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[Assistant] Somewhere not long after the nut graph, news stories will usually have a first quote.


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[Assistant] The first quote often gives a big picture overview of why the research is important. And then there may be quotes throughout the article.


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[Assistant] Quotes are a lot of fun. It can get scientists, if you can get scientists to talk in layperson friendly terms, then you can quote them directly.


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[Assistant] It gives a human dimension to the story. It makes the reader feel like they're sitting there talking to the scientist. Also, quotes can provide evidence. Uh, journalists quote experts as sources. Quotes can also provide opinions. News writers have to stick to the facts, but they can quote someone else expressing a particular opinion on a subject.


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[Assistant] Quotes can be colorful and provocative. They also help break the story up and move the story along.


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[Assistant] The, in the Neanderthal piece, the first quote, uh, was the following. Came right after the nut graph.


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[Assistant] This is really the first evidence that there was something functional that was contributed from this admixture that was useful for modern humans, says Laurent Abirashid, uh, research associate in Parham's lab and first author on the report in Science.


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[Assistant] The first quote here tells you the big picture significance of their paper.


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[Assistant] The convention is to put the name before the said or says. The noun goes before the verb.


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[Assistant] Unless you want to insert a very long description in after the name, like


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[Assistant] Blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, said Professor Smith, the really boring professor that we all had to take English from.


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[Assistant] It would be awkward, uh, to put the said last there. The verb really needs to go first in that case just because it would be awkward to put it last.


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[Assistant] Also, news writers generally stick to said or says as their verb.


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[Assistant] Be careful about using other verbs like noted or remarked. Those have connotations that may add unwanted meanings to the quote.


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[Assistant] Noted, for example, implies that what the person said is a fact. So you have to be careful that if you use noted, you're intending to affirm that the statement is true.


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[Assistant] Remarked implies that someone is saying something casually, uh, and obviously verbs like cried or exclaimed or enthused have overt connotations.


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[Assistant] After we get the first quote, then we get into the body of the story. This is where we get all the details about the study.


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[Assistant] This part may be long or short depending on the overall length of the article. You're going to review what led up to this study.


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[Assistant] The research question. Key experiments and findings.


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[Assistant] And if the story's long enough, you may have some room for caveats and maybe an outside commentator.


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[Assistant] You're gonna use quotes throughout this to add flavor and break up this part of the story.


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[Assistant] I'm not going to read through all of this, but you can pause and read it if you want to. My article was pretty long for a news article, so I was able to sprawl a bit. But I'll just kind of go through the


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[Assistant] Layout of what I put in the article. So I started with a couple of paragraphs about what was done before.


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[Assistant] Then I got to this study where I gave the research question key experiments and key findings.


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[Assistant] And then I had room to give some caveats and get an outside commentator as well as to give some potential implications. So that was the body of the story.


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[Assistant] Then at the end of the story, we get what's called the kicker. This is the ending of the story. It should leave the reader feeling satisfied. It should leave the reader with a nice parting thought. One trick


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[Assistant] Is to circle back to the lead. If you started with a specific patient's story, for example, then end on what happened to that patient. If you started with a description, then end with that description.


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[Assistant] You can also end with a quote, I often do that. That way the scientist gets to give the parting thought.


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[Assistant] For my article on Neanderthals, uh, this story was quite long, so the last paragraph's actually a little bit long for a new story.


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[Assistant] I went into the potential implication of the fact that we still carry Stone Age genes. In fact, they were speculating that it might be a cause of autoimmune disease.


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[Assistant] And I ended on a nice quote for Parham. He says, this is all just speculation, but we have been apart for all this time, so it would be very surprising if there weren't differences, Parham says. It would solve a long standing puzzle.


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[Assistant] And notice how I put the parm says in the middle of that quote so I could end on the quote rather than ending on the parm says. So that is the structure of a science news story.


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[Assistant] What I encourage you to do now is to go out and read some science news stories in the New York Times, in Nature News, in Scientific American, these kinds of publications.


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[Assistant] And see if you can now recognize all the key elements of a news story.


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[Assistant] Every summer when I was growing up, I would fly from my home in Canada to visit my grandparents, who lived in Mumbai, India.


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[Assistant] Now, Canadian summers are pretty mild at best. About 22 degrees Celsius or 72 degrees Fahrenheit is a typical summer's day, and not too hot.


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[Assistant] Mumbai, on the other hand, is a hot and humid place, well into the 30s Celsius or 90s Fahrenheit.


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[Assistant] This includes everything from the air conditioners ISO desperately wanted during my summer vacations to the refrigeration systems that keep our food safe and cold for us in our supermarkets to the industrial-scale systems that keep our data centers operational.


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[Assistant] But what keeps me up at night is that our energy use for cooling might grow six-fold by the year 2050, primarily driven by increasing usage in Asian and African countries.


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[Assistant] I've seen this firsthand. Nearly every apartment in and around my grandmother's place now has an air conditioner.


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[Assistant] And that is emphatically a good thing for the health, well-being and productivity of people living in warmer climates.


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[Assistant] However, one of the most alarming things about climate change is that the warmer our planet gets, the more we're going to need cooling systems. Systems that are themselves large emitters of greenhouse gas emissions.


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[Assistant] This then has the potential to cause a feedback loop where cooling systems alone could become one of our biggest sources of greenhouse gases later this century.


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[Assistant] In the worst case, we might need more than 10 trillion kilowatt hours of electricity every year just for cooling by the year 2100. That's half our electricity supply today just for cooling. But this also points us to an amazing opportunity.


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[Assistant] A 10 or 20 percent improvement in the efficiency of every cooling system could actually have an enormous impact on our greenhouse gas emissions both today and later this century.


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[Assistant] And it could help us avert that worst-case feedback loop.


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[Assistant] I'm a scientist who thinks a lot about light and heat, in particular, how new materials allow us to alter the flow of these basic elements of nature in ways we might have once thought impossible.


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[Assistant] So while I always understood the value of cooling, uh, during my summer vacations, I actually wound up working on this problem because of an intellectual puzzle that I came across about six years ago.


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[Assistant] How were ancient peoples able to make ice in desert climates?


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[Assistant] This is a picture of an ice house, also called a yakshal, located in the southwest of Iran.


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[Assistant] There are ruins of dozens of such structures throughout Iran, with evidence of similar such buildings throughout the rest of the Middle East and all the way to China.


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[Assistant] The people who operated this ice house many centuries ago would pour water in the pool you see on the left in the early evening hours as the sun set. And then something amazing happened.


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[Assistant] Even though the air temperature might be above freezing, say, five degrees Celsius or 41 degrees Fahrenheit, the water would freeze.


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[Assistant] The ice generated would then be collected in the early morning hours and stored for use in the building you see on the right all the way through the summer months.


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[Assistant] You've actually likely seen something very similar play if you've ever noticed frost form on the ground on a clear night, even when the air temperature is well above freezing. But wait.


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[Assistant] Evaporation could have played an effect, but that's not enough to actually cause the water to become ice. Something else must have cooled it down. Think about a pie cooling on a windowsill.


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[Assistant] As implausible as it may sound, for that pool of water, its heat is actually flowing to the cold of space.


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[Assistant] Well, that pool of water, like most natural materials, sends out its heat as light. This is a concept known as thermal radiation.


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[Assistant] In fact, we're all sending out our heat as infrared light right now to each other and our surroundings.


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[Assistant] The atmosphere and the molecules in it absorb some of that heat and send it back.


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[Assistant] That's actually the greenhouse effect that's responsible for climate change. But here's the critical thing to understand. Our atmosphere doesn't absorb all of that heat. If it did, we'd be on a much warmer planet.


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[Assistant] At certain wavelengths, in particular between eight and 13 microns, our atmosphere has what's known as a transmission window.


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[Assistant] This window allows some of the heat that goes up as infrared light to effectively escape, carrying away that pool's heat. And it can escape to a place that is much, much colder.


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[Assistant] So that pool of water is able to send out more heat to the sky than the sky sends back to it. And because of that, the pool will cool down below its surroundings' temperature.


