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[Assistant] Where stuff is in space, so you know, where figures out place.


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[Assistant] So Pecky could respond and say, that is the cave where I grew up. And you can see that where here is not being used in a question way, it's actually connecting


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[Assistant] And this is why we call this a relative adverb. Because the word where modifies the word grew. It's I grew up where. And it also connects this whole thing to cave.


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[Assistant] Cause where did Peggy grow up? A cave. And it connects this whole chunk to the rest of the sentence. To the sentence being, that is the cave.


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[Assistant] So if I asked Peggy, you know, you're a dragon, when did you learn to breathe fire?


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[Assistant] Because all dragons can breathe fire. She would say, I learned to breathe fire when I was 10 years old.


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[Assistant] So again, we're using this word when to connect these two ideas. When did she learn to breathe fire? When she was 10 years old.


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[Assistant] And technically, when is an adverb that modifies was.


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[Assistant] Finally, we use the word why to figure out reasons for doing stuff.


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[Assistant] So if something strange were happening in the countryside and I asked Peggy, oh mighty dragon, do you know why it is raining fish? Peggy could say, I don't know why that's happening.


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[Assistant] So again, we've got these two clauses. That is happening and I don't know and why connects and relates them.


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[Assistant] And why is modifying, is happening here.


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[Assistant] And there are other relative adverbs like while is another way to say when and whence.


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[Assistant] And if you're familiar with Romeo and Juliet from Shakespeare, you've probably heard the word wherefore.


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[Assistant] You know, as in Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou, Romeo, deny thy father, refuse thy name, etc. And that's an old fashioned way of saying why. So we don't really say wherefore anymore, we don't really say whence anymore. Uhm, but while is another way to say when. Where you ask about place, when you ask about time, why is for reasons. These are the relative adverbs of English. You can learn anything. David out.


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[Assistant] Seventy-six. Seventy-six. Here we are on page seventy-six. Ooh, a story.


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[Assistant] Let's look at the pictures. Which animals can you see? Which is your favorite animal? All right. What can you see? I see...


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[Assistant] Giraffes. I see elephants. I see fish. I see penguins. I see humans.


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[Assistant] I see lions. I see tigers. I see crocodiles and alligators. Oh my. Which animal is your favorite?


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[Assistant] Tigers and lions and alligators bite other animals. That's sad. Flamingos don't. Or at least, I don't think they do. Do you think flamingos bite?


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[Assistant] Okay, let's read the story. Uh, first, you, read the story. Read this, read this, and answer the questions. Then, after,


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[Assistant] Uh, come back and we'll read it together, okay? 自己做 如果自己可以做 那自己就做 这个让你 这个意思 这个意味着你更厉害


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[Assistant] Ready? Let's listen to it.


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[Assistant] Alright, that was fun. Did you notice that this is a poem? I'll read it out to you and you will see. When we go to the zoo.


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[Assistant] When we go to the zoo, there are lots of things to see.


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[Assistant] Tall giraffes with long thin necks eating leaves from a tree.


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[Assistant] Big gray elephants swinging their trunks, looking for something to do.


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[Assistant] When we go to the zoo, we watch the animals play.


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[Assistant] Penguins jumping in a pool eating fish all day.


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[Assistant] When we go to the zoo, there are lots of things that are fun.


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[Assistant] Pink flamingos with long thin legs standing on only one. Black and white pandas rolling about.


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[Assistant] But I really love the monkeys when we go to the zoo. Okay, so it's like a song. Bamboo, zoo, rhyme. Fun, one, rhyme.


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[Assistant] See. Tree. Do. Zoo. Play. Day. They rhyme! Hey hey hey hey!


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[Assistant] Can you read this out loud in our group?


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[Assistant] Now let's go through and talk about some words you might not know.


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[Assistant] When we go through the zoo, there are lots of things to see. Tall giraffes with long,


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[Assistant] Thin necks. Eating leaves from a tree.


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[Assistant] Trunks are these. Swinging.


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[Assistant] Looking for something to do.


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[Assistant] But I really like the monkeys when we go to zoo. But this boy likes the monkeys. He can't stop talking about the monkeys. He just goes, I like the monkeys, I like the monkeys, I like the monkeys.


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[Assistant] When we go to the zoo, we watch the animals play. Watch means 看. Watch 和 see 差不多, a look at 差不多.


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[Assistant] Penguins jumping in a pool. Eating fish all day.


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[Assistant] Crocodiles swimming and scary lions roaring, roaring, raaah, too. But I really like the monkeys when we go to the zoo.


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[Assistant] When we go to the zoo, there are lots of things that are fun.


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[Assistant] Pink flamingos with long thin legs. What is thin? Thin necks. Thin legs. Standing on only one.


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[Assistant] Stand on one of your legs.


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[Assistant] Black and white pandas rolling. Rolling means gun. Gunlai gunchu. Rolling about. Eating sticks of bamboo. This is bamboo.


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[Assistant] But I really love the monkeys when we go to the zoo. Okay, I get it. You love the monkeys. You like the monkeys. I get it. Answer the questions.


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[Assistant] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. I think 9. Let's go through it and see. Again.


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[Assistant] Giraffes. Elephants. Monkeys.


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[Assistant] Penguins. Fish. Tigers. Crocodiles. Lions. Women. Ijing Shola monkeys. Uh, flamingos.


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[Assistant] Hey! Ten animals are in the poem. Ten animals.


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[Assistant] Which is the author's favorite animal?


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[Assistant] What's his favorite animal?


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[Assistant] Monkeys. Monkeys! The author's favorite animal is the monkeys. How do you know?


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[Assistant] Because, he said, but I really like the monkeys when we go to the zoo. I really love the monkeys when we go to the zoo. I really like the monkeys when we go to the zoo. Who do you go to the zoo with?


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[Assistant] Tell me in the group, who do you go to the zoo with? I go to the zoo with my mom and my friends. What animals do you love and why? And why?


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[Assistant] I love all animals, soyo animals, because all animals are cute and lovely. All right. Send the answers to these to our group and I'll see you on the next page.


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[Assistant] Read and write the names of the animals, please. Can you read this one? Mouse. Snake. Bird.


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[Assistant] Please answer these questions. Stop the video. Answer the questions. Come on back. You ready? It's green and it likes water. Well, there's only one green animal. The frog.


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[Assistant] And does the frog like water? Yes, he says, I like water. So that's the frog.


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[Assistant] It's got a long body, and it hasn't got legs.


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[Assistant] Who hasn't got legs? He has legs.


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[Assistant] He has legs. He has legs. The snake does not have legs.


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[Assistant] So yes, does he have a long body?


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[Assistant] Yes, he has got a long body. He hasn't got legs. It's the snake.


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[Assistant] It lives in the trees and it's got a long tail. Okay? This animal has a long tail. This animal we already used. This animal has a small tail.


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[Assistant] This animal has a long tail, okay? I think it's either monkey or mouse. So, who lives in the trees? Not the mouse. The mouse lives in the house.


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[Assistant] The monkey lives in the trees. So it's the monkey wonky.


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[Assistant] It's small and it's got a long tail. Okay? The mouse. The mouse has a long tail.


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[Assistant] It's small and it can fly. The bird can fly. The bird is small. The last answer is the bird. Cool.


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[Assistant] Uh, look at the picture in activity three. Say three things about the animals. Okay, so this is activity three.


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[Assistant] Look at the picture in activity three.


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[Assistant] Say three things about the animals.


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[Assistant] These tigers look sad. They look sad.


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[Assistant] The tigers look weird. I don't know why, it's like, I feel like the head is too small.


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[Assistant] These tigers look bored. The tigers look sad. The tigers look weird. The tigers look bored. Okay, what are yours? What do you think of these tigers? Three things.


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[Assistant] Read this. Choose a word from the box. Write the correct word next to numbers one to three. Okay, so handbag, eyes, tablet, okay? Uh, stop the video. Do it yourself. Come on back. Okay, do this, then come back.


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[Assistant] Don't forget, there are two extra words.


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[Assistant] Are you done with it? Come back and do it together. Tigers are very big cats. A tiger's body and tail are orange and black.


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[Assistant] A tiger has got two what? Two legs?


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[Assistant] No, he has four legs. One, two, three, four. To meet? No.


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[Assistant] Yes. Two tablets? No. Okay. Two eyes.


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[Assistant] It walks on what? It walks on handbags? No. Tablets? No. Meat? No. It walks on four legs! Doy!


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[Assistant] Eats tablets? I don't know. I think it eats meat though. It eats meat.


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[Assistant] Alright. So handbags, tablets are extra. Good job, guys. Alright.


