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[Assistant] You think you're special just because you can fly?


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[Assistant] Welcome to Bill's Fabric World. What can I do for you today? I was wondering if you guys also tailor clothes. Sure we do. We have the best tailors in the country. What is it that you need exactly?


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[Assistant] Well, I'm looking to get a custom-made suit. Excellent. We have the finest cashiers at affordable prices. How about we get you measured? Let's start off by measuring the width of your shoulders.


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[Assistant] Now let's measure the length of your arms and this bit around your neck here.


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[Assistant] No problem. Now for your pants. Let me just measure your waist and the inseam.


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[Assistant] Now you can pick your fabric and pattern design. Please follow me.


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[Assistant] What is it that you need exactly? Well, I'm looking to get a custom made suit. Excellent. We have the finest cashmere at affordable prices. How about we get you measured? Let's start off by measuring the width of your shoulders. Now, let's measure the length of your arms and this bit around your neck here. Can you make sure you leave a little extra space


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[Assistant] Now you can pick your fabric and pattern design. Please follow me.


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[Assistant] Welcome to Bill's Fabric World. What can I do for you today? I was wondering if you guys also tailor clothes. Sure we do. We have the best tailors in the country. What is it that you need exactly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I'm looking to get a custom made suit. Excellent. We have the finest cashmere at affordable prices. How about we get you measured? Let's start off by measuring the width of your shoulders.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, let's measure the length of your arms and this bit around your neck here.


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[Assistant] No problem. Now for your pants. Let me just measure your waist and the inseam.


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[Assistant] Now you can pick your fabric and pattern design. Please follow me.


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[Assistant] Why Can't I? Written by Russ Buyuk Illustrated by Joel Snyder


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[Assistant] Because I said so, said Mom.


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[Assistant] Why can't I climb on the shelves? asked Jose. Because I said so, said mom. Why can't I slide in the kitchen? asked Jose. Because I said so, said mom. Why can't I have any fun? asked Jose. Your fun needs to be safe, said mom. Can I wash the dog?


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 30, The Frying Pan.


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[Assistant] Wukong and his companions were tied up in a room in the abbey.


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[Assistant] Said the great immortal. He turned around and left the room.


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[Assistant] Late that night, Wukong recited a spell.


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[Assistant] The group tiptoed through the dark and silent abbey.


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[Assistant] When they got outside, the sun was beginning to rise.


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[Assistant] Said the Tang Monk. Suddenly, a voice boomed.


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[Assistant] Wukong pulled out his iron bar and swung. The great immortal moved out of the way.


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[Assistant] Bajie struck with his rake, and Wujing stabbed with his spear. But the great immortal was fast.


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[Assistant] He waved his arm and his sleeve shot toward the group. Once again, the travelers were swept up.


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[Assistant] Back at the Abbey, the Great Immortal told his priests to start a fire.


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[Assistant] The priest carried an enormous frying pan into the room. They placed it over the fire.


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[Assistant] The monkey recited a quick spell and made the statue look exactly like himself. Then, he disappeared.


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[Assistant] Thinking the statue was Wukong, the two priests tried to lift it.


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[Assistant] They finally dragged the statue to the frying pan and dropped it in.


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[Assistant] Crap! The frying pan broke in half.


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[Assistant] The Tang Monks started to cry. The Great Immortal shook with anger.


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[Assistant] It's black tea. People call it red tea here.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, like Camomile or Jasmine.


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[Assistant] And, there are other things on the menu besides tea.


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[Assistant] No, not at this tea house, but they do have some food.


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[Assistant] This is my cousin, Patty. She's staying with us this summer. Hello Patty.


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[Assistant] These little teacups get really hot, really fast.


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[Assistant] Because KTV is a group activity. Everyone must sing.


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[Assistant] Yes, they're fine. Hattie, are you nervous?


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[Assistant] Do you want to sing first? Brian, I don't like singing. You know that.


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[Assistant] Bigger rooms cost more, smaller rooms cost less.


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[Assistant] Me too. That's why I never did karaoke in America.


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[Assistant] Really? Maybe I can sing another song.


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[Assistant] No, but you begin the hike with a walk through a tunnel.


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[Assistant] They're still eating breakfast. Brian is a slow eater.


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[Assistant] We're here! How many manto did you eat, Brian? Only four! That's a lot! Well, let's go.


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[Assistant] Me too. Now let's go wade in the river!


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[Assistant] I want to be as far from this mountain as I can by night time.


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[Assistant] Golden Horn works for me, said Lausa. I sent him here to cause trouble for you.


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[Assistant] Buddha wanted to make sure you are all serious about reaching the western paradise. You fought well, Wukong.


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[Assistant] Where do you come from? I come from England.


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[Assistant] It's mild, but it's not always pleasant. The weather's often cold in the north and windy in the east.


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[Assistant] It's often wet in the West and sometimes warm in the South.


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[Assistant] Which seasons do you like best? I like spring and summer.


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[Assistant] The days are long and the nights are short.


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[Assistant] The sun rises early and sets late. I don't like autumn and winter.


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[Assistant] The days are short and the nights are long.


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[Assistant] The sun rises late and sets early. Our climate is not very good, but it's certainly interesting. It's our favorite subject of conversation.


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[Assistant] Hi, Becca. Hey, Claire. Good to see you. Where were you this weekend? What?


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[Assistant] We talked about taking in a movie on Saturday, remember? But you never came over. Oh.


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[Assistant] Do you like Aaron better than Graham? Would you rather date Aaron?


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[Assistant] Oh, I didn't mean that. Claire, can I ask you something? Sure. What don't you like about Aaron? What? Aaron's a great guy. I like him a lot. Then, why don't you want to date him? I don't know. I never thought about that before. Oh.


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[Assistant] I might move to Atlanta to work at Net Cafe Headquarters. Really? Wow. Don't you like working here? I do.


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[Assistant] Of course, I dislike some things about it too. Well, that will be true of any job. Right. But, I don't want to work here forever.


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[Assistant] I understand. And you could probably learn a lot at headquarters. True.


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[Assistant] But will I like it? I'm not sure. I don't know. I never worked in an office. Oh.


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[Assistant] Okay, I'll make dinner myself. You just sit there and do nothing.


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[Assistant] He says it is, but I think he's just being lazy.


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[Assistant] And you're still my little brother. You're not a bad kid.


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[Assistant] Oh, okay. Well, we'd better go. See you later!


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[Assistant] Do you need anything else to drink? No thanks.


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[Assistant] You're right. That's strange. Aaron thinks maybe Claire will finally go out with him. I hope he won't be disappointed.


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[Assistant] You're right. We need some. We want the cafe to look successful.


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[Assistant] It's nice to meet you. Please, sit down. Aaron, will you get Tyler some coffee? Sure.


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[Assistant] Well, it's early. We'll have more customers later.


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[Assistant] But what about my customers? What if he treats them badly?


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[Assistant] Don't be sad. Worrying won't help. You're right.


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[Assistant] Sure, how about we go home and prepare a couple of sandwiches? Nah, let's get a burger and fries. What you have to do is have unhealthy fast food. Pizza, fries, burgers and hot dogs. You have to start eating better.


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[Assistant] It's a start, but I'll be happy when I see you stick to your promise.


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[Assistant] I'm hungry. Let's go grab a bite to eat. Sure. How about we go home and prepare a couple of sandwiches? Nah, let's get a burger and fries. All you ever do is have unhealthy fast food. Pizza, fries, burgers and hot dogs. You have to start eating better. What are you talking about?


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[Assistant] I have salads sometimes. Yeah right. I'm serious. You should also cut down on your sugar intake as well. You drink carbonated drinks that are high in fructose syrup. It's really not healthy.


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[Assistant] It's a start, but I'll be happy when I see you stick to your promise.


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[Assistant] Sure, how about we go home and prepare a couple of sandwiches? Nah, let's get a burger and fries. What you ever do is have unhealthy fast food. Pizza, fries, burgers and hot dogs. You have to start eating better.


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[Assistant] It's a start, but I'll be happy when I see you stick to your promise.


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[Assistant] Plus I kept telling Master to use the tight headband spell. I'll bet the monkey is really mad at me.


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[Assistant] The Tang Monk is in danger, big danger! A monster turned him into a tiger. And Wu Jing was captured!


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[Assistant] It's my prize from a writing contest. You are a winner.


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[Assistant] You are funny, but I don't think so.


