[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, we rented a 70 to 200, which, uh, made for two. So it was really nice to have those, especially for the ceremony. So we could crisscross the vows. Uhm, this is like the bat, this is like the ceremony lens of the hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've seen a wedding where we've had like six of those. So I had two tripods, Mike had a tripod, we had two monopods, and that's pretty good for three cameras, you know, we just, we did our thing. The one, like the ceremony we used three cameras, and then the toasts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As far as lighting for the reception, we had this ditto, which was like the hair light, which is awesome. I love this thing. It's so, it's so small with like, it's, it's a fader for the power, and then this, like, it's very robust, but it has a ton of power, and it's dimmable. And then over there we have, uh, the torch LED, which we're actually using right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, that is super awesome. And uh, with the mix of those two, I think you can do some really good reception stuff.


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[Assistant] If I were to get another light, I'd probably get another pair. You know, I think they work well in pairs as a shaper, a hair light, and then a fill, soft, uh, like fill main.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, as far as audio, we had three of these Zooms with Countryman B3s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and you really only need three. We mic'd up the groom for the ceremony, but I felt really confident with the ceremony audio that we're getting from the DJ, the feed, so I didn't even mic up the affish- efficient, officiant, officiant, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeaah, maybe I should have had more of a backup for that, but we're fine. We had one of these up on a light stand, uh, getting the backup reception though. You know, it's, you just, you should have backups for no matter what you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we got all of our rentals from Lens Pro to Go, which was a 24 to 70, the camera, the rig, the road link, and then a couple little things. But, once again, super easy. They ship it to you, you get what you need, you send it back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and the price is like exactly what it is on the website, so when I was budgeting out with the Indiegogo money for rentals, I knew exactly how much to spend because I go right on the website and just tally up that number.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We had a hodgepodge of lenses, you'll be able to see that in the list, and we kinda switched through, but honestly, like the 50 and the 100 is my go-to. Those were on my side in this bag for most of the day, and then the 70 to 200, uhm, and then, like, for main multi-game sequences, and then the 100, you know, for macro stuff every so often.


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[Assistant] Uhm, as far as the same day edit, I was editing on this MacBook Pro, which is kind of souped up. I'll give you the specs for it, but I just love having a portable laptop like this. And then the hard drive is solid state, but there just isn't enough space. It's just smart to edit off this.


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[Assistant] My Passport Pro, uh, Raid. Thunderbolt connected, so fast, and just fast, and it's fast. Uhm, so that was perfect. So, I always transcode everything, so there were no hiccups with files, and it was just really quick and easy, so. Uhm.


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[Assistant] Mike had his kit, he's very organized in his little pelican here, but I knew he had a 6D, so I'm like, let's rent another 6D from LensPro and we'll have three.


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[Assistant] Good to go. All the cameras match, so super really, really easy. And we hacked them with Magic Lantern so that we could have crop marks. And just Magic Lantern is like, awesome sauce, so always make sure to do that. But as far as cards, we had uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like just me in charge, just this one wallet, like I just try to keep everything organized as far as this. So if a card was free, you know, label face out. And, uh, as soon as people would bring me footage for the same day edit, so we did a couple dumps, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That ceremony, we dumped everything before the ceremony. So that was three cards. I'd bring it into Final Cut, import, and then that was it. You know, I would create the optimized from the copied footage. So it really didn't take that long to import that footage.


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[Assistant] I would put it in here, label face up, so that it could format, cause I knew. Or I would hand it back to them and be like,


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[Assistant] Please format. Sometimes with the please, but I was like, let's format this. This is, this is a drone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have this little think tank bag. So I just like this backpack because it just holds everything. Uh, I had, I've got a bunch more full batteries just in case we needed them, but we went through like one and a half batteries on the day. Just because I did a test outside in the morning, then I did the actual flying at the venue. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] GGI Phantom Pro 3. Super quick and easy. I like it because it's portable. Obviously, like, an Inspire would be nicer, but, just, heh. Mo' money, mo' problems. Uh, hooked up my, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My big ass iPhone up to this is practically like an iPod. And it was super easy. I think we got...


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[Assistant] Three sorties in? I say sorties like I'm cool like that, like an aviator, like, we did some sorties. Uhm, but we flew the drone like three shots, or three times and got like probably five or six shots.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we used two of them in the film, so don't overuse your drone footage, people. Shot flat, edited, it was good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's good. All right. This is a Zakuto, uh, recoil. We rented this from Lens Pro to go. We rented the camera. We rented the lens. We rented this. None of this is mine because I can't afford it. That's why we do rentals. Uhm, so this was a follow focus attached to


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[Assistant] Starts with a T. It looks like a tornado. Josiah struggles with this name. I don't know what it is. I'm not even gonna try. But this, this helped us to pull focus the whole time. Not us, but Josiah. And uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it was a photo zoom lens, you know, you had to do that. There was no servo on it, but that could have been added, but we just didn't because we didn't do that. So this EVF, uhm, you know, showed Josiah what he could see as he was shooting and, uh, could be flipped up or down because we turned upside down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But outside that was super important so he could see in bright sunlight.


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[Assistant] He had headphones so he could listen to the shotgun mic and just getting ambient and then also what I was saying with this road link. We had a bunch of points of contact so he could hold.


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[Assistant] That's a shoulder mount. We tried to make it as balanced as possible. And then he had most of his controls on this handle right here. And this handle was longer, but we found that it was messing up a little bit, so we just shortened it. Super easy, quick fix. Uhm, other than that, you know, uh,


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[Assistant] It was pretty easy. We had two Canon batteries switched out and everything was set.


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[Assistant] So we shot on one card, we had two 64s in slots and we just ended up almost filling up one of the SD cards.


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[Assistant] So for prep, you know, it's all about getting a lay of the land, figuring out where people are and kind of what we're going to do as far as space and time in a time-space sandwich.


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[Assistant] And this was a one venue kind of wedding, which is awesome. Love that. But it was like three different venues because of the distances between the spots.


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[Assistant] So I was 100% confident with Josiah's skills behind the camera. I knew that the handheld rig was the right thing to go with, and I just hoped that the rig, uh, helped him.


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[Assistant] So he was just following me. I guess the one thing that I was unsure of was how everyone would react to him being there. And I was just super worried and I'd say that was the biggest stress leading up to the wedding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the bride gonna be upset that this is happening? Is the rig too big? Is Josiah too much of a goofy giant just to be towering over me and shooting all this stuff?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was really fun having him on the wedding day. I think I might hire him to shoot the same day at it again. Like I'll hire him to shoot shooting the bride, but then I also might just hire him to just chill and like hang out. He'll be like my wedding day posse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Josiah's my hype man, like, like, let's go shoot the dress, he's like, ahhh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so the ceremony, I think, went the best out of everything. You know, it was wonderful light, we had plenty of space, we had 360s, 270 to 200s, and then we just had a good plan plenty of time. The audio feed was great, the DJs were awesome. I love it when you get good vend- good vendors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yea, I've done a few, I've probably done four or five same day edits of this caliber. And I knew that I should transcode and import footage, which I did during the ceremony. We had a little bit of time, so that was really nice. I got the computer working at that point. So, once the cocktail hour starts,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's edit time, so I'm in the hot seat, I've got the headphones on, I try to find a quiet area, which wasn't easy for this venue, it was a barn with very, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cracks on the wall so you could hear the music anywhere you went. So uhm, I started editing, I did my in and out points, you know, I was moving along, but then,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just to like backseat shoot these guys a little bit during the reception. So I fell a little bit behind. So then I felt the pressure, especially once I went outside into the freezing cold like a smart person, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's when I kinda felt the pressure a little bit to speed up and finish up this edit.


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[Assistant] That's when all the problems with our initial plan with the showing of the same day edit kind of fell apart a little bit because I was just, I kind of let it. So like we could have gone with my plan, but then there were better options afforded to us, but they had to be figured out by Mike.