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[Assistant] Alright guys, we've got a project. Uh, the next thing is to act out your wildlife tour. Do you remember this? My wildlife park?


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[Assistant] Okay, now we are going to design a tour around your wildlife park.


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[Assistant] Tour means a tour plan. For example, what does a tour do in your wildlife park? We need to design what they want to do. We need to make a plan.


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[Assistant] Let's see the monkeys first. Then, let's go to the rhinos. Then, let's go to the hot dog shop. Then, let's go here.


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[Assistant] Go to the hot dog shop.


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[Assistant] And eat a hot dog. Okay. We will go to the hot dog shop and eat a hot dog.


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[Assistant] Next, we will walk to the elephants and see them.


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[Assistant] Finally, we will


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[Assistant] Uh, eat hot dogs again, and then go home.


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[Assistant] Okay, this is a simple plan.


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[Assistant] What will you say about the animals? Okay.


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[Assistant] So, how many animals did we see? We saw the elephants and the snakes. So I'm going to write down elephants and snakes. And now I'm going to make myself go over here and go ba da boo boo. Okay, first the elephants. Well, what can we say? We can answer what, where, uh, what are they?


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[Assistant] What do they eat? What can they do? What do they look like? Alright.


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[Assistant] What are they? They are elephants. That's easy. Where do they live?


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[Assistant] They live in the zoo now, but in the wild, they live in the grassland.


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[Assistant] What do they eat? They eat fruit and leaves from trees.


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[Assistant] Walk. They can swing their trunks. They can eat. And what do they look like?


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[Assistant] And they are gray. Alright?


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[Assistant] You have to continue to do it. I've already given you an example. I will also write things about snakes. So, uh, so, uh,


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[Assistant] What will you say about the animals?


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[Assistant] That's your hom- that's your homework. I will see you guys next time. Bye bye.


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[Assistant] Hey everybody, we're on page 14 of the pupil's book, or the student's book. Why do they say pupils? Pupil means 学生.


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[Assistant] Student also means Shresham. Student equals pupil.


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[Assistant] But, pupil also has another meaning.


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[Assistant] Oh my gosh, in the, in the classroom there are a bunch of eyes. This is a pupil. Hello teacher. I'm ready to study. Pupil. Okay.


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[Assistant] What are they doing? Hoodly doodly doo. What do you think they're doing? I think they are brushing their teeth.


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[Assistant] Okay, that's what I think is going to happen. I think they're going to run, she's gonna get hurt, she's gonna be okay.


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[Assistant] Everything is gonna be alright. Rock-a-bye.


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[Assistant] Alright, let's read. Stop it. Read it. Come back. We'll listen.


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[Assistant] Did you notice anything unusual about the story?


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[Assistant] Get up. Have a shower. Clean your teeth. Get dressed. Come on, Gwen, says Beth. Let's go and see Jess. Dressed. Jess. Dressed. Jess. They rhyme.


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[Assistant] Jess is the puppy with a little black nose. She lives in the field where everyone goes, knows, goes.


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[Assistant] I'm winning today! Hoo hoo! I won! I'm winning today, says Beth. But then there's a what in the leaves? A rock.


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[Assistant] And down on the ground, the ground is the dí shán, dí bán.


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[Assistant] Gwen, come back to me. I can't move my leg. Oh no. Oh no. Oh no. Please come and see. But Gwen is winning.


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[Assistant] The race, the race, by the way, is the B-Sci. She's running so fast. She looks, but she thinks, hmm, I don't want to be last. Bye bye, sister.


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[Assistant] Gwen starts to feel sad, Takeshi Gange sad. Oh, and she stops her run.


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[Assistant] She goes back halfway to, and she says, I'm sorry, Beth.


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[Assistant] She helps her to stand, and they go and see Jess.


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[Assistant] Act out the poem. Oh my gosh, the dog.


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[Assistant] He drank the blood. Oh dog. No, don't do that. Don't do that. Um, okay. Gwen helped Beth. When do you help people?


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[Assistant] Tell me in the group, when have you helped people? What have you done that helped someone? Tell me in the group. Also, in the group, don't forget


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[Assistant] I want you to read me this poem.


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[Assistant] Try to make it sound nice.


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[Assistant] Make it sound nice.


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[Assistant] Uhm, this one we don't need to do because this is way too easy. What's your name?


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[Assistant] Years old, 10,000 years old. I'm pretty old, yeaah. Alright, uhm, look at this picture, what can you see?


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[Assistant] I see some children eating a sandwich. Stop the video. Alright. I can see three cows.


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[Assistant] I can see a sunny day.


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[Assistant] I can see mom washing her hands. I can see the children.


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[Assistant] Uh, and they are drinking juice. There's a fish with big weird eyes looking at the kids. Ooh, actually, do you know what he's looking at?


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[Assistant] He's looking at the lizard. He wants to eat that thing. He's like, mmm, I want to eat a lizard. Mmm. Oh, whoa.


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[Assistant] I see a fish with a really long tongue. Super long tongue.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I see a tree with leaves. I see grass. I see a tractor. Uhm, that's pretty much it. I see rocks. What can you see?


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[Assistant] Look at this picture. How is it different from picture A? Read and correct.


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[Assistant] This is picture B. How are they different?


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[Assistant] In picture B, there are four sheep in the field.


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[Assistant] One sheep, two sheep, three sheep, four sheep. But-


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[Assistant] The problem is, those are not sheep. Those are cows, you silly. So this is false. There are four


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[Assistant] In picture B, there are some leaves on the grass. Is that true or false?


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[Assistant] False. Because in picture A, there are leaves on the grass. In picture B, there are no leaves on the grass. So this is not true.


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[Assistant] Now what is on the grass in picture B? There are some flowers on the grass.


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[Assistant] Ah, I see two more differences. I see three more differences.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I see three more differences. Can you find the three differences?


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[Assistant] Here we go. The first difference is that in picture A, they are drinking orange juice. In picture B, they are drinking water.


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[Assistant] Hey, don't use a plastic bottle, kids. You've gotta look after the earth. No plastic bottles. The second difference is...


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[Assistant] In picture A, mom's washing her hands. In picture B, she's washing her dirty shoes.


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[Assistant] And the third difference is, in picture A, the fish wants to eat a lizard. Lizard.


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[Assistant] And in picture B, the fish wants to eat a duck. Crazy.


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[Assistant] Wow, I think this might be a very short class because we might already be done.


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[Assistant] This is one of the dirtiest beaches in the entire world. A beach is a high tide. And this is one of the dirtiest beaches in the entire world.


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[Assistant] This is taking forever. Forever. We need more help.


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[Assistant] Dives. Sifters. For the small stuff.


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[Assistant] Scoop the sand and the trash into the sifter. Shake it around. The sand falls out. The trash stays in.


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[Assistant] Jimmy! Yeah? The ocean's putting- What did he find in the ocean? Underwear?


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[Assistant] Underwear in the ocean? Did you throw your underwear in the ocean?


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[Assistant] Wow. Okay. So, how long did they clean for? They cleaned for 12 hours. And, this is what it looked like before. You see all that trash and plastic? This is what it looks like now. Way better. How much trash did they get? 8,000 libs?


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[Assistant] 8,000 pounds. One pound is one jin. So eight thousand jin. Why is pounds LBS? Actually no one knows. If you see LBS, just say pounds. No reason. Don't know why.


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[Assistant] Alright, what do they have today that they didn't have yesterday?


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[Assistant] They have lots of trash. Lots of garbage. They are helping to clean the beach.


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[Assistant] How many pounds do you think, uh, this is? How many pounds of trash do you think?


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[Assistant] That weighs the same as 3,000 cats or 3 t-rexes. That means 30, 36, 36,000 pounds is how much 3,000 cute kitties would weigh.


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[Assistant] There they are. Those are the plastics. Plastics are the worst kind of pollution, because plastics never go away. Uhm, they, they stay for years and years and years and years. Hao duo nian.


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[Assistant] That's what the beach looked like before. Let's see what it looks like now. Do you think it will be cleaner or less clean?


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[Assistant] Alright guys, I think we should call it a day for today. I will see you in the next video. Bye for now.


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[Assistant] Often you'll need to move throughout your model to work on or present a different area.


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[Assistant] is to use the center scroll wheel button on your mouse.


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[Assistant] By clicking and holding this button, you can activate the Orbit tool quickly without having to use any shortcut keys.


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[Assistant] When you release the button it will return to the tool that you were previously using.


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[Assistant] This will allow you to grab and pull your drawing around the screen.


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[Assistant] And you'll instantly see the view of your drawing change.


