[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So temp is pointing to n1, n1 is having the value of 22. And if you are inserting one more node n2 with the same value of 22,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What would have happened, we would have executed this statement, which says then, return.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can also print a message that no duplicates are allowed and you'll return outside this function. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we can insert duplicate values in a binary search tree. That becomes a separate implementation. It becomes a little complicated. So for our implementation in this tutorial,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are not gonna allow the user to enter duplicate values. Okay. So that's why we have this first condition 2.2.1. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So new node basically is this n2. Okay, so whenever you pass a new node, let's say it is n2, n2 is nothing but new node over here. So newNode.value is 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is it equal equal to temp.value, temp is pointing to n1, n1's value is 22.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is 10 equal equal to 10 to 2? No. So we will not execute this part. We will move on to second condition. That is the second else if part. So this is a if else if and else control statement and we are going one by one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that's how you go in a linear way starting from top to bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now that we've determined that the values are not matching,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second condition that we are checking is in this lsave part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there are two conditions in this LZF part. The first condition is if


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This newNode.value is less than the temp.value. So newNode's value we have just seen that it is 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If newNode.value is less than 10.value, which is true in this case, 10 is less than 22, yes, so this is true. That is the first condition is true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we have one more condition with the and conjunction or and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And clause, which means that both the conditions have to be true in order to be true for this elsef, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the second condition checks if temp.left equal equal to null. So temp is currently pointing to n1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is there in the left part of n1? There is nothing, which means it is null. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So temp.left is also null, so even this condition is true. So what happens when the new node that you want to insert in the binary search tree has a value which is less than the current node that you are pointing and the left pointer of that particular node is also blank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that scenario, we simply append n2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the left child of n1, correct? Because this part is blank, that is, the left part is blank. So that would simply mean that n2 can directly be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, in that case, since both these conditions are true, we will go inside this elsef which is 2.2.2.1 and we say then temp.left equals to newNode. So, this newNode n2


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is now appended or is now attached or is now inserted as the left child of temp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Temp is pointing to N1. So N1's left child now will become N2. So let's create N2 over here. So N2 is created over here. Temp dot left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll store the address of this new node which is n2. What is the address of this new node n2? It is hash 33.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So hash 33 will be stored in temp of left. Temp is pointing to n1. n1's left will now have 33. And this is how you add a new node to the left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the next instruction over here is to break, which means it will come outside this entire function because you've done the insertion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can simply print that value inserted on the left. Okay? Alright. So we just inserted one node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now so far we've seen two conditions, condition 1 and condition 2. We still have to see 3, 4 and 5, right? So let's insert one more node now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's say now we want to insert a new node n3 which is created at the address of hash 16 and has the value of 50.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just by looking at it, we know that n3 has a value of 50, 50 is greater than 22, so it has to be as the right child.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But let's go through this entire pseudo code and see which condition matches and then we will understand the pseudo code step by step better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So starting off the first condition, if root equal equal to null, then root equals to new node. Of course, root is not null, root is still pointing to hash 65, which is n1. So this condition will not be executed. We will move to the else. In the else, we will first set temp equals to root. So again, creating a temp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we will move on, we will say 2.2 which is a while loop. We will say while temp not null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is temp null? No. Temp is not null because temp is storing the address of n1 so it is not null of course. So now the while condition becomes true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If newNode.value equal equal to temp.value. What is the newNode? NewNode is n3. n3's value is 50. Is 50 equal equal to?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Temp.value, what is temp? Temp is hash 65, which is address of n1. n1's value is 22. Is 50 equal to 22? No. So of course, this entire part will not be executed. We will move to 2.2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this condition says if node.value that is new node.value which is 50, is it less than temp.value? Temp is pointing to n1. n1's value is 22. Is 50 less than 22? Of course not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So since this first condition in the LCF becomes false, we don't even have to check the second condition because there is an AND in between. And when we have an AND


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The whole outcome will also become false. So we will not execute 2.2. And now we will move on to 2.3. Okay, alright. In 2.3 what we are checking is, again we are checking


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If newNode.value is less than temp.value. Again we are checking if 50, which is the newNode


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] value which is 50 over here is it less than temp.value which is again 22. So again this is also false and I will tell you why we are doing this duplicate checking later on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But since this elsef also becomes false, 2.2.3 is not executed, we will move on to 2.2.4. Now let's check this condition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The condition is, in this elsef, we have newNode.value, newNode value is 50.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is it greater than temp.value? Temp is still pointing to n1, n1's value is 22. Yes. Now this condition has matched. So 50 is greater than 22. And the second condition stays and temp.write is equal equal to null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Temp is pointing to N1. What is there as the right pointer of N1? Nothing. Which means that it is null. So even this condition has become true. Now what do you do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you also have the value greater than the node above it. And that node also has the right child empty. So, it makes sense to append n3 at this location, right? So, inside this lsif that is what we are doing. We say then temp.write equals to new node. So, you take a new node. Let's create this node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this new node is created, n3, at the address of hash16. And that hash16 is now stored as the right pointer address.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By saying temp.write, because temp is of course pointing to n1. n1's write


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is on the LHS left hand side and on the right hand side we have new node. So new node's address is stored as temp.right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you simply say break, we will come outside this function, we can print out that value is inserted on the right. Okay? Alright, so one more node is added.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so so far you've got a very brief idea about this entire pseudocode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But let's add a few more nodes to understand those other conditions in detail. Okay, so let's add one more node, n4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So of course just by looking at it, we can clearly see that 7 is less than 22. So it will go to the left part. That is the left subtree. Then we have N2. 7 is less than 10 also.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, N4 is going to be the left child of N2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But how does that happen in this pseudo code? Because we have to write a code. So of course we have to follow the different steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So step number one is not going to be executed, root is not null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we will go in the else part, we will set temp equals to root. So, temp is created over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is pointing to root which is n1, so has the address of hash 65, this is something that we've done 2-3 times now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 2.1 is done, we will say 2.2 while temp not null. So temp is not null because temp is pointing to n1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So while loop will start executing, we will go in the while loop. We will first check if this new node's value which is 7 is equal to temps.value which is 22. It is not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this will not be executed, we will go to 22. Now over here, in the 2.2.2, the else if part, we have two conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see newNode.value, what is newNode.value? The n4 is the newNode whose value is 7. So let's write 7 over here. Is it less than temp.value? What is temp's value? Temp is pointing to n1, n1's value is 22.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now 7 is less than 22, correct? So this statement has become true. However, you cannot insert n4


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right below N1, because N1 already has a left child, which is N2, right? So if N2 was not there,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If N2 didn't exist, let's remove N2 and let's make the address as null. So if N2 didn't exist and you are supposed to add N4, where would N4 go? N4 would be directly assigned over here as the left child of N1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the else if the first condition becomes true, however the second condition which says temp.left equal equal to null becomes false. Because temp is pointing to n1. When I say temp.left I am saying n1's left. Is n1's left equal equal to null? No. Because temp.left is having a address of hash 33. So it is not null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And 33 is the address of N2, which means that this condition becomes false. And since there is a AND in between these two conditions, both of these two conditions have to be true in order to insert a new node as the left child of N1. That is because when you want to insert a node,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] at a particular location or as a child of a particular node


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say it is a left child, then of course the left address has to have blank, which means that that node should not have any prior child. Otherwise you cannot add that node over there, right? So that is why we have these two conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this also becomes false, that is 2.2.2 else if becomes false, we will go to 2.2.3. Now again, I'm using the same condition, which says newNode.value which is 7.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] is less than temp.value. temp.value which means temp is pointing to n1 and n1's value is 22.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But over here if you observe, I'm not using a AND clause and I'm not using this condition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is because in this elseif we are not inserting. In this elseif we are simply saying


