[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While cholera is generally rare in the United States and other industrialized nations, global cases of cholera have been steadily rising. CDC estimates that each year there are 2.9 million cases of cholera around the world, with 95,000 people dying from the disease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cholera isn't spread from person to person, but rather through inadequate sewage management.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Epidemics are usually traced back to contamination of a water or food source with the feces of an infected person.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And while we're talking about epidemics, let's make sure we know what that means. The term endemic means the baseline amount of a particular disease that's usually present in a community.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The term epidemic simply means there are more cases than expected. A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, seven pandemics of cholera have been recorded since 1817.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While it can be life-threatening, cholera can be easily prevented and treated if you have the right resources and knowledge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that we have some global context, let's talk about the bacterium that causes this disease, and how it's able to do so much damage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cholera is caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae, and more specifically by the toxin-producing serotypes V. cholerae O1 and O139.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The genus Vibrio is part of a major group of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, fermentative rods. Let's break down what that means. These bacteria are rod-shaped.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're gram negative, which means they have a thin peptidoglycan layer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Facultatively anaerobic means that they can live and grow either with or without molecular oxygen, so they can make things work even if oxygen isn't present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In contrast, an obligate anaerobe can only grow in the complete absence of molecular oxygen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, when there isn't any oxygen present, these bacteria undergo the process of fermentation, which is a non-oxygen requiring metabolic process for breaking down glucose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vibrio species can grow in a variety of temperatures and tolerate a wide pH range of around 6.5 to 9.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] V cholerae, in particular, can grow in the absence of salt, which sets it apart from the other vibrio species, along with its ability to produce cholera toxin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looking at the structure of these bacteria, vibrios often have a single polar flagellum, which is an antenna-like structure that helps them move around. Different strains have various pili, which are hair-like structures on the surface, to help mediate virulence, or give them their ability to cause disease. The cell wall structure is also quite important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And three, an O polysaccharide sidechain. It is the case that the lipopolysaccharide, or LPS, generated by gram-negative bacteria can produce a much more powerful inflammatory reaction than gram-positive bacteria.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The O. polysaccharide of these bacteria is used to subdivide vibrio into what's called serogroups. For instance, there are over 140 serogroups of V. cholerae numbered O1 to O140.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aside from serotypes O1 and O139, other strains of V cholerae generally don't produce cholera toxin, and therefore don't cause disease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Believe it or not, classification can get even more specific. V. cholerae serotype O1 is further subdivided into serotypes and biotypes. Three serotypes in particular are recognized, including Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depending on the properties that the bacteria are expressing, they can transition between serotype Inaba and serotype Ogawa, with serotype Hikojima being the transitional state where both Inaba and Ogawa properties are expressed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two biotypes are classical and L-TOR, which can be subdivided by morphologic and phenotypic properties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we mentioned, seven worldwide pandemics of V. cholerae infections have been documented since 1817. The classic biotype was responsible for the sixth worldwide pandemic, while the El Tor biotype is responsible for the seventh pandemic, which is still ongoing today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cholerae-01 does not produce a capsule, which is a protective polysaccharide layer on the outside of the cell, so infections with this organism typically can't spread past the confines of the intestine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The genes for V. cholerae are encoded on two circular chromosomes. However, plasmids, which are smaller circular DNA molecules that bacteria can trade with each other, including those that encode antimicrobial resistance, are commonly found in vibrio species as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's talk about damage. The cholera toxin is responsible for those telltale symptoms of the disease. However, the genes that encode the cholera toxin are very intricately regulated, such that a complex cascade of events must be carried out just right to produce the toxin within the bacterium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That process gets incredibly complex, so we won't get into those details here. Once produced and properly assembled, the cholera toxin is a complex AB toxin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many pathogenic bacteria produce AB toxins, which are made of two components, subunit A and subunit B.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Subunit A is typically responsible for the enzymatic activity of the toxin, which is the part that does the damage. Subunit B is responsible for binding to specific receptors in a host cell and then transferring the enzyme across the membrane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With these types of toxins, isolated A subunits are enzymatically active but lack the ability to bind and enter cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And isolated B subunits can bind to target cells, but they're non-toxic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plus the enzymatic component is not active until it is released, so it's a kind of teamwork.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you drink water contaminated with V cholerae, the bacteria enters your digestive tract, and subunit B of the toxin binds directly to receptors in your intestinal tract.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Subunit A of the toxin starts a chemical reaction that triggers a hypersecretion of water and electrolytes. In fact, an infected patient can lose as much as a liter of fluid per hour due to this chemical reaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition to dehydration, such extreme fluid loss can lead to loss of bicarbonate or potassium, causing irregular heartbeat or kidney failure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If left untreated, the mortality rate is 60%. If treated promptly with electrolytes and fluid replacement, the mortality rate is less than 1%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Antibiotic therapy can help reduce toxin production in some cases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To confirm that someone has been infected with V. cholerae serogroup O1 or O139, the gold standard is to culture a stool specimen in a lab. In areas with limited lab testing, there is a rapid preliminary test called the crystal VC dipstick that can help inform CDC if there might be an outbreak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are also several vaccines available for those traveling to areas with known cholera activity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me at


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fact is, when you restrict yourself, when you put up constraints for yourself, when you say, I'm only gonna work


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You are not going to out effort Microsoft or Google. You are not going to be able to put in more programming hours than they are. Thus, you don't go head to head with them. Because there's no need. Like that, it just doesn't work. It doesn't work to go head to head with somebody who has a million X more than you do. You are going to lose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We love all the things that come from underdoing your competition. Having fewer features than your competition. Uhm, so that's a good thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is. I'd never thought of it like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's about to get a good drink now. Let's go and find somewhere to stay dry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, they're mulberries. Very good to eat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You weren't disappointed that your favourite tree fell down?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can overcome bad habits only today, not tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Time, word and opportunity. Therefore do not waste time. Choose words and do not miss the opportunity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Roads were made for journeys, not destinations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Respect yourself and others will respect you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The man who chases two rabbits catches neither.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is easy to hate and it is difficult to love. This is how the whole scheme of things works. All good things are difficult to achieve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And bad things are very easy to get.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Learning without thought is labor lost. Thought without learning is perilous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Learn as if you constantly feel you lack your knowledge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you make a mistake and do not correct it, this is called a mistake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your comment about a small business versus what I'll call a scalable startup, which wants by design to be a billion dollar company. I think those two are the same thing. You think they're the same? Well, that's what I want to ask. Do you believe 37signals


