[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so that, that's basically the basic covering, coverage of the small signal model and what that leads us in terms of the lower frequency and higher frequency behavior. We'll apply these models extensively in design and analysis of circuits going forward. Any questions? Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three years ago, the demon of power attacked our kingdom. The demon kidnapped the queen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I sent soldiers to fight the demon and bring back my wife. But the demon was too powerful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because once we make the small signal perspective assumption, then there are a lot of more things that we can say about it. Of course we know that we are making another simplifying assumption, perhaps a big one, but it's important for us. And now the beauty of this thing is that the small signal model of these three look very similar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, specially, specially since for the case of MOSFET, we saw that the body effect does not play a role. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because of the fact that the two sources are at the same voltage. So as long as there's no degeneration there,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those two sources remain at the same voltage, so the body effect is not going to play a role. So you really don't have to think about the back gate transistor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And what that does, it enables you, I mean for the most part, there's some scenarios for the common-mode calculations that you may need to take into account, but for most cases you don't need to worry about it. And what that does is that it allows you to look at essentially the same model for all three of them, for everything essentially.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not all three of them, for any kind of three terminal device. And deal with that. So let's do it for the bipolar one, uh, quickly. We have it down up there. And then the MOSFET one, we'll talk about it as we go, see how it's different. So in the bipolar, we have alpha Rm, right? And then we have alpha Ie. This being Ie. So let's call it alpha Rm here. And then that goes, if you look at the differential pair that we have up there, you have the Rc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this is that common terminal. So, then you have the other transistor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The RC, of course it's connected to ground because it's connected to VCC, which is an AC ground. So this is VO plus VO minus. And this is again alpha RM, this is IE, well this is really IE1, IE2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is alpha IE 2, this is alpha IE 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what do we have in the bottom? Well, if you look at our differential pair up there, the differential pair that we are starting with, the way we've drawn it, so let's, let's get rid of these for now. Let's go back to the standard one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, if I kept it this way, if I kept it really like this, what do we see? When we go to small single model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Open circuit, right? That would be it. Whatever we had here would be it. There's nothing here. So let's make it even more interesting. Let's make it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make some sort of, make it non-ideal. Let's say you have some REE, some output resistance, so you have some non-ideal current source, and if then in that case still the current source becomes


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A short open circuit, right? An open circuit. What is left would be just the REE, right? As a result. So you have the REE.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, that's the equivalent model for essentially all of them. Now, if you have a MOSFET, alpha is 1, in this case. And we are ignoring RO in these things for now. So, in all of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But let's, let's see how that behaves. So all of them are essentially the same thing. Now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's think about it. Let's say you have your input voltage. We talked about this last time. If you have some Vi plus and some Vi minus, then you could write a Vid


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is v i plus minus v i minus, and then v i c, that's a differential one, and this is the common mode one, which is v i plus plus v i minus divided by two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course these two can be converted into this combination as we did this last time. So you have a v i c.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you can break that into easily into two different pieces. You can say I have the differential part that can be written as VID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over 2 and negative VID over 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that's what you would get if you solve for this. Because you can say Vi plus is going to be Vic plus Vid over 2. And Vi minus is going to be, if you solve very quickly, you will see Vic minus Vid over 2. So this equivalent circuit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can call them V, last time I think we called them V1 and V2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now if I can apply this thing, this equivalent circuit to that. You say, well, what good is it? You took two voltage sources, made them into three. Well, it's good because now we are dealing with linear circuits, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unlike before when we were talking about nonlinear large signal stuff, now we are dealing with linear circuit, and linear circuits have this wonderful property called superposition. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now you can apply these independently and see how it behaves. So you can apply these two together and then you can apply this independently to both terminals and see what the behavior looks like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that leads, those, those two lead to two different equivalent circuits, actually, simplified equivalent circuits. We call them equivalent half circuits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's apply the differential because that's the part you really care about, right? You start with the thing that you care about and then you worry about the things you care about less. So if I just, if you just apply those things, if you apply


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] VID over 2 and half VID over 2 here. Negative, I'm sorry, negative half VID over 2. So this is plus and minus. That's a purely differential signal. There's a key observation to be made here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to think about that, think about a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those two resistors are equal, equal, right? They're both alpha rms, or if they were MOSFET they would be rms, right? And you're applying opposite voltages to the two ends. What's happening to that red cap?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if it's constant, then we have another theorem from network theory that comes and helps us. It's the substitution theorem. It says if the voltage of a node is known to be a certain value,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can always replace that node with a voltage source of that value. What is that value?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, it's not only constant, but it's actually something, a special constant. Because they're going in opposite directions, so that's zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So this voltage is identically zero for this kind of perturbation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Therefore I can replace it with a voltage source of value zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Agreed? You good? You don't look completely convinced. What's bothering you? Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you, if you have a question. So think about it this way. Think about it that these two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Initially are at zero, right? So this is, this voltage is zero, this voltage is zero, the middle point is zero. This goes up a little bit, this goes down by the same amount. That will remain at zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a linear circuit, you can replace it with a voltage source of zero value, short circuit, done. So now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this is short circuited, then you can see the left half and right half of the circuit are basically set. First of all, this guy doesn't matter anymore. This RE is irrelevant, because it's short circuited on both sides.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can actually see that you have two half-circuits that are independent. So this one wouldn't matter. Right? These are the two things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can remove this, nothing will happen, right? We do it all the time when we draw circuits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I basically have two identical half circuits. So what I need to really do is look at one half of them and analyze that. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is VID over 2. What is this voltage if this was purely differential? Do you agree that this voltage would be VOD? That's the definition of VOD, right? And do you agree by symmetry or anti-symmetry really?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This would be then VOD over 2, and this would be negative VOD over 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, you could say that the equivalent half circuit equivalent for this is this circuit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that's basically what the equivalent half circuit looks like, so this is VID over 2, and this is VOD over 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can even think about it that way, realizing that this is the circuit, but when we are doing this, we are really thinking about the small signal part of this, which is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this is vid over 2, this is gonna be gm vid over 2, and the total current through here. That's the total current drawn. So if I ask you what's the gain of the stage, we need to determine one thing. We know the drive, we know the second thing. We know the current drive, we know we need the second thing. What is the second thing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do we know? What we know is that the ratio of Vod over 2 divided by Vid over 2 is going to be negative gm


