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[Assistant] 1888 Opera House, the oldest in San Francisco, sits in Bayview, Hunters Point. Over its history, it's provided theater,


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[Assistant] Places for businesses, places for community gatherings, etc.


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[Assistant] It's also a place where Ruth Williams taught many black actors. I think Danny Glover came from this place.


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[Assistant] But over time, with our 1980s federal practices, a lot of these community institutions fell into disrepair.


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[Assistant] With the San Francisco Arts Council, we were able to raise money.


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[Assistant] American Disability Act, we were able to get five million dollars, and now the tradition belongs to these brown people, these brown and black people, and they use it, and they learn theater after school programs. There's no more chickens, right? But there is art. And lastly, I want to share with you a project


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[Assistant] That we're currently working on and I think it will force us all to remember in a really different way. There are lots of things in the landscape around us


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[Assistant] And most of the time we don't know what's below the ground. Here in Charleston, South Carolina,


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[Assistant] A verdant piece of grass, most people just pass by it daily. But underneath it, it's where they discovered Gadsden's Wharf.


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[Assistant] And so in 2020, Harry Cobb and myself and others are building the International African American Museum. And it will celebrate.


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[Assistant] Right? I mean, imagine this hollowed ground, so in this new design, the ground will erupt. And it will talk about this tension that sits below.


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[Assistant] Who was able to sort of, not with the sickle cell trait.


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[Assistant] Able to stand in high waters for long, long days.


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[Assistant] And at night it'll be open 24-7 for everybody to experience. But we'll also talk about those other beautiful things.


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[Assistant] That my African ancestors brought with them. A love of landscape. A respect for the spirits that live in trees and rocks and water. But the ethnobotanical


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[Assistant] And be merciful for that condition of the crossing is something that we want to repeat and I was taken by the conceptuality


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[Assistant] Multiply them across the surface in Tabby.


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[Assistant] And then allow people to walk across that divide.


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[Assistant] Forces us, again, to reconcile the scale.


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[Assistant] Hi, welcome to my channel. Today I will be reading to you The Rainbow Fish by Marcus Kister.


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[Assistant] Not just an ordinary fish, but the most beautiful fish in the entire ocean.


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[Assistant] His scales were every shade of blue and green and purple with sparkling silver scales among them.


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[Assistant] The little blue fish swam away. He was so upset. He told all his friends what had happened.


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[Assistant] From then on, no one would have anything to do with the Rainbow Fish. They turned away when he swam by.


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[Assistant] When the fish found the cave, it was very dark inside and he couldn't see anything. Then suddenly, two eyes caught him in their glare and the octopus emerged from the dark.


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[Assistant] The octopus had already disappeared into a dark cloud.


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[Assistant] As he tucked the shiny scale in among his blue ones.


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[Assistant] For a long time he watched the little blue fish swim back and forth with his new scale glaring in the water.


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[Assistant] Here I come, said the Rainbow Fish, and happy as a splash, he swam off to join his friends.


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[Assistant] Did he bring a friend with him to the tree, hanging out? Oh, now it's me and T and me and YL. Maybe that's YL, maybe that's his new love. And the tree was often alone.


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[Assistant] I wanna buy things and have fun. I want some money. Can you give me some money? Well, that's kinda rude. I'm sorry, said the tree, but I have no money.


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[Assistant] Well, they have a special relationship and she wanted to give the apple so, okay. But the boy stayed away for a long time and the tree was sad. And then one day the boy came back and the tree shook with joy.


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[Assistant] I want a house to keep me warm, he said. I want a wife and I want children. So I need a house. Can you give me a house?


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[Assistant] Cut off her branches and carry them away to build his house.


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[Assistant] The branches I figured could grow back, but the whole trunk, he's not going to cut. Oh yeah, he cut it. And so the boy cut down her trunk and made a boat and sailed away.


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[Assistant] And after a long time the boy came back again. I'm sorry boy, said the tree, but I have nothing left to give you. My apples are gone. Oh, my teeth are too weak for apples.


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[Assistant] Oh, I'm too old to swing on branches, said the boy. My trunk is gone, said the tree. You cannot climb.


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[Assistant] I'm too tired to climb, said the boy. I'm sorry, said the tree. I wish that I could give you something, but I have nothing left. I'm just an old stump. I am sorry.


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[Assistant] Oh, I don't need very much now, said the boy. Just a quiet place to sit and rest. I am very tired. Well.


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[Assistant] Said the tree, straightening herself up as much as she could. Well an old stump is good for sitting and resting. Come boy, sit down. Sit down and rest. And the boy did.


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[Assistant] See, the reason I asked you, do you think that you are the boy or the tree? Which one do you want to be? Is because it's an important question, I think. It's a beautiful book and it's a classic book. And it's a beautiful book about giving, giving, giving, giving. But do you think that maybe, maybe the boy took too much? Maybe? And the tree


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[Assistant] But if the boy loved the tree as much back as the tree loved the boy,


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[Assistant] Yeah, you have a stump and the tree is a loving tree and gave this little boy


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[Assistant] But, it's also good to give. We don't want to be all giving or all taking because if we're all giving, we end up with nothing. But if we're all taking, well that's just rude. So, have we learned a little bit of balance?


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[Assistant] Hi Bob the Canadian here, I hope you are having a wonderful day today. I have something old and something new for you today. I don't have a lot of time right now because it's Christmas time here in Canada and I'm a little busy relaxing. Sounds kind of funny doesn't it? I'm a little busy doing nothing right now. But I did want to put out a video today


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[Assistant] I edited it to be smaller, uh, and I've created a quiz for you as well.


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[Assistant] If you could do this, if you are interested, when I'm done talking, watch the rest of this video and either learn or review some words about Christmas and some phrases as well. Uh, by the way, there's also a picture of Jen in the next part of the video. Small picture of her holding up a wreath. You might have seen it before. Uhm, but watch the rest of this video.


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[Assistant] Learn the English words and phrases. And then in the description below, there's a link to a quiz. Uhm, it's on something called Quizlet. There's a webpage called Quizlet.


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[Assistant] But I made a quiz about Christmas. It will contain most of the words and phrases from the lesson that will start in just a moment. Uh, and I've thrown a few more in as well. So, if you want to learn a little bit of English around Christmas time, if you are eager to learn a little bit more about Christmas in North America, in Canada, and the United States, watch the rest of this video.


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[Assistant] Uh, and then take the quiz and see how you do. By the way, before I go, I just wanna wish all of you a Merry Christmas.


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[Assistant] I know Christmas isn't celebrated around the world, but it is a time of year where I certainly hope that everyone just has good feelings and is thinking positive thoughts about 2021. I hope that it's going to be a much better year than 2020. Anyways, enjoy the rest of the lesson. Learn a lot. I'll see you in the next video.


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[Assistant] What you would experience in Canada or the United States.


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[Assistant] Uhm, around the Christmas season, okay? So we're gonna do, uh, just kind of a look at Christmas, uh, what changes, uh, in the things that you see each day and what are some of the normal, uh, celebrations that we have at Christmas.


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[Assistant] We would call Christmas time. Now this sometimes is two words. Sometimes there is a space there. But right now in this part of Canada and in most of North America and parts of Europe and many other places in the world,


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[Assistant] We would call this Christmas time. So it is the time of year before and a little bit after Christmas, but mostly we refer to Christmas time as


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[Assistant] Right around now, between now and Christmas Day, we would say is Christmas time. So, uh, it is a fun time of year. Uh, there are many things that happen in people's homes and in people's towns and cities to celebrate Christmas. But we are right now,


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[Assistant] Is Merry Christmas as well as in the United States. I know that in Britain, one of the most common things to say is Happy Christmas.


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[Assistant] I think so. I haven't been to Britain, but that's what I read on the internet last night while I was preparing for this lesson. But right now we would say to people, Merry Christmas. Earlier in the chat, uh, there was a question. Can you say have a good Christmas? And the answer is absolutely. You could say to someone, have a good Christmas. No problem there.


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[Assistant] Uhm, people put up either a real Christmas tree or a fake Christmas tree. We used to, a long time ago, put up a real Christmas tree, uh, but now we actually have a fake Christmas tree. It's just a little bit easier for us at this time of year, but the Christmas tree is usually put in


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[Assistant] People start to put gifts for each other. So Christmas trees are a very common part of Christmas. In fact, the country of Canada that I live in grows a lot of Christmas trees for people.


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[Assistant] I mentioned that people decorate the tree. Uh, we put ornaments on the tree. So the things that we hang on the tree are called ornaments. Uhm, and my kids really like decorating the Christmas tree and putting on ornaments. We also put on lights.