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hobbies Vocabulary, by Elf Learning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Baking. Ballet. Playing baseball. Cooking. Dancing. Drawing. Gymnastics. Doing karate. Okay, that was eight. Let's do eight more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listening to music, playing the piano, playing, reading, playing soccer, swimming, watching TV, playing video games.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you very much for watching everyone. This has been Elf Learning, and we will see you next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Syphilis has been around for a long time. Though there's some debate regarding where and when it first appeared, historians can at least agree that the first well-documented outbreak of syphilis occurred in Italy in 1495.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Back then we didn't have antibiotics, or any effective treatment for that matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before penicillin was discovered, the painful symptoms of syphilis, including genital sores, abscesses and ulcers all over the body, and severe pains, were treated with mercury or other mostly ineffective home remedies. This meant that on top of the painful symptoms, many patients died of mercury poisoning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's learn a bit more about this disease and its modern treatment now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First let's talk about what syphilis actually is. It is a bacterial infection caused by treponema pallidum that's spread most commonly through sexual contact, but it can also be passed from a pregnant woman to her baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These bacteria are thin, tightly coiled spirochetes, which are gram-negative motile spiral bacteria. They have pointed, straight ends with flagella on each end, which allow them to move around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These organisms are difficult to grow in the lab and too thin to observe with a light microscope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So scientists have analyzed their genome to figure out what types of proteins or virulence factors they may use to cause damage. While scientists have identified a few proteins that are associated with virulence, precisely how these proteins are involved remains to be determined.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ultimately, the tissue destruction and lesions observed in syphilis cases are caused by a patient's immune response to infection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The disease follows a progression of stages that can last for weeks, months, or even years. The initial or primary phase is characterized by one or more skin lesions called cankers, which mark where the bacteria entered the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These cankers are painless and might occur in locations you don't regularly examine and hence might not notice, and then heal within three to six weeks, even without treatment. However, without adequate treatment, the infection will progress to the secondary stage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the secondary phase, the bacteria have spread through the blood, causing prominent skin lesions or rashes over the entire surface of the body. In some cases, these rashes are so faint that they're not noticeable, but in others, large raised gray or white lesions may form.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In some patients, the infection may cause a sore throat, swollen lymph glands, fever, weight loss or fatigue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the disease isn't treated in the secondary stage it will progress to the latent phase of the disease, in which there are no visible symptoms at all, which can last for years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In rare cases, tertiary syphilis can develop 10 to 30 years after the initial infection, affecting multiple organ systems. This can be fatal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At any of the above stages, syphilis can infect the nervous system or eyes, causing a wide range of potentially serious symptoms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In infected pregnant women, untreated syphilis can cause infant death in up to 40% of cases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the babies that survive, they're at risk of seizures, developmental delays, or death if they aren't treated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Despite its long history, syphilis is quite common. The World Health Organization estimates that there were 18 million syphilis cases worldwide in 2012, with 5.6 million new cases occurring in adults between the ages of 15 and 49.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Syphilis is typically diagnosed using blood tests and treated with penicillin or other antibiotics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any sexually active person can get syphilis through unprotected sex, so healthcare providers recommend using condoms and getting regularly tested for STDs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, since the bacteria are extremely labile and unable to survive exposure to drying or disinfectants, syphilis cannot be spread through contact with inanimate objects like toilet seats.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me at


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone, welcome to English with Lucy. Now today's video is a little bit different. It's appropriate for both English learners and native speakers. Today I'm going to talk about words that are notoriously difficult to spell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I really don't think much more explanation is needed. Let's get started. So word number one is a little bit of a weird one. Yeah, you got it. It is weird.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, we've been told time after time after time, I before E, accept after C. Well, not in this case, and the best way of remembering it is weird is a weird word, so it doesn't follow the rule. I've actually written it wrong so many times that my iPhone autocorrect now accepts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Weird with an IE. It doesn't do wonders for my reputation as an English teacher.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, does it have one C and two M's? Does it have?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two C's and one M. No, it accommodates a lot of letters in it, so we've got two of each letter. And I always find this so hard to remember, but you can think, accommodate accommodates a lot of letters in it. Okay, number three, my favourite word for hangman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you guess what it is? It's got no vowels in it apart from a Y. Ah, it's rhythm. Rhythm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a great word for hangman, but only if you spell it correctly. I can never get those letters in the right order, but luckily I don't tend to play hangman on a daily basis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Number four, and this word can get quite embarrassing if you spell it incorrectly. Yes, it is embarrass. Much like with our second word, accommodate, embarrass also has two of each consonant. Double R and double S. Don't spell it wrong because it will be embarrassing. Or is that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Number five, and sixteen years ago, this was much more important than it is now, it is millennium. And this one is as hard to spell as it is to say. Millennium. Minelium. Malalialium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, it's another culprit of double consonants. We've got a double L and a double N in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Luckily, we don't have another millennium or another couple of hundred years, so we'll be okay for a while. Number six, one of my favourite words to say. Liaison. Liaison.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we always get confused by that triple vowel there, I-A-I. I always want to miss out that final I. Don't blame us for that spelling. Blame it on the French. Number seven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Harass, like embarrass, it sounds like it should have a double R and a double S, but it only has one R. Why? Well, I think it's quite fitting to harass you. And the next one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maintenance. Maintenance. People like to put maintenance, but in this word it's not the case. It is maintenance. Then we have very important pronunciation. Pronunciation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now often English folk will say pronunciation. I've actually been accused of it a couple of times on my pronunciation videos, but I think it's just a twang in my accent that makes a none sound like noun. None. Pronunciation. Pronunciation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So another one with the verb not fitting into the noun form. To pronounce, pronunciation. Maintain, maintenance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Number ten, and I really recommend that you, you remember this one. It is, uh, I'm on fire today. It is recommend. Who would have thought?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, yes, again, do we have the double consonants? Do we not? In this case, we don't. There's just one C and two M's, and it's one that I consistently get wrong. I managed to rely on spell check for this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so those were my ten words that are hard to spell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'd love to know if there are any more words that you find hard to spell. Put them in the comments and have a lovely day. If you are learning English as a second language and you want to improve your British English pronunciation, I do a free live lesson every Sunday at 4.30 on my English with Lucy


