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[Assistant] What are the most important qualities needed to be a manager? Here we go.


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[Assistant] The most important qualities needed to be an effective manager include strong communication and interpersonal skills. You must always communicate your vision and ideas with purpose and clarity.


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[Assistant] You must always try to build strong relationships with your team, with the senior management team and with external stakeholders and partners.


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[Assistant] You need decisive decision-making skills and an innovative approach to solving problems. Now, whenever problems do occur, which they inevitably will do as a manager, you must assess the risks to the organization, weigh up your options based on the facts and make a decision that is in the best interest of the business.


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[Assistant] You need strong leadership qualities. Your team will rely on you to provide direction, motivation and reassurance when times are tough.


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[Assistant] You also need strategic thinking skills. Now, this means you must be capable of looking at the wider picture. And remember that decisions whilst sometimes unpopular should always be focused on enabling the company to achieve its commercial goals and financial objectives. Finally, you need to be a good organizer and planner.


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[Assistant] Suitable people within your team and be prepared to mentor your staff.


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[Assistant] As a manager, you have a responsibility to help your team grow, develop and ultimately achieve their full potential. I love that answer because it is in-depth in nature and you are talking about the various different qualities that are needed to be a great manager.


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[Assistant] Here is the next question. Describe your management style.


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[Assistant] Now there are so many different management styles to use. However, in my 29 years experience as a manager and a leader,


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[Assistant] I believe it is best to use a combination of styles that are suitable for specific situations that you may find yourself in as a manager. Now, the more common management styles include autocratic, authoritative, pace setting


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[Assistant] Democratic transformational coaching and laser fare.


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[Assistant] So here's another great answer to help you. This is how I would answer this difficult managerial interview question. Describe your management style.


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[Assistant] There are several management styles I will draw upon depending on the situation I am in.


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[Assistant] Primarily, I am an authoritative style manager who outlines to his team what is expected of them by what time and to what standard.


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[Assistant] Finally, I am a coaching style manager who will train, motivate and develop his staff to ensure they reach their full potential.


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[Assistant] That's a really good answer because you have a broad range of management styles that you can tap into. Question five.


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[Assistant] Of our 21 managerial interview questions and answers. How do you motivate people?


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[Assistant] Now, one of the main responsibilities you will have as a manager is to motivate your team to achieve tight deadlines and to complete challenging tasks and projects. Now, in my experience


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[Assistant] The best way to motivate a team is to give them the right training to do their jobs properly, to ask them for their input when discussing tasks and projects, to give them a clear and concise brief on what needs doing and then to praise good work when it is delivered. So here's my example answer to help you. How do you motivate people?


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[Assistant] I motivate people by communicating with them clearly and concisely if people know what is expected of them.


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[Assistant] And to what standard they will do their jobs properly. I motivate people by asking them for their input. If you value people's opinions and you empower them to get involved with tasks and projects, they will feel valued and appreciated.


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[Assistant] Finally, if you give people the right training to carry out their work to the necessary standard and you praise good work when it is completed, your team will always do a great job for you.


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[Assistant] I fully understand how important it is to be a strong motivator as a manager, and I can be relied upon to get the most from any team." So that's another really good answer. And you can see how these are 100% going to help you to pass your managerial interview.


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[Assistant] Here is the next question that I recommend you prepare for. Tell me about a time you led by example. This is a common question. Now, when you answer this managerial interview question, my advice is to use the STAR technique, which is situation, task


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[Assistant] Action and result. Now good examples to give


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[Assistant] Include where you insisted on high performance, where you demonstrated good safety standards within a team, and where you pushed a team hard to achieve a difficult timeframe for the completion of a project. So here's my example answer to help you pass your interview. Tell me about a time you led by example. Here we go. In a previous managerial role,


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[Assistant] I was leading a team of people to complete a challenging project for a client that had a very tight deadline.


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[Assistant] One of our suppliers let us down, which meant we would not have sufficient resources to complete the project. The people in my team suggested we should go back to the client to request more time.


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[Assistant] As a determined leader and manager, I disagreed. I told them we had a responsibility to get this project finished on time as promised and we needed to find a way around the problem.


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[Assistant] Now, I allocated tasks to the people within my team to get this project back on track.


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[Assistant] One person was given the task of finding a new supplier, whilst another reassessed our schedule to calculate how much additional time we would need to commit to outside of the normal working day to make up for lost time. Three days later, we had found a new supplier and we had a brand new schedule of work that meant we could achieve our objectives. Once the deadline came around,


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[Assistant] We had successfully finished the project and delivered it to the client. Now, through leading by example, by not being a defeatist, I was able to motivate and direct my team to achieve our initial goal. And you can see that you are giving a specific example of where you led by example.


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[Assistant] Using the STAR technique, situation, task, action, result, it enables you to give a brilliant answer.


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[Assistant] Question number seven of our 21 managerial interview questions and answers.


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[Assistant] How do you handle conflict between team members? Now the most effective way to deal with conflict


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[Assistant] is to first and foremost, let the team members resolve it themselves. Now, they are grown adults and they should be able to resolve their differences amicably for the sake of the team. And as their manager, just by subtly mentioning to those experiencing the conflict that you are aware of it, is often enough to force them to act.


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[Assistant] If they fail to resolve the conflict, then you will need to step in and take control. So here's another great example answer to help you. How do you handle conflict between team members? Here we go.


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[Assistant] Whenever I join a new team as a manager, I let everybody know what is expected of them and the standard of work they must adhere to. During those early discussions, I will outline what they must do whenever they experience conflict.


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[Assistant] I expect my team to try and resolve any issues or conflicts initially amongst themselves. They are mature adults and as such they have the skills needed to resolve any conflict for the sake of the team and the organization. If they are unable to resolve their issues after trying, I will then step in


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[Assistant] It shows that you are giving your staff the power to resolve situations themselves, but that you are not afraid to step in if required. Question number eight.


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[Assistant] Tell me about a time you had to deal with a difficult employee. Now, this interview question is assessing your confidence and managerial skills to see if you can achieve a successful outcome.


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[Assistant] In your answer, show the interviewer you have the confidence to deal with the problem head on to achieve your goal. Remember, the rest of your team will be watching to see how you deal with the situation, so you must take appropriate action. Here's my example answer to help you.


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[Assistant] During the first few weeks I monitored how the team performed.


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[Assistant] One member of the team was always slightly late for work and he appeared disinterested in routine tasks and projects. I decided to speak to him about my concerns, so I sat down with him in private and I asked him how long he had been with the team and what his aspirations were.


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[Assistant] He said he'd been with the organization for seven years and that he had no interest in developing his career. He went on to say that work was a means to an end and that he'd rather not be there.


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[Assistant] No matter what I said to him, he wouldn't change his mindset.


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[Assistant] After I tackled the issue of punctuality, I started to give him small tasks that I felt were based on his strengths.


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[Assistant] I got the impression he was a creative person, so I asked him to get involved in marketing projects where his strengths would be put to better use. Within a few weeks, I started to see a significant improvement in his work ethic and his attitude.


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[Assistant] He was starting to enjoy his work more and moving forward I ensured that I allocated more tasks to him that I knew he would enjoy and thrive in.


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[Assistant] When I eventually left the organization to take up another post, he was an enthusiastic and productive member of the team.


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[Assistant] That's a great answer that shows that you can use subtle managerial skills and qualities to help get your team on board.


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[Assistant] Question number nine of our 21 managerial interview questions and top-scoring answers. What would you do within the first few weeks of starting as our manager?


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[Assistant] This is a great question. If you have a dedicated plan in place.


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[Assistant] Of what you are going to do once you start working as their manager. This demonstrates exceptional organizing and planning capabilities. The following answer will work for all managerial job interviews. Here's my example response to help you.


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[Assistant] What would you do within the first few weeks of starting as our manager?


