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[Assistant] Sir, they can cut the chain off the door, but they can't make us play.


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[Assistant] I've been trying to get my head straight about things. A lot of things. Especially us.


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[Assistant] For a long time it's just been my moms, my boys, you. That's what I counted on. I'm trying to count on myself now, and I'm alright and shit. It's just, without you nothing good feels as good. It's like, I'm missing some happy part of me.


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[Assistant] Thank you. You're welcome.


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[Assistant] Thank you. You're welcome.


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[Assistant] And when I think back on it now, it wasn't anything at all. It was just a starting point.


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[Assistant] Hey kids! Welcome back to Reading for Vocabulary. I'm Brian Stewart.


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[Assistant] We're going over lesson two now. Lesson two is about the Pacific Ocean. So we're talking about social studies, right? We're talking about where things are and what they're like and a little bit of the history of places. We will focus on learning about the biggest ocean


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[Assistant] In the world, the biggest ocean in the world, right? And that is the Pacific Ocean. So when we get started, let's talk about where is the Pacific Ocean? Where is it, right? Of course, we all know the Pacific Ocean is here, right? This is the Pacific O- what? It's not here.


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[Assistant] No. Oh. Yeah, you're right. That's Africa, right? Africa is here. And that's land, right? We're looking for ocean, not land. Pacific Ocean isn't here.


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[Assistant] It's over here, right? This is the... What? It's not?


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[Assistant] Yeah, okay, you're right. It's, this is the Indian Ocean. Indian. Whoops. Indian.


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[Assistant] Ocean. Okay, that's a large body of water, but it's not the Pacific Ocean, right? It's the Indian Ocean. So I'm sorry, the Pacific Ocean is over here, right?


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[Assistant] Oh, see, ocean. This is the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean is between, uh, the Americas and Europe and Africa. So where can the Pacific Ocean be? Where? Ah, it's this big one here, right? This is the Pacific Ocean.


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[Assistant] Wow, look at it. Like I said, it's the biggest ocean in the world. It's the biggest ocean. Look at how big that is. It's huge, right?


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[Assistant] The Pacific Ocean is between the Americas and Asia, uh, Indonesia and Australia down here. It's huge. That's the Pacific Ocean.


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[Assistant] We got it right. Okay, that's where the Pacific Ocean is. It's really big. It's the biggest ocean in the world. Okay, let's learn some vocabulary about the Pacific Ocean. Okay, first vocabulary.


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[Assistant] Imagine. Okay, imagine. That's what is to picture in your mind. To imagine. Excuse me, to imagine. Okay, next word, number two. Whoa, what's going on here?


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[Assistant] Is surrounding that thing. Surround. Surround. You can hear two sounds. Suh-round. Suh-round. Put them together. Surround.


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[Assistant] Surround. Okay, surround means to be on all sides. To be on all sides of something. That is to surround.


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[Assistant] Number three. Oh, this is nice. It's a day in the park. Very calm. It's calm, not violent. Right? There's no fast cars. People shooting at each other. Nothing going on. It's very nice, calm. What is it? What do we say? It is peaceful. Peaceful.


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[Assistant] We have actually, it's kind of, you know the word peace, right? Peace means, hey, peace dude, right? Peace means, uh, no violence, you know, everything's calm, everybody's friendly, everybody's happy. Peace. And it's full. It's full of peace. So, peace, full. Peaceful. It's peaceful in the park.


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[Assistant] I hope so, okay? It's peaceful in the park. Okay, moving on, our next word here. This is a very old structure. There are many old ruins in the world.


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[Assistant] We don't know who built them or why they were built. So it's a puzzle or a secret. We don't know. If something is a puzzle or a secret, we don't know the answer to it. It is a mystery. Mystery. How many sounds?


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[Assistant] Mystery. Three sounds. Mystery. Mystery. Mystery. Okay, put them together quickly. Mystery. It's a mystery. I don't know. It's a mystery. So when you don't know, it's a mystery. Okay, next one. Number five. Nice picture, right? Sailing on a boat.


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[Assistant] To move by boat using the wind. And I just said it, right? To sailing on a boat.


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[Assistant] To sail, to sail, these people are sailing, they are going across the water, not with an engine, right? They're not using an engine, they're using these big pieces of cloth and the wind


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[Assistant] Is blowing them across the water. So they are sailing. To sail means to go across the water with the power of the wind, not with an engine, with the power of a wind, of the wind. That's really what sail means. However,


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[Assistant] Motorboats, big boats with big engines, people still say, let's, they are sailing across the Pacific Ocean, for example. Sometimes people still do that, but really the, the, the,


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[Assistant] First and, uh, most, uh, first meaning that comes to mind when you think of sail is to move across the water with wind power. Okay? Okay, so that's to sail.


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[Assistant] Next one, see through. Now this picture is a little, uhm, I have to explain it a little bit. To see through means you can see through the air very


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[Assistant] Easily, right? You can see through the air very easily. Also another thing that you can see through is a window.


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[Assistant] A window, you can see through the glass of a window. See through. But you can't see through the window if the window's not clear. If the window is dirty, you can't see through it. Because it's not clear.


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[Assistant] If it's a cloudy day or there's a lot of smoke or dust in the air, then it's not clear. It's dirty. You can't see through it.


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[Assistant] But something that you can see through is clear. You can see, wow, you can really see far. And you can see very well because it's clear. Whether it's glass, whether it's air,


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[Assistant] This is an interesting picture. It looks like they're at the North Pole or maybe the South Pole. They're in a boat and they're looking around. To look around and discover, especially people who go someplace for the first time, right? It's hard to discover new places.


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[Assistant] in the world these days because most places have already been discovered


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[Assistant] What do we call that? If you're going to explore something, you're discovering something. Explore. And then of course the person who does this is an explorer.


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[Assistant] And explorer. 100 years ago, there were many explorers. 100, 150 years ago, there were many explorers who explored different parts of the world and discovered many new things. Okay.


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[Assistant] Next one, eight, not moving much. If there's a leaf on the water and the leaf is not moving, it's just, you know, moving maybe a little bit, but not a lot, right? It's just staying still. What do we say? It's


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[Assistant] Calm. Actually we saw this word before, right? When we saw the park. It's calm and not violent, peaceful. Well, another word for peaceful is calm. Now you have these two L and M. Calm.


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[Assistant] Calm, right? It's calm. The water is calm. It doesn't move much. It moves a little bit maybe, but not much. Or it doesn't move at all. It's calm. No motion, no action. It's calm.


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[Assistant] Some people say calm is boring, but sometimes calm is peaceful and nice too. So it depends what you want.


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[Assistant] Okay, next one. Number nine. Wow, that is not calm. That's exciting, right? It's violent. It's, uh, uh, it's got a lot of energy, right? So, wow, this is really cool. Very cool picture.


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[Assistant] A hill of water moving across the sea. Well of course it doesn't usually look like this. This is when it breaks, right? When it hits land.


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[Assistant] But if we look over here, we can see a better example of it right here. What do we call this? And surfers, right? Uh, let's go surfing now where everybody's doing, right? Surfers will use these to go surfing on. Very cool. We of course call it a wave.


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[Assistant] And waves move through the water like this, right? These are waves. It's like a hill, right? Since it's a hill, it's like a small hill. Of course, this is where the wave breaks, right?


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[Assistant] And this is a way, but it's breaking. They don't usually go like this. They only do this when they hit land or rocks or something underwater that makes them do that. That's really unusual. Very, uh, unique picture. Okay, next one. Ten.


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[Assistant] A very big boat. This is a very big boat. Huge boat. Uh, you know, it's using an engine, so there's no sails on the boat, right? This, this, uh, boat is moving by engine power, right? By gasoline. But what do we call this big boat? We call it a ship, right? A ship


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[Assistant] Is a very big boat. Now ships can have engines, ships can also have sails, right? A ship is just a really big boat.


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[Assistant] If you're in a small rowboat with your friend going across the river, you're not in a ship, you're in a boat, right? But if you're on a really big boat, you know, that has many rooms and can carry a lot of people or can carry a lot of things, then that is a ship.


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[Assistant] Okay, next one. Eleven. Wow, she's happy. She's got tonnani iseyo, right? She's got a lot of money.


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[Assistant] I hope she finds pleasure in other things besides money, right?


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[Assistant] In her life, right? We can find pleasure in our friends. We find pleasure in spending time with our family, right? So what do we do when we're with our friends and we're having a good time or we're going camping with our family, everybody's having a good time? We say they are enjoying. They are enjoying themselves.


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[Assistant] To enjoy themselves means to have fun together. We're enjoying ourselves. If you go watch a movie, you can enjoy the movie. It's a good movie. Let's go enjoy a movie together. Okay? Enjoy. Next one, number 12.