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[Assistant] So that was kind of rough on his end. Uh, for me to just say, figure it out, we're changing the plan, make it happen.


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[Assistant] Uh, but he did some magic. He whipped out like a wand, uh, I think it was like, phoenix feather, and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oak? Yeah. Oh, a little bit of pine. But yeah, he made some magic happen. Uhm, I don't know. He talked to everyone. He whipped out a Sennheiser. I've never even thought of wirelessly sending the signal. So that was great.


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[Assistant] I focused once I was outside, finished the edit, uh, I had Josiah like bringing me snacks and cookies, and this guest just dropped by and she was like, here, I swear it's okay, you can drink it, and like a half drank beer? Which I chugged that shit!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For most same day edits, it weighs heavily on the prep. Like, it really is...


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[Assistant] With a climax of ceremony and then just a sprinkling of reception if you're lucky. So, my prep was just a difficult lighting situation. Josiah saw it, Siong saw it a little bit. Like, I just wasn't happy with what I was shooting for the bride prep. Uh, it was chaotic. A lot of things going on and the light wasn't perfect.


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[Assistant] So this team was super important as far as getting the wedding done and also shooting this show, but the team extends to everyone on the interwebs and anyone who donated and showed support in any way for shooting the bride and wedding film school. So thanks. You guys are the best. And I love you. I think...


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[Assistant] I think we should get a dog and possibly think about moving into an apartment. So, so thank you. I hope that you learned something. I hope that, uh, I was not too ridiculous in, uh, being


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This post for the show, maybe in the future it'll be me, someone else, but I definitely want to shoot more shows like this, so uh, your continued support is really appreciated. So thanks for watching, this is Craig Adams, see ya.


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[Assistant] I'm staying cool. I gotta remain cool.


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[Assistant] So I'm getting guest reactions right now, because this is a good time for them to be looking back.


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[Assistant] I'll try to get some, uh, just people turning their heads, kind of thing. It's like a good transition from any shot to...


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[Assistant] In this next module, I'm going to give you some more tips about repetition, keywords, and acronyms. I've alluded to some of these points already, but I think they're worth highlighting in their own module.


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[Assistant] I've mentioned several times that when you find yourself reaching for the thesaurus to avoid repeating a word, this may be a case where you simply don't need the second instance of that word at all. You're being unnecessarily repetitive.


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[Assistant] We saw a sentence in unit one that had both illustrate and demonstrate as well as challenges and difficulties in the same sentence.


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[Assistant] And we only needed one of the words from each of these pairs.


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[Assistant] This week, I gave you an example where the authors had teaches clinicians and guides clinicians, but we only needed one of these.


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[Assistant] So a lot of times you can just delete the second use of the word altogether.


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[Assistant] But of course, there are some times when you do need to repeat.


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[Assistant] In those cases, you're again going to be tempted to reach for your thesaurus to find a synonym.


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[Assistant] But ask yourself the question, is the synonym really better than just repeating the word? In many cases, it's preferable to just repeat the word.


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[Assistant] Despite what you may have been taught along the way, repeating a word is not a cardinal sin.


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[Assistant] In fact, when people try too hard to avoid repeating a word, that can lead to some amusing sentences, as I'm going to show you in a minute.


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[Assistant] You need to repeat keywords. Any words that are keywords in your paper, like the names of groups, the names of variables, the names of instruments, the names of a disease, you absolutely must repeat these terms throughout the manuscript. You need to be consistent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do not substitute synonyms for these keywords as this will lead to great confusion.


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[Assistant] I've had students come in and they're working on a particular disease and they call the disease one thing in one place in the manuscript and then they call it something different in other places in the manuscript. And I'm left thinking that they are talking about two different diseases.


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[Assistant] Or imagine if you're comparing groups and in one case you call those groups the obese group and the lean group.


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[Assistant] But then elsewhere, because you're afraid to repeat yourself, you call them the heavier group and the lighter group.


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[Assistant] That's problematic because now, as the reader, I'm asking myself, are these new groups? Have you redefined the groups? Have you rejiggered the categories? It's absolutely essential in scientific writing that you be consistent in how you name those keywords.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to repeat to you that it's okay to repeat a word.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it's necessary to repeat a word and sometimes it's actually better to repeat that word than to reach for an awkward synonym.


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[Assistant] I'm going to share with you now some fun examples of needless synonyms.


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[Assistant] These are all examples from professional writers, from newspapers and magazine articles.


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[Assistant] Many professional writers also have this belief drilled into them that they shouldn't repeat a word. So in some cases they get very creative.


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[Assistant] These are real examples that were compiled in an article in Time Magazine and I've listed the reference at the bottom there in case you want to read the whole article.


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[Assistant] Probably the most famous example of this is there was an article that somebody was writing about a fruit company.


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[Assistant] And they used the word banana several times because it was an article about fruit.


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[Assistant] So at one point, they started referring to the banana as the elongated yellow fruit.


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[Assistant] And you can see that that's just kind of ridiculous. It's probably better just to say banana. I've got several other cute examples.


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[Assistant] There was a piece in a newspaper where the author was talking about a beaver, and the author replaced beaver with a furry, petal-tailed mammal.


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[Assistant] And finally there was an example where somebody replaced the word skis with the beatified barrel staves.


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[Assistant] You can see how amusing it is when you're trying too hard to come up with synonyms.


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[Assistant] It would have been better in all those cases to stick with the simple word.


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[Assistant] And Henry Fowler actually coined the term elegant variation for these kinds of needless synonyms. And here's a link to his article for those of you who are curious.


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[Assistant] And I just want to emphasize again that in scientific writing, it's not just amusing if you replace a keyword with a synonym. It's actually disastrous because the reader thinks you're talking about something different.


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[Assistant] And this leads me to a final thought on acronyms. I think one of the reasons that acronyms have become so widespread in the scientific literature


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think scientists start to feel this angst about the fact that they're repeating this keyword so much. So they decide to make up an acronym instead.


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[Assistant] I do want to point out that sometimes people will make a distinction between acronyms and initialisms.


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[Assistant] I'm just gonna call these all acronyms for simplicity, but I wanted to point out this fine distinction.


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[Assistant] My advice is to only use standard, well-known acronyms that most scientists across many disciplines are gonna know, like RNA.


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[Assistant] Don't make up acronyms and don't use acronyms that only people in your immediate field are going to know.


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[Assistant] Otherwise the reader has to stop reading each time they encounter the acronym and look it up like translating a foreign word. This puts a terrible burden on the reader.


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[Assistant] If there are a few acronyms that you can't let go of, at least make sure that you define them within each section of the paper.


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[Assistant] Because remember, readers are not necessarily reading your paper from start to finish. So defining the acronym once at the beginning is not enough.


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[Assistant] Another suggestion I make to students is if you want to create an acronym to save yourself some typing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To save yourself having to type that keyword over and over again when you're drafting your manuscript, that's fine.


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[Assistant] But when you're done, go back and do a replace all and replace that made up acronym with the original words. Your reader will appreciate it.


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[Assistant] You can just see how annoying it is when your sentences are all alphabet soup like this. So avoid the use of acronyms other than the most standard ones.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 7, The Land of Darkness.


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[Assistant] commanded Wukong. The pillar shrank. Soon it was just a little taller than Wukong.


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[Assistant] I can't believe he can lift it, said the dragon queen. Wukong made the bar even smaller. Soon it was no bigger than a pin. He placed it inside his ear. I've got what I want, said Wukong. Goodbye. He turned around and left.


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[Assistant] He was very rude, said the dragon queen. The dragon king clenched his fists.


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[Assistant] But as he fell asleep, two spirits grabbed him.