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this is where we are traversing. Traverse to the left child. I'll write lc as left child. So temp is equal to temp.left. What did I do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this address hash 33 will now be stored over here. So let's erase this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which node has the address of 33? You can see n2 has the address of hash 33. So now temp is not pointing to the root, temp is pointing to n2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically what we did, we came from N1 to N2 using this temp pointer. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is where of course the lsif ends. And since this lsif that is 2.2.3 got executed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is temp null? No, because temp is still pointing to some node. So temp is not null, which means this condition is true. So now again this while loop will start executing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is the second round we are taking for this while loop. Because we still have to insert this n4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we couldn't insert it directly over here, so we have to traverse from N1 to N2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we are at end 2. So again the process will be executed using the while loop. So again we will check if newNode.value equals to temp.value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is new node's value? New node is n4 that we want to insert. It is 7. Is 7 equal equal to temp.value. And now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we will not execute 2.1, we will go to 2.2.2. Over here the condition is checked, newNode.value, it is 7.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The new node that we want to insert is n4 whose value is 7 is 7 less than temp.value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Temp is pointing to n2 whose value is 10. So is 7 less than 10? Yes. So this condition becomes true. And now we say temp.left. Temp is pointing to n2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when I say temp.left, it means n2.left. What is there as the left of n2? Nothing, which means it is null. So even this condition becomes true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tem.left, so Tem.left means N2.left which is LHS and RHS is this new node, so this new node's address is going to be stored as the left child of N2. So now we have done this linking and N2 has the value of 7.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we see a break, we come out of this function, we print that the value is inserted at the left. And that's how you do an insertion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now that we've added so many nodes, I'm assuming you guys have got an idea. If not, just pause this video and dry run this code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pseudo code yourself by adding few more nodes. Let's take one more node. In fact, let's say we want to add one more node and five.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just by looking at the value, the value is greater than 22, so we will go to the right. The value is greater than 50, so it has to be at the right of n3, that is the right child. So for the first time, you will start with 10 pointing to the root.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So initially, temp will have the address of hash 65, which means temp will point to n1, right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we are over here. Then we will say while temp not null. Then we will check this condition. First condition will becomes false because new node's value 66 is not equal to 50.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we will check this condition is new nodes value less than temp.value. No, 66 is not less than 22 because temp is currently pointing to 22 that is n1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this will not be executed. We will come over here. Again, check the same condition is 66 less than 22. No. So this will not be executed. We will come over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here we will check newNode.value, which is 66, that is N5's value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is it greater than temp.value? What is temp? temp is currently pointing to 22. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So 66 is greater than 22, but we also have to check this extra condition which is and temp.write equals to null. So temp is currently pointed to n1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So temp.write is hash 16 right now, it is not null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this statement becomes false or this condition becomes false. So collectively this entire elsef will also become false because of this AND clause. So we will not go and set this elsef.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course this is right, right? We don't have to go inside this lsif because you cannot insert because this lsif is doing the insertion over here. We set temp.right equals a new node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you cannot insert n5 below n1. You cannot do that because n1 already has a right child of n3. So then we come at the last else part and we say temp equals to temp.right. So now what is temp.right? Currently temp is pointing to n1. n1's right is hash 16. So hash 16 will now be stored in temp at this line. So hash 16.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] N3, because N3's address is hash 16. Correct? We will come at the end of the while loop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll again go at the start of the loop and we'll check temp not null. Yes, temp is not null because temp is hash 16 now, which is pointing to n3. And we will again go through all these conditions. First condition is gonna be false. Second is gonna be false.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Third is also gonna be false if you just quickly check it. And now 2.2.4 will be true because newNode.value is 66.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 66 is of course greater than temp.value, temp is currently hash 16, hash 16 is nothing but address of n3, and n3's value is 50. So 66 is greater than 50, yes, and temp.write.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right child is blank, it does not have a right child, so this is null, so this is equal equal to null. So even this condition becomes true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So collectively both these conditions are true and because of the AND clause we will go inside this lsif and we will say temp.write equals to newNode. So this newNode's address of hash9 will be stored over here as temp.write. So hash9 will go inside temp.write. And then we can add a newNode over here. Let's do that. And then n3 will be linked to n5. So n3's right child will be n5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can break out of the function over here. You'll come outside and you can see that value inserted. Okay, so this was the entire insert node pseudo code, which is a step by step instructions. And we also saw diagrammatically how the new nodes are added following this entire pseudo code. So I hope you've got the overall working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now the only thing left out is to convert this pseudocode into our C++ code. So let's go to the day C++ ID and write the insert node function. Okay, so as you can see on the screen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have opened up my DayC++ ID and I have opened up the code that we typed in the previous tutorial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember I told you that in the previous tutorial we started off with the implementation and we wrote a little bit of code. So this is what we did. We created the tree node class. So we will create the objects of tree node. Okay, and this is something new.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is one extra line that we did not do in the previous tutorial. I will explain to you what this means later on. Right now just type it along with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now coming down, we also did the class BST. We created that. Inside that, I've just created an extra constructor. This was not there in the previous tutorial's code. So just copy this or you know, just type this out. And then we also have this extra print2d function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm just creating this extra function in the BST class because after insertion, we obviously want to see the tree also, right? We want to see the nodes added into the tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I will create a separate tutorial to explain this printing part. Right now, I've just copy pasted it so that we can see the output. And of course, this is where, okay, this extra, this was extra and this is where we will actually write our void insert function. Okay, so I'll say void insert node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And inside the insert node, we will pass the pointer to the tree node object as an argument. I'll explain to you what this is, but just type along with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you just scroll down, this is what we also typed in the previous tutorial itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And depending upon the option that the user enters, we will do that particular BST operation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In our case we are gonna do the insert node so user will enter 1 and we will do the insertion over and over again. So this is where we take the option number from the user and in the switch case this is where the insert function will be called. Okay, but let's first quickly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Create this insertNode function. On the right hand side, you can also see the entire pseudo code. We will go step by step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first condition or the first statement in the pseudocode is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If root equal equal to null, so of course we will first check if the root is null and if the root is null, we will add this new node directly as the root.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we will say root equals to new node and we will say value inserted. Let's say value inserted as root node. Okay. Now to explain to you what this pointer is, basically this root is nothing but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A data member in the BST class we say tree node star root, right? So this is nothing but a pointer of type tree node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you observe, this is also a pointer of type tree node. So that's why we can directly equate this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason why we are playing with pointers in C++ is because we are gonna use the concept of dynamic memory allocation. And we are gonna create tree objects or tree node objects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the heap memory and I'll show you how that goes but right now just follow along if you're confused I'll explain to you what that means in a minute. So the next thing is to do the else part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the else part, the first step that is 2.1 is to create a temporary pointer, a tree node pointer and say temp equals root. So whatever the address in the root is getting copied in the temp tree node pointer, then we have a while loop, right? So next we say while temp not null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we will keep on executing this while loop till the temp is not null because we will have to traverse from the root node till the lower levels where we want to do the insertion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's write the code for that and I'm copy pasting a little code line by line because I don't want to waste a lot of time. You guys can pause this video and type it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first condition is if this newNodes value that we want to insert is equal equal to the temp.value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if that is the case, we will say value already exists, insert another value, pretty basic. And we simply say return, so we come outside this function and ask the user for another value, right? Okay, so let's move on to the next condition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the next condition is again a else if and we say if newNode.value is less than the temp.value and temp.left equal equal to null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that case, we will say temp of left equals to this new node and we will say cout value inserted. Now if you are wondering what are these arrows, that is the hyphen and arrow methodology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is because this new node and this temp are nothing but pointers of type 3 node. So they are pointing to the object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they are not directly the object, they are just pointers. And when you want to access


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The data member, so these are the three different data members in the tree node class, right? So when you want to access these data members inside an object using pointers, you use this syntax.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is something related to C++ fundamentals. I hope you already know that. If not, you can check out my C++ for beginners tutorials.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've also talked about dynamic memory allocation, all those things are covered. So I'm guessing you guys already know that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so moving on, then you simply say a value inserted and you break out of this function. Let's move on to the next condition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the next condition, we say if newNode.value is less than or equal to temp.value, we simply say temp equals to temp.left, that is you traverse to the left child. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is because if this elseif is false, it would mean that the temp.left is not null.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Means that the level that we are at currently which is pointed by temp, the node that is pointed by this temp pointer, that node already has a left child.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we will have to go to the left end and then go one level below to insert a new node. So that is done over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now just like traversal to the left, the last two conditions that is these two conditions are related to traversing to the right or insertion to the right. So in this elsif,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the new node's value is greater than the temp.value and temp.right is null, it would mean that we can insert this new node to the right position, to the right child of the temp. Because it is null. So we say value inserted. Let's say here value inserted to the left. And here we will say value inserted to the right. Okay. And the last else we will simply traverse from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is pretty much it with the insertNode function and I know I copy pasted quite a lot of code to save some time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now we still have some more work in the main function. Now in the main function along with this int option.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will create the BST object. So BST is nothing but our class. You can see class BST, which will have the tree node root pointer. So of course, we'll have to create an object right of this class. So we say BST object, then we create the option.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The option is nothing but the option number that the user will select. And we also have a val integer variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the value of that particular node that the user will enter. Okay. So you'll see the usage down. Let's move on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So before we call the function, what we have to do, we have to say enter the value of treeNode to insert in the BST.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what we can do is we will say newNode of value equals to this value that we take from the user. We will say obj.insertNode and we will pass this newNode and we will say cout endl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what is this new node? So this new node is something that we have to create first over here. And we can do that using this syntax. We say tree node star.