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[Assistant] Uh, and not every family does this, but in our home we do hang up stockings and, uh, Jen and I put gifts in the stockings, little gifts for the kids and they open these stockings. We usually open the stockings on Christmas morning, but I'll talk more about that later. Um, as I mentioned,


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[Assistant] Big presents go underneath the Christmas tree and you will be surprised. Most people do actually do this. They have a Christmas tree. They wrap the gifts with wrapping paper. Usually the wrapping paper around the gift has Christmas colors or Christmas decorations on it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and I mentioned stockings. The gifts that you put in stockings we usually call stocking stuffers. So a stocking stuffer is a small gift that fits inside of a stocking.


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[Assistant] You're probably excited to know that in Canada we buy a lot of Toblerone bars. This is a chocolate bar or a candy bar from Switzerland. It's really, really yummy. Uhm, but a stocking stuffer is any small gift.


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[Assistant] That fits in a stocking. So we give our kids candies, we give them treats. Sometimes we put socks in the stocking as well, uh, so that they have some fun things for Christmas.


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[Assistant] Or a Christmas wreath. This is a wreath that has a lot of greenery and pine cones from pine trees. Uh, this is a wreath that my wife Jen made. So at Christmas time on our farm, we make wreaths. So this is a wreath that Jen made.


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[Assistant] This is Jen. Some of you have met Jen before in the live chat, the live lesson I did where Jen came on as a guest. But this is Jen and this is a wreath that she made during the days leading up to Christmas. So we sell wreaths from the farm.


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[Assistant] There are, yeaah, sorry Q-Mike. I get excited sometimes and I start to speak really, really quickly. I will try to slow down. So thank you for mentioning that. Uhm, we put Christmas lights on our houses.


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[Assistant] We put Christmas lights on the trees outside of our house. If you come to Canada and drive around,


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[Assistant] During this time of year at Christmas time, you will see a lot of Christmas lights. There are just tons of houses and some people go crazy. They put up so many lights that it's almost, it's almost too much at this time of year. So people put a lot of Christmas lights on their houses.


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[Assistant] There are lots of Christmas parties at Christmas. Uhm, there are work Christmas parties. So yesterday at my job in the morning, we had a small Christmas party.


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[Assistant] So we had a breakfast together as all the teachers and the parents and the people who run the school. It's often true that people go to a work Christmas party. So they have a Christmas party at work.


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[Assistant] Uhm, probably the biggest thing that I do at Christmas with my family is that we have Christmas dinner. Again, a Christmas dinner is very similar to Thanksgiving dinner. Uhm, we have turkey, we have ham, we have potatoes.


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[Assistant] or potatoes. I said it two different ways. We have green vegetables, uh, we have gravy. Um, so there are a lot of traditional foods that we eat at Christmas. Um, and generally we have Christmas dinner at Jen's parents house.


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[Assistant] At my in-laws, so they are my father-in-law and mother-in-law. We go to their house. We have Christmas dinner with my brothers and sisters and my mom and my nephews.


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[Assistant] And we also have Christmas dinner with just our own kids. Uhm, so the time, the evening when they open gifts, we have Christmas dinner with our kids.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so that's basically what my Christmas will be. I will be eating a lot and visiting with a lot of family.


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[Assistant] Earlier, uh, this week, a couple weeks ago, we went to a Christmas parade. Um, there was a Saturday night where I didn't do a live stream because I was at a Christmas parade. So a lot of towns have what are called Christmas parades.


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[Assistant] Here you can see there is a float in the parade and Santa is up here in his sleigh. So a Christmas parade is


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[Assistant] When they close the street in a city or town and they have a parade where there is lots of Christmas music and there are a lot of floats that go by that are decorated for the Christmas season, for Christmas time.


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[Assistant] I'll do one more and then we'll jump back to the questions. People send each other a lot of Christmas cards at this time of year. So a Christmas card is just something that you send in the mail, uh, that says, this one says have


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[Assistant] A merry little Christmas on it. So Christmas card is just a way to send Christmas wishes.


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[Assistant] This is the night when children are usually very excited because most people, most kids open their Christmas presents the next day. So Christmas Eve, they usually have a fun little party with their parents and their brothers and sisters and then kids go to bed and then the next morning,


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[Assistant] That is Christmas Day. Uhm, and that's when most people open their gifts. The reason I say most people is because some people open their gifts before Christmas. Our kids open their gifts usually on Christmas Eve.


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[Assistant] We usually on Christmas Eve will open presents. So our kids will open their presents on Christmas Eve. Notice I said that a bunch of different ways.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then on Christmas Day, when our kids get up, that's when they get their stockings. Remember I had this picture of the stockings? Uhm, and many families have their own traditions. Some kids will open their presents already this Saturday.


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[Assistant] There is a lot, there is a lot, there is a lot of Christmas music at this time of year. Uh, there are a lot of what are called Christmas carols.


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[Assistant] The songs that we sing at Christmas are called carols. Uhm, and on the radio, there are radio stations that start playing Christmas music in November already.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but there is a lot of Christmas music. Again, my favorite song is Feliz Navidad. Uh, someone asked that earlier. Uh, it is, I think, just a happy song. I really, really like happy songs.


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[Assistant] People who sing Christmas carols, uhm,


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[Assistant] So this does happen sometimes when you live in a city, all of a sudden someone might knock on your door and you open your door and people will be standing there singing Christmas carols. It's really cool. It happened to be twice.


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[Assistant] In my life, it is a really cool thing when you open your door at night and there is a group of people singing Christmas carols.


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[Assistant] Uhm, of course there is Santa Claus, which our children don't believe in, but some kids believe in Santa Claus when they're really, really little. Santa Claus is a man with a white beard and he wears a hat like this. And apparently Santa Claus, here he is again.


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[Assistant] Uh, and the story that people tell their children is that Santa Claus


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[Assistant] Some people do in Canada and the United States, they do tell their children that Santa Claus exists. Um, we didn't do that. So the most common.


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[Assistant] So the point, sometimes we just say poinsettia, but poinsettia, and this is a very popular gift at Christmas when you go to someone's house to have Christmas dinner.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure where they're originally from. They might be originally from Mexico. Maybe someone in the chat from Mexico can tell us a little bit more, but in Canada, we have a lot of these at Christmas time.


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[Assistant] The thing most people want at Christmas in a country where it does snow is a white Christmas. When you have a white Christmas.


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[Assistant] It means that there is snow on the ground and it might even be snowing on Christmas day. So here next week, it's supposed to be five degrees Celsius. So we will not have a white Christmas this year.


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[Assistant] So Secret Santa is uhm, something people do at work and sometimes students do it at school, uhm, but wherever you are with a group of people, you each take a name secretly and everyone buys a gift for that person, but you don't know who


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[Assistant] Has your name. You don't know who is going to buy you a gift. So if you are living in an English speaking country and they say at work, we're going to do secret Santa.


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[Assistant] Your work party at Christmas, everyone will give their secret.


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[Assistant] So you will find out who your secret Santa is. I hope I explained that well.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I have a few idioms about Christmas. Sometimes when someone gets something really nice during the year, maybe if, um, if I gave my son a brand new car, he could say, wow, Christmas has come early.


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[Assistant] So whenever you get something, uh, really cool and brand new during the year, like even in June or July, we often will say, wow, Christmas has come early for you this year because you got something


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[Assistant] If you are in the holiday spirit or if you have a lot of Christmas spirit, it means that you are happy at Christmas time. Some people aren't happy at Christmas time, but if you are in the holiday spirit,


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[Assistant] You are happy. Uhm, if someone says to you, don't be a Scrooge, uhm, it means don't be grouchy or angry at Christmas. Uhm, if someone is a Scrooge, they don't like to give gifts.


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[Assistant] They don't like Christmas parties. Uhm, so don't be a scrooge. Just this is from, uhm, uh, if you watch, I think it's called the Christmas Carol. Uhm, it is a really cool movie and story about a man who doesn't like Christmas and eventually he starts to love Christmas. We also have this phrase,


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[Assistant] And when we see something with a lot of lights on it, like this pickup truck, we sometimes will say that it is lit up like a Christmas tree. So some young people, when they buy their first car or truck


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[Assistant] They'll put lights everywhere and then old people like me are like, ah, what a waste of money. That kid's truck is lit up like a Christmas tree. So that is a phrase we say sometimes when something has a lot of lights on it, that it is lit up like a Christmas tree.


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[Assistant] We had to decide on who was gonna take on which course. None of us are pastry chefs. It's not our strong suit. And so dessert was gonna be a problem.


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[Assistant] And uh, Steven is on dessert. I think we are going to work extremely well as a team. It's gonna be great tomorrow.