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Facebook page, loads of you join in every week, it's great fun, and I really like interacting with you, and it's completely free.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you've got nothing better to do, come and join me on Sunday's 4.30 British time. Don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I will see you for another English lesson very, very soon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was anybody here yesterday for the panel? Okay. Okay, so, I'll try to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, the last few takes, the director comes into the booth. It was really hot in the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as much as you can about it and like really immerse your life into that and it'll start to become your universe and it will happen. So again, whatever industry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any, eh, it doesn't have to be video games, it could be like shows or movies, whatever, you know, in this voice acting world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some people called it black measles because of the black skin rashes it caused, and others called it spotted fever. Hundreds of people in Idaho got sick, and by the early 1900s, the disease had spread to surrounding states. Imagine living nearby and having no idea what was causing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two scientists named Lewis Wilson and William Chowning investigated the outbreak and published their findings on this spotted fever in the very first volume of the Journal of Infectious Diseases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A few years later in 1906, a pathologist named Howard Ricketts identified the cause of the outbreak, a newly discovered bacterium that was later named after him, Rickettsia rickettsii.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most people infected with Rocky Mountain spotted fever experience a headache, chills, and fever, followed by joint pain, fatigue, and a feeling of weakness. Sometime during the first week, a rash develops, beginning on the hands and feet, which can spread and become darker over time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In severe cases, patients might have brain irritation, labored breathing, or poor circulation, and some become comatose and die.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's back up and talk about how this works. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transferred to humans by ticks, either the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, or brown dog tick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ticks are the main reservoir and vector for the disease, and adult ticks spread the infection to humans when they feed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bacteria that the ticks transfer, Rickettsia rickettsii, are incredibly small, so much so that they were originally thought to be viruses. These bacteria are gram-negative rods that take advantage of a natural defense mechanism in our cells called phagocytosis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During phagocytosis, an immune cell binds to something specific it wants to destroy, like a virus or infected cell, and engulfs it, drawing it inward to start the destruction process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, rickettsia rickettsii bacteria trigger phagocytosis, but instead of being destroyed, they're able to multiply and spread, causing damage to cells and leaking of blood vessels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If left untreated, Rocky Mountain spotted fever can cause complications, including hearing loss, mental disability, paralysis, and even the necessity for amputation of legs, fingers, arms, or toes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rocky Mountain spotted fever is usually treated with the antibiotic doxycycline, which is especially effective when the infection is caught early.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Educating yourself about where ticks normally hang out and what different kinds of ticks look like, as well as treating your clothing and gear with the insecticide permethrin, can be helpful for prevention.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition, if you're the hiking type, always check your body and clothing, as well as any pets that come along, for any ticks after an outdoor excursion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As much as the sweet and juicy taste of a delicious strawberry?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, you know, what that means for us right now, for example, is that for most of the important projects that we do, the different parts of the application, we have a daily email that comes in and we've identified what the main things we care about for that particular part of the app, we look at it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so, you know, for some of the business features that we're working on right now, we iterate every day, you know, every day, you know, actually yesterday I told my engineers that the email comes in at midnight, which means that I have to wait up till midnight every day to look at the numbers before deciding, you know, what we're doing today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I said, you know, can we have it coming at 9 PM so that I can go to sleep a little bit earlier after having looked at the numbers. So we iterate daily on a lot of things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's play I Spy with my little eye. Okay, you go first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It smells delicious! I have a good idea! Why don't we play?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mmmm. It's one of my favorite smells of spring. Take a sniff!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, the snow is melting away! Yes! Look how fast it's flowing!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're living in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was a little surprised when he stretched out his arm. I don't really think I'm a robot either. What in the world am I?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yada no, Regu-san.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've been able to become an Aofue since I was 15 years old. It's said to be a special time to become a Shirofue student.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Influenza, typically referred to as the flu, is a viral disease that has been around for a long time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Descriptions of local outbreaks of what's believed to be influenza date back to ancient times. However, the most famous influenza pandemic swept the world back between 1918 and 1919.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even though this pandemic is commonly known as the Spanish Flu, this name is actually the result of widespread misunderstanding and experts can't agree on precisely where it came from. What we do know is that about one third of the world's population became infected with this virus, and it's estimated that at least 50 million people died worldwide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's dig into the details of the virus on the molecular level. All influenza is caused by one of three influenza viruses, A, B, or C, which belong to the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, influenza A, B, and C viruses are the only members of the orthomyxoviridae family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since influenza A causes the most serious disease, we'll focus on the details of that one here. Influenza viruses themselves can be spherical or tubular in shape, ranging in diameter from 80 to 120 nanometers or so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Influenza A has eight segments of single-stranded RNA which are enclosed in a protein capsid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The capsid is surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope that it gets from the host cell membrane during the maturation step of replication, and that lipoprotein has glycoprotein spikes poking out all around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The two glycoproteins that make up the spikes of the envelope are called hemagglutinin, abbreviated with the letter H, and neuraminidase, abbreviated with the letter N.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The spikes are an important part of the virus's ability to cause damage, so we should try to understand why this is the case. The hemagglutinin spikes allow the virus to recognize and then attach to specific receptors on host epithelial cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Viruses that have these hemagglutinin spikes also cause red blood cells to stick together, which is called hemagglutination, and this is one method for identifying if a virus is present.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Neuraminidase is an enzyme that's crucial for releasing newly formed virions from the host cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Influenza viruses bud out of the host cell, taking some of the host's lipoprotein envelope with it, but the newly formed virions need neuraminidase to break free from the surface receptors they were bound to. Neuraminidase destroys these receptors so that the virus can go on to infect another cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And while we're talking about this mechanism, anti-influenza drugs, like Tamiflu, act by inhibiting neuraminidase activity, which is why it's important for these drugs to be taken very early in the infection cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've likely heard people talk about H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses, but what does that actually mean?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Influenza typically enters a host by inhaling aerosolized respiratory secretions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically, little sneeze or cough droplets from a person who has the flu. However, you can also pick up the flu virus from commonly touched surfaces such as doorknobs or household items.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, the person touches something with the virus on it and then accidentally touches their face, transferring the virus into the mucous membranes of the face via the nose or eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The virus then attaches, using its hemagglutinin spikes, to respiratory epithelial cells coated in cilia, and uses the process of endocytosis to enter the cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From there, the virus replicates its RNA and builds more of its own proteins using the host cell's machinery. Within six hours, mature virions bud out of the host cell, taking some of the host cell's membrane with them, and the virus then can spread rapidly to nearby cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In most cases, a small percentage of people with influenza die, but when outbreaks are widespread, that means the number of people who are likely to die goes up. And actually, most of the deaths that occur from influenza outbreaks are from secondary bacterial infections like pneumonia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Epidemics of influenza happen each year, but global pandemics only pop up periodically. The reason for this really boils down to the mutation and evolution of the virus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, there's the concept of antigenic drift, which is important for influenza A and B viruses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically, point mutations in the genes that encode the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes, causing a single amino acid discrepancy during normal viral replication, for instance, can grant the virus the ability to escape the immune system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, one single mutation might weaken the interaction of the virus with antibodies that we've already made against them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Antigenic drift commonly occurs during the course of a standard flu season. In some cases, enough changes accumulate in a virus that a new subtype evolves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A more uncommon occurrence is the idea of antigenic shift. Only influenza A viruses can do this, because it requires swapping of genetic material between different subtypes of the same kind of virus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember when we talked about the genome of the influenza virus being segmented, meaning that viral proteins are encoded on eight separate segments?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If someone is infected with two different subtypes of influenza A at the same time so that both viruses are replicating within the same cell, it's possible for a newly created virus to contain pieces of each of the subtypes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While this is rare, it's absolutely possible and this is the way that viruses are able to jump to infecting new species. This viral genome reassortment is what causes pandemic influenza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's talk about treatment and prevention. Since influenza is a virus, antibiotics don't work to treat infection. Some antiviral medications can prevent disease if taken early, but the main form of prevention is by vaccine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since these viruses are prone to continual evolution, it is very difficult to create a vaccine that offers lifelong immunity. Because of antigenic drift, a slightly new strain of influenza is always emerging, and it typically takes between 6 and 9 months to manufacture large quantities of a vaccine once a new strain emerges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, scientists are working to develop a universal flu vaccine that could revolutionize influenza prevention, which would neutralize a major killer worldwide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me at