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[Assistant] I already have a plan in place of what I will do if I'm successful. I will do four things. Number one, I will sit down with a senior management team


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[Assistant] And obtain a brief of what they need me to do and what they need me to work towards and what the commercial and financial aims are of the company. Number two, I will spend a week or so monitoring and observing the performance of my team. I will not make any changes to the way the team operates until I have seen them at work for myself.


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[Assistant] Number three, I will then sit down with each team member and carry out a performance review to assess their strengths, their weaknesses and their career aspirations. This will give me an indication as to their abilities and what they want to achieve in their career. Finally,


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[Assistant] Number four, I will sit down with my entire team and outline my plan of action where we are heading as a team, the changes I want to make and what they all need to do moving forward. Now, this is also the stage where I will set the standards expected of the team. Now, if you were going to hire a manager


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[Assistant] You'd want them to have a plan in place of what they are going to do when they start. And that is the perfect plan.


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[Assistant] Question number 10. What are your strengths and weaknesses? Now, this question is guaranteed to come up. It is always asked during managerial interviews.


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[Assistant] Therefore, you must give an answer where the strengths are aligned to the job description and your weakness is not. So my advice is to tell them about four or five managerial and leadership strengths that you have, and then just one honest weakness that will not harm your chances of success. Here's a great example answer to assist you. What are your strengths and weaknesses?


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[Assistant] My strengths include my decisiveness, confidence and resilience. I can be relied upon to make tough decisions that help the organization meet its objectives. I am not afraid to make unpopular decisions. Other strengths include my flexible and adaptable managerial style.


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[Assistant] This gives me the advantage whereby I can change my management approach to suit the individual or the situation I am in. I am also a commercially focused manager. This means anything I do as your manager will always be geared towards helping you achieve your strategic vision.


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[Assistant] Regarding my weakness, this is the fact I get impatient with others.


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[Assistant] Whether it's a member of my team or an external contractor or supplier, if someone does not work to the same standards as me straight away, I feel frustrated.


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[Assistant] I am learning to not only be more patient as a manager, but to also use good communication and coaching skills to get the person or persons to work at pace and to a higher standard. And I am certainly becoming a better negotiator in that regard. I love that answer.


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[Assistant] You are taking action against your weaknesses. You are aware of your weaknesses, but you are also giving really good strengths that will resonate positively with the interviewer.


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[Assistant] Question 11. How would you deal with underperformance? Workplace underperformance is something all managers


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[Assistant] Because I always set high standards from the get-go, I am hopeful any form of underperformance would be few and far between.


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[Assistant] As soon as I noticed a member of my team underperforming, I would speak to them to get to the bottom of the problem. I would use effective communication skills to find out what was wrong and I would be initially tactful in my approach. Now, the person


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[Assistant] I would then monitor the individual closely during the transition period to ensure they were improving as expected. If the member of my team


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[Assistant] Question 12. Tell me about a time when you failed as a manager? This is a difficult question. Do not say you've never failed.


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[Assistant] Because we all fail at times, but it is how we respond to these situations that defines us. Now, whenever you make a mistake, OWN IT!


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[Assistant] It is your responsibility as a manager to learn from any mistakes.


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[Assistant] So the same thing doesn't happen again, and that you become a better manager and a leader as a result of that experience. So here's another great example answer to help you. Question 12. Tell me about a time when you failed as a manager. When I first started work as a manager,


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[Assistant] I went into the role being overconfident and I ended up annoying some of the people in my team as a result. Now I thought I knew everything.


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[Assistant] Although I did manage to win back their support, it was a mistake I learned a tremendous amount from. Whenever I go into a new team now, I always get them on board by being a supportive manager and by getting to know each individual strengths


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[Assistant] Now, whilst I am not afraid to still use an autocratic style of management when needed,


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[Assistant] I prefer to motivate my team so they are self-starters and empowered individuals who have all bought into the team's vision and objectives." That's a great, honest answer, and it shows that you have learnt from your mistake when you failed. Question 13.


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[Assistant] Describe a situation when you had to deal with a team member who constantly opposed your ideas.


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[Assistant] Is to use the STAR technique to give a robust example of where you manage to deal with someone by using a tactful and clever style of management. Here's a great example answer. Question 13, describe a situation


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[Assistant] To obtain the input of my team when discussing large projects or ideas, because this empowers them to be involved in the journey of growth.


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[Assistant] More often than not, a team will come up with useful and creative ideas that help you to achieve your goals.


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[Assistant] It was my job to use my managerial experience to get him on board with my ideas and to use his strengths to the team's advantage. So I started by speaking to him in private away from the other team members. I told him that I wanted him to lead on a sub project and I asked for his opinion on how he felt the project should be approached.


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[Assistant] Now this method worked very well, because not only was I giving him the responsibility for an important task,


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[Assistant] He was involved in the decision making process too.


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[Assistant] Now from that day forward, he never opposed any of my ideas again and he became a cooperative and integral part of my team.


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[Assistant] So that demonstrates you can use smart, managerial skills to get what you want.


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[Assistant] Question 14 of our 21 managerial interview questions and answers. What's been your greatest management achievement? Now, my advice is to give an achievement where you helped the organization you were a part of improve, grow or change. Now, good examples to give include


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[Assistant] Turning around an underperforming team, helping your employer implement challenging changes to working practices, or even increasing sales revenue through innovative marketing methods that have not been used within the company before. Here's my example answer to help you.


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[Assistant] Question 14. What's been your greatest management achievement? Here it is.


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[Assistant] My greatest achievement was turning around an underperforming team.


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[Assistant] I'd gone in as a relatively new and inexperienced manager. My brief was to get the team working more productively and efficiently. Now, there were several experienced members of the team who initially made things difficult for me. They pushed back against every change I wanted to make.


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[Assistant] What CHALLENGES did you encounter and what did you do to overcome them?


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[Assistant] Now all managers, regardless of their position, must have an element of project management skills. Now to manage tasks and projects effectively, you will need a clear plan of action


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[Assistant] Describe a project you successfully managed end-to-end? What challenges did you encounter and what did you do to overcome them?


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[Assistant] In my last managerial role, I was managing a team of people who were delivering an important project for a new client. Now the client was extremely difficult to deal with. He was very demanding and he kept trying to change the project specification that we'd initially agreed to.


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[Assistant] Three members of my team were becoming agitated by his style of communication and they began to question why we'd agree to work with him in the first place.


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[Assistant] Now during the project, I held regular meetings with my team to discuss progress and the challenges they were experiencing with the client. I explained to them how this project was an experience they should relish. The fact that the client was so difficult to deal with helped them to develop important skills they otherwise would not have had.


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[Assistant] By encouraging my team to use effective communication skills and by helping them to decide when the time was right to push back against the client's demands, I was able to help them grow and develop professionally.


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[Assistant] At the end of the project, once it was delivered to the agreed specification, my team agreed it was an invaluable experience to have and they took the skills they had developed forward onto other important organizational projects.


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[Assistant] Question 16. How would you prepare for an important meeting?


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[Assistant] Now, organizing and running meetings is an essential skill needed by all managers. And this managerial interview question is assessing how you approach meetings, whether you have the organizational skills to plan them properly and whether you can run the meeting to a successful outcome. Here's another great example answer to help you pass your managerial interview. How would you prepare for an important meeting?


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[Assistant] I would prepare by following specific steps including choosing a venue that had everything we needed from a facility's perspective. I would book the room well in advance and inform all attendees of the date, the time and the location.


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[Assistant] I would set a definitive meeting agenda and disseminate this to the attendees. Now when setting the agenda, I would define what it was that I wanted to achieve from the meeting.


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[Assistant] Now this would be important because meetings, if they don't have a definitive structure, can end up being a waste of everybody's time, including your own.


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[Assistant] During the meeting, I would keep a strict check on time and I would maintain control. I would focus clearly on the meeting objectives and I would give people specific action points that needed to be completed before the next meeting. Once the meeting was over, I would quickly draw up the meeting minutes


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[Assistant] And deliver these to the attendees with the action points clearly defined and a date set for the next meeting. Now I am sure you will agree.