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[Assistant] Miguel did his best, he's very happy with what he did. It was definitely different from my original vision, but I think, you know, he worked with it, he went with it, he made the best of what he could do.


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[Assistant] Well, hello and welcome to this English lesson about Christmas. Ho ho ho. There's my best Santa Claus impression for all of you. I hope that you have a little bit of time today.


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[Assistant] I know that Christmas is just around the corner, but I thought I would squeeze one more lesson in before Christmas, uh, and I thought the best topic would be Christmas. There are a lot of words and phrases that we use.


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[Assistant] In English when we're talking about Christmas. So in this lesson, I'll talk about a lot of them. I have my Christmas Santa hat on. I don't know how long I'll wear this for because it's quite warm. I'm wearing my sweater and my hat.


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[Assistant] And the house is getting warm and it's quite nice here, but I think I might overheat if I leave the hat on for too long. But I thought I would wear it for just a bit. So, again, welcome to this English lesson about Christmas. Uh, I hope that you really enjoy it.


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[Assistant] So you'll see here I have red and green as the first two words.


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[Assistant] The colors of Christmas are definitely red and green. You will see silver and gold as well but generally when you see things that are decorated for Christmas, you will see a lot of red and green. It is a very common thing to see uh when you drive around town when you go to the mall.


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[Assistant] There is uhm, a couple of ways to talk about Christmas. Christmas is a religious holiday for many people, but it's also what we would call a secular holiday or non-religious holiday.


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[Assistant] This English lesson will focus on the non-religious aspects of the Christmas season.


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[Assistant] So I could do another whole lesson on the religious background and the religious significance of Christmas, but this lesson, just so you know, is about what you'll see when you go out in the city, what you see when you go out in the town, uh, and the things that most people in countries where Christmas is celebrated will be doing.


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[Assistant] But definitely red and green. You can see my hat is red because it's one of the colors of Christmas.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so Merry Christmas is the most common greeting if you watched my video from earlier this week.


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[Assistant] Season's Greetings, but you'll hear this more like in a TV commercial.


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[Assistant] Uhm, where a company says, Seasons Greetings from Canadian Tire. That's one of the stores in Canada.


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[Assistant] Uhm, or you might see it on a Christmas card or a greeting card, season's greetings. Uhm, it's just a different way to say it. Again, we mostly say Merry Christmas to each other. If I meet my brother tomorrow, uhm, I'll say Merry Christmas to my brother.


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[Assistant] But on a TV commercial or in an advertisement or on a Christmas card you might see seasons greetings. And you might also see happy holidays.


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[Assistant] So happy holidays is another way to basically say


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[Assistant] Merry Christmas to someone. Oh, I'm drinking water. I should be drinking eggnog. Eggnog is a funny drink made with cream and eggs and milk and some spices. I don't actually like it but a lot of people drink eggnog around this time of year.


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[Assistant] So uhm, by the way, I did do a Christmas lesson a couple of years ago. This lesson has some of the same words in it and phrases, but I added


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[Assistant] Probably another 20, so you'll see that some, uh, slides might look familiar and some, uh, might be new to you.


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[Assistant] Christmas movie. There is a tradition, uh, to make movies that are made for Christmas. Uhm, a typical Christmas movie would be something like Elf starring Will Ferrell. This movie was made a few years ago, but it has become a popular Christmas movie.


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[Assistant] When you turn the television on right now and you flick through the channels, that's how we talk about it, you flick through the channels, you will most likely see different Christmas movies playing around this time of year. Very, very common. So a Christmas movie is a movie that's made


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[Assistant] About Christmas, it usually takes place at Christmas or in the days leading up to it. Uh, I see Eugene saying Home Alone, that's another Christmas movie for sure.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then on TV you might see what's called a Christmas special or a TV special. One of the most common ones is a Charlie Brown Christmas. This is, uh, a cartoon, obviously.


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[Assistant] About the Christmas season. Again, when you flick through the channels right now, you will probably be able to find this, uh, playing on one of the TV stations.


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[Assistant] A charlie brown christmas. So a christmas movie is obviously a movie about christmas. A christmas special is a tv show about christmas.


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[Assistant] You might even go to a Christmas program. Now there haven't been a lot of Christmas programs last year or this year because of the


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[Assistant] The pandemic, which keeps going, but a Christmas program is usually held at a school. It might be at a community center. A Christmas program is where children learn a lot of Christmas songs or they might learn a play.


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[Assistant] For little children to be in a Christmas program. Very, very cool and fun thing to go to. Notice, a lot of them are dressed wearing red, which again is a color that you see a lot at Christmas.


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[Assistant] And this entire time of year is called Christmas time. So,


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[Assistant] I think I often use the phrase around Christmas time. I'm going to see my family around Christmas time. Uhm, oh, I eat too much at Christmas time.


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[Assistant] So it doesn't refer to just Christmas day. It refers to kind of a day or two before Christmas and a day or two after. Uhm, so Christmas time is just a general way to refer to this time of year. So I'm doing a live stream about Christmas at Christmas time.


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[Assistant] Festive would be a really good word to describe this time of year. Uhm, it is a time of year where when you go to do some shopping there's Christmas music playing.


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[Assistant] You might see people start to dress using red and green. You might see a lot of people going to events like Christmas parades. It's a time of year where


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[Assistant] When I say festive, it means everything is connected to Christmas in some way. Uhm, and it just makes you feel really, really happy. It's definitely a happy time of year, uh, for many, many people.


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[Assistant] There's something that has started recently called the ugly Christmas sweater tradition. Uhm, this is something, I'm not sure when it started, I think maybe if, uh, Brent's still here from American English, he can fill us in.


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[Assistant] Even at work, we had a day where everyone was supposed to wear an ugly Christmas sweater. So not a Christmas sweater that's nice to look at.


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[Assistant] A Christmas sweater that isn't very nice. I actually like this sweater, but it would count as an ugly Christmas sweater.


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[Assistant] And I hope you know what ugly means. So someone can be beautiful and if they're the opposite, we would say they're ugly. Uhm, it's not a nice word, but an ugly Christmas sweater is a sweater you buy because it's not very nice looking.


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[Assistant] And you wear it usually once a year when you have a day at work or maybe at a school where you all wear your ugly Christmas sweater.


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[Assistant] So I mentioned this in my video earlier this week. I did a short video about Christmas. A Christmas bonus is something you get from your boss. It's something you get at work, uhm, because you've done a good job for the year, and if the company or business is doing well, you might get a Christmas bonus.


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[Assistant] Which means he doesn't get anything as a Christmas bonus. So I feel bad. Uhm, I'll thank Brent for all his work as a teacher. That's his Christmas bonus from me this year. But, uh, different places of work give out different Christmas bonuses.


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[Assistant] Uh, Brent says, I have no idea when the ugly Christmas sweater started. Maybe with the movie National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. Possibly. Yea, sometimes weird traditions start because of movies that we've watched.


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[Assistant] Uh, I also mentioned in my video earlier this week, there's something called an office Christmas party or a work Christmas party, or you might just say, I have a Christmas party at work this week.


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[Assistant] This usually happens well in advance of Christmas, so a week or two before Christmas. You might go to work at night for a Christmas party. If you're lucky, work might end early one day and then you'll spend the last two hours at work getting paid and you're at the office Christmas party.


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[Assistant] But it's certainly something that, uhm, is quite common in North America to have a work Christmas party or an office Christmas party.


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[Assistant] And now we get into some of the more familiar things. Many people will put up a Christmas tree. They will decorate their Christmas tree. Traditionally a Christmas tree goes up a week or two before Christmas.


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[Assistant] Or even earlier, we put our Christmas tree up at the beginning of December.


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[Assistant] We decorate our tree with ornaments and lights and ribbon and we put a star at the very top.


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[Assistant] Uhm, actually I think we have an angel at the very top of ours. There's two different things that can go on the top of a tree. It's usually a star or an angel. I have to go look. I can't remember what's at the top of our tree. Usually you put a blanket under the tree.


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[Assistant] Uh, especially if it's a tree that you got from outside because needles will fall.


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[Assistant] Uh, and then on that blanket, you will put gifts and then usually people open their gifts Christmas morning. Some people open gifts Christmas Eve. Some people open gifts a few days before Christmas because that's when they can get their family together.


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[Assistant] And as I mentioned, uh, on the Christmas tree, we usually put ornaments or decorations. You can use either word. You can see here there are a lot of ornaments hanging from the tree.


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[Assistant] Stockings are things that look like socks, but they're actually way bigger.


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[Assistant] And usually people hang these sometimes by a fireplace, sometimes just on a wall.