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I mean, as, you know, John says, you know, we went kind of in stages, yeaah, so we, at one stage we decided, okay, this is, this is going to be much bigger than we can make it in an organic manner the way we've been growing and we need to, uhm, get some outside funding in and then we brought in advisors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then a bunch of angel investors and pretty soon after that we did a series A.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, just to put that, what he's saying into context is that even though we were in, located in Silicon Valley, we did not have a huge network of investors and the kind of people who build companies. So we were kind of coming out from the outside. So for us, the big thing we had was flight share. I mean, you could look at the numbers and you could see that the site was taking off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's what we, you know, in fact our first angel investors like Mark Cuban, Jonathan Abrams, Dave McClure, all of them we met on SlideShare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most people have heard of rabies, either from a movie or perhaps in the news. Rabies is an ancient disease, at least 4,000 years old, which has been mentioned in the writings of doctors, pharmacists, veterinarians, poets, philosophers, and surgeons in various forms over the years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The earliest records were written on tablets, and as far back as 1900 to 1600 BCE. These writings hinted at the possibility that rabies transmission was somehow related to the saliva of an afflicted animal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The greatest minds in nearly every era since then had sought to understand how to prevent and treat rabies, and speculated about what caused it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some remedies involved herbs or incantations, while others involved amputation or burning the bite wound with religious relics. It wasn't until Louis Pasteur developed the killed rabies vaccine in the 1880s that a bite from a so-called mad dog didn't mean certain death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's dive into what makes this virus so deadly. The rabies virus belongs to the genus Lysivirus in the Rabdoviridae family, which includes a few other pathogens, but nothing quite as terrifying as rabies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rabdoviruses are surprisingly simple viruses that encode only five proteins, and they appear as bullet-shaped, enveloped virions with glycoprotein spikes on the surface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These virions have a helical nucleocapsid within the envelope that's symmetrically coiled into a cylindrical structure. The nucleocapsid is composed of one molecule of negative sense single-stranded RNA that's about 12,000 bases long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even with only five proteins encoded, the virus has the ability to protect itself from ribonuclease digestion and retain a shape that is ideal for transcription.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The way that it replicates is as follows. First, the glycoprotein spikes of the virus attach to the host cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This attachment triggers endocytosis, where the plasma membrane of the host cell folds inward and forms a membrane-bound vesicle called an endosome, around the virus, essentially trapping the virion in a plasma membrane bubble within the host cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once there, the viral envelope fuses with the membrane of the endosome, which uncoats the virion and sends the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm for replication.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within the cytoplasm, the virus uses a combination of its nucleocapsid-encoded enzymes and host cell machinery to transcribe viral RNA.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, the nucleocapsid is assembled in the cytoplasm. Then the virion is pushed out through the cell plasma membrane in a process called budding, taking part of that membrane with it, which gives the virion its envelope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rabies virus can be introduced either from the bite of an infected animal by inhaling aerosolized virus in places like bat caves, from an organ transplant with infected tissue, or by some other sort of inoculation through the mucosal membranes, like a scratch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bites are the most common transmission method, though, and it's specifically the saliva of the infected animal that transmits the virus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First, the virus replicates in the muscle tissue at the bite site, which is part of the incubation phase, but there are typically no symptoms at all during this phase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's what makes this virus so scary. The incubation period can last anywhere from days to months or even a year. It depends on the location of the wound and the viral load.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once symptoms set in, the disease is fatal. There are very few known cases of survival once clinical disease kicks in, which is why vaccination is incredibly important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the initial replication in the muscle tissue or incubation phase, the virus infects the central nervous system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Traveling to the spinal cord, and finally the brain, which is the prodrome phase. The prodrome phase can last between two and ten days, and symptoms typically include fever, headache, itching at the site of the bite, malaise, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, or anorexia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within the brain, the brainstem, hippocampus, and critically important nerve cells then become infected, which cause the classic symptoms, coma and death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the neurologic phase. These classic symptoms are typically neurological in nature, and the most common symptom, which happens in 20 to 50% of cases, is a fear of water, or hydrophobia. That may sound strange, but what's really happening there is it becomes very painful to swallow water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the same time, many patients experience seizures, disorientation, and hallucinations, and anywhere from 15 to 60% of people infected experience paralysis, which can lead to respiratory failure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The virus spreads to the skin of the head and neck, including the eyes, nose, and salivary glands, the latter of which can transmit the virus to someone else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the neurologic phase, which lasts two to ten days, patients typically become comatose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rabies is considered a classic zoonotic infection, spreading from animals to humans. The rabies virus is endemic, meaning regularly found all over the world, with the exception of Australia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In urban settings, dogs are the main transmitter, but many species of wildlife can transmit the virus. In the United States in particular, we have a robust vaccination program for dogs, so it turns out that rabies is actually more prevalent in cats, because they are not vaccinated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Other than that, in the US, wild raccoons, skunks, bats, foxes, and farm animals can pass the virus to unvaccinated cats or dogs. However, in Latin America and Asia, where stray unvaccinated dogs are more common, there are thousands of rabies cases in dogs each year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Worldwide about 59,000 people die from rabies each year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When it comes to diagnosis, any of the symptoms we just discussed are typically enough. What's really unfortunate though is that any kind of diagnosis, either by antibody test or through symptoms, can't happen until it's too late to intervene.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Post-exposure prophylaxis, meaning a vaccine administered after the moment of infection, is the only way to prevent rabies infection. That's why doctors recommend that if you have any suspicions whatsoever that you've been in contact with rabies, it's best to get the vaccine to be on the safe side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching, guys. Subscribe to my channel for more tutorials, support me on patreon so I can keep making content, and as always, feel free to email me at