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[Assistant] This is an effect known as night-sky cooling or radiative cooling. And it's always been understood by climate scientists and meteorologists as a very important natural phenomenon.


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[Assistant] When I came across all of this, it was towards the end of my PhD at Stanford, and I was amazed by its apparent simplicity as a cooling method, yet really puzzled. Why aren't we making use of this?


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[Assistant] So, for the surface that's doing the cooling, it needs to be able to face the sky. And during the middle of the day, when we might want something cold the most, unfortunately, that means you're going to look up to the sun. And the sun heats most materials up enough to completely counteract this cooling effect.


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[Assistant] My colleagues and I spend a lot of our time thinking about how we can structure materials at very small length scales, such that they can do new and useful things with light. Length scales smaller than the wavelength of light itself.


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[Assistant] Using insights from this field, known as nanophotonics or metamaterials research, we realized that there might be a way to make this possible during the day for the first time.


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[Assistant] And it's able to do two things simultaneously. First, it sends its heat out precisely where our atmosphere lets that heat out the best. We targeted the window to space. The second thing it does is it avoids getting heated up by the sun. It's a very good mirror to sunlight.


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[Assistant] Just to emphasize how weird and counterintuitive this is, this material and others like it will get colder when we take them out of the shade, even though the sun is shining on it.


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[Assistant] The manufacturing method we use to actually make this material already exists at large volume scales. So I was really excited, because not only did we make something cool, but we might actually have the opportunity to do something real and make it useful.


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[Assistant] Well, we believe the most direct way to save energy with this technology is as an efficiency boost for today's air conditioning and refrigeration systems. To do this, we've built fluid cooling panels, like the ones shown right here.


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[Assistant] These panels have a similar shape to solar water heaters, except they do the opposite. They cool the water passively using our specialized material.


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[Assistant] These panels can then be integrated with a component almost every cooling system has, called a condenser, to improve the system's underlying efficiency.


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[Assistant] Our startup, Skycool Systems, has recently completed a field trial in Davis, California, shown right here.


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[Assistant] In that demonstration, we showed that we could actually improve the efficiency of a cooling system as much as 12 percent in the field.


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[Assistant] Over the next year or two, I'm super excited to see this go to its first commercial-scale pilots in both the air conditioning and refrigeration space.


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[Assistant] In the future, we might be able to integrate these kinds of panels with higher-efficiency building cooling systems to reduce their energy usage by two-thirds. And eventually, we might actually be able to build a cooling system that requires no electricity input at all.


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[Assistant] As a first step towards that, my colleagues at Stanford and I have shown that you could actually maintain something more than 42 degrees Celsius below the air temperature with better engineering.


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[Assistant] We can use the cold darkness of space to improve the efficiency of every energy-related process here on Earth.


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[Assistant] One such process I'd like to highlight are solar cells.


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[Assistant] They heat up under the sun and become less efficient the hotter they are.


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[Assistant] In 2015, we showed that with deliberate kinds of microstructures on top of a solar cell, we could take better advantage of this cooling effect to maintain a solar cell passively at a lower temperature. This allows the cell to operate more efficiently. We're probing these kinds of opportunities further.


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[Assistant] We're asking whether we can use the cold of space to help us with water conservation, or perhaps with off-grid scenarios.


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[Assistant] There's a large temperature difference between us here on Earth and the cold of space. That difference, at least conceptually, could be used to drive something called a heat engine to generate electricity.


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[Assistant] Could we then make a nighttime power generation device that generates useful amounts of electricity when solar cells don't work? Could we generate light from darkness?


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[Assistant] Central to this ability is being able to manage the thermal radiation that's all around us. We're constantly bathed in infrared light. If we could bend it to our will,


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[Assistant] We could profoundly change the flows of heat and energy that permeate around us every single day.


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[Assistant] This ability, coupled with the cold darkness of space, points us to a future where we, as a civilization, might be able to more intelligently manage our thermal energy footprint at the very largest scales. As we confront climate change,


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[Assistant] I believe having this ability in our toolkit will prove to be essential.


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[Assistant] So, the next time you're walking around outside, yes, do marvel at how the sun is essential to life on Earth itself, but don't forget that the rest of the sky has something to offer us as well. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Are you going to pay for my ticket, Linus? Pay for your own ticket.


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[Assistant] Called True Stories from Nature, about the Primeval Forest.


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[Assistant] It was a picture of a boa constrictor in the act of swallowing an animal. Here is a copy of the drawing.


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[Assistant] After some work with a colored pencil, I succeeded in making my first drawing.


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[Assistant] My drawing number one. It looked like this.


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[Assistant] I showed my masterpiece to the grownups and asked them whether the drawing frightened them. But they answered, frightened? Why should anyone be frightened by a hat? My drawing was not a picture of a hat.


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[Assistant] It was a picture of a boa constrictor digesting an elephant.


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[Assistant] But since the grownups were not able to understand it, I made another drawing. I drew the inside of the boa constrictor so that the grownups could see it clearly. They always need to have things explained. My drawing number two looked like this.


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[Assistant] The grown-up's response this time was to advise me to lay aside my drawings of boa constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside, and devote myself instead to geography, history, arithmetic, and grammar.


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[Assistant] That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what might have been a magnificent career as a painter.


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[Assistant] I had been disheartened by the failure of my drawing number one and my drawing number two.


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[Assistant] Grownups never understand anything by themselves.


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[Assistant] And it is true that geography has been very useful to me.


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[Assistant] At a glance I can distinguish China from Arizona. If one gets lost in the night such knowledge is valuable.


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[Assistant] In the course of this life, I have had a great many encounters with a great many people who have been concerned with matters of consequence. I have lived a great deal among grownups. I have seen them intimately, close at hand, and that hasn't much improved my opinion of them.


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[Assistant] I tried the experiment of showing him my drawing number one, which I have always kept.


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[Assistant] I would try to find out so if this was a person of true understanding.


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[Assistant] But whoever it was, he or she, would always say,


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[Assistant] I would bring myself down to his level. I would talk to him about bridge and golf and politics and neckties.


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[Assistant] And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible man.


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[Assistant] Here you may see the best portrait that, later, I was able to make of him.


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[Assistant] But my drawing is certainly very much less charming than its model.


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[Assistant] The grown-ups discouraged me in my painter's career when I was six years old. And I never learned to draw anything. Except boas from the outside and boas from the inside. Now I stared at this sudden apparition.


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[Assistant] It took me a long time to learn where he came from.


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[Assistant] It was from words dropped by chance that, little by little, everything was revealed to me.


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[Assistant] The first time he saw my airplane, for instance, I shall not draw my airplane. That would be much too complicated for me. He asked me,


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[Assistant] And the little prince broke into a lovely peel of laughter, which irritated me very much.


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[Assistant] He tossed his head gently without taking his eyes from my plane.


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[Assistant] You can imagine how my curiosity was aroused by this half confidence about the other planets. I made a great effort, therefore, to find out more on this subject. My little man, where do you come from? What is this where I live of which you speak? Where do you want to take your sheep?


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[Assistant] And if you are good, I will give you a string too, so that you can tie him during the day, and a post to tie him to.


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[Assistant] But if you don't tie him, I said, he will wander off somewhere and get lost.


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[Assistant] This was that the planet the little prince came from was scarcely any larger than a house. But that did not really surprise me much.


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[Assistant] When an astronomer discovers one of these, he does not give it a name, but only a number.


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[Assistant] He might call it, for example, Asteroid 325.


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[Assistant] This asteroid has only once been seen through the telescope.


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[Assistant] That was by a Turkish astronomer in 1909.


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[Assistant] On making his discovery, the astronomer had presented it to the International Astronomical Congress in a great demonstration. But he was in Turkish costume, and so nobody would believe what he said. Grown-ups are like that.


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[Assistant] Fortunately, however, for the reputation of Asteroid B612, a Turkish dictator made a law that his subjects, under pain of death, should change to European costume. So in 1920,


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[Assistant] The astronomer gave his demonstration all over again, dressed with impressive style and elegance.


