[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, welcome. Thanks. Are you looking for something in particular?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's alright. Why don't I get a few for you to try on? Thanks. Did any of them fit?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like something that's light red. We have these three shades. Oh, I really like the first one. Can I try it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, yeaah. What color do you think would go well?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's wonderful. So I guess you're looking for a ring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have these beautiful rose gold rings. Oh, that one is perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, welcome to the outdoor store. Thanks, I'm looking for a tent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and will you be backpacking or traveling in a car?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I think we have the perfect one. It's yellow, is that okay? Perfect, I love that color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great, here it is. You can go pay for it at checkout. Thanks. Hey, where did you get that backpack?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's interesting. How old was she when she moved here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, she was born in Texas and grew up in Ohio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's an elementary school teacher. What about yours?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that's cool. What kind of engineer?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And how old was she when she had you? 35. And what about your dad? How old is he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's 70. He's retired. Is your dad retired?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, he loved being on the road. What does your dad do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right, I did. I always got double the presents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we all have a good relationship now. That's great. Do you have any sisters?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, one of my sisters is studying sociology too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I always have problems with my car. I could use a good mechanic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's great. I'm engaged to be married to my boyfriend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but there are still things I want to do before I have a baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh wow, that's great. Both of my grandmothers passed away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really miss my grandmothers. One of them really liked to bake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, she was an adventurer. She spent her whole retirement traveling on cruise ships.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was so nice. He always used to take me hiking and fishing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I miss those days. Both of my grandfathers are dead now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you'll need a note from the doctor to justify the sick day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, let me think about it. I'm sure we can work something out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, we really want to keep you here, so I'll do what I can. Thanks. How's that spreadsheet coming, Scott?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well, we need to present it to the client next Monday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. Okay, I'll let you get back to work. Thanks. Hey, and don't forget, we're all going out for drinks after work today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They just opened a new sandwich place around the corner I want to try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a friend at her old company and she said she's really tough. Wow, I thought she seemed pretty nice. Yea, she said she was nice, but tough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I was really tired of our old boss. He could be so mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey Scott, let's see what supplies we need to buy. Alright. Let's see, do we need photocopy paper?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ha ha ha. Okay, good. And what about glue?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're going to be holding special elections. Oh really? Why? Because the mayor quit. I hadn't heard that. Why did she quit?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because she might run for president. That's cool. Do you think she could win? I don't know. I hope so. Me too. Do you think she's got a chance? I really do. Hi, I'm new here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope so too. I just moved to town. How long have you worked here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really? Why? I have to pick my daughter up from school. Oh, alright. Could you finish a quick thing for me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a flower garden and I love seeing them bloom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I have a sailboat and I was hoping to use it on Saturday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there is no wind, it's impossible. If it's too windy, it's too dangerous, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's too bad. Well, maybe I should reschedule the picnic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really? Why? Well, the plants in my garden could really use it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've been watering them with the hose, but it's time consuming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have lettuce, tomatoes, peas, and onions. How wonderful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's supposed to snow this weekend. Really? Oh my kids will love that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it's so nice. We should all go together this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's terrible. It's supposed to be the hottest year ever this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So was mine. What have you been doing to keep warm?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do I. I love drinking hot cocoa in front of the fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, I really like riding my bike, but it's too wet out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The forecast says it will rain for another three days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Me too. I always go to my parents' house and spend it with my brothers and sisters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So did mine. It was back on when I left for work, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, and I was actually going to ask if you would come with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Will you help me make a shopping list? Sure. Okay, can you check and see if we need rice?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, he does. He said he wanted the new PlayStation. Let's take a look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm having some trouble finding a few things. What are you looking for? Well, I can't seem to find the pasta aisle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great! I also can't find frozen strawberries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, welcome. Thanks. Are you looking for something in particular?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's alright. Why don't I get a few for you to try on? Thanks. Did any of them fit?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like something that's light red. We have these three shades. Oh, I really like the first one. Can I try it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, yeaah. What color do you think would go well?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I love that. You know, I need some mascara too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's wonderful. So I guess you're looking for a ring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have these beautiful rose gold rings. Oh, that one is perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, welcome to the outdoor store. Thanks, I'm looking for a tent. Great, we have a good selection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and will you be backpacking or traveling in a car? A bit of both.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I think we have the perfect one. It's yellow, is that okay? Perfect, I love that color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great, here it is. You can go pay for it at checkout. Thanks. Hey, where did you get that backpack?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's interesting. How old was she when she moved here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, she was born in Texas and grew up in Ohio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that's cool. What kind of engineer?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And how old was she when she had you? 35. And what about your dad? How old is he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's 70. He's retired. Is your dad retired?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, he loved being on the road. What does your dad do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right, I did. I always got double the presents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we all have a good relationship now. That's great. Do you have any sisters?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, one of my sisters is studying sociology too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I always have problems with my car. I could use a good mechanic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's great. I'm engaged to be married to my boyfriend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but there are still things I want to do before I have a baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh wow, that's great. Both of my grandmothers passed away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really miss my grandmothers. One of them really liked to bake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, she was an adventurer. She spent her whole retirement traveling on cruise ships.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was so nice. He always used to take me hiking and fishing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I miss those days. Both of my grandfathers are dead now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you'll need a note from the doctor to justify the sick day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's true. We're very happy with your work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, let me think about it. I'm sure we can work something out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, we really want to keep you here, so I'll do what I can. Thanks. How's that spreadsheet coming, Scott?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well, we need to present it to the client next Monday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. Okay, I'll let you get back to work. Thanks. Hey, and don't forget, we're all going out for drinks after work today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They just opened a new sandwich place around the corner I want to try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a friend at her old company, and she said she's really tough. Wow, I thought she seemed pretty nice. Yea, she said she was nice, but tough. Well, as long as she's nice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I was really tired of our old boss. He could be so mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey Scott, let's see what supplies we need to buy. Alright. Let's see, do we need photocopy paper?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ha ha ha. Okay, good. And what about glue?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're going to be holding special elections. Oh really? Why? Because the mayor quit. I hadn't heard that. Why did she quit? Because she might run for president. That's cool. Do you think she could win? I don't know. I hope so. Me too. Do you think she's got a chance? I really do. Hi, I'm new here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope so too. I just moved to town. How long have you worked here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to have to leave early today. Really? Why? I have to pick my daughter up from school. Oh, alright. Could you finish a quick thing for me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a flower garden and I love seeing them bloom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I have a sailboat and I was hoping to use it on Saturday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there is no wind, it's impossible. If it's too windy, it's too dangerous, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's too bad. Well, maybe I should reschedule the picnic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've been watering them with the hose, but it's time consuming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have lettuce, tomatoes, peas, and onions. How wonderful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's supposed to snow this weekend. Really? Oh my kids will love this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it's so nice. We should all go together this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's terrible. It's supposed to be the hottest year ever this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So was mine. What have you been doing to keep warm?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do I. I love drinking hot cocoa in front of the fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, I really like riding my bike, but it's too wet out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The forecast says it will rain for another three days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Me too. I always go to my parents' house and spend it with my brothers and sisters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So did mine. It was back on when I left for work, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, and I was actually going to ask if you would come with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Will you help me make a shopping list? Sure. Okay, can you check and see if we need rice?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm having some trouble finding a few things. What are you looking for? Well, I can't seem to find the pasta aisle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great! I also can't find frozen strawberries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, welcome. Thanks. Are you looking for something in particular?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's alright. Why don't I get a few for you to try on? Thanks. Did any of them fit?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, yeaah. What color do you think would go well?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I love that. You know, I need some mascara too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's wonderful. So I guess you're looking for a ring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have these beautiful rose gold rings. Oh, that one is perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, welcome to the outdoor store. Thanks, I'm looking for a tent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and will you be backpacking or traveling in a car?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I think we have the perfect one. It's yellow, is that okay? Perfect, I love that color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great, here it is. You can go pay for it at checkout. Thanks. Hey, where did you get that backpack?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's interesting. How old was she when she moved here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, she was born in Texas and grew up in Ohio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that's cool. What kind of engineer?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And how old was she when she had you? Thirty-five. And what about your dad? How old is he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, he loved being on the road. What does your dad do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right, I did. I always got double the presents.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we all have a good relationship now. That's great. Do you have any sisters?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, one of my sisters is studying sociology too. Maybe they know each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I always have problems with my car. I could use a good mechanic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's great. I'm engaged to be married to my boyfriend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but there are still things I want to do before I have a baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh wow, that's great. Both of my grandmothers passed away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really miss my grandmothers. One of them really liked to bake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, she was an adventurer. She spent her whole retirement traveling on cruise ships.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was so nice. He always used to take me hiking and fishing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I miss those days. Both of my grandfathers are dead now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you'll need a note from the doctor to justify the sick day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's true. We're very happy with your work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, let me think about it. I'm sure we can work something out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, well, we really want to keep you here, so I'll do what I can. Thanks. How's that spreadsheet coming, Scott?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well, we need to present it to the client next Monday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. Okay, I'll let you get back to work. Thanks. Hey, and don't forget, we're all going out for drinks after work today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They just opened a new sandwich place around the corner I want to try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a friend at her old company and she said she's really tough. Wow, I thought she seemed pretty nice. Yea, she said she was nice but tough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I was really tired of our old boss. He could be so mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey Scott, let's see what supplies we need to buy. Alright. Let's see, do we need photocopy paper?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ha ha ha. Okay, good. And what about glue?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're going to be holding special elections. Oh really? Why? Because the mayor quit. I hadn't heard that. Why did she quit? Because she might run for president. That's cool. Do you think she could win? I don't know. I hope so. Me too. Do you think she's got a chance? I really do. Hi, I'm new here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope so too. I just moved to town. How long have you worked here?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I really like that one. What's it look like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to have to leave early today. Really? Why? I have to pick my daughter up from school. Oh, alright. Could you finish a quick thing for me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a flower garden and I love seeing them bloom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I have a sailboat and I was hoping to use it on Saturday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there is no wind, it's impossible. If it's too windy, it's too dangerous, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's too bad. Well, maybe I should reschedule the picnic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, the plants in my garden could really use it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've been watering them with the hose, but it's time consuming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's supposed to snow this weekend. Really? Oh my kids will love that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it's so nice. We should all go together this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that's terrible. It's supposed to be the hottest year ever this year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So was mine. What have you been doing to keep warm?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do I. I love drinking hot cocoa in front of the fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, I really like riding my bike, but it's too wet out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The forecast says it will rain for another three days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Me too. I always go to my parents' house and spend it with my brothers and sisters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So did mine. It was back on when I left for work, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Straight ahead of him. Nobody can go very far.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before they grow so big, the bailpaps start out by being little.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You must see to it that you pull up regularly all the bail babs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the very first moment when they can be distinguished from the rose bushes, which they resemble so closely in their earliest youth, it is very tedious work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when it is a matter of fail-babs, that always means a catastrophe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I knew a planet that was inhabited by a lazy man. He neglected three little bushes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I saw the sunset 44 times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am not at all afraid of tigers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One never ought to listen to the flowers. One should simply look at them and breathe their fragrance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mine perfumed all my planet, but I did not know how to take pleasure in all her grace. This tale of claws which disturbed me so much should only have filled my heart with tenderness and pity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I ought to have judged by deeds and not by words. She cast her fragrance and her radiance over me. I ought never to have run away from her. I ought to have guessed all the affection that lay behind her poor little stratagems. Flowers are so inconsistent