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[Assistant] So why do this indirect method and why not use this simple way of creating a new object by saying node n1 equals to new node or you know by simply saying node n1. You can do this also right, but this will create a node in the


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[Assistant] Stack memory of the RAM. So our RAM is divided into stack and heap.


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[Assistant] That is two different types of memories. Heap is related to the dynamic memory allocation and we're gonna use that. The reason why we're doing that is because


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[Assistant] When you create an object in the heap memory using this methodology, that object has global scope and it will be there throughout this program execution.


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[Assistant] And that is what we want because we are going to run this switch case over and over again, right? We are going to use this do while loop over and over again to insert multiple nodes.


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[Assistant] And to also do other operations. So if this do while loop runs one time and if you create a node using this method, when the do while loop will run second time, this node n1 will go out of scope and that memory will be destroyed. But we don't want that. So that's why we use this methodology of


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[Assistant] Creating an object in the heap memory and pointing it using a pointer.


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[Assistant] And when you want the pointer to point to an object, you say newTreeNode. And this will create the object in the heap.


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[Assistant] And the address of that object will be stored in this newNode pointer. Okay.


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[Assistant] Sounds a little complicated, but I've tried to explain to you using this diagram and I'm guessing you guys have a basic idea about it.


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[Assistant] And you can directly pass this new node inside this insertNode method. So this object obj is nothing but an object of BST class. In this BST class, we have a member function.


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[Assistant] Which we just created which is insert node and it is taking a pointer of tree node itself. So that's why we can directly pass this new node over here.


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[Assistant] For the printing of the BST values, we have option number 4. And this is where I have to call the obj.print function.


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[Assistant] So I'll just paste this code here. I'll say obj.print2d and this print2d as I mentioned is


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[Assistant] Constant variable hash define space 10 is related to that function. So I'll explain to you when we come to the printing only.


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[Assistant] Right now we are just using this so that we can also see the values that are inserted. Okay, so let's go to execute compile and run.


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[Assistant] And our program is working perfectly fine, you can see. Let's try to insert.


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[Assistant] Insertion is option number one. Hit option number one and hit enter. You can see insert


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[Assistant] And the program is asking us to enter a value of tree node to insert in the BST. Let's insert 45, hit enter, and you can see value inserted as the root node. That is because the first time, we don't have anything to the root node, so value gets inserted as the root node.


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[Assistant] And now we should get a message that value inserted to the left because 34 is less than 45. When I hit enter, you can see value inserted to the left, which means our program is pretty much working fine. Let's insert one more value. Option number one is for insert. Let's insert 67.


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[Assistant] So now the root value is 45, left child is 34, so 67 should be the right child. When I hit enter, you can see value inserted to the right.


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[Assistant] Let's do clear screen by saying option number 5, option 5 just clears the command prompt. And now let's do the print BST values option number 4, which we'll call the print2d function. When I hit enter, there you go, you can see print and you can see 45 as the root, 34 as the left child and 67 as the right.


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[Assistant] This 2D diagram is a tree diagram which is inverted 90 degree in anticlockwise, but this is the best representation that we can do using a function in a 2D way.


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[Assistant] So now you can see value inserted to the left. Let's clear the screen and now let's print values and there you go, you can see.


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[Assistant] Root node as 45, left child as 34, right child as 67, and for 34 node the left child is 10. So if I insert one more value, let's say it is 40.


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[Assistant] It should be inserted as the right child of 34. When I hit enter, you can see value inserted to the right.


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[Assistant] But I'm guessing you guys can understand this. As I mentioned, I will be sharing this code with you guys on our official website. So,


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[Assistant] You can go ahead and copy paste it and you can dry run it yourself. I hope you understood the entire PST insertion operation.


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[Assistant] So this is where I'm gonna conclude this video. If you like this video, please give it a thumbs up. Let me know in the comments how this video was.


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[Assistant] It took a lot of time and effort for this video, so please drop a comment, drop a like. Subscribe if you haven't already, so that you get notified when we upload the next parts. And as always, thanks for watching. See you in the next one. Peace.


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[Assistant] Hello, hello, I am your teacher Jesse and this is part two of


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[Assistant] The dog walker. Remember, the girl is a dog walker. It is her job.


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[Assistant] Her job, okay. People give her money. And she walks the dogs. It is her job. And where does she walk the dogs?


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[Assistant] She walks the dogs in the neighborhood. She walks the dogs in the neighborhood.


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[Assistant] And look at this neighborhood. Oh, this neighborhood has some different things, right? 지난 neighborhood에서 아파트 건물.


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[Assistant] Apartment building. Look at this neighborhood. Here we have a


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[Assistant] A bus. You go soon? Bus. Say it with me. Bus. Yes.


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[Assistant] There is a bus. And look at this.


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[Assistant] This neighborhood has a bus.


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[Assistant] The dog walker already has one dog, right? What dog does she have? The small white dog. But look! In this new neighborhood, there is a new dog. Is this dog small?


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[Assistant] No, look, look at the dog door. This is the dog door. 작은 문. 작은 문은 dog door. And look, 조금 커. It's a little bit big. Right, there's the dog in the dog door. Do you want to see it? Let's take a look.


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[Assistant] Which dog lives in the house with the big blue door? Yes, here is the door. It is very big and it is blue, right? The last house door was red. This door is blue. Which dog, oh no, 강아지가 여기서 사라요? You wanna see?


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[Assistant] Ohoho, here is a new dog. It's very big. Yes, he's so big. And what color is he?


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[Assistant] Yes, but also red. Okay, a little bit brown, a little bit red.


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[Assistant] This is a big red dog. Now do you remember what this is called? When you walk a dog you have to hold the


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[Assistant] Leash. Yes. The big red dog has what color leash? What color is the dog's leash? It is blue. Right. The door is blue and the leash is blue.


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[Assistant] Alright, so now the dog walker has the little white dog.


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[Assistant] And the big red dog. Let's read.


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[Assistant] It is the big red dog. 큰 빨간 강아지예요. It's the big red dog.


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[Assistant] The big red dog is ready for his walk. Ready는 준비하다. Are you ready? Go! Right?


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[Assistant] The big dog is ready for his walk. Why is he ready?


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[Assistant] A new dog and a new neighborhood. Yeaah, look at this neighborhood. Over here we have a gongwon. In Korean, gongwon. In English, what do we say?


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[Assistant] A beautiful park. We also have more.


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[Assistant] apartment buildings, and uh, over here, look at this.


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[Assistant] Yes, clothing, we see some t-shirts, that's 옷. 옷, we can say clothing, c-l-o-t-h-i-n-g, clothing. And 가게, 가게는 store, s-t-o-r-e, clothing store.


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[Assistant] Alright, choo choo choo. Up here is a park and over here is a clothing store. Mhmm. And who is this girl? This girl is the...


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[Assistant] Dog walker. The dog walker. And now she has two dogs. She has the little white dog and she has the...


