here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you could put an ideal current source, then that forces the current to be constant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which can also happen. So it can actively steer current away. All three of these solutions can work. They're actually in exactly, progressively more level of complexity. All three of them are good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we can do is that instead of having this stage, we can have a stage like this, and that would, that stage,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would maintain a constant VB as long as there's no current going to the output, to the load, right? Because there's a V in and there's a V out. And there's an I bias. And that I bias will maintain this voltage constant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it's a good buffer, it can provide isolation between different stages, it can protect your high impedance nodes. Right? And, it's a, it's an interesting stage, and we'll use it. Okay, any questions on the common emitter? And you can see that it's really, T-model makes it trivial. It's a voltage divider.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another stage. So where else can we apply an input and measure an output? Well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We applied, remember, it's the voltage across the base emitter. The base emitter fluctuations that induce the collector current changes. That are producing the changes that you're interested in. Now, we can also get


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This induced, so what we did in common emitter, we applied the input to the base and produced a VBE that produced the changes in the collector current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, instead we can apply, so instead of changing the base to produce a change in VBE, we can also change the emitter. Right? And if you do that, it means that you're applying an input to the emitter, and you're taking your output from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The collector. So that's what we call a common base.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the common base stage essentially looks like this. So you have the collector, VCC, RC,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you have, now this time you keep, instead of keeping the emitter at the constant voltage, you keep the base at the constant. And we showed it like this, VB. Or V bias sometimes. When we show this, really what we mean is that there's a battery here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From our perspective, it's a fixed voltage we maintain. Then we'll talk about how to generate these voltages. We haven't talked about biasing yet. Extensively. Uhm, we'll talk about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's some bias that generates it, and then you're applying your input, let's say, let's say initially as a voltage source, but we'll talk about that here. So when you have something like this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say before we actually write equations, what do you expect the gain of this stage to be? Well, let's think about the input and output resistance as well, first. What is the input resistance of this stage?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meaning, the resistance that the source sees. So, looking into here, what do you expect it to be roughly? Alpha RM, right? RM-ish. Like in the order of RM. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alpha RM, that's correct. So you see some RM or Alpha RM looking into here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you expect the output resistance to be? Well, it really depends on what you have, what kind of source you have. If you had an ideal voltage source like this, when you're trying to calculate that, you need to null this, which basically means that you shorted, then what do you see? You see RO.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, depending on what kind of source you have, this may be RO or may be different. But it's at least RO.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Equations, but before we do that we need to kind of like understand what it does. So, you're changing VBE, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So instead of changing it from here, I'm changing it from here, from this terminal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I expect the game to be, how should you expect it to be related to the game of a common emitter without degeneration? Should be similar, right? Except for one little difference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now when this was going up, now this is going up, which basically means that I'm applying the voltage from the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you do that, I mean you can easily see. So you can think about also from a large signal perspective, what you get from V in V out. Characteristic. So if my V in is, let's start from very high. Let's start from, if my V in is very high,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, because this VBE is reverse bias. The base emitter is reverse bias, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the transistor will be off, what will be my collector voltage? It will be Vcc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So at some point I start luring this V in, and then at some point it starts turning on, as it turns on it starts drawing current, it starts pulling this node down. And at some point it hits this V, determined by this V bias, it will stop. So this will be the exponential, and then it will not go on forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And where this happens depends on when this V bias is where this junction becomes forward bias. When this fall. At what voltage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, okay. So that's the big picture general view of it. We can also do the calculations of the game from a small signal perspective. And let's do that. So let's say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since the emitter is not connected directly to ground, let's use the T-model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In terms of Ian. Well, this side is grounded, right? My ground is progressively like a circle. But, uh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is negative V in over alpha RM. This voltage across the sky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, now, alpha IE is alpha times that, and that's the current that comes out of the RC, so this is Vout. So Vout.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is going to be, and the current is coming out, so it's negative RC times IE, which would be, the minus signs cancel, so you get V in and the, there's an alpha here, sorry, alpha IE, the alphas cancel, you get RC over RM, or GM RC, times V in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the minus sign is not there, unlike the common emitter. It's essentially the same gain if you are ignoring the RO business and all those things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now this stage behaves somewhat differently and we'll talk about that a little bit more. Now its output resistance is what? Is Rc parallel with whatever this is? So it can be made large if you make Rc large. So you can actually get high gain out of it if you need to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you make, for example, the Rc large n, we'll do that in a few minutes. And then, but how about its input impedance?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's input impedance, and we'll talk about its output impedance quantitatively in a minute, but it's input impedance. What is it? Is it small, large,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's small. It's smaller of the three resistors, right? It's RM. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What kind of a meter is it? Is it a voltmeter or a good, is it a good voltmeter or is it a good ammeter?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you have a source that has a high source impedance, which basically means that it's like more of a current source, this would be a good thing to deal with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it has, it can have high output resistance, which basically means that it can provide gain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, what is the output resistance? Well, let's find out. Well, we've already found out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because if it's driven, for example, instead of like this, by a current source, we said it's good for driving with a current source, so this is i in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so now in the small signal model, you have the RS here, and then you have the RO here. But this circuit we have already analyzed, this network.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because if you think about it this way, the resistance looking down here, when you're looking at that, and when you're nulling the independent source, what does this look like? This is exactly common emitter with emitter degeneration. Except for that RE is now called RS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the maximum output resistance that this can have is what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If Rs was large, you remember, for the common emitter, we did calculate this, and the output resistance, so R out, prime, the intrinsic part, is Ro times 1 plus, or, or, Rm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is the maximum gain that this stage can achieve? Because remember, the gain of this stage is generally now, basically, this is gonna be Rc in parallel with R out prime, when you take that into account. So that's a parallel, that's a total resistance on the output to ground. If you know all the independent sources. The total resistance on the output would be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The intrinsic one, which is the R out prime looking down, in parallel with Rc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if you set RC to be very large, you're limited by RL prime. So it's gonna be GM times that. But RL prime can be as large as what? Beta RL. So if you look at this maximum intrinsic gain,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you drive it with the right source, what is the right source? The right source is something that looks like a current source and has a large output resistance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Terminal of the transistor that acts like a current source and has a high output resistance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of the three terminals of the transistor, which one