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[Assistant] If I have told you these details about the asteroid and made a note of its number for you, it is on account of the grown-ups and their ways. When you tell them that you have made a new friend,


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[Assistant] They never ask you any questions about essential matters.


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[Assistant] They never say to you, what does his voice sound like? What games does he love best? Does he collect butterflies? Instead, they demand, how old is he? How many brothers has he? How much does he weigh? How much money does his father make?


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[Assistant] Only from these figures do they think they have learned anything about him.


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[Assistant] I saw a beautiful house made of rosy brick with geraniums in the windows and doves on the roof.


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[Assistant] I saw a house that cost $20,000. Then they would exclaim, oh, what a pretty house that is. Just so you might say to them, the proof that the little prince existed is that he was charming, that he laughed and that he was looking for a sheep. If anybody wants a sheep, that is proof that he exists.


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[Assistant] They would shrug their shoulders and treat you like a child.


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[Assistant] The planet he came from is Asteroid B612. Then they would be convinced and leave you in peace from their questions.


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[Assistant] Children should always show great forbearance toward grown-up people.


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[Assistant] But certainly, for us who understand life, figures are a matter of indifference.


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[Assistant] I should have liked to begin this story in the fashion of the fairy tales. I should have liked to say


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[Assistant] Once upon a time there was a little prince who lived on a planet that was scarcely any bigger than himself, and who had need of a sheep.


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[Assistant] That would have given a much greater air of truth to my story.


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[Assistant] For I do not want anyone to read my book carelessly.


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[Assistant] I have suffered too much grief in setting down these memories.


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[Assistant] Six years have already passed since my friend went away from me, with his sheep. If I try to describe him here, it is to make sure that I shall not forget him. To forget a friend is sad. Not everyone has had a friend. And if I forget him,


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[Assistant] I may become like the grown-ups who are no longer interested in anything but figures.


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[Assistant] It is for that purpose again that I have bought a box of paints and some pencils. It is hard to take up drawing again at my age.


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[Assistant] And the boa constrictor from the inside, since I was six.


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[Assistant] I shall certainly try to make my portraits as true to life as possible, but I am not at all sure of success.


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[Assistant] One drawing goes along alright, and another has no resemblance to its subject.


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[Assistant] I make some errors too, in the little prince's height.


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[Assistant] In one place he is too tall, and in another too short. And I feel some doubts about the color of his costume.


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[Assistant] So, I fumble along as best I can. Now good, now bad, and I hope generally fair to middling.


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[Assistant] In certain more important details, I shall make mistakes also. But that is something that will not be my fault. My friend never explained anything to me.


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[Assistant] He thought perhaps that I was like himself.


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[Assistant] But I, alas, do not know how to see sheep through the walls of boxes.


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[Assistant] Perhaps I am a little like the grownups. I have had to grow old.


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[Assistant] As each day passed, I would learn, in our talk, something about the little prince's planet, his departure from it, his journey. Information would come very slowly, as it might chance to fall from his thoughts.


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[Assistant] This time, once more, I had the sheep to thank for it.


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[Assistant] Or the little prince asked me abruptly, as if seized by a grave doubt.


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[Assistant] I did not understand why it was so important that sheep should eat little bushes.


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[Assistant] I pointed out to the little prince that baobabs were not little bushes, but on the contrary trees as big as castles.


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[Assistant] The idea of the herd of elephants made the little prince laugh.


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[Assistant] He said. But he made a wise comment.


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[Assistant] As if he were speaking of something that was self-evident.


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[Assistant] And I was obliged to make a great mental effort to solve this problem without any assistance.


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[Assistant] Indeed, as I learned, there were on the planet where the little prince lived, as on all planets, good plants and bad plants.


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[Assistant] There were good seeds from good plants and bad seeds from bad plants. But seeds are invisible.


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[Assistant] They sleep deep in the heart of the Earth's darkness until someone among them is seized with the desire to awaken.


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[Assistant] Then this little seed will stretch itself and begin, timidly at first,


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[Assistant] If it is only a sprout of radish or the sprig of a rose bush, one would let it grow wherever it might wish.


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[Assistant] Now there were some terrible seeds on the planet that was the home of the little prince. And these were the seeds of the baobab. The soil of that planet was infested with them.


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[Assistant] A baobab is something you will never, never be able to get rid of if you attend to it too late. It spreads over the entire planet. It bores clear through it with its roots. And if the planet is too small, and the baobabs are too many, they flit it in pieces.


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[Assistant] So, as the little prince described it to me, I have made a drawing of that planet.


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[Assistant] I do not much like to take the tone of a moralist.


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[Assistant] And such considerable risks would be run by anyone who might get lost on an asteroid. That for once I am breaking through my reserve. Children, I say plainly, watch out for the baobabs.


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[Assistant] My friends, like myself, have been skirting this danger for a long time, without ever knowing it.


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[Assistant] And so it is for them that I have worked so hard over this drawing.


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[Assistant] The lesson which I pass on by this means is worth all the trouble it has cost me.


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[Assistant] The reply is simple. I tried, but with the others I have not been successful.


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[Assistant] When I made the drawing of the baobabs, I was carried beyond myself by the inspiring force of urgent necessity.


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[Assistant] Oh, little prince. Bit by bit, I came to understand the secrets of your sad little life.


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[Assistant] I learned that new detail on the morning of the fourth day when you said to me,


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[Assistant] But we must wait, I said. Wait? For what?


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[Assistant] For the sunset, we must wait until it is time.


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[Assistant] At first you seemed to be very much surprised. And then you laughed to yourself. You said to me,


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[Assistant] Everybody knows that when it is noon in the United States, the sun is setting over France. If you could fly to France in one minute, you could go straight into the sunset right from noon.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, France is too far away for that.


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[Assistant] But on your tiny planet, my little prince, all you need to do is move your chair a few steps.


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[Assistant] You can see the day end and the twilight falling whenever you like.


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[Assistant] Were you so sad then, I asked, on the day of your 44 sunsets? But the little prince made no reply.


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[Assistant] And as if the question had been born of long and silent meditation on his problem, he demanded


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[Assistant] A sheep, I answered, eats anything it finds in its reach.


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[Assistant] At that moment, I was very busy trying to unscrew a bolt that had got stuck in my engine. I was very much worried.


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[Assistant] The little prince never let go of a question once he had asked it.


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[Assistant] The thorns are of no use at all. Flowers have thorns just for spite.


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[Assistant] Oh no! I cried. No, no, no. I don't believe anything.


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[Assistant] I answered you with the first thing that came into my head.


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[Assistant] Don't you see, I am very busy with matters of consequence. He stared at me, thunderstruck.


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[Assistant] He was really very angry. He tossed his golden curls in the breeze.


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[Assistant] His face turned from white to red as he continued.


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[Assistant] On one star, one planet, my planet, the Earth, there was a little prince to be comforted.


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[Assistant] The flower that you love is not in danger. I will draw you a muzzle for your sheep. I will draw you a railing to put around your flower.


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[Assistant] It is such a secret place. The land of tears.


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[Assistant] On the little prince's planet, the flowers had always been very simple. They had only one ring of petals. They took up no room at all. They were a trouble to nobody.


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[Assistant] One morning they would appear in the grass, and by night they would have faded peacefully away.


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[Assistant] It might, you see, have been a new kind of baobab.


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[Assistant] But the shrubs soon stopped growing and began to get ready to produce a flower.


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[Assistant] The little prince, who was present at the first appearance of a huge bud,


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[Assistant] But the flower was not satisfied to complete the preparations for her beauty in the shelter of her green chamber.


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[Assistant] She chose her colors with the greatest care. She dressed herself slowly. She adjusted her petals one by one.


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[Assistant] She did not wish to go out into the world all rumpled, like the field poppies.


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[Assistant] It was only in the full radiance of her beauty that she wished to appear.


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[Assistant] And her mysterious adornment lasted for days and days.


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[Assistant] Which was if the truth be known, a little difficult to deal with.


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[Assistant] One day, for instance, when she was speaking of her four thorns, she said to the little prince,


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[Assistant] Embarrassed over having let herself be caught on the verge of such a naive untruth, she coughed two or three times in order to put the little prince in the wrong.