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[Assistant] I can put the money in a bank account.


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[Assistant] We're closed. Finally. Are you glad? I really am. Oh! Is this your wallet? No. Did a customer forget it? I don't know. Maybe there is a lot of money inside. Maybe the owner's name is inside. Oh, right. Is there ID or a credit card? Yes, it says


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[Assistant] I found it! Can I borrow your credit card?


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[Assistant] Why is a debit card better than a credit card?


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[Assistant] Yes, the money comes from your bank account right away.


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[Assistant] Wow. You're helping me manage my money. Thanks.


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[Assistant] I agree. The earlier you start, the better.


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[Assistant] Max, who is the little girl in this picture?


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[Assistant] Are you sure you don't read directions?


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[Assistant] Yes, I can see that. Good job, Max!


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[Assistant] I'm taking a DIY class for flower arrangement. I can put flowers on your tricycle for you.


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[Assistant] Hey Ben. Hi Max. What are you cooking? Can I try some?


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[Assistant] And we have to keep a journal about our experience.


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[Assistant] Sometimes. I like to sing to him too.


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[Assistant] I like pretending to be a mom, but I'm not ready to be a real mom yet.


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[Assistant] That's a fun idea, but we can't close a diner today. What about our customers?


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[Assistant] We're spring cleaning today too, remember?


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[Assistant] The weather is still a little cold for a picnic, but we can still have fun.


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[Assistant] Hi honey, how was the frisbee game?


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[Assistant] He gets them every spring. Poor Simon.


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[Assistant] Hey Max, do you have any special plans for Sunday?


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[Assistant] You're cooking all your day off. I'm sorry, Max.


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[Assistant] This picture was taken a year ago. Max and I went to the sweet home orphanage on Easter. That's great. It was fun.


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[Assistant] We celebrated Easter with the children. We gave them Easter baskets filled with candies and cookies. They loved them. It's wonderful that you're going again this year. Yes, I'm excited. I'm writing letters to the children. I hope they'll be encouraged. You're tired. Yeah.


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[Assistant] What are you and Simon doing for Easter? We're going to the Easter service at church and then joining the town's activities. Fun!


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[Assistant] But, be careful during the Easter egg hunt.


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[Assistant] Well, maybe it's not the best, but it's definitely better than Twist and Shout.


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[Assistant] Yesterday, Mrs. Moore wanted to listen to a classical song.


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[Assistant] There's something for everyone. There's jazz, country, blues.


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[Assistant] Stone Soup, written by Karen Mokler, illustrated by Lauren Gallegos.


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[Assistant] Fox was poor and hungry. No one would feed him. He had an idea.


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[Assistant] First, I need a big pot and some water, he said.


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[Assistant] Other animals brought onions. They brought peas and potatoes.


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[Assistant] It looks like rain again. It's not going to rain. And that's a girl's umbrella. I guess you're right.


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[Assistant] You look great. You're right. I am ready for the rain. Are you also ready to pay? Oh, right.


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[Assistant] Max said I could stay for dinner, if I joined the class.


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[Assistant] Oh, I remember the flower baby project. You take the baby everywhere with you. Flower babies are not fun.


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[Assistant] I'll only be gone a few days. I just need someone to feed them. Come on, Sarah!


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[Assistant] Simon! Betty! You are two of my favorite people.


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[Assistant] But you are! How are you, Hugh? I'm super. Thank you. How about you?


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[Assistant] Thanks. Great! I have something perfect for you.


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[Assistant] A heart hug? It's perfect for Valentine's Day. How many do you want?


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[Assistant] Max wants one. Yes, Max likes heart hugs. You're right.


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[Assistant] I agree. Oh, let me get you some food.


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[Assistant] I want my daughter back. And I want that monster destroyed!


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[Assistant] I can't ask the Jade Emperor for help, thought Wukong.


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[Assistant] He already sent the gold dragon, who was just captured again. Maybe I can ask Guan Yin for help.


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[Assistant] Just be careful of his cloth. Warn the monkey. He'll try to capture us with it.


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[Assistant] Release my friends right now, Yellow Brows! If you don't, I'll knock down your monastery! Then, I'll smash your entire mountain!


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[Assistant] To the far side when the lights are low.


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[Assistant] Is this the well the king was pushed into? Oh, I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] That priest is a centipede spirit called the Demon Lord of Many Eyes.


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[Assistant] I am the only one who can defeat him.


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[Assistant] I will take the centipede with me to be punished. Wukong bowed. Thank you.


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[Assistant] It's been weeks since any demons tried to eat Master.


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[Assistant] Hello? Yeah, this is the Net Cafe.


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[Assistant] You want to talk to Becca? Sorry, she's not here. Sure. No problem. Bye.


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[Assistant] I know. But what I said was okay, right? I was friendly.


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[Assistant] You'd tell Ron I don't answer the phone well enough?


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[Assistant] Alright then. Don't worry, sis. I'll be so professional that everyone will be happy.


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[Assistant] Thank you for calling The Net Cafe. This is Aaron. How may I help you?


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[Assistant] Yes, Becca is available. May I ask who is calling? One moment, please. Here you go.


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[Assistant] It's a customer. She wants to talk to the manager


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[Assistant] Thank you for calling The Net Cafe. This is Aaron. How may I help you?


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, Becca is not available right now. May I take a message?


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[Assistant] I'll check for you, sir. May I put you on hold?


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, she's not available right now. Would you like to leave a message?


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[Assistant] Hi Claire. It's a beautiful day, isn't it?


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[Assistant] Well, it needs to be the right bus stop. Which bus do you need to ride to school?


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[Assistant] That's because these catalogs make them all look good.


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[Assistant] I don't know if I'll get into any of these schools. I'm sure you will. Thanks, Jeff.


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[Assistant] I like Westside because they have a new computer lab. Are the academics good at Westside?


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[Assistant] They're okay. I also like the University of South Florida. It's close to home.


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[Assistant] Claire really likes Graham, huh?


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[Assistant] Okay, so why are you having a sleepover?


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[Assistant] Of course. I can be very quiet. I won't even turn on the TV.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, Becca. Me too. Go back to sleep. We'll be really quiet now.


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[Assistant] Oh. It's just junk mail. Give it to me.


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[Assistant] Aaron, can you give me that lemon? Sure. What's the lemon for? I'm making a sauce for the salmon. Oh, that sounds great! Claire will love it. Well, let's hope she loves you. Oh, right. Do you think she does?


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[Assistant] I hope so. You two would be cute together.


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[Assistant] I still can't believe she likes someone else. I'm sorry, Aaron.


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[Assistant] Do you have time to have dinner with us tonight? We might have some things you need. Sure.


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[Assistant] You look like you're in shock Is it something serious?


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[Assistant] Mia, I know this isn't what you wanted right now.


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[Assistant] Well, we always said you'd stop working when we had kids. But if you don't


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[Assistant] We wanted to share it with all of you. What is it?


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[Assistant] Yes, you work so hard to become an editor, but you're willing to give it up for our family.


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[Assistant] But, it's too common. I want a special name for our baby.


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[Assistant] We'll think about these names, then we'll let you know.


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[Assistant] Good job. Now, what is this road sign?


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[Assistant] In our state, you can turn after you stop, but some states have different rules.


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[Assistant] Draw a square in the air.


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[Assistant] Illustrated by Matt Lovridge. Focus Question.


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[Assistant] Do not eat the puppies, Abby says. Zots finds trash.


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[Assistant] Do not eat the trash, Abby says. Zot finds books.


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[Assistant] Do not eat the books, Abby says.


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[Assistant] Do not eat the tree, Abby says.


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[Assistant] Do not eat the hats, Abby says.


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[Assistant] Draw a picture and write about it.


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[Assistant] Science. Sort the things Zots tries to eat into groups. Share your sorting with a partner.


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[Assistant] The monkey flew out of the cave and told Wu Jing what he'd just learned. Then he jumped onto a cloud and headed south.


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[Assistant] Wukong, why are you here? asked Guanyin.


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[Assistant] Guan Yin didn't answer. A minute later, the water rumbled. The vase reappeared. It was atop the shell of a giant turtle.


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[Assistant] The monkey ran down the mountain and tried to pick up the vase.


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[Assistant] They probably saw my red cloud. I'll have to trick them with a disguise.


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[Assistant] Lesson 73. The way to King Street. Last week Mrs Mills went to London. She does not know London very well and she lost her way.