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[Assistant] Now be careful with this one. We see these children, they're going across the street, okay, I just used the word there, from one side to the other side. If you're talking about


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[Assistant] From one side to the other side. Let's say you have a cliff here and there's a river. There's another cliff, okay? And you build a bridge. This is a bridge, okay? Da-da-da-da-da, and whee!


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[Assistant] Okay, I'm not a good artist, but anyway, that's a bridge. This bridge is going across, across, right? It goes from one side to the other, from one side to the other side. This is across. This line goes across the street.


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[Assistant] Be careful. Many students make a mistake. They say, these children will across the street. Across is not a verb.


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[Assistant] These children are not crossing the street. These children are crossing the street.


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[Assistant] If you are giving directions to somebody, you say, go to the intersection, then cross the street.


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[Assistant] Across is a verb. Don't say across the street because that's not a verb. You can't tell somebody to across the street. Across is a preposition, right? It means from one side to the other. It's not a verb. Don't tell people to across the street. Tell people to


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[Assistant] Cross the street. You should cross the street here at the light. Don't cross the street in the middle of the block. That's dangerous.


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[Assistant] Cross the street here. Not here, here. Cross the street here. So be careful between across and cross. Don't make a mistake. The bridge goes across the river.


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[Assistant] These kids are having fun, right? They got their bikes. What are they doing? Uh, well, here we have a definition here. A trip in a vehicle such as a car, bicycle, or train. So it's an interesting word here, and the word is to r- a ride. Now, this is interesting. Ride can be a noun. A ride. For example,


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[Assistant] Let's take a ride, right? Let's take a bike ride.


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[Assistant] Let's take a, uh, a ride in our car. Let's take a ride by train. That's a noun. But ride can also be a verb, right? Let's ride a bicycle. To ride a bicycle, right? So we're gonna ride a bicycle. Ride in a car. Ride


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[Assistant] On a train, okay? But be careful. When you ride, you ride on a bicycle.


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[Assistant] Right? You don't ride in a bicycle.


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[Assistant] You can't ride inside the bicycle. That's very strange, right? You can't get inside your bicycle. You can ride on top of your bicycle. Ride on a bicycle. Ride on


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[Assistant] A train, but be careful. We say on a train, but we're not on top of the train. That's crazy, right? That'd be really dangerous. We're inside the train, but we say ride on a train. English is crazy sometimes. I'm sorry. What about car? Yeaah, we ride in a car. We ride in a car. In a car.


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[Assistant] In, whoops, in a car. So be careful. We ride on a bicycle, on a train, but we ride in a car. That makes sense. Don't ride on a car, right? That's dangerous. Okay, so you ride in a car.


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[Assistant] Ride can be a noun. Take a ride. Let's go on a bicycle ride. That's a noun or verb. Ride on a bicycle. Let's ride on a bicycle. Let's ride in a car. Okay. So ride can mean different things depending how you use it. Okay. Next one.


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[Assistant] Because helping you to rest, ah, very calm, very peaceful, nice wind, warm weather, there's a nice, uh, hammock on the beach, beautiful scenery. What is this place? This is very relaxing.


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[Assistant] Lax-ing. Re-lax-ing. Put them together quickly. Relaxing.


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[Assistant] Relaxing, okay, so relaxing, very calm, helping you to rest and go to sleep.


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[Assistant] You want to have a relaxing place when you sleep. If there's construction outside your house, right, lots of trucks, people going, yeah, yeah, yeah, like that. That's not relaxing, right? You want it to be quiet, dark, you know, then you can relax and go to sleep. Okay.


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[Assistant] Next one, uh, underwater, right? The lowest part of something. Uh, maybe you're at the, uh, well I don't want to say the word, but the very lowest part, right? Let's say you have the ocean, right? Here's the ocean.


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[Assistant] Well, imagine it's very big. And there's the water. We're talking about the lowest part of something. The lowest part. What do we call it? We call it the bottom. This is the bottom of the ocean. Or the bottom of the lake. Okay? The bottom.


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[Assistant] Bottom. Bottom. Okay? You can say bot-tum, you could do that, but most people just say bottom. Bottom. Okay? So the bottom of something is the lowest part of something. The bottom. Okay.


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[Assistant] Sixteen, a person who studies a science. A person who studies some kind of science. Of course that's very easy. It's a person who studies science. We use this word and we make it a little bit different. Scientist. Scientist. People who study things. You can use IST.


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[Assistant] Very commonly, scientist. First, let's concentrate on this word.


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[Assistant] Scientist. Scientist. Okay? So that's the word. And remember, IST is used for many things, especially when we're talking about science. People who study geology, what are they called? They are called a geolo...


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[Assistant] Geologist, biologist, chemist, okay? These are people, uh, usually you use IST to talk about the people who study these sciences. Okay? Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's, uh, review the words. Let's do some word vocabulary exercises. How well do you remember the words? Let's go over them. What we're doing is we're going to use these words. We have four definitions, right? We want to write the word next to its meaning or its definition.


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[Assistant] So mystery, and then we have calm, calm. Okay, those are our four words. We need to match them to our definitions. Number one, a puzzle or secret.


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[Assistant] Something that you don't know, right? We talked about this. I don't know. It's a, what is it? It's a mystery. I hope that question was not a mystery to you. You should know the answer right, uh, way. Uh, so it's not a mystery to you because we studied that before. Hopefully none of these questions are a mystery to you, okay? Number two.


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[Assistant] Not moving much. Something that doesn't move much, right? It kinda stays in the same place. Maybe moves a little bit, but not much. Doesn't move much. It is what? Calm.


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[Assistant] Calm. So a leaf on the water, or the wind in the air. It's not very windy, it's very calm. Okay? That's another way to use calm. Next one, number three.


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[Assistant] To picture in your mind. So you have many pictures in your mind.


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[Assistant] And you're thinking of something. You're making pictures and you're thinking of new things or fantastical things like magic or different places. Adventure, right? You're thinking about these things in your mind. You are imagining. To imagine. To imagine is to picture in your mind. Number four.


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[Assistant] To move by boat using wind. We talked about this, right? A boat that has a big piece of cloth and the wind blows that cloth and you move across the water. What do we say? We say that is to sail. To sail. To move by boat using the wind.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that wraps up our vocabulary section. Let's take a short break here. We'll come back and we'll look at a reading passage about the Pacific Ocean. So, take a short break. We'll come right back.


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[Assistant] Okay, welcome back everybody. Let's go over the reading passage. The reading passage is about the Pacific Ocean.


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[Assistant] Let's get started here. Look at this word that starts at imagine. Imagine. Remember we talked about to picture in your mind. So picture in your mind. You're not there, just picture in your mind. Imagine yourself on a ship.


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[Assistant] So in your mind, make a picture of yourself on a ship.


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[Assistant] You are sailing the biggest ocean in the world. So you're sailing across the biggest ocean in the world.


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[Assistant] Clear blue water surrounds you. Okay, so we have a couple of words here. Clear blue water. You can see through the water, right? And it's all around you, on all sides, so it surrounds you.


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[Assistant] The waves are calm. The waves are calm. So there's not big waves. The waves are very small and they don't move much. The waves are calm.


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[Assistant] So do you know where you are? So this is all the picture that you imagine. You imagine all of this, right? It says imagine yourself on a ship. You're sailing the biggest ocean in the world. Clear blue water surrounds you. The waves are calm. This is the picture you have in your mind. This is what you were imagining.


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[Assistant] Then the question, do you know where you are? After you picture this in your mind, do you know where you are? You're in the Pacific Ocean. You're in the Pacific Ocean. Because these things describe the Pacific Ocean.


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[Assistant] It's the biggest ocean in the world. It's usually calm and it's very clear blue water.


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[Assistant] So, the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. Before we said it was the biggest ocean, you can also say it's the largest. Same thing, dokoteo, right? Largest, biggest. It's, it's the Pacific Ocean.


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[Assistant] The Pacific Ocean is a place. It is where. So it's a place, right?


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[Assistant] It's where half of all the water


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[Assistant] On Earth is. That's interesting. I didn't know that before.


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[Assistant] If you think about the earth, the earth is really, really big. Now think about all the water on the earth. That's a lot of water.


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[Assistant] Half of that water is in the Pacific Ocean. That's really interesting. That's how big the Pacific Ocean is. It's so big. It's the largest, biggest ocean on Earth. It's so big.


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[Assistant] We're asking about time, right? How long does it take? How long does your trip take? It refers to your trip, right? When you start from point A and you go to point B, how long does it, how long does your trip take? That's what it means here. It means like a trip.


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[Assistant] Or a journey, uh, uh, uh, uh, when you travel from one place to another. The Pacific is so big that a trip takes or a journey across it takes a whole day. One entire day.


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[Assistant] For a plane to fly across it, it of course means the Pacific. The Pacific, okay? So the Pacific is so big that it, a trip across, it takes a whole day for a plane to fly across it. Wow, that's really far, right? Okay, next one.


