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[Assistant] We will be able to perform predictive analysis as well. Let's consider an ecommerce site and the log shows that the number of visitors are high in a particular period of time or day.


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[Assistant] With this insight, we can scale up the server to provide the user a better user experience or provide offers to the users to increase the conversion rate.


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[Assistant] Next, we will see a sample architecture of how Elastic Stack can be implemented in an enterprise.


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[Assistant] In this scenario, we have a number of servers in an organization and the organization is facing difficulty to analyze its logs. To add complexity to it, the logs across each server is in different format and structure. We will see


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[Assistant] How implementing Elastic Stack will improve the log analysis of the enterprise. First, we need to install Elastic Search in a server which will act as a data store.


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[Assistant] Next, we need to have Logstash installed in the server in which we need to have the log data transformed to JSON.


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[Assistant] The only format in which the document can be stored in Elasticsearch. Beats can be installed in the server if the format of the log files are compatible to be stored in Elasticsearch directly. The log files from all servers can be routed to the Elasticsearch server.


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[Assistant] Finally, we can have Kibana installed in the same server as Elasticsearch is installed or in a different server through which we can build


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[Assistant] The log files from those servers can be passed on to the centralized server in which Logstash is installed. Logstash transforms the log files and transfers it to the Elasticsearch server.


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[Assistant] Then Kibana can be used to visualize the data in form of graph, pie chart or dashboards. In the next video, we will see how to install and start Elasticsearch.


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[Assistant] I've been obsessed with this idea that climate change is an information issue that computers will help us fight.


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[Assistant] I went from data science to climate policy research from tech to public service in pursuit of better data to avoid the wasted energy, resources, opportunities that lead to runaway carbon emissions. Until one day, running in the streets with a friend, it hit me. The same cars.


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[Assistant] Factories, power plants whose emissions are wrecking our climate all the time.


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[Assistant] Also release harmful local pollutants that threaten our health right here and right now. All this time, I'd focused on the long-term environmental risk. When I should have been up in arms,


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[Assistant] And worst, it robs us of our most precious gift, the years in our lives. Six months of life expectancy in my hometown of Paris, and up to three, four, five years in parts of India and China. And in the US, more people die from car exhausts than from car accidents. So how do we protect ourselves from pollution?


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[Assistant] The reason it's difficult is an information gap. We simply lack the data to understand our exposure. And that's because the way we monitor air quality today,


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[Assistant] Is designed not to help people breathe, but to help governments govern. Most major cities


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[Assistant] I like the computers from the 60s that filled entire rooms. They're incredibly precise, but incredibly large, heavy, costly, so much that you can only deploy just a few of them, and they cannot move. So to governments, air pollution looks like this. But for the rest of us, air quality looks like this.


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[Assistant] So unless you happen to be walking right next to one of those stations, they just cannot tell you what you breathe. So what would environmental protection look like if it was designed for the age of the smartphone? For the past three years,


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[Assistant] My team and I have been building a technology that helps you know what you breathe and fits in your hand.


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[Assistant] Flow is a personal air quality tracker that you can wear with you on a backpack.


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[Assistant] It's packed with miniature sensors that monitor the most important pollutants in the air around you.


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[Assistant] Nitrogen oxides, the exhaust gas from cars, or particulate matter that gets into your bloodstream and creates strokes and heart issues, or volatile organic compounds, the thousands of chemicals and everyday products that we end up breathing.


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[Assistant] And that makes this data actionable and helps you understand what you're breathing by telling you where and when you've been exposed to poor air quality.


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[Assistant] And that way, you can make informed decisions to take action against pollution. You can change the products you use at home. You can find the best route to cycle to work. You can run when pollution is not peaking.


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[Assistant] And you can find the best park to bring your children out. Over time, you build better habits to decrease your exposure to pollution and by tracking air quality around them,


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[Assistant] Cyclists, commuters, parents will also contribute to mapping air quality in their city. So we're building more than a device, but a community.


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[Assistant] And last summer, we sent, uh, early prototypes of our technology to 100 volunteers in London, and together,


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[Assistant] They mapped air quality across a thousand miles of sidewalk in 20 percent of all of central London. So our goal now is to scale this work around the world, to crowdsource data so we can map air quality on every street, to build an unprecedented database so scientists can research pollution, and to empower citizens


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[Assistant] Remember cigarettes in bars? It took decades of lung cancer research and secondhand smoking studies, but eventually we reached a tipping point and we passed smoking ban laws. We must reach the same tipping point for air quality, and I believe we will. In the past couple years alone, governments have fined carmakers record amounts for cheating on emission standards.