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I was too young to know how to love her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I must endure the presence of two or three caterpillars if I wish to become acquainted with the butterflies. It seems that they are very beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That brightens me. I cannot anymore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I beg that you will excuse my asking you a question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It seems to me that conditions are favorable. Hmm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you are the only man on your planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what do you do with 500 million of stars?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what good does it do you to own the stars?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is rather poetic, but it is of no great consequence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or I also clean out the one that is extinct. One never knows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be always in the sunshine, you need only walk along rather slowly. When you want to rest, you will walk and the day will last as long as you like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That man would be scorned by all the others, by the king, by the conceited man, by the tippler, by the businessman. Nevertheless, he is the only one of them all who does not seem to me ridiculous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have three volcanoes. Two volcanoes are active and the other is extinct, but one never knows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I understand you very well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most dreadfully, and she would pretend that she was dying to avoid being laughed at, and I should be obliged to pretend that I was nursing her back to life, for if I did not do that, to humble myself also, she would really allow herself to die.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I have not much time. I have friends to discover and a great many things to understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One could not die for you, to be sure an ordinary passerby would think that my rose looked just like you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is much farther. It is much more difficult.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you love a flower that lives on a star, it is sweet to look at the sky at night. All the stars are a bloom with flowers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at night you will look up at the stars where I live. Everything is so small that I cannot show you where my star is to be found. It is better like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when your sorrow is comforted, time suits all sorrows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And your friends will be properly astonished to see you laughing as you look up at the sky. Then you will say to them, yes, the stars always make me laugh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tonight, you know, do not come.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I shall look as if I were suffering. I shall look a little as if I were dying. It is like that. Do not come to see that. It is not worth the trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I tell you, it is also because of the snake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it will be like an old abandoned shell, there is nothing sad about old shells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am responsible for her and she is so weak. She is so naive. She has four thorns of no use at all to protect herself against all the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you remember a time when you felt hormonal and moody?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your skin was breaking out, your body was growing in strange places and very fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at the same time, people were expecting you to be grown up in this new way. Teenagers, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Will these same changes happen to a woman when she's having a baby?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we know that it's normal for teenagers to feel all over the place. So why don't we talk about pregnancy in the same way?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are entire textbooks written about the developmental arc of adolescence, and we don't even have a word to describe the transition to motherhood. We need one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm a psychiatrist who works with pregnant and postpartum women, a reproductive psychiatrist. And in the decade that I've been working in this field, I've noticed a pattern.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It goes something like this. A woman calls me up, she's just had a baby, and she's concerned. She says, I'm not good at this. I'm not enjoying this. Do I have postpartum depression?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I go through the symptoms of that diagnosis, and it's clear to me that she's not clinically depressed, and I tell her that. But she isn't reassured. It isn't supposed to feel like this, she insists. So I say, okay, what did you expect it to feel like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is an unrealistic expectation of what the transition to motherhood feels like.


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[Assistant] And it wasn't just her. I was getting calls with questions like this from hundreds of women.


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[Assistant] All concerned that something was wrong because they couldn't measure up. And I didn't know how to help them.


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[Assistant] Because telling them that they weren't sick wasn't making them feel better.


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[Assistant] I wanted to find a way to normalize this transition, to explain that discomfort is not always the same thing as disease. So I set out to learn more about the psychology of motherhood, but there actually wasn't much in the medical textbooks because doctors mostly write about disease. So I turned to anthropology.


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[Assistant] And it took me two years, but in an out-of-print essay written in 1973 by Dana Raphael, I finally found a helpful way to frame this conversation. Mattressence.


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[Assistant] It's not a coincidence that matrescence sounds like adolescence.


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[Assistant] Both are times when body morphing and hormone shifting lead to an upheaval in how a person feels emotionally and how they fit into the world.


