[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And while k is still greater than zero, so we're not at the root, and while


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are less than our parent, then we want to swim upwards. So we're going to swap the nodes parent and K. And then K is when we can become the new parent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we have to get the parent of k once more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we keep doing this going up our heap and swapping nodes. So that's how you do the swim. So the sink is similar, but a little different. So this is a top down node sync. And here, we want to sync node k.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we do is I grab the left node, but I also grab the right node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember, we're working zero based, so plus one plus two instead of, uh, plus zero and plus one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I need to figure out which is less, either be the left one or the right one. And I assume to start with that the left one is going to be smaller than the right one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here I correct that hypothesis in case it was false. So I checked that the right node is within the size of the heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if the right node is less than the left node, then the smallest ones are going to be the right node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And our stopping condition is that we are outside the bounds of the tree, or we can't sink anymore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we kind of do a similar thing, we swap and then k is the next smallest. Like we did in the last method also.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the swap method, I made an explicit method to swap because I also have to swap things inside the map and then set the values also.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is really what adds a lot of overhead for the map is the fact that every time we call the swap method, we also have to swap things inside the map, which, which can be a lot of overhead, really.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Technically maps are constant lookup times, but the fact that you're doing all this internal hashing and collisions and whatnot, it can get costly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, return false so we know we don't have any null elements inside our heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is how you would do a linear removal in linear time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I commented out in case you want to revert back and remove the map and what not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, is scan through all the elements and once you find the element you were looking for,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just remove it at that index and return true. Otherwise, we're going to use our map.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and if it exists, then remove it at the index.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is what I covered in the last video. So if our heap is empty, well, can't really


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Otherwise, we are going to swap the index


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of what we want to remove with the last element, which is going to be at heap size.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to kill off that node and also remove it from our map. So if it's so happened that I was equal to the heap size meaning


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just removed the very last element in our heap just remove, return the removed data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Otherwise, when we did the swap, we have to either sync that node up or down


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm kind of too lazy to check whether I need to sink or swim. So I just try both. So first I try sinking and then if nothing happened, then I try swimming downwards. And in either case, return the remove data. Perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this just readjusts where uhm, where the swap node position goes, either bubble up or bubble down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This method is just a method I use in my testing framework to make sure everything is good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it checks essentially the integrity of the minimum heat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So initially you call this method with k equals zero and that starts at the root.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's going to recursively go down the tree and check are we maintaining the heap invariant property, which we need.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So our basis is going to be that K is outside the heap size. And if so, we're just going to return true. Otherwise, get our children left and right. And now


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to make sure that k is less than, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both our children. And if that's not the case, return false.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we ever return false, because we have an and statement when we're recursing right


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That gets propagated throughout the recursion and this whole method will return false. Otherwise, if everything returns true and hits the base case, then we know for sure it's in the minimum heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, these last few methods are just map helper methods. So things to add things into the map things