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[Assistant] So the little prince, in spite of all the goodwill that was inseparable from his love, had soon come to doubt her.


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[Assistant] He had taken seriously words which were without importance and it made him very unhappy.


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[Assistant] I believe that for his escape he took advantage of the migration of a flock of wild birds. On the morning of his departure, he put his planet in perfect order.


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[Assistant] He also had one volcano that was extinct.


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[Assistant] On our earth, we are obviously much too small to clean out our volcanoes.


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[Assistant] That is why they bring no end of trouble upon us.


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[Assistant] A little prince also pulled up, with a certain sense of dejection, the last little shoots of the baobabs.


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[Assistant] He believed he would never want to return.


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[Assistant] He said to the flower. But she made no answer.


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[Assistant] For she did not want him to see her crying. She was such a proud flower


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[Assistant] He was seated upon a throne which was at the same time both simple and majestic.


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[Assistant] Uh, here is a subject exclaimed the king when he saw the little prince coming and the little prince asked himself


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[Assistant] He did not know how the world is simplified for kings. To them all men are subjects.


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[Assistant] Said the king, who felt consumingly proud of being at last a king over somebody.


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[Assistant] The little prince looked everywhere to find a place to sit down.


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[Assistant] But the entire planet was crammed and obstructed by the king's magnificent ermine robe. So he remained standing upright


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[Assistant] And since he was tired, he yawned.


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[Assistant] To yawn in the presence of a king, the monarch said to him, I forbid you to do so.


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[Assistant] replied the little prince, thoroughly embarrassed.


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[Assistant] Murmured the little prince, now completely abashed. Uhm, uh, replied the king.


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[Assistant] For what the king fundamentally insisted upon was that his authority should be respected. He tolerated no disobedience. He was an absolute monarch.


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[Assistant] But because he was a very good man, he made his orders reasonable.


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[Assistant] If I ordered a general, he would say by way of example, if I ordered a general to change himself,


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[Assistant] I order you to ask me a question. The King hasten to assure him.


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[Assistant] Over everything, said the king with magnificent simplicity.


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[Assistant] The king made a gesture which took in his planet, the other planets, and all the stars.


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[Assistant] Ask the little prince. Over all that. The king answered. For his rule was not only absolute, it was also universal.


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[Assistant] Certainly they do, the king said. They obey instantly. I do not permit insubordination.


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[Assistant] If he had been master of such complete authority, he would have been able to watch the sunset, not 44 times in one day, but 72, or even 100, or even 200 times, without ever having to move his chair.


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[Assistant] And because he felt a bit sad as he remembered his little planet which he had forsaken, he plucked up his courage to ask the king a favor.


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[Assistant] The little prince reminded him, for he never forgot a question once he had asked it.


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[Assistant] Inquired the little prince, hum hum, replied the king.


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[Assistant] And before saying anything else, he consulted a bulky almanac.


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[Assistant] And then too, he was already beginning to be a little bored.


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[Assistant] Said the little prince, turning around to give one more glance to the other side of the planet.


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[Assistant] On that side, as on this, there was nobody at all. Then, you shall judge yourself.


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[Assistant] As the king made no answer, the little prince hesitated a moment. Then, with a sigh, he took his leave.


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[Assistant] The king called out hastily. He had a magnificent air of authority.


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[Assistant] The little prince said to himself as he continued on his journey.


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[Assistant] The second planet was inhabited by a conceited man.


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[Assistant] Uh, uh, I am about to receive a visit from an admirer.


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[Assistant] He exclaimed from afar when he first saw the little prince coming.


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[Assistant] For two conceited men, all other men are admirers.


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[Assistant] It is a hat for salutes, the conceited man replied. It is to raise and salute when people acclaim me. Unfortunately, no one at all ever passes this way.


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[Assistant] said the little prince who did not understand what the conceited man was talking about. Clap your hands, one against the other.


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[Assistant] The conceited man now directed him. The little prince clapped his hands.


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[Assistant] The conceited man raised his hat in a modest salute.


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[Assistant] And he began again to clap his hands, one against the other.


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[Assistant] The conceited man again raised his hat in salute.


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[Assistant] After five minutes of this exercise, the little prince grew tired of the game's monotony.


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[Assistant] He asked, but the conceited man did not hear him. Conceited people never hear anything but praise.


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[Assistant] Do you really admire me very much? He demanded of the little prince.


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[Assistant] He said to the Tipler, whom he found settled down in silence before a collection of empty bottles and also a collection of full bottles. I am drinking.


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[Assistant] Replied the Tipler with a legubrious air.


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[Assistant] I haven't had time to light it again. Uh, 26 and 5 make 31. Whew!


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[Assistant] Eh? Are you still there? 501 million. I can't stop. I have so much to do. I am concerned with matters of consequence. I don't amuse myself with Balderdash. Two and five makes seven.


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[Assistant] The second time, eleven years ago, I was disturbed by an attack of rheumatism. I don't get enough exercise.


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[Assistant] I have no time for loping. The third time? Well, this is it. I was saying then, five hundred and one million.


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[Assistant] Lies? Oh no, little glittering objects.


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[Assistant] Oh no, little golden objects that set lazy men to idle dreaming. As for me, I am concerned with matters of consequence. There is no time for idle dreaming in my life.


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[Assistant] 501,622,731. I am concerned with matters of consequence. I am accurate.


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[Assistant] What do I do with them? Yes. Nothing. I own them.


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[Assistant] Kings do not own, they reign o'er. It is a very different matter.


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[Assistant] It makes it possible for me to buy more stars, if any are discovered.


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[Assistant] Nevertheless, he still had some more questions.


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[Assistant] Then they belong to me because I was the first person to think of it.


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[Assistant] Certainly. When you find a diamond that belongs to nobody, it is yours. When you discover an island that belongs to nobody, it is yours. When you get an idea before anyone else, you take out a patent on it. It is yours.


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[Assistant] That means that I write the number of my stars on a little paper. And then I put this paper in a drawer and lock it with a key.


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[Assistant] That is enough, said the businessman.


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[Assistant] On matters of consequence, the little prince had ideas which were very different from those of the grown-ups.


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[Assistant] He continued his conversation


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[Assistant] The businessman opened his mouth, but he found nothing to say and answer, and the little prince went away.


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[Assistant] There was just enough room on it for a street lamp and a lamp lighter.


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[Assistant] The little prince was not able to reach any explanation of the use of a street lamp and a lamp lighter somewhere in the heavens on a planet which had no people and not one house. But he said to himself, nevertheless,


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[Assistant] When he arrived on the planet, he respectfully saluted the lamp lighter.


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[Assistant] Those are the orders, replied the lamp lighter. Good morning.


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[Assistant] Those are the orders, replied the lamp lighter.


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[Assistant] There is nothing to understand, said the lamp lighter. Orders are orders. Good morning. And he put out his lamp.


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[Assistant] Then he mopped his forehead with a handkerchief decorated with red squares.


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[Assistant] I follow a terrible profession. In the old days it was reasonable. I put the lamp out in the morning and in the evening I lighted it again. I had the rest of the day for relaxation and the rest of the night for sleep.


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[Assistant] The orders have not been changed, said the lamp lighter. That is the tragedy. From year to year the planet has turned more rapidly and the orders have not been changed. Then what? asked the little prince.


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[Assistant] Then, the planet now makes a complete turn every minute, and I no longer have a single second for repose. Once every minute I have to light my lamp and put it out.


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[Assistant] It is not funny at all, said the lamp lighter.


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[Assistant] He remembered the sunsets which he himself had gone to seek in other days merely by pulling up his chair and he wanted to help his friend.


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[Assistant] I always want to rest, said the lamp lighter.


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[Assistant] That doesn't do me much good, said the lamp lighter. The one thing I love in life is to sleep.


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[Assistant] Said the little prince. I am unlucky. Said the lamp lighter. Good morning. And he put out his lamp.


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[Assistant] Said the little prince to himself as he continued farther on his journey.