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[Assistant] A boat ride? So, so before we said a plane trip, but now what about a boat ride? Planes travel a lot faster than a boat, right? Plane, boat, right?


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[Assistant] A boat ride from one side to the other can take a few weeks. Okay? So if you're in a plane, it takes a whole day. But if you're in a boat, it takes a few weeks. That's a lot longer. Some people prefer taking a boat.


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[Assistant] Though. Though refers back to time. You think, well, a plane takes one day, a boat takes several weeks, people who want to save time, I'll take the plane. However,


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[Assistant] People, some people will want to take a boat, though, however, but, right? That's what though means. Even though it's faster to go by plane, some people prefer to go by boat. Why? It takes several weeks. Well, it, it, that means the boat, the boat trip.


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[Assistant] Taking a boat, that's the boat trip, it refers back to this.


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[Assistant] It can be very relaxing. Okay, so if you take a boat across the Pacific Ocean, it takes longer, but it's more relaxing. Maybe you have a vacation. You have time. You want to relax.


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[Assistant] You can go fishing on the boat as you go. You can enjoy fresh ocean air.


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[Assistant] Ah, the air is very nice out on the ocean. You can see many beautiful sunsets and sunrises, right? It's all very relaxing. Two things that they mention though, you can go fishing and you can enjoy the fresh ocean air. Okay.


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[Assistant] Now we come to our next, uh, passage here, our next part. Ferdinand Magellan. Ferdinand Magellan. Do you know who he is? Do you remember from history? Ferdinand Magellan was the first European, uh, to sail all the way across, well, the first person to sail all across


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[Assistant] At first, he didn't know what to call it. He didn't know what to call the ocean.


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[Assistant] What is this sentence about? This sentence is talking about what Magellan was thinking, right? When Magellan was sailing, he was, you know, what should I call this ocean? Should I call it after a person, maybe his lover, right? Uh, back home, maybe his queen, maybe his king.


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[Assistant] A lot of explorers named things after their kings or queens or the people who gave them money to, to explore. So he was thinking, well, should I name an ocean, give it the same name as a person? He wasn't sure. That's what he was thinking. Okay. So what did he do? He looked at the water.


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[Assistant] Magellan looked at the water and he saw the small, calm waves. He watched them for a long time. Wow, these waves are very calm. They're very small. It's very peaceful here. Then he got a great idea. While he was watching the waves, aha! That's a good idea. What was it?


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[Assistant] He named the ocean Mar Pacifico. Mar Pacifico, right?


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[Assistant] In English, Pacifico means peaceful and mar means sea.


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[Assistant] Ferdinand Magellan didn't speak English, right? He wasn't from England, right? He spoke a different language. But when he said Mar Pacifico in English, that meant peaceful sea.


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[Assistant] Means peaceful, calm. So that's why we call it the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Ocean Sea is the same as ocean.


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[Assistant] Although really, sea sometimes is smaller. Ocean usually is bigger.


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[Assistant] The peaceful sea. That's the Pacific Ocean. And that's why he called it. That's what the idea that he had. Well, the waves are small. They're calm. It's very peaceful. So I'm going to call it the peaceful ocean. And that was his idea. It's a good idea, right?


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[Assistant] Okay, the Pacific Ocean is not only peaceful, it's also a mystery. So yes, it is peaceful, usually, except when there's a big storm, then it's not peaceful, but usually it's peaceful.


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[Assistant] Everything about the Pacific. It's too big. It's too deep. We haven't been able to explore, especially at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, right? Scientists think it, the ocean, has fish we haven't even seen yet. Some scientists think they're fish.


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[Assistant] Who knows what we might find at the bottom?


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[Assistant] We don't know. By the way, just a little side topic. Do you know the giant squid?


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[Assistant] They've never really seen a giant squid swimming at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. They've only seen dead.


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[Assistant] So that's one of the fish or the creatures that live in the Pacific Ocean that we don't know much about. There might be other strange creatures down there. So that's very interesting. Okay.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's go over reading comprehension. Number one.


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[Assistant] This story is about, what is this story about? What is the topic of this story? This story is about A, the Atlantic Ocean, right? No, I was making a joke at the beginning of this lesson, right? It's not the Atlantic Ocean. We're not talking about the Atlantic Ocean. That's in a different place, right? B, we're talking about sharks.


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[Assistant] That was a different lesson, okay? This lesson is about the ocean. It's not about the creatures in the ocean, right? So it's not about sharks. This story is about sailing. Did we talk about sailing?


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[Assistant] A little bit. We only said, you know, that, uh, boats that move across the ocean with wind, those are sailing boats. And imagine yourself sailing on


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[Assistant] We talked a little bit about the fact that it's the biggest ocean in the world. We learned how it was named


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[Assistant] We learned what scientists think about it, right? So we learned many things about the Pacific Ocean. So the answer is this story is about the Pacific Ocean. That's what the whole passage was about. Okay, number two.


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[Assistant] In English, Mar Pacifico. Mar Pacifico means what? What did Ferdinand Magellan name the ocean and why? What does it mean in English?


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[Assistant] Does it mean blue ocean? Nope, it doesn't. Ocean, right? Marr means ocean, but Pacifico does not mean blue, it means something else.


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[Assistant] Doesn't mean dangerous water, right? No, it's the opposite of that, right? Pacifico does not mean dangerous, right? That's not correct.


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[Assistant] Pacifico means peaceful, and mar means sea or ocean, so sea is the right answer here, right? Peaceful sea. In English, mar pacifico means peaceful sea.


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[Assistant] Not Whale's Tail. That's kind of from where'd that come from, right? They're just trying to trick you, right? Whale's Tail. No. Mar Pacifico means peaceful sea. It's kind of switched around. Pacifico means peaceful. Mar means sea. Okay? So Mar Pacifico is peaceful sea.


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[Assistant] Okay, number three. The Pacific Ocean is so big that it takes, remember, a journey.


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[Assistant] You know, takes. It takes. How long does it take? It takes, A, a few weeks for a plane to fly across it.


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[Assistant] That's impossible. Planes can't fly for a few weeks. They run out of fuel. They'd fall down. Well, maybe they could stop and get fuel, right? That's possible. But that's not what the passage is. Not a few weeks. A lot shorter than that. It said it takes a few weeks for a boat to sail.


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[Assistant] Across it, but not a plane, so that's not right. It take, it's, it takes, B, a day for a boat to sail across it. And see what they did? They switched the information. They switched it. So it takes a day for a plane


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[Assistant] To fly across it. So we can see that's not the right answer.


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[Assistant] A few weeks for a boat to sail across it. Wait, did we see that before? Yea, that's what I changed A to, right? A few weeks for a boat to sail across it. That's what I changed A to, so C is the right answer.


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[Assistant] You swim across the Pacific Ocean. That's crazy. You will die. Don't do that. Don't do it. Okay? So don't do that.


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[Assistant] You will die. I'm sorry, I don't mean anything bad by that. But you will die, right? So don't try to swim across the Pacific Ocean. Nobody has ever tried to swim across the Pacific Ocean. That's crazy, right? Okay.


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[Assistant] Uh, I think somebody tried to swim across the Atlantic Ocean. I think they may have done it. To swim? I'm not sure. Uh, I think there's been some, some tries. Okay, but anyway, the Pacific Ocean is too big. It's the biggest ocean.


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[Assistant] So the right answer is C. The Pacific Ocean is so big it takes a few weeks for a boat to sail across it. Okay. Number four.


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[Assistant] So who named the Pacific Ocean? We have different people here and one thing. Okay, let's take a look. Scientists gave the Pacific Ocean its name.


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[Assistant] In the passage, did we see that scientists gave the Pacific Ocean its name? No, the passage was talking about scientists in the way that scientists don't know what fish are at the bottom of the ocean. It didn't say anything about scientists giving the ocean its name, so that's not correct.


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[Assistant] B, Mar Pacifico. Actually, Mar Pacifico is not a person, right? It's a thing. It's a trick.


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[Assistant] Mar Pacifico is the name of the Pacific Ocean, right? So Pacific Ocean means Mar Pacifico, right? So a name can't give its own name. That's crazy, right? That's not right. That's a trick.


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[Assistant] See, a mystery. We don't know. No, we do know. We do know who gave the Pacific Ocean its name. It's not a mystery.


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[Assistant] B, Ferdinand Magellan, that's the guy, right? He was the first person to sail across the ocean, the first European to sail across this ocean. He was wondering what should I call this ocean? Should I name it after a person? But then he saw the calm waves and he said it's very peaceful, so I'm going to call it the Pacific Ocean.


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[Assistant] Ferdinand Magellan gave the Pacific Ocean its name.


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[Assistant] Which is kind of ironic because he died in the Philippines, which is on the Pacific Ocean. Interesting. Anyway.


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[Assistant] Okay, uh, okay, so that wraps up our comprehension questions. Let's review very quickly the Pacific Ocean. What do we know about the Pacific Ocean? Well, first thing we know, it is the largest ocean in the world. It's huge.