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[Assistant] Dog. What did you say? Big?


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[Assistant] Red dog, yes. And here we have a new house. Look in the dog door. What can you see? Oh, it's white and black. It's white and black. Yes. What kind of dog is this?


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[Assistant] Which dog lives in the house with the big door? What color of door this is? Is this?


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[Assistant] Yellow door. Very good. Yes. Which dog lives in the house with a big yellow door? Do you want to see the dog?


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[Assistant] Three, two, one.


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[Assistant] Pew! Oh ho! Look at this dog! Wow, this dog is white and black. See?


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[Assistant] 여기, 저기, 이런 거 있는 게. We can say spots.


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[Assistant] Spots. Those are called spots.


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[Assistant] What color are the spots? Are the spots white or black?


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[Assistant] Excellent, yes. They are black spots. This dog has black spots.


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[Assistant] Fantastic. A dog with black spots is called a dalmatian. Dalmatian.


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[Assistant] This dog is a Dalmatian because it has black spots. Let's read about this dog.


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[Assistant] It is the spotted dog. Uh-huh. spot 많으면 spotted. It is the spotted dog. The spotted dog is ready for her walk. 준비하면 영어 어떻게 해요?


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[Assistant] Now, spotted. Again, spotted means many spots. So look at this. This is a t-shirt. It's a t-shirt. Now look.


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[Assistant] What kind of t-shirt is this? We can say it's a spotted t-shirt. See, I'll make some bigger spots there. Oh, yes. Right? This is a spotted t-shirt. What color are the spots? These spots are red.


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[Assistant] Great job. Alright, now the dog walker has how many dogs? One, two, or three? Three?


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[Assistant] Terrific! Yes, the dog walker has three dogs. The dog walker has a little dog, a little white dog, a red dog, a big red dog, very good, and it has a dog.


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[Assistant] A spotted dog. Yes. The dog walker has three dogs. What will they do now? Hmm.


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[Assistant] Join me in part three to find out. Bye bye.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone, I am your teacher Jesse and today we will read a book called


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[Assistant] The dog walker, mhm.


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[Assistant] Alright, now, The Dog Walker is the first book in Social Studies series, okay? Social Studies is Sahwe.


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[Assistant] So in social studies, we will study people, 사람, and places.


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[Assistant] Okay, we will study people and places.


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[Assistant] And we will study some places in our neighborhood. Yes, neighborhood. Neighborhood is n-e-i-g-h-b-o-r. Neighbor. Neighbor is 옆집 사람. Neighborhood


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[Assistant] Dongnae, dongnae, neighborhood in the dog walker.


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[Assistant] We will look at some places in our neighborhood. 동네에서 있는 여러 장소.


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[Assistant] Okay, many kinds of places in our neighborhood. Let's get started! Alright, our first page says...


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[Assistant] The dog walker. And we have a big dog, right? We have a big red dog. It's a little bit red. A little bit red. And the dog has this. This is called the dog's


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[Assistant] Okay, if you walk a dog, 강아지랑 같이 걸으면.


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[Assistant] And the dog also has this. This is called a leash.


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[Assistant] Okay, it goes around your neck, right? A dog has a collar.


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[Assistant] When you walk your dog, you use a leash and a collar. What color is the leash and the collar? It is, did you say blue?


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[Assistant] Very good. Yes, the dog has a blue leash and a blue collar.


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[Assistant] Alright, let's start with the dog walker. Look at our first picture. Here is the girl.


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[Assistant] She is a dog walker. Okay, that is her albite. How do we say albite in English? We can say,


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[Assistant] This girl's part time job is...


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[Assistant] She's a dog walker, that's right. I will give her some money and she can walk my dog. Okay? Is this the girl's dog?


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[Assistant] No, 다른 사람이 강아지인데. But, her part-time job is dog walker.


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[Assistant] Alright, so what do we have? We have the girl and what's over here? Here we have a door. Moon. Moonen door. Say it with me. Door. Wonderful. And look at this.


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[Assistant] Alright, look what we can see.


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[Assistant] Apartment building. Right? There's some people. There's some people in the apartment building. See? He is watching TV. Here is a bed.


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[Assistant] And here is a mother, a woman or a mother.


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[Assistant] What else can we see in the neighborhood? 또, 동네에서 뭐 봐요?


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[Assistant] Yes, you can see a car. And what's inside the car? There is a child, I, and a cat. Queen. Wow.


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[Assistant] There's a very busy neighborhood, right? It's a very busy neighborhood, but here we have


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[Assistant] The dog walker and the dog. Let's read.


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[Assistant] Which dog lives in the house with the big red door? Hmm, which dog is it? Well, it's white, right? We can say the white dog. The white dog. Let's check.


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[Assistant] Pew! Ta-da! Yes! Look at that. It's a white dog.


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[Assistant] Now what about this? Do you remember what is this? This is the leash. Say it with me. Leash. Very good. And this is the


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[Assistant] What color is the white dog's leash and collar? They are red. Wonderful. Yes, they are red.


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[Assistant] The white dog wants to go for a walk, right? He wants to go for a walk.


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[Assistant] Who will take the white dog for a walk? With the dog walker. Let's read.


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[Assistant] It is the little white dog. Uh huh. Little. Little means small. Little, small. Okay, this dog is small. Little.


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[Assistant] It is the little white dog. 작은 하얀 강아지. It is the little white dog.


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[Assistant] The little white dog is ready for her walk. I'm ready, right? Is ready for


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[Assistant] Her walk. Okay. Is it a boy dog or a girl dog? Her walk. It is a girl dog. Yes.


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[Assistant] Alright, the little white dog is ready for her walk. Hmm, what will happen next? The dog walker will walk the little white dog. And then, kudaume? Hmm.


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[Assistant] Well, it's the end of part one, so check with me again in part two. Bye bye.


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[Assistant] Welcome to part three of Fat Fred. Now.


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[Assistant] Nooo. No popcorn, no cake, no hamburgers for Fred. No, no, no. And look!


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[Assistant] Does Fred watch TV now? No, look! See? Sofa? There's no people. Television?


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[Assistant] Joop-a-dum! Now, bread is...


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[Assistant] Exercise, very good. And number two, Timmy. Yay!


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[Assistant] Fun! Fabulous, yes! For exercise and for fun, they took Fred to the park. 언제? Every day. 민날, 민날.


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[Assistant] They did not watch TV. Not means no.


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[Assistant] They did not watch TV. See, look, here's the TV. There's no program on TV.


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[Assistant] They do not sit on the sofa. They did not sit on the sofa. They did not watch TV.


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[Assistant] Oh, okay, okay. And they did not feed Fred snacks. Feed means 음식을 주다. Okay? 어머니가 아기 feed 해요. Right? Mom feeds the baby. And the family feeds Fred. But they did not feed him snacks. What are snacks?


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[Assistant] Popcorn, snack. Hamburger, snack. Cake, snack. Ice cream, snack. Chocolate, snack. They did not feed Fred snacks. And they did not watch TV. Oh, look at this.


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[Assistant] Alright, you remember thin? Thin.


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[Assistant] Bread got thinner and thinner.


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[Assistant] Fred got thinner and thinner.


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[Assistant] Thinner, right? Thinner. And now, he is even more thinner.


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[Assistant] Bread got thinner and thinner. Very, very thin. Wow!


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[Assistant] Why did Fred get thinner and thinner? Two reasons. Number one, no


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[Assistant] No snacks. Very good. And reason number two?


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[Assistant] This is the vet, right? The vet. Alright, here is the vet.


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[Assistant] Who else is thinner and thinner?


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[Assistant] Yes! Laughed dad. 웃었었어요. 웃었었다. Dad laughed. Yes! I have gotten thinner too. 아이, 누구에요? Dad, 저도 날씬하셨어요. Wow, why did dad get thinner? No snacks and


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[Assistant] 그리고, 운동을, exercise 많이 했어요. He ate no snacks, he didn't eat snacks, and he did lots of exercise. Good job, dad! And that is the end of Fat Fred. Bye bye!


