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[Assistant] It flew 354 million miles, blasted through the Mars atmosphere, deployed a supersonic parachute, unfurled the giant sky crane, and touched down gently on the surface of Mars.


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[Assistant] Notice that in that second sentence, it's got a list of things and they're all parallel. They all follow the same structure. We've got it flew, blasted, deployed, unfurled, and touched down. So everything in that list starts with a verb.


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[Assistant] Also notice the really nice verbs in this sentence. It flew, it blasted, it deployed, it unfurled, touched down gently. Those are lovely verbs.


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[Assistant] Here's another example of a sentence that's not in parallel form.


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[Assistant] If you want to be a good doctor, you must study hard, critically think about the medical literature, and you should be a good listener.


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[Assistant] The first two items in the list are verbs, study and think, but the placement of the adverb is different.


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[Assistant] To make these parallel, you could make them all imperative. You could say, if you want to be a good doctor, you must study hard, listen well, and think critically about the medical literature. Or,


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[Assistant] You could also make them all into nouns. You could say, if you want to be a good doctor, you must be a good student, a good listener, and a critical thinker.


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[Assistant] This research follows four distinct phases. One, establishing measurement instruments. Two, pattern measurement. Three, developing interventions. And four, the dissemination of successful interventions to other settings and institutions.


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[Assistant] But then we have measurement and dissemination. Those two match, but all four don't match.


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[Assistant] To make them all match, we could turn them all into gerunds, that is words ending in ing. So you could say,


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[Assistant] This research follows four distinct phases, establishing, measuring, developing, and disseminating.


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[Assistant] When writing lists, always go back and double check that your lists are parallel. This kind of mistake is quite common.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna do one practice example here. If you'd like to test yourself, you could pause the video now and attempt to get this into parallel structure on your own. Otherwise, I'll just lead you through it. This one reads,


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[Assistant] Bates describes the five principles for the success of decision support systems in clinical settings. Speed.


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[Assistant] Real time delivery, integration into workflow, simplicity, and to avoid data entry.


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[Assistant] You can hear the nonparallel structure when you read that one out loud. We have all nouns. Speed, delivery, simplicity.


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[Assistant] Until the last item where we get an infinitive phrase to avoid.


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[Assistant] This one's actually fairly simple to fix. You just have to turn everything into nouns. So you could say, uh, Bates describes the five principles, speed, real-time delivery, integration into workflow, simplicity, and the avoidance of data entry. Now these are all nouns.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 5, The Demon of Chaos.


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[Assistant] Said the gibbon. Wukong soon spotted a gloomy mountain. Dark clouds hung over it.


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[Assistant] Two guards stood at the entrance, practicing sword fighting.


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[Assistant] The demon of chaos was sitting at a table, eating a meal. Disaster! One guard cried.


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[Assistant] Ask the demon. He said he's king of the fruit and flower mountain!


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[Assistant] A moment later, the demon of chaos walked outside.


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[Assistant] He said. Wukan looked up at the huge demon.


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[Assistant] Said the demon. He swung his sword.


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[Assistant] Each strand of hair turned into a fake monkey, exactly like Wukong.


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[Assistant] Cried the Dean, trying to fight all the fake monkeys.


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[Assistant] Wukong spent the day teaching his subjects how to fight.


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[Assistant] Before long, the monkeys and apes were a fierce army.


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[Assistant] We have the usual dy dt equal ay. That would give exponential growth. The growth would go on forever. But then as y gets large, if we think of y as the population.


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[Assistant] Our world population is not growing pure exponentially, forever.


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[Assistant] And this is a simple term, a simple model, not very accurate, but it's the right place to start.


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[Assistant] And those interactions, that competition slows down the growth and so the coefficient there is negative.


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[Assistant] We want to solve that nonlinear equation and learn from it.


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[Assistant] That's, it's got to be a famous example. And it has a neat trick that allows you to solve it easily. Let me show you that trick. The trick is to let z bring in a new z as one over y.


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[Assistant] From harvesting, from, from, from, uh, uh, uh, changing the equation. Let me go with this one. So,


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[Assistant] The derivative of that, that's y to the minus one, is minus one, y to the minus two, times dy dt, right?


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[Assistant] Minus minus giving me a plus b, y squared over y squared is just a constant. Look at the equation for z now. Couldn't be better.


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[Assistant] dz dt is minus az and plus a constant. And we know the solution to that equation.


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[Assistant] So I can write down the solution to that equation, and I will. Then I just take-


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[Assistant] Otherwise these are constants, d here and b goes there. And I just have to tell you what the, what the d is there.


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[Assistant] D is going to involve the initial value y of zero. At time zero, we start somewhere. Y of zero. And we'll begin to grow.


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[Assistant] If, if y went on and on increasing, that can't happen.


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[Assistant] Can I just draw that picture? But it's really between here, between these lines that I'm thinking the world population is.


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[Assistant] We can move the time axis as we want.


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[Assistant] So t equal to zero might be the year 2000. Our population is still increasing. But it won't go on forever. It will slow down and approach this limit a over b. Approaches a over b.


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[Assistant] So that number a over b is totally special for this equation. And let me think about that part.


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[Assistant] It's often called a logistic curve, that's...


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[Assistant] In some way it, or a sigmoidal curve, in some way it looks a bit like an S, a sort of very stretched out S. Okay.


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[Assistant] When t gets large, this exponential is gone, and I just have a over b. At the limit.


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[Assistant] For my equation dy dt, let me write the logistic equation again.


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[Assistant] A steady state is a value of y where the derivative is zero. Nothing happens, it just sits there.


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[Assistant] So if that is zero, so a steady state, let me use those capital Y for steady state. Those are just numbers. They're the numbers where this is zero. A Y minus B Y squared is zero. You see that if I start out


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[Assistant] And there are two possibilities. If I start, this gives me two possibilities, right? What are the solutions to this equation?


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[Assistant] This gives me y equals zero is one solution, clearly, or y equals


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[Assistant] Takes it, gets in there, slows us down, and we slow down, and we reach this A over B. If we had started at A over B, we would have stayed at A over B.


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[Assistant] If we start near y equals zero, we start growing. We leave that steady state. This steady state is called stable.


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[Assistant] To understand those equations, dy dt is f of y. Notice that they are not linear. But we can solve for steady states. A steady state will be when f at y is zero.


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[Assistant] Is some combination of e to the s1 t and e to the s2 t.


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[Assistant] A null solution that satisfies these special initial conditions.


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[Assistant] The plus is S1 and the minus is S2. I plug it in there, I get a nice formula for g of t. So that's what g of t looks like for no damping. It just oscillates.


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[Assistant] I don't think one memorizes all this. I had to look them up and write them on the board before starting this video.


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[Assistant] And now I just have to say what's the step response. So can I...


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[Assistant] So we'd like to solve that equation starting from rest. So a switch went on, and I want a formula for r of t.


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[Assistant] With a slope of zero. So I have to subtract off


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[Assistant] The impulse response important in, in theory and in practice. The step response extremely important in practice because turning on a switch is so


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[Assistant] Mr. David Jackson, a staff writer at The New Yorker, is known for his non-fiction books of adventure.


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[Assistant] Jackson's life of parenting his offspring.


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[Assistant] David, as a parent of an 11 and a 14 year old, what is the most interesting issue you are dealing with right now?


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[Assistant] Yes, that does sound refreshing compared with talking to younger children. Do they ask you to proofread their essays?


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[Assistant] Are there books that you think are important that your children read and that all children read?


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[Assistant] So you're not too concerned, like some parents, with the content they're reading? I know I have some worries about that.


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[Assistant] I feel that children's tastes in books change as they reach adolescence. I know that mine certainly did when I was a teenager. What do you think?


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[Assistant] Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question 1.