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[Assistant] And like adolescence, metrescence is not a disease. But since it's not in the medical vocabulary, since doctors aren't educating people about it, it's being confused with a more serious condition called postpartum depression.


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[Assistant] I've been building on the anthropology literature and have been talking about mattresses with my patients using a concept called the push and pull. Here's the pull part.


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[Assistant] So as humans, our babies are uniquely dependent. Unlike other animals, our babies can't walk, they can't feed themselves, they're very hard to take care of. So evolution has helped us out with this hormone called oxytocin.


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[Assistant] It's released around childbirth and also during skin-to-skin touch. So it rises even if you didn't give birth to the baby.


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[Assistant] Oxytocin helps a human mother's brain zoom in, pulling her attention in so that the baby is now at the center of her world.


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[Assistant] Because she remembers there are all these other parts to her identity. Other relationships. Her work.


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[Assistant] This is the emotional tug of war of mattresses. This is the tension the women calling me were feeling. It's why they thought they were sick.


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[Assistant] If women understood the natural progression of matressence,


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[Assistant] If they knew that under these circumstances ambivalence was normal and nothing to be ashamed of, they would feel less alone.


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[Assistant] They would feel less stigmatized, and I think it would even reduce rates of postpartum depression. I'd love to study that one day.


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[Assistant] I'm a believer in talk therapy, so if we're going to change the way our culture understands this transition to motherhood, women need to be talking to each other, not just me.


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[Assistant] So mothers, talk about your mattressence with other mothers, with your friends, and if you have one, with your partner, so that they can understand their own transition and better support you.


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[Assistant] But it's not just about protecting your relationship.


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[Assistant] When you preserve a separate part of your identity, you're also leaving room for your child to develop their own.


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[Assistant] But it's also hard. And that's what makes it human. Thank you.


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[Assistant] We know, for instance, if you're middle-aged and you haven't been exercising, if you begin to exercise 30 to 40 minutes a day for four to five days a week, you can push back cognitive decline.


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[Assistant] By 10 to 15 years. And some studies show that you can cut the incidence of Alzheimer's disease by 50%. Even if you haven't begun yet.


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[Assistant] Today is all about Woodstock and his pals. Birds of a feather.


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[Assistant] You seriously think that Woodstock might be a Canada goose? Like hockey, Woodstock?


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[Assistant] I just have a hard time believing that he could be Canadian. He doesn't have the accent.


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[Assistant] No, no, not like that. You're supposed to use your claws.


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[Assistant] This official letter is from the Minister President of the World's Inspection of Quality of Swimming Pool Water.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 67, The Master Thief.


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[Assistant] The warrior rubbed his chin. He looked very serious.


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[Assistant] Now everyone looked at Wukong. The monkey pretended to laugh.


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[Assistant] He went down a long dark tunnel followed by another tunnel.


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[Assistant] Then he heard a one-horned buffalo. Wukong flew toward the voice.


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[Assistant] The demon was sitting on the edge of a bed talking to himself. The metal ring was still on his arm.


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[Assistant] He made his iron bar small and put it in his ear.


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[Assistant] Then he grabbed the flaming spear, the thunderbolt, and the sword. Outside the cave, the others were waiting. The warrior made a fist.


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[Assistant] The three of them held their breath. When they saw Wukong peek out, they were relieved.


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[Assistant] said the fire god. The thunder god clapped the monkey on the back.


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[Assistant] You're right, said Wukong. He looked around.


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[Assistant] Well hello everyone and welcome to this English lesson about sickness. A lesson about sickness, a lesson about illness. Interestingly enough, I have a lot of experience with this recently because I was just sick for quite a long time. I'll have to say this though, I wasn't


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[Assistant] Totally sick. I was just not feeling well for over a week. So if you thought that you missed last week's English lesson, you didn't because there wasn't one.


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[Assistant] I took a week off to try and feel better. So welcome again to this English lesson about sickness. I'll talk about a whole bunch of different things, a whole bunch of English words and phrases that you can use, uh, to talk about when you just don't feel well. So once again, welcome to this English lesson about sickness.


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[Assistant] One of the first questions people often have is what is the difference between sickness and illness? What is the difference between being sick and being ill? And there really is no difference except that the word sick and the word sickness are probably more common. At least in my part of the English speaking world.


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[Assistant] When I'm not feeling well, by the way, that's another way to describe it, to say you're not feeling well. I will most often say I'm sick.


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[Assistant] I was sick last week and couldn't go to work. I was sick last week. I don't often say I was ill last week. That's not a common way for me to describe it. It's not incorrect, but the most common way for me to say it is to say I am feeling ill or there is a lot of sickness right now. So there's a lot of sickness in Ontario, Canada right now.


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[Assistant] And then we have the word disease. By the way, if these slides look familiar to you, I did do this lesson three years ago, and this is a new and improved version. So if you, if things look familiar to some of you, that is why.


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[Assistant] Disease is simply an official scientific term for the cause of why you feel sick or ill. So the distinction would be this, I can say that I am sick, I can say that I am ill, but I don't have to say exactly what I have.


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[Assistant] But when you talk about specific things that go around, like malaria, you would say that there are diseases in the world. So disease is simply a much more scientific way, a formal way to talk about specific things, uhm, that go around.


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[Assistant] That's another phrase by the way. Sicknesses and illnesses and diseases go around. There's something going around right now in Ontario, Canada.


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[Assistant] There's a few ways to describe how you're feeling. One of the most common ways to describe how you feel right before you get really sick is to say that you feel under the weather.


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[Assistant] A week and a half ago I started to feel under the weather. I didn't have as much energy each day as I normally had.


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[Assistant] I was starting to have a bit of a stuffed up nose and my throat was a bit sore. So I would say to people, I'm just not feeling great today. I feel under the weather. I think I might be getting sick. And I was right.


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[Assistant] You might also use this phrase. This is very, very common. It's common to say, I don't feel good.


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[Assistant] If someone says to you, hey, how are you doing? You, and if you are starting to feel sick, you might say, ah, I don't feel good. And sometimes we add the English word just, I just don't feel good. Um, hey, you don't seem yourself today. You don't seem to have a lot of energy. Yeah, I just don't feel good.


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[Assistant] And then if your boss is nice, they might say, why don't you just take the rest of the day off? If you're feeling under the weather, if you don't feel good, why don't you just go home and rest? That's what nice bosses say.


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[Assistant] I've just coughed the proper way. By the way, we used to cough like this. Now we cough into our elbow, which I find a little difficult to do sometimes, but when you have a cough, you cough into your elbow.


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[Assistant] You might have a fever. So if your temperature goes really, really high, if your temperature goes above 38 point something degrees Celsius or above 100 degrees Fahrenheit or 98 or 99, I don't know the details. I'm not a doctor.


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[Assistant] Strangely enough, a fever can make you feel really hot?


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[Assistant] But it could also make you feel really cold. You can have the chills sometimes when you have a fever. So even though your body temperature is high, you actually can feel cold when you have a fever.


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[Assistant] You might have a bit of a sore throat. You might have a really sore throat. You might have a sore throat that's so sore that you lose your voice and you can't talk anymore. There are two teachers at school right now who can't talk very loudly because their throats were so sore


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[Assistant] For a teacher to have, by the way, a sore throat is the worst thing for a teacher. When you are trying to do a live stream or when you are trying to teach a class full of students, you need to project your voice. You need to speak clearly and loudly and having a sore throat


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[Assistant] But, uh, a stuffed up nose can make you sound funny as well when your nose is plugged.


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[Assistant] It makes your voice change a little bit. That sounded a little funny. Is that really how my nose? Yea, that's how I sound when I plug my nose. So if I had a stuffed up nose, if I was sick with a stuffed up nose, that's how I would sound.