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[Assistant] I can ask him the way, she said to herself. Excuse me, she said. Can you tell me the way to King Street, please? The man smiled pleasantly. He did not understand English. He spoke German. He was a tourist. Then he put his hand into his pocket and took out a phrase book.


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[Assistant] I feel like this is a trick question, like you're trying to trick me here, but no, I am probably one of the biggest Harry Potter fans you'll probably ever meet to be honest.


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[Assistant] Remember, it's Leviosa, not Leviosa. Oh, they look too happy to be fighting a trial.


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[Assistant] That's right, shouted Wukong. It was a really terrible thing to do.


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[Assistant] No, said Wukong. Lausa doesn't really like me.


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[Assistant] I'll go to the land of darkness and talk to the Judge of the Dead instead.


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[Assistant] Wukong laughed. I wondered if you would remember that. I'm looking for Squire Koo's name.


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[Assistant] Two nights ago, a friend of mine, Squire Koo, was killed and brought here. I would like to bring him back to Earth.


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[Assistant] I'm helping the Tang Monk reach the Western Paradise to fetch the true scriptures. The Squire was very kind to us.


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[Assistant] I have good news, said the monkey. Your life isn't over yet. I'm taking you back to Earth.


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[Assistant] I am happy here, but I would love to see my wife and friends again.


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[Assistant] Yes? The monkey agreed. I'll deal with the tiger immortal in the morning.


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[Assistant] I am Sun Wukong, said the monkey, and you should be ashamed of yourself.


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[Assistant] Did you know that the Jade Emperor is afraid of me? I once defeated his entire army. The tiger immortal puffed out his chest.


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[Assistant] Wukong snorted. I can summon rain. It's easy.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 98, Three Fights.


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[Assistant] The monkey watched carefully for the monster and demons. Suddenly a demon charged toward the group.


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[Assistant] Wukong heard grunts and clashing weapons, but he couldn't see the fight.


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[Assistant] The monkey charged toward the demon. Clang! Their weapons clashed. Wukong fought with all his strength.


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[Assistant] Again the demon left the road and headed down the mountain Wukong chased him.


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[Assistant] The monkey and the demon disappeared down the slope of the mountain.


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[Assistant] When Wukong returned to the road, he found Bajie alone. The pig looked upset.


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[Assistant] Ask the monkey. Bajie scratched his head.


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[Assistant] They soon found a cave. Its door was shut.


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[Assistant] He raised his rake and knocked a hole in the door. Then he shouted into the hole.


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[Assistant] A demon inside the cave shrieked and ran into a kitchen.


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[Assistant] Patty, Roger, and Daisy are in a grocery store.


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[Assistant] They leave the store and go to the beach.


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[Assistant] After dinner, Aunt Susie brings out green bean soup. Brian is very excited. He loves green bean soup. Patty is surprised. She usually eats salty beans. She never eats beans for dessert. But she tries a little of the soup. She likes it. She asks for more green bean soup.


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[Assistant] The whole family enjoys the dessert together. Then Brian sees Paul. Paul is playing with a coin. Brian is not happy.


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[Assistant] Some rain. You couldn't even summon one drop. I'll try again!


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[Assistant] Wonderful. Now all the Buddhist monks will be free. And we can continue our journey.


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[Assistant] What's in the box? I think it's a peach pit.


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[Assistant] Robbers broke into our house last night, said Lady Koo breathlessly.


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[Assistant] We're dangerous robbers! Last night we robbed a very wealthy squire!


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[Assistant] I was starting to think that the Bodhisattva Guanyin had tricked me. She told me you would arrive in a year or so. But that was over ten years ago.


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[Assistant] I wanted to arrive much sooner, but we faced many dangers and delays along the way.


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[Assistant] I'm the great immortal of the golden head, and this abbey is my home. Beyond it lies the western paradise. Come inside and rest before you continue.


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[Assistant] You never trust people Wukong. This kind man is willing to help us cross the river.


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[Assistant] Yes, you are here for the feast, pig. We're going to eat you for lunch!


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[Assistant] Are you talking about Sun Wukong, the monkey who defeated Heaven's entire army 500 years ago? Uhm.


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[Assistant] But we need a plan. Sun Wukong is strong.


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[Assistant] Nonsense, said Wukong. Look over there!


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[Assistant] But that log is the only way to reach the Spirit Mountain, said Wukong. You must believe that it's safe.


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[Assistant] The Tang Monk must make the entire journey by himself. We're here to protect him, not to carry him.


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[Assistant] Buddha won't allow Master to have the true scriptures if he doesn't take every step himself.


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[Assistant] You got rid of your mortal body, master, said Wukong. You're a spirit now.


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[Assistant] The topic of this lecture is correlational research, and the topic of this segment is intelligence research, which is my own area of expertise.


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[Assistant] And the point of this segment is again to talk about how correlational research is used to understand the structure of human intelligence and to develop theories about human intelligence.


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[Assistant] So what is intelligence? Intelligence is famously difficult to define.


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[Assistant] This was a pretty popular definition from the Wall Street Journal, uh, back in 1994. This was an agreed upon definition from


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[Assistant] It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings.


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[Assistant] It's catching on, it's making sense of things or figuring out what to do.


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[Assistant] What type of research supports that idea or supports even the idea that there is such a thing as a general intelligence? Well, over a hundred years of research that mainly employs correlational research methods supports that idea.


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[Assistant] So basically the idea that if you score well in one type of subject in school, you're gonna score well on another type of subject. Or if you score well on one kind of mental test, you tend to score well on another type of mental test. This has been observed over and over again for over a hundred years in intelligence research.


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[Assistant] And so as this slide indicates, we know this from examining lots and lots of patterns of correlations. And I'll refer to these types of correlations.


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[Assistant] Uhm, investigations as studies, just like the personality research, uh, is, they're mainly studies, they're not experiments. And there's a, that's an important distinction.


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[Assistant] These are just studies of behavior and that nothing is manipulated. Whereas in experimental research, there's a manipulation.


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[Assistant] Like the polio vaccine trials, there was a manipulation. A child received a vaccine or a placebo. In the working memory training experiments, there was a manipulation. They either did the training or they didn't do the training.


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[Assistant] These are just studies of behavior. We go out, we measure lots of things and look for patterns of correlation. There's no manipulations in these, in these studies. So important distinction between study and experiment.


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[Assistant] So here's an example again of a positive correlation. And this is what we typically see if we administer some sort of mental test.


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[Assistant] This is called the scatter plot. We'll get into this more on the lecture on correlation and in the lab, in the second lab, uh, on correlation regression.


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[Assistant] Uhm, people who do well on one test tend to do well on another kind of test. And this has been observed for over a hundred, a hundred years in lots and lots and lots of studies of intelligence.


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[Assistant] So that led to the first sort of idea or theory of intelligence, uhm, proposed by Charles Spearman in 1904, that there was some sort of general intelligence that must account for


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[Assistant] Kids grades in, in history, in a language class, in a math class, in a science class, they all tend to show that positive correlation.


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[Assistant] Uh, among individuals or among kids in school.


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[Assistant] Causes this variance or causes these correlations across all these different kinds of tests. And Spearman referred that, referred to that as G, or general intelligence.


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[Assistant] One of Spearman's early critics, Thurstone,


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[Assistant] Observe that, well, some correlations are stronger than others. Yes, all the correlations across the children's school grades are positive, but some of them are stronger than others. So for example, if I look at a correlation between math and science,


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[Assistant] That correlation tends to be higher than say, math and history. Even though this is a positive correlation, the slope of this line is going up.


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[Assistant] Uh, this line is going up. It's a positive correlation. Uhm, the correlation between math and science scores tends to be higher than the correlation between math and history scores. So Thurstone argued that


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[Assistant] There are different types of intelligence. So there's something like verbal ability and perhaps spatial or mathematical ability and those are separable.


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[Assistant] And so verbal ability is more important for history class and language class and spatial ability or quantitative ability is more important in math class and science class.


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[Assistant] And there's some support for that theory of intelligence. The only problem with that approach is that there still tends to be a positive correlation between these guys.


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[Assistant] So even among verbal and spatial ability, there's still some positive correlation. As you saw in the scatter plot with math and history scores, there's still positive.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so what that led people to propose is what's known as a hierarchical model.