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[Assistant] Half the water on Earth is in the Pacific Ocean. It's very, very big, right? Very big ocean.


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[Assistant] What else do we know? Ferdinand Magellan was the first to sail across the Pacific. He was the first explorer to sail across the Pacific. Unfortunately he didn't make it back home, but he sailed across the Pacific. Okay.


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[Assistant] Next one, it is a mystery. Why is it a mystery? Because it's so big and so deep.


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[Assistant] That we don't know everything about it. Scientists are still studying it. There's a lot of things for scientists to find out about the Pacific Ocean. So it is still a mystery.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that's very interesting. Of course, if you ever get a chance, go to the Pacific Ocean. Go to some of the islands. If you have time, take a boat. Sail across part of the Pacific Ocean. It's very beautiful. There are many beautiful places along the Pacific Ocean or by the Pacific Ocean that you can see.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that wraps it up for this lesson. We'll see you next time everybody. Take care.


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[Assistant] You're gonna run candy. Worm, you gotta sell the pastor, Damien. Junior, we're coming to you on the weak side. See ya.


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[Assistant] Oh, well, not quite your storybook ending, huh? Not for us anyway.


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[Assistant] What you achieve goes way beyond the win-loss column or what's gonna be written on the front page of the sports section tomorrow.


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[Assistant] You've achieved something that some people spend their whole lives trying to find. What you achieved is that ever elusive victory within.


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[Assistant] Four months ago when I took the job at Richmond, I had a plan. That plan failed. I came to coach basketball players, and you became students. I came to teach boys, and you became men. And for that, I thank you.


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[Assistant] You know which team I choose? St. Francis.


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[Assistant] We've been talking about a well-known person you like or admire, and I'd like to discuss with you one or two more general questions related to this. Let's consider first of all famous people in your country. So in Malaysia, what kind of people become famous?


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[Assistant] Among Malaysians. Uh, so what about in the past? Is that the same as in the past where politicians and actors and actresses always?


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[Assistant] Often famous people are used in advertisements. Can you give me some examples of that? Yeah, uhm.


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[Assistant] Isn't that that sort of glamorous kind of side of Hollywood that they can try to bring to the public?


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[Assistant] Now you're talking about their influence on the consumer. What about on the young? Uhm, do celebrities, do you think, produce negative effects in our youth?


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[Assistant] Now what about young boys? Do you think that...


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[Assistant] Now what about, uh, public opinion? How might celebrities be used to influence public opinion?


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[Assistant] Line up, one by one. Okay, one by one.


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[Assistant] Storybot contact number 37,100.


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[Assistant] Zero A. Unit 8. Walking.


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[Assistant] Bear, bear, I like this game. Walking, walking, squat down. Let's play again.


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[Assistant] Hi, and welcome back. Again, my name is Paul Gruber, and this is the Pronunciation Workshop's eighth training session.


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[Assistant] Today we will begin to work on vowel sounds. I know that vowel sounds are often difficult for non-native speakers. One reason is that there are five vowel letters in English, A, E, I, O, and U. But there are around 15 vowel sounds, and some vowels have as many as 10 different spellings. So that's why it is so difficult.


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[Assistant] When someone learns English as a second language, what they often do is substitute vowel sounds from their first language into their newly learned English. And when these vowel sounds are spoken incorrectly, it may often cause you to be misunderstood.


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[Assistant] That's why in these next few sessions I'll be teaching you the correct way to pronounce American English vowels. Now, vowel sounds are made by slightly changing the size, shape, and the tension of the muscles in your mouth, your tongue, and your lips. A small change can produce an entirely different sound.


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[Assistant] Instead of giving you diagrams of tongue placement, how round your lips should be, or how far you should open your mouth, I believe the best way to learn American vowels is by ear training.


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[Assistant] Your training is learning vowel sounds just by listening and then reproducing them on your own.


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[Assistant] To help teach you the American vowel sounds, I will separate them into two groups. Front vowels and back vowels. When your tongue rises up in the front, it's a front vowel. When your tongue rises up in the back, it's a back vowel.


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[Assistant] Let's start by going over the basic front and back vowel sounds. My goal right now is to just have you hear the sounds. You do not need to memorize this.


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[Assistant] First, front vowels. Listen carefully. Don't repeat, just listen. These sounds move from what I call high to low. Here we go. ee, eh, ay, eh.


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[Assistant] Ah, notice with each of these vowels, my jaw is opening a little bit more and more. Let's do it again. Listen carefully.


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[Assistant] Eh, which is a difficult one for many people. Eh, eh, eh, ah. Now this time I'd like you to repeat. Eeh, eh, eh, eh, ah.


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[Assistant] Now, I put them in word forms to make it a little bit easier. Repeat after me.


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[Assistant] Eh, as in het, which is a nonsense word. And ah, as in hat.


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's do back vowels. Again, vowel sounds move from high to low. Here we go.


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[Assistant] And also notice how my lips are coming forward all the way on the uuuh sound. You see that uuuh? Uuuh, uh, uh, uh, ah. Okay, now repeat it with me. Uuuh, uh, uh, uh, ah.


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[Assistant] Uh, oh, oh, ah. Now let's put these sounds into word forms. Ooh, as in boot. Oh, as in book. Oh, as in boat.


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[Assistant] Now let's go back a little bit to front vowels. I'd like to address the ee sound in the word heat.


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[Assistant] And the eh sound as in the word hit.


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[Assistant] Most of the foreign speakers that I work with make many errors with these two sounds. And many times they are switched. When the word should have an E, it's pronounced as an E. When it should have an E, it's pronounced as an E.


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[Assistant] And eh, as in hit, is being a little bit lower. One hint I could give you is when you're practicing, raise your eyebrows with E words like this. Heat.


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[Assistant] I've put together some paired words with these two sounds. Listen, compare the vowel sounds, and then repeat them back. Here we go.


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[Assistant] Let's talk about these last two words, bean and bin.


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[Assistant] Most of the time in English, when a word is spelled with a double e, it's pronounced as ee, like in the word


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[Assistant] Feed, or seen, or teen, with a double e. However, in English, here is an exception. The word bean, spelled b-e-a-n, which you eat, is pronounced with a high e sound. Bean.


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[Assistant] However, this word, b-e-e-n, spelled with a double e, is pronounced with a low ehh sound.


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[Assistant] Okay, even though it's spelled with a double e, it's pronounced with the vowel sound eh. So for example, this sentence reads, I've been buying beans.


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[Assistant] Okay, we'll be going over more of this in a moment, but first, let's look at some words with the E sound. Remember, smile and think high.


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[Assistant] Happy, softly, merry, busy, finally, country. Now these sentences.


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[Assistant] Speeding on the freeway. Happily eating cheese. He and she.


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[Assistant] Skiing very rapidly. Very good. Okay, now let's try this paragraph. She sees a monkey eating honey.


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[Assistant] We see a pony stealing money. Who can he see? It must be me.


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[Assistant] Very good. Okay, now let's work on the eh vowel sound. It's the same sound as in the word hit. Hit. Repeat after me. Bit. Bill. Lift. Fizz. Kitchen. Build. Bigger. Chimp. Fifth. Listen. Business.


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's go over these practice sentences which have both the e sound and the eh sound.


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[Assistant] Listen and repeat these sentences after me.


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[Assistant] Eh, like that. And also all the words with ee sounds are underlined. Here we go.


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[Assistant] The beans have been cooking since 6 o'clock.


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[Assistant] Sit in that seat by the window.


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[Assistant] Grinned after seeing the green field.


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[Assistant] Those bins are for Bill's beans.


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[Assistant] Does Jim still steal Jill's jeans?


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[Assistant] The girls put concrete on Jill's sneakers.


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[Assistant] Pick cherries at their peak.


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[Assistant] Or you will eat the pits.


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[Assistant] Very good. Now I know these vowels can be very tricky. It's probably a good idea to review this video a few times.


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[Assistant] Some of you may have noticed that you've been mispronouncing many words incorrectly using wrong vowel sounds.


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[Assistant] For example, earlier we spoke about the pronunciation of the words heat and hit.


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[Assistant] I want you to realize that that's not right. What's correct is he hit the baseball and felt the heat.


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[Assistant] Okay, so keep on practicing. Believe me, you will eventually get very good at this. Thanks for watching. I'm Paul Gruber for the Pronunciation Workshop, and I'll see you at our next session.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone. How are you today? Welcome back to Reading for Vocabulary. I'm Brian Stewart. We're looking at lesson 7 now, right?


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[Assistant] Let's ride into space. So the next few lessons, we're going to be talking about space. Wooo, right? Space, outer space, where aliens and different planets are, right?


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[Assistant] Well, maybe aliens. In this lesson, we're going to focus on let's learn about the first American woman to go into space.