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looks like a current source and has a high impedance looking into.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember what we saw? RM, RPi, RO. For emitter, base and collector. And what do you see when you look at the collector? RO. And a current source, right? That current source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if we take this stage, our common base,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the collector of another transistor it seems that we should be able to achieve


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This high output impedance, which can help us achieve high intrinsic gain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can actually do small signal analysis. And again, this is something that we need to get used to. I'll try to do it from time to time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More and more as we go on the circuit diagram.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what we are going to be doing is say, okay, well there's a V in here, this is the small signal V in. Okay? What current does it generate here? Do you agree that it's going to be GmV in? That's the current source. Think about the pi model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, GMVN is gonna be going into these two, divided between these two resistors, but for all intents and purposes, it's going all straight into the emitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] GMVN, right? Because there's an alpha ratio from the emitter to the collector.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the current that's being pulled out of this node. Now how much voltage does that generate?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's some, if you null every independent source, so there's nothing driving it, you look at that node, you see some resistance to ground. And it comes from different sources. Where does it come from?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is an RC obviously up here, and there is something looking down here. So what is this, what we call R out prime? The intrinsic resistance. What is that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here, what is my new RS in the calculation we ran? If I have this, so this is my common base, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does that make sense? And if I ask you what is the output resistance of this thing, you already know it, right? It's R out from beta RO parallel with RC. It's this guy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rc parallel beta Ro, which is the output resistance, and there's a factor of alpha.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of that second transistor taxing a little bit of the current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What did this do? Is it good, bad? What's happening now with this stage?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do we have a decent stage now for voltage amplification? What is the problem with common base if you wanted to use it as a voltage amplifier?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What was the common problem with the common base? It's small input resistance, right? Exactly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what we did, we made that better by a factor of beta. We made it into our pi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, this is going to be my intrinsic gain for this stage, with a decent input impedance. This stage has a name. It's called cascode. Now, where does that name come from? So cascode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's short for cascaded cathode. Now that should give you a sense of where it comes from.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which we'll talk about when we talk about high frequency behavior. This state has really good frequency behavior, for reasons we'll discuss in detail later. But,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What they saw is that they had a cathode and they had a grid, right? So they had the anode cathode and the grid. And what they saw is that essentially


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then when they connected this to some resistors to some supply,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this was ground, and the input was applied here. If they had a second grid, what they called a cascaded cathode, it performed a lot better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both in terms of gain and frequency response. Which we haven't, the second part we haven't talked about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they called it cascaded cathode. This ca- what do you think they called this kind of vacuum tube that had four terminals? The three terminal was- one was called triode. Tetraode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then they eventually realized that some of these hot electrons that hit here kind of reflect back and go into this guy, and there's a current in there that's gonna cause problem and it creates modulation, so they introduced a fixed, a third one, uh, and that was called a pentode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Pentode was a vacuum tube that was very popular, a lot of these like big, they're like 100 years ago or something like that, a lot of these rad- big radios like the old one that you see in the movies and all those things that had a Pentode and Pentode radio was really


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, again, the word cascade comes from cascaded cathode, which is basically the basis for that. So, so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can we make gain? How do we get more gain? So let's say we want to make some amplification stages that have gain. We said, okay, let's make something that, we talked about this before, right? We said, we have to make RC larger. We can't just make RC larger by itself, because if you do that then the current goes to zero. As soon as you start drawing current, the voltage goes all the way down. Right? Let's say you make your RC


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 100 mega ohm. You put a 100 mega ohm resistor there, well, as if the 100 mega ohm will act as a 100 mega ohm because the leakage current through the surface of the something and all those things probably make it less than 100 mega ohm. But let's say you had a 100 mega ohm resistor that you could put in there. What happens? As soon as you touch this, start increasing it, this just BOOM jumps down. So there would be no drive capability.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, it will have a very sharp transition, which means that it has high gain, but you cannot connect anything to it. It can't drive anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So ideally, and we talked about this when we were talking about a load line, you don't want a load line that looks like a line. You want a load line, well, a slanted line. You want a load line that's flat, which basically means that you have a current source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So ideally, you want to get this maximum gain, you need to have a current source here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's go back to our basic state and start from that and then we'll come back to this. So let's say, we start with a common emitter. And say, I wanna make this high gain. So I'm gonna put a current source here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you say, okay great, I have solved the problem, I can get GA over VT. You go to the stock room, you pick a transistor,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you go through the drawers looking for a current source. So these are the voltage, the batteries, where the current source is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First of all, the current sources would be hard to keep, right? Because if you keep them open-loop, there would be an arc across them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Say one amp current source brought it in, there would be beautiful arc around it, because the current has forces of one amp current through the air, right? And if you keep them short, they will dissipate energy and they will run out pretty quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's something that has what kind of output impedance? Low or source impedance, let's say. Low or high? High, right? Because an ideal current source, when you null it, should be an open loop. So it should look like an infinite loop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello? So, it's something with a high output impedance. But we do have things like with high output impedance. We have a terminal in the transistor that presents high impedance. Which is? Which, which one of the three? The collector, right, exactly, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that may work actually, but just go. Uhm, but let's say, can I just do this without any fancy things?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello, maybe. But I still need a current source, because this current is going this way, this current is going this way, so I can't take this out and put another collector here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both of them need a current, and then if I need to put a current source there, I already had the current source to begin with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I need to do that. So how do I do that? How do I make it? I need a current source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This transistor is a good current source, but it can only sink current, and I'm using some of these terminologies or common terminology. It can only sink current, meaning that it can only draw DC current. DC current can go into the collector. You need something that provides DC current coming out of the collector. Do we have that? It's a PMP transistor, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you put a PNP transistor, that's why you put a PNP, and whose collector is connected here, and you keep it at some V bias,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the PNP collector sources current, and the NPN collector sinks current. That's common terminology.


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[Assistant] What is the gain? Again, let's do small signal on the thing and if you are in doubt, always draw the small signal model and you'll see it. So you have a V in here.


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[Assistant] So what you see, the drive current here is gonna be gmvin. It's gonna be pulled out of this node.


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[Assistant] So, looking down, what do we see? We see R0, let's say N, for the NPN transistor. But you also see a resistance looking up. To where? To ground. Because VCC is ground from an AC perspective. So looking up,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You also see resistance, like, you're looking into another collector. What do you see looking into the collector?


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[Assistant] So this is ROP, whatever the RO of the PNP is. So the total gain of this stage is gonna be GM.