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[Assistant] You might also have a runny nose. Sometimes the snot in your nose starts to come out of your nose and you need to blow your nose a lot. You need to have a lot of tissues or Kleenex close to you.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it's not fun to have a runny nose, but I think sometimes it can be a sign that you might be getting better if you have a runny nose.


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[Assistant] So stuffed up nose, not a lot comes out of your nose. But a runny nose, sometimes your nose will even start to drip a little bit. Sorry, that's kind of gross.


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[Assistant] But hey, there's nothing nice about sickness. I'm going to describe all of it.


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[Assistant] Uh, you might have a headache. This is a very common thing to have with all different types of sicknesses or illnesses.


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[Assistant] You might feel like your head's going to explode. You might feel like


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[Assistant] Your head is in a vice. A vice is something that squishes something. You might feel pressure. You might just feel pain. You might have a headache right at the front or at the back of your head. When you have a headache, you just don't feel well because your head hurts. That is the best description I would, I would give.


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[Assistant] Uh, your head just hurts and sometimes people will take Advil or Tylenol.


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[Assistant] Ibuprofen or acetaminophen to help with that.


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[Assistant] You might have a cold. Again, I described a cold earlier. A cold is when you have a cough and you have a stuffed up nose. Uhm, it's similar to the flu.


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[Assistant] If I'm sick and someone says, oh, what do you have? If my nose is stuffed up and I'm coughing, I would say I have a cold.


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[Assistant] If someone asked, Hey, uhm, what do you have? Like if I was sick, if I had a headache and a fever and a sore throat and maybe a cough and a stuffed up nose, I would probably say I have the flu.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but sometimes people get confused. They don't know exactly what they have. But a cold, or the common cold, is usually just a stuffed up nose and a cough.


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[Assistant] People often use the word flu to talk about the stomach flu.


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[Assistant] The stomach flu is when you do, when your stomach doesn't feel well, you have a stomach ache and you might even end up throwing up.


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[Assistant] Is usually headache, fever, sore throat, all of those symptoms. The stomach flu is when you feel like, oh, I, my stomach does not feel good. I have a stomach ache. I think I'm going to vomit. I might throw up or I might puke.


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[Assistant] Of these three verbs, the most common one for me is the middle one, to throw up.


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[Assistant] That's when whatever's in your stomach comes back out. There's no nice way to describe it. That is what we call vomiting. That's what we call throwing up and that's what we call puking. So when I describe my children to someone if they are sick, they might say, oh, your kids are sick.


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[Assistant] What do they have? Oh, I don't know, but last night two of them threw up. So that's how we would describe it.


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[Assistant] Vomiting and the word to vomit isn't used very often. It's kind of, it's not a nice sounding word at all. I think a nicer way to describe it is to say, uhm, I was sick and I was, uhm, I was sick and I had to throw up a few times. Never nice. Never nice when that happens.


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[Assistant] Probably the worst kind of sickness to have is one where you have to vomit or think.


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[Assistant] Uh, and then we also have something called diarrhea. Not a very easy thing to describe. I will simply say this. This is when you go to the bathroom many, many times during the day and your visit to the bathroom is not normal there. That's how I will describe it. So sometimes you have a stomach ache.


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[Assistant] Something happens at the other end. How about we say it that way? And you end up sitting on the toilet a lot throughout the day going to the bathroom several times. So those two types of illnesses are not, yeaah, there's not a lot you can do. Like when you have a headache,


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[Assistant] Or a sore throat. You can take medicine to make you feel better, but when you're throwing up or when you have diarrhea, sometimes you just have to wait a day or two until your body naturally starts to, uh, feel better.


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[Assistant] So here's what people do when they are sick. They will take a sick day.


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[Assistant] I don't actually call in sick, I text my boss, but we still refer to it as calling in sick. Like when I'm sick, I don't take my phone and say, hey boss, not feeling well today, can I have a sick day? Instead I say, hey boss, I'm not feeling well today, can I have a sick day? Or can I take a sick day?


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[Assistant] Uh, even when I text my boss, I would still describe it by saying, uhm, that I ca- that I call in sick.


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[Assistant] I guess we don't, I guess you could say I texted in sick. No, we don't say that. Like, a month ago I called in sick, but I didn't actually call my boss. I texted my boss.


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[Assistant] Uhm, there are a few things you can do to try to avoid being sick. You can get your flu shot. So you can go and you can get a flu shot which tries to help your body build immunity or antibodies.


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[Assistant] Against the flus that are going around.


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[Assistant] Right now in Canada, we call this flu season. From the end of November to about January, February, that is when most people get the flu. And by the flu, I mean headache, fever, sore throat, those kinds of things. So many people will get the flu shot


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[Assistant] In order to, uhm, hopefully avoid getting the flu.


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[Assistant] And we have of course, everyone is familiar with what vaccines are now, now that we have been through a couple years of a pandemic. A vaccine is something that you get to help you, uhm,


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[Assistant] Avoid getting a disease or a severe version of that disease. So, many people have gotten vaccinated in the last few years against COVID to help stop the spread of it or to reduce the severity of the symptoms if you do happen to get it.


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[Assistant] The way in which you know you are sick. So when someone says, do you have a cold? You say, yeah, I have a few symptoms. I have a stuffed up nose and I have a cough. Do you have the flu? Yes, I have three or four symptoms right now. I have a sore throat. I have a headache. I have a fever. Uhm.


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[Assistant] Yeah, that's as many as I can think of off the top of my head. So symptoms are kind of the...


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[Assistant] Outward signs that you are sick. So if you hear someone coughing, that's one of the symptoms of having a c- a cold or something else.


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[Assistant] And then of course there is treatment. So when you have different things, there are different treatments. Uh, I mentioned earlier when you have a headache, one of the treatments for a headache is to take something called ibuprofen.


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[Assistant] We sometimes just call it Advil here because that's the most common name brand. But you often when you are sick, you want a treatment. What is bad is if something is going around where there is no treatment.


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[Assistant] So when you have something where there's no treatment, your body just needs to fight it off all by itself.


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[Assistant] And then we have something as well called antibiotics. So sometimes you are sick because you have an infection. You are sick and you have


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[Assistant] Something that can be killed by antibiotics. So sometimes you go to the doctor and you say, uh, these are my symptoms and the doctor says, okay, we're going to put you on antibiotics


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[Assistant] Because that will help you. Uhm, you'll take something that will help your body fight off whatever it is you have.


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[Assistant] So you may have noticed I've used the phrase to fight off quite a bit. I don't have a slide for this, but we often say that when you are sick,


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[Assistant] When you are getting better, you are fighting off the cold or you're fighting off the flu. Someone might say, oh, I'm not feeling well. I have the flu. I'm just going to sleep for a few days and rest until my body can fight off the flu. So that is a definitely a very common


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[Assistant] way of describing how your body tries to get rid of the sickness.


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[Assistant] Uh, and then we also just have what we call medicine. People in the past have asked me what's the difference between pills or medicine or treatment. Medicine is simply the standard term for anything you take that helps you feel better. Okay, so when you take something like I have


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[Assistant] Uhm, I have prescriptions, I have medication that I take. I could also refer to that as medicine. Medicines are things that humans have invented or developed that help people, uhm, fight off infection or fight off disease or illness. Contagious


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[Assistant] So some of these words I think are very familiar now. When something is contagious, it means it spreads from person to person. Some things are highly contagious, some things are less contagious. Some diseases are contagious just by people breathing the same air. Sometimes when you are sick and you touch something,


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[Assistant] Like if I touch my phone and then Jen touches my phone, I might be contagious and it might spread, uh, via surfaces. But when you are contagious, it means that you are sick and you are able to spread the sickness.