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[Assistant] What do we learn about David Jackson from The Conversation?


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[Assistant] What does the man think of young teenagers?


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[Assistant] What does the woman say about herself when she was a teenager?


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[Assistant] Well, I sell specialty clothes through a website mainly for women who have trouble finding suitable clothes in main street shops because of their height or weight. But I do some men's clothes too.


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[Assistant] Actually, I'm majoring in finance, but I've always loved clothes, and I started making my own at 14.


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[Assistant] I kept on out of necessity. As you can see, I'm very tall and I couldn't find clothes that fit me in ordinary shops. So I kept trying and developed my skills over time.


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[Assistant] No, when I started university, some classmates complimented my clothes, and when I said I made them myself, other tall women started asking if I would make theirs. And I did. And before I knew it, I was an entrepreneur.


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[Assistant] No, I'll keep things online to keep costs down.


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[Assistant] But I will add more clothes for children, both girls and boys, and possibly even for infants.


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[Assistant] And I hope to add to my range of designs for men.


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[Assistant] In this section you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.


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[Assistant] After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.


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[Assistant] Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet one with a single line through the center.


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[Assistant] Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 9.


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[Assistant] What makes it important to find new antibiotic drugs?


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[Assistant] What does the passage say artificial intelligence is able to do in antibiotic research?


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[Assistant] A recent study overturned what we think we know about lying. Most of us have a theory about how to tell if someone is telling a lie.


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[Assistant] We may develop that theory from observations of those people we know well and see regularly.


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[Assistant] But we tend to generalize what we gather from that unscientific daily research and make it a universal theory.


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[Assistant] So we might imagine that liars have evasive eyes, or the opposite. They simply stare at you.


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[Assistant] Whatever the particular theory, it's usually based on close observation of people we know.


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[Assistant] Tested rigorously on how well we detect lies, fails to do better than chance.


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[Assistant] That's well established over many studies and lots of attempts by researchers to work out reliable ways to detect lies. It's even relatively easy to fool lie detectors.


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[Assistant] Is there any way to get better at detecting lies?


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[Assistant] The new research offers some surprising advice. Stop looking and listen instead.


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[Assistant] It turns out that if we're unable to see the face, but rather focus on the voice of the person in question,


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[Assistant] Our accuracy rate improves considerably.


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[Assistant] Show great pleasure when a doctor comes into your room, even if the visit is brief and useless.


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[Assistant] Those are a few strategies for dealing with today's American medical establishment.


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[Assistant] But in my experience, too few hospitals and doctors are ready to do that.


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[Assistant] In his book, A Whole New Life, novelist Reynolds Price recalls that his doctors chose a crowded hallway as the place to tell him he might have a tumor on his spinal cord.


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[Assistant] It did not occur to the two physicians that a hallway was not the most appropriate place for that particular piece of news.


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[Assistant] My surgeon, who is in his mid thirties, looks tired. He has been overwhelmed with patients who have fallen on the winter ice. He is a witty man, but sometimes his wit is unwelcome.


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[Assistant] The health insurance company Blue Cross wants me to put you out in the snow tomorrow afternoon. He tells me after I have been in the hospital for more than a week.


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[Assistant] I'm terrified because I have no idea where to go. I cannot walk or even lift my leg a few inches.


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[Assistant] The hospital social worker strikes me as an idiot, but my complaints about her only annoy my surgeon.


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[Assistant] I have to work with these people, he tells my friend, Dr. Karen Bradney.


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[Assistant] When she mercifully intervenes on my behalf and arranges for me to be transferred to another hospital.


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[Assistant] If you say one negative thing, they get defensive, she tells me later.


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[Assistant] They have this kind of institutional loyalty. Always bring an advocate.


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[Assistant] That is, any other person with you to the hospital and write down every single question and the answer, the name of every doctor and nurse, when people know you have their names, they behave better.


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[Assistant] And, Broody adds, if you, as a patient, suggest that you might like to control even part of the situation, or be consulted or informed, then you are considered difficult. They want you to be totally passive.


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[Assistant] The entire healthcare system, particularly hospitals and nursing homes, exists for reasons that have nothing to do with taking care of patients. Patients are incidental.


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[Assistant] Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 19.


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[Assistant] What do the researchers find out about members of a team?


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[Assistant] What do we learn about the team the speaker is currently working in?


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[Assistant] An American researcher who studied 600 millionaires found how rich you can get comes down to six wealth factors.


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[Assistant] Thriftiness, confidence, responsibility, planning, focus, and social indifference.


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[Assistant] Being thrifty comes as no great surprise. Spending above your means, spending instead of saving for retirement, spending in anticipation of becoming wealthy makes you a slave to the paycheck.


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[Assistant] Having confidence is another key characteristic, as it helps people to be thrifty.


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[Assistant] It takes confidence to live within your means. It also takes confidence to invest properly. Instead of making investing decisions with your emotions, financial planners advise that you should leave your investments alone and focus on a long term investment plan.


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[Assistant] But people can't invest or manage their own money without accepting responsibility for the outcomes.


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[Assistant] Many millionaires take on personal responsibility, and most also happen to be self-made, meaning they didn't acquire their wealth through luck.


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[Assistant] Millionaires don't count on anyone else to make them rich, and they don't blame anyone else if they fall short. They focus on things they can control and align their daily habits to the goals they have set for themselves.


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[Assistant] They tend to be goal oriented and hard workers, which enables them to plan financially and focus on seeing those plans through.


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[Assistant] 92% of millionaires surveyed developed a long term plan for their money and 97% almost always achieved the goals they set for themselves.


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[Assistant] And it is these behaviors that make it easy for them to be socially indifferent. They resist lifestyle creep.


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[Assistant] The tendency to spend more whenever one earns more.


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[Assistant] Essentially, they don't yield to pressure to buy the latest thing or to keep up with others or what they have acquired.


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[Assistant] Driving my tractor down a bumpy road. And in my trailer there's a heavy load. There's a black and white cow going moo moo moo. It's a very busy day.


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[Assistant] Chud, chud, plank, plank, toot.


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[Assistant] Chug, chug, clank, clank tooth Chug, chug, clank, clank tooth It's a very busy day


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[Assistant] Driving my tractor down a bumpy road. And in my trailer there's a heavy load. There are two grey donkeys going, ER, ER. It's a very busy day.


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[Assistant] Chug. Chug. Clank. Clank. Toot.


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[Assistant] Jiving my tractor down a bumpy road. And in my trailer there's a heavy load. There are four white lambs going ma-ma-ma. It's a very busy day.


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[Assistant] Driving my tractor down a bumpy road. The trailer hit a stone and it shook my load. The animals fell out and they ran away. It's a very busy day.


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[Assistant] Driving my tractor back home again. Chugging along down the bumpy lane. I get to the farm and what do I see?


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 24, The Great King Yellow Wind.


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[Assistant] Wukong and Bajie looked all around. But the Tang monk was gone.


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[Assistant] The pig started to walk away. But Wukong grabbed him.


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[Assistant] The Tang monk was slumped over the tiger's shoulder.


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[Assistant] A small demon ran into the throne room.


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[Assistant] The tiger walked out of the throne room. The small demon followed him.


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[Assistant] Outside the cave, there was some yelling and then a crashing sound.


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[Assistant] A moment later, the small demon ran back in.


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[Assistant] Cried Yellow Wind, he stood up and grabbed a trident.


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[Assistant] He puffed out his chest and stomped out of the cave. He saw Wukong.


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[Assistant] Hand over the Tang monk! Demanded Wukong.


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[Assistant] Thought the monkey. He grabbed a handful of hair and blew on it.


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[Assistant] Wukong, Bajie, and all the little Wukongs tumbled down the mountain. They landed at the bottom in a cloud of dust.