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[Assistant] And a lot of times you will put small little gifts inside of stockings. So with our family, we give each of our kids a stocking for Christmas as well. They get some gifts and a stocking. The stocking has inside of it, things we would call stocking stuffers. Let me find that.


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[Assistant] A stocking stuffer is any kind of small gift that fits inside of that big


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[Assistant] So, uh, we buy little chocolates, little toys, and those kinds of things to put in our kids' stockings. So people sometimes hang them by a fireplace, but not many homes have fireplaces anymore. It's pretty rare.


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[Assistant] Christmas presents are probably the thing children talk about the most at Christmas. What do you think you're going to get for Christmas? Uhm, do your parents give you nice gifts? And then when they go back to school, did you get a nice Christmas present? Children usually get Christmas presents. Adults sometimes exchange presents, but not


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[Assistant] Not always, like my brothers and sisters and I, we don't give each other presents anymore. Uh, we get together, we enjoy each other's company, but we don't buy each other's pres- each other presents.


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[Assistant] We do buy, like the nephews and nieces and kids in the family get presents from everyone. But, uh, some adults still exchange gifts, but we don't.


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[Assistant] We just give gifts to our kids. Notice I'm using the word gifts and the word presents. Christmas gifts, Christmas presents, those are both the same.


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[Assistant] Some people tell their kids that the gifts come from Santa. In our family, we never really did that. Uhm, but Jen and I will wrap the gifts, uh, a day or two before Christmas. Uh, and if I'm being honest,


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[Assistant] Jen has wrapped 97% of the gifts in my life for our kids. I think I've wrapped maybe four of them. So I should just be honest and say Jen does all the gift wrapping. Jen and I buy wrapping paper and then Jen wraps all the gifts.


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[Assistant] Uh, sometimes the gift will have a bow on the top. It's not super common, but it does make the Christmas gift or Christmas present look really cool if it has a bow on the top. The bow is that, uh, I'm trying to point to it. The bow is that


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[Assistant] A thing on the top where all of the ribbon is tied together to make a really nice bow on the top.


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[Assistant] Stocking stuffer we talked about. A stocking stuffer is a small gift, uh, that you put inside of a stocking. Uh, pretty common for kids to enjoy opening their stocking to find little things like chocolates and small toys and all kinds of things that will fit inside of a stocking.


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[Assistant] And then there's, uh, sometimes people will put up a wreath. This is Jen, by the way. For those of you that have not met my wife, Jen makes wreaths every year. Uh, this picture is actually from a couple years ago. Uh, this is a wreath that Jen made. Many people will put a wreath on the outside door of their house.


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[Assistant] At the beginning of December, maybe even the end of November.


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[Assistant] Sometimes people will have an urn outside the front of their house. They will have a Christmas urn. This picture is from Eugene. So I woke up this morning and Eugene had sent me a bunch of pictures. Uh, so thank you very much for that Eugene. And I picked out I think three or four of them Eugene. Uhm, I even have one at the end.


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[Assistant] Uh, what I think is a Christmas gift Eugene bought for himself, so stick around for that. But an urn is a large pot.


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[Assistant] And you can see it has a lot of Christmas greenery or green things put into it to kind of celebrate the Christmas season. A lot of times people will have


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[Assistant] Christmas lights go on Christmas trees. People put Christmas lights on houses. People put Christmas lights on trees outside their house. Christmas lights are sometimes all white, but sometimes they're multi-coloured. A lot of different colours. You can even buy strings that are red and green, so you have two different of the Christmas colours.


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[Assistant] Hey, thanks Alberto, uh, for joining and becoming a member. That's awesome of you. Uh, but Christmas lights you will find all over. It's kind of fun to drive around


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[Assistant] You will certainly go to at least one Christmas dinner, uh, maybe two, maybe three. It depends on how big your family is and how many dinners are planned. We usually end up having three Christmas dinners. We eat Christmas dinner here at our house.


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[Assistant] And we have Christmas dinner with my family. So that would be my brothers and sisters. And then we have Christmas dinner with Jen's family.


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[Assistant] Again, this year it might be a little different because gatherings are limited to 10 people. So we'll see how it all works out in the end. Generally, a Christmas dinner is a hot meal.


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[Assistant] And usually you have turkey, sometimes ham as the meat, uh, and then other things besides that.


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[Assistant] You might go to a Christmas parade. Now, in one of my previous videos about Christmas, I was actually at a parade. Uh, this is a parade in one of our local towns. A parade is when people build things called floats.


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[Assistant] Which is kind of like a movable stage and they decorate it with a lot of Christmas lights. You can actually see Santa on this float. This would be the last float in the parade. Uh, but a parade is a fun thing to go to. Because of COVID, there's been a lot of reverse parades this year.


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[Assistant] Where they have all the floats lined up and you drive past in your car.


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[Assistant] So instead of the parade going by you while you stand on the street and cheer and wave,


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[Assistant] The parade is parked in a parking lot and you drive through the parade. Uhm, just an interesting way to have a parade, I guess, in a really, really safe way.


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[Assistant] You might get a Christmas card at Christmas. You might get more than one Christmas card. We sometimes call these greeting cards as well. Uhm, I know that we have a string in our kitchen most years and as we get Christmas cards, we hang those up. I actually got a Christmas card from Miroslav. Thank you very much if you're watching Miroslav for the Christmas card. Uh, Miroslav is one of my


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[Assistant] Probably one of my oldest viewers from four years ago and, uh, he has been very, very encouraging to me in my journey here on YouTube. So thanks for the card. Uh, but a Christmas card is a small


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[Assistant] Piece of paper, card, usually you can see again a lot of red and green, some gold and silver, and inside people will write, you know, Merry Christmas, uh, and Happy New Year, wishing you all the best this holiday season, or something like that.


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[Assistant] Christmas Eve is tonight. If you're watching this live right now, today is December 24th. So, we call this Christmas Eve Day. That's not a real


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[Assistant] English phrase, I don't think it's just what Jen and I say, but tonight is Christmas Eve. It is the night before Christmas. So Christmas Eve happens on December 24th. A lot of times people will get together with their family and maybe watch a movie, maybe play some games and then usually


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[Assistant] On Christmas Day or Christmas morning, people will get up and open gifts. Again, traditions vary. Some people open gifts


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[Assistant] Uhm, a day or two before Christmas. Some people open gifts after Christmas. But most people will probably open gifts either today. They might open gifts on Christmas Eve.


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[Assistant] Or they'll open gifts on Christmas day or Christmas morning. Uh, thanks Fabian for the super chat. That's awesome of you.


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[Assistant] You will hear a lot of Christmas music. I have Natalia here saying, Merry Christmas, Bob. All the best. And I love the emojis, Natalia. Thank you very much. Uh, Merry Christmas to you as well.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you will hear a lot of Christmas music at this time of year. There are some radio stations that start playing Christmas music on December 1st.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I like Christmas music, but not that much. Uhm, but Christmas music would be different kinds of songs that have been made for Christmas. You can see this mug says, all I want for Christmas is you. Kind of a famous Christmas song that you'll hear on the radio.


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[Assistant] Caroling is an activity that people do at Christmas and it's a little bit strange.


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[Assistant] People who like to sing will practice a Christmas song with someone, usually called a Christmas Carol. That's another word for an old Christmas song.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then they will go caroling. They will go out on an evening like tonight and they'll go from house to house, knock on the door, and when the person opens the door, they'll sing a Christmas carol. They'll sing a Christmas song.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it's a really cool tradition. Uhm, I've never gone caroling. I'm not a very good singer, so I have not ever done that.


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[Assistant] Santa Claus. Let's talk about Santa Claus. Santa Claus is not real.


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[Assistant] Some people tell their children Santa Claus is real and they tell their children that Santa Claus comes on Christmas Eve and lands on the roof of the house with his sleigh and his reindeer and then comes down the chimney and puts presents under the tree. A lot of times kids will leave out milk and cookies for Santa Claus. Uhm, but Santa Claus, hopefully no children are watching.


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[Assistant] Santa Claus isn't real. Just so you know, Santa Claus isn't real. It's just a story that parents make up to tell their children. Hopefully no one under the age of 12 is watching and is now disappointed, but we'll see.


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[Assistant] Uh, one of the words to describe Santa is jolly. Jolly is a word used to describe


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[Assistant] Like Santa says ho ho ho, Merry Christmas. He's kind of big. I don't want to be disrespectful of Santa's size, but he's kind of a big man. He has chubby cheeks and a beard and he's very happy and jolly. So jolly is another word for happy.


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[Assistant] Usually used to refer to people who kind of look like Santa.


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[Assistant] This is a Santa hat. This dog is wearing a Santa hat. If we go back and look at Santa, you can see Santa has this type of hat.