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[Assistant] He breathed a sigh of regret and said to himself again,


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[Assistant] What the little prince did not dare confess was that he was sorry most of all to leave this planet.


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[Assistant] Because it was blessed every day with 1,440 sunsets.


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[Assistant] The sixth planet was ten times larger than the last one.


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[Assistant] He exclaimed to himself when he saw the little prince coming. The little prince sat down on the table and panted a little. He had already traveled so much and so far. Where do you come from? The old gentleman said to him.


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[Assistant] I am a geographer, said the old gentleman.


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[Assistant] And he cast a look around him at the planet of the Geographer.


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[Assistant] It was the most magnificent and stately planet that he had ever seen.


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[Assistant] I couldn't tell you, said the geographer.


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[Assistant] One waits until the explorer has furnished roofs before putting them down in ink.


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[Assistant] Well, said the geographer expectantly.


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[Assistant] Repeated the little prince who never in his life had let go of a question once he had asked it.


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[Assistant] That was his first moment of regret, but he took courage once more.


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[Assistant] One can count their 111 kings, not forgetting to be sure the Negro kings among them, 7,000 geographers, 900,000 businessmen, 7,500,000 tiplers, 311 million conceited men,


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[Assistant] That is to say about 2 billion grown-ups.


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[Assistant] To give you an idea of the size of the earth, I will tell you that before the invention of electricity, it was necessary to maintain, over the whole of the six continents, a veritable army of 462,511 lamp-lighters for the street lamps.


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[Assistant] Seen from a slight distance, that would make a splendid spectacle.


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[Assistant] The movements of this army would be regulated like those of the ballet in the opera.


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[Assistant] First would come the turn of the lamp lighters of New Zealand and Australia. Having set their lamps alight, these would go off to sleep.


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[Assistant] Next, the lamplighters of China and Siberia would enter for their steps in the dance. And then they too would be waved back into the wings.


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[Assistant] After that would come the turn of the Lamplighters of Russia and the Indies. Then those of Africa and Europe.


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[Assistant] Then those of South America. Then those of North America.


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[Assistant] And never would they make a mistake in the order of their entry upon the stage. It would be magnificent.


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[Assistant] Only the man who was in charge of the single lamp at the North Pole and his colleague who was responsible for the single lamp at the South Pole, only these two would live free from toil and care. They would be busy twice a year.


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[Assistant] I have not been altogether honest in what I have told you about the lamp lighters.


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[Assistant] And I realized that I run the risk of giving a false idea of our planet to those who do not know it.


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[Assistant] Men occupy a very small place upon the earth.


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[Assistant] If the two billion inhabitants who people at surface were all to stand upright and somewhat crowded together, as they do for some big public assembly,


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[Assistant] All humanity could be piled up on a small pacific islet.


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[Assistant] The grownups, to be sure, will not believe you when you tell them that. They imagine that they fill a great deal of space.


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[Assistant] But do not waste your time on this extra task. It is unnecessary.


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[Assistant] When the little prince arrived on the earth, he was very much surprised not to see any people.


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[Assistant] He was beginning to be afraid he had come to the wrong planet when a coil of gold, the color of the moonlight, flashed across the sand.


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[Assistant] Said the little prince courteously. Good evening. Said the snake.


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[Assistant] It is beautiful, the snake said. What has brought you here?


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[Assistant] Said the little prince. Ah, said the snake. And they were both silent.


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[Assistant] It is a little lonely among men, the snake said. The little prince gazed at him for a long time.


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[Assistant] He twined himself around the prince's ankle, like a golden bracelet.


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[Assistant] It was a flower with three petals, a flower of no account at all.


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[Assistant] The little prince asked politely. The flower had once seen a caravan passing.


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[Assistant] The only mountains he had ever known were the three volcanoes, which came up to his knees. And he used the extinct volcano as a footstool.


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[Assistant] But it happened that after walking for a long time through sand and rocks and snow, the little prince at last came upon a road, and all roads lead to the abodes of men.


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[Assistant] He was standing before a garden, all abloom with roses.


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[Assistant] Said the roses. The little prince gazed at them. They all looked like his flower


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[Assistant] The roses said, and he was overcome with sadness.


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[Assistant] His flower had told him that she was the only one of her kind in all the universe.


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[Assistant] And here were 5,000 of them, all alike in one single garden.


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[Assistant] And he lay down in the grass and cried.


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[Assistant] It was then that the fox appeared. Good morning, said the fox.


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[Assistant] The little prince responded politely, although when he turned around he saw nothing. I am right here, the voice said, under the apple tree.


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[Assistant] But after some thought, he added,


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[Assistant] It is an act too often neglected, said the fox.


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[Assistant] It means to establish ties.


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[Assistant] To me, you are still nothing more than a little boy who is just like a hundred thousand other little boys. And I have no need of you.


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[Assistant] And you, on your part, have no need of me.


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[Assistant] It is possible, said the fox. On earth, one sees all sorts of things.


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[Assistant] All the chickens are just alike, and all the men are just alike. And in consequence, I am a little bored.


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[Assistant] But, if you tame me, it will be as if the sun came to shine on my life.


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[Assistant] I shall know the sound of a step that will be different from all the others. Other steps and me hurrying back underneath the ground. Yours will call me, like music, out of my burrow. And then, look! You see the grain fields down yonder?


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[Assistant] I do not eat bread. Wheat is of no use to me.


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[Assistant] The wheat fields have nothing to say to me, and that is sad. But you have hair that is the color of gold.


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[Assistant] Think how wonderful that will be when you have tamed me. Grain, which is also golden, will bring me back the thought of you.


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[Assistant] And I shall love to listen to the wind in the wheat.


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[Assistant] The fox gazed at the little prince for a long time. Please tame me, he said.


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[Assistant] Men have no more time to understand anything. They buy things already made at the shops.


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[Assistant] But there is no shop anywhere where one can buy friendship. And so men have no friends anymore. If you want a friend, tame me.


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[Assistant] Asked the little prince, you must be very patient, replied the fox.


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[Assistant] First, you will sit down at a little distance from me. Like that, in the grass.


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[Assistant] I shall look at you out of the corner of my eye, and you will see nothing. Words are the source of misunderstandings.


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[Assistant] But you will sit a little closer to me every day.


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[Assistant] It would have been better to come back at the same hour, said the fox.


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[Assistant] If, for example, you come at four o'clock in the afternoon, then at three o'clock I shall begin to be happy.


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[Assistant] At four o'clock, I shall already be worrying and jumping about. I shall show you how happy I am.


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[Assistant] But if you come at just any time, I shall never know at what hour my heart is to be ready to greet you. One must observe the proper rights.


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[Assistant] Those also are actions too often neglected, said the fox.


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[Assistant] They are what make one day different from other days. One hour from other hours. There is a right, for example, among my hunters.


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[Assistant] Every Thursday they dance with the village girls. So Thursday is a wonderful day for me. I can take a walk as far as the vineyards.


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[Assistant] So the little prince tamed the fox and when the hour of his departure drew near,


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[Assistant] Said the little prince. Yes, that is so. Said the fox.


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[Assistant] It has done me good, said the fox, because of the color of the wheat fields. And then he added,


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[Assistant] Go and look again at the roses. You will understand now that yours is unique in all the world.


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[Assistant] Then come back to say goodbye to me, and I will make you a present of a secret.


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[Assistant] The little prince went away to look again at the roses.


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[Assistant] And now, here is my secret. A very simple secret.


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[Assistant] It is only with the heart that one can see rightly.


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[Assistant] What is essential is invisible to the eye.


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[Assistant] said the little prince so that he would be sure to remember men have forgotten this truth said the fox but you must not forget it


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[Assistant] You become responsible, forever, for what you have tamed. You are responsible for your rose!


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[Assistant] Said the little prince. Good morning! Said the railway switchman.


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[Assistant] I sort out travelers in bundles of a thousand, said the switchman. I send off the trains that carry them, now to the right, now to the left.


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[Assistant] Not even the locomotive engineer knows that, said the switchman.