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[Assistant] That answer shows that you are an organized manager.


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[Assistant] Who can successfully prepare for, set up and run a meeting?


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[Assistant] Question 17. Tell me about a time when something went wrong at work and you took control?


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[Assistant] This is a common managerial interview question. Now, your ability to take control of challenging situations is guaranteed to be assessed during your managerial interview. Again, give a specific situation you've been in where you led by example and took ownership of a challenging problem or issue. Here's a great example answer to help you.


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[Assistant] Tell me about a time when something went wrong at work and you took control?


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[Assistant] I was responsible for customer service in a previous role and we experienced a problem with one of our suppliers. Now, the supplier started to take longer in delivering products to our customers and this resulted in negative feedback online for our company.


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[Assistant] Customers were placing orders and the supplier was failing to meet our agreed delivery times. This was not good for the reputation of our business, so I decided to take control.


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[Assistant] Now before ceasing use of the supplier, I made contact with potential new suppliers and I spent many hours during one particular day speaking to the company owners


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[Assistant] To explain how important it was for them to deliver on time, every time to our customers.


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[Assistant] I eventually managed to find a new supplier who could start immediately delivering the goods and products on our behalf.


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[Assistant] Within the contract, I placed numerous clauses that were in our favour and that enabled us to cease working with them immediately if they failed to live up to our expectations. Now, once they started work, I cancelled the contract with the old supplier


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[Assistant] The customer service standards soon got back to our previous high standards. That's a great example where you identify a problem that is impacting negatively on your organization and you take control. Question 18.


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[Assistant] Tell me about a time when you disagreed with a senior manager or company director? Wow, this is a difficult one.


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[Assistant] Now, do not say you've never disagreed with a senior manager or company owner. This managerial interview question assesses your levels of confidence to say if you don't agree with something and the method in which you do it. So here's a great example to help you. Tell me about a time when you disagreed with a senior manager or a company director?


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[Assistant] I recall being in a meeting with our company directors and discussions were taking place around the fact that we needed to find ways to reduce costs over the forthcoming 12 months. Now, the company was doing really well. However, we needed to increase profitability. And one way to achieve that goal was to reduce costs.


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[Assistant] It was suggested by one of the directors that we could save money by reducing the size of the customer service team. Now we had five staff within that department and he proposed to go down to three people. However, I felt this would be detrimental to the company because our reputation amongst our customers was formidable


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[Assistant] And the main reason for that was the after sales support we provided.


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[Assistant] I explained to the director the reasons why I felt this would not be beneficial to us moving forward. I provided examples of other companies within our sector that did not take their customer service as seriously as we did and their online reviews and their sales reflected that.


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[Assistant] As an alternative, I suggested we could go down to three staff within the customer service department, but replace the two positions lost with an outsourced service dedicated to after sales.


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[Assistant] He agreed that we should explore this option further and I volunteered to do the exploratory work to assess how viable this was, to which he agreed. Now, that shows that you're not afraid to say something


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[Assistant] When you don't agree with it and you do it in a professional manner and you also come up with an alternative, and that's really important.


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[Assistant] Question 19 of our 21 managerial interview questions and top scoring answers. How do you delegate tasks to your team? Now, another key skill required within any managerial position is the ability to delegate tasks confidently


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[Assistant] And competently. Now, before delegating, decide the task that needs completing, assess your team's strengths, provide a clear brief and then monitor progress from afar. So here's my example answer to help you.


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[Assistant] Question 19. How do you delegate tasks to your team?


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[Assistant] One of the first things I always do as a manager whenever I start working in a new position


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[Assistant] Is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of my team. This is important because it enables me to delegate tasks to the people within my team who are best qualified to do them.


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[Assistant] Before delegating any task, I will decide what needs to be done and by when.


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[Assistant] I will choose the person who I want to complete the task carefully, I will provide them with a concise and clear brief and I will allow them to ask me any questions.


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[Assistant] Finally, I will then monitor the progress of the task from a distance and be on hand to provide support and advice if they need it. That shows that you are a skillful manager who knows exactly how to delegate tasks to your team.


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[Assistant] Question 20. Give an example of a time you initiated change. Change is an important part of an organization's development. Now, if the people within a team


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[Assistant] Do not initiate or embrace change. A company may stagnate or it may even go backward.


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[Assistant] Now within your answer to this difficult managerial interview question, demonstrate to the hiring manager that you understand the importance of change and you are not afraid to drive it through within the team you are managing. Here's a great example answer to help you. Give an example of a time you initiated


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[Assistant] I started managing a team within a large organization and after assessing how everyone operated and carried out their tasks, there were several things I wanted to change. First and foremost,


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[Assistant] There were no performance reviews carried out. This meant the staff had no direction and they were simply left to get on with their jobs and although they were very good at their jobs, I was not comfortable with this.


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[Assistant] Secondly, how the team ordered office supplies was wasteful. I wanted to create a new office supplies ordering system that was more closely monitored.


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[Assistant] I sat down with the entire team and explained the changes I wanted to initiate, the reasons for the changes and how these would be of benefit to the company. Now, initially, some team members objected to the changes because they felt everything they were currently doing was productive.


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[Assistant] I explained to them the importance of change and I encouraged them to give my proposed changes a try, especially in respect to the performance reviews. After discussing with my team openly and honestly how the changes were going to work,


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[Assistant] Everyone agreed the changes had made a significant improvement to how they felt in their jobs and how the team performed overall. Now, in that example, you are able to initiate change because you are open and honest with your team and you are giving them the opportunity to discuss them with you. Question 21.


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[Assistant] This is really hard. What skills are you currently lacking to be an effective manager? Now, this is a tough managerial interview question to answer simply because it forces you to assess your weaknesses and any areas of improvement you need to focus on.


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[Assistant] And you cannot say that you already have all the skills needed to be an effective manager simply because nobody


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[Assistant] Is the finished article. We all have something to learn.


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[Assistant] So be honest about your assessment of the skills you need to develop.


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[Assistant] To carry out the managerial role to the necessary standard, here's a great example answer to help you.


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[Assistant] What skills are you currently lacking to be an effective manager? Here we go. The skills I still need to develop are those around budgeting.


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[Assistant] Although I do have a little bit of experience managing team budgets, I still need to develop in this area. In a previous non-management role, I was always keen to learn.


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[Assistant] I used to ask my manager questions about how she managed the departmental budget. This gave me an invaluable insight into the importance of making sure the budget was spent wisely and that you ensure every purchase you make can be fully justified.


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[Assistant] I am always honest about the skills I need to develop and I am keen to continually grow and develop professionally. It's a great answer that will do you no harm in your managerial interview. Now, the next thing to do


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[Assistant] Please make sure you CLICK THAT LINK right now in the top right hand corner of the video and head over to my website, PassMyInterview.com.


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[Assistant] On that web page, you can download all of these answers so you can have them within your inbox within two minutes from now.


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[Assistant] It saves you sitting there and writing them down and taking notes.


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[Assistant] You can download it in a PDF guide. It will be with you literally within two minutes and it will make a massive difference to your performance at your managerial job interview. Don't forget to connect with me on LinkedIn.com.


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[Assistant] I've put my LinkedIn link in the description below the video. Please SUBSCRIBE so you don't miss out on any of the content and please do give the video a THUMBS UP!


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[Assistant] Thank you for watching and I wish you all the best for passing your managerial interview. Have a brilliant day.


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[Assistant] One of the most exciting recent developments in deep learning has been the rise of end-to-end deep learning. So what is end-to-end deep learning?


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[Assistant] Briefly, there have been some data processing systems or learning systems that require multiple stages of processing. And what end-to-end deep learning does is it can take all those multiple stages and replace it usually with just a single neural network. Let's look at some examples. Take speech recognition as an example.


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[Assistant] So traditionally, speech recognition required many stages of processing. First, you would extract some features, some hand-designed features of the audio. So if you've heard of MFCC, that's an algorithm for extracting a certain set of hand-designed features for audio.