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[Assistant] He kicked and struggled as the spirits dragged him out of his cave. They walked toward a dark and creepy city.


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[Assistant] A sign on the entrance gate said, land of darkness.


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[Assistant] A tall spirit stepped out of the palace.


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[Assistant] The spirit asked. Who are you? Asked Wukong.


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[Assistant] Nonsense! yelled Wukong. I'm going to live forever! The judge looked nervous.


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[Assistant] Inside the palace, the judge opened a large book.


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[Assistant] He asked. Wukong told him. The judge flipped through the pages.


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[Assistant] Wukong raised his iron bar and glared at the judge.


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[Assistant] Said Wukong. Shaking. The judge handed the book to Wukong.


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[Assistant] Wukong plucked two of his hairs and blew on them. They turned into a brush and a jar of ink. He drew a line through his name.


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[Assistant] Next, Wukong found the names of all the other monkeys and apes.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 8, A Job in Heaven.


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[Assistant] The Jade Emperor was sitting on his throne in the Cloud Palace. A messenger ran into the court.


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[Assistant] Said the emperor. The dragon king entered and bowed.


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[Assistant] Wukong was telling his subjects about his adventure in the land of darkness.


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[Assistant] Wukong noticed a spirit standing nearby. He pulled out his iron bar.


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[Assistant] When Wukong entered the royal court in the Cloud Palace, he didn't bow.


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[Assistant] Said Venus. The Jade Emperor looked at Venus and smiled.


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[Assistant] The next morning, a gardener showed Wukong the peach garden.


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[Assistant] Bright glowing peaches hung from every branch.


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[Assistant] Each morning, Wukong inspected the trees in the garden. He took his job very seriously.


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[Assistant] Wukong thought one day. He looked around. None of the gardeners were in sight.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West Chapter 12 The Bet


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[Assistant] Said Buddha, he held out his hand.


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[Assistant] After a long time, he saw five enormous pillars. He landed in front of them.


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[Assistant] Wukong was just about to jump back when he thought of something.


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[Assistant] After a long time, he landed on Buddha's palm again.


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[Assistant] Near the bottom of Buddha's middle finger was the note, Sun Wukong was here. Wukong stomped his foot.


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[Assistant] Holding Wukong tightly. Buddha reach down to earth.


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[Assistant] His hand turned into a mountain, which he placed on top of the monkey.


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[Assistant] Buddha pulled a small sheet of magic paper from his sleeve. He laid the paper on top of the mountain. The mountain dropped back down. Buddha turned to the Jade Emperor.


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[Assistant] I guess you finally realized I should be living up here with all of you.


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[Assistant] Ah, I was doing something important. Okay, something very important, uhm.


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[Assistant] Ah, my pond. Have you ever seen anything so beautiful? WHAT?!


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[Assistant] That was on purpose. Sweet dreams, pig.


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[Assistant] Okay, I can't squint any harder. What are you looking at? I'm not sure. What do you mean you're not sure? I can't tell what Chirp is pointing at.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, okay, but just this once.


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[Assistant] I don't want just anyone thinking they can drink out of my hat.


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[Assistant] And don't forget to thank ducks who give you water in their hats! Thanks, Quack!


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[Assistant] It started out innocently enough with a single piece of paper.


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[Assistant] Cher took a shine to the paper, though she couldn't decide why.


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[Assistant] Quack marched off to Chirps Bush, determined to have a word about her collecting hobby.


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[Assistant] Okay, uhm, so this is about the world's fastest way to solve differential equations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, you'll like that method. First we have to see what equations will we be able to solve. Well, linear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Constant coefficients. I made all the coefficients 1, but no problem to change those to a, b, c. So the nice left hand side. And on the right hand side, we also need something nice. We want a nice function. And I'll tell you which are the nice functions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I can say right away that e to the exponentials are nice functions. Of course, they're always at the center of this course. So for example, equal e to the st. That would be a nice function. OK.


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[Assistant] And the key is, we're looking for a particular solution. We know, because we know how to find null solutions. We're looking for a particular solution.


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[Assistant] For this equation, one function, some function that solves this equation with right hand side e to the s t. And, uh, the point is we know what to look for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some constant times e to the st, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When f of t, maybe I'll put the equal sign down there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If f of t is e to the st, then I just look for a multiple of it. That's the set, that's one coefficient.


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[Assistant] To be determined by substitute this into the equation. Do you remember the results? So this is our best example. When I put this in the equation, I'll get


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[Assistant] Here we see it as a case with undetermined coefficient y, but by plugging it in, I've discovered that y is 1 over that.


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[Assistant] So what, that's a nice function then. e to the st is a nice function. What are the other nice functions?


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[Assistant] So I'm now, let me move to the other board, next board, and ask, what other right hand sides could we solve? So I'll, I'll.


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[Assistant] Keep this left hand side equal to, so e to the s t was one.


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[Assistant] But, so what would be a particular solution to that equation?


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[Assistant] Try, so I, I really have to say, what is the try?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] y particular equals, now, if I see a t there,


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[Assistant] So put, try yp is a plus bt in this equation. Okay, the second derivative of a plus bt is zero. The first derivative of that is b.


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[Assistant] So I get a b from that, and the y itself is a plus bt, and that's supposed to give t.


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[Assistant] You see, I plugged it in, I got to this equation, now I can determine A and B.


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[Assistant] Because this, by matching t. So the b has to be 1. We get b equal to 1.


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[Assistant] So that t equals t. But if b is 1, I need a to be minus 1 to cancel that. So a is minus 1. And my answer is minus 1 plus 1t. t minus 1. And if I put that into the equation, it'll be correct.


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[Assistant] So I have found a particular solution and that's my goal because I know how to find null solutions and then together that's the complete solution.


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[Assistant] Okay, uh, with exponentials, we just have to include the exponential. What next?


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[Assistant] How about sine t or cosine t? Say sine t.


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[Assistant] Alright, so that, that case works. Now we want to try y double prime plus y prime plus y equals, say, sine t. Okay. What form do we assume for that?


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[Assistant] We have to assume, we assume a sign T in it.


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[Assistant] And we also need to assume a cosine t. The rule is that what the things we try, so I'll try.


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[Assistant] If I plug that in, I match the two sides, I determine C1 and C2, I'm golden. Let me just comment on that rather than


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[Assistant] Make the equation correct by choosing a good c1 and c2. I just noticed that you remember from


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[Assistant] Euler's great formula that the cosine is a combination of e to the i t and e to the minus i t.


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[Assistant] In a cosine, so I'm not surprised that there are two constants to find.


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[Assistant] Polynomials, these are really exponentials, complex exponentials, and no, there's one


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[Assistant] More possibility that we can deal with in this simple way. And that possibility is a product of


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[Assistant] So, so we have here a product, a polynomial times a sine or cosine or exponential. I could have done t e to the s t there.


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[Assistant] So now I have a product of polynomial times


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[Assistant] So what do I see there? Because of the t here, I needed to assume polynomials up to that same


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[Assistant] Degree 1, so a plus bt. I had to do that just the way I did up there when there was a t. But now it multiplies sine t, so I have to allow sine t and also cosine t.


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[Assistant] Polynomials and polynomial times exponential. That's really what a nice function is. A polynomial times an exponential. Or we could have a sum of those guys. We could have two or three polynomial times exponential. Like there and another one.


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[Assistant] And that's still a nice function. And what's the real key to nice functions? The key point was, is, why is this such a good bunch of functions? Because if I take its derivative, I get a function of the same form.


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[Assistant] If I take the derivative of that right hand side, and I use the product rule, you see I'll get this times the derivative of that, so I'll have something looking with a sign in there, and I get, uh,


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[Assistant] This times the derivative of that, which is just a b.


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[Assistant] So again, it fits the same form, polynomial times cosine, polynomial times sine. So here I have a case where I have actually four coefficients.