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[Assistant] So, grammarians, if you're a native English speaker, the phrase French Old White House,


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[Assistant] Might seem a little weird to you. If you're not a native English speaker, it might not. And this is something that I didn't really know about before I started preparing to teach this course. Is that there is a specific order that adjectives go in, in English.


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[Assistant] So the question is, in order to make this seem right, what order do you put these adjectives in?


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[Assistant] Oh, okay. That's actually kind of a thing. Uhm, so a dosa is a, uh, South Indian flatbread and scomp.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna say is a word for eating. It's not a word that's a made up word, but dosa scomp. Uhm, it's like, sounds like scarf to me.


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[Assistant] And both of those are verbs that can denote eating, as well as scarf being a garment. So, dosa scomp. I just want you to imagine sitting down to a delicious South Indian meal and scomping on some dosas. So, dosa scomp. Determiner, and that's words like the or an.


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[Assistant] Uh, opinion, this is, you know, when you're describing something, there are certain, there are certain descriptors that are not, that not everyone would agree with, you know, so if you're looking at a, a piece of black metal, everyone will be able to agree that it is black, but if you think it's


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[Assistant] Cool looking, or ugly looking, you know, anything that anyone could conceivably disagree about, uh, that's an opinion. So...


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[Assistant] Uh, cool, for example, that would be an opinion. Uh, size, so the cool...


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[Assistant] So let's say Texan, and then okay, so we have material, so let's say leather, because leather can be black, and then purpose. This is sort of where we would use what's called a participle or a gerundive to determine what the thing is for. So if we were talking about, I don't know,


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[Assistant] Uhm, a lawnmower that you ride around on, right? That's, uh, that's called a riding mower. Right, and the last thing here is the, the thing itself.


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[Assistant] Frankly, in most normal English sentences, you're probably never going to use more than three adjectives to describe


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[Assistant] A given thing. Like old white French house.


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[Assistant] Now sometimes, uh, you might find yourself using more than one adjective that fits into the same category. You know, so you might say the exciting unparalleled green dragon.


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[Assistant] And you'll notice I put a comma there, because when you use, uhm,


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[Assistant] Two adjectives from the same category, so two opinions, the exciting and unparalleled, you want to separate them with a comma.


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[Assistant] But generally, if you're, if you're just scootin' down the dosa scump, old white French house, you don't need to separate these non-coordinate adjectives from each other.


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[Assistant] And we'll get more into commas in the punctuation section. Uhm, but for now, all you need to remember is DOSA SCOM.


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[Assistant] Uh, and then you're just gonna scomp on some dosas. So determiner, opinion, size, age, dosa, shape, color, origin, material, purpose, and then the thing.


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[Assistant] That's the order that adjectives go in in English. Why is this? I have no idea. You know, sometimes language can be really


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[Assistant] Uh, the word I tend to use is arbitrary. Uh, you can call it random if you like. This is just the, the way that we've arrived at this order. It's just...


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[Assistant] Basically through random chance and convention. And what seems to sound right. And what sounds right for English isn't always what sounds right for other languages. For example, the way we're using adjectives here, we're always putting them to the left of whatever they modify. The exciting parallel green dragon. You know, it's all to the left. It's all old white French house. It's all, you know, on this one side of it. And other languages don't do that necessarily. So when you're trying to just


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[Assistant] Throw a bunch of adjectives together on the left side of a noun. This is the order. Just remember, dosa skomp.


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[Assistant] And that's how adjective order works in English. You can learn anything. David out.


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[Assistant] Hello grammarians. We are once again learning how to master time and become time wizards. Which is of course what you will be if you master.


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[Assistant] All the tenses of English. But, if you want to become an additional time wizard, if you want to get, I don't know, a second hat, everyone knows...


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[Assistant] All wizards wear multiple simultaneous hats. If you want to wear a second hat on top of your other time wizard hat, that's the silliest thing I've ever said, uhm, then you will have to learn.


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[Assistant] Now here's something weird and cool about prepositions of time is that once upon a time all of these were physical prepositions. Like, before and after?


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[Assistant] Just used to mean, uh, behind and in front of, you know. They later took on this additional connotation of time just over the course of English speaking history. People took this literal meaning of, you know, before and after.


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[Assistant] And made it representational, you know, uh, this moment occurred.


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[Assistant] In front of this one in time, but behind this other one in time. It's a metaphor. We're using space to represent time. Anyway, I just thought that was really cool. Let's talk about how all of these work. I'm just gonna list a couple of the most, uhm, most famous prepositions of time and write an example sentence. So let's go through these.


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[Assistant] After and before as we've established these, these are time relationships that, you know, refer to something happening.


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[Assistant] After, so when something is completed, uh, say, the bats come out after the sun goes down.


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[Assistant] And before this occurs, prior to some point in time, so it is behind an action, so you can say.


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[Assistant] When we're talking about at, we're talking about a single moment in time. We could say the vampire wakes at 10 p.m.


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[Assistant] There he is, emerging from his coffin. There is the... his... Oh, that's not the sun. The sun would burn a vampire. No, that's a, uhm, that's his little clock.


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[Assistant] Bat clock now. Anyway, okay, uh, bye. Uh, this, this is a really precise end time, but not a very precise beginning time. So you could say something like, this place had better be clean by 3 p.m., buddy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you say something like that, you're not especially concerned that the place might be clean before three. That would be nice. But it's only relevant to you that the cutoff time is at three o'clock. So the end is precise. That's the connotation there. But the beginning is not. Four denotes duration, how long something has been going on. So you could say, I've been a chef for 40 years. I haven't, but that would be cool and difficult.


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[Assistant] In denotes a bounded duration, so it's something that lasts for a specific amount of time, like a limited period. Okay, so let's just say


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[Assistant] So that covers usage like, you know, in March or in the Middle Ages. Both of those things are like set periods. March has a beginning and an end. The Middle Ages have a beginning and an end. It's a bounded duration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On has a specific connotation. Uhm, it's something that happens on a specific day.


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[Assistant] You could say something like, on the 4th of July, many Americans watch fireworks and eat encased meats. Mind you, not everybody eats hot dogs or likes fireworks, so I said many, not all.


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[Assistant] Sense is kind of like, uh, by, uh, except it's more about the precision of the start point rather than, uh, the end point. So, precise beginning.


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[Assistant] Since 1974 our company has made nothing but toasters. Until is also precise.


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[Assistant] You have until midnight to rescue the ambassador, break the curse, and save Prince Wilbur.


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[Assistant] Alright, so there's a precise ending there. You have until midnight and then you can't rescue the ambassador or break the curse or save any princes.


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[Assistant] But, what you can do is learn anything. These are some of the most essential time prepositions. David out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey grammarians, I wanna talk about prepositions, but before I do I'm gonna draw you a little hamster.


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[Assistant] Is it a hamster? Is it a tiny bear? Who knows? We're just gonna call it a hamster, a little, little rodent-type creature. Now I'm gonna use this critter to establish what prepositions are and what they do, because in addition to there being a hamster, there's also gonna be this, uh, this box.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what prepositions do is they establish relationships between stuff in place and time. So it can show, it can show us where things are, when things are, and how things are.


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[Assistant] Let me, let me demonstrate. So okay, so using just this hamster and this box, we can move this box around and talk about how the hamster relates to the box. Right, so right now, the box is under the hamster. Let's write that down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, the box is under the hamster. That word under is a preposition because it's establishing this relationship of where. It's connecting the box to the hamster. The box is under the hamster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if I move it up like so, now we can say the box is over the hamster.


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[Assistant] But let's get rid of the box. And let's imagine that our hamster is having a midlife crisis.


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[Assistant] Our hamster decides it's going to go out and it's going to splurge on a fabulous new hat. It's an enormous top hat. Little band in the center.


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[Assistant] When things are in relation to each other. So I could say, before.


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[Assistant] Right, and these words after and before express relationships in time.


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[Assistant] But another interesting thing that prepositions can do is they can also help express how something is or how it's, what it's for, what it's use is, you know, so we could say, uhm, that, you know, this hat is for parties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or is for wearing at parties. Oh, and at also is a preposition.


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[Assistant] This hat is for wearing at parties. So this is the how, and this part is the where.