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[Assistant] Okay, so uhm, when at different parts of the sickness, you might not be contagious. What's dangerous is when you're contagious before you have symptoms.


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[Assistant] So sometimes there are diseases where you don't feel sick but you're already breathing out or leaving, uhm, the disease everywhere and other people can get it from you.


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[Assistant] Those are the most dangerous kinds, things that can spread before you have symptoms.


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[Assistant] And I have just used the word spread quite a bit. When something spreads, it means it moves from one person to another. It moves from one town to another. When you have a disease in one school, it often will spread to another school. If you have a school


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[Assistant] Sometimes older people will live in an old age home. They'll live in a special apartment building for older people where there's always a nurse on duty.


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[Assistant] And where uhm, they can all eat meals together. It's called an old age home. But sometimes there's an outbreak in an old age home. Sometimes so many people in the building have the same thing. They all have the flu.


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[Assistant] They declare an outbreak and then no one is allowed to visit for a few days until the outbreak is over. So an outbreak is simply when a lot of people in one place have the same sickness. We would call that an outbreak.


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[Assistant] When you arrived, you had to stay in quarantine. You had to stay in isolation for 10 days. They would put you in a special hotel and you would have to stay in your room.


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[Assistant] And we have what's called an epidemic and a pandemic.


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[Assistant] An epidemic is when a certain disease spreads quickly in a certain area.


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[Assistant] So a city can have an epidemic. A town can have an epidemic.


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[Assistant] A province can have an epidemic, uhm, but when it goes worldwide, we call it a pandemic. So that's the difference between epidemic and pandemic. An epidemic is when, like the entire city of Toronto, uhm, everyone's getting the same flu. There's an epidemic. There's a flu epidemic.


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[Assistant] But if everyone in the world was getting the same flu, we would say it's a pandemic.


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[Assistant] So that's the difference is that a pandemic is world.


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[Assistant] And then we have things like this. A couple phrases here. I'm not feeling 100%. I actually said this earlier. This is a phrase you can use when you're starting to feel sick.


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[Assistant] And also when you're starting to feel better. So here's a couple of examples. Uhm, I might call in sick tomorrow because I'm not feeling 100%. I feel like I'm coming down with something. I'm feeling under the weather. So before you actually get really sick, you could say, I'm not feeling 100%.


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[Assistant] When you're sick though, when you are starting to feel better, you might go to work.


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[Assistant] And someone might say, Hey, you're back. Are you feeling better? And you could say, yeah, I'm back. I'm not feeling 100%.


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[Assistant] Because, uh, we use this phrase a lot when we're describing things. You could s- and I think I did this earlier in the lesson. You can say things like this, I'm feeling better, but I still have a bit of a cough. I'm feeling better, but I still have a bit of a sore throat.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling better but I still have a bit of a stuffed up nose. Uhm, I took Advil but I still have a bit of a headache. So it's when you describe that you still have some symptoms


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[Assistant] But they aren't severe, they aren't big anymore.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and you can use this as well before you get sick. You could say, I'm gonna go home from work early because I have a bit of a sore throat.


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[Assistant] I think it's getting worse. I have a bit of a cough, so I feel like I should stay home today because I don't want to go out in public and cough on other people, or around other people. You should never cough on other people.


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[Assistant] And then of course the last thing you want is you want to feel better.


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[Assistant] Um, when I take a sick day, uh, I text my boss and he'll say, I hope you feel better tomorrow. And then the next day when I go to work, he'll say, um, are you feeling better? And I'll say, yes, I feel much better or I feel better. So when you are sick.


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[Assistant] You don't feel good, but when you're done being sick you feel better. That is probably the most common way to describe it. Oh, I feel better. I feel a lot better. I feel way better today. By the way, I feel way better.


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[Assistant] I still have a bit of a sore throat, like a tiny bit, I can just feel a little bit, but I'm definitely, uhm, feeling better.


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[Assistant] That monastery was an illusion. A demon must have made it to trick people.


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[Assistant] That's a lie, said Wukong. The Tang Monk is a good and honest man.


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[Assistant] My iron bar is not an ordinary weapon, said Wukong. It's extremely heavy.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to this English lesson where I'm going to talk about sad things. Uhm, you can see from the face in my thumbnail, uh, I was trying to make sure I didn't look too happy because sad things are not enjoyable things to talk about but as you know, I'm committed to doing English lessons


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[Assistant] On almost every topic under the sun, there are a few I might avoid.


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[Assistant] But I think that when you're learning a language, if you're going to learn about happy things like we did last week, it's very important that we talk about sad things today. So today's lesson will be about sad things. If you're wondering what types of sad things I'm going to talk about,


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[Assistant] Getting dumped. So these are things that happen when you are in a relationship with someone. Sometimes you are very interested romantically in another person and you start to date. In English we say, oh, those two are dating.


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[Assistant] When you're dating, you go out once or twice a week or maybe more. You're probably texting each other all the time and you've decided, oh, sorry, just a sec.


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[Assistant] It just doesn't work out. Sometimes you end up breaking up when you break up with someone. It's the point at which you decide to stop dating.


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[Assistant] But if you get dumped, it means that you probably wanted to keep dating but the other person didn't and so they decided that they didn't want to be in a relationship with you. So breaking up and getting dumped are the same experience but slightly different. Let me explain it again.


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[Assistant] Two people who like each other romantically can decide to break up. They can mutually decide to break up.


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[Assistant] But sometimes one person dumps the other person.


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[Assistant] They text them or they take them out and they say, I don't think it's going to work out. And a classic line in English when you get dumped is, it's not you, it's me. Where the person who is dumping you takes the blame. It's kind of a curious and interesting thing.


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[Assistant] This can make so that this can make you really sad when you are dumped or when you get dumped. You can be very very sad. Not an enjoyable experience. Certainly not. I'm not gonna talk about my own experiences in life except they'll tell you this. Jen did not break up with me.


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[Assistant] Jen did not dump me and eventually we got engaged and we got married.


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[Assistant] The second thing that you can have happen in your life that might make you sad. Sorry, just let me fix my hair here.


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[Assistant] Anyways, uh, getting fired, losing your job. In English, we also say that you can be let go. So when your work lets you go, it means you lose your job as well. This can be very sad, especially if it's unexpected.


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[Assistant] Uhm, if you go to work and you love your job and all of the sudden the boss calls you into their office one day and says, we're letting you go.


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[Assistant] And that would be your last day of work. When you're let go, it's not a very nice feeling. Uhm, and again, we have three ways of describing this. You can say, I got fired.


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[Assistant] You can say I lost my job or you can say I was let go. Okay, so all three of those.


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[Assistant] Mean the same thing. It means you had a job and now you don't have a job anymore. Definitely something that can cause a lot of sadness. Especially if you can't find another job very quickly. It can be very, very hard, uh, sometimes when you lose a job and then you can't find another job. Uhm, a lot of these have to do with


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[Assistant] Relationships. A lot of our sadness comes from how we relate to other people and sometimes distance


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[Assistant] Or living far away can cause sadness. So let's imagine that, uhm, you move to another country every summer for work.


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[Assistant] And you're far away from home and you're far away from your family and you're far away from your friends. The distance can cause you to be sad, okay? Living far away can cause sadness.


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[Assistant] In Canada we have many workers that come to Canada during the summer to work on various farms and other places. And I think that for them,


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[Assistant] They enjoy the work, but they are sad because they're far away from friends. They're far away from the city that they grew up in. They're far away from people that they love. So distance or being far away or living far away can cause sadness.