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[Assistant] The head priest called for two other priests, who quickly ran into the room.


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[Assistant] Said the first priest. The head priest smiled. There was an evil look in his eye.


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[Assistant] Meditating on a rooftop, when he heard footsteps.


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[Assistant] He looked down and saw two priests walking across the courtyard. They were carrying bundles of firewood.


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[Assistant] The priest stacked the firewood next to the building the Tang monk was sleeping in.


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[Assistant] One building went up in flames, and then another.


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[Assistant] Soon most of the monastery's buildings were on fire.


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[Assistant] There was one building however that the fire didn't touch.


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[Assistant] The Tang Monks slept peacefully as the rest of the monastery burned down.


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[Assistant] He gasped. Smoke drifted through the air. Burned pieces of wood lay in heaps. The building's walls were black and crumbled.


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[Assistant] The Tang monk's eyes filled with tears. He looked angry.


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[Assistant] The two priests fell to their knees and bowed.


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[Assistant] Wukong glared at the two priests for a moment. Then he relaxed. Stand up, he said.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West. Chapter 20. The Black Bear Spirit.


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[Assistant] Wukong glared at the two scared priests. The robe is gone? He cried. Where did it go?


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[Assistant] The Tang Monks stopped, and Wukong stood up.


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[Assistant] Wukong leaped into the air and landed up in the mountains.


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[Assistant] He jumped over the boulder and landed in the middle of the group.


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[Assistant] The spirits are fled in different directions.


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[Assistant] Wukong chased the bear until they reached a cave entrance. The bear ran inside and slammed the door shut.


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[Assistant] The bear stepped out. He was holding a lance.


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[Assistant] He jabbed his lance at Wukong. Clang! The monkey blocked the lance with his iron bar.


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[Assistant] After an hour of fighting, the Black Wind King held up a hand.


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[Assistant] Wukong's jaw fell open. What?


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[Assistant] Before Wukong could say anything else, the bear ran back into his cave. The door slammed shut.


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[Assistant] Everyone spread out to search for Beaver Boy. Beaver Boy hid. Or thought he did.


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[Assistant] We spend our days looking at ideas from journalists writing copy for the magazine and website and editing.


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[Assistant] We do random things like asking people in the street questions and testing sports clothing. We also do less tangible things like understanding what our readers want. It's certainly varied and sometimes bizarre.


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[Assistant] My Day mainly incorporates responding to emails, writing and editing stories, and coming up with new feature ideas.


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[Assistant] The features team deals with articles such as careers, reports, confidence, and confessions. Everything except fashion and beauty.


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[Assistant] I'd say it's glamorous to an extent, but not in the way it's portrayed in films. We do have our moments, such as interviewing celebrities and attending parties, which is a huge thrill.


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[Assistant] Ultimately though, we're the same as our readers, but working in a job we're all very lucky to have.


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[Assistant] I had to be really persistent. And it was very hard work. After three years of working in a petrol station and doing unpaid work.


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[Assistant] I told myself that all experiences make you a better journalist in the long run, and luckily I was right.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, do you mean to say it's a real life series about a real person? It's non-fiction, is it?


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[Assistant] Oh, I think I see now. That sounds like a very original concept.


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[Assistant] That's cool. I will try to download it. I'm watching a comedy called The Big Bang Theory. It's a huge hit around the world.


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[Assistant] Well, then you should check it out. It's also very funny. It's about four male scientists and a female waitress.


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[Assistant] The men are very socially awkward, but very bright, and this is contrasted by the ladies' social skills and common sense.


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[Assistant] The show has been running for over 10 years, and some of the actors are practically global superstars, now that there are such famous celebrities.


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[Assistant] Related to the use it or lose it law is the keep moving principle. We learn about stagnation from nature.


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[Assistant] A river that stops moving gets smelly. The same thing happens to people who stop moving either mentally or physically.


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[Assistant] Those who play contact sports know that the player who usually gets hurt the most is the one who is standing still.


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[Assistant] Of course, you'll need some time to catch your breath every so often.


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[Assistant] But the essential message is keep moving, extending, and learning.


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[Assistant] Ships last a lot longer when they go to sea than when they stay in the harbor.


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[Assistant] The same is true for airplanes. You don't preserve an airplane by keeping it on the ground.


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[Assistant] You preserve it by keeping it in service. We also get to live a long healthy life by staying in service.


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[Assistant] Longevity statistics reveal that the average person doesn't last very long after retirement. The moral here is, don't retire.


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[Assistant] If a fellow says, I'm 94 years old and I've worked all my life.


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[Assistant] We need to realize that is how we got to be 94, by staying involved.


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[Assistant] George Bernard Shaw won a Nobel Prize when he was nearly 70.


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[Assistant] Benjamin Franklin produced some of his best writings at the age of 84.


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[Assistant] A bonus with the keep moving principle is that while we keep moving, we don't have a chance to worry.


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[Assistant] Hence, we avoid the dreaded paralysis by analysis.


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[Assistant] Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 12.


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[Assistant] What does the passage say about people's mind?


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[Assistant] For what purpose did the researchers develop the new app?


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[Assistant] How does daydreaming benefit people according to some researchers?


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[Assistant] What was the finding of the experiment with 145 undergraduates?


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[Assistant] Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 16.


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about the viking wooden churches?


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[Assistant] What is special about most of the viking wooden churches?


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[Assistant] Why were the Viking churches constructed from wood?


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[Assistant] In last week's lecture, we discussed the characteristics of the newly born offspring of several mammals.


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[Assistant] You probably remember that human infants are less developed physically than other mammals of the same age.


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[Assistant] But in today's lecture, we'll look at three very interesting studies that hint at the surprising abilities of human babies.


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[Assistant] In the first study, three-year-olds watched two videos shown side by side, each featuring a different researcher.


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[Assistant] One of whom they'd met once, two years earlier.


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[Assistant] The children spent longer watching the video showing the researcher they hadn't met.


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[Assistant] It suggests that children remembered the researcher they'd met just one time when they were only one-year-olds.


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[Assistant] Of course, as most of us forget memories from our first few years as we grow older,


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[Assistant] These early long-term memories will likely be lost in subsequent years. Our second study is about music.


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[Assistant] For this study, researchers played music to babies through speakers located on either side of a human face.


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[Assistant] And then they changed the mood of the music, either from sad to happy or the other way around.


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[Assistant] This mood switch made no difference to the three month olds, but for the nine month olds it was enough to renew their interest and they started looking again in the direction of the face.


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[Assistant] This suggests that babies of that age can tell the difference between a happy melody and a sad tune. Our final study is from 1980, but it's still relevant today.


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[Assistant] In fact, it's one of the most famous pieces of research about infant emotion ever published.


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[Assistant] The study involved ordinary adults watching video clips of babies 9 months or younger.


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[Assistant] In the video clips, the babies made various facial expressions in response to real life events.


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[Assistant] Including playful interactions and painful ones.


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[Assistant] The adult observers were able to reliably discern an assortment of emotions on the baby's faces.


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[Assistant] Next week, we'll be looking at this last study more closely. In fact, we will be viewing some of the video clips from that study.


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[Assistant] And together, see how well we do in discerning the baby's emotions.


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[Assistant] Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 22.


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about being over collaborative?


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about people engaged in collaborative projects?


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[Assistant] How do people benefit from working in a team?


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[Assistant] Why is it undesirable to spend too much time trying to reach consensus?


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[Assistant] I will show him mercy, said Guan Yin.


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[Assistant] He can be my guardian on Mount Podolaka if he behaves.


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[Assistant] Buddha doesn't give the true scriptures to just anyone.


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[Assistant] You must prove you're worthy by surviving a long and difficult journey.


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[Assistant] Stop thinking about food, Bajie, said Wukong.