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[Assistant] Uh, that have examined patterns of correlations. So this hierarchical model of intelligence is supported.


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[Assistant] Uh, just like the big five factor, uh, model of personality is supported by correlational research.


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[Assistant] Um, and that's summarized here in this slide. There's a general ability and then there's several more specific abilities. Uh, and you need both of those to fully account for all the patterns of correlations that we observe in these types of correlational studies.


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[Assistant] And again, this is, I just want to use this as an example of correlational research. I don't want to get into a big debate about intelligence. But if you do want to know more about intelligence research, feel free to look at my own research.


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[Assistant] Uh, research on this, uhm, or if you want to know more about that hierarchical model I just showed you.


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[Assistant] Uh, just Google the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence.


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[Assistant] That's sort of the prominent theory of intelligence right now. Again, why is it the prominent theory of intelligence? Because it's supported by years of correlational research. Looking at patterns of correlations among lots of different test scores


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[Assistant] No experimental research per se. We're not manipulating, uh, anything in those studies. We're just looking at the patterns of correlations across test scores or task scores. And that's the end of that segment.


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[Assistant] Hi, welcome back to the success course here at Wharton. Uhm, you're in my office.


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[Assistant] Uh, it's great to have you and, uh, to get a chance to share some thoughts about what you mean by the word success and how you plan to, uh, set about achieving whatever those goals are that you concede to be your own.


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[Assistant] I think the first step that everyone takes when they begin the journey of understanding the meaning of success is really simple. And I kind of have a metaphor for it. It's like waking up. You know, when you're asleep, you're dimly aware of things that are going on.


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[Assistant] You have dreams, you might be restless, you might toss and turn.


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[Assistant] You might be aware of noises, but then there's this moment when your consciousness just


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[Assistant] Suddenly kind of expands, expands, expands, and then you open your eyes and boom, you're in a different form of consciousness. You're awake.


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[Assistant] And I think what happens when you are on a journey to discover what your success values are,


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[Assistant] Uh, lecture you hear or even in this course you might reflect on something that has been said and that you're thinking about and there's this moment of insight and you go, ah, that's what I've been puzzled by.


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[Assistant] It can happen in a moment. I was, uh, teaching an executive program, uh, recently. Uh, we did the six lives exercise that you've already done, uhm, and,


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[Assistant] A woman afterwards came up to me and she had tears in her eyes because she was asking me had


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[Assistant] I asked that last question, the question about which life would you give to your only child.


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[Assistant] And I asked that, uh, for her. And I said, well, I ask it for everyone. She said, well, up to that point I'd chosen


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[Assistant] Uhm, the stonemasons life and then when you ask that question I suddenly realize that I


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[Assistant] I really would choose the teacher's life and I then realized that it was the stonemasons life that my parents had always wanted.


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[Assistant] For me, and not the life that I wanted for myself.


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[Assistant] And I could just see her, her eyes were filled with tears, but her mind was totally filled with energy.


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[Assistant] As she began this wake up process of discovering what her actual values are and where she'd take them from here. So uhm, the hypnotic power of culture, media, social pressure is overwhelming.


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[Assistant] And I always, uh, respect it completely because of the difficulty people have in swimming against those pressures.


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[Assistant] Uh, but within the context of a major business school,


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[Assistant] Many of them often feel the social agreement.


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[Assistant] About certain careers, whether it's in banking or consulting as being the sort of primary high status careers and against the social pressure of the social agreement.


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[Assistant] Of what everyone else seems to be aspiring to, it's very difficult for people.


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[Assistant] So uhm, it often happens that, uh, they get a little detour, uh, graduate, go do something they hadn't thought of, and then, a couple years later, they suddenly, uh, wake up and come back to those values that they'd had before, and then set off on their path. So, it's, uh, you know, it's a journey with many twists and turns.


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[Assistant] Uh, those moments of insight that you have, uh, make sure that you have ways of remembering them. Later, uh, in the course we're going to talk a little about some techniques actually for remembering what your values are and making them vivid so that, uh, you, uh, kind of come back to them over and over again.


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[Assistant] So, uh, in the next session I want to tell you a little story, uh, and then we'll be exploring, uh, some of the unique things that you bring to the table as you pursue your own success.


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[Assistant] And I will gladly carry you across again Hop on to my back


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[Assistant] Did you ask Budo when I would be reborn as a human?


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[Assistant] The ice didn't crack by accident said the monkey. I'm sure it was the demon.


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[Assistant] The demon probably caused this strange cold weather too.


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[Assistant] You two must go down there and get the demon to come back up. I'll surprise him.


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[Assistant] We must stop him before he eats the Tang Monk, said Wukong. Go back down there and try to lead him up here again.


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[Assistant] So let's take a minute and just pause and see where we are and where we're going.


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[Assistant] In the sessions that uhm, just came uhm, before, we talked about how you can


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[Assistant] Uh, personalize, uh, success. What is, uh, how to look inside, how to look into the past and find.


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[Assistant] Uh, the success values and the success capabilities, uh, that you have and individualize it for yourself.


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[Assistant] So we looked at where your four diamonds, uh, can be found, uh, and talked about the story of Ali Hafid and the Buddhist priest.


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[Assistant] We looked at a couple of habits that successful people have to persevere, have resilience, and be willing to be dissatisfied to motivate themselves toward positive change. And we looked at the


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[Assistant] Uh, various ways, four different ways that you can renew your success values, uh, identify them, keep them close.


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[Assistant] And remember them as you encounter the turbulence and the...


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[Assistant] Uhm, from here, we're going to go into a deeper dive. If you may remember at the very beginning of the course, we talked about these two faces of success, the two facets, uh, the inner life and the outer life.


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[Assistant] Uh, and in the next, uh, set of sessions we're going to be talking about


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[Assistant] Uh, some research findings and some complications and we're gonna dive deeper.


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[Assistant] into each of those two lives and look with a little more detail at what this achievement value really is and what it means and also what this happiness inner value is and what that actually means so that you can begin to better understand


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[Assistant] How that balance shifts between those two and sometimes


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[Assistant] When you're deceiving yourself, uh, and, uh, you may be following, uh, uh, or chasing a goal that is more of an illusion than it is a goal and when you


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[Assistant] Uh, end up getting whatever it was you were chasing, um, your puzzle as to why it doesn't, uh, feel all that good. Uh, so if you understand it better, you can make wiser choices, uh, and that's where we're going next.


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[Assistant] It's good to see all of you. Chen smiled. Did you reach the western paradise?


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[Assistant] As if I didn't have my hands full. How are you, Snake?


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[Assistant] I could get you in, providing there's something in it for... me.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure. Wukong believed it though.


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[Assistant] It looks warm too. Maybe the monks there will take us in.


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[Assistant] That settles it, said the pig. Who cares what that monkey thinks? What does he know?


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[Assistant] You must return those vests right away. We can return the vests before we leave.


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[Assistant] We can do that. You two are terrible.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, in his lair beneath the river, the monster found a red silk pouch in the jacket which he had taken from Pigsy. In the pouch, he found a note.


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[Assistant] You brought my coat back, thank you!


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[Assistant] And that is how the Brave Sandy came to join forces with them on their journey to the West.


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[Assistant] So as you begin putting the concepts and materials to work that we've been covering in this whole course,


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[Assistant] The kind of motivation that is primarily driving you.


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[Assistant] Uh, two kinds of motivation that, uh, people usually talk about which is intrinsic motivation, uh, doing things just because you love doing them and not for any kind of reward.


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[Assistant] And extrinsic motivation, which is doing things primarily for a reward and whether you like them or not is sort of indifferent.


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[Assistant] Uh, my own feeling is that those two generally mix. Everybody has some level of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation that is getting them going on whatever their projects are.


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[Assistant] And depending on the part of your life that you're working on, uhm, happiness tends to be more, uh, correlated with intrinsic motivation activities, hobbies, time with your children.


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[Assistant] Uh, work often more associated with extrinsic motivation, uh, things you get paid for, things that, uh, you kind of process, uh, in the ordinary way of getting a paycheck.


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[Assistant] But I'd like to talk about one other cut on motivation that I think is most, uh, intimately related to your, uh, success concept and that is, uh, to ask a question.


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[Assistant] In terms of your situation now, and we just looked at the matrix to help you assess that, do you feel like you're more, uhm, running toward your goals at this point? Or do you think you're more running away from your fears?