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[Assistant] Again, a much more efficient way to use the pan tool is to use the center scroll wheel of your mouse.


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[Assistant] Click and drag, which again will activate the orbit tool, but if you add the shift key on your keyboard, that will activate the pan tool.


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[Assistant] And again, when you let go of that button, it will return to the tool you were previously using. So I can click and drag with that center scroll wheel of my mouse and then add the shift key to turn it into the pan tool.


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[Assistant] And then release to return back to the tool we were previously using.


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[Assistant] So whether you're using the center scroll wheel button of your mouse, the icons up here, or your keyboard shortcuts.


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[Assistant] Using the pan tool and the orbit tool will be an essential part of viewing your model.


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[Assistant] The farm cats got some babies. Come and look at her kittens. They're here.


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[Assistant] I feed it once a day, every day in the evening.


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[Assistant] No, they don't. I always feed it. It's my fish.


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[Assistant] I never have burgers for breakfast. I always have cake and milk.


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[Assistant] Welcome! Ooh, what you buyin'?


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[Assistant] Got a selection of good things on sales. Thank you. A deal well struck. Heh heh heh.


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[Assistant] A well tuned weapon can make up for a lack of skew, friend.


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[Assistant] We're starting to get an idea of your tastes, friend.


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[Assistant] A wide-angle lens. A wide-angle lens, okay.


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[Assistant] My name's Mark, and I'm your teacher today. What's your name? It's May.


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[Assistant] How old are you, May? I'm seven.


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[Assistant] Now we're at the monkey house. We've got nine monkeys.


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[Assistant] My name's Mark, and I'm your teacher today. What's your name? It's May. How? The girl's name is May.


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[Assistant] Hey, grammarians. Today, let's start talking about subordinating conjunctions, words like although and after and because.


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[Assistant] This is a pretty complicated topic because in order to understand subordinating conjunctions, uh, you have to understand the difference between an independent and a dependent clause because that's what subordinating conjunctions do is they


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[Assistant] They unite independent and dependent clauses. That's what subordinating conjunctions do. But what, what, what is, what is, what are these? You know, what is an independent and a dependent clause? Well, okay, so,


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[Assistant] First of all, let's back up again. What is a clause? A clause is just a language chunk that has a subject and a verb. That's what a clause does.


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[Assistant] All sentences are clauses but not all clauses are sentences. I'll write that down. So all sentences are clauses but not all clauses are sentences.


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[Assistant] Extra information that isn't necessary to the understanding of the sentence, right?


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[Assistant] But an independent clause has to be able to stand on its own.


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[Assistant] So let's take a look at this sentence here. Herbert performed his irresponsible experiments because he was curious. And this sentence is composed of two clauses. In red, we've got this independent clause. Herbert performed his irresponsible experiments. And in green, we have this dependent clause because he was curious.


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[Assistant] Now we know that because he was curious is the dependent clause because it, it, it explains more of why Herbert did what he did, right? It is explaining the reason for his performing irresponsible experiments.


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[Assistant] Uh, but because he was curious on its own doesn't work as a sentence. He was curious, does. That's a sentence. But because he was curious,


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[Assistant] Asks more questions than it answers. Because he was curious what?


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[Assistant] Yeaah? So what? Then it's probably a dependent clause. Let's write that down. Put that in a doctrine.


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[Assistant] So, uh, a dependent clause should cause you to ask, yeah, so what?


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[Assistant] Because a dependent clause leans against an independent clause. It's like a ladder laid up against the tree. The tree is still gonna be standing there whether or not the ladder is there or not, but...


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[Assistant] The latter is useful because it allows you to get up further into the tree and explore its leaves, if that makes sense. It allows you to get further context and further understanding. But the tree could just as easily


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[Assistant] It's still a tree without the ladder, right? You don't have to have a ladder in order to be a tree.


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[Assistant] Another thing about the difference between a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction is that coordinating conjunctions only unite independent clauses with each other.


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[Assistant] Which means any sentence that has a coordinating conjunction like but or anything else in fanboys, which is for and nor but or yet so, right, uhm, can be separated into two sentences, two separate sentences. Look at this. So, Jimothy liked to wash the dishes, but Beckany preferred to sweep the floor.


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[Assistant] conjunction sentence that begins with although cannot be separated.


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[Assistant] So Lady Penelope hated his pranks. That's a sentence. Although she loved Sir Reginald, that's not a sentence. This is a dependent clause. So this can be split.


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[Assistant] This cannot be split, because although she loved Sir Reginald, doesn't stand on its own, it just grants additional context and detail to the fact that Lady Penelope hated Sir Reginald's pranks.


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[Assistant] So with that in mind, here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions in English. And some of these you might recognize as being adverbs or prepositions in other contexts, but you can also use them to unite dependent and independent clauses. So, here we go.


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[Assistant] All of these words have the power to unite independent and dependent clauses.


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[Assistant] You may notice some of them, like after and before, are prepositions.


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[Assistant] They can be used in many ways. English is complicated, but I am confident that you can figure this out because you can learn anything. These are some of the subordinating conjunctions of English. David out.


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[Assistant] I wish I could touch a star. But how? Oh, let's go and find Big Nut Brown Hair. Yes, he'll know.


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[Assistant] The stars are very far away. If we are going to touch one...


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[Assistant] Oh, it's no good. We're never going to touch a star. Yes we are. Let's go. Okay, but where are we going?


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[Assistant] What are you two up to? Trying to touch a star.


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[Assistant] You stay still, little nut brown hair. I'll get one for you.


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[Assistant] I guess we sort of got to touch a star after all, didn't we?


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[Assistant] Boer tries to argue that the particular frequency of light is because of particular energy states of the atom. And now,


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[Assistant] So phenomenologically, the Bohr's model can just explain the simplest things, which has some drawbacks, and more importantly, Bohr's model is semi-classical.


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[Assistant] It's semi-classical in the sense that the starting points are some orbitals that the electrons are surrounding around the nuclei with some fixed orbits. Okay? Does that fixed orbit exist?


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[Assistant] I can't find a sparkly treasure anywhere. Neither can I.


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[Assistant] Oh, but that's just an ordinary rock.


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[Assistant] Then she forgot all about it, but that tiny little seed grew and grew and grew until one day it was a big


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[Assistant] A sparkly treasure tree. Oh, it's the sky. The sparkly night sky. So sparkly tonight.


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[Assistant] You were right little white owl, treasure is all around us. We didn't realize they were treasures, but they are treasures. And what about your ordinary rock, little nut brown hair? Do you think even that might be a treasure?


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[Assistant] Let's see, it definitely isn't sparkly, but there is a reason that it's a treasure. Because you gave it to me, big nut brown hair.


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[Assistant] You know, if Shakespeare had been an astronomer, he'd have said that there is a tide in the affairs of the universe, and on such a full sea are we now afloat. He would have been right. You might just think of tides as the ocean going in and out every day.


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[Assistant] But in fact, what astronomers call tides are a subtle but inexorable force that have literally shaped most objects in the universe. And to understand tides, we start with gravity.


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[Assistant] Gravity is a force, and it weakens with distance. An important thing to note is that we measure gravity from the center of mass of an object, not its surface.


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[Assistant] One way to think of the center of mass of an object is the average position in an object of all its mass.


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[Assistant] For an evenly distributed sphere, that's its center. Right now, unless you're an astronaut, you're about 6,400 kilometers from the center of the Earth. If you stand up, your head is a couple of meters farther away from the Earth's center than your feet. Since gravity weakens with distance, the force of Earth's gravity on your head is an eeeensy-weensy bit less than it is on your feet. How much less?


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[Assistant] If you were, say, about 300 kilometers tall, the force of gravity would drop by about 10% at your head. That probably would be enough to notice if you weren't dying from asphyxiation and, you know, being 300 kilometers tall. This change in the force of gravity over distance is what astronomers call the tidal force.


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[Assistant] When you have a massive object affecting another object with its gravity, its tidal force depends on several factors. For one thing, it depends on how strong the gravity is from the first object.


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[Assistant] The stronger the force of gravity, the stronger the tidal force will be on the affected object. It also depends on how wide the affected object is. The wider it is, the more the force of gravity from the first object changes across it, and the bigger the tidal force. Finally, it depends on how far the affected object is from the first object.


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[Assistant] Tides depend on gravity, and if gravity is weaker, so is the tidal force. The overall effect of the tidal force is to stretch an object.


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[Assistant] You're applying a stronger force on one end than you are on the other, so you're pulling harder on one end. That'll stretch it. And this is where tidal forces become very important. Look at the Moon. It has gravity, but much less than the Earth because it's less massive. It's 380,000 kilometers away, so the gravitational force it has on you is pretty small. And you're pretty small compared to that distance.