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[Assistant] Cities have passed congestion charges or built bike lanes like Paris that turned this highway right next to my home in the middle of the city into a waterfront park.


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[Assistant] But it can make the quality of our air much more transparent. And if we can empower people to take action to improve their own health, then together, we can act to bring an end to our pollution. Thank you very much.


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[Assistant] As we just discussed, we may not know exactly how it happened.


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[Assistant] We do have a pretty reasonable grasp of how the self-assembly of the first primitive cells may have happened, and these first cells that existed billions of years ago were much simpler than the cells that are present in all the plants and animals that are alive today.


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[Assistant] These very first living things, the first earthlings in effect, were made of just one cell, and we can categorize these cells as being prokaryotic.


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[Assistant] Let's go through the features of a prokaryotic cell now.


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[Assistant] First, any cell must have some kind of plasma membrane that separates what's inside the cell from what's outside of the cell.


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[Assistant] This is the barrier between the organism and its environment, made of a phospholipid bilayer and the many different proteins floating around within it.


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[Assistant] The membrane lets some things through and prevents others, so that the organism can take in food and energy and expel waste.


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[Assistant] Beyond this membrane, most prokaryotes also have a rigid structure called the cell wall, made of peptidoglycan, a polymer of sugars and amino acids that creates a mesh-like layer around the cell.


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[Assistant] The interior of the cell is generally called the cytoplasm, but the actual fluid present within the membrane is more specifically called the cytosol.


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[Assistant] This is a jelly-like substance where all the cellular components float around.


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[Assistant] These components include a nucleoid, which is the region where the genetic information for a prokaryotic cell can be found.


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[Assistant] This genetic information is a chromosome, or set of chromosomes, which are huge DNA molecules.


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[Assistant] We learned all about DNA and its functions in the biochemistry course.


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[Assistant] But if you're new to DNA, it's a nucleic acid made of millions of atoms, and certain portions of this molecule are called genes.


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[Assistant] These are the parts that code for proteins.


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[Assistant] During transcription and translation, molecules read these genes and deliver the instructions to ribosomes, complex macromolecules made of RNA and proteins, which also sit in the cell.


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[Assistant] These ribosomes take the instructions and build all the different proteins that the cell needs to survive.


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[Assistant] These include enzymes that copy DNA, as well as ones that float around in the cytosol and perform metabolic functions, producing the energy needed for the cell to be able to move around and reproduce.


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[Assistant] Since these enzymatic functions require that certain substances be transferred into and out of the cell, and only a certain amount of these materials can pass through the plasma membrane at any given time, this gives us a clue as to why cells are the size that they are.


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[Assistant] To best supply the cell with the necessary tools for survival, it ought to have a high surface area to volume ratio, to maximize exchange with the surroundings while minimizing the volume inside that has to be serviced.


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[Assistant] This ratio shrinks as cells get bigger, so nature seems to have found a good anchor point for cell size, making them somewhere around a hundredth of a millimeter in diameter, depending on the type of cell we are looking at.


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[Assistant] When we later examine larger organisms, these will not contain bigger cells, but simply more cells, since the rules that govern ideal cell size apply to all life on earth.


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[Assistant] Speaking of larger organisms, the cells of a human are not prokaryotic.


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[Assistant] Any prokaryotic cell will be a unicellular organism, meaning it is made of just one cell, like bacteria and archaea. And although these are so tiny, they are incredibly numerous. They are literally everywhere, including inside your body.


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[Assistant] But we humans are multicellular, meaning one human is made of many cells, trillions in fact, and any multicellular organism is made of eukaryotic cells.


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[Assistant] What are those, and how do they differ? Let's take a look at them next.


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[Assistant] But it's the tales the people of this coast have to tell that are so compelling.


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[Assistant] of the success and sorrows layered along these shores and the dramatic changes chartered through time.


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[Assistant] It's the furthest coast has travelled for our biggest adventure yet.


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[Assistant] 30 kilometres off the mainland of Queensland, and within Australia's awe-inspiring natural wonder, the Great Barrier Reef.


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[Assistant] A rich history coloured by the reef that hugs its coast.


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[Assistant] Anthropologist Dr. Zanthi Mallett investigates an historic maritime mystery. It must have been terrible for the family just not knowing what happened.