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what is this quantity? Well, this is Vod over Vid, right? The halves cancel, which is by definition,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the differential gain of this stage is the differential gain of the common emitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You remember how we constructed this to begin with? We took two common emitters, had them share the same current. Little caveat here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now these two transistors are sharing the same current. So for example, if they were BJTs, the GM of each one of them, if you were running it off of one milliamp, means that each one of them in balance case gets half a milliamp. So your GM is going to be half that of a single stage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have to think about that, think about it that way. So you get half as much GM because of this, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, a MOSFET is less pronounced because it's square root dependence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a specific thing, but the benefits definitely outweigh the disadvantage in many, many, many cases. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good question. So, so the question is here, if you, you remember we had, we talked about this before, say well, look, you know, if you wanted to expand the range, we put two resistors here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now let's think about half circuit in that case. Now, still,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you look at your model, your equivalent small sigma model,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we did this, right, so then these two resistors will be here, and this would be, so this would be REE, and these are REs. Again, between these four resistors, this point is still grout, symmetrical. Well, it's really anti-symmetrical.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this resistor still disappears, because it's shorted by that voltage source of zero volts, right? These two don't. So what would happen to my equivalent model? So my equivalent model, in that case, becomes alpha Rm, Re,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you remember we did analyze these things. That's why we spent so much time analyzing these things. So now we can actually use that result very quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to really care about that, but just ballpark. It's this divided by this plus RM.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The gain of this thing now is rc divided by rm, alpha rm. Let's say rm plus re, right? It's really alpha here, alpha there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think this is probably more meaningful. Uh, but anyway. So, you can see that the gain is reduced by a factor of 1 plus GMRC.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] R-E. Yes, thank you. This is R-E. G-M-R-E. One plus G-M-R-E, not G-M-R-C-C. I misspoke. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it's basically, it's reduced by a factor of gmRe, and if Re is zero, then it goes back to what it was. It's Rc over Rm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's what it really is. The ratio of the gain has to be a ratio, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so that's basically the basic differential operation. How about the common mode?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is, this is good, we can calculate what this is. So this was the differential equivalent half circuit. So let's go back to this circuit. If I, did I answer your question?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's it. So the question is that in the common mode would it be in constant equation or not? Let me erase this and then at the end remind me again and then we'll talk about it. Because that's a good, great, that's a great, that's another great question. So I'm gonna remove these guys again. Put back this thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And keep this resistor here. So now, what we are doing, we are changing this, right? We are going back to the, now we are talking about the common mode. Let's talk about the common mode mode. So we have VIC here, and VIC there. It's the same thing. Essentially they are both connected to the same thing. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what can I say about this terminal? Can I say this voltage is zero? Or doesn't change? That midpoint? No. That midpoint now, you're pushing both sides up and down. So that midpoint is going up and down. So, are we done? Can't do anything about it? Well, we can be a little clever about this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The problem here is that this guy is not disappearing obviously, right? This is, this is still there. Because that voltage is changing, so you can't replace it with a fixed voltage source of any value. Therefore, this guy is not going to disappear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I want, and you can see that's, that's kind of a sore spot, right? I mean, in the sense that it's just like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's sticking in the metal, it's messing up my symmetry. This is really symmetrical, actually. Not anti-symmetrical.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you think of making this, how we can make this symmetric? Do you agree that I can?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take this and replace it with two resistors on each side, if they're each two REEs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you agree that this is equivalent to that? Because the parallel combination of two REs, two two REs is RE. REE. Right? So, we can do that. Now, let's ask another question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's ask the question of what is this current? Alright, I'm gonna actually ask you this different question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which way is this current flowing? Is it flowing from left to right or from right to left? Which, what's the direction of this current? See, that's like a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Funny way to ask the same question, but it kind of elucidates why the answer is what it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you say left to right, I'll show you the mirror image, I take a mirror and show it to you in the mirror, and say well, now it's going from right to left. So there's only one thing that satisfies both of these things. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this current has to be zero. Now, substitution theorem again, our friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What can you replace it with? With a current source of value zero, which is an open circuit, so I can open this circuit, and nothing will happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are on firm ground, because we understand our network theory theorems. Fully. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this is a different half circuit, right? This is not the same half circuit. This is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I draw the half circuit even like in transistor form, and it can be MOSFET or bipolar, doesn't matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Drain or output terminal divided by the total resistance in the terminal 1, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Total resistance in terminal 2, total resistance in terminal 1. Total resistance in terminal 2 or output. Now if this were drain, this would be Rd. Okay? So, that gain, a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The common mode, which is defined as VOC divided by VIC, is going to be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rc, well there's a negative, I can forget that there. Uh, but I had forgotten it here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a negative rc, well there's alpha rc in the case of a bipolar, doesn't matter really, uh, divided by rm plus 2re. It's really alpha rm and alpha here, and alpha here and alpha there, doesn't matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, which you can also write as, again multiply by gm, you can write as negative gmrc divided by 1 plus 2gmreee.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this game, let's compare these two games with this game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is it, what is the primary function? Amplify the differential.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And attenuate or amplify the common mode less, right? How much less?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that thing has a name. The ratio of these two games is called common mode rejection ratio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, common mode rejection ratio, or CMRR for short, is defined as AV differential divided by AV common mode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you divide these two by each other, you clearly see it's 1 plus 2 g m r e e.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now, right there you can see, the better your current source,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The more your common mode rejection ratio, at least in this form, would be, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because the better your current, your tail current source, the higher REE is, and therefore this ratio becomes larger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or in general, whatever the impedance of that current source is. Does it make sense?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is called common water definition. Now, if you had those resistors, going back to your question, what would happen? If there were two resistors here, really, you kept them, right? The REs. What would they, where would they appear? Well, they would appear, they were here before, before we,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Open this thing. They were here, right? R-E and R-E.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what would happen when we open this? I still can open it. When we open it, then I have an RE here that I have to deal with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So that would just add to this list. Now, if that resistor, if you actually used it for making the, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now in this case, essentially even like a lot of this thing you can see for, for useful, for a stage worth of salt, this is probably going to be much larger than one. So essentially it's going to be 2GMRE.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's see where this takes us. So this was a basic stage, right? I mean, this was like, this was the basic understanding of the differential input and output. So the other thing that we need to do and talk about a little bit, and again, this is exactly the same thing if it were a MOSFET. So I could redraw these circuits and say, look, hey, where is this thing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I could redraw this with a MOSFET.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, what the exact value of GM is, that would depend on the device.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But from a small signal perspective, they are still the same. Now the other thing that we need to do a quick calculation on, and it's not that hard, but it's just important to do quickly. If I ask you, what is the input resistance of this stage? Right? Let's go back, and let's get rid of these for, for the time being. And I'm asking you, what is the input resistance of this stage? Well, if you're talking about the different input resistances,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The resistance you see from a differential perspective is different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Because there are different modes of operation. And this is important to remember. The differential resistance presented can be different from what common mode looks like. So what would, what do you think it is? Intuitively.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have, what do you see looking into the, if that's a differential, we're talking about differential operation, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each one of them is just, we said it's a, this is a what we call a virtual ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, you have a common emitter on this side and a common emitter on this side, with no degeneration. What is the input resistance of a common emitter with no degeneration? You're looking into the base of a transistor whose emitter is grounded. rpi. So you see one rpi on this side and one rpi on the other side. 2rpi. The input resistance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you, if you're not convinced, what we could do, we could go to the small signal model,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They could, half-circuit equivalent. And we will see that you have VID over 2 here. And then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the differential equivalent circuit, and then if this was VID to begin with, so VID over 2, sorry, VID over 2,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this would be Ix. So let's say Vx over 2 and Ix. Vx over 2 over Ix is our pi. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because this resistance is rpi. Yes, it is, this is alpha rm, but there's this current that cuts the current, that cuts this current by a factor of 1 minus alpha. And as a result, this becomes multiplied by beta plus 1, so it becomes rm times beta, becomes rpi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] rpi, so the ratio of vx over 2, so vx over 2 divided by ix is rpi. Therefore vx over ix is going to be 2rpi. This 2 goes to the other side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simple as that. So, from a differential perspective, it's just basically 2rpi. What is the common mode input resistance?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I'm gonna put these connections back. This is now the common mode half circuit equivalent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, from a common law perspective, this is what you see. Right? On each side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So whatever each one of them presents, it would be half of that. Because you have two of it in parallel. You have one on this side and one on this side. The same source, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looking into here, what do you see? Or looking into here? Well, looking into here, this is easy. For MOSFET, it's very easy. Low frequency stuff, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At low frequency, classic MOSFET model, infinity anyway. Two times infinity is still infinity. Or, but now, what is this resistance? For one of them. For common mode now. For bipolar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that's for half of it. That's for one of them. They're in parallel, so it would be this thing, or two, I'm gonna say two. There's a two here. Divided by two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the total input resistance for common mode would be this thing divided by 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which would be r pi over 2 plus beta r e. r e e.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, if you take these two results together and combine them, you can see that the input equivalent circuit looks like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see, it gives you the correct value for both the differential and single-ended value. If I apply just differential signal, this node is going to be differential ground. So this resistor is not going to do anything, I see two r-pi's. In series.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I do common mode, these two are shorted together, so you see rpi over 2, so they're gonna be parallel, because these two terminals will be shorted together if it's common mode, right? This is gonna be rpi over 2 plus beta re.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's why we're doing some of these bipolar things also kind of like in the bipolar, because that's more general. It shows you the more general case. Uh, any questions?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, I'm gonna use a bipolar one because that's probably, and then we'll do a MOSFET one, so to have both versions in your repertoire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the differential part. Let's say you have a tail current source with a parallel resistor. Let's say this is 200 microamps. Let's say this is 100 kilo ohms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, and let's say my supply is, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now, what would you pick the value of RC to be? How would you pick the value of RC?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say this is 5 volts. Now, you can't answer that question without me telling you what your common mode range is. Because if your common mode range is pretty high,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Means that these transistors can go into saturation very quickly. Because you can forward bias to junction very quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this kind of stage, if it's NMOS based, this is good if your common mode reference is not going to be very high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, if it's very low, then you'll run into another problem, because this is not really going to be a current source, this is going to be another transistor, so then you will crunch it. Because, let's say your input range