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[Assistant] We're Buddhist monks now. We should think only about reaching the western paradise.


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[Assistant] We can't cross this river with the monster in there. I'll ask Guan Yin for help.


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[Assistant] Bajie and I were punished for crimes in heaven too, said Wukong.


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[Assistant] So is the horse. Did you know the horse is really a dragon? Wu Jing looked doubtful.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's like a treasure catcher. Look, there's a leaf and a dandelion seed. What did you say?


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[Assistant] You're a human, master, said Wukong.


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[Assistant] You couldn't see that the woman was really a spirit who wanted to harm you. Unfortunately, she got away.


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[Assistant] That's the evil spirit woman again, thought Wukong. If I don't destroy her, she'll harm the Tang monk.


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[Assistant] If you really want me to leave, I'll leave. But don't come looking for me when you need help.


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[Assistant] No wonder they had a problem with high staff turnover.


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[Assistant] My company's managers tend to be accommodating and kind, overlooking mistakes or issues, so as not to hurt feelings.


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[Assistant] Issues often get ignored there until they build up and reach a crisis point.


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[Assistant] But that would be based on an atmosphere of mutual trust, wouldn't it?


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[Assistant] Otherwise people might interpret feedback as some kind of personal attack.


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[Assistant] Yes, constructive feedback, after all, is how we learn and grow.


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[Assistant] It's the basis for healthy parenting, lasting friendships, career development and so much more.


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[Assistant] If we shelter our children, friends and colleagues from information that might enrich and enhance their lives, we're not being caring. We're actually doing harm to them.


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[Assistant] Questions one to four are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question one.


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[Assistant] How does the woman describe her previous company's culture?


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[Assistant] What does the man say about his company's managers?


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[Assistant] What does the woman say the employees in her new company can do?


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[Assistant] That indecision is a big problem for me. Instead of relaxing I was looking for the best spot.


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[Assistant] But I think thanks to technology, we can make comparisons more easily and have more access to choice and customization. We can now see what we could have.


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[Assistant] How we might get it and what others have that we might want.


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[Assistant] We keep looking over and returning to the same options again and again.


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[Assistant] Yes, I need to note when I'm worrying about inconsequential things, I guess.


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[Assistant] If I'm spending too much time worrying over what to have for lunch, I'm robbing myself of the energy to focus on the things that matter.


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[Assistant] Questions five to eight are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question five. What does the man say about his holiday?


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[Assistant] What does the woman say people tend to do when making decisions?


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[Assistant] The role of homework in classrooms is not a new debate.


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[Assistant] Many parents and teachers are ardent supporters of homework. But do all students benefit from homework?


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[Assistant] A 2006 research paper suggested some correlation between the amount of homework done by a student and future academic achievement for middle and high school students. But not so much for younger kids.


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[Assistant] A Stanford study in 2014 suggested that the same was true for students in California's affluent communities.


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[Assistant] The findings challenged the idea that homework was inherently good.


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[Assistant] The researchers concluded that there was an upper limit to the correlation between homework and achievement, suggesting that high school students shouldn't be doing more than two hours of homework a night.


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[Assistant] And the most valuable kind of homework for elementary level children was simply assigned free reading. The topic gets more complicated.


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[Assistant] Or lack of internet access can put students at a disadvantage because 70% of teachers in these areas assign homework that requires internet access.


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[Assistant] But one in three households doesn't have internet. Experts assert homework requiring the internet isn't fair.


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[Assistant] While the debate continues about the effect of homework on academic achievements, there are studies focusing on other benefits of homework. A study in Germany found that homework could have an effect on students' personalities, suggesting that doing homework might help kids to become more conscientious and independent learners.


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[Assistant] Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 12.


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[Assistant] What do we learn about Goddard's idea of using rockets for space exploration?


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[Assistant] Question 13. What does the passage say about Goddard's first rocket launch?


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[Assistant] Working for a new venture comes with a lot of risks. There's instability, unclear responsibilities, and the need to be a master of all trades.


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[Assistant] But the primary benefit is usually the passion and excitement associated with playing a role in a promising new company.


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[Assistant] The person to thank for that passion and excitement is almost always the entrepreneur.


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[Assistant] There's something about the founder's energy and enthusiasm that infects the rest of the team.


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[Assistant] And positivity may motivate people to focus less on trivial and unimportant matters.


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[Assistant] Is a contagious collection of affirmative and positive emotions, which are usually shared among the team. Science has already done a good job approving the results that follow. These include better processes, greater team cohesion, reduced conflict, and sharper alertness.


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[Assistant] But what is yet to be demonstrated is whether the founder's passion leads to increased team performance.


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[Assistant] This was recently tested in research, which analyzed the teams of 73 new companies across a range of industries, such as IT, medicine and energy.


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[Assistant] The CEOs were consulted once again years after the initial analysis and most shared their firm's performance reports so that their success could be more objectively measured.


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[Assistant] entrepreneurial teams generally progress through three phases.


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[Assistant] The first is inventing a product or service.


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[Assistant] The second is founding the venture to sell that product or service, and the third is developing the firm so it continues to grow.


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[Assistant] The researchers discovered that when the team is passionate about the third phase, developing the firm, there's a clear link to performance. But the first phase, a passion for invention,


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[Assistant] The passion for founding the venture doesn't necessarily translate into greater success.


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[Assistant] The solution to great team performance stems from a willingness to recruit others who could direct their passion towards the third phase of entrepreneurialism, developing the business.


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[Assistant] Employing more staff can in itself be a risk for an entrepreneur, as is paying them big dollars to attract them.


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[Assistant] On many occasions, the entrepreneurs reported not paying themselves a wage at all initially in order to cover salaries and expenses.


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[Assistant] Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 19.


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[Assistant] What do we learn about the possible reason why women tend to live longer?


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[Assistant] Question 20 What is the recent discovery about human cells?


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[Assistant] In today's talk, we'll discuss how managers can get their staff to do what they are asked. Much to their frustration,


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[Assistant] Managers often struggle to get their staff to comply with even simple instructions. Often they blame their employees. They don't read emails. They don't listen. They don't care. That kind of thing.


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[Assistant] But according to recent research conducted in Australia, it looks like it's not the employees' fault, but the managers'.


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[Assistant] It's easy to understand why people sometimes disobey procedures intentionally.


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[Assistant] Occasionally, it's because they're pressured to finish in a short time.


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[Assistant] At other times, they may disagree with the spirit of the procedure. The effort demanded, the time consumed, the lack of potential effectiveness. And every now and then, they just don't want to. Maybe deliberately or out of stubbornness.


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[Assistant] So apart from that, what else gets in the way of procedural compliance?


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[Assistant] The research scholars surveyed 152 blue collar workers from two separate sites in the mining industry.


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[Assistant] They asked the workers a range of procedure-related questions, such as whether they found the procedures useful, how confident they felt in their job,


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[Assistant] How comfortable they were to speak up in the workplace and how closely they followed any new procedures set by their managers.


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[Assistant] They were also asked to rate the extent to which they perceived their supervisors to be helpful.


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[Assistant] That last statement was the most instructive because, as the researchers found, there was a remarkably strong correlation between how helpful supervisors were perceived to be and how likely their employees were to follow their directives.


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[Assistant] Supervisors helping behaviour was found to be motivational in nature.


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[Assistant] Managers should be ongoing role models for the change. As the saying goes, do as I do, not as I say.


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[Assistant] To affect behavioural change, what's most required is interaction and involvement. The human touch.


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[Assistant] And naturally, processors that add value.


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[Assistant] Although procedures are designed to guide and support employees' work,


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[Assistant] Employees, it seems, can't always be expected to comply with procedures that are not seen as useful. And, of course, managers shouldn't keep resending emails.