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[Assistant] Then the other side of the Earth, so the Earth stretches. It becomes ever so slightly football-shaped.


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[Assistant] Like a sphere with two bulges, one pointing toward the Moon and one pointing away. This is probably the weirdest thing about tidal forces.


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[Assistant] But remember, we measure gravity from the centers of objects. The side of the Earth facing the Moon feels a stronger pull toward the Moon than the Earth's center, so it's pulled away from the center. But the side facing away from the Moon feels a weaker force toward the Moon than the Earth's center. This means the center of the Earth is being pulled away from the far side.


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[Assistant] This is exactly the same as if the far side is being pulled away from the center, and that's why you get two bulges on opposite sides of the Earth. The tidal force is therefore strongest on the sides of the Earth facing toward and away from the Moon.


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[Assistant] The Earth is spinning. If you're on a part of the Earth facing the Moon, you're at high tide. Six hours later, a quarter of a day,


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[Assistant] The tidal force stretches the solid earth by about 30 centimeters. If you just sit in your house all day, you move up and down by about that much.


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[Assistant] Like the saying goes, a rising tide lifts all surfaces. The Earth's spin has another effect.


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[Assistant] Lagging the water flow means the water can't respond instantly to the tidal force from the Moon. The Earth's spin actually sweeps the bulges forward a bit along the Earth. So picture this. The bulge nearest the Moon is actually a bit ahead of the Earth-Moon line. That bulge has mass. Not a lot, but some.


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[Assistant] Since it has mass, it has gravity, and that pulls on the moon. It pulls the moon forward in its orbit a bit, like pulling on a dog's leash, accelerating it.


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[Assistant] The Moon responds to this tug by going into a higher orbit. The Moon is actually moving away from the Earth. The rate of recession of the Moon has been measured, and it's something like a few centimeters per year.


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[Assistant] Roughly the same speed your fingernails grow. Now get this, the moon has gravity. Just as the bulge is pulling the moon ahead, the moon is pulling the bulge back, slowing it down.


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[Assistant] Because of friction with the rest of the earth, this slowing of the bulge is actually slowing the rotation of the earth itself, making the day longer.


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[Assistant] Long ago, the Moon was closer to the Earth and spinning rapidly. The Moon's tidal bulges didn't align with the Earth, and the Earth's gravity tugged on them, slowing the Moon's spin.


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[Assistant] …matched how long it took to go around the Earth. When that happened, the axis of the bulges pointed right at the Earth. That's why the Moon only shows one face to us. It spins once per month and goes around us once per month.


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[Assistant] If it didn't spin at all over that month, we'd see the entire lunar surface. But since it does spin once per orbit, we only ever see one face. This is called tidal locking, and it's worked on nearly every big moon in the Solar System.


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[Assistant] If the moon has gravity, which causes tides, and is the root cause behind all these shenanigans, what about the sun?


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[Assistant] It's even bigger than the Moon! Tides depend on the gravity from an object and your distance from it.


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[Assistant] The Sun is far more massive than the Moon, but much farther away. These two effects largely cancel each other out, and when you do the math, you find the Sun's tidal force on the Earth is just about half that of the Moon's.


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[Assistant] The way the Sun's tidal force and the Moon's tidal force interact on Earth depends on their geometry, which changes as the Moon orbits us. At New Moon, the Earth, Moon, and Sun are in a line.


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[Assistant] This means we get an extra high high tide and an extra low low tide on Earth. We call this the spring tide. When the moon is at first quarter, the tidal bulge from the moon is 90 degrees around from the sun's. High tide from the moon overlaps low tide from the sun's.


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[Assistant] We call those neap tides. The pattern repeats when the Moon is full. The Moon, Earth and Sun fall along a line again, and we get spring tides. A week later, the Moon is moved around, and we get neap tides again. Not only that, the Moon orbits the Earth on an ellipse. When it's closest to us, we feel a stronger effect.


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[Assistant] If that also happens at new or full moon, we get an added kick to the spring tides. This is called the proxygian tide and can lead to flooding in low-lying areas. Unless you live on the coast, I bet you had no idea tides were so complex. Tides are universal. They work wherever there's gravity.


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[Assistant] If two stars orbit each other, each raises a tide in the other. Just like the Earth and Moon, that can slow their spin and increase their separation.


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[Assistant] Tide goes in, tide goes out. It turns out I can explain that. Now you can too. Crash Course is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. This episode was written by me, Phil Plait. The script was edited by Blake de Pastino, and our consultant is Dr. Michelle Thaller. It was co-directed by Nicholas Jenkins and Nicole Sweeney, and the graphics team is Thought Cafe.


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[Assistant] Then listen and check. Exercise is good for us, but sometimes there are accidents.


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[Assistant] It's very important to wear the correct clothes to protect our bodies.


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[Assistant] We wear elbow and knee pads to protect our elbows and knees We wear gloves to protect our hands We wear a helmet to protect our head We wear goggles to protect our eyes


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[Assistant] Hello everybody. Welcome back to American Textbook Reading. We're on lesson 10 right now. We're talking about jobs. So you can see these different people, they all have different types of jobs. And I can ask you, what type of job do you want to have when you get older? What sounds interesting to you?


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[Assistant] Well, in this lesson, we are going to discover kinds of jobs.


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[Assistant] Different kinds of jobs. There are many kinds of jobs and where people work. So these people work in different places. That's what we're going to talk about in this lesson. Let's start of course with job. What is a job?


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[Assistant] A job is work that a person does for pay. For pay, pay of course means money.


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[Assistant] Alright, money. Uhm, if somebody does work and they get paid for it, that's a job. By the way, job can mean a couple things. Job can mean like a full-time job.


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[Assistant] That's what somebody does all the time. It's their full-time job. It's their main job. I'm sorry, that's a J, not a U. You could have a part-time job. A part-time job.


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[Assistant] Okay, you can also do just one job. It's a single job or it's a one-time job. A one-time job is when, you know, you go out and you do one project and you get paid for it.


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[Assistant] For example, people will go out, maybe somebody will go out and they'll fix, uh, uh, a piece of machinery or they'll go to somebody's house and they'll, they'll fix their house or they'll do something. That's one job.


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[Assistant] So we can talk about job as in your career. Job in terms of career. A career is what somebody does their whole life. A career is like an engineer, a dentist, a lawyer. That's a career. But one job, it could also be job. What's your job? But a job can also be one


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[Assistant] So job can be used in a couple of different ways, a couple of different senses.


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[Assistant] Okay, we also talk about workers. People who have jobs are workers, right? A worker is a person who does a job. Very easy, right? They are a worker. We have office worker, right? Office worker in


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[Assistant] There's a word salary worker, but that's not so common in America. It's probably better to say office worker or businessman.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you have also some different types of workers, right? A person who is a salary worker, an office worker, or you also have people who are hourly workers. Let's talk about this for just a minute.


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[Assistant] An hourly worker and a salaried worker or salary worker.


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[Assistant] A salary worker gets the same amount of pay every month. They might get, well, let's say $2,000 or $3,000 a month. Every month, no change.


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[Assistant] Because they're working on a salary. Their salary, their payment is fixed. It doesn't change. But an hourly worker gets paid for each hour that they work.


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[Assistant] And their pay might change from month to month depending on how many hours they worked. If they worked just a few hours, their pay is smaller. If they worked a lot of hours, their pay is more.


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[Assistant] So there's two main types of workers in America, salary worker and hourly worker. It depends on what kind of job really determines whether they are a salary worker or an hourly worker. Okay.


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[Assistant] Of course we're talking about earning money. Salary workers, hourly workers, they earn money. Earn means to get money in return for work. Can you earn money? Maybe. A lot of kids in America will do chores around the house and sometimes the parents will give them allowance. Allowance. And that is money.


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[Assistant] Washing cars? You can earn money by doing these different things. If you work and you get paid, you are earning money.


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[Assistant] Okay, our next word is business. Business. Business is the activity of making or selling goods or services.


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[Assistant] It's kind of a complicated word, isn't it? Uh, it's the activity. It's things that people do.


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[Assistant] A product or you sell a product. There's two types of businesses, right? Businesses that make things, that create things, and then there are businesses that just sell things. Maybe they don't make them, they just sell them. So make a product or sell a product. Some companies do both, or some businesses do both.


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[Assistant] And not only that, you sell goods, but you can also sell services. So some companies sell goods.


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[Assistant] Services are work that people do for other people. Services, for example, lawyers or doctors or accountants. Those are services, right? If they sell goods, they might be a store that sells household goods or food or something like that.