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's .5 volts. Let's go to common mode of the input is .5, right? You need the .7 here to turn it on, roughly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And then you need another 0.1 or 0.2 for this to not go into saturation, at least a 0.1 or 0.2. So you need at least 0.9, let's say a volt. If you go below a volt of 0.9 volts, the input common mode level, the DC level of the input.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it goes below that, then your transistor starts crunching and going to saturation and all bets are off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, it depends on this RC, because when 200 milliamps goes through this RC, that will be the lowest voltage this node will have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if I pick this to be, let's say my RC to be 5 kilo ohms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's 0.2 milliamps, 0.2 times 5. What's 0.2 times 5?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can be, you don't, it can go almost .5 above that. So this can be as high as 4.5 volts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just turn this diode on. Uh, the other way. Uh, sorry, the other way. Yeah, this direction. So it means that if this is at one volt, this can be half a volt above that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A common mode tray. This is DC. This has nothing to do with the differential.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because you will see that when you're cascading stages, you have to think about what the input ranges and output ranges are. So you have to think about what the common mode values are that you can keep there. Otherwise, you may think that, okay, all my small signal calculations work nicely, I plug it in, and instead of gain of 100,000, I'm getting a gain of 0.2. And you say, what's happening? Well, your transistors are not properly biased.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, so let's say we are in that range of operation. Let's see what kind of gain we get from something like this. What is the gain? Uh, well, what gain? That's the question, right? The most important one is differential gain. So well, for differential gain, we have to look at differential half-circuits. What is a differential half-circuit? It's this thing. It's just that. Right? What is the gain of that thing? It's neg- so, AB differential.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we haven't gotten to our, wait, if 5k is probably going to be lower than your RO. Like, that's why, if you're in doubt, let's calculate the RO. RO is going to be VA over IC. I didn't tell you what VA is, let's say it's 100 volts. 100 volts divided by 100 microamps. It's 1 over micro. It's a mega. Right? So it's 1 megaohm. So you have 1 megaohm in parallel with 5 kiloohms. It's 5 kiloohms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what, and what is GM? So what is my GM? That's the first thing I should have calculated, really. Is IC over VT, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm running at, we know at 1 milliamp we have 40 millisiemens. So at 100 microamps, I have 4 millisiemens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a ratio of 5 kiloohms divided by 25 ohms. Or 4 millisiemens times 5 kiloohms. Which is what?