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[Assistant] They're an effective tool for the sharing of data and reports. But they're a hopeless tool.


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[Assistant] If what a manager is desiring is a change in behavior.


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[Assistant] I'm glad to hear that. Thank you for your apology.


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[Assistant] How will I ever reach the western paradise with companions like you?


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[Assistant] It's very bad news. Ah, Shifu. There is just news. There is no good or bad.


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[Assistant] If you do not believe that a dragon warrior can stop him.


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[Assistant] There are no accidents. Yes, I know. You've said that already. Twice. Well, that was no accident either. Twice. My old friend.


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[Assistant] The panda will never fulfill his destiny, nor you, yours, until you let go of the illusion of control. Illusion? Yes. Look at this tree, Sifu.


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[Assistant] Ah, yes. But no matter what you do, that seed will grow to be a peach tree. You may wish for an apple or an orange, but you will get a peach. But a peach cannot defeat Tai Lung! Maybe it can, if you are willing to guide it, to nurture it, to believe in it. But how? How? I need your help, Master.


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[Assistant] No, you just need to believe. Promise me, Shifu. Promise me you will believe. I will.


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[Assistant] Dad, dad, dad, it was just a dream. No, it was THE dream.


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[Assistant] In this section, you will hear two long conversations.


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[Assistant] At the end of each conversation you will hear four questions.


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[Assistant] Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.


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[Assistant] After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.


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[Assistant] Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.


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[Assistant] Stale bread? Surely you mean bread for dipping into the soup.


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[Assistant] Question one to four are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question one. What do we learn about gazpacho?


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[Assistant] For what purpose is stale bread mixed into gazpacho?


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[Assistant] Why does the woman think gazpacho is healthy?


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[Assistant] Question four. What does the woman say about cured ham?


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[Assistant] How much would you say is a mid-range bottle of wine, approximately?


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[Assistant] Hmm, yeaah. I guess something in the vicinity of 30 or 40 would be good. Which type would you recommend?


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[Assistant] I will go with Chianti then. Thanks.


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[Assistant] Passage 1. Many people enjoy secret codes.


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[Assistant] The harder the code, the more some people will try to figure it out.


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[Assistant] In wartime, codes are especially important.


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[Assistant] They help armies send news about battles and the size of enemy forces. Neither side wants its code broken by the other.


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[Assistant] One very important code was never broken.


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[Assistant] It was used during World War II by the Americans. It was a spoken code, never written down, and it was developed and used by Navajo Indians. They were called the Navajo Code Talkers.


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[Assistant] The Navajos created the code in their own language. Navajo is hard to learn, and only a few people know it.


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[Assistant] So it was pretty certain that the enemy would not be able to understand the code talkers.


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[Assistant] In addition, the talkers used code words. They called a submarine an iron fish and a small bomb thrown by hand a potato. If they wanted to spell something, they used code words for letters of the alphabet.


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[Assistant] The Code Talkers worked mostly in the islands in the Pacific.


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[Assistant] One or two would be assigned to a group of soldiers. They would send messages by field telephone to the code talker in the next group.


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[Assistant] And he would relay the information to his commander.


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[Assistant] The Code Talkers played an important part in several battles. They helped troops coordinate their movements and attacks.


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[Assistant] After the war, the US government honored them for what they had accomplished.


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[Assistant] Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 12.


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say will happen in the next 20 years?


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[Assistant] Where will young people have more chances to find jobs?


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[Assistant] Question 14. What does the speaker say about therapists?


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[Assistant] Question 15. What is the speaker's book about?


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[Assistant] Question 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 16.


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[Assistant] What do we learn from the lecture about the world's oldest paved road in Egypt?


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[Assistant] Question 17. What did the researchers discover in the stone pit?


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[Assistant] For what purpose was the paved road built?


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[Assistant] Dr. Gong pierced them into my left arm, around the elbow that had been bothering me.


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[Assistant] Other needles were slipped into my left wrist and strangely into my right arm and then into both my closed eyelids.


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[Assistant] There wasn't any discomfort, just a mild warming sensation.


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[Assistant] However, I did begin to wonder what had driven me here.


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[Assistant] To the office of Dr. James Gong in New York's Chinatown.


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[Assistant] Then I remembered, the torturing pain in that left elbow.


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[Assistant] Several trips to a hospital and two expensive, uncomfortable medical tests had failed to produce even a diagnosis.


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[Assistant] Maybe you lean on your left arm too much, the doctor concluded, suggesting I see a bone doctor.


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[Assistant] During the hours spent waiting in vain to see a bone doctor, I decided to take another track and try acupuncture.


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[Assistant] A Chinese American friend recommended Dr. Gong.


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[Assistant] I took the subway to Gong's second floor office, marked with a hand-painted sign.


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[Assistant] Doctor Gong speaks English, but not often.


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[Assistant] Most of my questions to him were greeted with a friendly laugh, but I managed to let him know where my arm hurt. He asked me to go into a room, had me lie down on a bed and went to work.


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[Assistant] In the next room, I learned a woman dancer was also getting a treatment.


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[Assistant] As I lay there a while, I drifted into a dreamlike state and fantasized about what she looked like.


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[Assistant] Acupuncturists today are as likely to be found on Park Avenue as on Mott Street.


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[Assistant] In all, there are an estimated 10,000 acupuncturists in the country. Nowadays, a lot of medical doctors have learned acupuncture techniques. So have a number of dentists. Reason? Patient demand.


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[Assistant] Few though, can adequately explain how acupuncture works.


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[Assistant] Acupuncturists may say that the body has more than 800 acupuncture points.


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[Assistant] A life force called T circulates through the body.


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[Assistant] Points on the skin are energetically connected to specific organs, body structures and systems.


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[Assistant] Acupuncture points are stimulated to balance the circulation of T.


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[Assistant] Nobody really knows what's happening, says Paul Zumewski, a PhD in Chinese studies who practices acupuncture in Philadelphia.


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[Assistant] After five treatments, there has been dramatic improvement in my arm, and the pain is a fraction of what it was.


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[Assistant] The mainly silent Dr. Gong finally even offered a diagnosis for what troubled me. Pinched nerve, he said.


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[Assistant] Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 22.


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about Ronald and Lois's early years of married life?


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[Assistant] Question 23. What do we learn about Ronald and Lois?


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about the oldest child in a family?


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[Assistant] Question 25. What does the speaker say about the only children?


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[Assistant] It is said that the dragon warrior can survive for months at a time on nothing but the dew of a single ginkgo leaf and the energy of the universe.


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[Assistant] Yes, Master Ubwe.


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[Assistant] Whoever I choose will not only bring peace to the valley, but also to you.


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[Assistant] The universe has brought us the Dragon Warrior! What? What? What? What?


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[Assistant] What are you gonna do, big guy? Sit on me? Don't tempt me. Now, I'm gonna use this. You want it? Come get it.


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[Assistant] I figured it out.


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[Assistant] College English Test Band 6 Part 2 Listening Comprehension Section A Directions In this section you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation you will hear four questions.


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[Assistant] Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer


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[Assistant] Well, this was done by a human resources consultancy who interviewed more than 1000 workers and established a top 10 of the factors which make people happy at work. The most important factor for the majority of the people interviewed was having friendly, supportive colleagues. In fact,


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[Assistant] 73% of people interviewed put their relationship with colleagues as the key factor contributing to happiness at work, which is a very high percentage.


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[Assistant] The second most important factor was having work that is enjoyable.


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[Assistant] Yes, for example, 25% of the working people interviewed described themselves as very happy at work. However,


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[Assistant] Twenty percent of employees describe themselves as being unhappy.


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[Assistant] And there were several more interesting conclusions revealed by the survey.


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[Assistant] First of all, small is beautiful. People definitely prefer working for smaller organizations or companies with less than 100 staff.