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, you may be right, little nut-brown hair.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It does sound like that, doesn't it? But there isn't anybody down there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What you're hearing is actually just my voice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Speaking of far away things, we still have a long journey home. We should set off before it starts getting dark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that you know the way, you can come back here anytime you like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Speak for yourself, self, self.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As much as all the voices echoing across the whole meadow, meadow, meadow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no duty we so much underate as the duty of being happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is one thing to mortify curiosity, another to conquer it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To know what you prefer, instead of humbly saying amen to what the world tells you you ought to prefer, is to have kept your soul alive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are two things that men should never be wary of. Goodness and humility.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The difficulty of literature is not to write, but to write what you mean, not to affect your reader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You cannot run away from a weakness. You must sometimes fight it out or perish. And if that be so, why not now? And where do you stand?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our business in life is not to succeed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But to continue to fail in good spirits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Compromise is the best and cheapest lawyer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Never think about death, because it is already inevitable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To travel, hopefully, is better than to have arrived.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All speech written or spoken is a dead language until it finds a willing and prepared hearer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a faculty for idleness implies a Catholic appetite and a strong sense of personal identity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The truth that is suppressed by friends is the readiest weapon of the enemy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everyone who got where he is has had to begin where he was.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A good conscience is eight parts of courage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He does have two long ears.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was a 10 out of 10! I'm not gonna lie, I forgot to mention that. My thoughts on that. That was a 10 out of 10. For an episode. Like, that was fucking fantastic! Like, what a ride! Like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't even know how to explain it, I got, I got, I couldn't stop the tears from dropping, like, I got emotional while I was watching it for the second time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Besides just being talked about. He had a creepy looking white whistle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't even know what's gonna happen, honestly. Is that it? Yeah, that's it. Yeah! How do they get a fuckin' tie every loose end? They only got two episodes left, like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really survive yet? I mean, she's being treated, but no signs of her getting really better throughout that episode.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's the difference? Why, she looked like that, you looked like that, and like, who were you guys before? So many questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Comment anything on your frickin' mind, because I wanna frickin' hear it. Thanks. It's Mr. Jester, or Jester Salma, or just whatever you want to call me. Salma! See you next time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, you guys are tiny, that's so cool. I always wondered what it's like being a worm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Platypus search among the rocky bottom, looking for crayfish to eat. Then they gobble them down with their bill-like mouths.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, definitely the egg leg. Sure, everyone knows birds and reptiles do it, but a furry mammal that lays eggs? Now that's rare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yea, creatures know all the coolest secrets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, Platypus, now maybe a trip inside your dark burrow will help us figure out your sensory power.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whoa! Flood alert! If this river rises anymore, the water's gonna flood right into Plato's home! Floods are a platypus's worst nightmare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And over there her brother, Platter, almost ready to hatch. Yea, after 10 days inside that egg, they'll hatch out just like birds are reptiles, dude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Egg laying, super sensory power, now this is one weird mammal. Weird in a cool way. Take good care of those eggs, Plato.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that's what I call a heads up creature rescue. Yeah, luckily they didn't get scrambled up in that current. Scramble? No, no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey back off Gourmand, these are endangered species eggs. It's illegal to take them and you know it. Didn't you already lose your gourmet chef license for this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that doesn't look pretty. I mean, you're pretty, but we gotta get that bill taken care of. But don't worry about your eggs. Chris has them safe. I hope. Chris! Chris!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nose away from those platypus eggs! I'll pepper you with some of this!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So prove it. What seasoning would go with, say, me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We gotta get her bill fixed up fast! And find Chris! Any contact with him yet?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, what are these little black dots all over your bill, Play-Doh?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chris, hang tight! I'm on my way with platypus power!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cats don't lay eggs. Platypus are monotremes, the only mammals in the world that lay eggs, and you better leave them alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? So sorry. Platypus eggs are off the menu.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now we can finish my plan. Do you see a meat mallet somewhere on the counter?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There goes some bad eggs. Tell me about it. Now let's get these good eggs back to mom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome to the world, Platter. You made it, Platy. Hey, here's your mama.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These goggles, I can actually see heat. Rattlesnake style. Anything warm will glow red.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, I'm Martin from the Crap Brothers. And this isn't Chris. This is a 10 year old alligator.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where is that kid? He's probably in trouble again. Fidgie handsome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's happening to that kid? That's weird.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be yourself. Everyone else is already taken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've gotta dance like there's nobody watching. Love like you'll never be hurt. Sing like there's nobody listening. And live like it's heaven on earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Imperfection is beauty. Madness is genius. And it's better to be absolutely ridiculous than absolutely boring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But because they tell us that dragons can be beaten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The opposite of love is not hate. It's indifference. The opposite of art is not ugliness. It's indifference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Success is not final. Failure is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't give you a surefire formula for success, but I can give you a formula for failure. Try to please everybody all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go instead where there is no path, and leave a trail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your hardest times often lead to the greatest moments of your life. Keep going. Tough situations build strong people in the end. Keep going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, come on my little nut brown hair. Even your ears are too tired to stay up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because it's the shortest day of the year today. It's called the Winter Solstice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, and uh, don't forget I have to guess how much you love me too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although it might be hard to find flowers in all this winter snow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe you want to know what a word or phrase means or the difference between two similar words. Maybe you want to ask a question about culture or maybe you want to help out other people that are trying to learn about your language and culture. The team behind the app, HiNative,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Got in contact with me and asked me if I would be interested in trying out their app and seeing if I liked it. Well I did that, and I didn't just like it, I loved it. It is such a good idea. It's fantastic for those burning questions that a dictionary just can't answer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes you have questions that you need to ask a native person. So today I'm going to show you, with the help of Hi Native, how you can ask native speakers anything. So firstly,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is Hinative? Well, it's a culture and language Q&A.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's free, I know, unbelievable. It does have a premium version which includes a few extra features, but the majority of it is absolutely free and it's completely usable. So it's perfect for anybody on a budget.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can even upload voice recordings of you speaking and get real feedback from real native speakers and they can even reply to you with audio messages. So it really is amazing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I've used the app a couple of times before, but I am going to create a new account with you guys so you see exactly how to do it and how easy it is. So let's get started with that. Okay, so I've just downloaded the HiNative app.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My email are hello at english with lucy.co.uk and my password, okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, I'm gonna have a go at asking some more questions. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the does this sound natural part means that I can write something and a native person will respond to me and tell me whether it sounds like natural English or not. Okay, let's test this out then. Let's see if I can make a small mistake. What will I say? I went to the shop for to buy potatoes. Okay, so I will post that then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then people will vote whether it sounds natural, a little unnatural, unnatural, or I don't understand. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now there's something really special about the does this sound natural option because you can record yourself reading out the sentence and people will tell you if your English sounds natural or not and I know a lot of you will love that feature because I receive a lot of voice messages in my Facebook inbox. So let's try.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain. It's a sentence to practice the A sound. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does? Okay, let's say to have cold feet. Let's see what people say about that one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what's the difference between can and jar? Great. Okay. Right. You can also have a free question where you can ask things about culture. Okay, well let's ask...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When do people from the UK normally eat lunch?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so I've left it a little while, no longer than fifteen minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, this amazing person has responded with pictures. So we've got can. These examples of cans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of coke, kind of beans, and an example of a jar. Fantastic. So people can respond with pictures. And that explains it better than any words. Okay, then we've got...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People are saying it sounds a little unnatural or unnatural. Yep, someone has said, I went to the shop to buy potatoes. So that four, that incorrect four was taken out. Fabulous. What does cold feet, to have cold feet mean? Oh look, this fantastic person has responded again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, what about this one? The rain in Spain was mainly on the plain. Six people said I sound natural. One person said I sound a little bit unnatural. Who was that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have, when do English people normally eat lunch? Oh, we've got someone English. So one person called Nathan said for myself between 12 noon and 2pm. There's another person who hasn't understood the question. They say most people do, but I don't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can smell lots of wonderful smells, like juicy grass roots, and uhm, fresh spring leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wonder why these butterflies are following us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh no! We've taken all the butterflies' flowers. The poor butterflies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a great idea! Alright, let's go! Don't worry, little butterflies. We'll soon get you to a whole field of flowers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, the flowers we picked were lovely, but this whole field is amazing. Yes, it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I'm never gonna pick so many flowers ever again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even butterflies. Especially butterflies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Too many, because the butterflies needed them as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Introducing new advanced formula Pantene Pro V. It's ProVitamin B5 penetrates and nourishes the root, while the new formula improves your hair's texture all the way to the tip.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you ever so much for the award. We're really sorry we couldn't make it to the ceremony, but we're on tour with our new album and we'd just like to thank all our fans for buying our albums and for being so supportive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. In this video we are going to be celebrating a very important day, especially in the Irish calendar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, St. Patrick's Day will be celebrated on the 17th of March.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I've teamed up with the guys from Lingoda. They have a fantastic blog now which has loads of articles relating to specific events, days, seasons. So head over to their blog. The link is in the description box and you can read lots more about St. Patrick's Day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today I'm going to tell you a little bit about St. Patrick's Day, how it's celebrated, and then I'm going to give you some idioms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And because the colour used to celebrate is the colour green,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to give you idioms related to the colour green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for most people, St. Patrick's Day is a day for celebrating everything to do with Irish culture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which normally involves going to the pub and drinking lots of beer or whiskey and dressing up as leprechauns and shamrocks. If you want to find out what those are, check out the blog post. And I must say, I have joined in in those festivities. I do like a pint of Guinness every now and again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, it actually has much more cultural importance than that. In reality, St Patrick's Day celebrates the life of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Saint Patrick. Who would have guessed it? Now, Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated on the 17th of March because it is believed to be the date that he died in around 460 A.D. Now, Saint Patrick's Day is known for drinking because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It actually falls within length and that's a period of time where there are restrictions on food and drink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the Irish people were given an exemption. They were allowed to drink and feast on St. Patrick's Day. That's why it's associated with excess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nowadays it's celebrated all over the world, especially in America, they love it over there, and people listen to Irish music, they drink Irish alcohol and drinks, they eat Irish food, and they sometimes talk with an Irish accent. Ireland. That's the best I can do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, and very importantly, they wear green. People wear green. So now, to help celebrate St. Patrick's Day, I'm going to talk to you about some idioms that are related to the colour green. So the first idiom is to be green with envy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be green with envy. So I'm going to give an example of how I would use this idiom in conversation, and I want you to guess what it means. Afterwards, I will say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, so I could say, my neighbour has a gorgeous new pug puppy and I am really jealous. To be green with envy means to be really jealous, really envious of what somebody else has.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the next one is to have a green thumb, and I would say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the summer months, my dad grows amazing food for us all. No, he really, really does. We have fresh tomatoes, potatoes, beans, fruits, everything. Now all the vegetables taste delicious because he has a green thumb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The vegetables taste delicious because he has a green thumb. So if somebody has a green thumb, it means they have a real talent for growing things, for growing plants. The next one, to be green around the gills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you're green around the gills, what do you think that means? I'll give you an example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I sent Sharon home from work today because she looked a bit green around the gills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I sent Sharon home from work today because she looked a bit green around the gills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If somebody is green around the gills, it means they look ill or they look unwell. So poor Sharon looked unwell. Now the fourth idiom is to give the green light.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I give something the green light, what am I, what am I doing? So I would say my boss gave me the green light to start my new campaign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My boss gave me the green light to start my new campaign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you give someone the green light, it means you give them permission to start a new project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a useful one for the workplace. Now the final idiom, idiom number five is to go green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I say I've decided to go green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, to go green means to make a conscious lifestyle change.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to be more environmentally friendly. So walking to work is more environmentally friendly than driving to work. Right guys, that's it for today's lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now Lingoda have given me a very special offer to then give to you. It's 50 euros or dollars off your first month at Lingoda.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you want to know more about Lingoda, then click on my review video, which is right up there and you can see my experience with Lingoda and why I think it is one of the best tools for improving your English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's an online language academy with real, exclusively native teachers and you can have a mixture of group and private lessons and they can basically teach you anything you want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to practice green idioms, you book in for a private class and you can practice green idiom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have fun, you two. I'm going to head back to our tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. I've got a really fun lesson for you today. It is a story time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now ages ago, ages ago, I made two story time videos about funny things that happened to me whilst I was teaching and I always get loads and loads of comments from you saying please do another story time and I couldn't really think of anything really funny to tell you until