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[Assistant] Now again, it's not AMAZING the hype, it's just like, yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, yes. So, yeaah. So, but it's basically 20, gain of points.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, now, fine, so that's a differential gain. Sounds reasonable. I mean, it's not very high. We'll make him higher as we go. But, it has at least some gain. How about common mode gain?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Into two, two, uh, two, two hundred kilo ohms. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we said that if both of them are going up and down, that midpoint is going to have carry no current, because this will disappear anyway in the small sigma, because it's constant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the equivalent half circuit for that one would be two REE and RC.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the gain for this is simply the ratio of this to the total resistance there. So the gain is going to be negative RC divided by alpha RM or RM plus


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So your common mode gain is 20 divided by 800. Right? It's 1 over 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It amplifies your differential signal by a factor of 20. It attenuates your common mode, in this example, by a factor of 40.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Roughly what is it? Negative 5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? Why? Because it's the ratio of the total collector resistance to the total emitter resistance. So it's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 500, 5 kilo ohm divided by 1.25 kilo ohms. So it's a little bit less than 5, right, or whatever. 4.0. So, that's what you're-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Differential gain is gonna be, because if you think about the differential half-circuit, basically you're grounding here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have a circuit that looks like that, except for the fact that this is 5 kilo ohm and now this is 1 kilo ohm. This guy. Now, what is your common mode gain?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's, what's the ratio, what's the common mode rejection ratio? So you get basically one kilo ohm added to this, uhm, 200 kilo ohm. It's gonna be still 200 kilo ohm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For all intents and purposes, right? So it's just the ratio, the reduction ratio is the same. So your common mode rejection ratio is the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yes, both of them went down, but the ratio remained the same. I mean, a little bit larger, tiny bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not massively. So, that's fine. There's another variation on this, so that's the last thing we're gonna do, uh, for today, is, you can achieve this in a different way. And, it's interesting to think about it. You can do it this way. I can do it bipolar or muscle, so I'm gonna do muscle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We should call it RS now. And this is ISS over 2. And ISS over 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I were to draw equivalent half circuits for differential and common mode, how would they look like? Well, let's start with the differential. For the differential, what should we do with the resistor?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Split it exactly, some of you are doing this, which is exactly the right thing. Split it into two. So write it as two REEs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now it's easy to see where the differential ground is, if you have differential input, right? Where is the differential ground? It's in the middle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this one disappears in a small signal model, of course. So what do you have? What's your gain? Now, Rd divided by Rm plus Re. It's the degenerate case, right? Which I don't know. We didn't write it anywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's basically the same thing. The same thing as having these resistors here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At least from this calculation perspective. Now, how about the common mode?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So is there a fundamental difference between this circuit and this circuit?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not at this level, right? Again, difference between math and physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From what we saw, I mean, the math is correct, so I mean I can just put this back again, back in again, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In that expression, but other than that, any practical difference? Do you think that practically this is better, or that is better, or when one is better than the other one, or are they the same? Think about the age discussion we had about matching before the break, right? Let's put it in that context.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well yeah, even if it's non-uniform, you naturally will form the common-mode point wherever the half of it is, right? Or that differential. So that's great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, you've shifted the problem from one place to another. So now your current sources have to match.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is, which is fine. I mean exactly, that's the correct thing to say. So, which one is better? It depends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which, which, which has better matching. If you can match your resistors better, use this. And it changes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From process to process, from generational process to generational process, from decade to decade, things of that sort, the way that things are done would affect what the matching properties of these things are, and what the matching properties of these things are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if you can match your actives better,


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[Assistant] This is your better choice. If you can match your passives better, this is your choice.


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[Assistant] If you can't match either of them, either of them better, it doesn't matter, pick whatever works for you. Alright? Any questions? Alright? Well, see you next time.


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[Assistant] If you go to see him alone, he will be very happy.


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[Assistant] A beautiful woman sat in front of me.


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[Assistant] Fororunsa is Italy's most beautiful city.


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[Assistant] Hai xiao xi juan le dao tian, yan mo le cheng zhen.


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[Assistant] Give me a chance to make you proud of me.


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[Assistant] Every time I read the Bible, I am deeply moved.


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[Assistant] Jinguan tianqi hen leng, haizi qu meyou da yi chuan.


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[Assistant] We must learn to live in harmony with nature.


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[Assistant] This bus is full. You must wait for the next bus.


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[Assistant] When you are young, you should read more books.


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[Assistant] yí gè lǎo rén zài shù yīng xià xiú xǐ.


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[Assistant] During the summer vacation, I work in the post office.


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[Assistant] Hu shan de bin tai bao le, cheng shuo bu liang ni de zhong liang.


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[Assistant] Shiguo wufan hou, ta zunbei hao, yao chu men le.


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[Assistant] According to my estimate, he should be in India now.


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[Assistant] Scientists have not yet found a cure for cancer.


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[Assistant] The police collected a lot of evidence against him.


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[Assistant] The man sitting beside me spoke to me.


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[Assistant] Yi Zhen Leng Kong Qi Gua Guo Zeng Dong Fang Zi


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[Assistant] No one understands why an elephant suddenly attacks its owner.


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[Assistant] Today, you two left a deep impression on me. I am proud of you.


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[Assistant] Because I lived in Tokyo, I know this city very well.


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[Assistant] lao shi an zhao shen gao gei hai zi men pai dui.


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[Assistant] Go to Bo Minghan's train and depart from station 3.


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[Assistant] If I know the truth, I will tell you.


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[Assistant] We are looking forward to seeing you and your family.


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[Assistant] Laoban dui ni de gongzuo yu heng gao de pingjia.


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[Assistant] These days, I will pick a day to visit you.


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[Assistant] When he heard that news, he was moved and cried.


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[Assistant] Shui shi ye ti. Dong qilai jiu cheng le gu ti.


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[Assistant] I may have no money, but I still have my dignity.


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[Assistant] Weishengzhi yong wánle, wǒ bìxū qù mái.


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[Assistant] After reading his book, I feel like I can build a house.


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[Assistant] If you agree, I want to give him this job.


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[Assistant] He set a daily morning walk rule for himself.


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[Assistant] This plane can carry 40 people at a time.


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[Assistant] This book is easy enough for them to read.


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[Assistant] He is one of the greatest artists in Japan.


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[Assistant] The whole community is surprised by this news.


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[Assistant] Because my mother was ill, I stayed at home and didn't go to school.


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[Assistant] You'd better wear a sweater in your jacket.


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[Assistant] Hong se de qi dai biao you wei xian chun zai.