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[Assistant] Uh, the two dominant, um, drivers in the human psyche are desire and fear. Uh, even a snail, uh, will, uh, move forward to, uh, get food with desire, but, uh, withdraw into its shell, uh, if it feels threatened and has fear.


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[Assistant] So, uh, humans have the same two principal motivations. And I think it's important for you to assess which of these and in what mixture, uh, you're currently working on your success goals with. Because if fear is an issue, and sometimes when I ask this question to students, they almost look startled.


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[Assistant] Because although they've been thinking that they've been


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[Assistant] Moving toward the goal of say, graduation, uh, what they realize is,


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[Assistant] They've just, they've been motivated almost as much by the fear of disappointing their families.


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[Assistant] Or the fear of failure if they don't graduate.


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[Assistant] And to the extent that you've got these, uh, backwards and you're motivated more from fear than you are from the desire to achieve something.


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[Assistant] Uh, the chances are that it's going to be a much more haunting sense of success, a much less satisfying sense of success, because all you're going to do is keep your fear at bay.


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[Assistant] And you're not going to feel the fulfillment of having actually grasped something that you were pursuing. So it's important to get this oriented in your mind. We have many fears. You can be motivated by simply a fear of being alone.


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[Assistant] Or a fear of being a failure or a fear of being, uh, not taken seriously or being unimportant or disrespected.


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[Assistant] Uhm, when those fears are dominating your life, I think, uh, it's really important to stop, uh, and turn and face them and try to identify them and try to grapple with their causes.


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[Assistant] If you don't, it's a pretty strong chance that any efforts you make


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[Assistant] Toward any kind of substantial achievement are gonna be


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[Assistant] Kind of two steps forward, one and a half steps back because, uh, you're not having taken care of the fear.


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[Assistant] Uh, the desire part doesn't have the freedom to exercise all the skills and talents that you have.


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[Assistant] Underlying all fears, in my view, uhm, is one really big fear that all humans face, and it's a big mystery, and essentially it's the fear of death.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and uhm, I think it's important, uh, that everyone at some point, uh, come to terms with this, uh, important fear. Uh, it is sort of fundamental to the human, uhm,


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[Assistant] Question, uh, I once did a calculation and, uh, basically, uhm, if you're lucky enough to be 90 years old and, uh, your 90 years are filled with days of full awareness.


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[Assistant] You will live for 32,850 days. 32,850 days. And that's all you're going to get in this life. Now if you believe in an afterlife, then there's another plane of existence and uhm, something else will happen. But it's still the case.


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[Assistant] That 90 years gives you 32,850 days and I think it's important to understand that your time is limited and that you have to accept


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[Assistant] That as one of the constraints that you're living with.


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[Assistant] Some people come to terms with their fear of death, uh, because they lose a loved one and they have the experience of losing them and they sort of become profoundly aware of the fact that they themselves may or will someday face this.


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[Assistant] Uh, others come to it, uh, because, uh, they have some personal experience of their own, uh, mortality, uh, for myself.


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[Assistant] And I was living in a Buddhist monastery in Sri Lanka and I was under the tutelage of a wonderful Sri Lankan teacher. We meditated.


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[Assistant] Uh, probably pretty much from six in the morning till about nine at night.


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[Assistant] Uh, it was an hour of sitting meditation, half an hour of walking meditation. We only had two meals a day, breakfast and lunch, and then no more food until the next morning. And,


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[Assistant] Being a Westerner and not having grown up in Asia, uhm, I had a terrible time, uh, sitting in the posture that you have to sit in to meditate. And so I was, uh, in a great pain. Uh, you only got to speak for about 15 minutes a day and you spoke only to your teacher.


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[Assistant] And I was finally at my wits end one day and I went to my teacher Venerable Sivali and I said, uhm, you know, Venerable Sivali, I'm, I'm doing nothing in my meditation except being aware of pain. My legs are in pain, my back is in pain, my


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[Assistant] And nothing but pain is happening as far as my mental experience.


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[Assistant] And he, he looked very compassionately at me in a very wise sort of way and he said, I think it's time for you to take a walk in the forest.


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[Assistant] And uhm, so he gave me leave to forego my meditation practice for the afternoon. And there was a great big forest outside the back of the monastery in the part of Sri Lanka where we were located. And so I just took a walk in the forest.


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[Assistant] It was a remarkable experience for me because I was simply walking along wondering why.


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[Assistant] The monk had sent me back there and then all of a sudden I noticed that the whole forest floor was covered with dead leaves.


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[Assistant] And then I noticed that there was, uhm, a dead bird under a tree.


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[Assistant] And then I noticed that the soil, uh, was filled with insects and animals that were sort of basically reprocessing the forest floor, uh, from all this


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[Assistant] And that someone had just given me the key to translating it and that the book was the book of life and that the main message was that life and death were connected and had to be with one another in order for either one to be. And that


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[Assistant] Hit me like a ton of bricks. I sat down under a tree. I wept.


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[Assistant] Uh, just realized that I would die just like everything in the forest, and uhm, I just mourn the fact that that was, uh,


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[Assistant] Basically a turning of the page. Up until that point I think I had been running from a certain fear of death and after that day I understood it in a kind of visceral way.


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[Assistant] And it meant I could confront the death of my parents, uh, with a very different perspective.


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[Assistant] Uh, it meant that I see suffering in a very different way, my own and others. Uh, and so it's been a, it, I, I note it for myself as a, a big turning point in my understanding of what life is and essentially what success means.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I had a student who had confronted this very differently. In her, uh, experience, she, uh, once, uh, she's a very religious, uh, person. She was an Orthodox Jewish, uh, woman, uh, and as a child, uh, uh, when she was about 10 years old, she, uh, was, uh, jumping into a lake near her home and she said that she hit her


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[Assistant] Head on a rock that was not far below the surface and


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[Assistant] And then the next thing she remembers is she was on the


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[Assistant] So everything about her life had changed after that. She, uh, she, her concern for, uh,


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[Assistant] Uh, things like being alone or, uh, her.


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[Assistant] Uh, concern for, uh, the death of a loved one, uh, that, uh, she of course felt, you know, compassion and, uh, and a sense of loss, but, but not a sense of fear.


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[Assistant] And I think that fundamentally changes, uh, how you approach, uh, the success that you want to achieve in your life. So I guess I'd need to ask you, uh, where you stand with this big fear.


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[Assistant] And if you have confronted it, uh, then, um, then you've definitely overcome a major challenge that your life will hold for you.


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[Assistant] If you're uncertain about it, then I think it might be something that you want to look at and try to understand more deeply. Don't be afraid of the fear of death. It's something that is a stage in your maturity, a stage in your growth.


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[Assistant] Uh, and your, and a stage in your ability to help others.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so once you transition from running away from your fears, then you have the opportunity to run with


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[Assistant] All of your energy toward the future and toward the goals that you want to achieve.


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[Assistant] And I just have a quick exercise that I think might help you imagine that.


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[Assistant] We call it the lottery exercise. It's inspired by a woman named Cynthia Stafford that I read about in my studies on success. Cynthia Stafford was an office worker, or still is, she's alive still, and she always played the lottery.


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[Assistant] And she's, she reported that, uh, you know, over and over and over, she would visualize this winning lottery ticket, uh, that she imagined she was holding. And, uh, she, uh, had this


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[Assistant] Amazingly vivid picture in her head of the dress she was gonna wear, the ticket and the number on it, and everything about the situation when she won the lottery. Then she played this number, of course, over and over.


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[Assistant] And then, lo and behold, it was the California lottery. She won.


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[Assistant] And she won, uh, on a day when she was wearing the very dress that she had imagined herself wearing and


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[Assistant] Uh, and she ascribed it to a kind of miracle mind power that she just imagined that her mind had created this winning lottery ticket. Uhm, now, uhm, I think Cynthia's story is important because that's a kind of magical thinking that actually doesn't work.


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[Assistant] You know, 8 or 10 million people playing the lottery, at least several thousand of them are imagining that they have the winning ticket.


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[Assistant] Uh, the mere imagination of something is not likely to, uh, you know, affect the lottery machine that's punching out the tickets.


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[Assistant] Uh, but what I admire about Cynthia Stafford is, uh, she, uh, she had this experience. It was a little spooky, I think, for her.


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[Assistant] Uh, trying to convince people that magic is what makes you win a lottery. She actually looked inside, uh, found what she was really passionate about.