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[Assistant] And I examine a bloody chapter in Australia's frontier wars. A heartbreaking conflict with no winners.


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[Assistant] Our route this time stretches from Lizard Island in the north, down through Cairns, Townsville, Stone Island, and onto Heron Island in the south.


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[Assistant] But below that shimmering surface is a treacherous coral maze that's been making life difficult for mariners for centuries.


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[Assistant] The Endeavour had hit a reef, then limped north to be repaired at the mouth of what's now Endeavour River, near Cooktown.


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[Assistant] Despite the daunting view, Cook managed to navigate a route out of the reefs in which he'd been trapped for almost two months.


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[Assistant] He'd relied on a good view and a keen eye to make his escape.


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[Assistant] I'm heading to the port of Cairns, the major city of Queensland's tropical north, to rendezvous with the Royal Australian Navy.


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[Assistant] The Great Barrier Reef has been slow to reveal its secrets. More than 240 years after Cook ran aground, large parts remain uncharted. So I'm hitching a ride with the Navy's hydrographic team as they continue their vital work surveying these waters.


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[Assistant] Hydrography is the science of charting the coastline and sea floor.


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[Assistant] These sailors are protecting a reef that's still a hazard to shipping.


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[Assistant] And a maritime trade valued at over 300 billion dollars a year. To ensure the highest accuracy in its surveying.


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[Assistant] The Paluma uses an echo sounder that fires out multiple beams in a fan shape under the boat. We're on the lookout for an old wreck, and it soon makes an appearance.


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[Assistant] Petty Officer Russ Hens is the Palumas Hydrographic Systems Manager.


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[Assistant] The information the team gathers is ultimately translated into nautical charts, both paper and electronic.


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[Assistant] Armed with the latest technology, the Paluma can map about 10 square nautical miles a day.


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[Assistant] But I want to know how the earliest mariners, including Cook, did things.


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[Assistant] The depth of the water we're in, and the condition of the seabed.


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[Assistant] And that starts with a two kilogram weight on a rope.


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[Assistant] Using a horizontal sextant, what we need to do is accurately record two separate angles of three stationary reference points. Once we've applied some basic trigonometry, we'll know exactly where we are.


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[Assistant] How hard can it be? Where are you, Rocky Island? I can't even see Rocky Island. Oh, I must have overshot Rocky Island. Hold on. Okay. Can you get it? Right. Is that Rocky Island? Right, I'm gonna give it one more. I can't see what I'm looking at. I'm coming to the conclusion that I may be blind in my right eye. Eventually, I do come up with two angles. Right, okay.


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[Assistant] When James Cook came to these waters, the British Navy was still 25 years away from appointing an official hydrographer. And if you compare the chap he arrived in these waters with to the one he created,


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[Assistant] It's easy to see why he's regarded by many as the grandfather of modern hydrography.


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[Assistant] But in these beautiful surroundings, some of those vessels were taking part in a truly ugly enterprise.


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[Assistant] Travelling south, the city of Townsville sits alongside the central area of the Great Barrier Reef.


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[Assistant] It was established in the 1860s when white settlers were moving into northern Queensland and a string of sugar plantations developed along the coast.


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[Assistant] With convict transportation abolished and white men considered unfit for the task, the question was


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[Assistant] Who was going to take on the back-breaking work needed to develop tropical Queensland?


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[Assistant] Brendan Moore is in Townsville to meet a descendant of those who did and discover the living legacy of a resilient islander community.


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[Assistant] Reaching 250 kilometres off the Australian mainland, these reefs have always proved perilous for shipping.


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[Assistant] Added to that, seasonal monsoons that hurl furious cyclones and angry seas upon tropical North Queensland.


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[Assistant] Anthropologist Dr. Zanthi Mallet is in Townsville to investigate a mysterious maritime disaster.


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[Assistant] Sorrow is never far from success when stories are told about life along a reef.


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[Assistant] Lizard Island was named by Captain James Cook on arrival in 1770, after seeing a large sand monitor.


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[Assistant] A hundred years later, it was a major port for the lucrative sea cucumber trade.


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[Assistant] And the setting for one of the most tragic tales in modern Australian folklore.


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[Assistant] This is the Barrier Reef's northernmost island resort, accessible largely by private plane.


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[Assistant] But look closer, and you'll see that a dark shadow hangs over this tropical island paradise. And it's all about this creature. The sea cucumber. Or Beshthameer.