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[Assistant] Who was the first American woman to go into space? We'll find out in this lesson.


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[Assistant] What do astronauts do in space? Okay? So we're talking about the first woman astronaut, but first of all, what is an astronaut, right? An astronaut is somebody who goes into space. And what do they do in space? Well, we can see a couple of pictures here.


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[Assistant] This astronaut here is next to a satellite, right? So this astronaut is putting


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[Assistant] In space. And that's what that astronaut is, woah, that astronaut is doing there. Let me see if I can.


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[Assistant] It's very technical, like putting in satellite in space, okay? So this astronaut is floating around, right? Kind of looks like a very high tech teddy bear, right? Give him a hug. But this astronaut is floating in space, right? He or she is putting a satellite, a satellite,


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[Assistant] What is this astronaut doing? This is another thing that astronauts do.


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[Assistant] Worlds, right? That's really exciting, isn't it? New worlds. Imagine, there are many new worlds out there in space and astronauts will go there and they will look around. What's on that world?


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[Assistant] Some of the jobs that you can do, putting satellites into space, are really exciting, exploring new worlds. Okay, let's begin with our


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[Assistant] Vocabulary. Of course we already talked about this one a little bit. Someone who flies through space. Of course we know that. We just talked about that. It's an astronaut.


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[Assistant] Now, that's a little difficult to pronounce, maybe. Let's break it down. A-stro-naught.


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[Assistant] Astronaut. Okay, so very quickly, astronaut. Astronaut.


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[Assistant] That is a person who flies through space, right?


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[Assistant] They're like in an airplane, but they're not going through air, they're going through space. Okay? That's the difference between an astronaut and a pilot. A pilot is someone who flies a plane through air, but an astronaut goes into space. That's important to remember for later. Okay, next one.


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[Assistant] Number two, what's going on? There's many dogs, right? Do you like dogs? Right? There are many dogs here and they are practicing and learning what are they doing. We can say they are


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[Assistant] Training. Training. To train. To train is to practice and learn something. Now that's interesting. What is the difference between teach, right? Right now, I am teaching you guys, right? I am giving you knowledge. Knowledge.


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[Assistant] So I'm giving you knowledge. I'm teaching you English. But can you teach a dog a language? You can't give a dog knowledge. You have to train the dog. So train, right? Train means to, uh, do something.


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[Assistant] Teach somebody how to do something, right? Like a skill.


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[Assistant] A skill. When you learn a skill, that is training. Okay? So many jobs require different skills. When you learn how to do something, how to do, right, we can put how here, how


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[Assistant] To do something. Then you are training. You are learning a skill. But when you're just learning knowledge.


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[Assistant] Okay, of course it's very common to say I'm going to teach my dog some tricks. Yes, many people say that.


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[Assistant] Really specifically, you're training the dog how to do something. Okay? So that's very important, especially for people who are learning jobs. If they have to learn a skill for the job, they need training. Okay, let's continue. Number three.


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[Assistant] We talked about this already, right? What was the first astronaut doing before? The first astronaut was putting a machine that goes around the earth.


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[Assistant] Into space, right? We said, what was that? That was a satellite. Satellite. That's a little difficult to pronounce, right? How many sounds? Sa-tu-light. Satellite.


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[Assistant] Satellite, okay? So, very quickly, satellite. A satellite is a machine that goes around the earth. It's a machine. What does it do?


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[Assistant] Well most satellites allow us to communicate with each other.


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[Assistant] Many TV stations use satellites to reach all over the world. When you use your cell phone and you call somebody in another country, you're probably using a satellite. Your signal goes all the way up.


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[Assistant] And then down to the earth again. Okay. So satellites are very important for our modern life. Okay. So a machine that goes around the earth is a satellite. Let's continue.


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[Assistant] Number four, something you read to find out news.


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[Assistant] What is this? Maybe, do you read this anymore? Or do you just go on the internet? That's a good question, right? But you can still find these, right, on the streets, you know, in the subway, you can see places where they sell these. And what are they called, of course? They're called a news


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[Assistant] Paper. Newspaper. Now more and more people are getting their news on the internet. That's true. But there's still something called a newspaper. It's something you read to find out the news. And this is an interesting newspaper. Big news! And this guy's very happy or crazy. I don't know.


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[Assistant] But anyway, it's newspaper. Okay, next one.


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[Assistant] Five, to read and learn. Now to read and learn, we talked about teaching and training, but this is the opposite side, right? This is to study.


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[Assistant] When you are being taught something, right, and afterwards, you know, you sit and you study, you read a book, you read and you learn, especially by yourself, many students study at home.


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[Assistant] Homework is a way that you can study by yourself. Of course, you also study in class with a teacher. When you read and you learn something, you study. Study something.


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[Assistant] Number six, a spaceship with wings. Wow, this is really cool, huh? That's a really cool spaceship. That, of course, is called the space shuttle. Space shuttle. And it used to be


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[Assistant] Uh, used by NASA, but NASA doesn't use space shuttles anymore. Too bad. Okay? But anyway, let's practice pronunciation. Space. That's easy. Space. Then the next one.


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[Assistant] So put them together. Space shuttle. A spaceship with wings. It can fly into space. It can also land by itself. Okay, next one.


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[Assistant] A round body that travels around the sun. And of course, they're not so close. That would be very dangerous. But these are round bodies. We know this one, right? That's the, the one that we live on, right? What is it called? It is called a planet. Of course, our planet is of course called the Earth, right? The Earth. But there are many other planets, as you know,


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[Assistant] Around our sun, right? There's Mercury, Venus, then Earth, Mars, then we have Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Some people say Pluto, some people say no, Pluto's not a planet. Okay? But it's a round body that travels around the sun. That is all of them. You can say it is a planet. Okay, next one. Eight.


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[Assistant] Traveling through the air. To travel through the air, of course, whee! If you're on an airplane, you, uh, are on a flight, right? There are many flights that you can take every day. There's a flight to America. There's a flight to Australia. There's a flight to China.


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[Assistant] So traveling through the air is to take flight. Now that may be a little hard to pronounce. Let's practice. Flight. It's one sound, one syllable. Flight. Flight. But FL.


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[Assistant] Nine. Very good, right? Very good. Your pronunciation so far, I hope, has been very good. It has been wonderful, hasn't it? Wonderful. I hope your pronunciation has been wonderful. Very good, guys. Okay, let's continue. Ten.


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[Assistant] Wow! This is very interesting, right? The area outside the Earth.


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[Assistant] So of course we talked about the planet, we saw our Earth, but anywhere outside, right? Not on the Earth. Outside the Earth, there's a lot of what? What do we call it? We call it space. A lot of space.


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[Assistant] Outside the earth, right? We're just so very small in our universe, okay? Space. How do we pronounce it?


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[Assistant] Puh, right? Put it together. Space. Space. Space. Okay? So when we talk about being off the earth or outside the earth, we're talking about space. Okay. Next one.


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[Assistant] Studying and learning about how everything works. So you're studying and you're learning. How do things work? So what are you doing?


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[Assistant] You're studying science. Science is the knowledge about how things work. It's anything. You look at anything. Why is the sky blue? How does this television monitor work? Right?


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[Assistant] Why, uh, do I need to eat three times a day? Right? Why?


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[Assistant] Right? When we study all these things about the world around us, right? How everything works, that is science. And there are many different fields of science, right? Geology about the earth.


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[Assistant] Chemistry, about chemicals, biology, about life. So many things we want to know about our world then we study science to find the answers. Okay, next one. Twelve.


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[Assistant] Here's a cute doggie, right? He looks hungry, right? Give me some food! Okay, next one. To be in want of something. To be in want of something, you need it, right? This doggie needs


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[Assistant] Okay, if you need knowledge, right? If you want to learn something, you need knowledge, right? If, uh, you want to play, you need a toy or a game, right? To be and want. If you want something, then you


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[Assistant] I think that you need it. You don't always need it though, right? Just because you want it. Need is also very important that you need something, uh, for life. For example, if the dog doesn't get food,


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[Assistant] The dog will die, so the dog needs food. It needs water. It needs, it needs to play.


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[Assistant] These are the things we need in life. So want is just, you know, a little bit, uh, it's not that important. Yeah, we want things, but then need is more important. Those are the things we need to live. Okay, next one.


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[Assistant] Thirteen, to choose. To choose means to pick. Pick and choose is the same meaning. To pick, to choose. You have many sandwiches, different kind of sandwiches. What sandwich do you want? I'll choose this one, a ham and cheese.


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[Assistant] So you pick one thing out of many, okay, to pick something.


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[Assistant] Number 14, to get new ideas. We're back to these kids, right? Not science now. It's not science. But to get new ideas is to learn. When you study and you learn knowledge, right? You're getting new ideas. You're learning knowledge. You're getting new ideas.


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[Assistant] In your head. So you are learning to learn.