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How to remove elements from the map and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I'm doing here is I'm using a tree set to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, add and remove elements because I know the tree set implementation Java is a balanced binary search tree. So all operations on tree sets are logarithmic, which is really nice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you guys can have a look at those in more detail. It just gets values, removes values. And lastly, do a map swap. So yeah, it swaps values in the heap, or in the map rather. So you guys have a look at those in more detail. But I pretty much covered everything about the priority queue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If something's unclear, just drop a comment and I'll get back to you as soon as possible, but that's the heap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry, the binary heap implementation of a priority queue. Remember that the source code is on my github repost. You can have a look at that. So guys, thank you for watching and I'll catch you next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd rather have a quiet type of girl. Someone more sedate, someone that'll, that'll calm me down and relax me, you know? You don't want a girl, you want a mill town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will be fun! Potato City, here we come!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It must be. And it looks like we picked the right day to visit. There are no crowds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it stopped. Well, I'm glad that's all over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, good morning, next. Hey, how you doing? Good, welcome to Costco, how are you? Good, good. First time signing up, sir? This is, and, uh, so do I need a membership in order to shop here? Correct, our Costco wholesale is based, uh, warehouse based only, so you do need a membership to shop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing people will see when they go in is that the foyer has been repainted in the original green and gold.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then the box office has been reoriented with its own access from the side of the building instead of through the foyer, which means it can be open longer hours and has more space too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The shop that used to be in the foyer, which sold books and CDs, is the one part of the redevelopment which isn't yet complete.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The plan is to find new premises for it near the theatre. And we've had difficulty finding somewhere suitable. We hope to reopen the shop in the next few months.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, we've increased the legroom between the rows. This means that there are now fewer seats, but we're sure audiences will be much happier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've installed air conditioning so it won't get so hot and stuffy. We already had a few seats which were suitable for wheelchair users and now there are twice as many which we hope will meet demand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two we used to have were very small and slow. They've now gone and we've got much more efficient ones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, we've made a number of improvements backstage. The small dark dressing rooms we used to have have been converted into two large airy rooms, so they're much more comfortable now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the state of the art electronic sound and lighting systems have been installed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got a very exciting production of Peter Schaffer's Royal Hunt of the Sun, which is currently touring the country. That starts on October the 13th and runs till the 19th.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're experimenting a bit with the time the curtain goes up. We used to start all our performances at 7.30, but that made it difficult for people to go home by public transport. So instead we're beginning at 7, because at 9.45, when it finishes, there are still buses running. Tickets are already selling fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Friday and Saturday performances sold out almost immediately and in fact now there are only tickets for Monday and Thursday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've introduced a simpler price structure. Ticket prices used to range from £6 to £30, but now they're all £18.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're available from the box office, in person, by phone, fax or post, or online.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The deep sea is a peculiar wonderland of underwater worlds that the ocean holds in secret.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At mid-ocean ridges, towering hydrothermal vents pump superheated mineral-rich fluids out into the water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meanwhile, swarming the sunken carcasses of whales.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A communities of scavengers converging to feed on the decaying carrion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But perhaps even stranger than these two unexpected ecosystems are the brine pools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are highly toxic death traps for many creatures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They provide the basis for life through chemosynthesis, supporting vibrant gardens of life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two distinct worlds, existing side by side at the bottom of the endless blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Gulf of Mexico contains a large number of these lakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over time, the sea evaporated, leaving behind a layer of salts and minerals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Layers of sediment buried the salt bed over time, protecting the minerals from being dissolved when the gulf later rejoined the world ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under the weight of sediment and water, the salt bed deformed and shifted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cracks in the sediment above allowed water to creep down to the ancient salt deposits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dissolving the salt into a concentrated brine, along with trapped gases, the brine was forced out of the sea floor by warping and cracking of the salt plates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where its density far exceeded that of the water that surrounded it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This difference in density allowed the brine to flow across the seafloor landscape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At certain points along their length, the brine overflows and trickles down like a waterfall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Caused by salt tectonics and mineral deposition sculpting the overlying landscape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This encased the brine pools in mineral dams of their own creation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhinepools create two distinct environments that exist side by side in equilibrium on the seafloor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The brine itself is toxic to most organisms, for it contains almost no oxygen, and is far too salty to support life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition, the dense layer of brine harbours toxic chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide and methane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When an organism enters a brine pool, they attempt to breathe the hyper saline environment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which in many cases brings on toxic shock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those who delve below the surface never return, and they become pickled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Their bodies preserved in perpetuity within the brine for centuries without decay. Like these crabs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A crystals of barium sulfate that precipitate out of the brine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The deadly nature of these pools has earned them a number of titles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They are often dubbed pits of despair and hot tubs of death, and it's easy to see why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But despite this, around their perimeter, these death traps create biological hotspots on the seafloor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And where it's able to thrive in great abundance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tiny amphipods dwell atop a mineral-rich, biologically diverse seafloor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vast colonies of tube worms stretch beyond the dim horizon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While the shores are fringed with dense mats of giant mussels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like tube worms, crinoids and anemones to attach to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In contrast, out on the soft muds that comprise much of the abyssal plain, these organisms cannot settle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition, brine pools are regions of high primary productivity. Food is scarce in the deep sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many creatures of the deep are drawn to chemosynthetic oases like hydrothermal vents and brine pools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where they rely on energy derived not from the sun, but from chemicals. At these pools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the presence of the toxic dissolved gases that support a unique food web.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] are converted into food by specialized bacteria through the process of chemosynthesis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This forms the foundation of the ecosystem, as the bacteria here occupy the role of producers held by phytoplankton in the sunlit surface waters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An entire ecological system has developed, with inhabitants interacting through symbiosis, predation,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The muscles depend on these chemosynthetic bacteria living within their gills for survival.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In return for supplying the energy needed to sustain themselves and the muscles,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bacteria are protected from being predated by grazers that stalk the shores of the lakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These bivalve aggregations create a rocky beach for the pools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Visiting the pools opportunistically to feed on the mussel beds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But often, these delicate ecosystems are at risk of collapse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brian Paul's represent a hidden world of fascinating ecology in the depths of the ocean. They are islands of abundance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Isolated from one another by the barren abyssal plain, and home to crowded congregations of life,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In many of the ecosystems found in the deep sea, from whale-full communities,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To scalding hydrothermal vents and toxic brine pools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a pattern of life thriving in very close proximity to death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And since their discovery, brine pools have represented a new frontier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For research and exploration down in the ocean depths.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This portion of the video is sponsored by NordVPN.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just like how creatures of the deep have adapted their lifestyles to evade predators, online browsing is evolving too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just like how Autotomy in some squid allows them to eject their tentacles when threatened, NordVPN has an automatic kill switch for extra security. If your VPN connection accidentally drops, it temporarily blocks the device from accessing the web. In addition,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simply visit NordVPN.com forward slash natural world facts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or use the coupon code naturalworldfacts to access this exclusive deal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, Mr. Swan. Hello, Mr. Swan. Do we have any ideas yet?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm pretty excited. We're going to be talking about the open addressing collision resolution technique for hash tables. So let's get going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, let's just do a quick recap on hash tables so that everyone's on the same page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the goal of the hash table is to construct a mapping from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Set of keys to a set of values and the keys need to be hashable. Now


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we do is we define a hash function on the keys to convert them into numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we use the number obtained through the hash function as a way to index into the array or the hash table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, this isn't a foolproof method, because from time to time, we're going to have hash collisions, that is two keys that hash to the same value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we need a way to resolve this and open addressing is a solution for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so when are we going to be using the open addressing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Collision resolution technique, the one thing to keep in mind is the actual key value pairs themselves are going to be stored in the table itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as opposed to say, an auxiliary data structure, like in the separate chaining method we saw in the last video. So this means that we care a great deal about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once there are too many elements inside the hash table will also be really hard to find an open slot or a position to place our elements.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just an important piece of terminology, we say that the load factor is the ratio between number of items in the table and the size of the table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this means we need to keep tabs on the load factor. Here's a neat chart from Wikipedia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So on the chart, what you can see are two different methods. One of them is chaining that is separate chaining


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And linear probing and open addressing, uh, technique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can see from the linear probing one is that once it gets to a certain threshold,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It gets exponentially bad. So you don't want to go anywhere near that say point eight mark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what this says is we always need to keep the load factor which we denote by the Greek letter alpha below a certain threshold. And we need to grow the size of our table once that threshold is met.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so when we want to insert a key value pair,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Into our hash table, here's what we do. We take the key


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We use our hash function to find out our key and we hash the value and this gives us an original position


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inside the hash table for where the key should go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But suppose there's a hash collision, and there's already a key in that slot, well, we


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have two keys in the same slot. That's not how arrays work. So what we do is we


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Use a probing sequence which I will define as p of x from now on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we hashed to the value h of k the original position and now we're going to probe along using this probing function in such a way that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to eventually find an open slot along the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as it turns out there are actually an infinite amount of probing sequences to choose from.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which probes via a linear function. So given an input parameter x, so when we're probing, we start usually x at zero or one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as when unable to find free slots, then we just increment x by one and it works the same for all of these probing functions. For linear probing, we use a linear function for quadratic probing, we use a quadratic function


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then there's double hashing, which is super neat actually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we do is we define a secondary hash function on our key, find its value and then use that inside the probing function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the last one is the pseudo random number generator probing function that we can use. So given a random number generator,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to seed it using the hash value of our key, which we know is deterministic. So it's always going to be the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we can use that inside our probing function, which is pretty neat and increment by x each time and we know x increments by one. So we're just getting the next number and the random number generator and then the next one after that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so here's a general insertion method for open addressing. Suppose we have a table of size n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here's how the algorithm goes. First, we initialize x to be one. So x is a constant


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or sorry, a variable that we're going to use for the probing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're going to increment X each time we fail to hit a free position, then we get the key hash just by hashing our key