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[Assistant] He wrote him a long letter, but he didn't read it.


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[Assistant] For his important date, he dressed up.


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[Assistant] A good chef will not throw away yesterday's soup.


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[Assistant] If I had taken that plane, I would have died long ago.


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[Assistant] In the hospital, I had to smoke


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[Assistant] Russian Bejel Lake is the deepest lake in the world.


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[Assistant] Don't forget to post a post on your email.


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[Assistant] He waved his hand until the train disappeared from sight.


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[Assistant] English is not easy, but very interesting.


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[Assistant] If he studies hard, he will pass the exam.


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[Assistant] Gang ni jin ru li bei tang shi ba ni de mao zi tuo xia lai.


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[Assistant] This ladder, is it strong enough to bear my weight?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you buy me ice cream, I'll kiss you.


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[Assistant] When he found out that they didn't have a school yet, he started a school.


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[Assistant] Sir, that CD needs to be pre-ordered.


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[Assistant] He will give his photo to everyone he wants.


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[Assistant] If he is innocent, then his wife is guilty.


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[Assistant] Scientists can easily calculate the distance between the stars.


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[Assistant] Next week, I'm going to Vancouver to visit my sister.


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[Assistant] You remind me of a boy I used to know.


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[Assistant] Ju wo suo zhi, ta mei zuo cuo renhe shi.


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[Assistant] Ma Li Bu Qiong, Xiang Fan, Ta Xiang Dang Fu Yu.


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[Assistant] As long as you stay quiet, you can stay here.


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[Assistant] He left for France two months ago.


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[Assistant] If you leave Japan, I will miss you very much.


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[Assistant] The British capital London, in the Thames.


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[Assistant] Meiyou shimei bi zuo shi, quiefa reqing geng zao.


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[Assistant] That dog looks like he wants to eat something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you leave your bike in the rain, it will rust.


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[Assistant] As far as I know, this rumor is not true.


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[Assistant] When he came back from school, I met him.


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[Assistant] Rúguó nǐ bù néng yǒu háizi, nǐ zǒu néng liánnyàng.


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[Assistant] The lack of it has led to the emergence of various rumors.


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[Assistant] Men yī kāi, tāmen jiù tǎo zǒule.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yán sè wǒ suǒ wèi, gěi wǒ yī zhī bǐ jiù xíng le.


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[Assistant] Hu lian wang shi yi zhong wu fa gu liang de xin xi zi yuan.


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[Assistant] If the weather permits, we will depart in an hour.


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[Assistant] Everyone is eager to know what happened to the former champion.


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[Assistant] Can you please tell me how to get to the forest village?


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[Assistant] Please remind me to write the report tomorrow.


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[Assistant] That priest is a centipede spirit called the Demon Lord of Many Eyes. I am the only one who can defeat him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here Wukong, said the Bodhisattva, these pills will cure your companions.


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[Assistant] I will take the centipede with me to be punished. Wukong bowed. Thank you, Bodhisattva.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tire Town School. Episode 28. Pop!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eddie drove off again. Zippy followed.


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[Assistant] They both skidded. Suddenly, pop! Oh no! Eddie cried. My tire popped!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said Zippy. Mr. Grill frowned.


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[Assistant] Medicaid saved my family from bankruptcy, and today it provides for Guimong's health and for millions of others. Nuna is my love letter to Medicaid.


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[Assistant] Every row of data is a life whose story deserves to be told with dignity.


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[Assistant] The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I'll be able to answer them.


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[Assistant] The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I'll be able to answer them.


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[Assistant] The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I'll be able to answer them.


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[Assistant] Robert was so busy, he had to turn down an invitation to play golf.


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[Assistant] Robert was so busy, he had to turn down an invitation to play golf.


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[Assistant] Robert was so busy, he had to turn down an invitation to play golf.


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[Assistant] They built up 25 stories on one side and 35 stories on the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They built up 25 stories on one side and 35 stories on the other.


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[Assistant] They built up 25 stories on one side and 35 stories on the other.


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[Assistant] For instance, what would you have done if you were in my place?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For instance, what would you have done if you were in my place?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For instance, what would you have done if you were in my place?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Though she was only 12 years old, Susan knew how to make a living.


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[Assistant] Tom has always done well in every job he has had.


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[Assistant] Tom has always done well in every job he has had.


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[Assistant] Tom has always done well in every job he has had.


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[Assistant] We should bear in mind, what is called wisdom is not a mere item of knowledge.


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[Assistant] We should bear in mind, what is called wisdom is not a mere item of knowledge.


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[Assistant] We should bear in mind, what is called wisdom is not a mere item of knowledge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I felt relieved when all the troubles were taken care of.


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[Assistant] I felt relieved when all the troubles were taken care of.


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[Assistant] I felt relieved when all the troubles were taken care of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sperm whale can dive to a depth of 1000 meters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sperm whale can dive to a depth of 1000 meters.


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[Assistant] The sperm whale can dive to a depth of 1000 meters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's easy to lose track of time when you are in Las Vegas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's easy to lose track of time when you are in Las Vegas.


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[Assistant] It's easy to lose track of time when you are in Las Vegas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tony went to Boston for the purpose of carrying out an important business transaction.


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[Assistant] Tony went to Boston for the purpose of carrying out an important business transaction.


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[Assistant] Tony went to Boston for the purpose of carrying out an important business transaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to the news report, the ruling coalition has secured 72 seats as of 5pm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to the news report, the ruling coalition has secured 72 seats as of 5pm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to the news report, the ruling coalition has secured 72 seats as of 5pm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Forks and chopsticks became popular because they could easily handle hot food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Forks and chopsticks became popular because they could easily handle hot food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Forks and chopsticks became popular because they could easily handle hot food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In such countries as Norway and Finland, they have lots of snow in winter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In such countries as Norway and Finland, they have lots of snow in winter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In such countries as Norway and Finland, they have lots of snow in winter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] TV is harmful in that it keeps your mind in a passive state.


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[Assistant] TV is harmful in that it keeps your mind in a passive state.


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[Assistant] TV is harmful in that it keeps your mind in a passive state.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The jet travels about three times as fast as the speed of sound.


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[Assistant] The jet travels about three times as fast as the speed of sound.