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[Assistant] And then having extracted some low-level features, you might apply a machine learning algorithm to find the phonemes in the audio clip.


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[Assistant] So phonemes are the basic units of sound. So for example, the word cat is made out of three sounds, the k, a, and t. So they extract those, and then you string together phonemes to form individual words, and then you string those together to form the transcript of the audio clip.


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[Assistant] So in contrast to this pipeline with a lot of stages, what end-to-end deep learning does is you can train a huge neural network to just input the audio clip and have it directly output the transcript.


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[Assistant] One interesting sociological effect in AI is that as end-to-end deep learning started to work better, there were some researchers that had, for example, spent many years of their career designing individual steps of the pipeline. So there were some researchers, uhm,


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[Assistant] In different disciplines, not just in speech recognition, maybe in computer vision and other areas as well, they spend a lot of time, you know, written multiple papers, maybe even built a large part of their career, engineering features or entering other pieces of the pipeline.


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[Assistant] And when end-to-end deep learning just took a large training set and learned the function mapping from X to Y directly, really bypassing a lot of these intermediate steps, it was a


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[Assistant] It's challenging for some disciplines to come around to accepting this alternative way of building AI systems. It's because it really obsoleted, uhm, in some cases many years of research in some of the intermediate components.


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[Assistant] It turns out that one of the challenges of end-to-end deep learning is that you might need a lot of data before it works well. So for example, if you're training on 3,000 hours of data to build a speech recognition system, then the traditional pipeline, the full traditional pipeline works really well.


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[Assistant] It's only when you have a very large data set, you know, want to say 10,000 hours of data and anything going up to maybe 100,000 hours of data that the end-to-end approach


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[Assistant] Then suddenly starts to work really well. So when you have a smaller dataset, the more traditional pipeline approach actually works just as well, often works even better. And you need a large dataset before the end-to-end approach really shines.


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[Assistant] And if you have a medium amount of data, then there are also intermediate approaches where maybe you input audio and bypass the features and just learn to output the phonemes of the neural network and then have some other stages as well. So this would be a step toward end to end learning, but not all the way there.


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[Assistant] So this is a picture of a face recognition turnstile built by a researcher, Yuan Qing Lin, at Baidu, where this is a camera and it looks at the person approaching the gate and if it recognizes the person then, you know, the turnstile automatically lets them through.


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[Assistant] So rather than needing to swipe an RFID patch to enter this facility in increasingly many offices in China and hopefully more and more in other countries as well, you can just approach the turnstile and if it recognizes your face, it just lets you through without needing you to carry an RFID patch. So how do you build a system like this?


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[Assistant] Well, one thing you could do is just look at the image that the camera is capturing, right? So,


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[Assistant] I guess this is my bad drawing, but maybe this is a camera image, and you know, you have someone, right, approaching the turnstile. So this might be the image.


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[Assistant] X that your camera is capturing. And one thing you could do is try to learn a function mapping directly from the image X to the identity of the person Y. But it turns out this is not the best approach.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and one of the problems is that, you know, the person approaching the turnstile could approach from lots of different directions. So they could be in this green position, they could have a blue position, you know, and sometimes they're closer to the camera so they appear bigger in the image, and sometimes they're already closer to the camera so their face appears much bigger.


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[Assistant] So what is actually done to build these turnstiles is not to just take the raw image and feed it to a neural net to try to figure out the person's identity. Instead,


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[Assistant] The best approach to date seems to be a multi-step approach, where first,


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[Assistant] You run one piece of software to detect the person's face. So there's first the detector to figure out where's the person's face. Having detected the person's face, you then zoom in to that part of the image.


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[Assistant] So like as I drew here in red, this is then fed to a neural network to then try to learn or estimate the person's identity.


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[Assistant] And what researchers have found is that instead of trying to learn everything all in one step,


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[Assistant] By breaking this problem down into two simpler steps, first is figure out where's the face.


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[Assistant] And second is look at the face and figure out who this actually is. The second approach allows the learning algorithm, or really two learning algorithms, to solve two much simpler tasks and results in overall better performance.


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[Assistant] By the way, if you want to know how the second step actually works, I've simplified the discussion.


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[Assistant] By the way, if you want to know how step two here actually works, I've actually simplified the description a bit. The way the second step is actually trained is you train a neural network that takes as input two images.


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[Assistant] And, uh, what the neural network does is it takes this input


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[Assistant] Two images, and it tells you if these two are the same person or not.


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[Assistant] So if you then have say 10,000 employee IDs on file, you can then take this image in red and quickly compare it against maybe all 10,000 employee IDs on file to try to figure out if this picture in red is indeed one of your 10,000 employees that you should allow into this facility or that you should allow into your office building.


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[Assistant] If this is a turnstile that, you know, is giving employees access to a workplace.


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[Assistant] So why is it that the two-step approach works better? There are actually two reasons for that.


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[Assistant] One is that each of the two problems you're solving is actually much simpler. But second is that you have a lot of data for each of the two subtasks.


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[Assistant] There is a lot of data you can obtain for face detection for task one over here, where the task is to look at an image and figure out, you know, where is the person's face in the image. So there is a lot of data for, there is a lot of label data, x comma y, where x is a picture and y shows the position of the person's face. So you could build a neural network to do task one quite well. And then separately, there's a lot of data for task two as well.


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[Assistant] Today, leading companies have, let's say, hundreds of millions of pictures of people's faces. So, given a closely cropped image, like this red image, or this one down here,


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[Assistant] Today, leading face recognition teams have, you know, at least hundreds of millions of images that they can use to look at two images and try to figure out the identity or figure out if it's the same person or not. So there's also a lot of data for task two.


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[Assistant] But in contrast, if you were to try to learn everything at the same time, there is much less data of the form x comma y, where x is an image like this taken from a turnstile, and y is the identity of a person.


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[Assistant] So because you don't have enough data to solve this end-to-end learning problem, but you do have enough data to solve subproblems 1 and 2,


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[Assistant] In practice, breaking this down to two subproblems results in better performance than a pure end-to-end deep learning approach. Although if you had enough data for the end-to-end approach, maybe


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[Assistant] Long complicated pipeline where you first take say English text and then do text analysis. Basically extract a bunch of features off the text and so on and after many many steps you then output say a translation of the English text into French.


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[Assistant] Because for machine translation, you do have a lot of pairs of English, French sentences, end-to-end deep learning works quite well for machine translation. And that's because today,


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[Assistant] It is possible to get a large data set of XY pairs where that's the English sentence and that's the corresponding.


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[Assistant] French translation. So this example, and in deep learning, works well. One last example.


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[Assistant] Let's say that you want to look at an x-ray picture of a hand of a child and estimate the age of a child.


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[Assistant] You know, when I first heard about this problem, I thought this is a very cool crime scene investigation task where, uh, you find, maybe tragically, the skeleton of a child and you want to-


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[Assistant] Figure out how old the child was. It turns out that, uhm,


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[Assistant] Typical application of this problem, estimating age of a child from hand x-ray is less dramatic than this crime scene investigation I was picturing. It turns out that


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[Assistant] Pediatricians use this to estimate whether or not a child is growing or developing normally.


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[Assistant] But a non-end-to-end approach to this would be if you look at an image.


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[Assistant] And then you segment out or recognize the bones. So, you know, just try to figure out.


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[Assistant] Whereas that bone segment, whereas that bone segment, whereas that bone segment, and so on.


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[Assistant] Knowing the lengths of the different bones, you can sort of go to a lookup table showing the average bone length in a child's hand.


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[Assistant] And then use that to estimate a child's age. And so this approach actually works pretty well. In contrast, if you were to go straight from the image,


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[Assistant] So the child's age, then you would need a lot of data to do that directly.


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[Assistant] As far as I know, this approach does not work as well today.