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[Assistant] You just match terms and you're golden. So it really is a straightforward method. Straightforward. And...


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[Assistant] So the key about nice functions is


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[Assistant] And they're nice for Laplace transforms. They're nice at every step. It's the same good functions that we keep, uh, discovering as our best examples. The key about nice functions is that the


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[Assistant] That's a form of a nice function because its derivative has the same form. The derivative of that function fits


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[Assistant] That pattern again. And then the second derivative fits. All the derivatives fit. So when we put them in the equation, everything fits. And always in the last minute of a lecture, there is a special case. There is a special case. And let's remember what that is.


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[Assistant] Special case when we have to change the form. And why would we have to do that? Let me do y double prime minus y, say, is e to the t. What is special about that?


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[Assistant] What's special is that this right hand side


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[Assistant] Do you see how that's going to fail? If I put that into the equation,


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[Assistant] The second derivative will cancel the y and I'll have zero on the left side. Failure.


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[Assistant] Because that's the case called resonance. This is a case of resonance. When the form of the right hand side


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[Assistant] Is a null solution at the same time. We can't have, it can't be a particular solution.


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[Assistant] It won't work because it's also a null solution. And do you remember how to escape resonance? How to deal with resonance? What happens with resonance? The solution is a little more complicated, but it fits everything here. We have to assume to allow a T. We have to allow a T. So instead of this


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[Assistant] And in this thing we have to allow. So, I'm going to assume


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[Assistant] I have to have, I need a T in there. Oh no, actually I don't know. I just need a T. That would do it. That would do it. When there's resonance,


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[Assistant] Take your, take the form you would normally assume, but


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[Assistant] And multiply by that extra factor t, then when I substitute that into the


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[Assistant] Differential equation, I'll find y quite safely. I'll find y entirely safely. Shall I do that? So that's the resonant case. The sort of special situation when, when e to the t solved this.


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[Assistant] So we need something new, and the way we get the right new thing is to have a t in there. So when I plug that in, I take the second derivative of that, subtract off that itself, match e to the t, and that will tell me the number y.


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[Assistant] Perhaps it's one half or one. I won't do it. Uh, maybe I'll leave that as an exercise.


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[Assistant] Put that into the equation and determine the number capital Y. Okay. Let me pull it together.


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[Assistant] So we have certain nice functions, which we're going to see again, because they're nice every method.


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[Assistant] Is, works well for these functions. And these functions are exponentials,


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[Assistant] Polynomials, or polynomials times exponentials, and within exponentials I include sine and cosine. And for those functions we know the form, we plug it into the equation,


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[Assistant] We make it match, choose the, we choose these undetermined coefficients, we determine them, so that they solve the equation, and then we've got a particular solution. So that's, this is the


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[Assistant] Best equations, uh, to solve, to find particular solutions just by knowing the right form and finding the constants that


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[Assistant] That come out of the particular, of the particular equation. Okay. All good. Thanks.


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[Assistant] The Jade Emperor's entire army couldn't defeat me. What do you think you're going to do?


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[Assistant] Stability for second order constant coefficient equation. But we'll move on to


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[Assistant] matrices here. So this is a rather special video.


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[Assistant] So this is our familiar equation and I took A to be 1. I just divided out A. No problem. So, that's one second order equation.


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[Assistant] But we know how to convert it to two first order equations. And here they are.


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[Assistant] dy dt equals dy dt. The second equation is the real one.


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[Assistant] The derivative of y prime is y double prime. So this is second derivative here.


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[Assistant] It's just written with a vector unknown. It's a system, system of two equations. And it's got a two by two matrix. And it's called, this particular matrix with a zero and a one, is called the companion matrix.


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[Assistant] Companion, so this is the companion equation to that one. Okay.


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[Assistant] So we, whatever we know about this equation,


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[Assistant] But, the language changes. And that's really the point of this video. Just to tell you the change in language.


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[Assistant] So here it is, that the old exponents S1 and S2 for that problem,


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[Assistant] And everybody watching this video is remembering that, uh, s's solve s squared plus b s plus c equals zero.


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[Assistant] That's always what our S's are, so that has two roots, S1 and S2.


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[Assistant] That control everything, control stability. Uh, now, if I do it in this language,


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[Assistant] I no longer call them S1 and S2, but they're the same two numbers. What I call them is eigenvalues.


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[Assistant] A cool word, half German, half English maybe, kind of a crazy word, but it's well established. Those same numbers would be called the eigenvalues of the matrix.


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[Assistant] You see, the matrix in this problem is the same. We've got the same information as the equation here. So those are the eigenvalues. And may I just tell you what you may know already, that everybody writes lambda.


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[Assistant] Meet matrices and eigenvalues properly and soon we'll see about eigenvalues of other matrices.


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[Assistant] And we'll see that for these particular companion matrices, the eigenvalues solve the same equation that the exponents solve, this quadratic s squared and bs and c equals 0. Okay. And stability, remember that stability has been real part of those


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[Assistant] Roots of those exponents net less than zero, because then the exponential has that real, negative real part and goes to zero.


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[Assistant] Now we're just using, so that was our old language.


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[Assistant] And our new language would be real part of lambda. Great, less than zero.


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[Assistant] Stability will, stable matrix is real part of the eigenvalues, lambda less than zero.


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[Assistant] So we're just really exchanging the letters S.


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[Assistant] And the single high order equation for the letter lambda and two first order equations.


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[Assistant] We know the condition for stability.


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[Assistant] The condition is that the damping should be positive, B should be positive.


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[Assistant] And the frequency squared better come out positive. So c should be positive. So b positive and c positive were the case when this was our matrix. Now I just have a few minutes more, so why don't I


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[Assistant] Okay, so I want to make the connection. And, and you remember that the companion matrix had the special form 0, A was 0, B was 1, C was the minus the big C, and D was the minus the B. That was the companion.


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[Assistant] Say, at this early, almost too early moment about eigenvalues, because I'll


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[Assistant] You have to do those properly. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are the key to a system of equations. And you understand what I mean by system? It means that the unknown, that I have more than one equation.


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[Assistant] My unknown z has two or three or n different components. It's a vector. So z is a vector. A matrix multiplies a vector. That's what matrices do. They multiply vectors. So that's the, that's the general picture. And this was a special


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[Assistant] Specially important case. So we can decide on the stability


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[Assistant] So I'll just summarize the stability for that system.


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[Assistant] The stability will be, well I have to tell you something about the solutions to that system. Remember z is a vector. So here are solutions. z is


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[Assistant] Uh, uh, uh, it turns out this is the key.


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[Assistant] That there is an ee, you expect exponentials. And you expect now eigenvalues instead of s there. And now we need a vector. And it'll allow me to just call that vector x1. And this will be the eigenvector.


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[Assistant] And this is the eigenvalue.


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[Assistant] And if I look for a solution of that form,


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[Assistant] Put it into my equation, out pops the key equation for eigenvectors. So again, I put this


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[Assistant] Hope for solution into the equation and I'll get the, I'll get the, I'll discover that A times this vector x1 should be lambda 1 times x1. Oh well. I have a lot to say about that.


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[Assistant] But if it holds, if a times x1 is lambda 1 times x1, then when I put this in, the equation works. I've got a solution.


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[Assistant] So I could have it's linear, so I can always multiply by a constant. And then I would expect a second one of the same form, e to the some other eigenvalue.


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[Assistant] Like some other exponent times some other eigenvector.


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[Assistant] So we're looking for an eigenvalue and looking for an eigenvector and there's the key equation they have to satisfy. And that equation comes when we put this into the differential equation and make the two sides agree. So that's what's coming.


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[Assistant] Eigenvalues and eigenvectors control the stability for systems of equations, and that's what the world is mostly looking at.