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[Assistant] The jet travels about three times as fast as the speed of sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this secret code, each number stands for a letter of the alphabet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this secret code, each number stands for a letter of the alphabet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this secret code, each number stands for a letter of the alphabet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't think of the right words with which to express my thanks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't think of the right words with which to express my thanks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't think of the right words with which to express my thanks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no room to study here. If only I had a room of my own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no room to study here. If only I had a room of my own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no room to study here. If only I had a room of my own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pigeons can find their way home with the help of the Earth's magnetic field.


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[Assistant] Pigeons can find their way home with the help of the Earth's magnetic field.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pigeons can find their way home with the help of the Earth's magnetic field.


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[Assistant] The explanation below was achieved by comparing and contrasting a variety of different theories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The explanation below was achieved by comparing and contrasting a variety of different theories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The explanation below was achieved by comparing and contrasting a variety of different theories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How long does it take to go from here to the Hilton Hotel?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What would become of our city if an earthquake were to hit it?


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[Assistant] What would become of our city if an earthquake were to hit it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What would become of our city if an earthquake were to hit it?


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[Assistant] I can't agree to your proposal on the ground that it is not fair and reasonable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't agree to your proposal on the ground that it is not fair and reasonable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't agree to your proposal on the ground that it is not fair and reasonable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This meeting is a waste of time. Everybody is just talking in vague, theoretical terms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This meeting is a waste of time. Everybody is just talking in vague, theoretical terms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This meeting is a waste of time. Everybody is just talking in vague theoretical terms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you put more tea leaves into the pot, the tea will taste better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you put more tea leaves into the pot, the tea will taste better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you put more tea leaves into the pot, the tea will taste better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Geometry, about which I know nothing, seems like a very dull subject.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Geometry, about which I know nothing, seems like a very dull subject.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Geometry, about which I know nothing, seems like a very dull subject.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can know the past, but the future we can only feel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can know the past, but the future we can only feel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can know the past, but the future we can only feel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When she returned home from school, she began to help her mother in the kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When she returned home from school, she began to help her mother in the kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When she returned home from school, she began to help her mother in the kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Computers will save you much time and energy when you deal with figures and graphs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Computers will save you much time and energy when you deal with figures and graphs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Computers will save you much time and energy when you deal with figures and graphs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that you are a high school student, you are responsible for what you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that you are a high school student, you are responsible for what you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that you are a high school student, you are responsible for what you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I missed a step on the stairs, and I'm afraid I sprained my ankle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I missed a step on the stairs, and I'm afraid I sprained my ankle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I missed a step on the stairs, and I'm afraid I sprained my ankle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Kevin graduated from college in 1998, he began studying for a PhD in physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Kevin graduated from college in 1998, he began studying for a PhD in physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Kevin graduated from college in 1998, he began studying for a PhD in physics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The couple doesn't fight often these days, but they used to a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The couple doesn't fight often these days, but they used to a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The couple doesn't fight often these days, but they used to a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This will be a good opportunity for me to use my language skills to my advantage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This will be a good opportunity for me to use my language skills to my advantage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This will be a good opportunity for me to use my language skills to my advantage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we visited Washington DC, the capital of the United States of America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we visited Washington DC, the capital of the United States of America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we visited Washington DC, the capital of the United States of America.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will only consider placing an order if you reduce the price by 5%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will only consider placing an order if you reduce the price by 5%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will only consider placing an order if you reduce the price by 5%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Never did I dream that I would take first place in the piano contest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Never did I dream that I would take first place in the piano contest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Never did I dream that I would take first place in the piano contest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Air as well as sunlight is needless to say indispensable to our daily life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Air as well as sunlight is needless to say, indispensable to our daily life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Air as well as sunlight is needless to say, indispensable to our daily life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is still better is that the house has a beautiful garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is still better is that the house has a beautiful garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is still better is that the house has a beautiful garden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is better to take your time than to hurry and make mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is better to take your time than to hurry and make mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is better to take your time than to hurry and make mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number of Vietmanese students returning after life abroad has been increasing as of late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number of Vietmanese students returning after life abroad has been increasing as of late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number of Vietmanese students returning after life abroad has been increasing as of late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the mindset of a previous time. The current generation doesn't think that way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the mindset of a previous time. The current generation doesn't think that way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the mindset of a previous time. The current generation doesn't think that way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The street lined with trees provided a vista of the sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The street lined with trees provided a vista of the sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The street lined with trees provided a vista of the sea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If he had trained himself harder at that time, he would be healthier now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If he had trained himself harder at that time, he would be healthier now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If he had trained himself harder at that time, he would be healthier now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will take me 20 minutes to get to the station by taxi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will take me 20 minutes to get to the station by taxi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will take me 20 minutes to get to the station by taxi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While crossing the street on my way to school, I met with an accident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While crossing the street on my way to school, I met with an accident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While crossing the street on my way to school, I met with an accident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Indeed he is young, but he is well experienced for his age.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Indeed he is young, but he is well experienced for his age.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Indeed he is young, but he is well experienced for his age.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The doctor is looking for medicine that is effective for this illness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The doctor is looking for medicine that is effective for this illness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The doctor is looking for medicine that is effective for this illness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the London Underground, there is a warning to mind the gap when boarding the train.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the London Underground, there is a warning to mind the gap when boarding the train.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the London Underground, there is a warning to mind the gap when boarding the train.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On arriving at the station, I went to see my uncle at his office.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On arriving at the station, I went to see my uncle at his office.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On arriving at the station, I went to see my uncle at his office.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was raining and Kathy's long hair was completely wet by the time he got home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was raining, and Kathy's long hair was completely wet by the time he got home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was raining, and Kathy's long hair was completely wet by the time he got home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I remember it as if it were yesterday, but in reality, it was 15 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I remember it as if it were yesterday, but in reality, it was 15 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I remember it as if it were yesterday, but in reality, it was 15 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number of students going abroad to study is increasing each year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number of students going abroad to study is increasing each year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number of students going abroad to study is increasing each year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think my living with you has influenced your way of living.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think my living with you has influenced your way of living.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think my living with you has influenced your way of living.