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[Assistant] And a second brilliantly lighted express under by in the opposite direction.


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[Assistant] These are not the same ones, said this switchman. It is an exchange.


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[Assistant] Ask the little prince. No one is ever satisfied where he is.


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[Assistant] Demanded the little prince, they are pursuing nothing at all, said the switchman.


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[Assistant] They are asleep in there, or if they are not asleep, they are yawning. Only the children are flattening their noses against the window panes.


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[Assistant] Said the little prince, good morning, said the merchant. This was a merchant who sold pills that had been invented to quench thirst.


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[Assistant] You need only swallow one pill a week, and you would feel no need of anything to drink.


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[Assistant] Because they save a tremendous amount of time, said the merchant. Computations have been made by experts. With these pills, you save 53 minutes in every week.


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[Assistant] When we had trudged along for several hours in silence, the darkness fell, and the stars began to come out.


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[Assistant] The little prince's last words came reeling back into my memory. Then, you are thirsty too? I demanded. But he did not reply to my question. He merely said to me,


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[Assistant] And without saying anything more, I looked across the ridges of sand that were stretched out before us in the moonlight.


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[Assistant] The little prince added. And that was true. I have always loved the desert.


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[Assistant] One sits down on a desert sand dune, sees nothing, hears nothing.


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[Assistant] Yet through the silence, something throbs and greens.


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[Assistant] And legend told us that a treasure was buried there. To be sure, no one had ever known how to find it. Perhaps no one had ever even looked for it. But it cast an enchantment over that house.


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[Assistant] Yes, I said to the little prince, the house, the stars, the desert.


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[Assistant] It seemed to me that I was carrying a very fragile treasure.


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[Assistant] It seemed to me even that there was nothing more fragile on all the earth. In the moonlight, I looked at his pale forehead.


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[Assistant] His closed eyes, his locks of hair that trembled in the wind, and I said to myself, What I see here is nothing but a shell. What is most important is invisible.


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[Assistant] As his lips opened slightly with the suspicion of a half smile, I said to myself again,


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[Assistant] What moves me so deeply about this little prince who is sleeping here is his loyalty to a flower.


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[Assistant] The image of a rose that shines through his whole being like the flame of a lamp, even when he is asleep. And I felt him to be more fragile still. I felt the need of protecting him.


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[Assistant] As if he himself were a flame that might be extinguished by a little puff of wind.


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[Assistant] The song of the pulley was still in my ears, and I could see the sunlight shimmer in the still trembling water.


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[Assistant] Its sweetness was born of the walk under the stars, the song of the pulley, the effort of my arms. It was good for the heart, like a present.


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[Assistant] When I was a little boy, the lights of the Christmas tree, the music of the midnight mass, the tenderness of smiling faces,


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[Assistant] Used to make up, so the radiance of the gifts I received.


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[Assistant] I had drunk the water. I breathed easily. At sunrise the sand is the color of honey. And that honey color was making me happy too. What brought me then this sense of grief?


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[Assistant] Said the little prince softly as he sat down beside me once more. What promise?


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[Assistant] The little prince looked them over and laughed as he said.


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[Assistant] So then I made a pencil sketch of a muzzle, and as I gave it to him, my heart was torn. You have plans that I do not know about, I said. But he did not answer me. He said to me instead,


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[Assistant] Then it was not by chance that on the morning when I first met you, week ago, you were strolling along like that all alone, a thousand miles from any inhabited region. You were on your way back to the place where you landed.


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[Assistant] The little prince flushed again, and I added with some hesitancy, perhaps it was because of the anniversary. The little prince flushed once more. He never answered questions, but when one flushes, does that not mean yes? Ah, I said to him, I am a little frightened, but he interrupted me.


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[Assistant] But I was not reassured. I remembered the fox.


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[Assistant] When I came back from my work the next evening, I saw from some distance away my little prince sitting on top of this wall with his feet dangling. And I heard him say,


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[Assistant] Another voice must have answered him for he replied to it.


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[Assistant] I stopped in my tracks, my heart torn asunder, but still I did not understand.


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[Assistant] Even as I was digging into my pocket to get out my revolver, I made a running step back.


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[Assistant] But at the noise I made, the snake let himself flow easily across the sand like the dying spray of a fountain and, in no apparent hurry, disappeared with a light metallic sound among the stones.


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[Assistant] And now I did not dare ask him any more questions. He looked at me very gravely and put his arms around my neck.


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[Assistant] And yet it seemed to me that he was rushing headlong toward an abyss from which I could do nothing to restrain him. His look was very serious, like someone lost far away.


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[Assistant] And he gave me a sad smile I waited a long time


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[Assistant] Once again, I felt myself frozen by the sense of something irreparable.


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[Assistant] And I knew that I could not bear the thought of never hearing that laughter anymore.


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[Assistant] Little man, I said, tell me that it is only a bad dream. This affair of the snake and the meeting place and the star. But he did not answer my plea. He said to me instead,


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[Assistant] Ah, little prince, dear little prince, I love to hear that laughter.


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[Assistant] And he laughed again. Then he quickly became serious.


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[Assistant] I shall not leave you. But he was worried.


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[Assistant] And he took me by the hand, but he was still worrying.


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[Assistant] He was a little discouraged but he made one more effort.


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[Assistant] And he too said nothing more, because he was crying.


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[Assistant] And he sat down because he was afraid.


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[Assistant] I too sat down, because I was not able to stand up any longer.


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[Assistant] He still hesitated a little. Then he got up. He took one step. I could not move.


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[Assistant] There was nothing there but a flash of yellow close to his ankle. He remained motionless for an instant. He did not cry out. He fell as gently as a tree falls. There was not even any sound because of the sand.


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[Assistant] And now, six years have already gone by. I have never yet told this story.


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[Assistant] The companions who met me on my return were well content to see me alive. I was sad, but I told them, I am tired. Now my sorrow is comforted a little. That is to say, not entirely. But I know that he did go back to his planet, because I did not find his body at daybreak. It was not such a heavy body.


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[Assistant] And at night, I love to listen to the stars. It is like 500 million little bells. But there is one extraordinary thing.


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[Assistant] When I drew the muzzle for the little prince, I forgot to add the leather strap to it. He will never have been able to fasten it on his sheep.


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[Assistant] So now I keep wondering, what is happening on his planet? Perhaps the sheep has eaten the flower.


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[Assistant] At one time I say to myself, surely not.


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[Assistant] The little prince shuts his flower under her glass globe every night, and he watches over his sheep very carefully. Then I am happy. And there is sweetness in the laughter of all the stars.


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[Assistant] But at another time I say to myself, at some moment or other, one is absent minded, and that is enough.


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[Assistant] On some one evening, he forgot the glass globe.


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[Assistant] or the sheep got out without making any noise in the night and then the little bells are changed to tears. Here then is a great mystery.


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[Assistant] For you who also love the little prince, and for me, nothing in the universe can be the same if somewhere, we do not know where, a sheep that we never saw has, yes or no, eaten a rose. Look up at the sky. Ask yourselves, is it yes or no? Has the sheep eaten the flower? And you will see how everything changes.


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[Assistant] And no grown-up will ever understand that this is a matter of so much importance.


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[Assistant] It is the same as that on the preceding page, but I have drawn it again to impress it on your memory.


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[Assistant] It is here that the little prince appeared on earth, and disappeared. Look at it carefully.


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[Assistant] So that you will be sure to recognize it in case you travel someday to the African desert. And if you should come upon this spot, please do not hurry on. Wait for a time exactly under the star.


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[Assistant] Then, if a little man appears who laughs, who has golden hair, and who refuses to answer questions, you will know who he is. If this should happen, please comfort me. Send me word that he has come back.


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[Assistant] You can be sure that dressed like that, no one is going to confuse Woodstock with a turkey.


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[Assistant] Am I gonna be a D- person all my life, Marcy? What can I do?


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[Assistant] Stay awake in class, study hard, and always do your homework.