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[Assistant] Okay, next one, number fifteen, surrounding something. If you surround something, what do we say? For that, we say, it is around something.


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[Assistant] So, for example, all these people are around the earth. They are around the earth.


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[Assistant] There are many satellites around the earth. They surround something. That's so many satellites right now around the earth. That's how we can use our cell phones. So around, around to surround something.


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[Assistant] Okay, and the last one, we have a photograph, right? This is an old style photograph, looks like a polaroid, right? We say it is a picture. Picture and photograph, same meaning. Take a photograph, take a picture. We say take, take a photograph.


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[Assistant] And you can just say take a photo. You don't have to say photograph. You can, but we can say just take a photo or take a picture. So, can I take your picture?


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[Assistant] I got your picture, right? Can I take your picture? Can I take your photo? Same thing.


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[Assistant] Okay, that was a lot of vocabulary, wasn't it? Wow, so many new words. Let's see how well you remember those words with this exercise here. We're going to use the words from the box to answer each riddle.


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[Assistant] Remember a riddle, a riddle gives you clues or hints, right? We look at the clue, this will be the clue, or we can also say it's a hint, right?


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[Assistant] A clue or a hint is something that describes something, but it doesn't tell you what it is. It's a clue or a hint. Some information that helps you find the answer.


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[Assistant] Information that helps you find the answer that's a clue or a hint. Okay? And sometimes we can find clues or hints in the questions too. Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] Anyway, these are our eight words, right? We need to find these words. These words are the answers to each riddle. Let's go over the words very quickly. Astronaut. Astronaut.


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[Assistant] Okay, good. So those are our words. We need to use these words to answer these riddles. So.


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[Assistant] First one, I fly through space. That's our clue or the hint. I fly through space. Who am I? Who am I?


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[Assistant] Means a person, right? A person.


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[Assistant] Which word up here is a person who flies through space? Which one? Well, if we look at these words, we only see one word that describes a person. And that's this word over here. Astronaut. And what does an astronaut do?


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[Assistant] An astronaut flies through space. Right? We talked about that. Okay, so of course the answer here, I fly through space. Who am I? An astronaut. I am an astronaut. Remember to say an.


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[Assistant] Number two, I'm a machine. So now we're looking for, uh, you know, some type of machine. I'm a machine. I take pictures in space. So a machine that's in space and it goes around the earth, right?


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[Assistant] What am I? So what is a machine that takes pictures in space and, you know, it goes around the earth as it takes pictures? Which one is it? Well, of course, we talked about that before. It would be this one over here, right? It would be a satellite.


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[Assistant] I take pictures in space. Satellites take pictures in space. What am I? I'm a satellite. I'm a satellite. Okay, good. Number three.


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[Assistant] We, so we're talking about more than one. We're talking about plural, right? Not one, but plural. Probably has an S on the end, okay, of the word. We are very large. We go around the sun.


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[Assistant] Okay, so think about that. Very large things that go around the sun.


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[Assistant] Which one could it be? Well, do satellites go around the Sun? No, satellites go around the Earth, right? They go around the Sun, but they go around the Earth. The Earth goes around the Sun. But the Earth, what is the Earth, right?


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[Assistant] The Earth is one of these things. The Earth is a planet, isn't it? And as I said before, there are many


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[Assistant] So planet is the word we're looking for. And there's our S, right? S. We. Plural. Okay? So, what are we? We are planets. We are planets. That's the answer. Okay. Number four.


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[Assistant] Do you like to fly? Yes, I like to fly. Oh, that's the hint. Okay, wait a minute. Do you like to fly? I'm in the act. Oh, I'm the act of flying. I'm the act.


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[Assistant] So, the act of flying, we talked about that, right? What am I? What is the act of flying among these words here? Among these words, which is the act of flying? Of course, we're looking for this word here, flight.


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[Assistant] Flight is the act of flying. What am I? I am flight.


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[Assistant] Okay, that's the answer to that riddle, number four. Let's move on. We have number five.


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[Assistant] You are not ready yet. Hmm, that's an interesting clue. What is that about?


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[Assistant] You have to, you have much to learn. So what must you get? Okay? So you're not ready. Maybe you're not ready to do something, right? Maybe you're not ready to, uh, perform some type of skill, right? You're not ready yet.


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[Assistant] Because you have much to learn still. You still have a lot to learn. You still need to know some things and to practice doing some things.


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[Assistant] What must you get? What must you get? Well, if we take a look at this, you must get more training, right? So, if you're not ready to do something yet, for example, you're not ready to go scuba diving.


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[Assistant] You're not ready to go hang gliding. Cool, right? You're not ready to go, uh, mountain climbing yet. You still need


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[Assistant] To learn more things about these things. So what must you get? You must get more training. When you get more training, then you can do those things.


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[Assistant] Okay, next one. Number six. What's new? I don't know. What's new with you? Oh, I'm sorry. No, that's part of the clue, right? Okay, what's new? What's up? How are you doing, right? Okay, anyway. What's new? What happened?


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[Assistant] Read me, ah, read me, that's the clue. Read me to find out what


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[Assistant] Okay, so if you want to know what's new in the world, what happened yesterday or, uh, even this morning, right, uh, you have to read something to find out.


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[Assistant] What am I? Of course we know that, right? If you read something that has news in it, right?


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[Assistant] Uh, story about what happened, then we're looking for the newspaper. We read the paper, it gives us the news. It is newspaper. What am I? I am a newspaper. I am a newspaper. Okay. Next one, number seven.


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[Assistant] I can take you to space. Wow, really? That's cool. I have wings. Okay. What? So we're looking for an object, right?


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[Assistant] What has wings? Aha, over here, space shuttle, right? The space shuttle can fly us into space. The space shuttle has wings. So the answer is the space shuttle.


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[Assistant] Shuttle. Okay, that is the answer. I am a space shuttle.


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[Assistant] Eight, Sally is very smart. Good for Sally, right? What did she do in school?


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[Assistant] What should you do? Here it is, study. You should study. If you want to be smart, you should study. And you will be smart like Sally. Okay?


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[Assistant] Okay, well that wraps it up for the vocabulary section of this lecture. Let's take a short break. We'll come back and take a look at the reading. Don't go away.


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[Assistant] Welcome back after the break. Are you ready to learn about America's first woman astronaut? That's what the reading passage is about. But you know, it's also about something else. It's about following your dream and working hard. Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] As a child, Sally Ride, Sally Ride wanted to be an astronaut. It was her dream to fly through space.


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[Assistant] We can see in these two sentences, they're talking about a childhood dream of Sally Ride. This is Sally Ride here.


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[Assistant] Now as a child, she wanted to be an astronaut.


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[Assistant] What do you want to be when you grow up? Many of you have different answers. Some people might say doctor or lawyer or, uh, maybe even astronaut. Do any of you want to be an astronaut? That is your dream.


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[Assistant] It was her dream to fly through space. Fly through space.


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[Assistant] That's what astronauts do. Astronauts fly through space. Do you dream that maybe one day you can fly through space? Maybe your dream is to be an astronaut. Okay? Well that's what we're talking about here. Sally Ride, her dream was to be an astronaut.


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[Assistant] However, there was just one problem. There was a problem that maybe was hard for her about her dream. She wanted to be an astronaut, but there was a problem. What was the problem?


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[Assistant] At that time, at that time, this is a long time ago. You can see Sally Ride, her hairstyle is a bit old fashioned. This is of several decades ago, right? Uhm, but at that time, all the astronauts in America were men.


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[Assistant] All of them were men, no women. So Sally Ride was like, what okay? Right? She was, how can I be an astronaut? All the astronauts are men. I'm a woman or I will be a woman. Did she give up? No, she didn't give up. And that's good. Right? So when Sally grew up,


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[Assistant] As she grew up, she studied science.


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[Assistant] She didn't get rid of her dream. She thought, okay, I'm a woman, so what? I will still be an astronaut. So she studied science. Astronauts need to know a lot of science for their job. So she studied science.


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[Assistant] She wanted to learn all about outer space. We talked about space before.


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[Assistant] Space is the area outside the earth. We say outer space. Because really, there's two kinds of space, right? There's space in this room, right? Space in this room is room. I can move around. There's a lot of space. But when I say outer space, I mean outside the earth.


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[Assistant] Right? Away from the earth, and you know, different planets, different stars, different galaxies, right? Very interesting stuff.


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[Assistant] She wanted to learn all about outer space. That's the area of science that she studied. Okay? Before I said there are many different areas in science, she studied about outer space.


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[Assistant] She studied the planets like Earth. Okay? Sally also learned about the stars. So when she studied about outer space,


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[Assistant] She studied about the planets, you know, about Venus, about Mars, about Mercury. Uh, she also studied about the stars, not just the sun, which is our star, but many other stars in outer space. She studied about those things.


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[Assistant] Then something wonderful happened. Something wonderful happened. Something great. Right?


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[Assistant] Sally read in the newspaper that new astronauts were needed.