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[Assistant] So here's the big one. This is the one that I think causes the most sadness in life. So I'll talk about this one for a bit. When someone you know dies, so death can be very very sad or in almost all cases is sad.


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[Assistant] Even on the news, when I hear a news story and they mention that people have died, it's sad for me. It's a sad time. Uhm, but I do wanna talk about death just for a little bit because this subject isn't covered a lot in English lessons. So when we talk about death,


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[Assistant] In English, we have a few phrases. We say they passed away.


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[Assistant] Uh, you can say that a family lost someone. So let's say my friend's dad passed away.


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[Assistant] A visitation happens before the funeral. A visitation is when you go and you offer your condolences to the family who lost a loved one, okay? It's usually done at a funeral home or possibly a church or other place of worship.


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[Assistant] After that, there's usually another different, uh, event, which is the funeral. And the funeral is the day where the person is actually buried in the ground. Sometimes in Canada, people are cremated instead of being buried. But certainly, uhm, death is a sad thing. I think I should do


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[Assistant] A whole lesson on death. It would not be an exciting topic, but I think it might be an important topic for you to learn about. So anyways, another sad thing is death and then I put funeral there as well. A funeral is what we would call the service that you have basically to


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[Assistant] Celebrate the person's life. It sounds funny to use the word celebrate when talking about a death but when we have a funeral we often do it to remember the person and to celebrate their life.


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[Assistant] Let's move on. I don't enjoy talking about death very much, but uhm, certainly it is something that can cause a lot of sadness in the world. So, separation and divorce.


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[Assistant] So you can see this couple is not very happy. Sometimes, uh, people are dating and they will break up, but sometimes people will date and then they will eventually get married.


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[Assistant] And then maybe the marriage doesn't work out, or we say things aren't working out. See, in English, you might hear people say something like, did you hear about, uh, Joe and Sally? Their marriage isn't working out, or things aren't working out, and they are separated.


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[Assistant] So, separation is the first stage of when two people end their relationship. Uhm, it's not the same as divorce. It comes before divorce. So, sometimes a married couple will be separated. So, you might hear, oh, Sally's separated. Yeah, she's not with her husband anymore.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then after a certain amount of time, a separation might become a divorce. A divorce is the legal, uhm, I was gonna say dissolution of marriage. That's a big word, isn't it? But a divorce is when, uhm, a couple decides to go to the courts.


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[Assistant] And to legally end their marriage. So a separation is something that people choose to do.


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[Assistant] And eventually a separation can lead to the legal situation of divorce. Okay. Uhm, but certainly something that causes sadness, especially it can be extremely sad for children.


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[Assistant] So children in families where the parents are fighting or where the parents are separated or end up getting divorced, it can be a sad situation. Sometimes separation and divorce is actually good for everyone who's involved in a relationship


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[Assistant] Just happens. I don't know what to say about war. I wish there were no wars, but there are wars in the world. There is conflict in the world and inevitably war and conflict leads to injuries and death and loss. So it's just a very sad situation when


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[Assistant] It's just a difficult and sad situation because a lot of younger people usually people who are in the military are under the age of thirty. Uhm, I don't know that for a fact, but usually there are a lot of young people involved in wars and there is usually a loss of life and it's just not a very


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[Assistant] A good thing. It's a very sad thing. So war is another one.


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[Assistant] So I know I talked about separation and divorce. That's specific to people who are dating.


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[Assistant] But you might not get along with a brother or sister. You might not get along with a friend. You might not get along with your parents. When you don't get along with someone, it means you're fighting all the time. Sorry, not with fists. You're arguing all the time.


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[Assistant] There was a time where I didn't get along with my parents. I was often fighting with my parents because they made lots of rules.


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[Assistant] And I didn't like all the rules. So not getting along with someone can certainly cause sadness. It can cause other emotions too.


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[Assistant] Many of the things I'm mentioning can also cause anger, uh, sadness, they can, you know, every, we are very emotional people, but not getting along with someone is not enjoyable. Maybe there's someone at work


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[Assistant] Not even talking about injuries or death from accidents, but accidents of all kinds can cause sadness.


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[Assistant] Can cause sadness because they change your life and they can cause injuries. So certainly when you are out driving in your car, when you have an accident, it can cause sadness, especially I think if you have a brand new car.


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[Assistant] And you get in an accident, um, that wouldn't be very nice. And by the way, that's how we say it. We use the phrase to get in an accident. So I could say my brother drives really fast. I think he's going to get in an accident someday. Or my sister.


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[Assistant] Uhm, got in an accident yesterday, so past tense. Okay, so that's the phrase we use when we talk about accidents.


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[Assistant] So a terminal illness is something like, uhm, late stage cancer.


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[Assistant] Uhm, cancer is probably the best example of a terminal illness. A terminal illness is an illness where the doctors know you are going to die. Okay? So you might have someone say, did you hear about Joe? He has cancer and it's terminal. He has four months to live.


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[Assistant] So a terminal illness is extremely sad because the person is so sick.


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[Assistant] I do want to apologize a little bit for having such a sad lesson, but this is a sad lesson, but I think you are learning a lot of words and phrases that you can use in English to talk about these things.


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[Assistant] Uhm, theft. So earlier we had someone mention that perpetrators, uhm, are sometimes, uh, really annoying. I think Leo mentioned that. So a perpetrator is someone who commits a crime. So when you have a crime committed against you, okay, so when


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[Assistant] When people do something like theft, we say they are committing a crime. When someone steals from you, when someone injures you, maybe someone attacks you, all of those things cause sadness. They cause you to be sad.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so theft certainly is one of the things. I have one small story about that. My first year of university, I went to the laundromat and I put all my clothes in the washing machine.


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[Assistant] And then I put them in the dryer. And then I went.


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[Assistant] To the store beside to play a video game, cause you could put, and when I came back, someone had stolen all of my pants. My jeans were gone. So theft, I was sad. I was very sad that day. Theft is definitely something that can cause sadness.


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[Assistant] Homesickness, so I talked earlier about distance, uhm, and then being far away or living far away can cause homesickness. Uhm, homesickness is when you miss home.


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[Assistant] Uh, it can happen, maybe you move to university and your first year you are homesick a lot.


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[Assistant] Maybe you are studying English in another country and you are homesick. You miss home. You miss the people. You miss your house. You miss your friends. Uhm, people on vacation


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[Assistant] Sometimes even get homesick. So sometimes people go on a vacation for three or four weeks and sometime during the vacation, they start to what they want to go home because they are homesick. So definitely homesickness is something that can make you sad.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then just in general, missing someone can make you sad.


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[Assistant] This is kind of the, maybe the opposite of homesickness or the opposite of distance, but sometimes when someone leaves your house or someone moves away, you will miss them. Oftentimes, people who are friends at university


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[Assistant] After graduation, everyone moves to different parts of the country or different parts of the world and you might miss them. You might just really be sad because you miss them.


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[Assistant] So again, when you miss someone, it means you are sad because the person isn't there anymore. You could also miss someone who has died. You can miss someone who has passed away. Uhm, you can miss an ex-girlfriend or ex-boyfriend. So maybe you were in a relationship and you broke up.


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[Assistant] And you might miss your ex, your ex girlfriend or ex boyfriend.


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[Assistant] But certainly missing someone can make you very, very sad.


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[Assistant] Uh, here, this is a little bit lighter here. I think I've been to some of the lighter things. Uhm, by lighter I mean not as sad. But when your team loses, that can certainly make you sad. Especially if your team loses.


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[Assistant] Uhm, the championship game. Maybe your favorite football team or your favorite hockey team is about to win the championship and they lose at the end. This can make people very, very sad. It makes people extremely happy when their team wins.