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is actually going to be the index where we're going to look at a table first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The table index is occupied, meaning it's not equal to null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mod n so that we always land back inside the table. And then we're going to increment x so that the next time we run this loop, well, we probe at a different position. And then eventually, we're going to find a free position.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We always set up our probing function in such a way that we will always find probing, sorry, we will always find a free slot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because we know that the load factor is being kept below a certain amount. Alright, so here's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Big issue with open addressing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's that most probing sequences that we choose module N are going to end up producing some sort of cycle shorter than the table size itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So imagine your probing sequence just hops between three different values and cycles and your table is of size 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you're only ever able to hit three slots because it's stuck in a cycle and then all of those three slots are full while you're stuck in an infinite loop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is very problematic and something we absolutely absolutely need to handle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's have a look at an example. So right here I have a hash table and using open addressing and it's got some key value pairs already inserted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And assume that the circle of the bar through it is the null token.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Further assume that we're using the probing sequence P of x equals four x. And suppose we want to insert a new key value pair into the table and that the key hashes to eight. So that means we want to insert


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That key value pair at position eight but oh it's already occupied because there's key five value five already there. So what we do well we probe


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 8 plus 4 mod 12. Well, that's zero. So then we go slot zero and we see oh, that is also occupied because the key one and value one is already there. So now we compute p of two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, that gives us 16 x 12, which is 4, and then, oh!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That cell is already occupied and then we keep probing and as you see right now we've entered a cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we would keep probing and probing and probing, and we'd always be getting back to the same position. So although we have a probing function, it does not work in this particular situation. The probing function is flawed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's quite concerning, because not all probing functions are viable. They produce cycles which are shorter than the table size. How do we handle this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in general, the consensus is that we don't handle this issue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead, we try to avoid it all together by


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Restricting the domain of probing functions that we choose to be those which produce a cycle of exactly length n. And those probing functions do exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a little asterisk here and it says there are a few exceptions and this is true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are some probing functions we can use which don't produce a full cycle but still work. And we're going to have a look at I think one of those in the quadratic probing video. Alright, so just to recap,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Techniques such as linear probing and quadratic probing and double hashing, they're all subject to this issue of the cycles. And


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we need to do is we need to find probing functions which are very specific that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Produce a cycle of length and to avoid


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not being able to insert an element and being stuck in infinite loop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is a bit of an issue with the open addressing scheme, but it's something we can handle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although notice that this isn't something you have to worry about if you're in the separate chaining world, just because we have that auxiliary data structure that just captures all our collisions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the next video we're going to be going into great detail on linear probing. So guys, if you learned something, please like this video and subscribe. I'll catch you in the next video.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And drop a comment, I always love reading those. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Example 1. Please book an appointment for next week. Example 2. Please schedule an appointment for next week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ho ho ho ho. It's a present for grown-ups.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think Granny and Granbar have all the teeth they need, Pepper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the flower girl and the ring bearer. I'm pretty sure that they're the groom's niece and nephew. Oh, they look so cute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's about time. We've been driving for 12 hours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here come the bridesmaids. Their dresses look beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the flower girl and the ring bearer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm pretty sure they're the groom's niece and nephew. Oh, they look so cute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's all you ever think about. Food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I think the bride's coming now. She looks gorgeous. Wait, what's she doing? Where's she going?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the flower girl and the ring bearer. I'm pretty sure that they're the groom's niece and nephew. Oh, they look so cute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. An advanced lesson where we talk about investing in emerging markets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, yeah. So, for example, when there's a lot of turmoil in the market, that means stock prices are changing drastically from day to day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so money from the government to get the economy moving.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, that's 150 billion dollars of American taxpayers money that the government wants to put into the economy to keep it moving.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and we want to listen to the dialogue one more time, but before we do, we have three words for you that we want you to listen for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. So basically he wants to get a bunch of cash together so that he can buy a house or get married or whatever. It's that money you need to start your life, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inevitable basically means uh, unavoidable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, inevitable. You know, this word inevitable, if you apply the root words, you can get a noun, an adjective or an adverb, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we've got some examples where you can see this word in action.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. Marco, you're exactly right. And I think that our users are going to have a lot of questions about the language in this, in this lesson. So I'd like to invite you guys to come onto our website at EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry buddy, you're parked in a no parking zone, you were speeding, and you have no ID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, we've heard that one before. Haven't we, Joe?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry buddy, you were parked in a no parking zone, you were speeding, and you have no ID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry buddy, you were parked in a no parking zone, you were speeding, and you have no ID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Creatures of the deep sea must develop a number of unique adaptations in order to survive the extreme conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there are two pathways that almost all deep sea life must choose from. Whether to live on the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Creatures that adapt to life in the mid-water zone are known as pelagics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, let's take a look at the demersal creatures of the deep. The bottom feeders.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The diversity of organisms that are adapted to life near the bottom is immense, and far greater than that of pelagic organisms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Life thrives on every part of the ocean floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the deeper you go, the stranger they become.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most common are the demersal creatures of coral reefs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Making use of these hotspots of food and shelter as a place to live and as important spawning grounds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The diversity here allows for some complex communities to form Symbiosis can occur


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And creatures work together to ensure they have the best chances of survival.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But follow the slope of the sea floor to a depth of just 200 meters, and life already appears different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cold water corals cling to the edge of the continental shelf where the shallows end, and the deep sea widens into a dark expanse below.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Following the continental slope downwards, we come to the abyssal plain at around 4,000 to 6,000 meters deep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no light here beneath the bathypologic zone. However,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They do not have to swim to keep from sinking, as they can simply rest on the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, they waste less energy than creatures that must constantly move in order to remain buoyant. Furthermore, down on the abyssal plain, food comes to you. Anything that sinks will end up here. Dead animals, shells, and excrement


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Organic matter that only briefly passes through the midwater zones settles here at its final destination