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[Assistant] It's fairly common around this time of year to see people, especially if it's really cold, they might wear a Santa hat for fun.


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[Assistant] If you go to a Christmas party, you might wear a Santa hat at the Christmas party. It usually has a white ball on the end and it's red and it's very, very warm, by the way. It's definitely, uh, would work as a winter hat for sure.


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[Assistant] Freddy says, I bet that you'll be able to keep your Santa hat until the end of the live stream. Won't you, won't you? If I lose, I won't have, yeah, I'm going to keep it on for the rest. Um, Santa apparently,


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[Assistant] If you believe in Santa has a list of names and there's a naughty list and a nice list.


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[Assistant] And there's one Christmas song where it says Santa's kind of watching to see if you're naughty or nice all year.


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[Assistant] And if you're on the naughty list, it means you've been bad. It means you've not been a very nice person that year, uh, and you probably won't get a nice gift from Santa. In fact, the story is if you're naughty, you'll get a lump of coal as a gift. But if you're on the nice list, you'll get something nice for Christmas. So Santa.


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[Assistant] I know I said he doesn't exist, but if he did exist, he has a workshop where he makes toys.


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[Assistant] And the elves are these little people who help Santa make toys. When you watch a Christmas movie, especially one made for kids, there will often be elves in the Christmas movie. So elves are little, uhm,


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[Assistant] Little people, I guess you would say. Uhm, if you watch the movie Elf, Will Ferrell plays an elf who's actually super tall, which makes the movie extra funny.


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[Assistant] Santa lives at a place called the North Pole. The North Pole looks like this. It looks a little bit like a candy cane and it's at the very, very top of the planet Earth.


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[Assistant] Uhm, this picture again is from Eugene. Thanks Eugene for the photo. Uhm, you can see here there is a reindeer with a red nose. This would be Rudolph the red-nosed reindeer. Another character you see at Christmas time and he is standing by the north


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[Assistant] So as the story goes, Santa and his elves and reindeer live at the North Pole. They live at the very top of the planet Earth.


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[Assistant] The plant that most people buy in North America around Christmas time is the poinsettia.


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[Assistant] Poinsettia looks like this. It is originally I think from the southern United States or from Mexico. Don't quote me on that though, this isn't a science lesson.


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[Assistant] But it is a plant that we often have in our homes because it's red and green.


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[Assistant] So back to the beginning of the lesson, we talked about red and green being common colors at Christmas.


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[Assistant] So I think because the poinsettia is red and green, it is a very common plant for people to have in their homes. We almost always have a poinsettia in our house around Christmas. This year we happen, we don't happen to have one, but uhm, it is just a very common house plant to buy for the Christmas season.


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[Assistant] And then I mentioned this in my lesson earlier this week, my short lesson. Everyone would love to have a white Christmas. A white Christmas is when you live in the northern part of the hemisphere. Uh, you live in the northern hemisphere in a place that usually gets snow.


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[Assistant] And you hope that on December 25th, you hope that on Christmas day, you wake up and see snow on the ground and we would call that a white Christmas. We are probably not going to have a white Christmas. It's supposed to be raining and three degrees tomorrow. So, the chance of a white Christmas is pretty pretty low. Sometimes at Christmas,


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[Assistant] Put a new bumper on the front of his Jeep, and I think that might have been Eugene's Christmas present to himself.


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[Assistant] If you don't know who Eugene is, he's in the chat. He just said Santa Claus watching in North America. Uh, but Eugene sometimes sends me photos to help with the lessons. This is a photo of Eugene's Jeep. And a week ago, I think a week or two ago, he said he was putting a new bumper. The bumper is the front part of the Jeep.


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[Assistant] So this would be a good example of someone buying a gift for themselves. You can buy a gift for yourself at Christmas too, and it's a very common thing too.


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[Assistant] And this is the last picture from Eugene, uh, and it is not about Christmas, but it's a good way to end this lesson. When the year ends, we say happy new year to each other.


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[Assistant] During the time between Christmas and New Year's Eve.


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[Assistant] People will often say to each other, Merry Christmas and Happy New Year.


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[Assistant] Even though the new year hasn't started yet, they'll still say happy new year, uhm, because they're not sure they'll see that person again before the new year comes. So very common, uh, for people to say Merry Christmas and happy new year when you see them around this time of the year.


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[Assistant] Uh, let's see, the most innovative cutting edge right now is Spain.


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[Assistant] What kind of cheese do we, which cheese do you have over there? Uh, I believe it's uh, Camembert Lien?


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[Assistant] Hickory dickory dock. The mouse ran out the clock. The clock struck three.


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[Assistant] It's go time. It's the finals. Gotta go in there and finish the job. I don't wanna finish in second. I wanna win. That's all there is to it. I'm about to buckle up. I'm ready to bring it. It's game time.


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[Assistant] Okay. First off, uh, I gotta take Leanne, because I just have a great relationship with her and work really well, uh, together.


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[Assistant] And I love both you guys, Miguel and Dave, and, you know, when I see it, I say, yeah, we draw knives.


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[Assistant] Uh, Dave, Miguel, whoever pulls, uh, knife number one, will, uh, will be my partner.


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[Assistant] We have an hour to put a menu together, taste the wines. I was actually thinking maybe put the brunoise with like a, uh, with a squab. Chunk, what do you think?


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[Assistant] Time has retired. Done prepping for the big challenge. Big days tomorrow and I'm feeling good. Worked great with Leanne and Miguel. I know they have my back.


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[Assistant] It's really, really intense, you know, the adrenaline's taking over, and I know at some point I'm definitely gonna have to get that under control.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with the ideas that Leanne, myself, and Miguel put together. If I go home, you know, winter, it's gonna be fantastic. It's gonna be the greatest thing in the world.


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[Assistant] It was kind of weird being called Chef by Miguel and Duane, you know, I really look at them as peers and not their superior at all.


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[Assistant] I thought about writing a menu. It just makes more sense. It's, it's practical. Once they get their menu, you pull the show plates, and then we'll start going with the tasting. That, I'll go at the beginning of the meal and at the end of the meal.


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[Assistant] Thank you so much guys. You know, it's the finals so, I was nervous. I was nervous.


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[Assistant] Are you sure? No. That one right there. This is right. Just listen to me, please. Right there.


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[Assistant] You put a group of judges together like that, they're gonna light you up a little bit. You better have your kevlar on.


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[Assistant] It wasn't, it wasn't a homerun I guess. We'll see what happens. Fire, let's fire the fish.


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[Assistant] I try and cover both bases. I mean, that's the reason why I cook. Good answer.


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[Assistant] To be honest, I just didn't, you know, I didn't wanna, I didn't wanna hose myself. I like simple food, I mean...


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[Assistant] You know, Katie got a piece of bass that obviously she wasn't happy with. I wasn't happy with it. Do you always cook quail well done? No. Who cooks that? Uh, I cook it.


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[Assistant] You know, and work in the kitchen with you because you can't do it all by yourself.


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[Assistant] I'm putting some of my $100,000 towards a restaurant, which hopefully will be opening in New York City fall 2006. You know, I'm sure I'll be calling some really special people, you know, that are in this competition. Cause I will need help.


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[Assistant] The question was great, but the one that left me with the sort of question mark in was the bass, because I felt like you just had too much going on.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I started with red onions and cherries and some garlic and thyme and caramelized that. And then I, uh, added red wine and some pork. Little bit of brown sugar, brought that down. It's fruity. The cherry idea with the wine


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[Assistant] You know, those are definitely ideas and, um, and opinions that, you know, maybe you're right. Uh, I could have done less on the dish, simplified it, a little less of this, a little more of this. I hope that I did enough things right that would also secure me a place in Vegas. I mean, I, I, I love competing and I'm sad to see any one of us go, but honestly, I hope it's not me.


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[Assistant] It's about being top chef, being able to learn from your mistakes. And I've learned a lot of good lessons here. I would really love to get my head together, focus on my food, and then come back and bring it in Vegas. I want to win.


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[Assistant] I wish you guys the best in Vegas. Come see me in New York. I will.


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[Assistant] It's the English-speaking world's favourite game. Property.


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[Assistant] And today, the stakes in the game are higher than ever.


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[Assistant] Thirty years later, an unemployed plumber named Charles Darrow patented a new version of the game, with the board based on the streets here in Atlantic City.


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[Assistant] On the back of property, literally trillions of dollars have been borrowed. Some of it by so-called subprime borrowers. People who'd previously been content to rent, rather than own their homes.


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[Assistant] So it's come as rather a shock to millions of people that real estate is fundamentally no different from any other financial asset. Its price can go down as well as up.