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[Assistant] Single equation once in a while, but very, very often a system, and it'll be the eigenvalues that tell us. So are the eigenvalues positive?


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[Assistant] In this next module, I'm going to edit two more paragraphs for you.


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[Assistant] Here's an example from the published literature. I want you to pause the video now and read it on your own. Then restart the video.


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[Assistant] If you have time, you might even want to attempt editing this one on your own. If you wanna do that, I have provided the text as a resource alongside this video.


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[Assistant] Okay, hopefully you noticed all the repetition here as well as some passive voice, several howevers.


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[Assistant] The paragraph really meanders, and we can do it a lot to make it more focused.


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[Assistant] A paragraph should carry one main idea, and we need to figure out what the main point is here.


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[Assistant] For this example, I'm going to go through each sentence and translate it into a quick and dirty summary.


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[Assistant] I'm going to give the upshot without worrying at all about making the prose sound nice or worrying about keeping in every detail. We'll worry about all that later. So here's the first sentence.


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[Assistant] The concept of chocolate having potential therapeutic benefits for people with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, presents a number of intellectual challenges from both clinical and sociological perspectives.


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[Assistant] I think that just boils down to something very simple. It's surprising that chocolate might be healthy.


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[Assistant] However, a large volume of mechanistic and animal model studies has been undertaken demonstrating the potential benefits of cocoa and chocolate for both glucose regulation and modification of complications associated with diabetes. This boils down to many studies suggest that chocolate is healthy.


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[Assistant] Cesar Fraga in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition first proposed the potential of chocolate for people with diabetes in 2005.


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[Assistant] This just boils down to the first of these studies was in 2005.


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[Assistant] When I edited this paragraph, I actually decided that some of the specific details about this first study aren't really critical and actually detract from the main idea of this paragraph. So in my final edit, you'll notice that I took out the author's name and the journal's name. I don't think those specific details are important in this context.


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[Assistant] Next we get it was suggested that we should consume more cocoa and chocolate to reduce the burdens of hypertension and diabetes.


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[Assistant] That boils down to the study showed benefits for hypertension and diabetes.


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[Assistant] Then we get another study, Grassi and colleagues further reinforced this potential for its anti-hypertensive, that's talking about blood pressure, and insulin sensitizing effect, that's talking about diabetes, with the mechanistic data.


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[Assistant] That boils down to another study showed benefits for hypertension and diabetes.


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[Assistant] Again, when I edited this in the end, I ended up taking out the specific author's names here because I thought that detail wasn't necessary and attracted from the main point.


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[Assistant] Finally, we get, however, the hypothesis of chocolate having a beneficial effect remains counterintuitive to the average consumer and has yet to gain support among the wider medical and healthcare community.


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[Assistant] That boils down to it's counterintuitive that chocolate might be healthy, so consumers and medical professionals are skeptical. Okay, we can put this all together now.


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[Assistant] Uhm, just, I extracted those, uh, those upshots, uh, that I wrote and put them all on one slide so we get


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[Assistant] It's surprising that chocolate might be healthy. It's counterintuitive that chocolate might be healthy. Many studies suggest that chocolate is healthy. The first of these studies was in 2005.


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[Assistant] That study showed benefits for hypertension and diabetes. Another study showed benefits for hypertension and diabetes later.


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[Assistant] And then it's counterintuitive that chocolate might be healthy, so medical professionals are skeptical. So we can see a lot of repetition there, and in fact,


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[Assistant] We have three sentences that are basically saying it's surprising and counterintuitive that chocolate is healthy. I'm gonna move these all together. This is gonna help me with organization. So I'm gonna move these down here.


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[Assistant] And put all the surprising and counterintuitive sentences together at the end. So I just move those to the end.


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[Assistant] So what I did here is I decided to start with many studies suggest that chocolate is healthy. I think that's the main point of this paragraph.


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[Assistant] The first of these studies was in 2005. And, uh, what did these studies show? They all showed benefits for hypertension and diabetes.


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[Assistant] All of these studies showed those benefits. And then we get three sentences about counterintuitive and surprising. I crossed out all but one of those. And I decided to start with the idea that medical professionals are skeptical and then end with the idea that chocolate is counterintuitive.


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[Assistant] So this kind of boils down the whole paragraph into these main points. I use that, uh, to guide my edit. And so here's my edited version.


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[Assistant] Many mechanistic and animal studies suggest health benefits for cocoa and chocolate, particularly for patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.


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[Assistant] These studies suggest that cocoa and chocolate can lower blood pressure, improve glucose regulation, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce complications from diabetes.


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[Assistant] But the idea of chocolate as medicine has yet to gain widespread support among consumers or among the wider medical and healthcare community.


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[Assistant] It seems counterintuitive that a high sugar, energy-dense food, when often seen as a treat or dietary sin, could promote health.


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[Assistant] You can see that I got this down to 87 words and I've hit all of those main points from my outline of the upshots of the various sentences.


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[Assistant] I'm actually going to show you my edited version with track changes on it. If you want, you can actually pause the video and look carefully at the changes that I've made at the sentence level.


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[Assistant] Alright, the second example is another example for something I was editing. This was a paragraph on headaches.


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[Assistant] Go ahead now and pause the video and read this through once and then restart the video.


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[Assistant] Again, if you have time, you might even want to try editing this one on your own before you restart the video.


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[Assistant] Okay, so hopefully you noticed all the repetition and clutter in this paragraph. We're going to strip away this clutter and get to the main points.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna do the same thing I did in the last example, which is just to boil each sentence down to its upshot and use that to help me organize and edit the paragraph.


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[Assistant] Then we get, as a pain symptom, headaches have many causes. Well that's just headaches have many causes.


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[Assistant] That third sentence just boils down to the International Headache Society classifies headaches by cause.


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[Assistant] Then we get the IHS distinguishes two broad groups of headache disorders. Primary headache disorders and secondary headache disorders.


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[Assistant] Then we get secondary headache disorders are a consequence of an underlying condition such as a brain tumor, a systemic infection, or a head injury.


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[Assistant] Okay, that boils down to secondary headaches arise from another condition such as brain tumors.


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[Assistant] Then we get in primary headache disorders. The headache disorder is the fundamental problem. It is not symptomatic of another cause. That just defines primary headaches. Primary headache disorders are disorders themselves.


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[Assistant] International Headache Society is the most broadly used recognized classification system used. A brief comment on others would be appropriate, especially if there are uses that have epidemiologic advantages


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[Assistant] This is sort of going off on another point and it's saying we're gonna also tell you about other classification systems.


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[Assistant] So let me pull all of those sentences together now and use this to help me organize and edit the paragraph.


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[Assistant] So we get headaches are important, headaches have many causes.


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[Assistant] The International Headache Society classifies headaches by cause. They classify headaches into primary and secondary. You can see the repetition here. Secondary headaches are this. Primary headaches are this. Here are some examples. And then this, uh, we're gonna also tell you about other classification systems. So I went through and kind of took away the repetition and just sort of boiled this down. We get headaches are important.


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[Assistant] Then we get, what are primary headache disorders? Well, notice that I moved this up.


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[Assistant] In the original, secondary headache disorders came before primary. I didn't like this because I wanted primary to come before secondary. It's just the natural order of things. So I moved this first. This is the definition of primary headaches.


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[Assistant] After the definition of primary headaches, we can get the examples of primary headaches.


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[Assistant] And then we get the definition of secondary headaches and the examples of secondary headaches. So it's a fairly simple structure that we boiled it down to. So now I'm going to show you my edited version.


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[Assistant] Headache is a pain symptom that almost everyone experiences. That's the headaches are important sentence.


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[Assistant] The International Headache Society groups headaches into two types based on cause. Notice my use of the colon here. Primary headache disorders and secondary headache disorder. In primary headache disorders, the headache itself is the main complaint.


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[Assistant] The two most common types are episodic tension type and migraine.