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This easier life explains why a greater abundance and diversity of organisms is found in the deep sea benthos compared with the open ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But an easier existence in the benthos and near bottom also allows organisms to develop more muscular bodies than is possible in the bathypelagic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Consequently, more food and more muscle allows organisms here to lead a more active lifestyle. This is a huge advantage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It encompasses 80% of the sea floor and 60% of the surface of the Earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shrimps and worms burrow into the sediment where they live, heavily armored.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For unlike their pelagic cousins, they can afford this extra protection as staying afloat is not a problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While organisms that reside on top are called Epiphorna.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the process, they maintain the energy flow and cycle the sunken nutrients that would otherwise go to waste. Crinoids are abundant here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As stalked filter-feeding echinoderms, they too help cycle nutrients through the ecosystem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Appearing in the fossil record as far back as the Ordovician period, 480 million years ago. Specimens found alive today do not appear vastly different from their ancestors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The diversity of fish found here is also a testament to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many of them appear to have an elongated body form, like the rat tailfish, halosaurs, and chimera.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This particular adaptation is thought to be so common because a longer body allows for a longer lateral line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which provides the fish with enhanced sensory perception.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But rising abruptly out of the sea floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are towering geological landforms formed by volcanic activity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Undersea Mountains, known as Seamounts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The biological richness of seamounts is due to their shape.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Causing an upwelling of food for creatures of all forms. Most common are the cold water reefs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They can be found 6,000 meters or 20,000 feet deep and are well established.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seamounts provide the vital ingredients needed for a stable community to form. But they are not the only of such places.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At expansive brine pools, life clings to the edges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Muscles, crabs, and their predators rely on the production of nutrients from chemosynthetic bacteria, converting dissolved chemicals in the brine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The deep sea equivalent to photosynthesis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The vents are found on rocky surfaces where new ocean floor is being formed by sea floor spreading.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Demersal life is abundant and diverse in the deep sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And demonstrates the fascinating adaptability of life to vastly differing habitats that comprise a single ecosystem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Check out the brand new Deepsea Hub over on our website for more facts and footage about the deep sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's absolutely critical that we increase our sales. If not, the company will go bankrupt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. We've got an elementary lesson about canceling an appointment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, so we're going to learn some great language to help you cancel appointments today. Let's go straight to the dialogue then. We're going to be listening as Samantha and Angela have a phone conversation and Angela is trying to cancel an appointment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you reschedule an appointment, you...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Postpone. We have some examples of the word postpone that will help you to understand its meaning a little bit better. Let's listen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We use this phrase when we want to say, I cannot attend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, let's listen to a few examples of this phrase so we can see how it's used in the wild.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright guys, I hope you found some of these phrases helpful and useful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And remember, if you have any questions about anything you heard in today's lesson, please visit our website at EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See that lady over there who's trying on a red leather jacket? Isn't that Samantha? What?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm interested in the computing conference next month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm interested in the computing conference next month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, that's right. Could I ask you a few questions about it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know the conference is for three days, but actually I want to attend on the Friday and Saturday only. Will that work out to be any cheaper?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, I'll do that. How much will the fees be in that case?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. I'd like to register for the full three days. Now can I pay that by credit card?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fine. So it's probably easiest if I pay by check. Now then, what else do I need to arrange? Right. How about accommodation? I guess that's not included in the price.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you tell me where exactly the conference center is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course I miss grandma too. I bet she's gonna teach me how to play Mahjong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, dad, are you gonna buy me firecrackers this year? We're gonna have the best fireworks. I'm really looking forward to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because I saw a bug, that's all. Haha, really?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, and I can't wait to watch the dragon dance. Dad, can I sit on your shoulders this time? Hey, I offered last year. Well, I... Anyways, I was just thinking of the red envelopes. I wanna make a list of all the things I'm gonna buy with my red envelope money. I can't wait. I'm gonna have so much money. Mom, can I get a pen and a piece of paper?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want a new transformer. No, two transformers. The Optimus Prime and maybe the Wheeljack. I'll get a PSP game. Ha ha ha. And I'll buy the entire class lunch at McDonald's.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's right, you know. Kids these days all have cars. Let me show you something we just got in. A 1996 sedan. Excellent gas mileage. It has dual airbags and anti-lock brakes. A perfect vehicle for a young driver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whoa, whoa, wait a minute. Tell me more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well sir, if you are looking for quality and safety, then look no further. Three inches of reinforced steel protect your daughter from short-range missile attacks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sooo, I reinforced all the walls, there's no way they're gonna fall down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kids these days all have cars. Let me show you something we just got in. A 1996 sedan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Excellent gas mileage. It has dual airbags and anti-lock brakes. A perfect vehicle for a young driver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's just an old World War II tank that we use for TV commercials. Now about this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you are looking for quality and safety, then look no further.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three inches of reinforced steel protect your daughter from short-range missile attacks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a bit more than what I can afford. Let me sleep on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's right, you know. Kids these days all have cars. Let me show you something we just got in. A 1996 sedan. Excellent gas mileage. It has dual airbags and anti-lock brakes. A perfect vehicle for a young driver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whoa, whoa, wait a minute. Tell me more about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well sir, if you are looking for quality and safety, then look no further. Three inches of reinforced steel protect your daughter from short-range missile attacks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many kinds of dinosaurs. Written by Rachel Rice. Focus question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some dinosaurs had small heads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some dinosaurs had short teeth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some dinosaurs had four legs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There were many kinds of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs lived long ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Draw a picture of it and describe it in a sentence. Science.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are some other ways you could sort the dinosaurs? Share your ideas with a partner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Madeline Wright for BCC News reporting live from Washington DC, where very shortly the new president will deliver his inaugural address. Just moments ago, the president was sworn into office following the United States Constitution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the president has been honoured with a 21-gun salute. Now we're waiting for the president to take the stage and deliver his speech. Tom, it's like the who-to of the political world here on Capitol Hill, with dignitaries representing several different countries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The excitement in the air is palpable. I've never seen a larger crowd here on Capitol Hill. The audience is shouting, crying and embracing each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On this, a most historic day, you can feel the hope and the excitement in the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The 20th of January will go down in history as the- Oh, Tom, it looks like the president is about to begin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Madeleine Wright for BCC News reporting live from Washington DC, where very shortly the new president will deliver his inaugural address.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, Tom, true to American tradition, the band has just played Hail to the Chief, and the President has been honored with a 21-gun salute. Now we're waiting for the President to take the stage and deliver his speech. Tom, it's like the Who's Who of the political world here on Capitol Hill, with dignitaries representing several different countries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a word, the mood here is electric. The excitement in the air is palpable. I've never seen a larger crowd here on Capitol Hill. The audience is shouting, crying and embracing each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On this most historic day, you can feel the hope and the excitement in the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The 20th of January will go down in history as the... Oh, Tom, it looks like the President is about to begin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] G'day Mr. Pig. We met at the airport. Remember? Uhm. It was a while back. You said we could visit any time. Did I?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my name is Marco, and we're gonna be looking at an office lesson today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's look at some vocabulary from the dialogue in vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when we're talking about an employee and he's a good fit, it means he's suitable for the job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or for the company, right? So the opposite would be not a good fit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And our last word for vocabulary preview, performance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so you can have good performance or bad performance. Just how well you do your job. Perfect. So now we're ready to listen to our dialogue for the first time and as always it's gonna be at a normal speed, but you don't have to worry about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's always a complicated situation working with family members.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the first word on language takeaway today, unreliable. Unreliable. Unreliable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's listen to some examples of unreliable so then you can understand what it means.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. So you don't want to be unreliable. The opposite would be? Reliable. Reliable. You can trust them. Okay. Our second word today, productive. Productive. Productive. Productive. When you're productive, it means that you accomplish your job, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our third word, work ethic. Work ethic. Work ethic. Work ethic. So a person's work ethic is that person's attitude towards work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, you help that employee out by showing him or her how to do certain tasks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so if you noticed, a lot of useful phrases have come up. So let's take a look at Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first one is bottom line. The bottom line. The bottom line. Let's listen to how this was used in the dialogue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The most important point. Perfect. The bottom line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our second word, overall. Overall. Overall. Overall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So his overall performance is good. It means in general...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And our last phrase is very interesting because we can mix it up a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this is an interesting phrase because you can describe different objects in this way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no problem with it. Why would you throw it away if it's a perfectly good computer?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, perfectly good. Okay, so now we can listen to our dialogue a third time at a normal speed, and now we're ready to understand everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So go to our website at EnglishPod.com where you can leave all your questions and comments and also find a lot of other resources.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome back today we're going to have a look at some of the source code for the AVL tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The link to the source code I'm going to present in this video can be found on GitHub at github.com slash data dash structures. Make sure you have watched the last three videos on the AVL tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About tree rotations, insertions and removals in AVL trees before continuing so you can understand the source code I'm presenting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't normally do this, but I'm going to present a live demo of the AVL tree in action.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm here in my GitHub repository. I'm just compiling some of the Java code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the evil tree, and then I'm going to run it. And you see that it generated a random tree with some values. And notice that the tree is relatively well balanced for the number of nodes that are in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I randomly inserted some notes and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might expect the tree to be a bit more sloppy if it were just a simple binary search tree, but the AVL tree really keeps the tree quite rigid. So I think we're ready to dive into the source code now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here we are in the source code of a recursive AVL tree implementation and the Java programming language. So let's get started. If you look at the class definition for the AVL tree, you will notice that this class takes a generic