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[Assistant] The waters around Lizard Island are teeming with life. And back in the 1800s,


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[Assistant] A lucrative best de mer industry began to supply the hungry demand from Asia.


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[Assistant] A trade that attracted Europeans in search of fortune.


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[Assistant] In 1879, British Captain Robert Watson established an operation here with his wife Mary, baby boy Feria, a business partner and two Chinese servants.


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[Assistant] They had arrived in paradise with abundant sea cucumber to harvest and sell.


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[Assistant] But unbeknownst to the settlers, the island was and remains a site sacred to the local Aboriginal people.


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[Assistant] A stone hut stands witness to that era of European intrusion into a land long used by the Dingal tribe. Confrontation was building. Two years later, in September 1881, while Watson was on a fishing expedition, the Dingal attacked, killing one servant, Alion, and wounding the other. It was a fatal collision of two cultures.


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[Assistant] Natives, four, speared Assam. Four places in the right side and three on the shoulder.


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[Assistant] Mary bandaged our Sam's wounds and made the decision to leave the island.


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[Assistant] With her husband still away at sea, Mary fled with baby Ferrier and the badly wounded Ah Sam.


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[Assistant] They set off from this beach, incredibly, in a ship's tank used for boiling beshtemer.


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[Assistant] No more than perhaps waist high. So not much of a lifeboat for a woman, an injured man and a baby boy.


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[Assistant] After five days in this very tank that was later found.


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[Assistant] They ended up on what's now Watson Island, 64 kilometres away from Lizard.


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[Assistant] Assam preparing to die. Have not seen him since nine o'clock. Ferriar more cheerful.


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[Assistant] Mary Watson was eventually found dead on the island with her son and Ah Sam. They had died from dehydration.


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[Assistant] A few weeks later Robert Watson returned to Lizard to find his family missing and evidence of an aboriginal attack.


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[Assistant] The national media was whipped into a frenzy before the bodies were found, which didn't stop them from wild speculation.


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[Assistant] When she was finally overpowered, she was brutally treated, killed, and with her child cut in pieces and cast into the sea. None of this was true. Regardless.


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[Assistant] The Aborigines were blamed for their deaths and were subsequently slaughtered in white revenge killings.


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[Assistant] Despite this, Mary was hailed a heroine, with a monument erected in Cooktown to one of the first martyrs of Northern settlement.


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[Assistant] This place set off a chain of events that have passed into Australian folklore. Some of those events are about remarkable courage.


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[Assistant] But apart from anything else, they signify a heartbreaking conflict with no winners.


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[Assistant] Protected within the National Park zoning of the Whitsunday Islands to prevent people from removing this white treasure from its natural environment. A pristine beach with its perfect sand.


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[Assistant] But 500 kilometres down the coast, mountains of jet black minerals mined in Queensland are shipped out of Gladstone Port


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[Assistant] The fourth largest coal export terminal in the world.


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[Assistant] In 1925, Gladstone began moving coal at a rate of 100 tons an hour. Today, it's 6,000 tons an hour.


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[Assistant] It's a coastline that shares idyllic beaches with the huge industrial realities of a big country supplying an energy hungry planet.


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[Assistant] And he's travelling 50 kilometres from Townsville to Cape Cleveland and the renowned Australian Institute of Marine Science.


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[Assistant] Thanks to the legacy of one enlightened scientist who arrived here with his kit 120 years ago.


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[Assistant] William Savile Kent had a vision for the reef a century ago that has left us today with a telling insight into its health.


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[Assistant] Joining me is a Savile Kent admirer, Dr. David Wachenfeld, conservation scientist with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.


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[Assistant] Savile Kent already, at the end of the 19th century, was worried about over


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[Assistant] Savile Kent produced the first comprehensive and scientific surveys of Australia's fisheries and gathered material for one of his major books, The Great Barrier Reef of Australia.


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[Assistant] Savile Kent wanted to create a benchmark so future generations could monitor the reef's progress.


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[Assistant] And this photo, taken in 1994, on a tide that was as low as the one in the Savile Kent photo, shows how the coral has diminished.


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[Assistant] A hundred years ago, someone, Saddle Kent, spotted the significance of this place.


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[Assistant] And yet in all of that time we haven't, we haven't managed to keep the right eye on it.


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[Assistant] An early advocate of sustainability, Savile Kent advised governments around the country to adopt new practices to protect fisheries, from registering vessels to introducing minimum size regulations. A man of great vision.