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[Assistant] So there's all sorts of different types of businesses doing many different types of things. Business. Okay.


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[Assistant] Volunteer. Now we have this word, this is an interesting word, a volunteer is a person who works, but they're different from a worker in this respect, because a person who does work for free, they don't earn money.


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[Assistant] They don't earn money. They're not getting any money in return for their work.


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[Assistant] Why do they do that? Because they want to help others. So it's very nice to volunteer to help other people.


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[Assistant] You don't expect to get paid. You're not working to get paid. You're doing it because it feels good to help other people and it's a nice thing to do. So many people will volunteer and they'll volunteer in their community. Okay, run. Run means


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[Assistant] No, that's one meaning of run, right? But this is another meaning of run. For example, run means to manage or lead something. So when we use run in this lesson, we're talking about run


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[Assistant] A business. Run a business. Because business, by the way, can also mean, it's not just activity, but business can also mean company. Run a business, run a company. Business and company can be


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[Assistant] Can mean the same thing, right? A business is an activity but it also can be used to describe a company. You run a business, run a company.


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[Assistant] If you run a business, you are a business owner, right? And you work for yourself maybe, or somebody hired you


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[Assistant] To run a business means to manage. Manage means to take care of it. To, uh, run it in a way that it's successful, or hopefully, to manage a business. Or to manage or lead something.


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[Assistant] So you have to make decisions and you have to use a lot of, uh, calculations to run a business.


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[Assistant] Office. Where do people work? Most people, many people, work in an office. An office is a room where people work. But it's not just any room. An office has desks. It has chairs. It has computers, right? It has telephones for people to answer. Uhm, it has internet connection.


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[Assistant] Uh, many people gather together to work there. They work for the same company. Those are offices. And, of course, you meet people from other companies at an office as well. It's a place away from home, uh, where people will work. Sometimes, though, people have offices in their home, a room


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[Assistant] Outdoor. Some people work outdoors. Do you want to work in an office or do you want to work outdoors? It depends. There are different types of jobs that you can get to work in either place. Excuse me. In either place.


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[Assistant] Outdoor. Outside a house or a building. If you are outside a house, you're outside a building. The sky is above you. You are outdoors.


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[Assistant] What kinds of jobs can you get that you work outdoors? You could get a job as a park ranger.


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[Assistant] Park rangers work outside or outdoors. You could get a job as a police officer.


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[Assistant] Many police officers work outdoors, right?


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[Assistant] You could get a job as a tour guide. A tour guide.


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[Assistant] Uhm, we have these two jobs here. These two types of jobs. We said that there are many types of businesses. And there's also something else that people do that they work. Uh, it's kind of interesting. We have kinds of jobs here. This says for free.


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[Assistant] This says money, so this would be for money, this one would be for money. So let's take a look over here first.


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[Assistant] Some type of good. What is he making? Well, that looks like bread that he's got there. So he is a baker, right? He's a baker and he's making bread.


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[Assistant] That looks great. So he's running, uh, his business or maybe he's just a cook there, but he is involved in making a good. So this is a type of business where people make a good.


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[Assistant] We also see, uh, people who are working and they are just offering services, not goods, but they are offering services. That means that they're not making any product, anything that you can use, touch or feel.


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[Assistant] Make you better. She will help cure you so that you are healthy again. And that's a service. It's not a good, it's a service. So people make goods for money. People offer services also for money.


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[Assistant] Now, some people work for free, for free, like we saw before, and these people we call volunteers. So this, uh, girl here is very nice, she's offering her time, she's giving her time, for free, to help older people. By the way,


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[Assistant] You could say offer services or offering her time. She's donating. When you donate something, it means you give it for free. This woman here, this girl here is donating her time. She is donating her time as a volunteer. That means she's giving it for free.


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[Assistant] Okay, now down here we see a little note. This is a little footnote. Some people run their own businesses. So some people run their own businesses. We call those people, of course I mentioned it before, we call those people business owners.


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[Assistant] Uh, they have an idea, they have some ambition, they want to make money either making goods or offering services that other people are not doing and they think, I can do it, I can do it very well and be successful and earn money by myself, I can be my own boss, they run their own businesses. Okay, so that's an interesting chart there.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at the words and match them to their definitions. We have six words here. Job. That's easy. Job. Worker. Worker. Earn. Earn.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at these. Number one, a person who does a job. A person who does a job, they are working, so they are called a worker.


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[Assistant] Number two, to manage or to lead something. Remember, this word has two meanings. I said it doesn't mean this, right? It means to manage something, right? To manage or to lead something means to run. So you run your own business or you run a company. Three.


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[Assistant] To get money in return for work. So you're working and in return for your work, in return for your time, you earn money. What is that called? Of course I just said it, it's earn. You are earning money. To get money in return for work.


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[Assistant] Work that a person does for pay. Work that a person does for pay. Remember there's two ways to look at this. This could also mean the same as a career. But it's work that person does for pay. It's a job.


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[Assistant] Remember, job can mean what is your job, what is your career, what do you do for your entire life, or just one piece of work that you do to get money. And you could have many different jobs.


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[Assistant] Sometimes you can mow a lawn. Sometimes you could go out and fix somebody's computer. Or you can go out and teach somebody to do something. You could do all of these things. And those are all different jobs.


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[Assistant] Five, a person who does work for free to help others. So in this case, this person is donating their time. They're giving their time and their, uh, effort for free. They're not getting paid. What do we call that person? We call that person a volunteer. A volunteer.


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[Assistant] Okay, six. The activity of making or selling goods or services. So the activity of making or selling goods or services is, of course, talking about business. Uh, the activity, it's the


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[Assistant] The behavior, the things that people do, and there's a lot of different things. You can make goods, you can sell goods.


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[Assistant] Uh, or you can, uh, sell goods or services, either one. Okay, so we call that a business. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at our chart here. Where people work. So part of this lesson is not just talking about jobs, but also talking about places that people all work at.


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[Assistant] Now we can work indoors or we can work outdoors. Here are some examples. We can work in an office that would be indoors, right, uh, room, uh, with desks, chairs, computers. Many people get together and they work together in an office.


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[Assistant] You can work at home, although it's very difficult as this mother is finding out she's got her baby on one arm and she's trying to do some work on the computer with the other hand. It's kind of hard sometimes to work at home, but that would be working indoors.


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[Assistant] Then, you can work at school, right? Teachers work at school, librarians work at school, principals work at school, they are working indoors, inside a classroom.


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[Assistant] You can also work outdoors. The farmer here, on a farm, you work on a farm, this farmer here, on his tractor, he's working outdoors. So he's out in the, out in the, uh,


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[Assistant] Thankfully, he's got a sunny day, so he can work outdoors easily.


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[Assistant] Other people, uh, they work on the road. This man is probably working either for the school or he works for a construction company. And they go out on the road and they say stop for the cars because there's only one


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[Assistant] Way to pass, right? So, he's holding a sign that says stop. He's working on the road outside.


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[Assistant] He's a construction worker. Construction workers, of course, work outdoors.


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[Assistant] Because the building hasn't been built yet, right? When they finish the building, or when it's almost finished, then they can work inside, you know, putting the electrical wires and everything on the inside. But before the building is there, of course they're working outdoors. They're working on the building site to make a new building or house or something like that.


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[Assistant] So two main places to work, indoors or outdoors. Okay.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at our mini quiz here. Complete the sentences to best describe the pictures. Here we have our two pictures, right? Uh, and we're looking at two blanks here. People work to earn something, but beep, work for free to help people.


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[Assistant] Take a look. This woman here, she's working in an office. She's an office worker. She is probably doing that job in order to earn what? What does she want to earn? She wants to earn money, of course. These people over here,


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[Assistant] Looks like they're gathering clothes that are donations. Remember I taught you that word before. To donate your time, you can also donate your things. If you donate your old clothes, you have old clothes at your house, you don't wear them anymore. Will you throw them away?


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[Assistant] No, you donate them. Go outside your house. There's a bin outside your house. You can put your old clothes in. Other people will come and pick them up and give them to poor people or people who need those things. Those are donations. Old clothes.


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[Assistant] Toys, uh, things in your house that you give to other people, those are donations. You can donate time, you can donate things.


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[Assistant] Well these people, they're helping distribute. They want to help get these clothes to people who need them. So they're not working for money, they're donating their time. They are called what? They are called volunteers.


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[Assistant] Volunteers work for free to help other people. To help people. And that's what these people are doing. They're getting the clothes together and they will be able to distribute or give those clothes away to people who need them.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on to our last, uh, part. The true false, uh, questions. That's kind of an interesting statement, isn't it? Outdoor is a room.