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[Assistant] I'm Amy Adams and I'm going to be talking about how to write about science for a lay audience. And the first step in writing for a lay audience is interviewing a scientist about whatever topic you're going to write about.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and the challenge in conducting an interview isn't just understanding the science, it's also trying to get the scientist to speak in a way that the general public would understand. Uhm, getting them to talk about their work in a way that is interesting and engaging


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[Assistant] And helps people and the lay public understand what it is that those scientists are excited about.


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[Assistant] So this cartoon, I think, illustrates the problem. In the first panel, you have a scientist saying, I filter out earthquake.


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[Assistant] By looking at the energy ratio between adjacent frequency bands and things to herself, I am great at explaining things. And what the public hears is blah blah blah, earthquakes, blah blah. They think they are so smart. Never trust a scientist.


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[Assistant] And another scientist from a different discipline hears blah, blah, blah, earthquakes, blah, blah. And they think to themselves, that is terrible. I would never use that much jargon. But of course what we know is that this, uh,


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[Assistant] Nice scientist man in the final panel really would use a lot of jargon. And,


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[Assistant] It's part of the writer's job to break scientists out of that jargon.


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[Assistant] And to do that first, let's talk about why scientists can't let go of the jargon. And part of it, it's just, that's how they talk all day long. And so then they turn to you and they talk to you the way they talk all day long. Um, but they also don't want to be imprecise. Those jargon words really mean something.


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[Assistant] To them, in their work, that it is hard to remember that someone who was say an economics major and hasn't seen biology or physics or chemistry since high school probably does not remember those words, uhm, if they ever even knew them.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and also I think a lot of scientists don't care that the public understand their work, which is, some do, uhm, but many don't, and that's why we need writers to help interpret them.


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[Assistant] So when you're going to write a news story, why is it that you need the scientists to drop the jargon and speak coherently? I mean, if you're a good writer and you're going to write a story about this science, why can't you just interpret the science yourself and let the scientists keep their jargon?


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[Assistant] One of them is that you want to quote the scientists in, in stories you write. Uhm, news stories are a great way to help scientists come alive, to help the public who might be skeptical of scientists or might be intimidated by science.


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[Assistant] This is a way to help the public see these scientists as real people and believable. People who are excited about their work and excited to go to lab every day and learn something new.


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[Assistant] And you can help convey that sense of excitement and of real people, uhm, carrying out important work.


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[Assistant] By quoting the scientist in your story. It also makes your story more interesting.


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[Assistant] You often need their analogies and descriptions. You know, despite complaints about the scientists using a lot of jargon, uhm, they have often spent a lot of time thinking about


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[Assistant] Ways of describing their work or analogies that really, really work. And you want to elicit those from them because it helps you tell a better story.


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[Assistant] You want the scientists to seem like real people. They should seem believable. Accessible.


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[Assistant] So the challenge here is that scientists use jargon with each other. Uh, they do not use lay language with each other. They use lay language maybe, uhm, with, with their families, with, uhm, friends, with,


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[Assistant] People who they consider to be non-scientists. So your job when you talk to scientists and you want to get a good interview.


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[Assistant] Is to make yourself appear to not be a scientist, which is hard.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you need to check your ego with the door and go in and feel like you can ask stupid questions, uhm, to help the scientist feel like they can use, uhm, smaller words with you.


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[Assistant] Okay, if you read news stories about science, you will see, as we've been talking about, that they usually include quotes from the scientist. So if you look at those quotes,


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[Assistant] When you read a news story, think what kinds of questions elicited good quotes. Do you want a scientist simply repeating their findings? We found that protein A interacts with protein B.


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[Assistant] Uhm, that's not the kind of quote that, that really conveys, conveys their excitement or shows them as real people. What you want to get the scientists talking about is what is the big picture? What's the significance of, of why, of protein A interacting with protein B or


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[Assistant] Whatever it is that they found. Why is that important to people? Why are they excited about it? Who's going to benefit from this work?


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[Assistant] What did they think when they got the result? Were they excited? Were they confused? Were they surprised? What are some emotions? Let's get some emotion in this work. I think people who do science understand that it really is pretty


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[Assistant] Uhm, what made the scientists ask these questions? Sometimes there's a really interesting backstory, uhm, that can help, help the public understand why this research is important and interesting.


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[Assistant] So in the interview, not only do you want to ask questions that help you understand the science and then help you write accurately about the science, but also ask questions that get at the significance in the emotion.


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[Assistant] So what does this all mean in terms of an actual interview? The first question I always ask is something, something really big picture like, can you describe the key finding?


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[Assistant] That helps the scientist take a step back and begin thinking kind of big picture. What is it that was important in this piece of research?


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[Assistant] The questions you ask the scientists might take you off in a different direction. So you really want to understand what the scientist thinks is truly important about the work.


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[Assistant] Okay, so after they describe the key finding, why is this important? So that gives you some context, uhm, helps you think about how you're going to kind of frame the story for the reader. How does that work?


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[Assistant] These are the kinds of detailed questions that you need to ask just to make sure you actually understand the science well enough to write about it accurately. Uhm, and then finally,


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[Assistant] This is maybe the most important question in their interview because this is where


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[Assistant] This, the person you're interviewing takes a minute to think about.


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[Assistant] Uhm, interesting or important or kind of side comments about the research that maybe didn't fit in the paper.


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[Assistant] Or, uhm, maybe it's perspectives on the research that, uhm, that you wouldn't have thought of, uhm, but they had.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you often get really, really interesting, uhm, answers. And I, I like to ask that question before I really think the interview is all the way over because you will often have follow-up questions from this.


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[Assistant] So, so overall it's pretty straightforward. Get the, get the big picture, get some, some context and emotion, get the details, and then get the magic with your last question.


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[Assistant] So uhm, when you, so you get your interview, uh, now it's time to write the story. Uh, so how do you use quotes in a story? So the rule of thumb is that you always use a quote exactly as it was said. Because when you quote someone,


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[Assistant] Those quote marks indicate that someone really, truly did say that. Uhm, and that's, in my mind, a pretty hard and fast rule, except that you wanna, you wanna be nice to the person. So if they say, uhm,


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[Assistant] If they, uh, add filler words in the middle of the sentence. So here we have a made up sentence, uhm, be polite in the sense that you should, uhm, tidy up, you know, the quote. What that person really said was be polite, tidy up the quote. So you are,


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[Assistant] You can erase words or tidy up words or add punctuation if it's gonna make the quote make more sense, uhm, and, and mean exactly what the person meant it to mean.


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[Assistant] And the Poynter Institute, uhm, has some rules of thumb on this. Uh, so the way you added the quote should be truthful.


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[Assistant] You're not going to edit the quote in a way that makes it seem different than what it was.


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[Assistant] Adding language is more dangerous than taking stuff out because you can distort the meeting. So you can remove the word um.


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[Assistant] Or, you know, or like, uhm, but you don't want to add words because that could change the meaning.


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[Assistant] Be careful with slang. Uhm, do not try to use slang or dialect unless your ear is really good. If that's the way someone speaks, that's fine, but don't try to edit them to include dialect.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and I think this one is great. Uhm, the American language is a great treasure. I would say any language is a great treasure.


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[Assistant] But you should, if you edit a quote to have it to get rid of ums or likes, that's fine. But don't edit the quote to get rid of, uhm, if there's a part of the country that uses a, a, an expression slightly differently than the way you would. Uhm, leave it the way it is.


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[Assistant] Which is not exactly one long quote. Uhm, so a Q&A, so a question and answer.


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[Assistant] Is a really good option. Uhm, if you have a scientist who speaks really well, uhm, or


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[Assistant] That person is the story or the point of the story is to get that person's opinion.


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[Assistant] Uhm, or if you don't have a lot of time, the Q&A format is definitely faster than the struggle of trying to write your own news story.


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[Assistant] Or if you want to help your readers understand a process, uhm, the Q&A format can work really well. Uhm, and in terms of a Q&A, it's essentially, uh,


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[Assistant] The same rules of thumb apply as editing a quote. So if you ask someone a question and they give you an answer, you do not need to use the entire answer as it was said. You can edit it lightly, but at the end of the day, whatever gets listed as the person's answer should accurately reflect what that person intended to say.