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] argument, which is of type T, which extends a comparable. And this generic type I'm defining


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Types of values we're going to be inserting inside the tree need to be comparable in a sense, meaning we need to be able to insert them and know how to insert them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you look inside the subclass node, which I've created, you can see that the value we're actually storing inside the node is of type T. So it's a comparable. And that's very important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other instance variables I'm storing inside the the node subclass for the savial tree is of course the bounce factor as an integer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The height of the node, because we want to be able to query the height of a node in constant time. So I'm storing it inside every node. And then of course, there's going to be the left and the right child pointers right here. And notice that this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This node class implements the tree printer printable node interface. And that's just an interface I have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so instance variables at the AVL tree class level, we have the root node, this should really be private, although I'm using it for testing. So I'm leaving it package private.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm also keeping track of the number of nodes inside the tree inside this node count variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something else I'm also using for testing is this height function, although it's really good to just sanity check yourself to make sure that your AVL tree height is relatively low.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then there are these methods like size and is empty, which are pretty self explanatory. This is the display method I call to actually print the tree and the terminal


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This contains method to check if a certain value already exists inside the tree. So this is the public facing method, which calls the private method. And I give it the root as the initial node to start off with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to check if a node exists inside a tree, if we hit the base case, then we know that that value does not exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A value less than zero, which means that if the value does exist, it'll be found in the left subtree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or comparator is greater than zero, meaning the value if it exists is in the right subtree. Otherwise, the means that the comparator value is equal to zero. And that means we found the node inside the tree so we can return true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're trying to insert this value variable. If it's no, we don't want anything to do with it. So we just return false. And we return a Boolean for the insert method to indicate whether an insertion was successful or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if the value does not already exist inside the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we're going to call the private insert method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then assign this value to the root.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also increment the node count because we know we're going to successfully insert something if we're inside this block. And at the same time, we're going to return true. All right, let's have a look at the private insert method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we reach the base case, meaning we traverse all the way down our tree, and the value of node is null, then we know this is the position where we need to insert that new node. So create a new node and give it the value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Otherwise we're searching for the insertion position. So again invoke the comparator function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then do value dot compared to no dot value, this dot compared to comes from the comparable interface at the class level. So that's why we're allowed to invoke dot compared to on a generic type here and another generic type there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, if compare is less than zero, then insert in the left subtree. Otherwise, insert in the right subtree. And here is the extra two lines you need to add for the AVL tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is calling the update method to update the bounce factor and the height value for this node and also rebalance the tree if necessary. Well rebalance the tree at this node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's look at the update method. So this is to update the balance factor and height of a node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here are two variables that grab the height of the left subtree and the right subtree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I update the height for this node. So that's always one plus the maximum of either the left subtree or the right subtree height.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then once we have the appropriate values for left and right, we can of course update the balance factor, which is the difference between the right and the left subtree heights.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we've done the update. Now we can call the balance method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And inside the balance method, we're looking to readjust nodes whose balance factors are either minus two or plus two. In the case of a minus two, this means that our tree is left heavy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And inside the left heavy case, we can run into the left left case or the left right case.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inside the right heavy case, we have the right right case and the right left case and to identify those sub cases, you just check the bounce factor but on either no dot left or no dot right respectively.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if, if the bounce factor of the node is not minus two or plus two, then we know that the balance factor is either zero plus one or minus one, which is fine. And we don't have to touch anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't have to rebalance the tree if either one of these is true. So we just simply return the node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we can look at the individual cases themselves. So like the left left case will just perform a right rotation. The left right case will do an initial left rotation


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then call the left left case. So we're


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reusing methods we already wrote here since this case degrades to that case after one rotation and a similar thing happens for the right right case and the right left case that we get to call the right right case after one right rotation over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then here are the notorious left rotation and right rotation methods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the AVL tree, it's very important that we call these two update methods to update the height and balance factor values after that we've rotated about this node, because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those values will undoubtedly change. And it's also important that this is the order you do them in. You can't do them in inverse order because you have to update the child node first to get the correct bounce factor and height values for the parent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we're at the remove method. So in this remove method,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want to remove this element, or I should have called it value rather, but still. So if the element is null, well, we know it doesn't exist in the tree. So just return false. Otherwise, make sure that value exists in the tree