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[Assistant] Just because there isn't enough data to train this task in an end to end fashion. Whereas in contrast, you can imagine that


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[Assistant] By breaking down this problem into two steps. Step one is a relatively simple problem. Maybe you don't need that much data. Maybe you don't need that many x-ray images to segment out the bones.


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[Assistant] Task two, well, you know, by collecting statistics of a number of children's hands, you can also get decent estimates of that without too much data. So this multi-step approach seems, you know, promising, maybe more promising than the end-to-end approach, at least until you can get more data for the end-to-end learning approach.


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[Assistant] So when end-to-end learning works, it can work really well and it can really simplify the system and not require you to build so many hand-designed individual components. But it's also not panacea, it doesn't always work.


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[Assistant] In the next video, I want to share with you a more systematic description of when you should and maybe when you shouldn't use end-to-end deep learning and how to piece together these complex machine learning systems.


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[Assistant] The smaller sticks around it are called the stamen. And they are covered in that powdery stuff called pollen.


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[Assistant] When they drink the nectar, they lift the pollen up and they move it to the pistol.


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[Assistant] That's called pollination. Now would you mind getting off my leaf?


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[Assistant] When he goes steps between the line, he's ferocious. I mean, he wants to win at all costs. But when the game's over, to be able to shut that down and be just a normal guy, a lot of players in the league can't do that.


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[Assistant] Always competitive, yeaah. Still are. One-on-one, video games, you name it.


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[Assistant] It's not fun for anybody. It's your brother, you know. You wanna do well, but you gotta do your job and you wanna play well at the same time, so. He wanted that one, really.


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[Assistant] Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control.


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[Assistant] A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.


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[Assistant] And the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction. For heavy rain would not only wash away the soil, but would cause serious floods as well.


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[Assistant] When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass seed which would grow quickly.


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[Assistant] The plains had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however,


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[Assistant] In many places the grass had already taken root.


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[Assistant] Patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.


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[Assistant] After this five and five stretch, if you're a Warriors fan, or if you're Steph Curry, you're getting anxious at this point to see him back out.


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[Assistant] The Warriors ain't got no chance of winning without Kevin Durant. This series? This series or any other series.


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[Assistant] He was always four plays and steps ahead of his teammates.


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[Assistant] And he just said, I can't do this. And I never heard him say that.


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[Assistant] Great retail interview questions and also answers. So if you have a retail interview coming up, I promise you if you watch this video from beginning to end, your chances of success are going to increase


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[Assistant] Dramatically. So welcome to this tutorial. That's me there on the right hand side. My name is Richard McMunn. I've been successful at helping people like you to pass interviews for over 20 years now. I've got a great system that I'm going to teach you. And as I say, if you follow this tutorial, your chances of success will increase dramatically for your retail


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[Assistant] If you click the subscribe button, the red one below the video, then you will immediately get notified as soon as I create new videos like this, and I'm now doing them


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[Assistant] On a weekly basis, we've got over 70,000 subscribers now to the channel. If you like this video at the end, please do give it a thumbs up.


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[Assistant] I really would appreciate that because that motivates me to do more. And in return, here's my promise to you. So promise number one, if you watch the video from beginning to end, as I say, your chances of passing a retail interview are going to skyrocket. Promise number two, I'm going to give you the top seven retail interview questions, the actual answers, and also three questions for you to ask


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[Assistant] And you get to the end of the interview, you're going to want to impress the panel. And these three questions are going to guarantee that will happen. And promise number three is I'm going to give you these slides to download free of charge to help you with your preparation. So we need to do is watch the video from beginning to end, and then you'll get these slides with the answers on them to download and use during your preparation.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's get into it. So retail interview questions and answers. Before I give you the seven questions and answers, three really important tips to help you pass your retail interview. Tip number one, when you are responding to some of the interview questions, it's important to refer to the job description. So there will have been a job description when you apply for this role and refer to it in your answers. And you'll see that I will do that.


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[Assistant] And then I'm going to give you a suggested answer and it's around your availability in retail because they need people who are flexible and also available at short notice. Tip number three, think carefully how you would deal with customers who are difficult


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[Assistant] Or also be aware of how to deal with a customer complaint. I can pretty much guarantee in your retail interview, you will get asked a question on that basis of how would you deal with a difficult customer? How would you deal with a customer complaint? And again, watch the video from beginning to end, because I'm going to tell you how to answer these very important interview questions. Okay. Interview question number one. Tell me about yourself.


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[Assistant] Now you are highly likely to get asked this interview question at the beginning. It's usually like a warm up retail interview question, but they want to know about you and they want to know basically what you're like in a work scenario. Now it is okay to go into a bit of brief detail about your work history if it's relevant to retail.


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[Assistant] But here's some tips for answering the question. This is one I want you to refer to the job description in your answer. Okay. And I'll explain how to do that in a second. Tip number two, use the following keywords in your answer.


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[Assistant] Tell them that you're motivated. Tell them you're enthusiastic. Tell them, importantly, you are customer focused.


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[Assistant] You are attentive to detail. You are also flexible, but you are also reliable. And in the answer that's coming right now, I'm going to include all of these keywords and phrases for you. So here we go. Here's my answer to the retail interview question. Tell me about yourself.


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[Assistant] Now before applying for this job, I studied the job description in detail to make sure I had the skills and expertise to perform the role to a high standard.


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[Assistant] I have lots of experience working with people and making people happy is something I thrive on.


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[Assistant] I am a self-motivated person who promises to come to work every day with an enthusiastic and consistent attitude. I have a customer-focused mindset and understand your business won't operate successfully without happy and returning customers. I am attentive, have an eye for detail and can be relied upon to learn the job quickly.


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[Assistant] I am flexible and reliable and would be available to work extra hours if required, either to cover someone's shift at short notice or help out the business as and when required." That's a great answer to the retail interview question.


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[Assistant] Tell me about yourself. And it refers to the job description, but it gets your interview off to a flying start. Don't forget, you're going to get a copy of these slides at some stage, so stick around. Question number two. You are due to leave work at 5pm.


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[Assistant] Your replacement worker doesn't show up. What would you do?


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[Assistant] Great question. Okay. So tip number one, you have to stay behind and help out. There is simply no other answer option to this retail interview question. Now, this question is assessing how flexible you are as a retail employee, but also assessing how much you care about their company.


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[Assistant] So obviously whilst it's your right to leave work at 5pm, no employer wants to hire an employee who isn't flexible, especially in a situation like this, which could actually happen. Okay. It's highly likely. So here's my answer to the retail interview question.


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[Assistant] You are due to leave work at 5pm. Your replacement worker doesn't show up. What do you do?


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[Assistant] Okay, the simple answer is I would stay behind until they either turned up.


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[Assistant] Or an alternative replacement could be sought. I would never leave the business in trouble and I understand working in retail requires a level of flexibility. Now, obviously it would be important to establish why my coworker hadn't turned up without giving notice and I would implement steps to make sure they were safe first of all.


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[Assistant] Now one of the positive traits I have is a flexible attitude to work and also a commitment to reliability. I can assure you that I would never let you down, but would be on hand to cover situations like this as and when they arose a great response to that interview question. Okay. Question number three, describe a time when you dealt with an unhappy customer.


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[Assistant] This is one of those questions, either dealing with a complaint or dealing with an unhappy customer. So what I've done for you within this answer is I've tied in dealing with the customer in the correct way, but also resolving the complaint. Okay. So tip number one, give a specific example.


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[Assistant] When answering this question, because it says, describe a time. It doesn't say what would you do in this kind of situation.


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[Assistant] Tell the interview panel what the outcome was or the end result and make sure it's positive. So when I give you the answer in a second.


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[Assistant] I'm going to put up on the left hand side situation, task, action, result to help structure the response perfectly for you in your interview. Here we go. Here's the answer. A customer entered the store while a star was working in a previous job. He came up to the retail desk and started complaining in an angry tone how a member of our staff had just been rude to him on the phone.