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[Assistant] So, the government needed new astronauts.


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[Assistant] They wanted to choose or to get new astronauts, so they put an article in the newspaper. And that's where Sally read in the newspaper about that need.


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[Assistant] The government needs new astronauts. They put an article in the newspaper.


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[Assistant] Sally read the article in the newspaper. Okay?


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[Assistant] So, what did she do? She read the newspaper, then, then she wrote a letter and was picked. Was picked, right? She was picked. Who picked her? NASA picked her, right? NASA. NASA picked


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[Assistant] That's great, right? But that's what it means. Was picked. Who picked her? It doesn't say because that's passive, right?


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[Assistant] This is the answer. NASA picked her. That's active voice. NASA picked Sally. She was picked. Okay? So NASA chose Sally to be a new astronaut. Wonderful. That's even more wonderful, right?


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[Assistant] It's not easy to be an astronaut. Okay, she was picked to be an astronaut, but remember, it's not easy. It's not easy to be an astronaut. It's, of course, means it.


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[Assistant] Is. And it, when we're talking about some situation, is very common. For example, it's not easy to study. Right? I'm sorry. It's true. It's not easy to study.


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[Assistant] It's not easy to climb a mountain, right? It's not easy to be an astronaut. This is a very common expression. It is not easy to do something. It means it's difficult. Right? It's hard. Okay.


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[Assistant] Sally knew it would be hard work. Hard work, right? You have to put a lot of effort into the work, right? It's hard work to do something.


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[Assistant] She had many weeks of training. Training because she needs skills. Astronauts need to know how to do many things. They need many skills. They do a lot of training.


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[Assistant] During training, during the training, while the training was going on, during training, Sally learned about the space shuttle.


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[Assistant] She also learned what to do training.


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[Assistant] During the flight into space. So when she flew into space, she also learned what to do. Look at this picture. Is she laying down? No. In outer space, there's no gravity. No gravity.


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[Assistant] I-T-Y. No gravity, that means, woohoo, I'd float away, right? There's gravity keeping me down right now.


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[Assistant] Otherwise, if there's no gravity, I would just float up into this, up into the air. That's what she's doing. She's kind of floating. See, she's here like this and another person is kind of going like that, right? Looks like he's going up, but there's no gravity.


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[Assistant] So, she's flying into space, she learned what to do during the flight in space. Okay.


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[Assistant] At last. At last means finally. At the finish. Okay? At the finish. At last. Sally finished her training and was ready. So at last, finally, she finished her training, then she's ready.


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[Assistant] She flew on the space shuttle Challenger. The space shuttle's name


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[Assistant] She helped put out satellites. These machines. These machines. These machines refers back to satellites. So satellites go around the earth and take pictures. Satellites go around the earth and take pictures. Okay.


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[Assistant] Sally became the first American woman to go into space. She didn't give up her dream.


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[Assistant] She did not give up. Remember at the beginning, she said there was a problem. All the, all the astronauts in America were men. She didn't give up. She studied science. She trained hard. So she became the first American woman to go into space.


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[Assistant] Many people think she is special because of this. So many people think, oh wow, she's special. She's the first woman. Yea, great, really good. But.


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[Assistant] But, all Sally cares about is that her dream came true. She doesn't care about being special. She doesn't think, oh, it's great, you know, the first woman in space. She doesn't care about that. What's more important to her, what is more


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[Assistant] Important is that her dream came true. More important that her dream came true. That's most important to Sally. She's not worried about, oh I'm a woman, you know there's another man. She's not worried about that. She's


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[Assistant] That's a good expression, right? Make your dream come true.


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[Assistant] Let's move on to the comprehension questions, okay? Again, number one, this story is about, what is the whole story about? If you think about just one subject that describes this entire story, what is it? What are the choices? A, training.


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[Assistant] Well, if we think about this story, what was this story about? This story was about Sally Ride, wasn't it? It was about Sally Ride.


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[Assistant] And why is Sally Ride important? Because she was the first American female astronaut.


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[Assistant] What is that? That looks like number D, right? Letter D, okay? So, Sally Ride is a female astronaut. That's what the story is about, okay? Sure, we talked about training a little bit, right? Sally Ride had to train to become a female astronaut.


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[Assistant] Sure, she was a little girl at the beginning of the story, but the entire story was not about her childhood, it was about her whole life.


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[Assistant] See, science. Yes, she studied science. The story mentions science.


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[Assistant] But it was about Sally Ride who studied science in order to become a female astronaut. So this whole story, all of these things are connected to D. The whole story is about D, a female astronaut. That's the answer. Okay, number two.


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[Assistant] It was Sally's dream. What was her dream? What did she dream? What did she want to do? A. Fly airplanes. Did Sally want to fly airplanes become a pilot? No, she didn't want to fly airplanes, right? She wanted to be something else. She wanted to go


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the beginning of the story said, she wanted to be an astronaut because she wanted to fly through space. So,


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[Assistant] That's the correct answer. That's true, right? So that's what we got there. Okay.


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[Assistant] Uhm, to read the newspaper, well, fly through space, that's the answer. It was Sally's dream to fly through space. D, it was Sally's dream to read the newspaper?


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[Assistant] It was her dream to read the newspaper? That's kind of a silly dream, right? I hope you don't have a dream that's so easy. Just pick up the newspaper and read it. That's not a dream. Just do it.


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[Assistant] That's very silly, so obviously that's not correct. The right answer is C. Uh, it was Sally's dream to fly through space. Okay. Number three.


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[Assistant] Sally beep for many weeks to be an astronaut. What did she do? Did she study? Did she train? Did she fly? Did she sleep? Well, the story said that she had to learn how to do many things, right? And that means that she trained for many weeks to be an astronaut.


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[Assistant] Not studied. She studied for many years. And she studied science for many years to become an astronaut. The story specifically said that she trained for many weeks to be an astronaut.


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[Assistant] She flew for many weeks to be an astronaut? No, that's not correct. She slept. That's crazy. Wouldn't that be nice though? If you just sleep? Oh, I'll just go to sleep for two weeks and I'll wake up. I'm an astronaut. We can't do that. I'm sorry.


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[Assistant] But it's not exciting. It's better to train. That's more exciting. Sleeping is boring, right? Okay. So, the correct answer, Sally trained for many weeks to be an astronaut. That is the correct answer. Okay.


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[Assistant] Number four, Sally Ride was, beep, what was she? Okay, let's take a look. Sally Ride was a great teacher.


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[Assistant] She was a great teacher? No. The article, the passage, didn't mention anything about Sally teaching anybody. So that's not right.


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[Assistant] Be the only female astronaut. Be careful here. It says the ONLY.


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[Assistant] Did the article say that there was no other female astronauts ever? It didn't say that.


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[Assistant] The article was about Sally Ride being the first female astronaut. Maybe other females became astronauts after her. That's possible. Uh, but the story didn't say it. So it's not about the only female astronaut.


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[Assistant] It's about the first female astronaut, right? So, only is not correct. We can't use B.


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[Assistant] See, the, oh, here we have first, but this word is a problem, right? The first female...


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[Assistant] That's not a pilot, she didn't want to, it wasn't her dream to become a pilot, so that's not right because of this word here. It's actually the first female astronaut, and that's what we find down here. The first, we got first.


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[Assistant] And we have astronaut, and of course female. So the first female astronaut, that is what Sally Ride was. Okay, so the answer of course is D. Sally Ride was the first American female astronaut. That is the answer to that question. Okay. Whew. Good. Okay.


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[Assistant] Come to our uh, conclusion here. This is a picture again of Sally Ride. This, she is the first American female astronaut.


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[Assistant] And what does she have to say? What are some things that she would say to us? Well, first of all, she would say, I wanted to be an astronaut. So that was her dream when she was a child. Okay?


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[Assistant] She might also say, I studied all about science. So she had a dream. This is her dream. How did she make her dream come true? First, she studied all about outer space. Planets and other suns, or stars, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She wrote a letter to the newspaper and was picked for a new astronaut. Right? Remember the story in the newspaper? She saw it. So she wrote a letter.


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[Assistant] And she was picked to be a new astronaut. Great, wonderful news.


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[Assistant] Many things about astronauts, but we can also learn


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[Assistant] Very important that your dreams can come true. If you work hard and you have some wonderful news, then you can do what you want to do. Your dream can come true. And I hope your dreams do come true. Okay, well that wraps it up for this lesson. We'll see you next time. Take care everybody.


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[Assistant] It's raining. I don't have an umbrella. Don't worry. Do you have an umbrella? Yes, I do.


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[Assistant] Giri giri datta na, Nayuta. Mou kick-off meeting ga hajimaru zo.


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[Assistant] Hi, and welcome back. Again, my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshop's 10th training session.


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[Assistant] Today, we will work on more vowel sounds, the vowels uuuh, uh, and eeh.