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then remove it by calling the private remove method, then decrease the node count and simply return true


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the remove method to indicate that the removal was successful. So let's look at this private remove method where all the action is happening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we get our comparative value. And we do what we always do, we check if the comparator is less than zero. And if so, we dig into the left subtree. And we know that the value we're looking for is smaller than the current value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we recursively call the remove method, but passing down no dot left. So we're just decreasing the region we're searching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And passing the element as well. Otherwise, do the same thing, but for the right. So recurse down the right subtree. Otherwise, if this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] is not true, and that is not true, then we know that the comparative value is equal to zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meaning we found the node we wanted to remove.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we know from the slides that this is where the four cases come up. If node dot left is equal to null, then we know that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want to return a node dot right, or if node dot right is null, meaning the right sub tree is null and return node dot


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and then the final tricky case, where we're trying to remove a node who still has both sub trees. So the left sub trees there and the right sub trees there, but we still want to remove that node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can either pick the smallest value, or the successor can either be the smallest value in the right subtree, the largest value in the left subtree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm using a hero stick right here to actually determine which one I want to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just because I think it's a, a good hero stick and here's what it is. If the height of the left subtree is greater, I want to remove nodes from that subtree. But otherwise, if the right subtree


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I just made up this heuristic, but I think in general, it'll work pretty well. So what we do, let's say there are our, or the left subtree as a larger height.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then what I'm going to do is I'm going to find the successor value by going down