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[Assistant] And workers on part-time contracts who only work four or five hours a day are happier than those who work full-time.


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[Assistant] The researchers concluded that this is probably due to a better work-life balance.


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[Assistant] Yes, perhaps not surprisingly. The higher people go in a company, the happier they are.


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[Assistant] So senior managers enjoy their jobs more than people working under them.


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[Assistant] In 2006, when the concert hall of the city of Bruges asked me to take some pictures for a catalogue for a new concert season around the theme of water, I found myself working along the Belgian coastline.


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[Assistant] As there had been numerous alarming articles in the press about a climate catastrophe waiting to happen,


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[Assistant] I started looking at the sea and the beach very differently.


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[Assistant] A place where I spent so many perfect days as a child.


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[Assistant] This fear of a looming danger became the subject of a large-scale photo project.


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[Assistant] It is clear now that it's a matter of time before the entire European coastline disappears on the water.


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[Assistant] My idea was to photograph this beautiful and very unique coastline, rich in history, before it's too late. As a last witness.


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[Assistant] Sure, the project is also about the history of Europe looking at the sea and wondering when the next enemy would appear. In the images,


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[Assistant] You see all kinds of possible defense constructions to hold back the Romans.


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[Assistant] Also Venice, the city eternally threatened by the sea.


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[Assistant] Where every morning, wooden pathways have to be set up to allow tourists to reach their hotels.


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[Assistant] Question 7. What will happen when the climate could


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[Assistant] When facing a new situation, some people tend to rehearse their defeat by spending too much time anticipating the worst. I remember talking with a young lawyer who was about to begin her first jury trial. She was very nervous. I asked what impression she wanted to make on the jury. She replied, I don't want to look too inexperienced. I don't want them to suspect this is my first trial.


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[Assistant] The don'ts can be self-fulfilling because your mind responds to pictures.


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[Assistant] Research conducted at Stanford University shows a mental image fires the nervous system the same way as actually doing something. That means when a golfer tells himself, don't hit the ball into the water.


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[Assistant] His mind sees the image of the ball flying into the water. So guess where the ball will go. Consequently, before going into any stressful situation, focus only on what you want to have happen. I asked the lawyer again.


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[Assistant] I want to look professional and self-assured.


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[Assistant] I told her to create a picture of what self-assured would look like.


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[Assistant] And projecting her voice so it could be heard from the judge's bench to the back door.


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[Assistant] She also imagined a skilful closing argument and a winning trial. A few weeks after this positive dress rehearsal, the young lawyer did win.


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[Assistant] Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 13.


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[Assistant] What explanation does the speaker offer for the research finding?


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[Assistant] Well, my current research is really about consumer behavior. So recently, I've looked at young people's drinking, and it's obviously a major concern to government at the moment.


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[Assistant] I've also looked at how older people are represented in the media.


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[Assistant] Again, it's of major current interest, with older people becoming a much larger proportion of UK, and indeed, world society.


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[Assistant] I'm also interested in how consumers operate online and how that online behavior might be different from how they operate offline when they go to the shops.


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[Assistant] Well, I think that the important thing here is to actually understand what's happening from the consumer's perspective.


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[Assistant] Is to really see what is happening from the consumer's perspective.


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[Assistant] For example, in the case of young people's drinking,


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[Assistant] One of the things that I've identified is that drinking for people, say, between the ages of 18 and 24 is all about the social activity.


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[Assistant] A lot of the government advertising has been about individual responsibility, but actually understanding that drinking is very much about the social activity and finding ways to help young people get home safely and not end up in hospital is one of the things that we've tried to present there.


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[Assistant] The key thing about consumer behavior is that it's very much about how consumers change. Markets always change faster than marketing. So we have to look at what consumers are doing.


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[Assistant] Currently I teach consumer behavior to undergraduates in their second year and we look at all kinds of things in consumer behavior and particularly how consumers are presented in advertising.


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[Assistant] So they get involved by looking at advertising and really critically assessing the consumer behavior aspects of it and getting involved sometimes doing primary research.


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[Assistant] For example, last year my students spent a week looking at their own purchasing and analyzed it in detail from shopping to the relationship that they have with their retail banks and their mobile phone providers.


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[Assistant] I think they found it very useful and it also helped them identify just what kind of budgets they had too.


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[Assistant] The fact of the matter is that there's a whole range of interesting research out there, and I think, as the years go on,


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[Assistant] There's going to be much more for us to consider and certainly much more for students to become involved in.


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[Assistant] Question 21 What did Claire Barrett find on her train ride?


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[Assistant] Question 22. How did people of the last generation budget their spending?


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[Assistant] Why should you consider taking a course in demography in college?


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[Assistant] You will be growing up in the generation where the baby boomers are going into retirement and dying. You will face problems in the aging of the population that have never been faced before.


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[Assistant] I want to tell you about the past, present, and future of the human population. So let's start with a few problems. Right now, a billion people are chronically hungry. That means they wake up hungry, they're hungry all day, and they go to sleep hungry. A billion people are living in slums. Not the same billion people, but there is some overlap.


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[Assistant] Living in slums means they don't have infrastructure to take the garbage away. They don't have secure water supplies to drink. Nearly a billion people are illiterate. Try to imagine your life being illiterate.


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[Assistant] You can't read the labels on the bottles in the supermarket. If you can get to a supermarket.


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[Assistant] Two thirds of those people who are illiterate are women, and about 200 to 215 million women don't have access to birth control they want so that they can control their own fertility. This is not only a problem in developing countries,


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[Assistant] About half of all pregnancies globally are unintended. So those are examples of population problems.


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[Assistant] Demography gives you the tools to understand and to address these problems. It's not only the study of human population, but the populations of non-human species including viruses like influenza, the bacteria in your gut, plants that you eat, animals that you enjoy, or that provide you with meat.


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[Assistant] Demography also includes the study of non-living objects like light bulbs and taxicabs and buildings because these are also populations.


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[Assistant] It studies these populations in the past, present, and future using quantitative data and mathematical models as tools of analysis.


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[Assistant] I see demography as a central subject related to economics.


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[Assistant] It is the means to intervene more wisely and more effectively in the real world. To improve the well-being not only of yourself, important as that may be.


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[Assistant] Chapter 5 The Gardener and the Robin


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[Assistant] Mary walked down the path that led to the gate and the shrubbery.


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[Assistant] When she passed through the gate, she found herself in a big garden. There was a pool with an old fountain.


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[Assistant] But the fountain was turned off and the garden's flower beds were bare and wintry.


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[Assistant] Mary saw that the path came to an end at a brick wall.


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[Assistant] She went through the door and came upon a new garden with walls all around it. She spied another open green door.


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[Assistant] Through that one she could see cold frames covering some of the garden beds.


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[Assistant] She seemed to be in the midst of a series of walled gardens.


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[Assistant] He did not seem pleased to see her, but then again she was not pleased with his garden.


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[Assistant] Mary went through the second green door and saw that the cold frames were covering vegetables.


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[Assistant] In this garden was another green door, but it was closed.


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[Assistant] But she opened the door quite easily and found herself in an orchard.


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[Assistant] It too was surrounded by a wall. Mary didn't see any more doors.


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[Assistant] She noticed the wall seemed to extend beyond the orchard, and she could see trees growing above the wall.


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[Assistant] A bird with a bright red breast was sitting on the topmost branch of one tree. Suddenly he burst into song.


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[Assistant] She stopped and listened and somehow his cheerful friendly song gave her a pleasant feeling. Even a disagreeable little girl may be lonely.


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[Assistant] The big closed house and big bare moor had made Mary feel all alone in the world.


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[Assistant] But now the bird brought a look onto her sour face that was almost a smile. She watched him until he flew off the branch.