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everybody except the Anderson family is going to the party next Thursday evening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everybody except the Anderson family is going to the party next Thursday evening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everybody except the Anderson family is going to the party next Thursday evening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In most Japanese companies, only a few executives have a room to themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In most Japanese companies, only a few executives have a room to themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In most Japanese companies, only a few executives have a room to themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The English used in the composition is too good. She can't have written it herself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The English used in the composition is too good. She can't have written it herself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The English used in the composition is too good. She can't have written it herself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is so good to be able to speak a number of foreign languages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is so good to be able to speak a number of foreign languages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is so good to be able to speak a number of foreign languages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The victim is thought to have taken a large quantity of poison by mistake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The victim is thought to have taken a large quantity of poison by mistake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The victim is thought to have taken a large quantity of poison by mistake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will have been to Vancouver three times if I go once again this summer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will have been to Vancouver three times if I go once again this summer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will have been to Vancouver three times if I go once again this summer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this country, the average number of children per family fell from 2 to 1.5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this country, the average number of children per family fell from 2 to 1.5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this country, the average number of children per family fell from 2 to 1.5.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I never see this photo without being reminded of my happy days in the countryside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I never see this photo without being reminded of my happy days in the countryside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I never see this photo without being reminded of my happy days in the countryside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to spend my holidays reading history books or classics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to spend my holidays reading history books or classics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like to spend my holidays reading history books or classics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That job was not very interesting, but on the other hand, it was well paid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That job was not very interesting, but on the other hand, it was well paid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That job was not very interesting, but on the other hand, it was well paid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The candle grew shorter and shorter until at last it went out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The candle grew shorter and shorter until at last it went out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The candle grew shorter and shorter until at last it went out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had to push my bicycle because I had a flat tire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had to push my bicycle because I had a flat tire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had to push my bicycle because I had a flat tire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Feeling the house shake, I ran out into the yard at the back of the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Feeling the house shake, I ran out into the yard at the back of the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Feeling the house shake, I ran out into the yard at the back of the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Should he be given another chance, he would do his best.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Malicious gossip spreads like wildfire. I guess that's why they say bad news travels fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Malicious gossip spreads like wildfire. I guess that's why they say bad news travels fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Malicious gossip spreads like wildfire. I guess that's why they say bad news travels fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To know a language is one thing, and to teach it is another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To know a language is one thing, and to teach it is another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To know a language is one thing, and to teach it is another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On arriving at the station, I called a friend of mine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On arriving at the station, I called a friend of mine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On arriving at the station, I called a friend of mine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whichever way you may take, you can get to the station in about 10 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whichever way you may take, you can get to the station in about 10 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whichever way you may take, you can get to the station in about 10 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working part-time at a supermarket, I found that some customers were polite, whereas others weren't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working part-time at a supermarket, I found that some customers were polite, whereas others weren't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working part-time at a supermarket, I found that some customers were polite, whereas others weren't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to study abroad even if my parents are against it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to study abroad even if my parents are against it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to study abroad even if my parents are against it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Siberian Railway is at once the longest and best known railway in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Siberian Railway is at once the longest and best known railway in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Siberian Railway is at once the longest and best known railway in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once you've got into a bad habit, it can be difficult to get out of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once you've got into a bad habit, it can be difficult to get out of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once you've got into a bad habit, it can be difficult to get out of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The teacher had her eye on me because she thought I was cheating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The teacher had her eye on me because she thought I was cheating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The teacher had her eye on me because she thought I was cheating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the US, you usually have to show identification in order to buy alcohol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the US, you usually have to show identification in order to buy alcohol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the US, you usually have to show identification in order to buy alcohol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since then, he had put his whole soul into his work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since then, he had put his whole soul into his work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since then, he had put his whole soul into his work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until quite recently, most of the things we needed were made by hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until quite recently, most of the things we needed were made by hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until quite recently, most of the things we needed were made by hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The industrialist found a wealthy financier to help him weather the storm, which was inevitable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The industrialist found a wealthy financier to help him weather the storm, which was inevitable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The industrialist found a wealthy financier to help him weather the storm, which was inevitable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This novel is so easy that even a child can read it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This novel is so easy that even a child can read it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The engineer seeks not so much to know nature as to make use of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The engineer seeks not so much to know nature as to make use of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The engineer seeks not so much to know nature as to make use of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The children were so excited after the party that they couldn't sleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The children were so excited after the party that they couldn't sleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The children were so excited after the party that they couldn't sleep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nick can speak Portuguese very well. That's because he's been studying it for five years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nick can speak Portuguese very well. That's because he's been studying it for five years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nick can speak Portuguese very well. That's because he's been studying it for five years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the car on the way home, he was making plans for the next day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the car on the way home, he was making plans for the next day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Students are supposed to turn in reports at the end of the school year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Students are supposed to turn in reports at the end of the school year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Students are supposed to turn in reports at the end of the school year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To give up smoking is not easy, but you should for the sake of your health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To give up smoking is not easy, but you should for the sake of your health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To give up smoking is not easy, but you should for the sake of your health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To begin with, the funds are not sufficient for running a grocery store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To begin with, the funds are not sufficient for running a grocery store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To begin with, the funds are not sufficient for running a grocery store.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was obvious that the driver had not been careful enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was obvious that the driver had not been careful enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was obvious that the driver had not been careful enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He got angry because he thought everyone was trying to make a fool of him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He got angry because he thought everyone was trying to make a fool of him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He got angry because he thought everyone was trying to make a fool of him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was a benevolent old man who volunteered to mow his neighbor's lawns for free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was a benevolent old man who volunteered to mow his neighbor's lawns for free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was a benevolent old man who volunteered to mow his neighbor's lawns for free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've talked over this matter in detail for half an hour already. Let's finish it off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've talked over this matter in detail for half an hour already. Let's finish it off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've talked over this matter in detail for half an hour already. Let's finish it off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we were on the brink of starvation, they saved our lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we were on the brink of starvation, they saved our lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we were on the brink of starvation, they saved our lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If she should come to Japan, Jane would be very happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If she should come to Japan, Jane would be very happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If she should come to Japan, Jane would be very happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those brothers were both over six feet in height. That's indeed tall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cassette tapes seem to have given way to compact discs in popularity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cassette tapes seem to have given way to compact discs in popularity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cassette tapes seem to have given way to compact discs in popularity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] May Day is also a festival day for the workers in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] May Day is also a festival day for the workers in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] May Day is also a festival day for the workers in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We hope you will understand the difficult circumstances we're working under.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We hope you will understand the difficult circumstances we're working under.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We hope you will understand the difficult circumstances we're working under.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I was at a loss what to do, I asked my teacher for advice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I was at a loss what to do, I asked my teacher for advice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I was at a loss what to do, I asked my teacher for advice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some scientists predict that the world oil reserves will be used up within a century.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some scientists predict that the world oil reserves will be used up within a century.