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[Assistant] So, you can also express this in terms of V8, right, and G, so you can write that, you can write it as IC over VT, and then this becomes


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[Assistant] VAP, so these are the early voltages of the NPN and PNP. VT, VAN, plus VAP.


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[Assistant] Divided by 25 millivolts, so that's 2000. Thousand. I mean if it's a hundred.


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[Assistant] And you will get the product through the two gates. If you add a thousand here, you get another thousand there, you get a million. What's your problem?


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[Assistant] When we talk about high frequency behavior. And some of this will happen later this quarter and some of it will happen next quarter. But we'll have, we'll see that. Uhm, but essentially let's say that we want to get more gain from the same stage. Through the same stage. Is there a way?


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[Assistant] Okay, so, so, he says, wait a second, this guy replaced it with a cascode. You get more output resistance. That's a good suggestion. We'll make this a cascode. So this becomes a VBIAS. VB1. And then this becomes VN. And now what do we have? Well, now look here. Look, I want everyone to pay attention. This is RON. Right? What is this gonna become? You did that.


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[Assistant] So now what are we going to get? So how is my gain going to change? So now this is going to become beta RON. Remember, this was, let's say, we said it's 100 kiloohm and whatever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before it was 100 kilo ohm, and now, and let's say this was 100 kilo ohm, wouldn't be, let's say 50 kilo ohm, but let's say 100 kilo ohm, 100 kilo ohm, but now this becomes 100 kilo ohms times 100.


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[Assistant] R-O-P, exactly, right? So now, this is becoming, this doesn't matter, this has become so large it doesn't matter now. So,


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[Assistant] Now this is basically, and how much improvement did we get really in this example? We got a factor of 2. Right?


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[Assistant] Because our output resistance goes from 50k to 100k, effectively.


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[Assistant] And now what you see is that now looking up here you see ROP, and then now here you see beta, this is really beta n and this is beta p, because they're different. Uhm, and RO and ROP are different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, so you see that. So what you have is beta n times that, and then here you get beta p times Rop. So let's assume that they are all the same, which they are not.


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[Assistant] It would be now 100, so now you have 10 mega ohms in parallel with 10 mega ohms, so you have 5 mega ohms. So then if you have a transconductance of 40 millisiemens, you're talking about 40 milli times 10 mega, so you have 400,000 of gain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, that's, those are pretty high numbers. I mean, they're actually practically, this is gonna be more like 30, this is gonna be more like 30, this may not be as high, so if you're, you may be limited by this, you may get tenth of that. 5,000 maybe.


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[Assistant] But, this is the game. So, you said, okay, it worked once. It worked twice. Can I do more?


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[Assistant] What happens if I put another layer of cascades, cascode here? If I make this a triple cascode?


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[Assistant] And there's an alpha, by the way, that I ignored here. So there's an alpha here.


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[Assistant] Higher, lower, much higher, much lower, the same.


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[Assistant] Well, think about the output resistance. The output resistance now looking here is R1, R1, right? This becomes beta R1, right? What does this become?


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[Assistant] Right? Not beta squared, think about it. Where is that expression for the?


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[Assistant] And, so what you see here, you remember?


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[Assistant] If beta R, if Re is greater than beta Rm, the limit is beta Ro. So even if you make the Re infinity,


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[Assistant] This is not gonna go above Beidaro. So...


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[Assistant] So when we go back here, what happens is that we have, this is beta RON. So what is this gonna be?


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[Assistant] This is beta ROP, but this is still gonna be beta ROP.


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[Assistant] That's, like I said, you remember a few minutes ago I said, uh, you don't see triple cascodes that much in bipolar's? Because you gain nothing. You actually lost an alpha. If you, I mean that doesn't really matter. If you want to be really doing accurate accounting, you lost an alpha, you didn't gain anything. So that's why you see double cascodes. But also remember,


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[Assistant] This is because of the beta. We saw that expression.


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[Assistant] Behaves differently for MOSFETs. And when we talk about MOSFETs, we'll see that in MOSFETs you can actually get an aggregation.


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[Assistant] So in MOSFETs you do see double, triple cascodes because of this.


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[Assistant] But you can see that we can increase the gain substantially in one state. And we'll see how these things will start looking when you add stuff. So you don't want to do really triple cascode. Right? I mean, fold bipolars. So that's it. Any questions? No? Alright, very good.


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[Assistant] I quietly take out my camera so as not to be noticed by my photographic subject and peek through the finder.


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[Assistant] When he gets up on stage to sing one of his out of tune solos.


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[Assistant] I get so nervous for him that I get sweaty palms.


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[Assistant] It's just if we have it every day, we're bound to get fed up with it. I must increase the variety of my cooking.


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[Assistant] So please use its file format when you send me the attachment.


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[Assistant] He would have been able to enter a good university easily if he had tried, but he entered a vocational school instead.


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[Assistant] The best way to know what a country is like is to go and see it with your own eyes.


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[Assistant] If you want to do eye grabbing work, you have to put out something punchy at the outset. Say what you mean directly.


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[Assistant] The statistical data presented in her paper is of great use for us in estimating the frequency of the movement.


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[Assistant] I was going to hand in my application form to the boss today, but he beat me to the punch.


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[Assistant] But to stretch it a little, you could say music appreciation is my hobby.


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[Assistant] I haven't heard anyone call him a late bloomer in a while, but I do wonder when he's going to grow up.


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[Assistant] I hope you're not trying to tell me you're not going to pay the money back.


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[Assistant] So if you're ever in dire straits, just let me know and I'll come running.


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[Assistant] I wonder if they don't have meetings anymore where strong words fly and everyone goes at each other tooth and nail.


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[Assistant] And even outside these nations, English is perhaps more widely used as a medium of international communication than any other language.


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[Assistant] Our teacher showed us different kinds of flowers and told us in passing that those flowers came from her garden.


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[Assistant] These children are born not of natural descent, nor the human decision or a husband's will, but born of God.


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[Assistant] So they reported it to the police and the area was taped off to keep people out.


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[Assistant] You must put up with your new post for the present. I'll find you a better place one of these days.


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[Assistant] I haven't read both his novels, but judging from the one I have read, he seems to be a promising writer.


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[Assistant] The crowd may be on the side of Luciano, but the champ has got the skill to win, and that's what matters.