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The left subtree once and then digging all the way to the right to find the max value, and then swapping that value into the current node. And then this is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The recursive part, we recurse on removing the successor value instead of the element we passed in, or rather the element we passed in becomes the successor value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we've removed the element, but now we also have to remove the successor value because we don't want duplicate values inside our tree, then we basically do the same thing, but on the other side, if the condition goes the other way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's what I was mentioning in the last video where you want to call the update and rebalance method on the callback of this remove method so that the tree remains balanced even though we're removing nodes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these are the find min and find max method I was calling right up here, which just digs and laughter digs right depending on the case.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here's just an iterator to traverse the tree. I don't think I need to go over this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here's another method for testing, which validates the binary search string variant, also not particularly important. And this is what I was calling in the main function that will just randomly insert values inside the tree and then display it. So when I invoked this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pretty cool data structure and I quite enjoyed writing it up. So guys, thank you for watching. If you learned something, please like this video and subscribe and I will catch you next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we've deposited your money. Would you like to make another transaction today?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry sir, but you've exceeded your maximum overdraft limit. I cannot give you any more money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're bringing you another great elementary lesson for all those elementary learners.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's something that everyone has learned before in school, describing people. So we're gonna review that and give you some better phrases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay great, so let's listen to our dialogue for the first time and then we'll come back and talk about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so, interesting dialogue. Small world. It is a small world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe. Dangerous. Girls are more complicated with that. We, guys, we're not that complicated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our next word, fill me in. Fill me in. Fill me in. Fill me in. So when you tell someone to fill you in,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I could say, I'm sorry I was late for the meeting can you fill me in on what happened?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. Okay, great word. And our last phrase today, career path.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. All the different jobs and things you do during your career.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. So now let's listen to our dialogue again and pay special attention to the language used to describe David because when we come back, we're going to talk about this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we found some really great words and phrases used to describe someone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's break this down. The first thing she says is, he's really good looking. Good looking. Good looking. Good looking. So good looking is the equivalent of handsome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now let's look at the next thing she said.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. So you can describe a person in different ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, then she talked about his exact height.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is interesting because in the United States and Canada, you give a person's height using feet and inches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in other countries you would talk about centimeters or meters, so 6'1 is like, 6'1 is about 180.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Okay, so the next time you give your, uh, your height to someone, make sure you do it in feet more or less.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now the next part is really really useful. She said he's in his early thirties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is a way of describing someone's age without actually giving the exact number.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, you wouldn't say like mid-teens or early teens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great language used to describe people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, it could be girl or a boy. She's hot. He's hot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is really informal. Maybe even a little bit offensive. You wouldn't go up to a girl and say, wow, you're hot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's something you would comment with your friends. Okay, so we've looked at some really good language for describing people. Now we could listen to our dialogue a third time and I'm sure you will understand everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we looked at really useful language for describing people, and we want you to describe your girlfriend, boyfriend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so come to EnglishPod.com and leave your questions and comments on our website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners, welcome back to EnglishPod, my name is Marco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're bringing you another great elementary lesson for all our elementary learners.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, every day. Exactly, because today we're going to be teaching you small talk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, small talk is small conversations that you would have with people that you don't know very well, but you still wanna be polite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and you want to maybe just chat a little bit. Okay, so let's listen to our dialogue, and as always, it's gonna be a little bit fast, but don't worry about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think that was pretty obvious. He left the elevator in a hurry. Okay, let's take a look at our language today in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I can maybe say, it was so dark I could barely even see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So by did you catch the news, you mean did you hear the news?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's look at our next word. By the way. By the way. By the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's listen to some examples first of how we can use by the way and then we'll come back and talk more about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and maybe it's not even related to the topic we were talking about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So it's like, oh Erica, don't forget we have a meeting today. Oh, and by the way, I like your new haircut.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, see? That's the way you would use, by the way. Okay, and our last word on language takeaway. Take the stairs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now we're ready to listen to our dialogue again. We're gonna slow it down a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now let's take a look at ways to start up some small talk in putting it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, exactly. We saw some great patterns. Let's start with the first one. It sure is cold this morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we can change it up a little bit and say, it sure is hot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically, you can change the adjective. Yes. Cold, hot, smart, hard, difficult.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, it sure is. Now what would be the answer to this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, using the examples we used before, we can say, oh, it's pretty hot, alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now let's take a look at our next word and putting it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, another example would be Did you happen to go to that restaurant I recommended?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a good useful one. That's basically how you would use this structure. Did you happen to? Do you happen to? So now let's listen to our dialogue for the third time and I'm sure that you'll be able to understand everything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think you can find a lot of useful language there and that you can apply tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, be sure to go to our website at EnglishPod.com where you can find other lessons as well. Maybe you're an intermediate student or advanced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a lot of other resources that you can explore. So be sure to come to our website and leave all your comments because Erica and I are always there and we're really happy to answer all of your questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Morning. Hi there, Mr. Anderson. How are you on this fine morning? Fine. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's pretty cold alright. Did you catch the news this morning? I heard that there was a fire in Byron Street. No, I didn't hear about that. Did you happen to watch the football game last night? The Patriots scored in the last minute! No, I don't like football.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi there Mr. Anderson, how are you on this fine morning? Fine, thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It sure is cold this morning, isn't it? I barely even got out of bed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's pretty cold alright. Did you catch the news this morning? I heard that there was a fire in Byron Street. No, I didn't hear about that. Did you happen to watch the football game last night? The Patriots scored in the last minute. No, I don't like football.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, oh, by the way, I saw you with your daughter at the office Christmas party. She's really beautiful. She's my wife. Oh, here's my floor. Nice talking to you. Goodbye. Oh, sir, this is the 56th floor. We're on the 70th.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi there Mr. Anderson, how are you on this fine morning? Fine, thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It sure is cold this morning, isn't it? I barely even got out of bed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's pretty cold alright. Did you catch the news this morning? I heard that there was a fire in Byron Street. No, I didn't hear about that. Did you happen to watch the football game last night? The Patriots scored in the last minute! No, I don't like football.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, by the way, I saw you with your daughter at the office Christmas party. She's really beautiful. She's my wife. Oh, here's my floor. Nice talking to you. Goodbye. Oh sir, this is the 56th floor. We're on the 70th.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nighttime, George always takes Mr. Dinosaur to bed with him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] George does not want a new dinosaur. Look George, a big dinosaur!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good choice. This is the Dino Roar. It roars, it walks, and it sings a dinosaur song.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dino Roar needs lots of batteries to make him roar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ho! Ho! I am a bit of an expert at mending things. George loves Mr. Dinosaur.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today we're bringing you part four of our romantic series called I'm Sorry I Love You.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We got a lot of drama and we got a lot of useful language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Exactly. So, in our dialogue today, Veronica and her boyfriend are on a break. Right. So what does it mean to be on a break?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take a break. Okay, let's take a break. Okay, so let's listen to our dialogue, and it's gonna be a little bit fast, and the girl I think she's crying, so it'll be a little bit difficult to understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, but not so much as an on the street with all the neighbors coming out to see me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's take a look at the language that we saw in our dialogue on Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's take a look at our first word, seeing someone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But not really, it's more of a casual thing, it's not very exclusive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Yeah, see this is the difficult thing about seeing someone is that for some people it means it's really serious while for other people it means it's more casual.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, if you're cheating on someone,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means that my girlfriend kissed or had sex with another guy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She cheated me. Yeah. Or maybe she sold me something that was fake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at our next word. Messed this up. Messed this up. Messed this up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. Why don't we listen to some examples and then we can come back and talk some more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's take a look at our next word. Immature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. It's normal for children to be immature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause they're children. Right? But not an adult. Yes. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your toilet jokes are not funny. Stop being so immature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so, immature. Now let's take a look at our next word, selfish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I think it's time for us to listen to our dialogue again. We're gonna slow it down a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's take a look at some of the phrases she used in Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so if somebody's worried or somebody is crying, you can say, ah, don't worry, everything is going to work out just fine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Okay, let's look at the next one. Pull yourself together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, just like calm down, get organized with your ideas and your thoughts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and the last phrase that we saw.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's going to be alright. It's going to be alright. It's going to be alright. It's going to be alright. So it's going to be alright means everything is going to be okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, exactly, very useful language, so let's listen to some more examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great examples and I think it's clear now. So let's listen to our dialogue again and then we'll come back and talk some more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I really like this dialogue, it's so romantic. Yeaah. It's drama, but at the same time romantic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we're out of time for today. I hope you guys had fun, and we'll see you next time. Until then, it's... Goodbye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, and I think one of the most important things when you go shopping is to get a good price.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna preview the word bargain today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so that is a bargain. But to bargain as a verb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, that was good. So let's take a look at this language in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the first word we have in language takeaway today, price rage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so in the dialogue we heard, it's out of my price range.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Okay, let's look at our next word. Shop around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and let's look at our last word, pricey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so instead of saying, wow, that car is really expensive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's really pricey. Okay, let's listen to our dialogue for the second time and it's gonna be slowed down a bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we've covered the language in this dialogue. Now let's take a look at some of the phrases in putting it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we have some examples of can you give me a better deal? Let's listen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, let's take a look at the next phrase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's still more than I wanted to spend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's still more than I wanted to spend. So basically, you're telling the shopkeeper,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Because sometimes when you're bargaining, the shopkeeper will say, alright, what's your best offer? How much will you pay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we've looked at a lot of great phrases and words and now you're ready to bargain and also listen to this dialogue for the third time. And then we'll come back and talk some more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, in many countries in the world, bargaining is almost like an art.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, I've been known to bargain with the shopkeepers in, uh, I've been known to bargain a little bit with the shopkeepers in helping out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, that's a good story, maybe we'll get JP to go to our comment section and tell you about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we want to know about your countries. Is it common to bargain? Do you really do it? Is it okay? Or when is it okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, we'll be there to answer them. But until then, we gotta go, so... Goodbye! Bye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I said, let's take a break. And since that night, I've been waiting for him to call, but I still haven't heard from him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's the love of my life. I've really messed this up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I'm actually in three places. I'm standing in a room across the street, while I'm standing on this stage with you, while I'm standing on Mars, 100 million miles away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a precise holographic replica of Mars, built from data captured by the Curiosity Mars Rover that I can explore as easily as a place on Earth. Humans are natural explorers. We can instantly understand an environment just by being present in it. We've built tools like our Mars Rover to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've explored from a seat behind screens and keyboards. Now we're leaping over all of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A group of scientists on our mission are seeing Mars as never before. An alien world made a little more familiar