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[Assistant] It turns out that no amount of financial alchemy can turn little suburban boxes into treasure chests with roofs.


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[Assistant] Which raises the question, is property really as safe as houses?


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[Assistant] Or could it be that we've let our love affair with real estate get completely out of proportion?


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[Assistant] Was once the preserve of an aristocratic elite.


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[Assistant] Estates were passed down from father to son, along with titles and political privileges. Everyone else was a mere tenant, paying rent to their landlord.


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[Assistant] Until the 1830s, fortunes smiled on the British land-owning elite. The 30 or so families with gross annual income from their lands above £60,000 a year, roughly £150 million today.


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[Assistant] With such vast property assets backing them, and income from agriculture booming, it was hard to see how the aristocracy could fail to flourish.


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[Assistant] As a borrower, you still have to earn the money to pay back the loan.


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[Assistant] And for the great landowners of Victorian Britain, that suddenly became a very difficult thing to do.


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[Assistant] How did this most stately of stately homes become a mere shell of its former self?


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[Assistant] Grain prices had begun their long slide downwards, and so had the income from agricultural land. Rural property prices plummeted.


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[Assistant] Suddenly, the aristocracy found that their borrowings had outrun the value of their estates.


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[Assistant] The Duke was spending far more than his income, and most of that was being absorbed by interest payments. But there was to be one final bout of conspicuous consumption.


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[Assistant] In August 1848, to the Duke's horror, his son had the entire contents of Stowe House auctioned off. Now, his ancestral stately home was thrown open for throngs of bargain hunters to bid for the silver, the wine, the china.


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[Assistant] Today, Stowe is a private boarding school.


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[Assistant] Divorced by his long-suffering and much-betrayed Scottish wife, whose entire wardrobe had been seized by sheriffs' offices in London, the duke was finally forced to relinquish snow and move into rented accommodation.


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[Assistant] He eked out his days at his club, The Carlton, writing a succession of highly unreliable memoirs, and incorrigibly chasing actresses and other men's wives.


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[Assistant] The fall of the Duke of Buckingham was a kind of harbinger for a new democratic age, in which every adult would be given the vote, whether they owned a stately home or paid rent for a humble flat.


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[Assistant] As aristocratic fortunes from agriculture declined, so the franchise was widened.


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[Assistant] Today we take the universal right to own our own home for granted.


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[Assistant] When the depression struck in 1929, the US economy nosedived.


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[Assistant] Tenants, too, struggled to pay the rent when all they had coming in was the dope.


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[Assistant] Nowhere were the effects of the depression more painful than in Detroit.


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[Assistant] Soon the automobile industry here employed only half the number of workers it had in 1929, and at half the wages.


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[Assistant] By 1932, the dispossessed of Detroit had had enough.


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[Assistant] On March the 7th, 5,000 workers laid off by the Ford Motor Company marched to the factory to demand unemployment relief.


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[Assistant] As the unarmed crowd reached Gate 4 of the company's River Rouge plant in Dearborn, scuffles broke out.


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[Assistant] Days later, 60,000 people sang the International at their funeral.


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[Assistant] The Communist Party newspaper accused Edsel Ford, son of the firm's founder, Henry, of allowing a massacre.


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[Assistant] Could anything be done to defuse what was beginning to seem like a revolutionary situation? Pitting the seriously-propertyed Fords against their propertyless ex-employees?


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[Assistant] He invited him to paint a mural that would show Detroit's economy as a site of cooperation, not class conflict.


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[Assistant] The power of art is a wonderful thing, but it was clearly going to take something rather more powerful than art to heal a society so deeply split by the Depression.


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[Assistant] In effect, the government would rig the housing market to incentivize Americans to become property owners.


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[Assistant] Customers at local mortgage lenders, known as savings and loans, the equivalent of British building societies, would have their deposits guaranteed by the government, even if a bank went bust.


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[Assistant] By reducing the monthly cost of a mortgage, these reforms made home ownership possible for many more Americans than ever before.


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[Assistant] When these houses were built in Detroit back in 1941, whether you got the money or not for a mortgage depended on which side of this divide you lived.


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[Assistant] It was a real estate developer who built this six foot high wall right through the middle of Detroit's eight mile district. He had to build it in order to qualify for loans from the Federal Housing Administration.


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[Assistant] The loans were to be given for construction on that side of the wall, which was a predominantly white neighborhood. On this side, on the black side, there was to be no federal credit, because African Americans were regarded as fundamentally uncredit worthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was part of a system that divided the whole city, in theory by credit rating, in practice by color. Segregation, in other words, wasn't accidental, but a direct consequence of federal policy.


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[Assistant] You can see why the practice of giving whole neighborhoods a negative credit rating came to be known as redlining. The result was that when people from around here needed mortgages, they had to pay significantly higher interest rates than the folks in the white part of town.


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[Assistant] Half a century later, the two categories of borrowers would come to be known euphemistically as prime and subprime.


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[Assistant] But in the 1960s, this divide was the hidden financial dimension of the civil rights struggle.


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[Assistant] Blacks were to be excluded from the new property-owning society. There would be a heavy price to pay for this exclusion.


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[Assistant] Anger and economic discrimination spilled over into five days of rioting that left 43 people dead.


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[Assistant] Significantly, most of the violence was directed not against people, but against property. Nearly 3,000 buildings were looted or burned.


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[Assistant] The real lesson for policy makers was that excluding ethnic minorities from the property owning democracy was a fast track to trouble.


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[Assistant] To make people feel like stakeholders in the social status quo, you had to make them property owners.


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[Assistant] Here in Britain, the idea of the property owning democracy became a keystone of 1980s conservatism.


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[Assistant] That also meant that more people than ever had mortgages.


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[Assistant] But there was a sting in the tale. The very same governments that professed their faith in the property-owning democracy were also committed to fighting inflation. And that meant raising interest rates.


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[Assistant] The British and American policy of encouraging people to take out mortgages and then cranking up interest rates led in the late 80s to one of the most spectacular booms and busts in the history of the property market. It was to the 80s what the subprime meltdown has been in our own time.


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[Assistant] To many others, it's come as a shock that a crash in the American property market could trigger a major financial crisis.


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[Assistant] In fact, as so often in the ascent of money, it's happened before.


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[Assistant] The investigation triggered by these unbuilt homes would expose one of the biggest financial scandals of all time. A scam that would make a mockery of the idea of property as a safe form of investment. This isn't a story about real estate, more like some real estate.


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[Assistant] Then, in the 1970s, the savings and loan industry was hit first by double-digit inflation and then by higher interest rates.


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[Assistant] It was a lethal double punch for institutions that were forbidden by law to raise the rates they paid to savers and which were receiving interest payments from local mortgage borrowers that had been fixed decades before.


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[Assistant] When deregulation was enacted in 1982, President Reagan was cock a hoop. All in all, I think we hit the jackpot. Well, some people certainly did.


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[Assistant] By raising savings rates, they could attract much more money from depositors. Then they could use these deposits as the basis for as many loans as they liked.


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[Assistant] It was an invitation to a gigantic free lunch for financial cowboys.


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[Assistant] Whose speciality was extravagant generosity, with other people's money.


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[Assistant] Danny Faulkner's favorite trick was the flip. He would buy some parcel of land for peanuts and then sell it on to, uh, naive investors who got the money, uh, lent to them. Buy, you guessed it, empire, savings and loans.


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[Assistant] Danny Faulkner may have claimed that he was illiterate, but he certainly wasn't enumerate.


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[Assistant] Many investors never even got a chance to view their properties close up.


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[Assistant] One investigator called Empire, one of the most reckless and fraudulent land investment schemes in American history.


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[Assistant] The full cost of the crisis was 153 billion dollars, making it one of the most expensive financial crises in American history.


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[Assistant] And the federal government, which had deregulated the savings and loans in the first place, had to pick up the bill. Which is another way of saying that taxpayers forked out.


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[Assistant] But the subprime quake would shake the entire world of finance to its very foundations.


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[Assistant] When this wall was built to divide white homeowners from black renters in the 1940s, black families found it virtually impossible to get mortgages. Sixty years later, that had all changed.


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[Assistant] We want everybody in America to own their own home. President George W. Bush declared in October 2002 challenging lenders to create five and a half million new minority homeowners by the end of the decade.


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[Assistant] Positively encouraged by the federal government to relax lending standards, mortgage companies swarmed into areas like this one, offering all kinds of alluring deals.


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[Assistant] Because so many of the new borrowers had patchy credit histories, these loans came to be known as subprime.


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[Assistant] So how come the lenders didn't worry that these subprime borrowers were almost certain to default if interest rates rose? The answer to that question, and the key to the subprime crisis, was another S-word.