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[Assistant] Secondary headache disorders result from an underlying condition such as a brain tumor, a systemic infection, or a head injury.


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[Assistant] And again, if you want to look carefully at the edits I've made, I'm showing you my track changes here so you can study the edits I've made. It's a good way to learn editing yourself.


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[Assistant] Hello Wukong, she said. How is the journey going? I see you're wearing the headband.


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[Assistant] Guan Yin smiled. You need that headband, Wukong. You are too violent and cruel. Wukong rolled his eyes.


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[Assistant] Did you tell the dragon that you're traveling with the Tang monk? Ask Guan Yin.


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[Assistant] When I met him, he was being punished for setting fire to his father's palace.


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[Assistant] But what I'd say is that that's a very powerful anecdote. And I think, you know, it's, I think that's true, can be true for a lot of people. But I would say that you have to be careful any time you do high amount of anything. I think if I was to put you again on a white bread diet, you know, or to put you on a crisp, you know, potato chip diet or french fry diet, you might have a similar effect. I think the issue is that all of these calories really need to be regarded as discretionary.


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[Assistant] You know, I think this is a really important question and it's very important for me that I be transparent. So we've received investigator initiated, unrestricted funding.


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[Assistant] What that means is they had no say over our questions we were asking, how we conducted the research.


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[Assistant] Our analysis, our interpretation and our data plan.


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[Assistant] So what I would say is you're right. I mean, we realize this going in. I mean, some may view this as sort of...


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[Assistant] Shaking hands with the devil, I guess. I mean, even though that's the case, you know, we're confident enough in what we're doing in our protocols and we're laying everything bare that we could, you know, afford to engage with them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say we took away added sugar. Well then what are people gonna do, uh, to get that same feeling?


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[Assistant] Remember son, notch high, notch low.


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[Assistant] College English Test, Band 6, Part 2, Listening Comprehension, Section A, Directions.


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[Assistant] In this section you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation you will hear four questions.


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[Assistant] Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet one with a single line through the centre.


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[Assistant] Today, our guest is Rosie Mullander, who works as a features editor for a fashion magazine. Hi, Rosie. You're a features editor at one of the most widely read women's magazines in the UK.


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[Assistant] What kind of responsibilities does that job entail?


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[Assistant] During your working day, what kind of work might you typically do?


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[Assistant] How does the job of features editor differ from that of fashion editor or other editorial positions?


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[Assistant] A lot of people believe that working at a magazine is a glamorous job.


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[Assistant] Did you have to overcome any difficulties to reach this point in your career? How did you manage to do this?


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[Assistant] What is one of the woman's main responsibilities?


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[Assistant] What do many people think about the woman's job?


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[Assistant] What helped the woman to get her current position?


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[Assistant] I'm watching a great satire called Frankie. I think you'd like it. Really?


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[Assistant] He's a famous comedian in New York, and the show is a mixture of comedy and drama, loosely depicting his life.


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[Assistant] No, not really, no. It's fiction, as what happens in every episode is made up. However, the lead role is a comedian by the name of Frankie, and he plays himself.


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[Assistant] So Frankie, in both real life and in the TV show, lives in New York City, is a comic, is divorced, and has two little daughters. All those things are true, but aside from him.


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[Assistant] All his friends and family are played by actors.


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[Assistant] Yes it is. In fact, the whole show is written, directed, edited, and produced by him. And it's very funny and has won many awards.


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[Assistant] Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard. Question 5.


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[Assistant] What does the man think of the satire Frankie he recently watched?


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[Assistant] What does the man say is special about the satire, Frankie?


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[Assistant] What does the woman say she was going to do with the satire Frankie?


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[Assistant] What does the woman say about the comedy The Big Bang Theory?


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[Assistant] Section B, Directions. In this section you will hear two passages.


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[Assistant] At the end of each passage you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.


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[Assistant] After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.


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[Assistant] Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 9.


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about players of contact sports?


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[Assistant] What do longevity statistics reveal about the average person?


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[Assistant] What bonus does the keep moving principle bring us according to the speaker?


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[Assistant] In 2014, 1 in 16 Americans visited the hospital emergency room for home injuries.


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[Assistant] What are the main causes of these accidents? A wandering mind.


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[Assistant] By one estimate, people daydream through nearly half of their waking hours.


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[Assistant] Psychologists have recently focused on the tendency to think about something other than the task one is doing.


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[Assistant] For one experiment, researchers developed an app.


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[Assistant] About 65% of the time during personal activities such as brushing their teeth and combing their hair.


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[Assistant] Respondents' minds tended to wander more when they felt upset rather than happy. They were more likely to wander toward pleasant topics than unpleasant ones. How do daydreams affect daydreamers?


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[Assistant] In one study, researchers interviewed 955 people involved in traffic accidents.


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[Assistant] The majority of them reported having daydreamed just before the accident.


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[Assistant] Yet other research suggests that daydreaming has benefits. Researchers have found that it gives us a chance to think about our goals, and it also seems to increase creativity.


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[Assistant] In one experiment, 145 undergraduates completed four unusual uses tasks.


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[Assistant] One group of participants was assigned an undemanding activity intended to cause their minds to wander.


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[Assistant] When all the participants proceeded to the second pair of tasks, the daydreamers performed 40% better than the others.


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[Assistant] Section C, Directions. In this section, you'll hear three recordings of lectures or talks, followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.


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[Assistant] These buildings offer vital insights into Scandinavia's Viking past.


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[Assistant] But now, with only thirty wooden churches remaining, and their condition deteriorating,


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[Assistant] Experts are working to preserve the structures for future generations.


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[Assistant] Some of these spectacular churches are no more than small buildings, barely four meters wide and six meters tall.


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[Assistant] Others are much larger structures that soar up to 40 meters into the cold air. Most consist of timber frames that rest on stone blocks.


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[Assistant] This means that they have no foundations.


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[Assistant] Although many of the churches appear from the outside to be complex structures, they normally feature only a single story, but numerous different roof levels.


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[Assistant] Staff from the Norwegian government have carried out conservation work on ten of the churches over the past two years.


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[Assistant] Most of these churches date from between the 12th and 14th centuries.


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[Assistant] Other churches were conserved in previous years.


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[Assistant] So far, specialists have worked to add preservative materials to the church's exteriors.


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[Assistant] Huge machines have been used to lift the buildings up to 30 centimeters into the air. This was accomplished so that the team could examine


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[Assistant] And repair the Church's original medieval stone blocks.


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[Assistant] The team plans to return to around a dozen of the buildings to assess progress and consider further action.


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[Assistant] However, the largest known wooden churches were built from the 1130s onwards.


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[Assistant] This period was one of inter-elite rivalry.


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[Assistant] Also meant that sophisticated carpentry was a major aspect of the local culture.


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[Assistant] The complex style of the medieval wooden church carvings and the skills used to make them almost certainly derive from the ancient Viking tradition.


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[Assistant] What does the second study find about nine month old babies?


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[Assistant] What is the 1980s study about?


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[Assistant] Today, I'd like to talk about the dangers of being too collaborative.


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[Assistant] Being a good team player is an essential skill in our modern workplace.


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[Assistant] And collaborate on projects is a sought after ability in nearly every position. However


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[Assistant] Placing too much emphasis on being a good team player.


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[Assistant] Can negatively affect your career growth?


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[Assistant] Don't be overly focused on gaining consensus.


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[Assistant] Don't be too concerned with the opinions of others.


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[Assistant] This can hinder your ability to make decisions. Speak up.


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[Assistant] And gain recognition for your individual skills and strengths.


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[Assistant] Some people are too subordinate to others' opinions. Too focused on decision consensus.


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[Assistant] Too silent about their own point of view. Too agreeable to take things on when they don't have time or energy.