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I went out for dinner with a friend and I was telling them about my first job. And I realised that I have a lot of funny stories to tell you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today I'm going to be telling you about my first ever job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today I'm going to be telling you about my first ever job that I started when I was 14, 15.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the four stupid, embarrassing and funny mistakes that I made whilst doing that job. Now the ultimate goal of this lesson is hopefully to make you laugh, but it's also going to be to help you improve your listening and your pronunciation. So I have lovingly written subtitles for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I want you to try listening to this once with no subtitles and once again with subtitles because then you can see how much you manage to pick up. Then the second time you watch it, you can look at the words and associate the spelling


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember, if you really want to take your listening to the next level,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't forget to sign up for your free trial at audible.com. You can get a free audiobook. Listening is the one thing that you can practise whilst multitasking. So you can listen to an audiobook and practise your listening whilst you're doing something else like driving to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cooking or whatever you fancy. Right, let's get started with the embarrassing stories. Right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I've said it many times before, I come from a tiny, tiny village in the county of Bedfordshire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there weren't, I mean, my village, it doesn't have a bank or an ATM. It doesn't have a shop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It doesn't have anything apart from a pub and an outdoor swimming pool. And when I was about fourteen fifteen, I was desperate to get a job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was desperate. I didn't even have anything to spend the money on. I just wanted something to do and I wanted to have some work experience. For me, when I was younger, the idea of having a job and working


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sounded really cool and grown up, so that's what I wanted to do. And the pub in the village had some new management and I thought the management was really really nice. So I went over there for a meal with my parents and I just asked, are you looking for any staff?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have always been a little bit, I think the word, the correct word is ditzy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ditsy. The definition of ditzy is a bit silly or a bit scatterbrained. Doesn't really think things through properly or logically. Definitely when I was younger I was very ditzy. I have my moments now, but I'm a lot better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but obviously this was my first job, so I made some mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I actually made four funny mistakes among many other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Non-funny mistakes. But don't worry, I didn't get fired. This was over a period of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Four years? Over three years, I worked for them for three years, every Saturday lunchtime.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the first mistake that I made was to do with the soup of the day. So the pub owners were the female manager and the male who was also the manager but the head chef and he used to write out the menu board


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On a big chalkboard, and he used to write in scrawling, beautiful, beautiful writing, but very elaborate writing, all of the specials. And you'd have to show the guests the special board and read it out to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, the soup of the day was a Savoy cabbage soup. A Savoy cabbage soup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, I read it as a sandy cabbage soup. So I went round telling all of the guests.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello, yes, our soup of the day is a sandy cabbage soup, and I remember them all saying, sandy cabbage? How can it be sandy cabbage? And I was like, look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our chef is very experimental but I assure you it will be delicious. Well...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nobody ordered the sandy cabbage soup. And at the end of the day, the chef said to me, Lucy, no one's ordered the soup. I've got like a whole pan of soup here. What happened? And I was like, well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was a bit of a strange name. I personally wouldn't order that. It was like, what? Savoy cabbage soup? And I just thought, oh my god.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the end I did admit to him and say I'm so sorry I got it wrong. I thought it was sandy cabbage. I was imagining this soup with like gritty bits of sand in it. I don't know. But no one ordered it and I was in a little bit of trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The third most embarrassing moment was the Welsh Revit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, a Welsh rarebit is a quite traditional, it's a traditional dish. It's basically cheese on toast. Welsh rarebit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, that day we didn't have the specials board, so the manager said to me, Lucy, today we've got Welsh rarebit. And so, I thought she was just pronouncing it a little bit