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[Assistant] By the time small towns in Norway bought these securities, they had no idea what was really behind their investment.


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[Assistant] Where Detroit led, other cities soon followed.


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[Assistant] It's Thursday at noon, and I'm witnessing a twice daily ritual here on the steps of the Memphis Courthouse. About 30 homes are about to be auctioned off here, and the reason is that the mortgage lenders have foreclosed on the homeowners for failing to keep up with their interest payments.


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[Assistant] Since the subprime mortgage market began to turn sour in the early summer of 2007, shockwaves have been spreading through all the world's financial markets, wiping out hedge funds, obliterating venerable investment banks, and costing the survivors hundreds of billions of dollars.


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[Assistant] Remember that pillar of the 1930s New Deal mortgage market, Fannie Mae?


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[Assistant] With its younger brother, Freddie Mac, it grew to own or guarantee around half of all American home loans.


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[Assistant] In September 2008, Fanny and Freddie were effectively nationalised to avoid a complete collapse of the mortgage market.


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[Assistant] Unlike savings and loans, this crisis extends right around the world.


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[Assistant] The four Norwegian municipalities, Avrana, Hemnes, Hatfieldal and Narvik, which had invested their citizens' taxes in subprime-backed securities, are now sitting on an investment worth roughly 15% of what they paid for it. A loss of a hundred million dollars.


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[Assistant] In the English-speaking world, we tend to think of property as a one-way bet. The simplest way of getting rich is to play the property market. In fact, you'd be a mug to invest your money in anything else.


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[Assistant] But the remarkable thing about this supposed truth is how often reality gives it the lie.


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[Assistant] But that was nothing compared with what happened here in Japan.


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[Assistant] Okay, that's like a million, a million pounds buys me this bijou apartment in Tokyo, but this is a smart neighborhood, right?


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[Assistant] Between 1985 and 1990, property prices in Japan rose by a factor of roughly three. Banks fell over themselves to ride this wave.


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[Assistant] This has cost a million pounds now. How much did it cost back in 1990 at the peak of the property bubble?


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[Assistant] The real flaw in the property owning democracy, as recent events have proved, is that the housing market, like any asset market, is prone to booms and busts.


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[Assistant] Could property ownership be the answer to the problems of the world's poorest countries?


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[Assistant] These slums and the outskirts of Buenos Aires seem a million miles from the elegant boulevards of the Argentine capital center. But are people here really as poor as they look? One man didn't believe so.


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[Assistant] The Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto saw the shabby residences like these in developing countries all over the world as representing literally trillions of dollars of unrealized wealth.


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[Assistant] The problem is that the people who live here and in countless shanty towns around the world don't have secure legal title to their homes. That's bad because without a legal title to property, you can't use it as collateral to borrow money. And if you can't borrow money, then you can't possibly raise the capital you need to start a business.


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[Assistant] The shanty town of Kilmes on the southern outskirts of Buenos Aires provides a natural experiment to test De Soto's theory.


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[Assistant] On one side of the town, there are some of the most squalid slums I've ever seen.


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[Assistant] There's even a rather excitable guard dog. After all, owners tend to look after properties better than tenants. And some of the owners here are even realizing the value of their properties by putting them up for sale.


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[Assistant] For that reason, it probably isn't necessary for every entrepreneur in the developing world to take out a mortgage on his home, or for that matter, on her home.


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[Assistant] Of course it would be a mistake to assume that microfinance is some kind of economic magic bullet.


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[Assistant] Just giving out loans won't necessarily consign poverty to the museums.


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[Assistant] But then betting everything on the house won't do that either.


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[Assistant] Financial illiteracy may be rampant, but somehow we were all experts on one branch of economics. The property market. We all knew that property was a one-way bet. Except that it wasn't.


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[Assistant] All over the world it seems, property prices are falling.


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[Assistant] Encouraging homeownership may well create a political constituency for capitalism, but it also distorts the capital market by persuading people to bet the house on, well, the house.


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[Assistant] Using the apply button here saves them to the cases pane under a folder named map based volume calculation.


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[Assistant] Here creates a folder, map based volumetrics, then the case name, then the date and the time. And then here are all the maps that we asked Patrell to generate the intermediate maps.


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[Assistant] Area to acres and volume to barrels. So it puts all of that information out there. If we had not changed these, the default in a meters project is to use square meters for area, cubic meters for volume. Then the results would be in those units.


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[Assistant] Now if the report is lost for some reason, the output sheet is closed and deleted. You can right click on the case in the cases pane and say make map based volumetrics report and it will just make the report again. If we have gone in and changed the


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[Assistant] Units, then the new report will be in the new units. It doesn't have to do all the calculations over again, just uses the new units.


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[Assistant] Also, in Petrel 2014, the output sheet is kept under the Windows pane. So even if it's not in your graphics area, it might still be here in the Windows pane. You just need to come and open the pane and turn it on.


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[Assistant] Golden raisin, apricot. Almonds, a little bit of. Almond, toasted almonds.


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[Assistant] The hoodie is an amazing object. It's one of those timeless objects that we


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[Assistant] Hardly think of, because they work so well that they're part of our lives. You know, we call them humble masterpieces.


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[Assistant] The hoodie has been, even if it was not called so, but it's been an icon throughout history for good and for bad reasons.


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[Assistant] Ladies in the 17th century would wear hoodies to kind of hide themselves when we're going to meet their lovers. And then of course there's the legend, there's fantasy, there's the image of the hoodie connected to the Grim Reaper, there's the image of the hoodie connected to the execution. So there's the dark side of the hoodie.


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[Assistant] The modern incarnation of the hoodie, a garment that's made usually of cotton jersey that has a hood attached with a drawstring, sometimes it has a marsupial pocket, was introduced in the 1930s by a knickerbockered knitting company and now it's called Champion. It was meant to keep athletes warm.


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[Assistant] Of course, though, it was such a functional, such a comfortable garment that it was very rapidly adopted by workmen everywhere.


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[Assistant] And then, around the 1980s, it gets also adopted by hip hop and b-boys, skateboarders, and it takes on this kind of youth street culture. It was at the same time super comfortable, perfect for the streets, and also had that added value of the anonymity when you needed it.


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[Assistant] And then we have Mark Zuckerberg that defies convention of respectable attire for business people. But interestingly, it's also a way to show how power has changed. If you're wearing a tupi suit, you might be the bodyguard. The real powerful person is wearing a hoodie with a t-shirt and jeans.


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[Assistant] It's easy to think of the physical aspects of the hoodie. You can immediately think of wearing the hood up and you feel this warm and this protection, but at the same time,


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[Assistant] You can also feel the psychological aspects of it. I mean, think of donning a hoodie all of a sudden.


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[Assistant] You feel more protected. You feel that you are into your own shell.


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[Assistant] We know very well what the hoodie has come to signify in the past few years in the United States. When Trayvon Martin, a 17 year old African American kid, was shot by a neighborhood vigilante.


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[Assistant] A garment to have so much symbolism and history and that encompass so many different universes as the hoodie.


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[Assistant] So like all garments, especially all truly utilitarian garment, it is very basic in its design, but at the same time it has a whole universe of possibilities attached.


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[Assistant] Reading Library Books, your channel for the most popular picture books available in your local library. Llama Llama Yum Yum Yum by Anna Dudeney Llama Llama loves to eat.


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[Assistant] Snacks and meals and special treats.


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[Assistant] Snack is crackers and a drink. Llama Llama's juice is pink.


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[Assistant] Cheese and veggies, so much more.


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[Assistant] Bananas make a special treat. Fun to peel and fun to eat. Dinner has spaghetti sauce.


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[Assistant] And a nice green salad toast.


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[Assistant] Dinner's over, time for bed, bedtime stories, tummy fat. All this food is yum yum yum. Can you scratch and sniff it? Fun!


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[Assistant] Hello, friend. I'm Oliver. My best friend is Jumpy. She's a kangaroo lady. I love riding in her pouch. We have many adventures together. Just click on the card at the end and you'll be able to see them all. See you soon!


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[Assistant] Please subscribe with the red button below to hear about all new books coming soon. Subscribe now!


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[Assistant] Yes you can, Lily, but just remember, good bakers are never late.


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[Assistant] Now today's recipe, puffin muffins.


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[Assistant] Now, step three. My special cinnamon and orange muffin mix.


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[Assistant] Not a marshmallow to be seen, that's more like it. Wee Rabbit, how are you getting on? Do you like my rainbow muffins, Nonna?


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[Assistant] Rainbow muffins? That's not the recipe I showed you. I'll have to start that again, won't we?


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[Assistant] Oh, there isn't grass in puffin muffins. We'll have to start all over again. But I like grass in my muffins. What a mess!