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[Assistant] The only useful knowledge is that which teaches us how to seek what is good and avoid what is evil.


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[Assistant] I allude to work that had already been done on the psychology of crowd control.


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[Assistant] When the flight crew has their aircraft under control, everything is working normally, and yet it still crashes into the ground. That's CFIT.


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[Assistant] She has been on a diet for the past two months because she put on too much weight during the winter.


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[Assistant] Even the tiresome work of adding and subtracting figures is interesting in its way.


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[Assistant] This skull and crossbones was named based on the world famous Captain Kidd, who was active in the late 17th century Britain.


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[Assistant] I don't expect him to understand my innermost thoughts, but I wonder what I can do to get him to hold an interest.


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[Assistant] But whoever does not believe stands condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of God's only Son.


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[Assistant] You kept putting off working on the fine details of this project. So it ended up lacking the finishing touches.


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[Assistant] I found the city different from what it had been ten years ago.


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[Assistant] Jack once gave a helping hand to Robert, who was in trouble.


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[Assistant] And now Robert, in turn, is of great help to Jack.


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[Assistant] The current imbalance between supply and demand.


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[Assistant] Is considered to reflect structural changes on the demand side, rather than being a cyclical phenomenon.


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[Assistant] Not wanting to boast, but I've never gotten better than a 3 on my report card for home economics. Out of 10, that is.


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[Assistant] When a fire destroyed their archive of computer hard drives and optical disks.


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[Assistant] This is to confirm the appointment we made to meet at your office at 10am on Monday, February 27th.


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[Assistant] If you are a member of a primitive community and you wish to produce, say, food, there are two things that you must do.


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[Assistant] Let us students contribute to the welfare of the victims of the earthquake. Even loose change will go a long way.


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[Assistant] Off balance, he regained his posture to see a metal mesh rubbish bin flying towards him.


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[Assistant] The doctors say the dying man should have kicked the bucket hours ago. Were he an ordinary man? But he is still defying death.


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[Assistant] The economic strength of a country lies not alone in its ability to produce, but also in its capacity to consume.


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[Assistant] The cost of living has risen so quickly that it is almost impossible for us to make both ends meet.


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[Assistant] And even looking from the observation deck at first, there were no planes.


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[Assistant] However, if you're going to read people's blogs in order to write an interesting blog, you can do that right away.


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[Assistant] Let us, students contribute to the welfare of the victims of the earthquake. Even pin money will go a long way.


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[Assistant] With all the kerfuffle since this morning, I'd almost forgotten, but we've still got the problem of the club members, haven't we?


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[Assistant] Gross National Product is a nation's total output of goods and services during a given period of time as measured in monetary value.


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[Assistant] After being out in the wind and rain for years and years.


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[Assistant] The walls of this apartment building are weather beaten and brittle.


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[Assistant] I gave an answer that was way out in left field when the teacher caught me off guard and called on me.


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[Assistant] But no difference is seen in their internal morphology, so it seems that they are considered the same.


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[Assistant] Still, others simply travel around America in recreational vehicles.


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[Assistant] Seeing parts of the country they had been too busy to see before.


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[Assistant] When she saw the length he'd gone to get all dressed up, she couldn't help letting a brief chuckle escape.


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[Assistant] What with this and that, I haven't been able to sing. So today I sang like there's no tomorrow.


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[Assistant] That young man can't get the sort of jobs he wants and doesn't have any friends. He's really at a loss.


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[Assistant] Last night, John was completely drunk and she was walking along the lake and then she fell in the water.


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[Assistant] Why would you want to cherish a piece of junk like that? But this little beauty means the world to me.


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[Assistant] You're probably going to think this is a joke, but I was a punk rocker when I was a kid.


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[Assistant] The words Dr. Hawking was choosing this morning will be printed out and sent to the publisher of his book.


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[Assistant] You have our permission to include our software on condition that you send us a copy of the final product.


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[Assistant] There are often discussions that include the teacher as another member of the group.


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[Assistant] Stop trying to make us follow all these subtle cues.


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[Assistant] I wish you would say what you want to say more clearly.


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[Assistant] Just one part of what he said got picked up by the media and took on a life of its own.


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[Assistant] It's not as if an emissary from outer space will have slipped into school uniform and be loitering around seeking a partner.


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[Assistant] Though this is a bulky book with over 1000 pages. I will have read it all by this time next week.


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[Assistant] She looked at her flight of cranes hanging from the ceiling, which her brother James had hung there for her.


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[Assistant] Service industries include communication, transportation, distribution,


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[Assistant] Finance and a host of other areas which do not involve production of goods.


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[Assistant] Extra special treatment is imperative to get the vessel through government-read tape so that she can leave port on time.


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[Assistant] You could tell by the ear-to-ear grin that came to his face that he really had something to smile about.


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[Assistant] Among married couples, there has been an increase in divorce and separation.


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[Assistant] With the result that there are many more one-parent families.


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[Assistant] Let's have a drink or two and talk about the good old days.


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[Assistant] Attention is focused on the potential for growth of the personal and industrial use garbage compactor market in relations to trends in law.


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[Assistant] The trouble is that people do not want hard enough to not have an accident.


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[Assistant] I suppose that what we mean by beauty is that object, spiritual or material, more often material, which satisfies our aesthetic sense.


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[Assistant] That person has had an odd grin on his face for awhile. What do you suppose is behind it?


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[Assistant] He or she cannot be called a good person unless he or she has a sound mind.


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[Assistant] When the school had no books or paper or pencils, she wrote the alphabet on the ground with a stick.


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[Assistant] I put my foot in my mouth by asking Paul how she was.


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[Assistant] Many bathhouses added new facilities such as saunas and exercise equipment in an effort to attract customers.


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[Assistant] Therefore, I'm giving up for now. I'll still try to check out other possibilities, but I think hopes are slim.


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[Assistant] Chin and chilla were sitting at the top of a broad flight of stairs.


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[Assistant] He needs to do something with the line here at the back of the leg.


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[Assistant] They say you should consult the past if you want to learn about the future. History has a lot to teach us.


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[Assistant] I am a little bit afraid that he will not prepare anything.


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[Assistant] Because I have not seen a presentation of his with presentation material.


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[Assistant] It is foolish of you to build a castle in the air while forgetting to drive in pilings for its foundation.