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[Assistant] Who left scientists a remarkable record of this reef.


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[Assistant] Half an hour north of Cairns is the quiet beach town of Palm Cove. Where, like for so much of this coastline, the temptation to jump in for a quick dip is never far away. But these waters can be deadly.


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[Assistant] Kim Moss's job is maintaining stinger nets throughout the region.


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[Assistant] They're found mostly across northern Australia and as far as China.


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[Assistant] Experts believe they may have caused thousands of deaths over the past century.


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[Assistant] A box jellyfish can kill a person within two to five minutes. One of the most venomous creatures on earth. It's a soup of death out there, what with the sharks.


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[Assistant] With over two million visitors a year, and sea temperatures rising, the future of the reef is uncertain.


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[Assistant] On Heron Island, marine ecologist Dr. Emma Johnston explores how Google is turning street view into sea view.


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[Assistant] This has been a journey of discovery. Be it from a distance,


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[Assistant] How technology can open up the reef to millions and why charting pathways through it protects billions on a reef that is always evolving from tragedy and loss to renewal and life.


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[Assistant] Emma Johnston dives into the battle between alien urchins and giant lobsters.


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[Assistant] Ever since computers were invented, we've been trying to make them smarter and more powerful.


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[Assistant] From the abacus to room-sized machines to desktops to computers in our pockets.


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[Assistant] And are now designing artificial intelligence to automate tasks that would require human intelligence.


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[Assistant] If you look at the history of computing, we've always treated computers as external devices that compute and act on our behalf.


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[Assistant] What I want to do is I want to weave computing, AI and internet as part of us. As part of human cognition. Freeing us to interact with the world around us.


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[Assistant] Integrate human and machine intelligence right inside our own bodies to augment us instead of diminishing us or replacing us.


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[Assistant] Could we combine what people do best, such as creative and intuitive thinking, with what computers do best, such as processing information and perfectly memorizing stuff? Could this whole be better than the sum of its parts?


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[Assistant] We have a device that could make that possible. It's called Alter Ego, and it's a wearable device that gives you the experience of a conversational AI that lives inside your head, that you could talk to in likeness to talking to yourself internally.


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[Assistant] We have a new prototype that we're showing here for the first time at TED, and here's how it works.


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[Assistant] Normally when we speak, the brain sends neural signals through the nerves to your internal speech systems to activate them and your vocal cords to produce speech.


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[Assistant] Now imagine talking to yourself without vocalizing, without moving your mouth, without moving your jaw, but by simply articulating those words internally.


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[Assistant] Alter Ego has sensors embedded in a thin, plastic, flexible and transparent device that sits on your neck, just like a sticker.


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[Assistant] An AI program running in the background then tries to figure out what the user is trying to say. It then feeds back an answer to the user by means of bone conduction, audio-conducted through the skull into the user's inner ear.


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[Assistant] That the user hears overlaid on top of the user's natural hearing of the environment without blocking it.


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[Assistant] The combination of all these parts, the input, the output and the AI, gives a net subjective experience of an interface inside your head.


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[Assistant] That you could talk to in likeness to talking to yourself.


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[Assistant] Just to be very clear, the device does not record or read your thoughts.


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[Assistant] It records deliberate information that you want to communicate through deliberate engagement of your internal speed systems. People don't want to be read. They want to write.


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[Assistant] Which is why we designed this system to deliberately record from the peripheral nervous system.


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[Assistant] Which is why the control in all situations resides with the user. I want to stop here for a second and show you a live demo.


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[Assistant] What I'm going to do is, I'm going to ask Eric a question, and he's going to search for that information without vocalizing, without typing, without moving his fingers, without moving his mouth, simply by internally asking that question.


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[Assistant] The AI would then figure out the answer and feed it back to Eric through audio through the device. While you see a laptop in front of him, he's not using it. Everything lives on that device.


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[Assistant] What you see on the screen are the words that Eric is speaking to himself right now. This is happening in real time. It's 50 degrees and rainy here in Vancouver.


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[Assistant] What happened is that the AI sent the answer through audio through the device back to Eric. What could the implications of something like this be? Imagine perfectly memorizing things.


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[Assistant] Where you perfectly record information that you silently speak and then hear them later when you want to. Internally searching for information. Crunching numbers at speeds computers do. Silently texting other people. Suddenly becoming multilingual.