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some scientists predict that the world oil reserves will be used up within a century.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bath was not hot enough, and I was unable to enjoy it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bath was not hot enough, and I was unable to enjoy it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bath was not hot enough, and I was unable to enjoy it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of us are connected with the past and the future as well as the present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of us are connected with the past and the future as well as the present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of us are connected with the past and the future as well as the present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where on earth do you suppose she is going in the dead of night?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where on earth do you suppose she is going in the dead of night?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where on earth do you suppose she is going in the dead of night?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] New York is one of the cities that I previously thought that I wanted to visit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] New York is one of the cities that I previously thought that I wanted to visit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] New York is one of the cities that I previously thought that I wanted to visit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When it began to rain, she told her son to take in the washing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When it began to rain, she told her son to take in the washing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When it began to rain, she told her son to take in the washing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The past can only be known, not changed. The future can only be changed, not known.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The past can only be known, not changed. The future can only be changed, not known.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The past can only be known, not changed. The future can only be changed, not known.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider can produce a silky substance from tiny openings on its underside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider can produce a silky substance from tiny openings on its underside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A spider can produce a silky substance from tiny openings on its underside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I shall graduate from middle school in one and a half years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I shall graduate from middle school in one and a half years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I shall graduate from middle school in one and a half years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mary claimed that the handbag had been a present from her husband.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mary claimed that the handbag had been a present from her husband.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should make as much effort as possible in whatever you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You should make as much effort as possible in whatever you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the plant is completed next year, a new production manager will have to be hired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the plant is completed next year, a new production manager will have to be hired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the plant is completed next year, a new production manager will have to be hired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bear in mind that that school is an integrated junior high and high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bear in mind that that school is an integrated junior high and high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bear in mind that that school is an integrated junior high and high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No matter what I did, Ken wouldn't do what I told him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No matter what I did, Ken wouldn't do what I told him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No matter what I did, Ken wouldn't do what I told him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The best way to master English composition is to keep a diary in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The best way to master English composition is to keep a diary in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The best way to master English composition is to keep a diary in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you go by bus, you can get there in about one third of the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you go by bus, you can get there in about one third of the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you go by bus, you can get there in about one third of the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I may have seen that film before, but I can hardly remember it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I may have seen that film before, but I can hardly remember it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I may have seen that film before, but I can hardly remember it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In reply to your request, we offer you an extra discount of 5% on this order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In reply to your request, we offer you an extra discount of 5% on this order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In reply to your request, we offer you an extra discount of 5% on this order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My friends always say I'm too calm, but my family always says I'm too annoying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My friends always say I'm too calm, but my family always says I'm too annoying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My friends always say I'm too calm, but my family always says I'm too annoying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am sure I met him somewhere, but I do not remember who he is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am sure I met him somewhere, but I do not remember who he is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am sure I met him somewhere, but I do not remember who he is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is nothing I like so much as the smell of roses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is nothing I like so much as the smell of roses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is nothing I like so much as the smell of roses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this type of insurance, most policies don't come with a maturity refund.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this type of insurance, most policies don't come with a maturity refund.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With this type of insurance, most policies don't come with a maturity refund.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] None of us want to go, but either you or your wife has to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] None of us want to go, but either you or your wife has to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] None of us want to go, but either you or your wife has to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would help us if you would reserve the following hotel during our conference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would help us if you would reserve the following hotel during our conference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would help us if you would reserve the following hotel during our conference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the rain had let up a bit, we made a dash for the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the rain had let up a bit, we made a dash for the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the rain had let up a bit, we made a dash for the car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although it is a very difficult task, I will do my best.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although it is a very difficult task, I will do my best.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although it is a very difficult task, I will do my best.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been waiting for your reply, but have not heard from you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been waiting for your reply, but have not heard from you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have been waiting for your reply, but have not heard from you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The house is too big for us, and what is more, it is too expensive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The house is too big for us, and what is more, it is too expensive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The house is too big for us, and what is more, it is too expensive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have lots of bread, and as for butter, we have more than enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have lots of bread, and as for butter, we have more than enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have lots of bread, and as for butter, we have more than enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As there was no bus service, we had to walk all the way to the station.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As there was no bus service, we had to walk all the way to the station.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As there was no bus service, we had to walk all the way to the station.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the justice system of the United States, there are 12 people on a jury.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the justice system of the United States, there are 12 people on a jury.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the justice system of the United States, there are 12 people on a jury.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you wish to reserve an alternative room, please let us know immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you wish to reserve an alternative room, please let us know immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you wish to reserve an alternative room, please let us know immediately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you compare this dictionary with that one, you can easily see which is better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you compare this dictionary with that one, you can easily see which is better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you compare this dictionary with that one, you can easily see which is better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the coaches of the train were packed to capacity 10 minutes before it started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the coaches of the train were packed to capacity 10 minutes before it started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the coaches of the train were packed to capacity 10 minutes before it started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On behalf of the company, I would like to express our hearty thanks to you all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On behalf of the company, I would like to express our hearty thanks to you all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On behalf of the company, I would like to express our hearty thanks to you all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This textbook, having been printed in haste, has a lot of printing mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This textbook, having been printed in haste, has a lot of printing mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This textbook, having been printed in haste, has a lot of printing mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could you convert this file into a Windows compatible file and resend it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could you convert this file into a Windows compatible file and resend it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could you convert this file into a Windows compatible file and resend it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said that he could smell something burning, and that the telephones weren't working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said that he could smell something burning, and that the telephones weren't working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said that he could smell something burning, and that the telephones weren't working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cancer can be cured easily if it is found in its first phase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cancer can be cured easily if it is found in its first phase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cancer can be cured easily if it is found in its first phase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell those people to back off so that the helicopter can land.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell those people to back off so that the helicopter can land.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tell those people to back off so that the helicopter can land.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The singer is famous not only in Korea, but also in Europe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The singer is famous not only in Korea, but also in Europe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The singer is famous not only in Korea, but also in Europe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These shoes are expensive, and what is more, they are too small.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These shoes are expensive, and what is more, they are too small.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These shoes are expensive, and what is more, they are too small.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't like rock music at first, but it soon grew on me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't like rock music at first, but it soon grew on me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't like rock music at first, but it soon grew on me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is an integrated manufacturing system standardized from parts on through to finished products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] ...uses an integrated manufacturing system standardized from parts on through to finished products.