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[Assistant] Uh, took care of her family first, of course. Set up trust funds for her kids to go to college and, you know, did some traveling. But after that, she became very passionately involved in theater. Uh, she helped found


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[Assistant] Some community theater projects in Los Angeles. She partnered with David Geffen, a famous theater person out there.


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[Assistant] Uh, to start to get, uh, a program, uh, for, uh, disabled people and elderly people to come to the theater on the weekends, uh, when they were free. And,


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[Assistant] She even started a television and movie production company where she could make films and tell stories. And so here's a person who won the lottery but turned it into


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[Assistant] And, uh, she partnered with people that helped her, uh, become successful. So, so here's your challenge. Imagine you've won the lottery. Maybe you weren't wearing the same color dress or the same color suit that you imagined, but you won the lottery anyway. Now, what would you do with it?


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[Assistant] Uh, let's assume you would take care of your family. Let's assume you would travel to your heart's content, but let's also assume that you now have the problem of figuring out what to do.


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[Assistant] And I think if you take a minute and dream a little and write down what you would actually do were money not a problem for you, what you'll find is that


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[Assistant] You'll get some directional signals. Maybe you would want to work in education. Maybe you would want to work in the media. Maybe you would want to, uh, provide educational opportunities, uh, for people in your community or work in developing country or, uh, get involved with politics.


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[Assistant] Uhm, if money were not the option, what would you do? And I think that begins to sketch out the kinds of goals that


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[Assistant] Uh, our good goals, uh, that will be inspiring goals to run toward.


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[Assistant] So I'm going to give you a final exercise as part of this sequence and, uh, I think I want you to take it very seriously.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and it's going to have several steps. Step one. I want you to write down


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[Assistant] Four or five goals that you currently have for your life could be a short-term goal, long-term goal, relationship goal, career goal, uh,


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[Assistant] But any kind of goal you want, it's up to you. But write down four or five of them.


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[Assistant] So having written down the five, four or five goals, here's your next problem. I want you to circle the one.


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[Assistant] That is the one that you have to achieve before you can achieve the others.


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[Assistant] So which of those goals is essentially the precondition for you to achieve the others?


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[Assistant] If you wrote down a goal that was, uh, become a college teacher or, uh, you know, write college textbooks or something, uh, getting a graduate degree, a PhD would be a first goal.


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[Assistant] That you'd have to achieve before you could achieve any of the others. Uhm, maybe you wrote down, uh, something about, uh, a family and, uh, and, uh, and children, uh, finding a life partner.


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[Assistant] Would be a goal that you would have to achieve before you could achieve any of those other goals. So note the goal that you have to achieve before you can achieve the others. And then put a circle around it. And then the final step of this is really simple.


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[Assistant] At the bottom half of the page where you've written your goals, write down two things that you can do this week.


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[Assistant] To take steps toward advancing on that goal you put a circle over.


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[Assistant] That would advance you toward that goal that you put a circle around that is the precondition for being successful in any of the other goals.


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[Assistant] I think that's the kind of commitment that you need to make. It's the humility that you need to have.


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[Assistant] Uh, in order to get your life going in the direction that your own theory of success suggests that it should go. I, uh, I have a home in a summer place kind of down in Virginia that I, uh,


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[Assistant] First encountered as a child and it's a place, uh, cabin. It has four bedrooms and an outhouse, uh, no bathroom.


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[Assistant] And, uh, it's on a river pass and there are lots and lots of stones in front of it with a rushing river that's going by. And,


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[Assistant] Uhm, as I was a kid, because my father bought it, uhm, uh, early in my life, and then I've been going back ever since.


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[Assistant] As a kid I used to have a game and I would try to see how far down the river I could get on these stones that littered the river pass without getting my feet wet.


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[Assistant] And see how many different ways you could do it. And the river changed every time and it went up and down with the weather. So these life goals are like the stones in the river.


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[Assistant] You have to take action to get to the next step. And then once you're there, you survey the situation and then decide what's the next best.


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[Assistant] This is very concrete. I think, uh, one of the things we're trying to do here is not just give you a theory of success, but give you some tools and some motivation to take action toward that theory and making it a reality.


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[Assistant] Good afternoon. I believe that this house is for sale. That's right. May I have a look at it, please? Yes, of course. Come in. How long have you lived here? I've lived here for twenty years.


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[Assistant] Twenty years? That's a long time!


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[Assistant] Yes, I've been here since 1976. Then why do you want to sell it?


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[Assistant] Because I've just retired. I want to buy a small house in the country. How much does this house cost?


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[Assistant] Sixty eight thousand five hundred pounds. That's a lot of money. It's worth every penny of it.


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[Assistant] Well, I like the house but I can't decide yet. My wife must see it first. Women always have the last word.


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[Assistant] I certainly do, but I don't like the price.


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[Assistant] You always want the best, but we can't afford it. Sometimes you think you're a millionaire.


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[Assistant] Tripitaka, Monkey, Pigsy and Sandy were on a westward pilgrimage from China to India in search of the sacred scrolls of wisdom.


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[Assistant] As soon as night fell, Monkey and Pigsy went to the riverbank and waited in disguise for the iron catfish to appear, though they hardly knew what to expect.


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[Assistant] As they were ready to set out the next day, the pilgrims saw that the iron catfish had frozen the river.


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[Assistant] This is fine! Well then, shall we be going Sandy? It looked like the problem of how to cross the river had been solved.


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[Assistant] Under the ice, however, the iron catfish was tracking the pilgrims every step.


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[Assistant] Now that the iron catfish had changed his shape, it seemed he really was invincible.


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[Assistant] It was a crane with a basket in its beak.


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[Assistant] The great turtle had lived in peace in his cave under the river for many years.


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[Assistant] The four companions were taken across the river to continue on their journey to the west.


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[Assistant] Hey kids, now we're going to write the letter F as in fish. Fuh, fuh, fish.


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[Assistant] Go to our website to download a free practice sheet.


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[Assistant] First, we'll write the capital F. That's the big F.


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[Assistant] Start at the top and make a line down.


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[Assistant] Go back to the top and make a line across.


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[Assistant] Then, go to the middle and make another line across.


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[Assistant] Start at the top and go around and down to the bottom.


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[Assistant] Next time, we'll write the letter G. Don't forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel.


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[Assistant] Hey kids, now we're going to write the letter E as an elephant. Eh, eh, elephant. You'll need a practice sheet and a pencil.


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[Assistant] First, we'll write the capital E. That's the big E.


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[Assistant] Start at the top and make a line down.


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[Assistant] Go back to the top and make a line across.


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[Assistant] Then, go to the middle and make another line across.


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[Assistant] Start below the middle and make a line across.


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[Assistant] Next time, we'll write the letter F.


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[Assistant] At that time, the kingdom was plagued with drought, with no rain, starvation threatened.


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[Assistant] It's true. He used magic to steal the throne.


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[Assistant] Here's the J tablet that's been missing for three years.


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[Assistant] What are we going to do now? cried Wukong. One-Horned Buffalo stole all our weapons.


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[Assistant] I used to steal things, but I know now that stealing is wrong.


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[Assistant] However, I will steal that metal ring because I need to save the Tang monk. You all wait here.


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[Assistant] He'll get itchy and have to take off the metal ring.


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[Assistant] When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor. There were coins everywhere.


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[Assistant] While we were having breakfast our little boy, Tommy, found two small coins on the floor. He put them both into his mouth.


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[Assistant] We both tried to get the coins, but it was too late. Tommy had already swallowed them. Later that morning, when I was doing the housework, my husband phoned me from the office. How's Tommy? he asked. I don't know, I answered. Tommy's been to the toilet three times this morning, but I haven't had any change yet.


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[Assistant] Come down monkey and wait with us.


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[Assistant] Do not worry, my friend. Monkey will be happy to carry you. Sure. Hop up onto my back.


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[Assistant] I hope you're not counting on me to help you.


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[Assistant] I wish I could, but I'm under orders from the blue gnome to crush you. Don't tell me you're afraid of that little weakling!


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[Assistant] Master, you wait here while Barjay and I find a village.


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[Assistant] I'm Sha Wujing. We were traveling to the west together. I'm going to the west, but not with you.


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[Assistant] From towering mountains to the gravel and pebbles along a river, Earth's solid exterior is made of a huge variety of rocks. Some are even being formed this very moment as active volcanoes spew lava that hardens as it hits the atmosphere or ocean.