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[Assistant] Yeah, okay, but it's not a literal transcript of the entire answer because really most people are not that interesting for several long paragraphs. So the point here is that, uhm, in order to be interesting for a couple paragraphs, uh, you often need to edit out repeated


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[Assistant] Repeated ideas, repeated sentences, repeated quotes, uhm, to make it a little tighter.


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[Assistant] Yes. Here they are clapping happily for the person in the Q&A and that is because you, the writer, have made their answers more succinct and a more engaging version of what the person actually said.


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[Assistant] And then there's some slight differences when you're going to interview for a Q&A. Uhm, we had an outline for what a typical interview would look like for a news story. With a Q&A, the questions should tell a bit of a story. So you should write the questions out in advance.


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[Assistant] And have a sense of what your story arc is going to be.


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[Assistant] I often have more questions prepared than I eventually use because sometimes the answers to a question that I am very interested in turns out to not be interesting.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so I need to be prepared to dump some questions that were not as interesting as I thought and still have enough questions remaining to produce an interesting Q&A. So I find five


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[Assistant] To be kind of a good minimum number, uhm, in a, in a final Q&A. So I would normally go in with like seven questions and just prepare, be prepared to dump some if, uh, if they're not sufficiently interesting.


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[Assistant] And the other thing with the Q&A is you really need to listen and make sure that the person answers the full question because in a Q&A you can't go back and just add context that you know or add details of the science that you happen to know the way you would with a new story. They need to actually say the whole thing.


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[Assistant] This is a, this is an actual quote that I had, uhm, in a Q&A. And the way they actually said it was, so the


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[Assistant] That problem was waiting to be solved and was solved because there were two people in different fields who decided to work together.


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[Assistant] And they got money in the form of the Sea Grant and actually the students also had a fellowships to really launch the project, which is a bit long. So.


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[Assistant] I changed it to, that problem was solved because there were two people in different fields who decided to work together and they got money to launch the project.


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[Assistant] Where I'm going to talk about the weekend, even though it's only Friday morning for me right now as I make this, I always look forward to the weekend. I do like my job, but I do look forward to the weekend every single week.


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[Assistant] It's so much fun to have some time off work. Uh, for those of you that don't know what the weekend is,


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[Assistant] The weekend is Friday evening, all day Saturday, all day Sunday. I guess technically Monday morning might be part of the weekend, but we don't count that as part of the weekend. So the weekend is that part of the week where usually you don't need to work. Anyways, welcome to this English lesson about the weekend. Uhm, so there's a couple things about the weekend.


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[Assistant] That you might do. By the way, uhm, I think I'm going to be teaching you a lot of English phrases in this lesson that you probably don't know, uh, or maybe you're not sure how to use. But typically, what's different about the weekend is that you will stay up late. Okay, you can see in this picture, this guy is staying up late.


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[Assistant] One thing you will do on the weekend is you will stay up late. If your normal bedtime is something like 10pm, you might stay up till 11pm or 12pm or midnight as we call it. So, one thing that you might do on the weekend,


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[Assistant] That usually means that I'm at home and I just stay up past my normal bedtime. Okay? When you stay out late though, it means that you've gone out. And I know during these times now, most of us are stuck at home, uh, because of COVID.


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[Assistant] Often on the weekend, people will stay out late. I don't often stay out late anymore. I think I'm getting a little too old for that, but uh, definitely I stay up late, but I don't often stay out late.


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[Assistant] When you stay out late, it might be because you enjoy the nightlife.


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[Assistant] The nightlife, when we use the term nightlife, it refers to anything you can do at night on the weekend, okay? So maybe you like going to a restaurant, maybe you like going to a bar, maybe you like going out to see a movie, anything that you do at night,


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[Assistant] When I was younger, I used to enjoy the nightlife a lot more than I do now. I should stop talking about how old I am, shouldn't I? I'll do that.


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[Assistant] Uhm, one thing that most people do, and this is related to staying up late and staying out late, is that they sleep in. Uhm, I sleep in a little bit on the weekends. I don't sleep in a lot. Uhm, but a lot of times people will sleep in on the weekend. So if they normally get up at 6am,


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[Assistant] I do want to pause for a minute and say hi to all of the people watching. I'm not sure how many people are watching so far. Oh, 253. Always surprising how many people are watching. And let me do just a little audio check for a second here.


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[Assistant] Yes, looks like things are still working great.


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[Assistant] I was gonna say something else and I can't remember what it was, so we'll just continue with the lesson. Oh yes, work. What is this slide doing here?


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[Assistant] This to me when I saw this picture looked like a man. He's looking at his phone and I'm imagining his boss is saying, I need you to come in on Saturday.


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[Assistant] Or his boss is saying, I need you to work on Saturday. Uh, or his boss might be saying, can you take a shift on Saturday? A shift is a certain amount of hours that you work.


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[Assistant] The reality of the world, the reality of life is that some people do work on the weekends, okay? Uhm, sometimes I work on the weekends. If I have a lot of grading to do, I will work on the weekends.


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[Assistant] Sometimes you do need to work. Many people work five days a week. Some people work more than five days a week. Especially if you have a part-time job.


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[Assistant] You might get, you might end up getting called into work on a Saturday. Okay. So again, uh, when I picture this guy, uh, looking at his phone, I think he kind of looks a little sad because I think the message he's reading is from his boss and it says, can you work on Saturday or can you come in on Saturday for a few hours to work?


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[Assistant] Uh, this lesson is not about The Weeknd. So I'm not sure if you are familiar with The Weeknd. He is a very, very popular Canadian singer. The Weeknd is from Toronto. Notice he misspells the word Weeknd in his stage name.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so obviously, The Weeknd isn't his real name, but if you were thinking this lesson was going to be about the singer The Weeknd,


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[Assistant] Uh, it's not. So I just thought I should clarify that. But if you have not listened to any songs by The Weeknd, I recommend that you do. He is a very, very popular Canadian singer from Toronto. Uhm, let me just fix this slide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we talk about the weekend, there's a couple of phrases that we use. One phrase that we use before the weekend, and another phrase we use after the weekend. When we're talking to coworkers,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we're talking to people who we go to school with, we'll say, do you have any plans for the weekend?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, basically, it's kind of a polite way just to ask someone, hey, are you doing anything fun this weekend? Uhm, and that is, for me, in my area of Ontario, Canada, the most common way to ask this question. Do you have any plans for the weekend? We sometimes say, what are you up to this weekend?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we say, do you have any plans for the weekend or what are you up to this weekend? And then we share with each other some of the things that we are planning to do. On the flip side,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So at the other end of the weekend, we have this question. We say, how was your weekend?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So before I leave work on a Friday,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I might ask this question. I might say to a colleague, hey, do you have any plans for the weekend? And we might talk about our weekend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we return on Monday, we will often use this phrase, how was your weekend? Did you have a good weekend? That's another phrase we'll use or how was your weekend?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I do want to give a shout out to Brent. I see Brent in the chat. Brent and I are both teachers in real life. Brent is from American English with this guy. That's his YouTube channel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and so Brent has been in and out the last few weeks of my live streams because I'm imagining Brent is as busy as I am now that we're back at school. But hi Brent, it's really good to see you this morning. Uhm, let me see here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to point out something. So this is a North American English lesson. Uhm, this is not a British English lesson. In Canada and in the United States, we usually say on the weekend. What did you do on the weekend? Uhm, uhm, on the weekend I went skiing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Britain though, in the UK, they say at the weekend. Now, this is just what the internet told me. I'm not an expert on British English, but I thought I should mention that for Brent and I, Brent as an American and for me as a Canadian, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A very popular thing to do on the weekend is to eat. So you often go out to eat. You often go out with friends to eat. You meet at restaurants. It is very common to go out to eat. Again, in English, when you say that you are going to go out to eat,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means that you are going to a restaurant, okay? If you go to someone's house to eat, that is not the same as going out to eat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Generally, if you said, do you have any plans for the weekend? I might say, oh, Jen and I are going to go out to eat on Saturday night. That means that we're going to go to a restaurant.