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[Assistant] A room is what? A room is an enclosed space. A room has a floor, walls, and a ceiling. It's inside. So right there, it doesn't make sense, does it? Because OUTDOOR


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[Assistant] Means you're not in a room. The sky is above you.


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[Assistant] There's no walls, there's no floor, there's just dirt or grass or something, uh, on the, on the ground, but it's not a floor of your house or a building. So that doesn't make sense. It's false. Outdoor is not a room, right, where people work. Okay? That is not correct. How would we make that correct?


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[Assistant] A room where people work is commonly called what? An, it starts with O, but it's called an office. An off, oh, an office is a room where people work. That's true. Okay, number two.


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[Assistant] People earn money in return for their work.


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[Assistant] So why do most people work? Because it's fun? Because they have nothing better to do? No, they have to work in order to earn money, right? So that's true. People earn money in return for their work. Because we need money to be able to pay for food, housing, uh, transportation,


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[Assistant] Okay, so we know business is an activity, that's true, right? Uh, and there's different types of businesses. Some businesses make goods, some businesses sell goods.


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[Assistant] But do businesses do all this activity for free? Does that make sense? They do it for free? No. That's absolutely not true. Business is the activity of making or selling goods for money.


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[Assistant] Not for free. By the way, you could also say for profit. Profit means...


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[Assistant] That you make money. Of course you have to spend money. Many businesses, they have to spend money.


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[Assistant] But then when they earn money, they earn more money than what they spent and that is called profit. So business is the activity of making or selling goods for profit.


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[Assistant] Not for free, right? There would be no point in working. Well, maybe they want to help other people, but then how are they going to live? How are they going to be able to buy food for their families, housing, all the other things that they need or want in, uh, their lives? So business is working for money or for profit.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that wraps it up for the vocabulary section. Let's take a short break and we'll look at the reading passage in just a minute.


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[Assistant] Okay, welcome back to the reading passage. As you know, we're on lesson 10 talking about jobs. Now this reading passage, we'll be talking about what a job is, but also talking about where people do those jobs. Okay? So let's get started. Let's read the first part.


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[Assistant] A person does a job to earn money. A plumber, teacher and farmer are all workers. Some people run their own businesses to earn money.


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[Assistant] Do a job. Why? To earn money. That's why they do the job. That's why they are working. What are some examples of jobs that people do? Well, first we have a plumber. A plumber, by the way, don't pronounce the B. The B is there, but we just say plumber. Don't say plumber. Plumber.


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[Assistant] It's very plumber, a very common plumber. What is a plumber? A plumber is someone who comes to your house. Let's say your toilet isn't working or there's no water coming out of your faucet at your kitchen sink. The plumber will come and fix those things for you.


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[Assistant] So a plumber, a teacher, and a farmer, these are all examples of workers. People who work to earn money.


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[Assistant] Some people, right, now we see another, uh, there's another type of person too. These people all work for somebody else, right? Well, farmers sometimes work for themselves. But some people run their own businesses. They run their own businesses. They manage their own businesses.


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[Assistant] Uh, to earn money. They are their own boss. Their own boss means that if I am running my own business, I don't have a boss. Because my boss is me.


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[Assistant] I am my own boss. They are their own boss. It means that their boss is them. They don't have a boss. Okay? So, they are in business for themselves. They run their own business. They own their own business.


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[Assistant] Why do people work to earn money? Because people buy food and clothes and


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[Assistant] N is over here. Our housing bills. If we rent our house, we have to pay the rent. If we, uhm, use water, we have utilities. I'll write this here. Util, yea, utilities.


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[Assistant] Utilities are things like water, gas, uh, other types of things at your house. Water, electricity, gas, those are utilities. If you use those things, you have to pay the bill. No money, you can't pay the bills. So, we work to get food, clothes, and to pay our bills.


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[Assistant] Okay, now some people work in an office using a computer. Most people actually these days


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[Assistant] Work in an office using a computer. And that is inside, indoors. Some work outdoors. A farmer works in the field and a construction worker works on a building site.


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[Assistant] So here we're separating two types of places where people work. Some people work in an office, which is indoors.


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[Assistant] And some people work outdoors, outside, not indoors. For example, we see two examples. One is a farmer who works in the field, and the other example is a construction worker who works on a building site.


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[Assistant] Now we also see another type of person who works, but they're not earning money, right? When someone does a job for free, right? Now we're talking about, you know, sure, there are many people who work for money. Most people, almost all people work for money.


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[Assistant] Volunteers. They're not workers, they're volunteers, right? Well, they could be volunteer workers, but we also, mainly we call them volunteers. Volunteers do not earn money. They do not earn money from their work.


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[Assistant] They help people who are sick or poor. Volunteers help people who are sick or poor or old, in this case, or who cannot do things for themselves because it's a nice thing to do and they want to help other people. So this is another type of person who works, but they're not getting paid for their work.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at our reading skill. Our reading skill is main idea and details. Our main idea is a person does a job. Why? To earn money. Then we see some details


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[Assistant] To support that. Okay, let's take a look at these details. We have blanks. One, two, three, four blanks. One, two, three, four words. Outdoors, volunteers, workers, and businesses. Businesses.


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[Assistant] A plumber, teacher, and farmer are all what? What are these examples of? They are examples of something. Plumber, farmer, teacher are all examples of what? Outdoors, volunteers, workers, or businesses.


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[Assistant] Well of course it's not outdoors, not volunteers, they are examples of workers, right? So they are examples of workers.


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[Assistant] Some people run their own what? They are their own bosses. They are in charge of their, uh, work, right? They run their own businesses, right? That's the answer there. Some people work in an office, and some people work somewhere else.


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[Assistant] An office, of course, is in, let me just write that, indoors. So what's the opposite of indoors? The opposite of indoors is outdoors. Outdoors. By the way, you can say indoor, indoors, outdoor, outdoors, doesn't matter. Okay, some people work outdoor, some people work outdoors. Okay.


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[Assistant] Beep. Do not earn money from their work. Who don't, who does not earn money from their work? They're working for free, right? They help sick or poor people. What do we call those people? We call those people volunteers. Volunteers do not earn money from their work.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's move on to our comprehension questions. How well do you remember the reading passage? Let's see.


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[Assistant] Number one, a farmer works outdoors in a what? A farmer works outdoors in a road, a site, or a field. Well, that's kind of easy, of course. Where do farmers grow crops? Do they grow crops on a road? No, because the plants won't grow on the road. Do they work on a site? Do they plant


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[Assistant] And finally, do they grow their crops in a field? Absolutely, that's the answer. Farmers work outside in a field, and the field is where they grow the food, the crops. Okay, number two.


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[Assistant] An office is a room. True. Where? Where what? Where something happens. Let's see what's true about that. Where farmers work. Farmers work in an office? No, farmers work outdoors. They do not work in an office, indoors.


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[Assistant] An office is a room where people work? Yes, that's true because many people gather together to work in an office. An office is a room where food is made. No, you should not make food in an office that's very messy, right? So an office is a room where people work. That's the right answer. Number three.


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[Assistant] Why do people have jobs? So we're talking about jobs, what a job is. We say people who have a job, they earn money. But, uh, why do they do that? Okay? So why do people have jobs? A. To earn money so they can buy things. Does that sound correct?


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[Assistant] Absolutely, that is correct. That's the reason people have jobs.


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[Assistant] Everybody needs money to buy things to live. We need money for food, for clothes, for housing, to pay the bills. We need money for those things. So that's why we have a job. Let's look at B and C for practice. B. So that they do not have to volunteer.


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[Assistant] I want a job because I don't want to volunteer. That's crazy, right? Uh, you don't have to volunteer in the first place. And second of all, uhm, it's not like you have, you have to choose between volunteering and doing a job. You could do both, right? You could have a job and on the weekends or in your free time, you can volunteer.


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[Assistant] B, C, to earn food and clothes and pay their bills. Uh, well, yeaah, to, what, okay. You don't earn food and clothes, you earn money.


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[Assistant] The people who hire you, your boss doesn't pay you in food and clothes. Oh, you did a good job today. Here's a salami, right? That's crazy. Or here's a sweater, because you did a good job today. That's silly. Uh, so people don't earn food and clothes, they earn money, and then you use the money to buy food and clothes. That's kind of a silly answer, right? And of course, B was wrong.


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[Assistant] And pay their bills. That's true, but this one is just silly. So that's not right. A is the correct answer.