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[Assistant] Now it was my job to resolve the situation for the customer in a satisfactory manner, whilst also investigating the complaint to make sure the situation did not happen again.


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[Assistant] I started off by listening attentively to the customer's complaint. I used effective body language to show I was listening, and after he had the opportunity to express his dissatisfaction, I explained the process I would go through to both investigate the complaint and also resolve it for him.


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[Assistant] I apologize for any distress we had caused him and reassured him I would get to the bottom of the situation quickly.


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[Assistant] Whilst keeping him updated on progress. Now after speaking to the member of team who spoke to the customer, she admitted she had been short with the customer on the phone and apologized immediately for her error.


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[Assistant] I then spoke to the customer and once again apologized unreservedly for the issue. As a valued customer, I then offered him a credit note to the value of £30 and reassured him the situation wouldn't happen again. Now, the end result was the situation was resolved to the satisfaction


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[Assistant] There's quite a lot of text there for you to work through. But don't forget, you're going to get these slides to download in a second so you can work through that response in your own time. But make sure you follow situation, task, action, result for any kind of behavioral interview question of this nature. Question number four in your retail interview.


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[Assistant] Where do you see yourself in five years' time? Now, a couple of tips. This interview question assesses your commitment to their organization.


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[Assistant] Retail demonstrate your commitment work generally has a higher turnover rate than other jobs. What I mean by that?


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[Assistant] It does demonstrate your commitment, but retail has a higher turnover rate. So people tend to leave quite often. Therefore, the interviewer wants to know you will be committed to them for the foreseeable future because they will be investing time and effort to training you up. So whilst you do need to be committed to them.


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[Assistant] It is also advisable to show a level of enthusiasm with regards to your own career development and progression. So I'm going to tie that into the answer that I'm going to give you right now. Here's how to respond to the retail question


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[Assistant] Where do you see yourself in five years time? Ideally, I would see myself still working for you. I plan to stay in the retail industry long term and providing you are happy with my performance, which I strongly believe you will be, then I will be committed to you for the long term.


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[Assistant] During my research for today's retail interview, I found out lots of positive things about your company and you have enthusiastic plans for the future, which I would like to be a part of.


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[Assistant] If I am successful today, my first aim would be to become competent in the role and also be accepted by my peers and respected as a hard worker.


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[Assistant] Then if the situation arises in the future and management believe I have the potential, I would be open to career progression within your organization. So this demonstrates that you plan to number one, stay in retail long term, but also stay with them because they're going to be training you up. So they want you to be there hopefully long term.


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[Assistant] Question number five. A customer wants to return some goods that they have clearly been opened and used. What would you do and say?


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[Assistant] Here we go, tip number one. Now whilst great customer service is a priority, you also have to know when to follow and adhere to company policy.


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[Assistant] Now, when answering this question, state you will be polite and courteous to the customer at all times.


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[Assistant] But you also would follow your training and company policy in respect to refunds and you would explain they are not eligible for the refund and then explain the reasons why. So here's the answer to the question. A customer wants to return some goods that have clearly been opened and used. What would you do and say?


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[Assistant] Whilst dealing with the customer, I would be polite and courteous at all times. I would also follow my training and adhere to company policy and respective refunds.


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[Assistant] I assume that in this type of situation, the customer would not be eligible for a refund. And on that basis, I would politely explain the reasons why.


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[Assistant] What do you think is more important, great service or a great quality product? Now, whilst this appears to be a simple retail interview question to answer, you could actually get caught out because in retail,


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[Assistant] Both great customer service and great products are equally as important. So when responding to this interview question, say both are just as important


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[Assistant] But also explain the reasons why. And here's my answer to help you pass your interview. Here we go. To be honest, I believe they are both as important as each other and I wouldn't place any emphasis on either.


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[Assistant] If you have a substandard product or service, you will get complaints. People are now more likely to go online and leave a bad review if they feel they have received either a poor product or service. Therefore, I believe it is vital in retail that both customer service and a great quality product are offered in parallel." Brilliant answer! And you'll get top marks for that.


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[Assistant] Now just a quick final question, number seven before, don't forget in a minute, I'm going to give you the slides, but also three questions to ask at the end of the interview.


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[Assistant] A customer's order comes to £17.11. If they give you a £10 note and two £5 notes, how much change would you give them?


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[Assistant] So, now depending on the retail role you're being interviewed for, they may ask you a simple numerical question to assess how good you are with numbers. Now, whilst most retail checkout tills do this work for you, it's also a good idea to have a basic concept of subtraction and addition.


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[Assistant] Is that the correct answer? Put YES or NO in the comments section below the video. Okay.


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[Assistant] Now before I give you the questions to ask at the end of your retail interview,


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[Assistant] And also tell you where to get the slides from. If you want more of these interview questions and answers for your retail interview, please head over to PassMyInterview.com.


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[Assistant] The link is directly below the video and you can get more free retail training interview questions to help you pass. So I've given you seven today, but there's about another 54 you can work for if you want to, if you're really serious about passing your interview. So go to PassMyInterview.com. Okay. Three questions to ask at the end of your retail interview. Here we go.


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[Assistant] What challenges are you facing within the industry and what could I do within the role to help you overcome them? That demonstrates you are enthusiastic and you want to help them succeed.


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[Assistant] I noticed on your website you've recently launched a new product. Has it been a success? It shows that you've carried out your research and you care about their products and services. Question number three.


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[Assistant] What's the next steps in the process of selection? This demonstrates you are keen and enthusiastic. Three great questions to ask at the end of your retail interview. Now, thank you for watching. Don't forget to click the link below the video to download the slides. So if you have a look in the description below the video,


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[Assistant] You will see in there a link to download the slides and don't forget to get more free retail interview training at my website, PassMyInterview.com. Finally, don't forget to SUBSCRIBE so you don't miss out on further training videos and also give the video a LIKE, a thumbs up. I'd really appreciate that.


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[Assistant] I wish you all the very best, seriously, genuinely for passing your retail interview and thank you for watching.


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[Assistant] Muahahahaha! My eyes ain't bad, StoryBots, but I can't see in the dark any better than you can. I just generate ultrasonic frequencies and analyze the resulting patterns of reflection to echolocate. Bye!


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[Assistant] We love Steph Curry here, so a couple weeks ago, we asked him to try something fun. We gave him three weird phrases and asked him to sneak them into the interviews he did over All-Star Weekend.


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[Assistant] There's Sunday brunches golden rule, and last night's girl thinks you're a tool. Awkward eye contact just isn't cool, and your boys call out.


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[Assistant] Huh? In here? I don't see it.


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[Assistant] So coach McKillop shows up and I have the reputation of being the tough one in the family. So my interviewing, uh, techniques can be a little, they say a little daunting sometimes. And I want to hear things like you're going to hold them accountable. I want to hear y'all going to make them go to class. I want to hear, you know,


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[Assistant] You know, how are you going to push me to practice? Those, I want to hear those kinds of things. I'm asking all these questions and coach McKillop is just hitting it. And then we went to leave. I walked him to the door and I said, coach, we'll get him fattened up for you. And coach, he'll turn around and once again, blew me away with no, that's okay. We'll take him just the way he is.


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[Assistant] Your heart has a beat that makes you tap your feet like a drum. It beats, it beats night and day. You can jump, skip, and hop. Your heartbeat will not stop your whole life.


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[Assistant] Oh, run the bases, run the bases. Wrong way.


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[Assistant] It was a no-brainer during that run our sophomore year in junior year that he was going to be an NBA player. But a lot of the conversation I think centered around, he's got to be on the right team, right system, right coach.


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[Assistant] In order to build deep neural networks, one modification to the basic convolutional operation that you need to really use is padding. Let's see how it works.


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[Assistant] What we saw in earlier videos is that if you take a 6x6 image and convolve it with a 3x3 filter, you end up with a 4x4 output, with a 4x4 matrix. And that's because the number of possible positions for your 3x3 filter, there are only sort of 4x4 possible positions.