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[Assistant] But most of the Earth's rocks are extremely old. Each rock is a shapeshifter, shifting form over time with a history that can span millions of years. And here's what geologists and rock climbers and your aunt with a collection of heart-shaped rocks know that lots of us overlook.


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[Assistant] Way back 4.5 billion years ago, when the solar system was forming, the Earth solidified as a swirling nebula of dust and gas that collapsed under its own gravity.


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[Assistant] But then, as gravity kept pulling on different molecules, the Earth formed its spheroid shape made up of different shell layers. In fact, even though we sometimes think of it as being separate from the Earth,


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[Assistant] It's made of light-colored and lightweight rocks rich in silicon and aluminum, which help make it the least dense layer besides the atmosphere, but not the thinnest. That would be the oceanic crust, which is what forms the vast ocean floors. Oceanic crust is made of heavy, dark-colored, iron-rich rocks that also have a lot of silicon and magnesium.


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[Assistant] It's denser than the continental crust, but only a few kilometers thick. Beneath the crust is the much thicker mantle. It stretches for roughly 2,900 kilometers and is rich in elements like iron, magnesium compounds, and combinations of silicon and oxygen called silicates. The mantle is so thick, it actually gradually changes density as we go deeper into the Earth.


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[Assistant] The 2400 kilometer thick outer core is so hot, all that iron becomes molten and turns to liquid. But the hot, dense inner core of iron with a radius of 960 kilometers is always solid because of the tremendous pressure. No one has been to the center of the Earth, but scientists study how seismic waves from earthquakes travel through the planet to model the Earth's interior.


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[Assistant] And learning about what Earth is like on the inside helps us learn about earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, how continents formed, and even about the origin of the planet itself.


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[Assistant] Some of the elements show up a lot, but each layer has a distinct chemical composition and temperature, and each one in its own way helps give us the rocks and landforms we see on the surface. Like here, high in the Himalayas, where a large chunk of granite is newly exposed on the surface.


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[Assistant] An occasional goat clambers on its rounded dome, searching for a tuft of grass. It seems innocuous enough, but seeing granite here means that at some point in time, eons ago, volcanic activity was transforming the surface. Within the Earth's crust and beneath the surface is magma, or molten rock, that can cool and solidify into igneous rock.


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[Assistant] Igneous rocks make up about 90% of the Earth's crust, though you might not notice because they're often covered by other types of rocks, soil, or ocean. We actually end up with different types of igneous rocks depending on whether magma cools above or below Earth's surface.


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[Assistant] When magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth's surface, it forms intrusive igneous rock.


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[Assistant] And after it cools and solidifies, it becomes extrusive igneous rock. There aren't any volcanoes in the Himalayas, but 60 million years ago in the initial Himalayan mountain building phase, volcanic activity like magma churning beneath the surface would have been common. From measuring the magnetism of rocks, dating plant and animal fossils in the rock,


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[Assistant] And studying the changes in how land moves, we know the Himalayan mountain ranges formed when the Indian and Eurasian plates, or chunks of crust floating independently over the mantle, collided.


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[Assistant] As it moved north, an ancient ocean called the Tethys Sea was dragged down beneath the Eurasian Plate into the Earth's interior.


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[Assistant] The oceanic crust and all the tiny sediment particles that used to be on the shore of the sea were also dragged down where they melted into magma. Eventually, the magma moved into cracks and fissures deep inside the Earth, where it solidified into our granite. If we brush off some of the dirt and grass and ask that goat to move along, we can get a better look at our rock and its texture.


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[Assistant] Intrusive rocks like granite cool slowly, so they have more time for larger mineral crystals to form, which is why granite looks coarse-grained and we can even see the crystals without a microscope. Magma can also occur at different depths within the crust and mantle, which means it's exposed to different temperature and pressure conditions too.


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[Assistant] Heavier minerals deeper down will crystallize first and be denser and darker, while minerals that form closer to the surface are less dense and lighter in color. So our granite is felsic, which means it's rich in light-colored, lighter-weight minerals, especially silicon and aluminum.


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[Assistant] And the magma that it came from was closer to the surface. On the other hand, lava cools very quickly when it hits Earth's surface, which limits how crystals grow.


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[Assistant] Extrusive rocks like basalt end up with small individual minerals and a fine-grained texture that looks much more seamless. And basalt is mafic, which means it's rich in darker, heavier minerals like compounds of magnesium and iron.


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[Assistant] Even though it formed from lava on the surface, the original magma was deep in the Earth's crust or mantle. Yet somehow, our chunk of granite made its way to the surface. Like maybe it was uplifted as the Indian plate pushed further north and as the Himalayas rose. At the surface, rocks have to deal with different temperatures and pressures than where they formed deep within the crust.


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[Assistant] Not to mention weathering and erosion, or being broken down by the Earth's atmosphere, water, and living things.


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[Assistant] Water, with its ability to dissolve practically anything, can especially alter, disintegrate, and decompose rocks. The pieces can then be picked up and deposited elsewhere. So once the extra rocks and soil are removed by weathering and erosion, our granite is exposed to a totally new surface environment.


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[Assistant] Then the loose outer layers of rock can slough off, like a snake shedding its skin. Or temperature differences can also cause the rock to expand or contract.


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[Assistant] Which is how, over thousands or millions of years, tons of little rock dust pieces accumulated around the base of this granite boulder. So as clouds gather over the mountaintop and a steady rain begins, the little mineral grains can get washed into a stream and may eventually be dropped along the channel banks during a flood.


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[Assistant] Or they'll bounce along with the water and travel all the way to where the river empties into the sea, and the grains become part of the ocean bottom. Grains like these are sediments. Centuries of monsoons and soil erosion have blanketed the floor of the Bay of Bengal in up to 20 kilometers of sediment from the Himalayas.


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[Assistant] So part of our granite boulder is actually lying on the bottom of the ocean. If we could slice into all the sediment lying on the floor of the Bay of Bengal, we'd likely see horizontal layers or strata from different times when large amounts of sediments were deposited. Over time, the pressure from the weight of the material above compacts, cements, and transforms the sediments into sedimentary rock.


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[Assistant] Which still show some of the original layers. So sedimentary rock like sandstone is made of cemented sand-sized particles of quartz and other minerals. It has very visible grains, lots of tiny little holes, and is very resistant to weathering. Other sedimentary rocks like limestone are formed when the remains of organisms like shellfish, corals, and plankton sink to the ocean floor.


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[Assistant] Coal is another one of these organic sedimentary rocks that's created when organic matter accumulates and compacts in swampy environments over millions of years. At the bottom of the ancient Tethys Sea, which disappeared about 20 million years ago,


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[Assistant] Sedimentary rocks would have formed from sediments brought down by rivers. But as the Indian Plate pushed northward, the gap between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate narrowed.


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[Assistant] As the plates collided and the Himalayas formed, the sediment on the seafloor was compressed and crumpled.


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[Assistant] On top of being squished and crumpled, the rocks also have to go through intense temperature and pressure changes. All this action causes the existing rock to go through metamorphism and change into a completely new rock type. All the minerals from the original rock recrystallize without having to melt down into molten rock.


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[Assistant] The new metamorphic rocks are typically harder, more compact, and more resistant to weathering. So if any sediment from our chunk of granite got caught up as the Tethys Sea was sucked under, it would probably change into nice.


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[Assistant] Nice has alternate bands of light and dark minerals and can form from a variety of different rocks. It's also very hard and resistant to weathering and erosion. So, our granite boulders started life as igneous rock. But as pieces broke off, they could have been compacted into sedimentary rock or changed into metamorphic rock.


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[Assistant] It seems like it's sat there for all of time, but rocks like our chunk of granite are continuously altered over millions of years from one rock type to another as a part of the rock cycle. But the story of our granite is not the story of all rocks. There are many pathways through the cycle. Like igneous rocks could skip being sedimentary rocks and go directly to being a metamorphic rock.


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[Assistant] Each piece of rock has a story that may be millions of years old, etched in the stone by processes both on the surface and deep within the Earth. Next time, we'll tell the stories of another kind of shapeshifter.


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[Assistant] Continents, and how plate tectonics have created the Earth we know today.


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[Assistant] Many geographical place names also don't reflect the Indigenous or Aboriginal peoples' languages.