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[Assistant] Who do volunteers help? So who do volunteers help out? A. They help plumbers and farmers do their jobs. So I'm gonna go volunteer, I'm gonna go help a plumber do his job, I'm gonna carry his tools, right? No, that's silly.


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[Assistant] They help people who are poor or sick. Who do volunteers help? People who are poor or sick. People who can't do those things for themselves or it's very difficult for them to do those things or get those things by themselves. That is true. Volunteers help poor people and sick people.


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[Assistant] It's doing something nice for other people who can't do for themselves. That's volunteering.


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[Assistant] See, they help people who work outdoors. Now that doesn't make sense either because that's getting back to farmers and other people who work outdoors for money. Volunteers don't help them, right, because they're earning money. Why would a volunteer


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[Assistant] Donate their time to help somebody who is earning money, right? You don't wanna do that. Okay, so B is the correct answer. They help people who are poor or sick.


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[Assistant] Okay, that brings us back to our chart that we saw before. We saw kinds of jobs, and we're talking about different types of jobs, also different types of businesses that people will do.


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[Assistant] Certain types of things that people will do. Over here we see these two jobs. You earn money. In this side, it's for free.


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[Assistant] So let's take a look over here first. This man is a baker. He is, what is he doing? He is producing something. So he is making goods. He makes goods. He makes goods for money. He makes something that we can touch, that we can feel, that we can use. It's an object.


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[Assistant] Offering a service and that service is to make you feel better if you are sick or injured. But there's many types of services, right? Police officers offer services, lawyers offer services, uh, accountants offer services, teachers offer services. There's many types of services. On the other side,


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[Assistant] We have a girl. She's helping out an older lady. The older lady's in a wheelchair. She's maybe sick. She can't, uh, do some work for herself. So she's helping her, but she's not getting paid. She is not earning money. She's doing it for free. So we call this girl here. We call her a volunteer. She's a volunteer.


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[Assistant] Okay, and we also see at the bottom, some people run their own businesses. So that's another way that people earn money, and it's another type of job that people will do.


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[Assistant] And of course you could be, uh, lots of different types of jobs to run your own business. You could be a plumber, run your own business as a plumber, uh, run your own farm as a farmer, uh, you could be a lawyer who runs your own business, a doctor who runs her own clinic,


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[Assistant] There's lots of things that you can do to run your own business if you want to be your own boss.


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[Assistant] So that's interesting to think about. When you get older, what type of job do you want to have? Why do you need a job? Do you want to work indoors? Do you want to work outdoors? And finally, also, do you want to volunteer your time? It's a nice thing to do. Donate your time to help other people who need that help.


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[Assistant] Okay, well that wraps it up for this lesson. Hope you've learned a lot as always. We'll see you guys next time. Take care.


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[Assistant] Hello baby birds. You're all fluffy. What are their names?


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[Assistant] Yes, he is. His name's Ivan. He's our strong man.


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[Assistant] Listen and tick. When are the football matches?


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[Assistant] What does the boy want?


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[Assistant] What does the boy want to do?


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[Assistant] Four. Who is the girl's PE teacher?


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[Assistant] Six. What is the boy looking for?


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[Assistant] What does the boy want?


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[Assistant] What does the boy want to do?


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[Assistant] Four. Who is the girl's PE teacher?


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[Assistant] Six. What is the boy looking for?


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[Assistant] They maintained the equilibrium between thought and action on which the well-being of the world depended. Without Parvati as the agent of energy, growth and transformation on earth, Shiva would become a detached observer and the world would remain static.


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[Assistant] But together, the two formed a divine union known as Ardhanarishvara, a sacred combination which brought fertility and connection to all living things.


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[Assistant] For these reasons, Parvati was worshipped far and wide as the mother of the natural world.


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[Assistant] and the essential counterpart to Shiva's powers of raw creation. She oversaw humanity's material comforts and ensured that the earth's inhabitants were bonded to each other physically, emotionally, and spiritually.


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[Assistant] While Parvati sustained daily life with care and control, Shiva had begun to belittle his wife's essential work.


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[Assistant] And insisted on quarreling about their roles in the universe. He believed that Brahma, the creator of the world, had conceived the material plane purely for his own fancy.


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[Assistant] And therefore, all material things were merely distractions called Maya, nothing but a cosmic illusion.


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[Assistant] For millennia Parvati had merely smiled knowingly as Shiva dismissed the things she nurtured. But upon his latest rebuke, she knew she had to prove the importance of her work once and for all.


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[Assistant] She took flight from the world, withdrawing her half of the cosmic energy that kept the earth turning.


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[Assistant] At her disappearance, a sudden, terrifying and all-encompassing scarcity enveloped the world in eerie silence. Without Parvati, the land became dry and barren. Rivers shrank and crops shriveled in the fields. Hunger descended on humanity.


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[Assistant] To his shock and awe, Shiva also felt the profound emptiness left by his wife's absence. Despite his supreme power, he too realized that he was not immune to the need for sustenance, and his yearning felt bottomless and unbearable.


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[Assistant] As Shiva despaired over the desolate earth, he came to realize that the material world could not be so easily dismissed.


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[Assistant] At her husband's epiphany, the compassionate Parvati could no longer stand by and watch her devotees wasting away. To walk among them and restore their health, she took the form of a new avatar, carrying a golden bowl of porridge and armed with a jewel-encrusted ladle.


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[Assistant] With the arrival of Annapurna, the world blossomed anew.


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[Assistant] But it was not only mere mortals who were served at her feast, humbled at the scenes of earthly pleasure blooming all around him, Lord Shiva himself approached the goddess with an empty bowl and begged for food and forgiveness.


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[Assistant] For this reason, the Supreme Deity is sometimes portrayed as a poor beggar at the mercy of Annapurna.


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[Assistant] holding her golden bowl in her left hand, while the right forms the Abhiyamudra, a gesture of safety and assurance.


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[Assistant] With these symbols, this powerful avatar makes it clear that the material world is anything but an illusion.


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[Assistant] Rather, it is a cycle of life that must be sustained from the feeding of open mouths and rumbling bellies to the equilibrium of the earth.


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[Assistant] At TED-Ed, we believe in storytelling. But stories don't have to be ancient to be powerful. That's why we created a program for students all over the world to hone and share their ideas in the form of short, TED-style talks. Everyone, no matter their age, has an idea worth sharing.


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[Assistant] So as you can see, we've separated the day of the week from the day of the month, October 5th, from the year 2010, and then separated all that from the rest of the sentence, I ate a cricket.


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[Assistant] In 1972, Thomas Sankara was swept into a revolution for a country not his own.


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[Assistant] Hailing from the West African nation of Burkina Faso, then known as Upper Volta,


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[Assistant] The 22-year-old soldier had traveled to Madagascar to study at their military academy. But upon arriving, he found a nation in conflict.


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[Assistant] Local revolutionaries sought to wrest control of Madagascar from France's lingering colonial rule. These protesters inspired Sankara to read works by socialist leaders like Karl Marx and seek wisdom from military strategy.


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[Assistant] When he returned to Upper Volta in 1973, Sankara was determined to free his country from its colonial legacy.


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[Assistant] Born in 1949, Sankara was raised in a relatively privileged household, as the third of ten children. His parents wanted him to be a priest, but like many of his peers, Sankara saw the military as the perfect institution to rid Upper Valta of corruption.


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[Assistant] After returning from Madagascar, he became famous for his charisma and transparent oratorial style, but he was less popular with the reigning government.


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[Assistant] Led by President Jean-Baptiste Wadrago, this administration came to power in the third consecutive coup d'état in Upper Volta's recent history.


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[Assistant] The administration's policies were a far cry from the sweeping changes Sankara proposed. But by 1981, Sankara's popularity won out, earning him a role in Wadrago's government. Nicknamed Africa's Che Guevara, Sankara rapidly rose through the ranks, and within two years, he was appointed prime minister.


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[Assistant] In his new role, he delivered rallying speeches to impoverished communities, women and young people.


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[Assistant] He even tried to persuade other governments to form alliances based on their shared colonial legacy.


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[Assistant] But Wadrago and his advisors felt threatened by Sankara's new position. They thought his communist beliefs would harm alliances with capitalist countries. And just months after becoming prime minister,


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[Assistant] Wadrago's administration forced Sankara from the job and placed him on house arrest.


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[Assistant] Little did the president know, this act would fuel Upper Volta's fourth coup d'etat in 17 years.


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[Assistant] Civilian protests ensued around the capital, and the government ground to a halt, while Sankara tried to negotiate a peaceful transition.


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[Assistant] During this time, Blaise Campare, Sankara's friend and fellow former soldier, foiled another coup that included an attempt on Sankara's life.