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[Assistant] So that you internally speak in one language and hear the translation in your head in another. The potential could be far-reaching.


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[Assistant] There are millions of people around the world who struggle with using natural speech.


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[Assistant] People with conditions such as ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, stroke and oral cancer, amongst many other conditions.


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[Assistant] For them, communicating is a painstakingly slow and attiring process. This is Doug.


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[Assistant] Doug was diagnosed with ALS about 12 years ago and has since lost the ability to speak.


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[Assistant] Today, he uses an onscreen keyboard where he types in individual letters using his head movements. And it takes several minutes to communicate a single sentence.


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[Assistant] So we went to Doug and asked him what would the first words he'd like to use or say using our system.


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[Assistant] Perhaps a greeting like, hello, how are you? Or indicate that he needed help with something.


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[Assistant] I'm going to show you a short clip of Doug using our system for the first time.


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[Assistant] What you just saw there was Doug communicating or speaking in real time for the first time since he lost the ability to speak.


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[Assistant] There are millions of people who might be able to communicate in real time, like Doug, with other people, with their friends and with their families.


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[Assistant] My hope is to be able to help them express their thoughts and ideas.


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[Assistant] I believe computing AI and the internet would disappear into us as extensions of our cognition, instead of being external entities or adversaries, amplifying human ingenuity,


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[Assistant] Giving us unimaginable abilities and unlocking our true potential.


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[Assistant] And perhaps even freeing us to becoming better at being human. Thank you so much.


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[Assistant] So our first design principle before we started working on this was to not render ethics as an afterthought. So we wanted to bake ethics right into the design.


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[Assistant] So we have a sticker version that conforms to the skin, that looks like the skin, but we're trying to make an even smaller version that would sit right here. Uhm, yeaah.


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[Assistant] Section 2 Elastic Search Full Text Search and Analytic Engine


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[Assistant] In this section, we are going to take a look at the basic concepts of Elasticsearch, how to use Elasticsearch APIs, followed by how to do aggregations using Elasticsearch. Then we will proceed with query DSL and mapping.


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[Assistant] After that, we will be seeing about Elasticsearch analyzers and finally, we will see how to use scripts in Elasticsearch.


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[Assistant] Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Elastic Surge


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[Assistant] In this video, we are going to take a look at some of the Elasticsearch terminologies


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[Assistant] We will understand the structure of Elasticsearch. Elasticsearch terminologies. The first term that we need to know is cluster. Next, we will be seeing about nodes. After that, we will see about index followed by type, document


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[Assistant] Elasticsearch cluster. A cluster is a collection or group of one or more elasticsearch nodes that holds together the entire data. In short, a cluster is a single structure under which all the instances of elasticsearch are connected to each other.


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[Assistant] In case if we had only one node under a cluster, the single node might not be able to handle the large chunks of data at some point of time when the data grows at a rapid speed.


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[Assistant] Or the node may not be available due to outage, upgrade and other reasons. This could pose a serious risk. So to avoid it.


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[Assistant] We can exploit the distributed nature of Elasticsearch, which allows us to easily handle huge amount of data by using multinode cluster.


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[Assistant] In multi-node cluster, even the failure of one or more nodes will not interrupt the work and this provides great stability to the overall system.


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[Assistant] Elasticsearch provides a seamless clustering experience, which is the major advantage over its competitors.


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[Assistant] As mentioned in the previous section, by default, the cluster name is Elasticsearch. But we can modify this in the Elasticsearch.yml file.


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[Assistant] The name of a cluster is an important parameter because a node can only be a part of a cluster if the node is said to join the cluster by its name. Next, we will see about nodes. Elastic search nodes.


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[Assistant] A single instance of Elasticsearch running on a machine is called a node.


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[Assistant] For simple use cases which involves less processing of non-trivial data, a single node architecture could be sufficient.


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[Assistant] But if we want to have a system with high availability, then we need to prefer a multi-node structure. By default Elasticsearch will take the first 7 characters of the randomly generated uuid as the node name.


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[Assistant] Next, we will see about the different types of notes available in Elasticsearch.


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[Assistant] There are four types of nodes in Elasticsearch. The first one is the master or master eligible node. The master node works as the master or supervisor


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[Assistant] Of all other nodes available under the same cluster, the master node is responsible for actions such as creating or deleting an index, tracking which nodes are part of the cluster and allocating shards to other nodes. We will get to know what a shard is shortly.