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[Assistant] And the math for this turns out to be that if you have a, uhm, n by n image and convolve that with an f by f filter, then the dimension of the output will be n minus f plus 1 by n minus f plus 1.


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[Assistant] Uhm, 6 minus e plus 1 is equal to 4, which is why you wound up with a 4 by 4 output.


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[Assistant] So there are two downsides to this. One is that if every time you apply a convolutional operator, your image shrinks, so we've gone from 6x6 down to 4x4, then, you know, you can only do this a few times before your image starts getting really small. Maybe it shrinks down to 1x1 or something, so.


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[Assistant] Maybe you don't want your image to shrink every time you detect edges or detect other features on it. So that's one downside.


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[Assistant] And the second downside is that if you look at a pixel at a corner at an edge, this particular pixel is touched, is used only in one of the outputs, right, because it touches that 3x3 region.


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[Assistant] Whereas if you take a pixel in the middle, say this pixel,


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[Assistant] Then there are a lot of 3x3 regions that overlap that pixel. And so,


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[Assistant] It's as if pixels on the corners, on the edges are used much less in the output. So you're throwing away a lot of information near the edge of the image.


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[Assistant] So to solve both of these problems, you know, both the, uh, shrinking output,


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[Assistant] And when we build really deep neural networks, you see why you don't want the image to shrink on every step. Because if you have maybe a hundred layer deep net, then if it shrinks a bit on every layer, then after a hundred layers, you end up with a very small image. Uhm, so that was one problem. The other is, you know, throwing away a lot of information from the edges of the image.


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[Assistant] So in order to fix both of these problems, what you can do is, before applying the convolutional operation, you can pad the image. So in this case, let's say you pad the image with an additional, uhm, one


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[Assistant] And if you convolve an 8x8 image with a 3x3 image, you now get back out, not a 4x4, but a 6x6 image.


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[Assistant] We have managed to preserve the original input size of 6x6.


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[Assistant] So by convention, when you pad, you pad it with zeros. And if p is the, uh, padding amount. So in this case, p is equal to one.


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[Assistant] Because we're padding all around with an extra border of 1 pixels, then the output becomes n plus 2p minus f plus 1 by n plus 2p minus f.


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[Assistant] So, uh, this becomes 6 plus 2 times 1 minus d plus 1 by the same thing.


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[Assistant] And that, so 6 plus 2 minus 3 plus 1, that's equal to 6. So you end up with a 6 by 6 image that's preserving the size of the original.


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[Assistant] So this green pixel actually influences all of these cells of the output. And so this effect of


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[Assistant] You know, maybe not quite throwing away, but counting less the information from the edge or from the corner of the edge of the image is reduced. And I've shown here the effect of padding.


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[Assistant] The border with just one pixel, if you want, you can also pad the border with two pixels, in which case I guess you add on another.


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[Assistant] Border here, uhm, and they can pattern with even more pixels if you choose.


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[Assistant] So I guess what I'm drawing here, this would be a path of equal two or p equals two.


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[Assistant] In terms of how much to pad, it turns out there are two common choices that are called valid convolutions and same convolutions. I'm not sure these are great names, but in a valid convolution, this basically means no padding.


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[Assistant] And so, in this case, you might have an end-by-end image convolved with an f-by-f filter.


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[Assistant] And this will give you an n minus f plus 1.


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[Assistant] So this is, uh, like the example we had previously from the previous videos where we had an n by n image convolved with a 3 by 3 filter and that gave you a 4 by 4 output.


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[Assistant] Choice of padding is called the same convolution.


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[Assistant] And that means when you pad, so the output size is the same as the input size.


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[Assistant] So if you actually look at this formula, when you pad by p pixels, then it's as if n goes to n plus 2p, and then you have, uh, from the rest of this, right, minus f plus 1.


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[Assistant] And the padding of a border of p pixels all around, uhm, then the output sizes are being this dimension, n plus 2p minus f plus 1.


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[Assistant] And so if you want n plus 2p minus f plus 1 to be equal to 1 so that the output size is the same as the input size, if you


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[Assistant] Take this and solve for, I guess n cancels out on both sides. And if you solve for p, this implies that p is equal to f minus 1 over 2.


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[Assistant] So when f is odd, by choosing the padding size to be as follows, you can make sure that the output size is the same as the input size.


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[Assistant] And that's why, for example, when the filter was 3x3, as in the example on the previous slide, the padding that would make the output size the same as the input size was


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[Assistant] Uhm, and as another example, if your filter was 5 by 5, so if f is equal to 5,


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[Assistant] Then if you plug it into that equation, you find that the padding of 2 is required to keep the, uh, output size.


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[Assistant] The same as the input size when the filter is 5x5.


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[Assistant] And by convention in computer vision, F is usually odd. It's actually almost always odd.


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[Assistant] And you rarely see, uhm, even-numbed filters, filtered webs using computer vision.


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[Assistant] And I think the two reasons for that, uhm, one is that if f was even, you know, then you'd need some asymmetric padding.


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[Assistant] Right, it's only if f is odd that this type of same convolution gives a natural padding, we can pad the same dimension all around rather than


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[Assistant] You know, pad more on the left and pad less on the right or something asymmetric. And then second, uhm, when you have an odd dimension filter,


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[Assistant] Such as 3x3 or 5x5, then it has a central position. And sometimes in computer vision it's nice to have a


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[Assistant] Distinguisher, it's nice to have a pixel you can call the central pixel so you can talk about, you know, the position of the filter.


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[Assistant] Maybe none of these is a great reason for using F to be pretty much always odd, but if you look at computer vision literature, you see 3x3 filters are very common, you see some 5x5, 7x7s, you know, and actually sometimes later we'll also talk about 1x1 filters and when that makes sense, but just by convention.


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[Assistant] I recommend you just use odd numbit filters as well.


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[Assistant] I think that you can probably get just fine performance even if you were to use an even number value for f, but if you stick to the common computer vision convention, uhm, you know, I usually just use odd to number.


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[Assistant] So, you've now seen how to use padded convolutions. To specify the padding for a convolutional operation, you can either specify the value for p,


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[Assistant] Or you can just say that this is a valid convolution, which means p equals zero. Or you can say this is a same convolution, which means pad as much as you need to make sure the output has the same dimension as the input.


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[Assistant] So that's it for padding. In the next video, let's talk about how you can implement strided convolutions.


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[Assistant] And accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.


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[Assistant] A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic. Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move.


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[Assistant] 15 policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street.


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[Assistant] The police had a difficult time, but they were most amused.


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[Assistant] Jumbo must weigh a few tons, said a policeman afterwards. So it was fortunate that we didn't have to carry him. Of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.


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[Assistant] And uh, we understand how it works to cross-platform development in talking. And also we know the basics.


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[Assistant] Therefore, in this section, we will learn how to write database apps with selfie. So, let's jump right into it. Agenda for the search section.


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[Assistant] Let's take a look at this table. There are index numbers, payment dates and a beginning balance columns. And there are five rows, which are stored as data.


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[Assistant] FireDeck Data Access Technology. FireDeck is a comprehensive data access framework that ships with RedStudio, provides the most complete support for the TdataSet API, offering a smooth migration path for legacy applications.


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[Assistant] Support a large collection of advanced capabilities. As you can see, there are plenty of database types. And Pirate Deck is a cross database, unified API. And it has massive performance.


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[Assistant] So, here is the chart of the FireDeck framework. As you can see, there are many bindings here. For example, FireDeck Steps.


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[Assistant] Bridging Drivers, ODBC and GBA Express.


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[Assistant] When you deploy your projects to any platform, Interbase automatically deploys with it. If you are a Visual Studio developer, you can work with Interbase through ADO.NET or ODBC connectors for easy access to your database. So, it's time to demo. So here is the demo application. And we got after connection, after query, data source, and the UI


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[Assistant] This After Demo STB SQLite Database. So, open. So here is our application. The data is loaded. And you can change, you can add it to your data and, and click this button, it saves to database. And also you can add some new data to your database. Come on. Save. Now we can close or run the application.