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[Assistant] She walked back to the first kitchen garden and found the old man digging there.


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[Assistant] A slow smile spread over the old man's face.


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[Assistant] The bird flew toward them and landed near the gardener's foot.


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[Assistant] Suddenly there was a clear rippling sound, and she turned around.


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[Assistant] The robin didn't answer, instead he flew away.


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[Assistant] And with that, he threw his shovel over his shoulder and walked away.


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[Assistant] I only stayed to go to that silly party. What a fool I was!


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[Assistant] Mary stood with her back against the door, looking around with excitement, wonder and delight. She was standing inside the secret garden.


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[Assistant] The high walls were covered with the bare stems of roses that had grown together thickly.


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[Assistant] The ground was covered with brown grass that had clumps of rose bushes growing out of it.


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[Assistant] Some of the roses had run up the trees and swung down now from the branches in long tendrils.


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[Assistant] Mary recognized these plants because she'd seen roses growing in India. But she didn't know if they were dead or alive.


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[Assistant] As Mary walked along, quietly examining the roses, the robin hopped about or flew after her from one bush to another. Mary stopped where there had once been a flower bed.


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[Assistant] Mary looked in the old border beds and among the grass.


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[Assistant] She grew more excited as she found more pale green points.


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[Assistant] But the grass seemed too thick in some places where the green points were trying to push their way through. She searched until she found a sharp stick.


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[Assistant] Then she dug out the grass and old weeds until she had cleared some space around the plants.


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[Assistant] Mary went from place to place and dug and weeded.


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[Assistant] She worked happily in the garden until it was time to go inside for lunch.


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[Assistant] Martha was delighted when she saw Mary's bright eyes and rosy cheeks.


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[Assistant] She was even happier when Mary ate two helpings of meat and rice pudding.


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[Assistant] Mary did not reply. She was thinking about the strange white roots she had come across while digging. Perhaps Martha would know what they were.


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[Assistant] Mary had finished eating, so she went to sit in front of the fire.


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[Assistant] If Mr. Craven found out that someone had opened the door, he would be very angry.


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[Assistant] He might even get a new key and lock up the garden forever. She really could not bear that.


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[Assistant] But when Mrs. Medlock spotted Martha, she gave the maid one job and then another to do.


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[Assistant] So it was quite a while before Martha returned to Mary.


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[Assistant] When they finished writing the letter to Dickon, Mary had a question.


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[Assistant] said Martha, and she practically ran from the room.


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[Assistant] But before she could think much more about it, she fell asleep. Fresh air and digging had made her drowsy.


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[Assistant] Really? I thought salaries were high there. But there would be some fringe benefits, presumably.


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[Assistant] But if you're worried about distance, isn't that the same problem with the states?


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[Assistant] What benefit would the man get if he took the post in Sao Paulo?


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[Assistant] The Secret Garden. Chapter 12. The safest nesting place in England.


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[Assistant] Mary led Dickon down the path to the place where the ivy grew thickly on the garden wall.


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[Assistant] Dickon felt as if you were being taken to look at a rare bird's nest and must move softly.


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[Assistant] When Mary stepped to the wall and lifted the hanging ivy, Dickon jumped back. There was a door!


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[Assistant] For two or three minutes, Dickens simply stood there looking at the garden. Then he began to walk around softly.


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[Assistant] He walked even more lightly than Mary had walked the first time she had entered the garden.


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[Assistant] Said Mary, feeling frightened and putting her hand quickly to her mouth.


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[Assistant] When it looks a bit greenish and juicy like that, it's alive.


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[Assistant] But when the inside is dry and breaks easily like this, it's done for. There's a big root here. If it's cared for, there'll be a fountain of roses this summer.


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[Assistant] Mary smiled brightly. The roses were alive!


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[Assistant] The robin followed them as they went from bush to bush and from tree to tree.


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[Assistant] Dickon knew how to cut away the dry wood and could tell when a stem still had life in it. Within half an hour, Mary thought she could tell too. Mary's new gardening tools proved quite handy.


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[Assistant] Dickens showed her how to use the fork, while he dug about roots to let the air in.


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[Assistant] They were busy working around a big rose bush when he caught sight of something.


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[Assistant] Who did that? He pointed to one of Mary's own clearings around the pale green points.


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[Assistant] You did exactly the right thing, said Dickon, kneeling next to the tiny plants. A gardener couldn't have told you better.


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[Assistant] They're crocuses and snowdrops and daffodils.


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[Assistant] They agreed that there was a lot of work to be done and that Dickon would come to help her every day.


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[Assistant] I wouldn't want to make the garden look too neat he said cautiously.


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[Assistant] This is a secret garden, sure enough. But I think someone else besides the Robin has been working in here.


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[Assistant] Dicken shrugged his shoulders. Let's plant your seeds. Mary held the seeds while Dicken loosened the earth.


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[Assistant] Dickon laughed so hard he had to put his hand over his mouth to stifle the sound. Do you like me? Mary asked quietly.


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[Assistant] Just then the big clock in the courtyard struck Mary's lunch hour.


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[Assistant] She said sadly. She started toward the door, but turned around.


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[Assistant] If you were a bird and showed me where your nest was, I'd never tell. Dickon promised. Your secret is safe with me. And Mary was quite sure it was.


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[Assistant] You ought to show me the door today, but I don't believe you know where it is.


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[Assistant] In this next module, we're going to do some active practice editing a paragraph from a results section.


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[Assistant] This table is from a paper I was editing for a student about running during pregnancy.


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[Assistant] I'm showing you some relevant snippets from Table 2.


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[Assistant] This paper was concerned with what percent of runners


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[Assistant] Continue running during pregnancy and breastfeeding and how much and how hard they run.


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[Assistant] Here is the original draft of the paragraph of the results section that corresponded to that table.


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[Assistant] I am going to ask you in a minute to pause the video and edit that paragraph on your own, keeping in mind that since this table contains the main results of the study, it's okay to leave some key numbers in, but you have to pick and choose.


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[Assistant] So now go ahead and pause the video and edit the exercise and then restart the video and I will walk you through my edits.


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[Assistant] Okay, hopefully you noticed that the author here is just reading the table for you.


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[Assistant] Hopefully you also noticed the repetition and wordiness in the prose. I'm going to go through and edit this line by line.


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[Assistant] Now, I picked out certain statistics to highlight that I thought were the most interesting and most important to this analysis.


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[Assistant] It says the majority of runners ran during pregnancy. And then we get all of these numbers. I don't think we need the majority of and then all these numbers. I think we can just say 70% of runners ran during pregnancy.


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[Assistant] And then we get all of these details about the numbers in the different trimesters.


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[Assistant] I don't think we need all of those. I think we can just pick out the most interesting one. And the most interesting number to me was that almost a third of these women were still running during their third trimester. So that's the statistic that I'm gonna highlight there.


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[Assistant] So I changed it to 70% of runners re-enduring pregnancy and then I'm just giving the total N in the parentheses so that we can avoid repeating the 77 in the second sentence.


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[Assistant] And then I cut all of that material down to and almost one third ran during the third trimester and I didn't think we needed the exact percentage there so I got rid of that.


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[Assistant] So the second and third sentences, you can see that they're both about the runners cutting back on their mileage and intensity. So we can combine those two ideas into a single sentence.


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[Assistant] You'll also notice some repetition we have from the 77 women who re-end during pregnancy. And then at the end of those, that sentence we have those who re-end. So there's some repetition and we can make this a little bit more concise.


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[Assistant] So I paired all of this down to on average, those who re-enduring pregnancy greatly curtailed their training that setting up both of those pieces, the mileage and the intensity and then dash running just 20.3 plus or minus 9.3 miles per week. These are runners, so that's actually not a lot for them.