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[Assistant] So what's the purpose of the hat? Well we established that with the word for. The hat is for wearing. Where is it supposed to be worn? At parties. That's the wear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can also use a word like of to express, uhm, the, the how relationship, uhm, and that's, that's just sort of to say what belongs to whom. So we could say, you know, that is the hat of the hamster. That is the hat of the hamster.


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[Assistant] So that's what prepositions are in the most basic sense. They can, uhm, help you figure out what the relationship is between two things in time and space, you know, or, or how one thing relates to another.


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[Assistant] So you can figure out when, where, and how using prepositions. You can learn anything. David out.


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[Assistant] I think this is a team, the group that has the most fans behind it, because all these teams are pretty popular, everybody really knows who these guys are, and wanna see their own region do very well, and we don't really know how well they're gonna do.


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[Assistant] Uh, not so often, I come like every two months.


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[Assistant] Hey Grammarians, so last time we talked about Raul the Penguin and how he was happier than another penguin, Cesar.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but I wanna talk today about how to form.


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[Assistant] The comparative and the superlative, you know, how to, how to compare, how to say something is more than or most, uh, in an unfamiliar situation. If you're looking at a word for the first time or you're encountering, you're trying to figure out how to make a word comparative or superlative, you know, to be like, oh, well I've got this word.


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[Assistant] I've got this word cute, like that's a cute little baby penguin. But how do I say that it is


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[Assistant] More cute than another animal. Well, there's a, there's a shorthand for that. Sometimes you can say more cute, certainly. But you can also say cuter. And you could furthermore say


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[Assistant] Cue test. And it turns out that there are a series of sound rules in English that kind of govern the way that we choose to make these words go.


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[Assistant] So I'll show you, I'll show you each of them in turn. So, okay, so we've got, so we've got this little table that I'm building here, and we've got a description, how it looks in the comparative, and how it looks in the superlative. So if you take a word like cute, oh, and then, word. So if you take a word like cute, words like cute, uhm,


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[Assistant] Have what we call one syllable, one word sound. Cute. And so a word like cute, uh, that, uh, is one syllable and ends in an E. So one syllable ends in E.


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[Assistant] All we have to do to make it comparative is, uh, add an R. So.


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[Assistant] Add r, and that gives us cuter. For the comparative, all you have to do is add st, and you get the word cutest. But what if you've got a word like big?


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[Assistant] If you tried to add just R to that, it would just look like...


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[Assistant] Because they're kind of inconvenient to say. We like to have...


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[Assistant] Um, vowels in between some of those, those consonant sounds between the b and the g and the st. Uh, so what you do if it's a one syllable and it's only got one vowel in the middle like i, like that, one vowel.


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[Assistant] And it ends in a consonant, like a, like a G. Then what you do is double the consonant and add ER.


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[Assistant] So this word big ends in a G, so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna...


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[Assistant] For the comparative, I'm gonna say big, and then I'm gonna double that g, I'm gonna use it twice. Bigger. Like that. And then add the er.


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[Assistant] Likewise, for the superlative, same thing. So you double the consonant at the end of the word, and then you add.


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[Assistant] E-S-T. So it becomes B-I-G and then I...


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[Assistant] Double this consonant sound, so b-i-g-g-e-s-t. Big-est. And for words like short and sweet,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I should clarify. Uh, for, for this one, for big, uhm, this should end in one consonant. So B-I-G, there's only one consonant there. Uh, because for words like short and sweet that have one syllable but either have two vowels like sweet does, so it's E and E, or two consonants at the end, what you do is you just add


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and for the superlative form, add EST. So, shortest or sweetest.


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[Assistant] And now we're getting into the weird stuff. So if you take a word like shiny, which is two syllables, and it ends in Y,


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[Assistant] Then what you have to do is you change y to an i and you add er. So shiny becomes


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[Assistant] Shinier. See how this Y becomes an I here?


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[Assistant] Same thing for superlative, the y becomes an i, and then you add e-s-t, so shiny-est.


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[Assistant] Now, if you've got a word, like magnificent,


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[Assistant] Magnificent. This is a four syllable word. It means like super huge, super great, super wonderful. Uhm, you can get a word like that.


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[Assistant] You take a word like that, it's a little bit too big to be adding more parts to the way that standard American English works. So you wouldn't say magnificenter or magnificentes, it just sounds unwieldy, because the word's already pretty long. So if you've got a two or more syllable word that doesn't end, that doesn't end in Y,


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[Assistant] Then you just have to add the word more to the beginning. So more magnificent and most magnificent.


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[Assistant] So let's say that you're encountering a word you've never seen before, uh, and in, uh, in a sentence you have to compare the, uh, let's say the word is balarfy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know what it means. Probably something gross. Uhm, so if we want to compare two really gross meals, you know, like a steaming pile of, I don't know, dog food covered in flies,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like 3,000 years old. You gotta eat it. Gross. Uh, which one is grosser? But you have to use, you have to describe them using the word blarfy, this word we've never seen before. Well, what do we know?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, it's got two syllables. Blar-fee. So that automatically crosses out any of this stuff. Uhm, it does end in a Y.


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[Assistant] Blarfy, so we know that it's probably going to behave like...


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[Assistant] Shiny, like the word shiny because it got two syllables and it ends in Y. So.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm gonna say that the dog food is less ballarfy and the cheese is ballarfier. In fact, this cheese is the ballarfiest food


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[Assistant] On the planet. Now don't get me wrong, I love a good stinky cheese, but this one in particular, this 3000 year old cheese,


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[Assistant] Super Blarfy. In fact, I'm just gonna go so far as to say, it is the Blarfiest. You can Blarf anything. David out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey grammarians, we've talked about prepositions of time, and we've talked about prepositions of space.


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[Assistant] And I couldn't come up with a cute name for these because the following five prepositions are examples of what we would call prepositions that have connotations for neither time nor space. Some of them do have time connotations and some of them do have physical connotations. And what we're going to talk about today however, uhm, are


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The uses of these, uhm, these words, these prepositions that don't have anything to do with time or space. They just have


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[Assistant] They encode other relationships. Let's get to it. I'll show you what I mean. When we say about, it can mean, uh, you're talking about a specific subject. So I could say to you, you know, tell me about yourself.


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[Assistant] You'll see what I mean by that. I mean, we can figure out who is responsible for something, uh, with the use of the word by. The book was written by Sudhir.


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[Assistant] So who did the thing? Sudhir did the thing. He's the person with agency. He's the doer. The word for denotes use.


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[Assistant] So if you were to ask me, for example, uh, David, what's a wood chipper used to do? I would say it's for chipping wood, for turning wood into chips. Its purpose is chipping.


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[Assistant] Of, has this connotation of belonging or being part of a place.


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[Assistant] So we can talk about the great green dragon of Inverness. Inverness is a place, it's in Scotland.


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[Assistant] And with means, you know, together or part of. There goes that snail with the painted shell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, which indicates that the snail and the shell are part and parcel. They're together. So, yeaah. So these prepositions can be used for all sorts of things. I understand this can be confusing. Eh, prepositions are probably the most complicated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] of English. And the problem is you just need to memorize them. But the good thing is that there aren't that many, because as I've said before, prepositions are a closed group. We don't mint new ones.


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[Assistant] So you don't have to be constantly trying to collect more ones or pick them up or figure them out. You have a limited set that you need to master. And the way to do that is to read and listen and talk a lot. You can do that. You can learn anything. David out.


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[Assistant] I love the bright flowers.


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[Assistant] I love the dry deserts.


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[Assistant] Traditionally, writing a blog post has required using some unique tool or having some basic understanding of HTML and CSS.


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[Assistant] We'll use the example of a post called Acme for Nonprofits announcing Acme's new 50% off for Nonprofits offer. We'll start by giving our post a title.


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[Assistant] Then, to create an outline, we'll want to use the H1, H2, and H3 heading blocks. So we'll start by including some H2 subheadings, and the first one will be making data actionable with COVID-19.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can also add bullet points and toggles where they make sense. I have one section in this post with some pretty granular detail on how to redeem the non-profits offer, so I can hide it in a toggle to keep the post really focused on the spotlight partners. Again, to add a toggle just use the slash command. And then drag and drop. Inside.