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[Assistant] Open. This one. And here is our new data. Okay? So this was the introduction to database development.


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[Assistant] In return, they keep the anemone clean and oxygenated.


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[Assistant] If they hatch on the same night the reef breathes, it will give them the best chance of survival.


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[Assistant] Until then, they should be safe. This is one of the most secure homes on the reef.


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[Assistant] But this smart fish doesn't give up. He just calls in more arms.


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[Assistant] An octopus may seem an unlikely accomplice but together they make a killer team.


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[Assistant] A monstrous, coral-eating, crown of thorns starfish.


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[Assistant] But unaware of the threat heading their way, the residents of the reef are busy preparing to breed and searching for food.


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[Assistant] But even well-armed mantis shrimp need a safe place.


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[Assistant] Her burrow. And soon to be her nursery.


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[Assistant] If this one is to reach breeding condition, he needs to get bigger. And that means a lot of eating.


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[Assistant] Now they have one each. Both crabs will split them to regrow a full pair of stinging gloves.


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[Assistant] Anemones offer protection to all kinds of little creatures.


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[Assistant] The shrimp advertise their services. By rocking.


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[Assistant] All over the reef. Preparations for mating are underway.


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[Assistant] Her building work is so extensive, others find a home here too.


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[Assistant] A tuskfish. One of the few fish known to use tools.


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[Assistant] It's how the dwarf cuttlefish has managed to stay alive. And stay fed.


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[Assistant] Extruding their stomachs, they digest the coral's living tissue.


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[Assistant] Once a year, the perfect tide and the perfect temperature coincide.


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[Assistant] A tiny bundle, only the size of a peppercorn.


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[Assistant] A tiny brick that will grow into a mighty coral.


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[Assistant] Could you be more specific? Well a T-Rex is a mean dinosaur.


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[Assistant] The kind of teeth that are not soaked and the ones that do eat meat have the pointy teeth.


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[Assistant] They live somewhere else, not on earth anymore.


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[Assistant] So the effort that we're doing right now that will actually launch on Hong Kong and Singapore at the end of the year is the fact that we've actually minimized the number of pages on the site. The idea came from the idea that said, hey, could we do an eBay 1999 and launch it in these countries


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[Assistant] And I don't know the exact number. We always said it has stayed below 49 pages. I think it's a little bit greater than 49 pages. But it has the key functionality. It has selling. It has finding. It has, you know, it has buying. So it has all the key functions. And with the fact that it's close to the 49, 50 pages.


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[Assistant] As far as unique, uh, functions and features, obviously we're trying to minimize that. Even on the site today with the 18 countries that we're in, the areas that we tend to, uh, to have unique functions and features tend to be in the payments area and then tends to be in the, uh, trust and safety area, so the user verification area.


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[Assistant] And so we actually think the two things that he did that were unique compared to other sites was totally opened up. It was, it was, it was, you know, it was, uh, truly, um,


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[Assistant] You know, whatever, it wasn't like there were limits put on, uh, you know, it must be this price or that. It was list your item, and then you had a community, and then you had a reputation. And we think the community aspect and the reputation aspect were pretty unique compared to those other auction sites and what they were doing.


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[Assistant] Especially for a ground squirrel only the size of a taco.


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[Assistant] Being tiny might just give them the edge.


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[Assistant] Fortunately, his mom is an old hand at desert survival.


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[Assistant] Lesson number one. Get to know the neighborhood.


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[Assistant] First impressions? Not all that welcoming.


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[Assistant] An elf owl, the smallest owl in the world, nests high in the saguaro.


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[Assistant] The Roadrunner chicks should be safe in their cactus nursery.


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[Assistant] A pile of dead cactus provides a safe bolt hole for lots of desert animals.


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[Assistant] These barbed wire balls are in plentiful supply.


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[Assistant] A well maintained pack rat den makes life very difficult for predators.


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[Assistant] There are so many impenetrable hiding places and fortified homes in the cactus desert.


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[Assistant] They serve as reliable reservoirs, even when rain is months away.


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[Assistant] Diamondback rattlesnakes are ambush predators with enough venom to kill a human.


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[Assistant] And, show them how to face down an enemy. Ten times her size.


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[Assistant] And lets the snake know its surprise attack has been foiled.


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[Assistant] It's now cool enough for the pack rat to leave her fortress and find food.


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[Assistant] Until their chicks fledge in two weeks time, the feeding frenzy continues night after night.


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[Assistant] Nocturnal blooms, brimming with nectar.


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[Assistant] Lesser long-nosed bats are only the weight of a teaspoon, but they fly hundreds of miles to reach this feast.


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[Assistant] These flowers offer more nectar than almost any other.


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[Assistant] And as the bats visit more blooms, they pollinate them along the way.


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[Assistant] But when each flower opens, the cactus loses precious water.


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[Assistant] Packed with the protein and carbs a growing pup needs.


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[Assistant] But some tiny creatures have an ingenious way of preserving their riches.


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[Assistant] Honeypot ants are stuffed with so much nectar, they swell as large as a grape.


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[Assistant] These living storage containers can hardly move and have to be cared for by the other ants.


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[Assistant] By midsummer, the temperature reaches 50 degrees celsius.


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[Assistant] Water evaporating from the saguaro's trunk cools the interior and keeps their nest air conditioned.


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[Assistant] A thick cactus roof keeps the pack rats home cool too.


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[Assistant] Four peanut sized pups. Blind and helpless. They need their mother's protection.


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[Assistant] Passed down from mother to daughter, these dens can be centuries old.


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[Assistant] And anyway, it's way too hard to hunt.


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[Assistant] In a summer this severe, the cacti shrink to two-thirds their diameter.


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[Assistant] As temperatures peak, finally, change is in the air.


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[Assistant] Each time a rattlesnake sheds its skin, it's only getting bigger.


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[Assistant] As long as he keeps copying mom, the pup should be safe.


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[Assistant] But the roadrunner's chicks will fledge soon and away from the nest, they'll be more exposed.


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[Assistant] Like a Matador, he provokes his enemy.


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[Assistant] Until finally, it's had enough.


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[Assistant] Hopefully it won't be back before the Roadrunner chicks can fend for themselves.


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[Assistant] Just after summer peaks, relief finally arrives.


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[Assistant] The cacti swell, replenishing their water stores.


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[Assistant] Enough to see this patch of desert through many months to come.


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[Assistant] The ground squirrel pup is almost ready to go it alone.


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[Assistant] Under his mother's guidance, he now has all the skills he needs to turn a prickly problem into an advantage.


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[Assistant] But these cacti provide everything a little creature needs.


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[Assistant] A perfect circle looks something like this. Can you draw a circle?


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[Assistant] In 1963, a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallace Island.


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[Assistant] A remote place in the South Pacific, a long way west of Samoa. The plane wasn't too badly damaged, but over the years the crash was forgotten and the wreck remained undisturbed.


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[Assistant] Then in 1989, 26 years after the crash, the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island.


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[Assistant] By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing.


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[Assistant] The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France.


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[Assistant] Now, a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored.


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[Assistant] It has four Rolls Royce Merlin engines.


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[Assistant] But the group will need to have only three of them rebuilt.


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[Assistant] Imagine their surprise and delight when they broke open the packing cases and found that the fourth engine was sweet as honey, still in perfect condition.


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[Assistant] A colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive, and it was totally preserved in beeswax.


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[Assistant] And so I thought about, you know, what I wanted to say. What would I pass on if you were trying to be an entrepreneur, if you were trying to be a leader? And I think if you're trying to be those things, what you're really trying to do at a fundamental level is have impact.


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[Assistant] You're trying to have impact. You're trying to have the things you do, the things that you spend your time doing, have impact, meaning change something around the world. And for me, I think the lesson is really simple, and it's particularly important in the era in which we live, and for me, the industry in which I work, which is that this is all about scale.