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[Assistant] This leads to building a brand of underconfident, submissive, low-impact non-leaders, and hampers their growth and career advancement.


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[Assistant] Collaboration certainly makes your individual competencies and contributions more difficult for outsiders to identify.


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[Assistant] Collaborative projects mean you're sharing the spotlight with others.


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[Assistant] Outsiders may then find it difficult to determine your contributions and strengths.


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[Assistant] This may end up costing you opportunity for promotions or pay raises. You certainly shouldn't ditch teamwork.


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[Assistant] Working in a team can have huge benefits.


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[Assistant] Your team may have repeated successes and often gain recognition.


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[Assistant] You'll then have more opportunities to expand your professional network than if you worked alone. However,


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[Assistant] Finding a balance between team efforts and individual projects that give you independent recognition is important for making a name for yourself and providing opportunities for advancement. Be selective in who you work with.


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[Assistant] This will maximize the benefits and minimize the downsides of being a team player.


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[Assistant] Collaborate with people who have complementary expertise.


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[Assistant] Select projects where there's potential for mutual benefit.


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[Assistant] Perhaps you're bringing your unique knowledge and gaining access to someone else's professional network.


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[Assistant] Or maybe you're able to learn a new skill by working with someone. Seek out your teammates purposefully.


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[Assistant] As you hold meetings trying to achieve a consensus.


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[Assistant] It's fine to be collaborative when seeking input.


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[Assistant] But put a deadline on the input stage and arrive at a decision, even if it's a decision that doesn't have consensus.


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[Assistant] This calorie counting and this intense fixation with it. And it's our fault as much as, you know, I take responsibility because that's the message we've been spewing out for the last 30 or 40 years. But we really have to try and turn things around. And David is living evidence, living proof. It is not the calories. It's the source of the calories. It's where they're coming from.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 26, The Monster in the River.


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[Assistant] Said the Tang Monk one morning. Wukong and his companions were eating breakfast.


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[Assistant] The monk sighed. Bajie put down his bowl.


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[Assistant] After he washed the bowls, the three companions headed down the road. They soon reached a river.


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[Assistant] He pulled out his iron bar and blocked the monster's spear. Clang!


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[Assistant] Bajie lunged at the monster, swinging his rake. The monster dived back into the river.


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[Assistant] Bajie dived into the water. Wukong waited.


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[Assistant] He was waiting for you. He's going to help the Tang Monk reach the Western Paradise.


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[Assistant] Sha Wujing, she called. The Tang Monk is here.


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[Assistant] She waved her hand toward Wukong and Bajie. Wu Jing looked surprised.


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[Assistant] Shouted Bajie. Stop arguing, said Guan Yin. Wujing, you will help the Tang Monk reach the west.


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[Assistant] Oh really? said the monkey. Watch this!


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[Assistant] When the horse finally stopped, the Tang monk was in a dark forest. He gasped in fear.


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[Assistant] The forest was filled with wolves, bears and tigers.


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[Assistant] They attacked me! You attacked us first!


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[Assistant] Sure, no worries. You're always taking photos. What do you do with all the photos you take?


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[Assistant] So what do you have to do to become internet famous?


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[Assistant] I guess I never thought much about all the effort behind the scenes.


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[Assistant] Now that I think about it, there's always something wrong with my photos as it is.


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[Assistant] Half smiles, closed eyes, messy hair. I hope you have better luck than I do.


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[Assistant] Then again, I think the only person interested in my photos is my mum.


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[Assistant] I spent most of my time studying the Big Bang Theory and where our universe came from.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm very interested in why the universe exists at all. That may sound odd, but the fact is, at the moment of the Big Bang, both matter and antimatter were created.


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[Assistant] For a short time, and I mean just a fraction of a second.


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[Assistant] The whole universe was a super hot soup of radiation filled with these particles.


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[Assistant] So, what's Baffled Scientists for so long is? Why is there a universe at all?


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[Assistant] Exactly. So during the first few moments of the Big Bang,


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[Assistant] The universe was extremely hot and very small.


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[Assistant] And the now more exotic antimatter would have had little space to avoid each other.


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[Assistant] This means that they should have totally wiped each other out, leaving the universe completely barren.


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[Assistant] Because there was slightly more matter, the collisions quickly depleted all the antimatter and left just enough matter to create stars, planets and eventually us.


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[Assistant] In this section you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage you will hear three or four questions.


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[Assistant] Mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet one with a single line through the centre.


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[Assistant] Questions nine to eleven are based on the passage you have just heard. Question nine.


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[Assistant] That may be one reason why so many people find relief in swimming when life sees get rough.


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[Assistant] And it goes some way towards explaining why books about swimming, in which people tackle icy lakes, race in rivers and overcome oceans, while reflecting on their lives, have recently become so popular.


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[Assistant] These books reflect a trend particularly strong in Britain where swimming in pools is declining


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[Assistant] But more and more folks are opting for open water.


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[Assistant] Wild swimming seems to be especially popular among women.


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[Assistant] Jenny Landrath recently published a guide to the best swimming spots in London. Her new book Swell interweaves her own story.


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[Assistant] With a history of female pioneers who accomplished remarkable feats and paved the way for future generations.


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[Assistant] The Gentlewoman's Book of Sport described a woman swimming in a heavy dress, boots, hat, gloves, and carrying an umbrella.


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[Assistant] Eventually, swimming became freer. Mixed bathing was permitted on British beaches in 1901. Women won the right to swim in public pools, learned to swim properly, created appropriate swimwear and, in time, even competed against men.


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[Assistant] The first woman to cross the English Channel was Gertrude Ederley in 1926.


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[Assistant] She beat the record by almost two hours, and her father rewarded her with a red sports car.


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[Assistant] In this section you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question,


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[Assistant] You must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.


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[Assistant] Mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet one with a single line through the centre.


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[Assistant] Question 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 16.


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[Assistant] What have researchers and law enforcement agencies tried to do?


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[Assistant] How do many brain scientists respond to the Massachusetts company's so-called technological breakthrough?


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[Assistant] What does the speaker think of using a high tech test to determine whether a person is telling the truth?


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[Assistant] Last week I attended a research workshop on an island in the South Pacific.


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[Assistant] Thirty people were present and all except me came from the island called Makalua in the nation of Vanuatu.


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[Assistant] They live in 16 different communities and speak 16 distinct languages. In many cases, you could stand at the edge of one village and see the outskirts of the next community.


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[Assistant] Yet the residents of each village speak a completely different language.


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[Assistant] We could ask the same question of the entire globe.


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[Assistant] People don't speak one universal language, or even a handful. Instead, today our species collectively speaks over 7,000 distinct languages.


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[Assistant] And these languages are not spread randomly across the planet.


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[Assistant] Far more languages are found in tropical regions than in the mild zones.


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[Assistant] The tropical island of New Guinea is home to over 900 languages. Russia, 20 times larger, has 105 indigenous languages.


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[Assistant] Even within the tropics, language diversity varies widely. For example, the 250,000 people who live on Vanuatu's 80 islands speak 110 different languages. But in Bangladesh, a population 600 times greater speaks only 41 languages. How come humans speak so many languages?


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[Assistant] And why are they so unevenly spread across the planet?


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[Assistant] We have few clear answers to these fundamental questions about how humanity communicates. Most people can easily brainstorm possible answers to these intriguing questions.


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[Assistant] They hypothesize that language diversity must be about history, cultural differences, mountains or oceans dividing populations.


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[Assistant] But when our diverse team of researchers from six different disciplines and eight different countries began to review what was known,


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[Assistant] We were shocked that only a dozen previous studies had been done.


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[Assistant] Including one we ourselves completed on language diversity in the Pacific.