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[Assistant] So I'll tag myself as the author and maybe include a byline.


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[Assistant] Note that when you use the at sign to mention the words today, tomorrow, and yesterday, they'll turn into their corresponding numbered dates as time passes. I'll go ahead and drag these into columns too.


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[Assistant] Finally, we can add images to go along with this pose using our typical flow of slash img.


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[Assistant] Over time, sand gathers to build strong towers.


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[Assistant] But drop by drop, the water washes them clean away.


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[Assistant] Imagine hundreds of millions of tons of water dripping for hundreds of millions of years.


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[Assistant] Maybe the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau of China is how it would be.


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[Assistant] The erosion of soluble rocks by running water has resulted in a variety of cast landforms.


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[Assistant] The total cast area in China is 140,000 square kilometers.


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[Assistant] And Jurgin Cave National Geopark is just one of them.


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[Assistant] Jojeen Grand Canyon is a miraculous natural landscape revered by geologists as a top-class karst landscape.


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[Assistant] There are seven natural bridges on the upper and lower levels, which form a unique masterpiece among geoparks across China.


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[Assistant] Corrosion by running water opens a window to a subterranean world. Jujin Cave covers an area of more than 700,000 square meters, which is equivalent to 100 football fields.


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[Assistant] The highest part of the cave is 50 stories.


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[Assistant] The huge cast deposits measuring 200 meters in length.


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[Assistant] Looked like an imposing sculpture or fresco.


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[Assistant] Jujing Cave is endowed with more than 40 types of cast cave deposits and presents a variety of wonders.


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[Assistant] The formation of Jujing Cave has taken at least 2.5 billion years. Entering the cave is like stepping into a time


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[Assistant] It feels as though you are no longer on Earth, but rather have stepped into a land of fantasy.


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[Assistant] Nestled among the Tian Shan Mountains in China's Xinjiang, lies the Bai'an Bulak grassland, the largest alpine grassland in China.


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[Assistant] It covers an area of more than 23,000 square kilometers.


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[Assistant] The surrounding snowy peaks act like a huge reservoir, delivering abundant water resources to the grassland.


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[Assistant] On the flat grassland, even a small force can alter the direction of a river.


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[Assistant] Kaidu River, which is composed of meltwater from the Tian Shan Mountains, has a total length of more than 500 kilometers, and has more than 10,000 bends.


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[Assistant] Find the right viewpoint, and as the sun sets, it's possible to see the reflection of nine suns all at the same time.


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[Assistant] The grassland interior is a paradise for animals.


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[Assistant] In March each year, juvenile swans set off from India, southern Africa, and other distant parts of the world to live and breed here.


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[Assistant] Ping Tan Island is known as the Museum of Marine Erosion Landforms because of the rich variety of formations here.


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[Assistant] This fairy tale scene of the East China Sea is typical of marine erosion landforms in the area.


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[Assistant] Alongside the shaft there is a huge canyon, which looks like a mountain, split in two.


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[Assistant] The Banyang stone sail is the world's largest granite spherical weathered marine erosion column.


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[Assistant] The reef looks like a big ship, with the two massive boulders as its double sails.


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[Assistant] There are many marine erosion landforms on the island.


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[Assistant] Such as the Nanjai Stone Forest Group, with its variety of different shapes, unpredictable marine erosion caves,


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[Assistant] And scattered marine erosion platforms and terraces.


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[Assistant] They are unique landscapes, shaped by the magical power of nature.


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[Assistant] Our Show. Written by Harriet Rosenblum. Illustrated by Nyla Magruder.


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[Assistant] We can juggle in our show.


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[Assistant] We can take vows in our show.


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[Assistant] Good morning, and welcome to Beverly Hills. And more specifically, welcome to my Airbnb in Beverly Hills.


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[Assistant] And, here's my living room area. Let's head upstairs, I'll show you my bedroom.


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[Assistant] Basically, whenever you have a lot of extra garbage, you can dump it in here, but, uh,


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[Assistant] All of the leftover food that I dumped in here is now grinded to a pulp.


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[Assistant] And it's all washed down with the rest of the water. It's gonna save you a lot of time cleaning.


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[Assistant] And speaking of saving time, this BISHWASHER right here is wonderful. So you open it up.


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[Assistant] Yeah, we have a few dishes in here already. You can see that we've already been cooking a few things. And take some dish washing detergent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've set it to automatic and then on the options on the right, you can choose if you want it to wait a while, right? There's a delay. There's a half load. If you have a small load of dishes, if it's delicate, say if you have a lot of wine glasses or very thin glass, you might want to go with delicate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sanitize. This is if your dishes are really dirty. And then extra shine. That's probably if you are about to have a party or something. You really want your dishes to shine and flare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pick extra shine. So I'm going to go with just sanitize.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because I think that my dishes are dirty, and that's the most important thing for me. And whenever you close it, make sure the machine clicks, and then you should be good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think you can hear the water start to run now into the machine. And there's a little light that comes on that should let you know.


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[Assistant] So you know, whenever you're traveling with a big group of people like we are today, we have the whole tomato team staying here in this big house together. It is a lifesaver for preserving your time and energy because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who wants to spend all their time cleaning dishes, right? You want to be out in the world doing fun stuff. And another machine in the house that makes sure that you have more fun time is the dryer. So let's step around here and I'm going to show you my favorite appliance in the entire house. This is called a dryer. And as you can see, it's right next to the washing machine. Super convenient. Whenever you finished,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Watching a load of clothes or towels or linens. You can throw them into the, into the dryer.


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[Assistant] That you take a sheet of fabric softener. This is just a small little sheet.


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[Assistant] To be honest, I'm not sure what this is made out of, but I know that whenever you put a tiny little sheet into the dryer with the rest of your clothes,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you like a tighter fit though, it might, it might be nice for you. So now let's take a look at all the settings here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see that there's all different ways to dry your clothes or whatever you're cleaning.


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[Assistant] Towels, heavy duty, normal, wrinkle control, bedding, uh, wrinkle control.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a really cool setting because whenever you dry your clothes, they're tossing around, they're getting dry, and say you go to sleep, or say you're doing something else around the house, the machine's gonna stop, so the wrinkle control will continue tossing the clothes with a little heat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every 10 minutes or so to make sure that they don't get wrinkled. Super convenient. And then down here you can pick if you want to do a time cycle or


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, cause that was a pretty small load. Now you just have to hold it down for a couple seconds, and it'll get started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there you have it. So now, I'm gonna relax for about 20 minutes, and uh, as soon as this is dry, it should set off an alarm to let me know that it's finished, and I'll come back to check to see if my clothes are dry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where, in a Chinese house, you would probably expect to see clothesline hanging up, or maybe a couple of racks where you could hang your clothes up. But,


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[Assistant] You know, wouldn't that be a shame if you walked out on this beautiful balcony? My neighbors don't want to see my underwear hanging on my clothesline, so...


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[Assistant] You should be good. You really have nothing to lose.


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[Assistant] There you have it. I grew up using these.


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[Assistant] Yingxi Peak Forest is located in southern China's Guangdong province.


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[Assistant] These small peaks rising from the ground are the result of hundreds of millions of years of water erosion.


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[Assistant] Hundreds of millions of years of rain erosion has not only carved out peaks,


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[Assistant] And the cast contributed a new geomorphic type, sinkholes.