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[Assistant] She handed me the basket and I suggested I wait until I got home to open it in case anyone was watching.


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[Assistant] To tell you the truth, I'd tell Tony I'm going back to cutting the grass myself again next year. Except for one thing.


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[Assistant] So a bear's chance of catching one at a breathing hole is greater after nightfall.


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[Assistant] No sooner had we finished working on one tough problem.


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[Assistant] Then the president sent us yet another straight from the top.


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[Assistant] But I wonder if he understands how hard it's going to be to actually carry out.


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[Assistant] If it hadn't been for Lindbergh's luck and his knowledge of flying, he could never have succeeded in crossing the Atlantic.


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[Assistant] Incidentally, that the gills of fish are bright red is because there are many capillary vessels collected there. The same is for lungs.


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[Assistant] His utter failure at the last peace conference has taught him to arm himself to the teeth with new tricks and tactics.


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[Assistant] I'd like to say a word of thanks to all those gentlemen and ladies whose care I have been in.


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[Assistant] If you are having temporary financial problems and it is the cause of your outstanding account, let us know about it.


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[Assistant] His untimely statement has not only let the cat out of the bag, but also upset the apple cart for the peace move.


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[Assistant] The fact becomes self-evident if you take a look at the relation between this theme and those leading research on it.


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[Assistant] So he hasn't been able to see any of his friends who work normal hours.


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[Assistant] But this did not stop him from using his mind and presenting his ideas at physics meetings around the world.


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[Assistant] I want it to be the best ever, so I have no regrets.


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[Assistant] He didn't want to take today's test, so he made believe that he was sick and didn't go to school.


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[Assistant] In the U.S., it is common to give a present, such as glasses or a coffee maker, to the bride at weddings.


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[Assistant] Perception is based, to a very large extent, on conceptual models, which are always inadequate, often incomplete, and sometimes profoundly wrong.


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[Assistant] Working healthy people contribute to the reduction of medical expenses.


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[Assistant] The rise of the eligible age for benefits and the curtailment of their costs.


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[Assistant] The parties involved themselves or their attendants should look over the place for the MEI meeting in advance.


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[Assistant] Since her parents were busy at work all the time, she spent a lot of her time at her friend's house.


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[Assistant] I just got a great job because of an introduction from a friend. Sometimes things happen when you least expect it.


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[Assistant] However, as living standards gradually came to rise,


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[Assistant] More and more people began to have their own bathrooms at home.


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[Assistant] I would learn much later, when studying the philosophy of science.


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[Assistant] Had to arise from a real dissatisfaction with existing knowledge.


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[Assistant] This is the first time I've worked as a coordinator, so I may not have the hang of it yet.


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[Assistant] In Japan you have the option, when you enter a restaurant.


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[Assistant] To sit in the smoking or non-smoking section.


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[Assistant] Wood is a disappearing resource in much of Africa.


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[Assistant] And these stoves burn far less wood than the stoves currently in much use.


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[Assistant] Pet loss refers to the reactions of shock and anger that occurs in owners who have been bereaved of their pets.


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[Assistant] That is to say, a language is something that we learn and are taught, not something that we know by instinct.


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[Assistant] Time after time, I've invited them to come over and visit us. But time and time again, they never come.


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[Assistant] The dining hall is directly adjacent to the lobby. Or rather, from where you are, it's just three steps away.


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[Assistant] It was believed that the success of their crops depended on the way the players threw or kicked the ball during the game.


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[Assistant] The anxiety that comes from doing nothing is worse than any danger you might face.


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[Assistant] Although it is not a bad thing in itself, in a lot of cases, many people are watching too much television.


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[Assistant] I always buy the English language books I come across at bookstores.


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[Assistant] But since I never read them, all they do is pile up.


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[Assistant] If your license exceeds its validity period, then you can be issued a new license in the following way.


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[Assistant] Deal with some of the many problems which face young people.


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[Assistant] The three organizations are the International Monetary Fund,


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[Assistant] The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.


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[Assistant] A mailbag from a single sender addressed to one recipient, as the name suggests, is for delivering a bag of printed matter.


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[Assistant] There was, however, a need for food to be carried from the bowl to the mouth, and chopsticks came along to meet that need.


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[Assistant] So I have to go and exchange some yen for dollars at the bank.


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[Assistant] I think that if we do that, we're making a big, big mistake.


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[Assistant] The command of communication skills in multiple languages is essential to any company providing goods and services on the world market.


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[Assistant] When the frame is finished, the spider fixes lines of silk across it, just like the spokes of a bicycle wheel.


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[Assistant] Of course you'll catch a cold if you fall asleep under the kotatsu. You have to learn to take care of yourself.


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[Assistant] To persuade somebody that your recommendation is reasonable and wise, you have to give reasons and quote known examples and authorities.


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[Assistant] Men have gathered information and have attempted to pass useful ideas to other men.


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[Assistant] In Olympic competitions, a gold medal is for first place, a silver medal for second, and a bronze medal is for third place.


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[Assistant] What I most noticed about my Canadian high school, however...


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[Assistant] Was the great respect shown by students toward their teachers.


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[Assistant] A man who angers easily should learn to count to ten.


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[Assistant] It calms trouble like pouring oil on troubled waters.


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[Assistant] But she had not expected to cross an ocean, enter a new and romantic sounding country, and find herself in exactly the same position.


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[Assistant] Dreams flew out of that box when it was opened. Dreams of secrets written in disappearing ink and of overwhelming odors.


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[Assistant] Several years ago, in the course of being interviewed for a job, I was introduced to a competitor for the position.


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[Assistant] Got more customers and did the job quicker and sloppier. He could make more money.


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[Assistant] When you start taking medicine, it begins working on symptoms, like pain, right away.


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[Assistant] The greatest cause of stress for men is work. While for women, human relationships come at the top of the list.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 94, The Elephant Demon.


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[Assistant] Wukong returned to his companions. He heard Bajie and Wuxing arguing.


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[Assistant] Here I am, said the monkey. Everyone spun around. You're alive, cried the tang monk.


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[Assistant] Wonderful, said the Tang monk. Wu Xing helped the monk climb onto the horse. The other travelers started walking.


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[Assistant] Waving his rake, the pig charged toward the elephant.


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[Assistant] The elephant blocked the rake, spun around, and struck back. Bajay jumped out of the way.