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[Assistant] These prior efforts all examined the degree to which different environmental, social and geographic variables correlated


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[Assistant] with the number of languages found in a given location


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[Assistant] The results varied a lot from one study to another, and no clear patterns emerged. The studies also ran up against many methodological challenges, the biggest of which centered on the old statistical saying, correlation does not equal causation.


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[Assistant] Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 22.


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[Assistant] What do the surveys show about America, according to the Speaker?


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[Assistant] In this section, you will hear two long conversations.


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[Assistant] At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions.


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[Assistant] Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.


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[Assistant] Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I couldn't wait to get out of there once my contract expired.


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[Assistant] The problem with a company culture that prizes directness above all else


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[Assistant] Is that it creates a toxic culture of brilliant jerks.


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[Assistant] That drives people out and erodes itself from within.


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[Assistant] My new company seems to employ a feedback policy that combines compassion and directness. Employees have the power to speak up, give feedback, disagree and discuss problems in real time. It seems to help us to course correct, improve and meet challenges.


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[Assistant] While also building teams that collaborate and care for one another.


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[Assistant] True. Without an atmosphere of trust, feedback can create stress and self-doubt. But I think when we get feedback from someone we trust,


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[Assistant] We understand that the feedback isn't some kind of personal attack. It's actually a kind of support.


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[Assistant] Because it's offered in the spirit of helping us improve.


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[Assistant] How was your holiday? Not too many other tourists around, were there?


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[Assistant] It seems you suffer from fear of better options. I've read about it.


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[Assistant] It describes this loop of indecision as part of our programming.


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[Assistant] We have this tendency to keep stretching out the decision making process.


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[Assistant] Because as human beings, we are hardwired to optimize. We have always looked to get the best things we can as a sort of survival of the fittest.


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[Assistant] Optimizing isn't the problem, but rather the process that we go through.


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[Assistant] Yes, fear of better options offers little benefit. It's an ailment of abundance.


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[Assistant] You must have choices to have that fear of missing out on better options.


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[Assistant] When you have 30 odd options, trusting your gut is not practical.


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[Assistant] What you need to do is research, have a process, invest time exploring your options, and eliminate as many things as you can.


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[Assistant] The most toxic part of decision making is going over the same options time and time again.


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[Assistant] At the end of each passage you will hear three or four questions.


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[Assistant] Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.


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[Assistant] After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.


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[Assistant] Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.


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[Assistant] Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard. Question 9.


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[Assistant] What did the 2006 research find about homework?


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[Assistant] What conclusion could be drawn from the study in Germany?


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[Assistant] Robert Goddard, an American born in 1882.


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[Assistant] Is widely regarded as the world's first rocket scientist. At age 27, Goddard published his first book.


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[Assistant] In which he hypothesized that a rocket launched from Earth could reach the Moon.


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[Assistant] Like many visionaries, the young scientist encountered numerous skeptics. In January 1920, the New York Times ridiculed Goddard's theory.


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[Assistant] And the famed newspaper published an apology to Goddard.


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[Assistant] Goddard launched his first rocket from an aunt's farm in his native Massachusetts in March 1926.


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[Assistant] His maiden rocket voyage lasted a mere three seconds. It scaled an altitude of only 12 meters.


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[Assistant] Nonetheless, it was a milestone in rocket science. Goddard later consulted with a weather expert.


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[Assistant] There, he established a laboratory and test range.


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[Assistant] However, the ambitious scientist received negligible support from the government.


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[Assistant] Provided Goddard with an annual $25,000 grant to pursue his dreams.


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[Assistant] Other rocket enthusiasts also raised funds for him.


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[Assistant] Over time, Goddard's rockets grew more sophisticated and included the installation of instruments. In spite of his many successes,


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[Assistant] Goddard was never able to interest the US military in rocket-propelled weapons. He was granted over 200 patents.


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[Assistant] And continued to pioneer rocket technology until his death in 1945.


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[Assistant] In this section you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks, followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once.


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[Assistant] After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.


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[Assistant] Then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.


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[Assistant] Question 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.


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[Assistant] Question 16. What does the speaker say about working for a new venture?


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[Assistant] What has science demonstrated regarding the positive culture of a new venture?


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[Assistant] What does the speaker say about entrepreneurs at the initial stage of a new venture?


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[Assistant] Recording 2 Aging is a curious thing and people's desire to beat it and death


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[Assistant] has become an industry worth hundreds of billions of dollars despite the huge investment into research aging remains somewhat obscure


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[Assistant] Although, there are certain things researchers do understand. They know that women tend to have longer lifespans, living on average six years longer than men. No one is really certain of the reason for this.


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[Assistant] Although the speculation centers around the idea that women are more capable of surviving or handling disease than men,


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[Assistant] For virtually every disease the effects are greater on men than they are on women.


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[Assistant] Some suggest that women's immune systems benefit from their tendency to prioritize and nurture social connections. But for me, this explanation is hardly convincing. Researchers also know, to an extent, what causes aging.


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[Assistant] For sixty years it was believed that cells would continue to divide forever.


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[Assistant] It was only uncovered in relatively recent times that older people's cells divide a smaller number of times than younger people's.


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[Assistant] Only cancer cells in fact are capable of dividing forever. Human cells have a limited reproductive ability.


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[Assistant] To an extent, we can postpone the eventual stop of cells dividing through nutrition, exercise, good sleep, and even relaxation techniques. But we cannot stop the aging process.


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[Assistant] And researchers are yet to answer the ultimate question of aging.


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[Assistant] Why does the body ultimately fall to pieces?


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[Assistant] Part of the reason we don't yet have an answer is because many researchers are looking in the wrong direction. Many public health policy makers believe


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[Assistant] That the resolution of age-associated disease will tell us something fundamental about the aging process.


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[Assistant] But, say some top scientists, that's completely erroneous. They point to when the diseases of childhood were eliminated.


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[Assistant] But this did not provide any insight into childhood development. In the same way,


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[Assistant] Will inform us about aging is not based on sound science or logic.


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[Assistant] At best, if the major causes of death in developed countries were eliminated,


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[Assistant] This would only add a decade to average life expectancy. But while there is money available to be spent on it


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[Assistant] The search to understand the secrets of aging will be ongoing.


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[Assistant] Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard. Question 22.


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[Assistant] Why are managers often frustrated with their employees?


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[Assistant] Why do employees sometimes disobey procedures intentionally?


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[Assistant] When are employees more likely to follow instructions, according to the researchers?


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[Assistant] Question 25. What does the speaker say about emails?


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[Assistant] What does the man say about constructive feedback?


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[Assistant] What does the passage say about Goddard's achievements?


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[Assistant] What do many public health policy makers believe?


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[Assistant] And then he turned bad, and I was in jail, and... He wasn't just a student.


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[Assistant] But Oogway saw darkness in his heart and refused. Outlaced, Tai Lung laid waste to the valley.


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[Assistant] Fat panda, who treats it like a joke.


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[Assistant] Sorry dad. Sorry, it doesn't make the noodles.


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[Assistant] A sign of what? You are almost ready to be entrusted with a secret ingredient of my secret ingredient soup.


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[Assistant] No. We all have our place in this world.


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[Assistant] That was a terrible thing to do, Wukong, said Guanyin.


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[Assistant] It can bring spirit plants, such as the ginseng tree, back to life.


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[Assistant] Good! No, come on, you should try my dad's secret ingredient soup. He actually knows the secret ingredient.


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[Assistant] I guess my body doesn't know it's the dragon warrior yet. I'm gonna need a lot more than do. And, uh, universe juice.


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[Assistant] Come on! How am I supposed to beat Tai Lung?


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[Assistant] And I'm not the Dragon Warrior.


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[Assistant] Come on! Tai Lung is on his way here right now!


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[Assistant] One day that cat gave me a kitten. I had a cat and I had a kitten. I had a duck. I had a duck wing. I had a hen. I had a chick. I, I, I, I, I, how I loved my six little pets.