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I went and told everyone, yes, today, for only £5.95, we have Welsh Rabbit. So loads of people started ordering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rabbit for £5.95. I was like, yes, it is an amazing deal. And they were like, yes, give me the rabbit. Yep, we're all having Welsh rabbit. Yep, seven Welsh rabbits, please. So I went back in and I was like, guys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Amazing deal. Everyone wants the Welsh Rabbit. And they were like, what? I was like, yeah, everybody wants the Welsh Rabbit. And they said to me, Lucy, it's not rabbit, it's rarebit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I had to go out and tell everyone. Guys, I've made a mistake. It's not rabbit, it's actually cheese on toast. So that just shows that even native English speakers struggle with British English pronunciation. Rabbit or rabbit? I mean, they're the same, almost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the second most embarrassing moment was... Oh god, this was really, really embarrassing. There was a really quite old woman, she must have been...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Obviously saying, can I have the bill? She wanted to pay it quickly whilst the mother is in the toilet, I guess as a surprise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, this woman had said, can I have the bill? And I had read from her lips, can I have a milk?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can I have a bill? Can I have a milk? It looked the same. So I made it really, really special for her. In a little tube glass filled with milk, I put a straw in. I thought, how lovely. This woman obviously wants to look after her mum's bones, make sure she's got lots of calcium. So I put it on the table. They were both sat there. And I watched them just sit and look at it for ages. Like, did you order this? And in the end, they called me over and said, sorry, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We ordered the bill, and you gave us milk? Oh my god, it's so embarrassing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, so in the end I was, I just couldn't apologise enough, I was like, oh my god, I'm so sorry, I read, I lip read the milk, you know, I totally misunderstood, I'm really, really sorry. And I remember them just looking at me like, poor girl, she is so stupid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the final, most embarrassing, waitressing moment was the time


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The time that we ran out of ice cream. I remember it was a very stressful day, there weren't loads of guests, the restaurant was absolutely full.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it was quite high tension, the chef was a little bit stressed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there was a huge table. There were about seven children there. Seven children, seven adults. There were a lot of people on this one table. And the children all had the children's menu. Which came with a free scoop of ice cream at the end. And you could have strawberry, chocolate, or vanilla.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so at the end of their meal, I said, right guys, you get free ice cream. Which flavour would you like? And they were like, oh, vanilla, chocolate, strawberry. So I took their orders. I went to the, to the chef and I said, right, we need two vanillas, three chocolates and two strawberries. And he said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Didn't you hear? We don't have any ice cream left. Why did you offer it? And I said, oh my god, what are we going to give them then?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he said he was getting really annoyed with me at this point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said F all, which means absolutely nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I heard waffles. So I said, oh really? Okay then, walked out and told this table of 14 people, I said, right guys, no ice cream, but the chef has just informed me that we have waffles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were so excited and the parents also wanted waffles. So in the end I went back to the chef. I was like, great, we've saved the day. We want 14 waffles please. And he just looked at me and was like, waffles? What are you talking about? I said fuck all. And I was like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I just thought, oh my god, I have messed it up. Again!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Twice! Twice! How?! And in the end, we had to find them yet another dessert option, and needless to say, the chef wasn't that happy with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, we made up in the end and now my brother works there and I think he does a much better job. So yeaah, those were my four most embarrassing moments whilst working as a waitress. I would love to know if you have ever had an embarrassing moment at work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the kind of thing that's so awful in the moment but then afterwards it's just another anecdote. You can just talk about it. So I would love to hear that. Don't forget to put it in the comments. If you liked this story time and you want to see some more of my story times, I have a story time in Spanish. So if you click up here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can find out why I was saying perra choriza for two years and what I was trying to say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also it's a nice opportunity to hear me speaking in another language because all day I go on at you about improving your second language. Why not hear me speaking mine?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I also have some more in English. I tell you about the time that a very lovely student asked me if I wanted penis. So you can click up there as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's also another one about the time that a lovely student made a terrible mistake whilst talking about his mother in a conversation class. So those are the three story times that I have as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't forget to sign up for the free trial at audible.com. The link is in the description box. And don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media. I have my Facebook and my Instagram.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I will see you soon for another lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Transportation Phrases 1 by Elf Learning


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listen and repeat. Airplane. Airplane. Airplanes in the sky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Airplane. Airplane. Airplane's in the sky. Ambulance. Ambulance. Call an ambulance. Ambulance. Ambulance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Call an ambulance. Bulldozer. Bulldozer. Bulldozers are powerful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Car, car, mommy drives a car. Dump truck, dump truck, dump trucks are powerful. Dump truck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dump trucks are powerful. Fire truck. Fire truck. Look! A fire truck. Fire truck. Fire truck. Look! A fire truck. Helicopter. Helicopter. Look!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A helicopter! Helicopter. Helicopter. Look!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A helicopter. Motorcycle. Motorcycle. Motorcycles are fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Motorcycle. Motorcycle. Motorcycles are fast. Overpass. Overpass. I'm taking the overpass. Overpass. Overpass. I'm taking the overpass. Police car. Police car.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Transportation Phrases 1 by Elf Learning. Thank you very much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See, my real job is to bring out the water. I was told that behind, behind the scenes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, because we were told that stands were not appropriate, uh, for, uh, the, the staircases. So, uh, if you have questions for Bill on these topics, you...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go into the aisles, you go up to the person, they look like they're in red shirts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bill, you're sort of in a unique position because of the foundation and having a chance to really get to see some of the best researchers in the world working on a wide variety of topics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's an incredible talent level, the different approaches that people are taking, different things that they're working on. Are there things that you see that are particularly encouraging to you, and on the other side of the coin, are there things that you see that may concern you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Bill, we've got a question from the streaming audience. So what role do you think wearable technology is going to have in education?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I always used that when I was a professor. Uh, question on the left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to take another question from the streaming audience. So the question is, uhm, how is machine learning helping computers understand how diseases and climates work?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to take another question from the streaming audience. So Bill, what role do you see in social media in terms of improving society?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although we have, you know, there has been quite a bit of progress. I mean, I can remember when I was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First learning, you know, the old thought was you could expect 600.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good lines of code from someone in a year and we get a couple more than that now, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think we build much larger, more complex systems than we thought we were capable of doing 30 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Transportation by Elf Learning Helicopter


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Watch again. Subscribe. Reading chant. Hmmmm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] bell bicycle