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[Assistant] Probably my best story from traveling, at least this past month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was almost getting, uh, thrown into a lake in New Zealand by a drunk man. We were coming back from, uh, river rafting. Uh, great adventure. It was, uh, David, right over there, and we were walking back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, we walked past this beach party that was going on. And, uh, I was nodding at people sending some waves, like trying to, like making some friends. And all of a sudden, this, uh, this man who has a bottle in his hand is wearing like a sleeveless shirt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he walks up to me, and I had a towel over my shoulders, and he walks up to me and he says, yeaah, he goes, hey mate, I'm gonna need your towel. And, and, uh, it was, it was, it was a hostels towel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I told, I, I was told that, ah, like, uh, like, you can't, this is actually the hotel's towel, like, you can't have it, I can't just go give these away. And he goes like, no, no, no, no, no, he's like, they, they have plenty of towels, they have so many towels, you can just, you can give it to me. And I said, no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, I can't, I can't just give that away. And he looks at me, and if you don't mind me demonstrating. Uhm, he, he, he looks at me and he says, well, you're going in the lake. And he goes and he, he reaches and like grabs me around the waist and just lifts me into the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but I gave him a couple of, like, pats on the back and I was like, ahh, I don't want to go in the lake. Like, that's not what I want to do. And, uh, then a couple of his, uh, buddies thought what was going on and they kind of gave him, like, the, like, the no, don't throw that kid into a lake kind of look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, but yeaah, then he kinda set me down and like, kinda staggered away. But uhm, but yeaah, that's probably the wildest thing that's happened to me in the recent future, in the recent, yeaah, past. There you go. Alright, alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah. Did you want squid pickles? No, I, I wanted squid and pickles.


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[Assistant] Australia has an amazing fishery industry, which offers the finest seafood in the world.


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[Assistant] If you foodies want to try Australian seafood, you can't afford to miss Sydney Fish Market.


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[Assistant] It seemed that Andy had a lot of fun today. She not only finished the task, but also had some close encounters with lobster and crab.


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[Assistant] Now it is time for Andy to enjoy her spoil alone.


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[Assistant] Before the luau begins, you have a lot of ways to kill time in the park.


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[Assistant] The Lua Pig is the essential centerpiece of the Lua. It's prepared with a unique process. First, dig a hole in the ground. Then put some heated stones in the hole.


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[Assistant] Bananas sometimes look like hands.


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[Assistant] Bananas sometimes look like spiders.


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[Assistant] Bananas sometimes look like telephones.


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[Assistant] Bananas sometimes look like frowns.


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[Assistant] Bananas always look good to eat.


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[Assistant] In the northeast of China, a dense forest grows in the low mountains and hills, known as the Xiaoxing'an Mountains.


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[Assistant] People call it the hometown of the red pine tree.


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[Assistant] The Xiaoxing and mountains cover a vast area and have a long geological history of about 600 million years.


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[Assistant] Archaeological research shows that it was originally an ocean and formed by land and sea changes over hundreds of millions of years.


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[Assistant] Its pine nuts are edible and can be used to make oil.


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[Assistant] Its wood is light, soft, delicate and rot-resistant.


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[Assistant] However, its economic value is far less than its ecological value.


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[Assistant] Every hectare of the red pine forest can absorb 13 tonnes of carbon dioxide and emit 9.5 tonnes of oxygen every year. It can also fix the soil and prevent soil erosion.


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[Assistant] Squirrels like to store their pine nuts in different places as they prepare for the winter. But they have a poor memory and often forget where they have put these nuts. These forgotten pine nuts sprout in the spring, helping the red pine tree expand its territory.


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[Assistant] In addition to the red pine tree, there are many different kinds of trees in the Xiaoxing'an Mountains.


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[Assistant] Every autumn, these trees display the beautiful colors of nature.


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[Assistant] Well, we're here, but where are we exactly? Look over there. Tobruk Sheep Station. Okay, so are we here to see sheep, I'm guessing?


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[Assistant] Oh my gosh, mission card. Okay!


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[Assistant] So I don't even have the job guaranteed, I have to interview for the job? Yea. Oh my gosh.


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[Assistant] Um, support if there's any communication difficulties.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I also really love working with people, so uhm, just being client-facing, as I guess we could call it, uhm, is something that I really enjoy.


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[Assistant] Back to your question of why you should hire me, I am a go-getter, I love being thrown into new situations, and this is definitely something that is, uhm,


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[Assistant] Really, whatever you need me to do, I'm willing and happy to do.


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[Assistant] Good day's work on the farm. I learned how to interview for a job as a farmhand, but I also learned that it's not all fun and games like you'd imagine. You're not just prancing around.


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[Assistant] Singing with the horses and the sheep and pretending that you're just like a princess on a farm. It's work. It's hard work. But I really enjoyed my day here today. Tosh was a wonderful teacher and I hope you had a great time with me as well. I'm gonna head off and maybe find a clean shirt and I'll see you in the next one.


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[Assistant] I'm very capable of adapting to changing situations. I'm going to come right up front and say


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[Assistant] Aww, are you waiting for him to murder you? You just walking around for him to murder you?


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[Assistant] Hello, welcome back. We have a very interesting story here we can tell by the picture. Look at this picture. Really cool, right?


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[Assistant] What are these animals? Do you know these animals? These animals are elephants. Elephants. And here we have a person. A person is helping the elephants. What are the elephants doing?


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[Assistant] The elephants are eating something, right? This elephant is using its nose to put food in its mouth. Ugh. Do you want to use your nose to put food in your mouth?


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[Assistant] That sounds a little yucky a while, right? But elephants do it. There's no problem for them.


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[Assistant] Taking the food from the bucket and putting it in their mouth. And this man is helping them.


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[Assistant] Right? The title of the story is Helping Hands. So this man is using his hands to help these animals. That's what this lesson or this story is about. It's about people who help animals. Let's find out many different ways that people help animals.


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[Assistant] Helping hands. Here's another way we can see somebody's hands, right? Very big picture. Wow, big fingers. And here we have some very cute, nomo kyapchi yo! Nomo kyapchi animals. What are they? They look like


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[Assistant] We see another example of helping hands.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's take a look at the, uh, pictures here first before we read. Here we have a man. It also looks like, uh, this is in Africa. Elephants. And what animal is this? This is not an elephant. What kind of animal is that?


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[Assistant] Okay, one more time. Rhinoceros. Rhinoceros we know because the rhinoceros has a horn. Some rhinoceros only have one horn, but this one has two horns. Actually, it's kind of a


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[Assistant] You have to be careful around rhinoceros. People say rhino for short. Rhino is a short name. Rhino, you have to be careful about rhinos. But this one looks like it's no danger. And this man is giving the rhino some liquid to drink.


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[Assistant] Over here, what do we see here? What animal is this? Can you see your picture in your book?


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[Assistant] But not always, this tiger looks very happy, very, very sleepy, or very cute, no problem.


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[Assistant] But, uh, it's still pretty big, but the tiger is not, uh, uh, angry. It's very happy because she's helping the tiger. She's feeding the tiger.


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[Assistant] What animal is this? This is a type of bird. It could be a seagull, maybe some type of seabird. And what's going on? There are many hands in the picture, right? One person is here, looks like somebody else, their hand is here, and they are washing.


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[Assistant] They are washing the bird. Maybe some oil or some pollution got on that bird and they're washing the bird clean. They're making it clean.


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[Assistant] And over here, look at this man. This man, uh, looks very worried or concerned. And what is he carrying? He's carrying an animal in his arms. He's carrying a seal. Could be a baby seal.


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[Assistant] And he's worried about it, but look at the cloth and look at the ground. It could be that there is oil and this is very sad. Sometimes you read about it in the news. A big ship carrying lots of oil.


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[Assistant] So these are all examples, right? These are all examples of people helping animals. Let's read about these, uh, and other situations.


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[Assistant] Here we have sometimes, sometimes, sometimes. We see that right away. Sometimes. Not all the time, right? We see these pictures and we think, oh, that's terrible. Is it all the time? It's not all the time. Whew. Thank goodness. It's sometimes. Sometimes.


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[Assistant] Sometimes wild animals are hurt. Sometimes they lose their ba- their homes. They lose their homes. Sometimes baby animals lose their parents.


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[Assistant] So these are not good situations. Animals are hurt. They lose their homes. Their homes are destroyed. They have nowhere to live. Sometimes baby animals lose their parents. How can they live? How can they survive?


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[Assistant] Many people help animals in trouble. So we can help the animals who are in this kind of trouble. People can help them.


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[Assistant] Of course, there's hospital for people, Byung Wan, right? But there's also a hospital, Byung Wan, for animals, right? We, uh, usually say an animal hospital in that case. It is an animal hospital.