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because they're finally exploring it as humans should. But, our dreams don't have to end with making it just like being there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we dial this real world to the virtual, we can do magical things. We can see in invisible wavelengths or teleport to the top of a mountain. Perhaps someday we'll feel the minerals in a rock just by touching it. We're taking the first steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want the whole world to join us in taking the next because this is not a journey for a few.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think those are interesting ideas if you could. I mean, for me, that'd be the perfect superpower. Actually, kind of an evil way of approaching it. But for myself, in the past, I've spent the last 20 years studying human behavior from a rather unorthodox way. Picking pockets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we think of misdirection, we think of something as looking off to the side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When actually, it's often the things that are right in front of us that are the hardest things to see. The things that you look at every day that you're blinded to. For example, how many of you still have your cell phones on you right now?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. Double check, make sure you still have them on you. I was doing some shopping beforehand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, you've looked at him probably a few times today, but I'm gonna ask you a question about him. Without looking at your cell phone directly yet, can you remember the icon in the bottom right corner? Bring him out, check, and see how accurate you were.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that you're done looking at those, close them down. Because every phone has something in common. No matter how you organize the icons, you still have a clock on the front. So, without looking at your phone, what time was it? You just looked at your clock, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's an interesting idea. Now I'll ask you to take that a step further with a game of trust. Close your eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I realize I'm asking you to do that while you just heard there's a pickpocket in the room. But close your eyes. Now, you've been watching me for about 30 seconds. With your eyes closed, what am I wearing? Make your best guess. What color is my shirt? What color is my tie? Now open your eyes. I show my hands, were you right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's interesting, isn't it? Some of us are a little bit more perceptive than others. It seems that way, but I have a different theory about that, that model of attention. They have fancy models of attention, Posner's trendy model of attention. For me, I like to think of it very simple, like a surveillance system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's kind of, uh, like you have all these fancy centuries, and inside your brain is a little security guard. For me, I like to call him Frank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Frank is sitting at a desk. He's got all sorts of cool information in front of him, high tech equipment. He's got cameras. He's got a little phone that he can pick up, listen to the ears, all these senses, all these perceptions. But attention is what steers your perceptions is what controls your reality. It's the gateway to the mind. If you don't attend to something, you can't be aware of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But ironically, you can attend to something without being aware of it. That's why there's the cocktail effect. When you're in a party, you're having conversations with someone, and yet you can recognize your name and you didn't even realize you were listening to that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now for my job, I have to play with techniques to exploit this, to play with your attention as a limited resource. So if I could.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Control how you spend your attention, if I could maybe steal your attention through a distraction. Now, instead of doing it like misdirection and throwing it off to the side, instead what I choose to focus on is frank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be able to play with the Frank inside your head, your little security guard, and get you instead of focusing on your external senses, just to go internal for a second. So if I ask you to access a memory, like, what is that? What just happened? Do you have a wallet? Do you have an American Express in your wallet? And when I do that, your Frank turns around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He accesses the file, he has to rewind the tape. And what's interesting is he can't rewind the tape at the same time that he's trying to process new data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I mean, this sounds like a good theory, but I could talk for a long time and tell you lots of things, and they may be true, a portion of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I think it's better if I try to show that to you here live. So, uh, if I come down, I'm gonna do a little bit of shopping. Just hold still where you are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good, just taking inventory. You're like a buffet. It's hard to tell where to start. There's so many great things. Hi, how are you? Good to see you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi sir, could you stand up for me please? Just right where you are. Yo, you're married, you follow the directions well, that's nice to meet you sir. You don't have a whole lot inside your pockets, anything down by the pocket over here? Hopefully so, have a seat, there you go, you're doing well. Hi sir, how are you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good to see you sir, you have a ring, a watch, do you have a wallet on you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we'll find one for you. Come on up this way, Joe. Give Joe a round of applause. Come on up, Joe. Let's play a game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't think that you need this clicker anymore. You can have that. Thank you very much. Appreciate that. Come on up to the stage, Joe. Let's play a little game. Now, do you have anything in your front pockets? Money. Alright, let's try that. Can you stand right over this way for me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Turn around and let's see, if I give you something that belongs to me, this is just something, uh, half a poker chip. Hold out your hand for me. Watch it kind of close. Now this is a task for you to focus on. Now you have your money in your front pocket here. Good. I'm not going to actually put my hand in your pocket. I'm not ready for that kind of commitment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's do this simply. Squeeze your hand. Squeeze it tight. Do you feel the poker chip in your hand? Would you be surprised if I could take it out of your hand? Say yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good. Open your hand. Thank you very much. I'll cheat if you give me a chance. Make it harder for me. Just use your hand. Grab my wrist, but squeeze, squeeze firm. Did you see it go?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, it's not here. Open your hand. See, while we're focused on the hand, it's sitting on your shoulder right now. Go ahead and take it off. Now let's try that again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hold your hand out flat, open it up all the way. Put your hand up a little bit higher, but watch it closer, Joe. See if I did it slowly, it'd be back on your shoulder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Joe, we're going to keep doing this until you catch it. You're going to get eventually, I have faith in you, squeeze firm, squeeze, you're human, you're not slow, it's back on your shoulder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You were focused on your hand, that's why you were distracted. While you were watching this, I couldn't quite get your watch off, it was difficult. Yet you had something inside your front pocket. Do you remember what it was? Check your pocket, see if it's still there. Is it still there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's where it was. Go ahead and put it away. We're just shopping. This trick's more about the timing, really. I'm gonna try to push it inside your hand. Put your other hand on top for me, would you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's only a start. Let's try it again, a little bit differently. Hold your hands together, put your other hand on top. Now, if you're watching this little token, this obvious has become a little target. It's like a red herring. We watch this kind of close. It looks like it goes away. It's not back on your shoulder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It falls out of the air, lands right back in the hand. Did you see it go?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't run away. You had something down by your pants pocket. I was checking mine. I couldn't find everything, but I noticed you had something here. Feel the outside of your pocket for a moment. Down here I noticed this. Is this something of yours or is this? I had no idea. That's a shrimp. Saving it for later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've entertained all these people in a wonderful way. Better than you know. So we'd love to give you this lovely watch as a gift.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So same question I asked you before, but this time you don't have to close your eyes. What am I wearing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Attention is a powerful thing. Like I said, it shapes your reality. So I guess I'd like to pose that question to you. If you could control somebody's attention, what would you do with it? Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we have three words for you now. Uhm, the first one, really simple. Huck. Huck. Huck. Huck. P-U-C-K.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. You could also maybe say a key player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. Uhm, and the winner of the finals wins the championship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have five phrases in Language Takeaway today. Uhm, and the first one is face off. Face off. Face off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the goalie prevents the puck from coming in the net.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the goalie stops the other team from getting a goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. When he stops a goal, he makes a save.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well imagine a group of hockey players all fighting to get the puck, right? And then one player breaks off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think this will help you to understand these words a little bit better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well let's look at it in Grammar Breakdown. Grammar Breakdown.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, even though the action is now, it's in present simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I think we can see a few more examples of this. Uhm, let's listen again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here, we can hear that he is using the present simple again, because these are very short actions that finish quickly, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's actually very, very common when you're describing something you see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's happening now. That's really exciting. It's common to use present simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but Marco, you have an example of, uhm, of some present progressive here, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's happening for more than one second. Yeah, exactly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or when we want to show that it's really exciting.