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[Assistant] The elephant jerked his head, and his trunk shot out.


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[Assistant] Before Bajie could duck, the trunk wrapped tightly around his body. As the elephant ran off with Bajie, Wukong groaned. The monkey turned to his companions


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[Assistant] Wukong returned to the Demon's Cave and turned into a fly.


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[Assistant] The pig was tied up, floating in a tub of salt water.


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[Assistant] The elephant's trunk wrapped tightly around Wukong's chest. Then the elephant stepped out of a dark corner.


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[Assistant] I knew you'd come to save your friend, said the elephant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He pulled out his iron bar which instantly grew. With all his strength, he slammed it down on the elephant's trunk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] the monkey glared at the elephant for a moment then he put the iron bar away


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong and Bajie left the cave and returned to their companions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are you doing? You promised to- Wukong, help us! Cried the Tang Monk. Wukong spun around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The raptor had grabbed the monkey's companions with its talons. With a powerful flap of its wings, the giant bird flew away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Greetings, Bodhisattva. I was just going to destroy this demon. You must not


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was close. I guess when I laughed I broke my concentration. That must have made my disguise vanish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I scared away the entire army. Wukong boasted. But there are still three powerful demons on the mountain. They plan to capture Master and, well, eat him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't worry master, said Wukong. We won't let those demons harm you. But we do have to destroy them before we cross the mountain. It's good that we discovered their plan before we went up the mountain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shouted the monkey. I know you're planning to capture and eat the Tang Monk!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want you to imagine that you're a child protective service worker. And you have to respond to a report of child abuse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You walk into a home, unannounced, unexpected, certainly uninvited.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing you see is a mattress in the middle of the room on the floor. Three kids lying on it asleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a small table nearby with a couple of ashtrays, empty beer cans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Large rat traps are set in the corner not too far from where the kids lie asleep. So you make a note.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A part of your job is walking through the entire home. So you start with the kitchen where there's very little food. You notice another mattress in the bedroom on the floor that the mother shares with her infant child.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now generally, at this point, two things may happen. The children are deemed unsafe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The children remain with their family and the child welfare system provides help and support.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I was a child protective service worker, I saw things like this all the time. Some far better, some far worse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I asked you to imagine yourself in that home because I wonder what crossed your mind? What guides your decisions? What's going to impact your opinion of that family?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What race, ethnicity did you think the family was?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Research done at the University of Pennsylvania found that white families on average have access to more help and more support from the child welfare system. And their cases are less likely to go through a full investigation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But on the other hand, if those kids are black, they are four times more likely to be removed, they spend longer periods of time in foster care, and it's harder to find them a stable foster placement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Foster care is meant to be an immediate shelter of protection for kids who are at high risk, but it's also a confusing and traumatic exit from the family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Research done at the University of Minnesota found that kids who went through foster care had more behavioral problems and internalized issues than kids who remain with their families while receiving help and support.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The scenario I mentioned earlier is not uncommon. A single mother living in low-income housing with her four children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the rats make it almost impossible to keep food, let alone fresh food in the home. Does that mother deserve to have her children taken from her?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Emma Ketteringham, a family court attorney says that if you live in a poor neighborhood, then you better be a perfect parent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She says that we place unfair, often unreachable standards on parents who are raising their kids with very little money. And their neighborhood?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And ethnicity impact whether or not their kids are removed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the two years I spent on the front lines of child welfare, I made high-stakes decisions. And I saw firsthand how my personal values impacted my work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, as social work faculty at Florida State University.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I lead an institute that curates the most innovative and effective child welfare research. And research tells us


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That there are twice as many black kids in foster care. 28%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then there are in the general population, 14%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And although there are several reasons why, I want to discuss one reason today, implicit bias.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bias. Those stereotypes and attitudes that we all have about certain groups of people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So implicit bias is what lurks in the background of every decision that we make. So how can we fix it? I have a promising solution that I want to share.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now in almost every state, there are high numbers of black kids going into foster care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, data revealed that Nassau County, a community in New York, had managed to decrease the number of black kids being removed. And in 2016, I went into that community


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With my team and led a research study, discovering the use of blind removal meetings. This is how it works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A caseworker responds to a report of child abuse. They go out to the home, but before the children are removed, the caseworker must come back to the office and present what they found. But here's the distinction. When they present to the committee,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They delete names, ethnicity, neighborhood, race, all identifiable information. They focus on what happened. Family strength, relevant history, and the parent's ability to protect the child. With that information, the committee makes a recommendation, never knowing the race of the family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 2011, 57% of the kids going into foster care were black. But after five years of blind removals, that is down to 21%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's what we learned from talking to some of the caseworkers. When a family has a history with the department, many of us hold that history against them, even if they're trying to do things differently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Child welfare is very subjective because it's an emotional field. There's no one who doesn't have emotions around this work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's very hard to leave all of your stuff at the door when you do this work. So?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Blind removals seem to be bringing us closer to solving the problem of implicit bias in foster care decisions. My next step


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's figuring out how to use artificial intelligence and machine learning to bring this project to scale and make it more accessible to other states. I know we can transform child welfare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can hold organizations accountable to developing the social consciousness of their employees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can hold ourselves accountable to making sure our decisions are driven by ethics and safety. Let's imagine a child welfare system