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[Assistant] Now a few sessions ago we discussed front and back vowels.


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[Assistant] If you remember, the back vowels we discussed were uuuh, uuuh, uuuh, uuuh and aah. Uuuh as in boot, uuuh as in book, uuuh as in boat, uuuh as in bought,


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[Assistant] And ah, as in bat, which is a nonsense word. So let's talk about the first one now.


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[Assistant] Notice how my lips are puckered, tight, and forward. Ooh, move.


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[Assistant] If you don't bring your lips tight and forward, you are not going to make the correct sound. And if you don't do this right, the uuuh will sound like uh, and muuuh will sound like muv, and that is no good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Practice these words with me, making sure your lips are coming forward and that you're getting that clear oo sound. Here we go. Blue. Booth. News. Juice. Loosen. Ruler. Food. Choose. Mood. Moving. Loop.


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[Assistant] In the school was very cool. Tuesday at noon in the studio.


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[Assistant] Viewing the moon on June nights. Good. Okay, now let's try this paragraph.


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[Assistant] She hadn't a clue what to do when her family grew.


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[Assistant] Well, through your help, they are moving in June into two big boots.


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[Assistant] Very good. Now, at times you know English pronunciation can be very confusing. Here is one of those times. There are many words that are spelled with a double O.


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[Assistant] As we just went over. And in most of these words, the vowels are pronounced as uuuh.


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[Assistant] However, here's the confusing part. There are also many words that are spelled with a double o, but they are not pronounced with an u vowel. They are pronounced as uuh, which is a lower vowel.


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[Assistant] Let me show you. The word food has a double o and it's pronounced as ooo, foooood. Okay?


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[Assistant] But the word foot is also spelled with a double o, but it is pronounced with a lower vowel sound. Uh, foot, food, foot.


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[Assistant] Ooh, uh, food, foot. You hear that? There's a whole bunch of words spelled with that double O that are pronounced with that lower vowel, uh. Let's practice some of those words now. Here we go. Foot. Took. Cook. Shook. Stood. Good. Look. Book.


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[Assistant] Whoa. Swoosh. Very good.


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[Assistant] Now, another word that gives many foreign speakers difficulty is the word wood, regardless of the spelling. As in, it's made of wood, or would you help me, or the city of Hollywood, California.


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[Assistant] The vowel sound in wood is also a lower vowel. Same sound as in the word foot. Wood.


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[Assistant] What makes it difficult for many people is the W at the beginning.


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[Assistant] Would. Your lips need to be tight and forward and you need to push out that W sound. Would. Like that. Now, say this sentence with me. Here we go.


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[Assistant] Okay, notice also that the word good has the same vowel sound as the word would and foot. Very good. Okay?


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[Assistant] Let's practice these sentences with the uuuh and the uh vowel sounds. To help you out, all the words that have high uuuh sounds appear in red. Here we go.


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[Assistant] Under the hood and found a flute.


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[Assistant] Julie enjoys good books after school.


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[Assistant] He put his foot in the new boot.


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[Assistant] She took her students to the brook to wash their shoes.


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[Assistant] We pulled him out of the swimming pool.


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[Assistant] The fool ate until he was full. Very good.


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[Assistant] Now let's do a new vowel sound. Let's cover the eh sound. Eh is in the word egg. Okay, it's made with the front of the tongue low.


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[Assistant] Listen carefully and try to copy that sound. Eh, eh, egg, egg. Okay. Let's go over some words with that sound in them. Here we go. Egg. Get. Friend. Next. Entrance. Better. Healthy.


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[Assistant] Wealth. Now let's go over these sentences.


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[Assistant] Resting on the edge of the bed.


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[Assistant] Dennis will enter the festival.


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[Assistant] The message was given to the chef. Very good. Okay, now let's try this.


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[Assistant] Hello again, friends. Let's do a weather check.


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[Assistant] Well, whoever said temperatures are getting better, better get ready to spend a wet weekend in Tennessee.


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[Assistant] Great. You know, generally vowels take a longer time to master, but if you hear the sounds I'm giving you and understand the concepts, eventually you will be saying all of these vowels correctly. Remember, practicing does help.


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[Assistant] Well, that's it for today's session. Thank you for watching and I'll see you next time. I'm Paul Gruber for the Pronunciation Workshop.


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[Assistant] Suppose we apply an external force, as shown.


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[Assistant] Here, we are in a zero gravity environment.


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[Assistant] The pressure of the fluid will be the same everywhere throughout this container.


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[Assistant] This principle applies to both fluids and to gases.


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[Assistant] Let's now consider a slightly different scenario.


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[Assistant] Let's also apply an equal external force on each of the other red rectangles.


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[Assistant] Since the pressure of the fluid is the same everywhere, this pressure balances each of these external forces.


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[Assistant] If we replace the five small rectangles on the right with one large rectangle, all the forces will still balance.


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[Assistant] The total external force on the right rectangle is five times the external force on the left rectangle.


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[Assistant] But the forces from the fluid pressure still balance everything.


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[Assistant] In this next example, we are again in zero gravity.


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[Assistant] But this time the external force on the right rectangle is only three times the external force on the left rectangle.


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[Assistant] Here the smaller force manages to overcome the larger force.


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[Assistant] There are many practical applications of this principle, such as the hydraulic lift, which allows us to raise extremely heavy objects.


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[Assistant] This works because the force from the fluid is the pressure multiplied by the surface area. And the larger rectangle has a larger surface area.


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[Assistant] This does not violate the conservation of energy, because the energy transfer is the force multiplied by distance traveled.


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[Assistant] But it travels a longer distance than the right rectangle.


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[Assistant] Up until now, we have neglected the effects of gravity on the molecules.


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[Assistant] Gravity will cause the pressure to increase at deeper depths due to the weight of the fluid above.


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[Assistant] But in steady state conditions, at any specific depth below the surface, the pressure is the same throughout the fluid at this specific depth.


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[Assistant] This remains true regardless of the shape of the container due to the thermal vibrations of the molecules.


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[Assistant] The effect of gravity on fluid pressure is discussed in detail in the video Archimedes Principle in the Molecular World.


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[Assistant] And the rarely discussed explanation of why pressure drops at higher fluid velocities is discussed in the video Bernoulli's Principle on Atomic Scale.


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[Assistant] Please subscribe for notifications when new videos are ready. And if you're able to,


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[Assistant] Please consider supporting us on Patreon through the link in the video description. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Me too. Let's go to the science museum. Good idea!


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[Assistant] Me too. Let's go to the science museum. Good idea!


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[Assistant] Where is the restroom? Go straight and turn left. It's on your right.


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[Assistant] It's 2018 and Hollywood has turned over a new leaf.


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[Assistant] And no reality show has ever been more on board with that than The Bachelor. So this season, we're really covering our asses.


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[Assistant] But we know you can't spell consensual without sensual.


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[Assistant] It's all on the most consensual season ever of The Bachelor.


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[Assistant] I can't jump. I am very hungry.


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[Assistant] I am still hungry! I am still hungry!


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[Assistant] I can't jump. I am very hungry.


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[Assistant] Your boy's different, Ms. Gump. He's IQ 75.


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[Assistant] Forest is right here.


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[Assistant] We're a progressive school system. We don't want to see anybody left behind. Is that Mr. Gong? Mrs. Gong?


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[Assistant] Let's look for the animals. Hmm, giraffe.


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[Assistant] It all began with student Ashley Arnold, who shared her ordeal with the online site BuzzFeed. The Idaho resident was completing her sociology degree online, tasked with an assignment to compare a foreign country with the U.S. She chose Australia. When she got her grade back, it was a zero.


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[Assistant] The professor argued Australia was not a real country, but a continent. What if I told you it was both?


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[Assistant] Open the door. Hi uncle. Hi. What are you doing here? Talking to a friend. What kind of friend? Why? Uncle, that's rude.


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[Assistant] Honestly, good luck with the show. I'm sure it's gonna be great. Thanks very much, man. Thank you. I just, uh, I wish I were dead.


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[Assistant] I'm really inspired by Apple because they put, they took a mainframe technology and put it on desktops. And so in many ways there's a lot of parallels there. We're taking mainframe size technology, stuff that was the size of a refrigerator that we couldn't afford and we're putting it on desktops.


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[Assistant] And MakerBot was grown, was really born out of the friendships that were made at NYC Resistor. We knew each other because we stayed up really late hacking on stuff before. It's satisfying, isn't it?


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[Assistant] Right now what's happening, as we are talking to you, our first generation MakerBot, the first MakerBot to ever spit anything out, is currently spitting something out.


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[Assistant] In the early days, I would argue with my co-founders, and we would all argue over who gets to be what.


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[Assistant] Cause Waz is really, he's the hacker. He's the tinker. Like, who doesn't want to be that guy?


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[Assistant] And everybody pointed at me and said, you have to be the Steve Jobs. And I was like, aww, I want to be wise.