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[Assistant] And then I put in cutting their intensity to about half of their non-pregnant running effort. We don't need the 47.9% plus or minus 21%. About half is just fine there.


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[Assistant] Then in the next sentence, I don't, didn't think we needed a small number, 3.9%, 3 out of 77. We don't need all of those statistics. So I'm just going to say three reported sustaining a running injury while pregnant.


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[Assistant] And then the last two sentences go through all of these different statistics about resuming running during the postpartum period. We don't need all of those. We don't need to read through the entire table.


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[Assistant] I picked out two key statistics that I thought were the most interesting. So I noticed that nearly a quarter of the women resumed running within two weeks of giving birth, which I thought was a lot.


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[Assistant] And then I thought it would be important to highlight what most women did. And so if you look at the table, most women resumed running within two months. So I'm going to highlight just those two statistics.


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[Assistant] So I pared all that down to, in the postpartum period, nearly a quarter waited two weeks to resume running.


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[Assistant] And actually I want to make that way to two or fewer weeks.


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[Assistant] To resume running to highlight the fact that I thought that was a small amount that waited two or fewer weeks to resume running.


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[Assistant] And most resumed running within two months. So that was my edit. Your edit may be somewhat different, but hopefully it paired that down greatly.


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[Assistant] And here's my, uh, final edit written out if you wanna read it without all the red markings.


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[Assistant] Professor Henderson, could you give us a brief overview of what you do, where you work, and your main area of research?


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[Assistant] And how strong is the evidence that climate change is happening?


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[Assistant] So what are we doing? What can we do about it?


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[Assistant] Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question 1.


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[Assistant] What does Professor Henderson say about climate change?


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[Assistant] What does Professor Henderson say is a top priority in combating climate change?


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[Assistant] What does Professor Henderson advise us to do to better deal with climate change?


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[Assistant] Luck is important to success, but since you've seen that fantastic video on the TED Talks website by Richard St. John, he doesn't mention luck at all.


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[Assistant] Sure, I think a lot of what people consider luck is attributed to how you respond to the opportunities that come your way.


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[Assistant] But was there any point in the video that you thought was particularly interesting?


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[Assistant] Definitely, yeaah. Natural talent helps in some way.


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[Assistant] But at the end of the day, you really do need to work hard and get really, really good at what you do.


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[Assistant] I thought one interesting thing in the video was the idea of passion being so important and that people who really love what they do


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[Assistant] Of course you're going to want to work harder and put the time and effort into it.


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[Assistant] And the funny thing is that if you love what you do,


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[Assistant] And are really passionate about it and work really hard, the money kind of comes automatically.


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[Assistant] In this section, you will hear two passages.


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[Assistant] At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.


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[Assistant] The first national monument in America could almost be mistaken for the stump of an enormous tree.


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[Assistant] Its sheer rock sides sweep up from a broad base until they cut off abruptly at the flat summit.


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[Assistant] Rising more than 1,000 feet in the middle of the gently rolling plains of Wyoming, the massive column of rocks


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[Assistant] Looks as though it was dropped down into this location from a different time and place.


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[Assistant] Forced its way to the surface to form the throat of a volcano.


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[Assistant] As the centuries passed, the rock cooled and hardened, shrinking and cracking into long columns, born in fire and fury.


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[Assistant] Devil's Tower was then shaped by the slow, gentle work of wind and water.


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[Assistant] The outer layers of the volcano were worn away until the hard core stood completely exposed.


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[Assistant] Small wonder that an Indian legend described Devil's Tower as being formed by supernatural powers.


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[Assistant] The legend says that when seven girls were attacked by bears, they took refuge on top of a small rock and appealed to the rock god for help.


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[Assistant] The god caused the rock to grow and to lift the girls far above the ground.


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[Assistant] While its sides were scored by the claws of the angry bears, even today,


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[Assistant] Says the legend, the girls can be seen above the towering rock.


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[Assistant] You will hear three recordings of lectures or talks, followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once.


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[Assistant] After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.


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[Assistant] What does a speaker say about negative emotions?


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[Assistant] In the past few months, I've been traveling for weeks at a time with only one suitcase of clothes.


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[Assistant] One day, I was invited to an important event, and I wanted to wear something special for it.


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[Assistant] I looked through my suitcase but couldn't find anything to wear. I was lucky to be at the technology conference then and I had access to 3D printers. So I quickly designed a skirt on my computer and I loaded the file on the printer. It just printed the pieces overnight.


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[Assistant] The next morning, I just took all the pieces, assembled them together in my hotel room.


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[Assistant] And this is actually the skirt that I'm wearing right now. So it wasn't the first time that I printed clothes.


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[Assistant] For my senior collection at fashion design school, I decided to try and 3D print an entire fashion collection from my home.


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[Assistant] The problem was that I barely knew anything about 3D printing.


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[Assistant] And I had only nine months to figure out how to print five fashionable looks.


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[Assistant] I always felt most creative when I worked from home.


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[Assistant] I loved experimenting with new materials, and I always tried to develop new techniques to make the most unique textiles for my fashion projects.


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[Assistant] One summer break, I came here to New York for an internship at a fashion house in Chinatown.


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[Assistant] We worked on two incredible dresses that were 3D printed.


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[Assistant] They were amazing, like you can see here, but I had a few problems with them.


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[Assistant] They were made from hard plastics, and that's why they were very breakable.


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[Assistant] The models couldn't sit in them, and they even got scratched from the plastics under their arms.


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[Assistant] So now, the main challenge was to find the right material for printing clothes with. I mean the material you feed the printer with.


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[Assistant] The breakthrough came when I was introduced to Filaflex, which is a new kind of printing material. It's strong, yet very flexible.


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[Assistant] And with it, I was able to print the first garment.


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[Assistant] A red jacket that had the word freedom embedded into it. And actually you can easily download this jacket and change the word to something else. For example, your name or your sweetheart's name.


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[Assistant] So I think in the future, materials will evolve, and they will look and feel like fabrics we know today, like cotton or silk.


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[Assistant] What does a speaker say about the problems facing small and medium-sized enterprises?


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about the technology?


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[Assistant] What is a practical solution to the problems of small and medium sized businesses?


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[Assistant] I want a second opinion. Dave?


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[Assistant] And sick to death of your lack of respect, Jeffrey.


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[Assistant] And what color are your bags? Not silver. So who is the boss? You. So let's try not to forget that. Huh? A little bit of respect for the boss.


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[Assistant] You don't need your blanket anymore. You said yourself, this rock wall is your therapy. Every time you have a little stress in your life, you can come out here and add a few rocks to your wall.


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[Assistant] I don't wanna get shut down. I kinda really like it here.


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[Assistant] He's, uh, refusing to come out. He says it's for his own safety.


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[Assistant] It's actually called a marmot. It's basically a massive squirrel.


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[Assistant] No killer rabbits or bloodthirsty squirrels to be seen.


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[Assistant] Dave, it's me, Jeffrey. We're all gorillas. Oh, yeaah.


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[Assistant] How do you get dog lips off your thumb?


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[Assistant] Well, uh, they, uh, they feed us. They give us medicine. They built this totally rad climbing frame. Oh, shut up.


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[Assistant] What about something sensible? Yeah, like bananas on a Friday.


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[Assistant] It's that boy who knows where the foxes live, Dickon. The birds and other animals aren't bothered by him.


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[Assistant] The Secret Garden, Chapter 16, A Young Raja.


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[Assistant] The next day the rain was still pouring down and the moor was hidden in mist. It was not a good day for going outdoors.


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[Assistant] The two girls sat by the fire, and Martha took out her knitting.


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[Assistant] Mary announced. Martha let her knitting fall on her lap.


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[Assistant] Colin was a bad-tempered spoiled boy who didn't like anyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before Martha could answer, a bell rang and she stood up.