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That focuses on partnering with parents, empowering families, and no longer see poverty as failure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's work together to build a system that wants to make families stronger instead of pulling them apart. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buddha took them away, said Wukong. I'm sure they were punished. Thank you again for saving us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was nothing, master. Buddha did most of the work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Relax, master, said Wukong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sure it was something harmless. Maybe some small demons. I'll go check.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not worried about these demons, he said to himself. They're disgusting, but not dangerous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a village up ahead. The people there are preparing a huge feast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I thought maybe you'd like to go before us and start eating. Bajie licked his lips.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I point him out, he'll be angry. He could destroy the entire palace. It's true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He'll be able to see which of you is the real Wukong. And he's powerful enough to destroy the fake one. Of course!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As far as possible, one should try to become on as close terms as possible with any sort of man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As far as possible, one should try to become on as close terms as possible with any sort of man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As far as possible, one should try to become on as close terms as possible with any sort of man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would you do me a favor by moving the chair over to the corner so that I can sweep the floor?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would you do me a favor by moving the chair over to the corner so that I can sweep the floor?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Would you do me a favor by moving the chair over to the corner so that I can sweep the floor?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's likely to be late, so you'd better tell him again that the meeting time is 7 to make double sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's likely to be late, so you'd better tell him again that the meeting time is 7 to make double sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's likely to be late, so you'd better tell him again that the meeting time is 7 to make double sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This movement has not yet achieved all its goals, but it has already had considerable impact on many areas of male-female relations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This movement has not yet achieved all its goals, but it has already had considerable impact on many areas of male-female relations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This movement has not yet achieved all its goals, but it has already had considerable impact on many areas of male-female relations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The precision ratio is an index that indicates how many articles meet the search criteria out of all the articles retrieved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The precision ratio is an index that indicates how many articles meet the search criteria out of all the articles retrieved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The precision ratio is an index that indicates how many articles meet the search criteria out of all the articles retrieved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] His uncle went to Europe on business a week ago and he is now either in London or Paris.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] His uncle went to Europe on business a week ago and he is now either in London or Paris.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] His uncle went to Europe on business a week ago and he is now either in London or Paris.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Early man used his fingers and toes to count the animals he owned, or the measures of grain he had stored.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Early man used his fingers and toes to count the animals he owned, or the measures of grain he had stored.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Early man used his fingers and toes to count the animals he owned, or the measures of grain he had stored.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This book aims to provide an explanation of modern Japanese grammar that is as systematic and as easily understood as possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This book aims to provide an explanation of modern Japanese grammar that is as systematic and as easily understood as possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This book aims to provide an explanation of modern Japanese grammar that is as systematic and as easily understood as possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd rather go by train. I have a license but no real driving experience, so I'm very unsure of myself behind the wheel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd rather go by train. I have a license but no real driving experience, so I'm very unsure of myself behind the wheel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd rather go by train. I have a license but no real driving experience, so I'm very unsure of myself behind the wheel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uncontrolled, these forces may be dangerous and destructive, but once mastered, they can be bent to man's will and desire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uncontrolled, these forces may be dangerous and destructive, but once mastered, they can be bent to man's will and desire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uncontrolled, these forces may be dangerous and destructive, but once mastered, they can be bent to man's will and desire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Britain's currency crisis has turned into a political one over government failure to stop the pound from going into freefall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Britain's currency crisis has turned into a political one over government failure to stop the pound from going into freefall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Britain's currency crisis has turned into a political one over government failure to stop the pound from going into freefall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The inefficiency of a result of the animal's large body and massive legs and feet will contribute a sideways motion to its walk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The inefficiency of a result of the animal's large body and massive legs and feet will contribute a sideways motion to its walk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The inefficiency of a result of the animal's large body and massive legs and feet will contribute a sideways motion to its walk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reduction in obstetricians and gynecologists is a reflection of the decrease in births, thus reducing the need for medical care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reduction in obstetricians and gynecologists is a reflection of the decrease in births, thus reducing the need for medical care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reduction in obstetricians and gynecologists is a reflection of the decrease in births, thus reducing the need for medical care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today's agenda concerns the re-election of the Student Council. If anybody wishes to stand as a candidate, please raise your hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today's agenda concerns the re-election of the Student Council. If anybody wishes to stand as a candidate, please raise your hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today's agenda concerns the re-election of the Student Council. If anybody wishes to stand as a candidate, please raise your hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to have a girl, for the first time. Look, they say, first a girl, then a boy, don't they?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to have a girl, for the first time. Look, they say, first a girl, then a boy, don't they?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to have a girl, for the first time. Look, they say, first a girl, then a boy, don't they?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I look for all the world like an athlete in this outfit, but the truth is, I do not do any sports at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I look for all the world like an athlete in this outfit, but the truth is, I do not do any sports at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I look for all the world like an athlete in this outfit, but the truth is, I do not do any sports at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They rolled along the big road and they rolled along the little road until they were out of the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They rolled along the big road and they rolled along the little road until they were out of the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They rolled along the big road and they rolled along the little road until they were out of the country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is only when I can't sleep at night that the ticking of the clock becomes loud enough to bother me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is only when I can't sleep at night that the ticking of the clock becomes loud enough to bother me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is only when I can't sleep at night that the ticking of the clock becomes loud enough to bother me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sales at the company zoomed thanks to the brisk export demand, but profit did not keep up because of intense competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sales at the company zoomed thanks to the brisk export demand, but profit did not keep up because of intense competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sales at the company zoomed thanks to the brisk export demand, but profit did not keep up because of intense competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other day I noticed I was driving around with the parking brake on. It's a wonder the car could even move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other day I noticed I was driving around with a parking brake on. It's a wonder the car could even move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other day I noticed I was driving around with the parking brake on. It's a wonder the car could even move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a bone to pick with a person, tell it to his face instead of seeing it behind his back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a bone to pick with a person, tell it to his face instead of saying it behind his back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have a bone to pick with a person, tell it to his face instead of seeing it behind his back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is in a temper because she missed her usual train in the subway and had to walk to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is in a temper because she missed her usual train in the subway and had to walk to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is in a temper because she missed her usual train in the subway and had to walk to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a basic factor that can even be said to be the common lot of man. It certainly doesn't apply only to Germans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a basic factor that can even be said to be the common lot of man. It certainly doesn't apply only to Germans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a basic factor that can even be said to be the common lot of man. It certainly doesn't apply only to Germans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I needed to be by the morning of April 5th, so it can be reviewed by other members prior to the meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I needed to be by the morning of April 5th, so it can be reviewed by other members prior to the meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I needed to be by the morning of April 5th, so it can be reviewed by other members prior to the meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Detailed design is the work of drawing up a diagram that is capable of being manufactured from the plan set in the baseline design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the work of drawing up a diagram that is capable of being manufactured from the plant set in the baseline design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Detailed design is the work of drawing up a diagram that is capable of being manufactured from the plan set in the baseline design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When meeting a person for the first time, be sure to pay attention to the distance