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you. Thanks, Mary. And thank you to Guy and Luke for inviting me to comment on this report.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, that we've seen globally over recent years and especially at a time where, as you say, the COVID-19 health crisis has seen the introduction of chances of new measures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which are designed to strengthen executive power and control over people's lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The authoritarianism of late, or uhm, as Luke and Guy put it, the rebalancing of power in favour of the executive, which is exacerbated in the post-Brexit political landscape, is characterised, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then UK Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson said that the UK Armed Forces stand ready to intervene in the knife crime epidemic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A year later at the outset of an actual epidemic, the Daily Express reported that up to 20,000 military personnel are being put on standby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a new COVID support force that could backfill police counterterrorism roles, act as prison guards, or help with border force checks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is assumed to have a special ability to distinguish between false citizens and hidden enemies if the structures of entitlement are in disarray.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The army promises to be among the last institutions to know who is really the us that deserves protection and who requires exclusion, expulsion or incarceration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the same time calls for paramilitary intervention to deal with social problems or perceived social problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The compulsory requirement that we honor, respect and remember our boys constructs the soldier as the model British citizen, which is essential tenant of militarism itself, a reassertion of the nation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of these sort of more recent imperial histories of Britain is to say that this context of imperial war


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it is in fact, if this fact, that if examined, allows us to see that the authoritarianism of today is an echo of authoritarianism past, rather than something new altogether.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Britain of today cannot be understood, analyzed and responded to with transformative agendas without a reckoning with its past.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I understand that this is presented in contrast with the fascist histories of some of Britain's European neighbours, but I could not help but hear in this line


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The unlikely echo of conservative MP Liam Fox's infamous tweet of March 2016 at the height of the Brexit debate that the United Kingdom is one of the few countries in the European Union that does not need to bury its 20th century history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The deregulatory reforms entailed in austerity policies that we've heard a bit about today, including cuts to vital welfare services imposed with disastrous consequences across Europe following the 2007-08 financial crisis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, as Diamond Eshiyagbal has argued, medicine first trialed on the global south since the 1970s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As she had for notes that European states are experiencing this as a category error, in part because they have not been on the receiving end of such policies, which are all too familiar in the global South.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, Britain can only be understood as a place hitherto untouched by authoritarian rule if we excise from its, if we excise it from its past colonial and recent imperial exploits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As Carl Sharer put recently on Twitter, the British are finally experiencing what it's like to have the British rule their country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rising domestic authoritarianism today can thus only be understood in this historical context.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] of the current political tendency of this government.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Johnson treated vulnerable people as surplus population, acceptable sacrifices so that Britain could remain open for business.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The assumption was that it would not reach Britain and that if it did, Britain would be better placed to deal with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The murderous combination of exceptionalism, complacency and eugenics is not new to British rule.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Such features comprise an important part of colonial rule in the era of the British Empire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Subjects were left to die as famines took hold, as illness spread, as people's land and livelihoods were taken from them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, those to suffer disproportionately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I racialise people always and already disproportionately at risk of targeted state terror, abandonment or murder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to conclude, I just want to say a few words about Europe since its study is central in the report and because Luke and Guy write that it is an open question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To my mind it is little surprise that the project of European integration has been unable to provide an adequate alternative to the excesses of the nation state.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As European nations turn further inward, the harmful effects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just like Britain, Europe's appeal to notions of freedom, democracy and human rights.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was also a desperate attempt by European colonial powers to regroup in the face of threats to their global supremacy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This was captured by former Belgian Prime Minister Paul-Henry Spurck speaking on the occasion of the establishment of the Council of Europe in 1948 when he said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Similarly as Britain, the origins of the European Union thus lie in a turn towards protectionism in an effort to steal off, to seal off stolen riches in the face of the defeat of European colonialism worldwide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks, I'll keep it brief because I want to give, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other speakers, the chance to respond and also because uhm, you know, I'm, I feel, uh, ready and able to comment on causes and structures which produce the kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, still dying, uhm, across the world and in unnecessary preventable numbers and I feel


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The way that a colleague and friend of mine, Sita Balani, wrote in a recent piece, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I suppose whilst we're still within the moment of catastrophe, I find thinking beyond it challenging, but also potentially inhibiting of our


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think that leads me on to say that this is not me being not optimistic or not hopeful. It is more, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, rather than sort of think bigger and, and Blue Sky immediately. And I think I'd like to just sort of maybe comment on what Guy just said about mutual aid and support, which is one thing that I think is, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, they're not just a sort of response to a need to provide resources that are lacking, but actually grow to be bonds of friendship and love and support. These are emotional bonds that can't just be broken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I feel that the bonds that have been made on my street and between my neighbours are things that will never be taken away, and they will never be able to be broken by the state. And there's a level of, I suppose, politicisation in that, but it's about seeing love and seeing care as political, as political acts of resistance in this moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That the state can never take back from us. So I mean, I suppose that would be my sort of hopeful note to end on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bart D. Airman is the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where he has served both as the director of graduate studies


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the chair of the Department of Religious Studies. He's got credentials. Professor Ehrman received both his Masters of Divinity and a PhD from Princeton Theological Seminary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where his doctoral dissertation was awarded magna cum laude. An expert on the New Testament and the history of early Christianity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He has written or edited 29 books.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Numerous scholarly articles and dozens of book reviews.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's had four books on the New York Times bestseller list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have all four of them in the Quantum Cafe. Jesus interrupted an account of scholarly views of the New Testament. God's problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An assessment of the biblical views of suffering. Misquoting Jesus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An overview of the changes found in the surviving copies of the New Testament and of the scribes who produced them, and Forged, the book I just held up, which discusses why some books in the New Testament are deliberate forgeries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Professor Ehrman's books have been translated into 27 languages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the eight languages that we're translating in tonight, his books are available.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In your local amazon dot fill in your language dot com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He has been featured widely in the media, including The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Colbert Report, CNN, The Discovery Channel, The History Channel, National Geographic, and the BBC. His book, The Lost Gospel of Jesus, The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot, was originally published in 2006, and it is the topic of his presentation tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy. You might remember that a couple of weeks ago I uploaded a video about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I was thinking the other day, it's great to be happy and positive, but it's also really, really important to know how to express yourself when you're angry or annoyed. Getting angry or annoyed is human nature, and we need to know how to express ourselves, so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm taking care of that today. Let's get started. Now I'm sure many of you will know the typical more basic ones like angry, cross, mad, but today I want to show with you some more alternative vocabulary, more advanced vocabulary and some idioms and some expressions that you can use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this video is going to help you express yourself. It's going to help you with your speaking. It's also going to help you with your listening so that you can understand natives when they speak to you. Hopefully you don't have too many native speakers getting angry with you. But if you want to take your speaking to the next level, then I really, really recommend you check out


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Italki. Italki is a massive database of online language teachers. They've got


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Almost every single language in the world, it's not just English. You can speak to qualified, native teachers. Also, there's the option to have non-native and non-qualified, and they will do one-on-one video lessons with you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a buy one get one free on lessons. So when you sign up and spend $10 and buy 100 italki credits, they will credit your account with a further 100 italki credits, meaning you basically get a lesson for free. It's an excellent offer, so make sure you check out that by clicking on the link below.