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[Assistant] But it certainly can make you really sad when your team loses.


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[Assistant] Or wears out. So I have seen many phones. I don't have my phone here. I have seen students at school drop their phones and then they look like this. And that makes them very sad when something breaks.


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[Assistant] It certainly makes people very sad, especially if you, we would say in English, if you do something dumb and then you drop it. Um, I actually remember, uh, my son ordered a new phone and I brought it to him and I actually dropped it. It was a brand new phone. It didn't break.


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[Assistant] But I dropped his phone. If it had broke, I would have been sad. He would have been sad. Uhm, that would not have been a good thing.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then when something wears out. You'll notice I wear this a lot. And I wear shirts like this a lot. I'm always sad when they get, when they eventually get a hole in them. When something that I like to wear wears out. So when something wears out, it means it gets a hole in it.


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[Assistant] So the weather can cause sadness. I actually like rainy days.


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[Assistant] Cloudy days and if you have more than one cloudy day, if you have a lot of cloudy days in a row, so if it's cloudy on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, if the sun doesn't shine,


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[Assistant] It does make me sad. I do like a nice sunny day. Uhm, I don't mind rainy days, but when it's overcast or cloudy for many many days in a row, that definitely can cause sadness.


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[Assistant] Let's see where I'm at. Uh loneliness. So loneliness, I talked about missing someone. I talked about living far away but loneliness is when maybe you don't have a brother or sister you can talk to. Maybe you don't have


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[Assistant] Someone that you're dating maybe you don't have friends and you are very very lonely. So loneliness can make people very sad being alone.


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[Assistant] When you are old, if you have children,


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[Assistant] When you are older, once, once all of your children have moved out, we say that your nest is empty. You have an empty nest. So a nest is something that birds make and they lay eggs and they have babies and the babies fly away.


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[Assistant] So we use this word to talk about humans as well. In fact, older people whose children have moved out, we call them empty nesters.


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[Assistant] Jen's parents are empty nesters. My mom is an empty nester. And you can be sad because if you have children you have this crazy life full of noise and excitement and happiness and sadness.


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[Assistant] Like in my house with five children, there is always something happening, happy or sad or exciting and then eventually Jen and I will be empty nesters and we will not have children at home and that will be a sad thing for us I think.


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[Assistant] So a lot of the things that make people sad are from other people behaving in a way that isn't very nice. And a broken promise is something that makes me very sad. It can also make you angry.


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[Assistant] But if someone promises something and then they break their promise so they say they're going to do something and then they don't do it or they say they're going to give you something and then they don't give it to you when they break their promise that can make you very very sad when two people get married.


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[Assistant] Part of getting married is that you promise certain things to each other and sometimes in a marriage people will break that promise. We also call that an oath. An oath is a very formal promise to someone. But there can be simple things too like maybe


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[Assistant] If I promise my sister that I will meet her at 10 o'clock for coffee at a cafe,


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[Assistant] And then I don't show up. That would make my sister sad. Because I broke my promise. Because I promised I would be there and then I didn't come.


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[Assistant] Are somewhere like at school, at work, uh, when you're around large groups of people.


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[Assistant] You want to feel included when you, when you are included, you are part of the fun.


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[Assistant] But when you are left out, you are not part of the fund. This can be very, very difficult for children especially. When you go to school, it's nice if you feel included. It's nice if all of the kids play together. Uhm, but sometimes kids can be mean and they will


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[Assistant] Sometimes included, sometimes left out, sometimes I just decided to do things on my own because I do like doing things on my own. But the times in my life where I felt left out, I felt very very sad. Uhm, one time when I was a teenager, all of my friends went to a movie.


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[Assistant] And I didn't find out until the next day and no one invited me and I felt really weird because these were my friends and why didn't they invite me? I felt left out and I certainly felt very very sad.


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[Assistant] Uh, losing something, uhm, this happens with children and adults, but I put a teddy bear there, uh, because when children lose their toys, it makes them very, very sad.


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[Assistant] When you lose something as an adult, it can make you sad as well, but usually it actually makes you angry with yourself. I lost my wallet once and that made me sad, but it also made me angry. But when I was a child, I remember there was a time when my sister lost


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[Assistant] Her stuffed animal. And she was very, very sad when she lost that stuffed animal.


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[Assistant] Uh, failing. So maybe you have taken an English test and maybe you didn't do very well. Maybe you are still in school and when you take tests, sometimes you fail the test. That can make you very sad.


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[Assistant] Especially if you study, study really hard. Uhm, so I see Omer asking, I wonder why my question has not been answered. Try to get through things as quick as possible, Omer. I think I'll get to it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, I'll get to it in a bit, I think. We'll see.


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[Assistant] Uhm, just patience, please. Uh, sometimes when you take a test, you do well and sometimes you fail and that is not a good feeling. Uhm, and then again, especially if you studied really hard, it can be really sad if you end up failing.


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[Assistant] So just a few things here. A sad song can make you sad.


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[Assistant] A sad movie can make you sad. So when we, uh, listen to music, sometimes we listen to songs that make us want to dance. Sometimes we listen to songs that make us happy, but there are also songs that make us sad and we don't mind listening to them. Uh, so a sad song can make you sad or a sad movie. So,


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[Assistant] We do use these words. We, we say things like, oh, this, this is a really sad song or did you see this movie? It was a really sad movie.


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[Assistant] It doesn't mean we don't watch them though. As humans, we don't always listen to things that make us happy or make us or watch things that make us happy. So a sad song or a sad movie can definitely make you sad.


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[Assistant] Memories. So in the last lesson, I talked about how photo albums, you know, a photo album is a book filled with pictures from your life, can make you very, very happy.


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[Assistant] Photos can also make you sad and memories can make you sad. I sometimes have this when I listen to music.


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[Assistant] That's from my past. Like if I listen to music that I used to listen to when I was in my teenage years or in my twenties, it can make me sad because it brings back memories uhm, of a fun time in my life that's over.


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[Assistant] The older you get, you sometimes miss the days of your youth. So memories can make you sad. Memories of a person who is no longer, uh, with us. Someone who has passed away can make you very very sad. So definitely memories can make you sad as well.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so this is unique to the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere in the parts of the world that get good winter. In the winter, especially where I live in Canada,


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[Assistant] In November and December, the days get shorter and shorter. The sun rises later in the morning and the sun goes down earlier in the evening. In fact, at the end of the month of December, the days are so short that it's dark.


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[Assistant] Around 4.30, 5 o'clock in the afternoon. So it gets dark really fast.


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[Assistant] Short days and being stuck inside during the winter can make people very, very sad. If you don't like cold weather, if you don't like going outside, you probably will be sad sometimes in the winter, especially when the days are short, uhm, and the nights are long.


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[Assistant] Missing an event. So, we had someone mentioned earlier. Um, one thing that makes them sad is they had to, who was that that said they had to go to an event? Um, I forget who that was. Sorry about that. Yes, Natalia. Hi. Hello, everybody. Today, I have a training at the same time as the lesson. So,


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[Assistant] Can be sad. Now notice this is different. I'm using the word missing in a different way than when you are missing someone. So when I'm missing someone,


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[Assistant] That means that they're not here and I'm sad because they're not here. But when I'm missing an event, it means I can't go to it.


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[Assistant] Laws and rules. So I asked my kids, what makes you sad? And my, my one, my daughter said rules make me sad.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so I thought I should include laws and rules. Sometimes you might be sad because there are laws in your country that stop you from doing something that you want to do. Uhm, or maybe you remember as a child that there were many, many rules in your house and those rules made you sad. When I was young,


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[Assistant] Not having enough money, uhm, that can make you sad. I'm always sad, uhm, everytime I have to pay a bill, I'm sad because I have to send money.