placed between yourself and your partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When meeting a person for the first time, be sure to pay attention to the distance placed between yourself and your partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When meeting a person for the first time, be sure to pay attention to the distance placed between yourself and your partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no fresh meat in the market today, so you'll have to content yourself with something out of a tin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no fresh meat in the market today, so you'll have to content yourself with something out of a tin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no fresh meat in the market today, so you'll have to content yourself with something out of a tin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would like to stress that it is more convenient to control tariffs as a block, rather than country by country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would like to stress that it is more convenient to control tariffs as a block, rather than country by country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would like to stress that it is more convenient to control tariffs as a block, rather than country by country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At his final exam, Bob was really put through the wringer. The test covered everything that was in the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bob was really put through the wringer. The test covered everything that was in the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At his final exam, Bob was really put through the wringer. The test covered everything that was in the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Despite a large surplus in merchandise trade, the current account surplus is not so big due to a deficit in invisible trade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Despite a large surplus in merchandise trade, the current account surplus is not so big due to a deficit in invisible trade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Despite a large surplus in merchandise trade, the current account surplus is not so big due to a deficit in invisible trade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am sure that more flags were burned as a result of Congress passing the law than had ever been burned before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am sure that more flags were burned as a result of Congress passing the law than had ever been burned before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am sure that more flags were burned as a result of Congress passing the law than had ever been burned before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that against somebody like that, my seemingly clever techniques would never be seen through, and then I would be defeated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that against somebody like that, my seemingly clever techniques would never be seen through, and then I would be defeated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that against somebody like that, my seemingly clever techniques would never be seen through and then I would be defeated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess he felt a little obligated after what we did for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess he felt a little obligated after what we did for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We got an unexpected present from him. I guess he felt a little obligated after what we did for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please let me know immediately if you would like to set up an area of the conference room for your products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please let me know immediately if you would like to set up an area of the conference room for your products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Please let me know immediately if you would like to set up an area of the conference room for your products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As expectation increases that the dollar will weaken, the foreign exchange market's reaction to U.S. economic indicators has been fairly muted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As expectation increases that the dollar will weaken, the foreign exchange market's reaction to U.S. economic indicators has been fairly muted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As expectation increases that the dollar will weaken, the foreign exchange market's reaction to US economic indicators has been fairly muted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They all have arms, legs, and heads. They walk and talk, but now there's something that wants to make them different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They all have arms, legs, and heads. They walk and talk, but now there's something that wants to make them different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They all have arms, legs, and heads. They walk and talk, but now there's something that wants to make them different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My hair's messed up this morning. At least lend me a hand mirror. It should be shut in the drawer there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My hair's messed up this morning. At least lend me a hand mirror. It should be shut in the drawer there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My hair's messed up this morning. At least lend me a hand mirror. It should be shut in the drawer there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first that time of the month, I seem to remember worrying that I was ill without telling anybody for two days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first that time of the month, I seem to remember worrying that I was ill without telling anybody for two days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first that time of the month, I seem to remember worrying that I was ill without telling anybody for two days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Banks will try to lend you an umbrella on a sunny day, but they will turn their backs on a rainy day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Banks will try to lend you an umbrella on a sunny day, but they will turn their backs on a rainy day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Banks will try to lend you an umbrella on a sunny day, but they will turn their backs on a rainy day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had tried to avoid thinking that as much as possible, but as soon as I faced it I started to feel miserable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had tried to avoid thinking that as much as possible, but as soon as I faced it I started to feel miserable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had tried to avoid thinking that as much as possible, but as soon as I faced it I started to feel miserable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can go skiing if you like, but for my part, I prefer to stay at home and read a novel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can go skiing if you like, but for my part, I prefer to stay at home and read a novel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can go skiing if you like, but for my part, I prefer to stay at home and read a novel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The publication of exam result over without incident. For the time being, attention is naturally going to focus on the summer break, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The publication of exam result over without incident for the time being, attention is naturally going to focus on the summer break, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The publication of exam results over without incident, for the time being, attention is naturally going to focus on the summer break, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I tried to move the desk, one of its legs made a jarring sound as it scraped across the floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I tried to move the desk, one of its legs made a jarring sound as it scraped across the floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I tried to move the desk, one of its legs made a jarring sound as it scraped across the floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, for the practical problem, in the midst of these rumors flying around, I'm surprised they've been able to keep that club running.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, for the practical problem, in the midst of these rumors flying around, I'm surprised they've been able to keep that club running.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, for the practical problem, in the midst of these rumors flying around, I'm surprised they've been able to keep that club running.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my daily life, I take care in various ways of my body so as not to damage my health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my daily life, I take care in various ways of my body so as not to damage my health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my daily life, I take care in various ways of my body so as not to damage my health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as we are born, the world gets to work on us and transforms us from merely biological into social units.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as we are born, the world gets to work on us and transforms us from merely biological into social units.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as we are born, the world gets to work on us and transforms us from merely biological into social units.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The young man had been sitting in the drawing room alone with the girl for a long time and it was getting late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The young man had been sitting in the drawing room alone with the girl for a long time and it was getting late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The young man had been sitting in the drawing room alone with the girl for a long time and it was getting late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There must be equal pay for equal work and where this is not the case, the abuse must be resisted at all costs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There must be equal pay for equal work and where this is not the case, the abuse must be resisted at all costs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There must be equal pay for equal work and where this is not the case, the abuse must be resisted at all costs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To this extent, it has become the characteristics of a great complicated balance between plant life and lower forms of animal life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To this extent, it has become the characteristics of a great complicated balance between plant life and lower forms of animal life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To this extent, it has become the characteristics of a great complicated balance between plant life and lower forms of animal life.


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[Assistant] Lisa is worn out with worry since he lost the only copy of the book he needed for his report.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lisa is worn out with worry since he lost the only copy of the book he needed for his report.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lisa is worn out with worry since he lost the only copy of the book he needed for his report.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What these acts said was that it was illegal to pay someone in anything other than coin of the realm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What these acts said was that it was illegal to pay someone in anything other than coin of the realm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What these acts said was that it was illegal to pay someone in anything other than coin of the realm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandmother used to go for a walk almost every day, but now she seldom, if ever, goes out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandmother used to go for a walk almost every day, but now she seldom, if ever, goes out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My grandmother used to go for a walk almost every day, but now she seldom, if ever, goes out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, they should have right ideas of things. Ideas are based on careful observation and understand causes of effects and their significance correctly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, they should have right ideas of things. Ideas are based on careful observation and understand causes of effects and their significance correctly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, they should have right ideas of things. Ideas are based on careful observation and understand causes of effects and their significance correctly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Winning the competition is important. However, fair play is more important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need to understand that winning is not the most important thing.