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[Assistant] Eventually, Wodrago resigned without further violence, and on August 4, 1983, Thomas Sunkara became the new president of Upper Volta.


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[Assistant] Finally in charge, Sankara launched an ambitious program for social and economic change.


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[Assistant] As one of his first agenda items, he renamed the country from its French colonial title, upper Volta, to Burkina Faso, which translates to Land of Upright Men.


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[Assistant] Over the next four years, he established a nationwide literacy campaign, ordered the planting of over 10 million trees, and composed a new national anthem.


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[Assistant] All while cutting down inflated government employee salaries.


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[Assistant] But perhaps the most unique element of Sankara's revolution was his dedication to gender equality.


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[Assistant] Sankara's socialist policies were met with much resistance.


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[Assistant] Many students and elites believed his economic plans would alienate Burkina Faso from its capitalist peers. His crackdown on the misuse of public funds turned government officials against him as well. After four years, what began as an empowering revolution had isolated many influential Burkina Bay. But Sankara was not ready to yield his power.


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[Assistant] He executed increasingly authoritarian actions, including banning trade unions and the free press.


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[Assistant] Sankara was conducting a meeting when a group of assailants swarmed his headquarters.


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[Assistant] Sankara was assassinated in the attack, and many believe the raid was ordered by his friend, Blaise Kampare.


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[Assistant] Though his legacy is complicated, many of Sankara's policies have proven themselves to be ahead of their time.


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[Assistant] In the past decade, Burkina Bay youth have celebrated Sankara's political philosophy, and nearby countries like Ghana have even adopted Sankara's economic models. On March 2, 2019,


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[Assistant] A statue of Sankara was erected in Burkina Faso's capital.


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[Assistant] Establishing his place as an icon of revolution for his country and throughout the world.


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[Assistant] Not all revolutionaries are politicians or soldiers. For an inspiring tale of secret student resistance in Nazi Germany, check out our video on the White Rose. Or take a closer look at the stirring poetry of revolutionary and romantic Pablo Neruda.


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[Assistant] There are more important things in life, Meg, than to be married.


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[Assistant] Then I'll just have to borrow a pair of yours. Absolutely not!


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[Assistant] Creeping up behind a lady and frightening her out of her wits?


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[Assistant] I can't stand them. Look at those silly girls.


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[Assistant] Their dresses are so tight, it's a wonder they're still breathing.


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[Assistant] But I know it was you who told him. Do you have a name?


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[Assistant] That is a great question. So the definition itself is also kind of confusing.


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[Assistant] But it'll make a lot of sense when we see some examples. My older sister, Griselda, is going to college in the fall.


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[Assistant] That's true, it can be, say, at the end. So, they stopped selling my favorite snack, the cookie cat.


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[Assistant] You know, don't know what my favorite snack is, then it's kinda helpful to say, or it's helpful for me to say, the cookie cat.


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[Assistant] If it were me, I would have smacked him right across the jaw and knock him down. In fact, I think I just may do that.


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[Assistant] I can spare a few hours a week helping the girls with their lessons.


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[Assistant] Party time! Woot woot! Party time! We're on page 30.


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[Assistant] We're on unit three and we're doing a party! Watch the video. Let's do it.


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[Assistant] Okay. Looks fun. I see a clown.


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[Assistant] I see a pirate. Alright. Hanging on a rope. That's fun. Everybody's got a conical hat. Except for the bunny ears, girl.


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[Assistant] Whee! We love parties! Whoa! Confetti! And presents! Whoopity-doo! I love presen- Wait, she's 70 years old? Oh, he is 70 years old. Whoa! That's old!


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[Assistant] Am I gonna be 70 years old one day? Time will tell. Do you want to be 70 years old?


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[Assistant] As for now, let's draw ourself at the costume party. A party is a pas de deux, not a costume party.


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[Assistant] This is a party where you wear funny clothes. This is a...


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[Assistant] Pirate costume. This is a... I don't know costume. This is a princess costume? Hmm. Okay. What costume do I like? What costume do I want to draw? I'm gonna draw...


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[Assistant] Me in a dinosaur costume.


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[Assistant] He's got a tail. He's got a butt. He's got a big mouth. And small arms.


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[Assistant] Little eyes, well actually it's like medium eyes, some horns. And then I am in his.


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[Assistant] Oh, that's me. That's AJ. Because it's a dinosaur costume.


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[Assistant] What costume do you wear? What costume do you like? Let's go to the next page. Talk about the next thing. It's grandpa's birthday today.


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[Assistant] The Friendly Family are having a surprise costume party.


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[Assistant] Surprise! It's a ding-see! A ding-see costume party!


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[Assistant] Don't tell grandpa, it's a surprise. Buya gawksu, grandpa. You ain't just, you got surprise costume party. Alright. Happy birthday, grandpa. What costumes can you see?


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[Assistant] I see that the cat is wearing a clown costume. Xiaochou. Filmstar.


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[Assistant] Uh, uh, a film star is somebody who is in movies.


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[Assistant] Pop star is a singing star. This is a movie star or a film star. This is a singing star. Here's a gift for grandpa. Uh, present.


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[Assistant] Hmm, there's the tractor. I wonder why they have so many tractors in this book. We got a cook. A cook is a choo-sher. He cooks. A dentist. What is a dentist? A tooth doctor. A yah-ee.


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[Assistant] We've got a nurse. A nurse is a, is a whoosher. A pirate is a hai dao. And treasure is, uuuh, money. Gold.


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[Assistant] Those are treasures. Sweet! And...


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[Assistant] Do you understand?


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[Assistant] If you don't understand, 那反复听一遍。


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[Assistant] Let's listen to these questions and answer the questions. Ready?


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[Assistant] Who is the pirate? Uhm...


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[Assistant] This is a pirate, a Haidao. Now who is she?


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[Assistant] Is that Grandma? I think it's Grandma. Grandma is wearing a pirate costume. You say it.


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[Assistant] Grandma is wearing a pirate costume. Nice.


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[Assistant] What's his name? Do you know? We could say the boy is the film star.


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[Assistant] The boy wearing glasses is the film star.


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[Assistant] Who are the pop stars?


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[Assistant] Who are the pop stars? The boy is the film star, so who are the pop stars? Yeah, the girls. The girls are the pop stars.


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[Assistant] They are wearing pop star costumes.


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[Assistant] Who's the nurse? Who's the nurse? A nurse helps a doctor. Oh, before we didn't talk about this. Doctor is a Isha. A nurse is a Hushu. Who is the nurse? Mom.


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[Assistant] Mom is wearing a nurses costume. Can you say it? Mom is wearing a nurses costume. Sweet.


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[Assistant] Who's the farmer? Who is a farmer? It's grandpa. Grandpa is a farmer. He is wearing a farmer costume. Who's the clown? Who's the clown?


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[Assistant] Clown is a funny guy.


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[Assistant] Who's the doctor? Who's a doctor?


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[Assistant] He is the doctor. The boy is the doctor.


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[Assistant] Uhm, no, why should I talk about dentist hyo doctor? Because dentist is a doctor.


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[Assistant] There are so many doctors. Dentists is yi zhong doctor. Ya ke doctor. Uhm, yeaah, there are other doctors too.


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[Assistant] Oh, wait a minute. Wait a minute. He is not the dentist. Nevermind.


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[Assistant] He is the dentist because look, he has dentist tools. He is the dentist and the cook.


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[Assistant] His job is a cook. There we go. It's a little bit confusing.


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[Assistant] So, that's the surprise birthday party.


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[Assistant] Have you ever had a surprise birthday party before?


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[Assistant] Have you ever gone to a costume party before? Tell me about it. What was your costume? Whose birthday was it? Tell me in the group. For now, I'm switching sides and turning the page.


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[Assistant] Stop the video, read the Friendly Farm, then come back. We'll read it together.


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[Assistant] Actually, first let's, let's read it. Okay.


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[Assistant] What are you wearing?


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[Assistant] Costume, you already know. That's a special clothes. Oh, we never dress up. Dress up means 穿衣服.


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[Assistant] There's a box of costumes here with farmer friendly and grandpa's old clothes. Clothes are ifu.


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[Assistant] Okay. Clothes are Zhang Chang to Yi Fu. Costume is Teobie to Yi Fu.


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[Assistant] Wearing means to wear, dress up means to wear, or, uh, wear clothes.


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[Assistant] Where is farmer friendly? He's outside feeding the cows. Feeding means giving them food.


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[Assistant] I'm going to feed this horse a apple.


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[Assistant] He always feeds them in the evenings. Wanshan.