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[Assistant] Can somebody help me up? Lily? We rabbit. Boo! Where is everyone?


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[Assistant] Just wanted to show you all how to make something really special.


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[Assistant] Okay seals, let's try a different trick. I'll throw this ball to you. When I hoop my horn, you balance it on your noses. Salty, you show them. Okay Salty, over to the seals.


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[Assistant] How can I teach a seal's tricks without my horn?


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[Assistant] When I heard the other pitches, I really was sensing that others didn't have as much catering experience and were just pitching like these extreme things that I was like...


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[Assistant] Grocery shopping to do a wedding was really the only option we had.


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[Assistant] It was really late. We were running behind. So I jumped in and did whatever I could.


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[Assistant] Next course was the salad, Harold's papaya, green papaya salad with salmon. And he is having issues.


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[Assistant] Earlier in the day, I had plated all the truffles. So those were prepped and ready to roll. So we rolled those out and began cake service with the curd.


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[Assistant] Steven. We need everyone's hands in the kitchen.


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[Assistant] And unfortunately, when it came to his dish, we've got the Chinese soup spoons that the little dumpling's gonna go in. They're all packaged with stickers on the back.


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[Assistant] Yes, and the very first episode I actually picked Tiffany's dish, the pumpkin, as my favorite dish.


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[Assistant] Once you have created zone attributes in your welltops file, what do you do with them? Well next we're going to build 2D grids or surfaces of those zone attributes.


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[Assistant] As a review, again, a continuous attribute is something like porosity. That can be any number. It could have a range like this, zero to one for porosity, but it can be any number inside of that. Examples of others are down here at the bottom.


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[Assistant] A discrete attribute is something that has only certain valid values. Lithology possibly faces our examples. For lithology, it could be very simply shale and sand. Maybe shale is equal to zero, sand is equal to one.


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[Assistant] Alright, also in review, how to create those


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[Assistant] Right click on the Attributes file in a WellTops folder. Come down here, say Insert New Attribute. Tell it what type of attribute it's going to be. Continuous. Go to the Info tab. Set the name. Set the template.


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[Assistant] Log it's coming from, what method it's coming from, and then hit the run button. The attribute is created down at the bottom of the attributes folder in the welltops file.


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[Assistant] Use the make surface tool in the utilities group on many of the ribbons and it brings up the make edit surface area.


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[Assistant] Use the blue arrow to put it in as main input and then the attributes for the zones will become available down here into the attribute area.


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[Assistant] Here we have the attributes that are created for the zones. If we had picked one of the tops,


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[Assistant] Top Tarbert, Tarbert 2, whatever, and put in here is the main input. We would only be able to see the attributes for the tops and not for the zones. So make sure you put in one of these zone names.


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[Assistant] Now there are six different zones in our example here. We could either do the surface creation six different times or we can come over here again to the top of the make edit surface.


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[Assistant] And check the box in front of run for all main input in the same folder.


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[Assistant] And no matter which one of these we put in, the trail will then make us a surface for all six of them or however many zones we have in our well tops area.


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[Assistant] Surface, getting them from a line file, but this needs to be set up somewhere. Then go over to the algorithm tab.


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[Assistant] Once again, Petrel has quite a few algorithms. Convergent interpolation often does good on petrophysical work, so we're going to try that here. Now, some of the parameters that we have not discussed before.


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[Assistant] Values do not get too far away from our measured values. So to use simple numbers,


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[Assistant] We can say I want it to not go more than 10% above


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[Assistant] Or 10% below the measured values, so.


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[Assistant] If our values go from .1 and .2, patrol will not let the maximum value be above .21.


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[Assistant] And you notice this has to have a minus 10 down here for the minimum value. This box over here is important.


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[Assistant] If that box is not checked, these are just hard numbers, 10 and minus 10. So in this case we want it to be 10% below, 10% above, so we make sure those percent boxes are checked.


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[Assistant] And change the minimum and maximum z values. And we can say I want it truncated at 1 in the maximum


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[Assistant] Truncate it down to zero and the minimum then no matter what, it will not go below zero, it will not go above one. When we've done that, click the apply button.


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[Assistant] If one of them doesn't match, well just rebuild that one. But this one will build six. They might all work perfectly. You might only have to change one or two.


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[Assistant] Again, all the different algorithms in Petrel around the data, they will match the data, but in between there are a lot of different


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[Assistant] Attributes the same way and you'll have grids for all of them that you need for going into volumetrics later on.


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[Assistant] If you want to grow up to be a big strong pea, you have to eat your candy.


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[Assistant] The end. Hi, Masaw. Hi, Kylie. Hi, Eram. Hi, Tiffy.


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[Assistant] I'll tell you what, Lily. To say thank you for finding my winch handle. You can have anything you want from the ship house store.


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[Assistant] That sounds like fun. I suppose you have found me now.


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[Assistant] I was hiding too, but Lily found me. Splat Ball is fun on her.


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[Assistant] My pleasure shipmates. I'll just tie up the lila here and I'll see you at the picnic.


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[Assistant] Mmmmm. Tastier than a pickled winkle.


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[Assistant] Do we have to take the planter to the market, Dad? Can we keep it?


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[Assistant] I was trying to tell you, Salty, but you wouldn't listen.


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[Assistant] I know just what to do. Oh, what's up, Salty?


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[Assistant] It's time to go home now.


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[Assistant] Oh, that's not very helpful. Oh, so I don't get a badge then? No.


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[Assistant] Ali's Halloween by Olivier Dunrea.


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[Assistant] This is Gassi. She is a wizard.


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[Assistant] This is Gertie. She is a chicken.


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[Assistant] This is Petey. He is a dragon.


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[Assistant] This is Boo Boo. She is a bunny.


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[Assistant] It's Halloween night. A night to beware. A night to scare. Goslings are on the prowl.


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[Assistant] Hooting like owls, howling like wolves.


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[Assistant] Creeping through bogs, scaring frogs.


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[Assistant] Petey and Boo Boo creep behind the beehives.


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[Assistant] Gussie and Gertie gobble treats in the haystacks.


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[Assistant] Petey and Boo Boo gobble treats in the corn stalks.


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[Assistant] Ollie stares at a ghost in the open barn door. Boo! shouts Ollie.


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[Assistant] It's Halloween night. A night to beware. A night to scare.


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[Assistant] Thunder rumbles. Lightning flashes. Goslings run back to the barn.


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[Assistant] Gassi and Gertie, Pedia and Boo Boo feast on the last pile of treats.


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[Assistant] The I direction is the same as X and the J direction is the same as Y. Petra uses this terminology just in case there is some rotation in your surface.


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[Assistant] This surface will be changed to match that configuration.


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[Assistant] So you should make a copy of this surface before you come in and do any of this editing if you want to keep it or make a copy anyhow just in case you mess up in the editing and you can get back if you need to to where you started.


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[Assistant] I personally think there are fewer clicks in the more tab than in the same operations over here in the operations tab so I use it here but all of these


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[Assistant] Cheerio, Lily! Give Hatsy my best, now.


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[Assistant] Have you heard any imputation to the contrary? Oh, no, no, no, no, no. My reason in saying that he's a good man is to have you understand me that he is sufficient.


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[Assistant] What is history? It is something written by the winners.


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[Assistant] There is a stereotype that history should be focused on the rulers, like Lenin or Trotsky.


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[Assistant] As a result, people in many countries like mine, Russia,


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[Assistant] Look at history as something that was predetermined or determined by the leaders. And common people could not influence it in any way.


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[Assistant] Many Russians today do not believe that Russia could ever have been or ever will be a truly democratic nation, and this is due to the way history has been framed by the citizens of Russia. And this is not true.


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[Assistant] To prove it, I spent two years of my life trying to go 100 years back.


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[Assistant] To the year 1917, the year of the Russian Revolution.


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[Assistant] I asked myself, what if the internet and Facebook existed 100 years ago? So?


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[Assistant] Last year, we built a social network for the dead people named project1917.com.


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[Assistant] My team and I created our software, digitized and uploaded all possible real diaries and letters written by


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[Assistant] More than 3,000 people 100 years ago. So any user of our website or application can follow in use feed for each day of 1917 and read what people like Stravinsky or Trotsky, Lenin or Pavlova and others thought and felt.


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[Assistant] We watch all those personalities being ordinary people, like you and me, not demi-guts.


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[Assistant] Our project was a shock for many Russians who used to think that our country


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[Assistant] Has always been an autocratic empire, and the ideas of freedom and democracy could never have prevailed just because democracy was not our destiny. But if we take a broader look, it's not that black and white.


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[Assistant] Yes, 1917 led to 70 years of communist dictatorship.