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[Assistant] Not having enough money makes people sad.


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[Assistant] When you have a certain amount of money in life, it can make you happy.


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[Assistant] But when you have way more money than you need, it doesn't always make you happy. But certainly not having enough money can make you sad.


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[Assistant] And then, uh, lack of money. So I talked about bills and lack of money. Um, lack of money simply means not having enough money. The word, English word lack means to not have. So when you have a lack of money, you don't have enough money.


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[Assistant] I think most people have a lack of money. Mostly because either they don't make enough or they spend too much.


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[Assistant] Sometimes students I know at school have a lack of money because they spend all their money. It's not because their parents haven't given them money. It's not because they don't have a job. It's because they spend all their money.


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[Assistant] And this last one is from one of my children as well. Homework can make you sad. So if you are in school and if your teacher gives you a lot of homework,


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[Assistant] That could certainly make you sad. This one makes me laugh because I'm a teacher and I give homework and I wonder if for some of my students that creates a lot of sadness in their life but certainly if you have a lot of homework that can make you sad.


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[Assistant] My only goal is to reach the western paradise.


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[Assistant] So that had interesting properties. Specifically, what they did, it had an exponential IV characteristic, namely the current.


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[Assistant] was exponentially related to the voltage and as such it was kind of a rectifier, right? I mean it was, it was what we call a diode. Diode is a general term.


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[Assistant] Now, in fact, actually the name diode comes from vacuum tube days. Because you have the diode, then you have the triode, then you have the tetrodes, then the pentodes, and all those things, depending on how many electrodes you have.


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[Assistant] So diode in general now refers to any device that basically has this rectifying non-linear characteristic that is more


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[Assistant] Conductive in one direction and less conductive in the other direction. So it's like a one-way valve, if you will. An ideal diode, of course, is like an L-shaped IV characteristic. Now,


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[Assistant] Now, most of the diodes today are made out of p-n junctions, so we basically just have to become synonymous, but diode is more general, p-n junction is a special kind of a diode. Anyway, so what we did, we could make a diode, basically meaning that we had a p-n, p and n, and what we saw is that we had two regions,


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[Assistant] So let's go through that process very quickly. So if you had a PN,


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[Assistant] So let's say you had a region P, let's say a region N and a region P.


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[Assistant] And what we have, what do we have, what kind of dopants do we have in the end region?


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[Assistant] To get n region basically means that you have more electrons than holes. So you have things that are easily giving away extra electrons. So you need column five elements, right? Which basically after they give up the electron, they leave behind a positive ion. Right? So you have these positive ions.


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[Assistant] And the free electrons, right? You had the free electrons.


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[Assistant] At room temperature, most of them were ionized, so these electrons were really free. They were not attached to any of them, so they were moving around.


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[Assistant] And on the p side, what we had, we had a bunch of, uhm,


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[Assistant] Acceptors, basically column three elements, which would be easily, which would be able to easily, uh, ionize at room temperature.


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[Assistant] And what that does is basically, so when they ionize, they leave behind a free hole. So you had the hole at room temperatures, you had the holes that were


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[Assistant] Free to move around. Of course, these ions cannot move around. These are massive relative to the holes in electrons. They're atoms with nuclei and bunch of other electrons that have formed bonds, four covalent bonds with the adjacent silicon atoms. So these are pretty well tied down.


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[Assistant] But the holes in the electrons that they release, they are pretty free. And of course, these things we calculated, the other thing that we calculated was the speed by which they are randomly moving thermally. We saw that the speed of random thermal movement was extremely high. And these being small devices,


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[Assistant] And it's really an exponential drop beyond a certain point, but at that point, there is a region, you basically eventually form a region, which is depleted of charge carriers. So, most of the charge carriers in this region have already recombined. Of course, you're constantly generating new ones, electron hole pairs.


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[Assistant] Would force them to, so if you have an electron and a hole generated, the electron would go this way, where it's majority, and the hole would go this way. And there's a component of


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[Assistant] This is basically balancing the net flow because there's always some hot electrons and hot holes that would just cross the boundary.


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[Assistant] So your Fermi level is closer to your conduction band. Then you have a p-type on the other side.


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[Assistant] And here you basically are, uhm, you have more holes and you have more electrons here. So this was the energy band diagram. And of course an electron needs to work going, basically what you see is that if I put an electron here it would go down this way, the electric field.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if you leave it like that, if you don't connect it to anything else, it's in thermal equilibrium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, now, one of the things we did was of course to make this diet forward biased. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you apply a forward bias, there will be current flowing, right? We saw that there will be current flowing is exponentially dependent on this V diode. And the way it happens is that you're basically lowering this potential barrier. So what happens is that when you apply a voltage like that, you're lowering this potential barrier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really Fermi-Dirac distribution, but it's really approximated as Boltzmann distribution of electrons. So you have electrons on this side. So before, only these electrons were hard enough to cross.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now by lowering the potential barrier, you have a whole bunch of new ones that can cross. And these guys are still bounced back, and the same thing is true for the holes. You've lowered the potential barrier for the holes, so now a whole bunch of new ones that couldn't pass, can pass now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So this was a picture that we had. And now, now, this current, maybe a DC current, maybe a constant DC current,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it does not make the system in thermo-equilibrium anymore. So basically you cannot have, you will not have a constant Fermi level across this thing. It's meaningless to define that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because Fermi-Dirac distribution is meaningful only in thermal equilibrium. Now you are in steady state.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But not thermal equilibrium. And what sometimes people do, they define as quasi Fermi levels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That, there's a local Fermi level here, and there's a local Fermi level there, and they're different, and the difference is of course QVD.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the picture that we developed last time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's kind of a useful device, of course, as a diode, but it's not particularly useful. I mean, if you just had diodes, making logic circuits and amplifiers and analog circuits and digital circuits would be very difficult and in many cases impossible, right? How do you make an amplifier? What do you need to make an amplifier?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need, what is the quality, what is the property that you need for that device to be useful?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What property would you like the device to have for it to be useful? Any thoughts?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, exactly, so the response was, you cannot control it with some other input.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which basically means that you really need a third terminal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You need to separate the controlling terminal from the controlled. Because here the controlling and the controlled are one. You have these two, two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What, what is the controlling parameter here in this device? What is the thing that controls what happens to it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And what does this voltage do? It lowers the poten- adjusts the potential barrier. So, and what it really does, it actually is really harnessing the thermal energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just the electrons will pour in and the holes will pour in this direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All you do is just need to adjust that knob. So it's a useful knob because you control the voltage and then the thermal energy is doing a lot of work for you. And that's why...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bipolar junction transistor has so much transconductance. When you compare it for example with MOSFET, is that you are really harnessing the thermal energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's what makes it such a powerful device. It's a very... I mean, if you use some sort of analogy, it's a very...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is kind of obvious, but let's think about it, about why we do it and how we do it. So let's be a little bit more purposeful about it. So let's draw, redraw this picture, but in a slightly different fashion. So I'm not gonna redraw all the ions again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we are, what we are going to be looking, so this is the junction, let's say, and then you have the n-type and p-type. And let's look at the current distribution when you have a forward bias applied to it, which in this case was like that. So you have a forward bias applied, you have a depletion region, right,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's say this is the depletion region. And I've drawn in this case the depletion region, I don't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, let's draw it in. Which side would the depletion region extend more into? From what we learned last time when we calculated the capacitance and the depletion region width. Which side has the larger depletion region?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lighter doped side, right? The side with the lighter level of doping concentration.