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[Assistant] So we at Crash Course want to acknowledge these people's traditional and ongoing relationship with that land and all the physical and human geographical elements of it. We encourage you to learn more about the history of the place you call home through resources like nativeland.ca and by engaging with your local indigenous and aboriginal nations through the websites and resources they provide.


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[Assistant] Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Geography, which was filmed at the Team Sandoval Pierce Studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.


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[Assistant] If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.


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[Assistant] Chapter 78. Tricked again and again.


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[Assistant] Oh no. She said to herself. That monkey is back.


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[Assistant] Suddenly, light sparkled and Wukong stood in front of her.


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[Assistant] Said the bold demon king with a big smile. But then his smile faded.


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[Assistant] Your friend's son Wukong was here. She snapped.


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[Assistant] He tricked me into giving it to him. He made himself look like you!


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[Assistant] Wukong walked along the road, carrying the plantain leaf fan.


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[Assistant] A second later, the bold demon king stood next to Wu Kong. The demon laughed.


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[Assistant] There was another flash, and the demon was gone.


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[Assistant] Why does the tower of Pisa lean?


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[Assistant] Workers built it on soft ground. The tower leaned.


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[Assistant] Workers built it too tall. The tower leaned.


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[Assistant] They put weights on the ropes. The tower still leans, but it is safe for people.


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[Assistant] People call it the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Connections Writing


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[Assistant] Draw a picture of the leaning tower of Pisa.


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[Assistant] Write five adjectives that describe the tower. Science. Build your own tower using materials of your choice.


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[Assistant] How tall can you build your tower before it leans?


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[Assistant] There's something approaching from the distance that you can't stop.


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[Assistant] It can completely destroy cities and kill tens of thousands of people.


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[Assistant] Tsunamis can be around this height, but for our purposes, let's go a little bigger and say ours is 30 meters tall.


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[Assistant] You'll most likely have to travel to Japan or the Philippines. This is because they're located in the Ring of Fire, an area in the Pacific Ocean where tsunamis are most likely to occur. But hold up, how do tsunamis occur anyway?


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[Assistant] Tsunamis are different from the usual waves caused by wind and tides.


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[Assistant] Tsunamis form due to volcanic activity, but most often after an earthquake occurs in the ocean.


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[Assistant] If an earthquake happens in the sea that's 6.5 or higher on the Richter scale, you can expect a tsunami to come heading for land.


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[Assistant] This massive wave will start deep in the ocean and build its way up to the coastline, quickly gaining speed and power.


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[Assistant] Experts say that a tsunami can move up to 800 kilometers per hour as it reaches the shore.


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[Assistant] So be prepared, if you can, for a wave as fast as a passenger jet.


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[Assistant] And although tsunamis start as small bumps deep in the ocean, as they reach shallower water they become much more massive. So, how would you surf on this thing?


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[Assistant] Well, let's hope you have a friend that's just as daring as you because the wave is moving so fast, you'd need your friend to drive up the wave on a jet ski while you hitch a ride on the back.


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[Assistant] If you manage to get to the top, you'll quickly realize that this wave is completely different from any other wave you've surfed before. That's because tsunami waves don't break. As opposed to regular waves created by wind.


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[Assistant] A breaking wave curves and cascades onto itself.


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[Assistant] Making it the perfect wall for your surfboard, but generally speaking, a tsunami doesn't have this quality.


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[Assistant] Apart from the massive size and the incredible speed of the tsunami, surfing on it would be nearly impossible because there wouldn't be much for your board to grip onto. But you're up here now, so what do you do?


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[Assistant] Well, your best bet is to really hold on for dear life and hope for the best.


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[Assistant] You'll quickly be hurled towards whatever coast the tsunami decides to bring you to. And you probably won't just land on the beach either.


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[Assistant] You could be several hundred meters or even kilometers inland.


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[Assistant] It could hurl you against the side of a bus or into a building.


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[Assistant] And after the tsunami brings you there, that won't be all that happens.


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[Assistant] Now, it's not only you in the tsunami, other people, cars, and even entire parts of buildings will all be forced into the ocean, causing even more destruction as they slosh through the tsunami's path.


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[Assistant] You may think it's over now, but that isn't the case. A tsunami isn't just one massive wave, it's multiple waves.


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[Assistant] A tsunami can last for up to an hour, with waves up to 30 meters continually hitting the coast while destroying cities and killing people.


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[Assistant] You'd keep doing this until you eventually drown or die from getting hit by debris.


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[Assistant] So, although surfing a tsunami would make for a pretty gnarly story, maybe we should just stick to the regular breakers for now.


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[Assistant] One person who might be a contender to tame a tsunami would be legendary big wave surfer Laird Hamilton.


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[Assistant] I gotta admit, I didn't know much about big wave surfers until I listened to his book, Life Rider, on Audible. But he's one of the icons of the sport, and you get a real insight into what goes on in the mind of someone who's not afraid to tackle enormous challenges.


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[Assistant] Audible is where so many inspiring voices and compelling stories open listeners up to new experiences and ways of thinking.


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[Assistant] Listening makes us smarter, more connected people. And it makes us better partners, parents, and leaders. And there's no better place to start listening than Audible.


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[Assistant] We're big fans of Audible here at Underknown, and we use many of their audiobooks to inspire the videos that we make for you, so thanks Audible for inspiring us.


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[Assistant] You can start listening today with a 30-day audible trial. Your first audiobook plus two audible originals are free.


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[Assistant] Even if you were to try and surf a tsunami and somehow survived, you would probably get pretty badly hurt and be in a lot of pain. But what if you couldn't feel pain? Then you could probably do it. But we'll leave that story for another WHAT IF.


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[Assistant] Oh yeaah. Aladdin is definitely a classic.


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[Assistant] Even if you haven't watched the 1992 animation or the 2019 live action, which by the way, we made a lesson on that you can watch later.


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[Assistant] So today we'll learn English pronunciation and vocabulary that you can actually use and that will help you to understand your favorite movies and TV series without getting lost, without missing the jokes, and without subtitles. So subscribe now by clicking the subscribe button and the bell down below.


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[Assistant] That way, you can continue having fun every week learning English with us.


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[Assistant] The two meet while she's disguised as a commoner after running away from the palace in an attempt to experience a life without the pressures of royalty.


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[Assistant] When Aladdin tells Jasmine to watch her head, he's warning her to pay attention and be careful not to hit her head.


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[Assistant] When you want someone to be careful with something, you can use the collocation watch your plus noun. For example, watch your step, walk carefully. Watch yourself, pay attention to how you're behaving. Watch your mouth, be careful with what you say.


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[Assistant] Check out how in this frozen scene the guest was told to be careful when entering Arendelle.


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[Assistant] To tell someone to do something as they please means they can do it in any way they like or prefer. Look at how Rumpelstiltskin uses that to say that by being an ogre Shrek can destroy places and scare people the way he wants.


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[Assistant] I wonder is a way of expressing what you are thinking. It's similar to saying I think or I imagine.


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[Assistant] Aladdin lives in a place where he can see the Sultan's palace, so he imagines what life is like with serpents and valets like the Sultan has. A Sultan is a leader in some Muslim countries, similar to a king in a monarchy.


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[Assistant] A valet here is a male servant that takes care of personal services for the employer. In some places, like in the US, it's quite commonly used to refer to the employees that park the customer's cars at a hotel or restaurant, or a hotel employee who performs more personalized services for customers. A servant is a person who serves others.


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[Assistant] Here, it refers to the employees of the palace who take care of the chores, such as cleaning, cooking, and so on.


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[Assistant] Alright, notice how she connects the words here. The T in two becomes a flap T and sounds like D.


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[Assistant] What happens is that the last E in WHERE is silent. So when it connects with the flap T, you only hear the R sound. Where to go? Where to go? This same pattern repeats in this part of the famous theme song, the movie that we saw at the beginning.


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[Assistant] But you know what? Let's look at the full pronunciation of that part of the song. The first sentence is a whole new world.


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[Assistant] First, you need to know that the musicality of English comes from having syllables that are fully pronounced or stressed and others that are weakened, unstressed.


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[Assistant] In the unstressed syllables, all sounds are reduced to a schwa sound. That's mainly pronounced as uh, uh.


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[Assistant] That's what happens with the A in a whole, a whole, a whole.


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[Assistant] You must watch this lesson that Cassie made right after this one to learn more about the schwa sound. Back to a whole new world.