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[Assistant] There is a property called node.master in the Elasticsearch.yml file. If this property is set to true, which is the default value, it makes the node eligible to be elected as the master node.


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[Assistant] Let us assume we have a multi-node cluster with one master node. If in case the server with master node fails, the nodes which are master eligible compete through a process called master election process and a new master is selected over it.


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[Assistant] Next is the data node. Data node hold the data and perform data related operations such as the CRUD operations, search and aggregations. To make a node as a data node, the node.data property in the Elasticsearch YAML file configuration should be set to true. By default, the value is set to true.


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[Assistant] Next, we have the ingest node. Ingest node are used to pre-process documents before the actual indexing takes place. By default, the node property node.ingest is set to true.


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[Assistant] We will have a look at the indexing and preprocessing in the upcoming chapters. Hence, by default, a node is a master eligible node, data and ingest node.


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[Assistant] This configuration should be fine for a small cluster, but as the cluster grows, it is very important to consider dedicated master eligible nodes, data nodes, and ingest nodes. Finally, we have the tribe node. A tribe node is a special type of node used for coordination purpose alone.


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[Assistant] This node can connect to multiple clusters and perform search and other operations across connected clusters.


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[Assistant] Shards and replica. Sometimes the data volume we need to store exceeds the storage capacity of a single server. Let's assume we have a server of 1 TB capacity.


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[Assistant] And now we need to load the data of all movies till date from all over the world. This could well exceed the 1TB limit of the server.


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[Assistant] And also, having the data in a single node will slow down the search capabilities of the server as well. To overcome these problems, Elasticsearch came up with the concept of shards.


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[Assistant] In the next video, we will be seeing about Elasticsearch REST APIs.


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[Assistant] Lesson 1. A private conversation.


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[Assistant] Last week, I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round.


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[Assistant] I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it.


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[Assistant] I turned round again. I can't hear a word.


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[Assistant] And he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before.


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[Assistant] So he is finding this trip very exciting.


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[Assistant] Earlier we learned about prokaryotic cells and their components, and the simplest forms of life on earth are single-celled prokaryotic organisms, like bacteria.


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[Assistant] Bacteria are everywhere. They're in the air, they're in the water, and they're inside you.


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[Assistant] If you grab a handful of dirt, there are more bacteria in there than all the humans that have ever lived.


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[Assistant] And we didn't even know they existed until the 19th century.


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[Assistant] But once microscopy came about, the world of prokaryotes revealed itself.


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[Assistant] As we examined these critters, we saw that they were much smaller and simpler than animal cells.


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[Assistant] In terms of structure, animal cells have only a plasma membrane, while bacteria have a plasma membrane and a cell wall, which is typically made of peptidoglycan.


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[Assistant] This is a polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides, and this material encloses and protects the bacterium.


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[Assistant] Bacterial cell walls have some differences that can be differentiated with a technique called Gram staining.


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[Assistant] This is where a bacterial sample is stained with various dyes and then rinsed with alcohol, and the color that remains tells us about the structure of the cell wall.


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[Assistant] Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls with lots of peptidoglycan, so they retain more of the violet stain and are thus easy to identify under a microscope.


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[Assistant] Gram-negative bacteria have cell walls with less peptidoglycan, and they have another outer membrane full of lipopolysaccharides.


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[Assistant] These do not retain the stain very well, so they show up with more of a pink color.


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[Assistant] These structures maintain cell shape and determine what comes in or out of the cell, and it is the cell wall that is the target of certain antibiotics, called beta-lactams, in killing certain pathogens.


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[Assistant] These substances inhibit peptidoglycan crosslinking, which destroys the bacterial cell wall, so beta-lactams kill bacterial cells without harming human cells, since these don't have peptidoglycan.


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[Assistant] Other types of antibiotics target other structures by inhibiting translation or metabolism in bacterial cells.


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[Assistant] Many bacteria have protruding appendages, such as fimbriae, which are like large sticky hairs that help them fasten to some substrate, as well as pili, which are larger appendages that facilitate the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another.


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[Assistant] Some bacteria have flagella, which are like tails that spin around to help the cell move.


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[Assistant] When bacteria move, this is called taxis, and when this movement is in response to a chemical signal, it is called chemotaxis.


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[Assistant] Chemotaxis can be positive towards some kind of nutrient, or it can be negative, away from something toxic or dangerous.


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[Assistant] The result appears as though the bacterium is swimming with some kind of sentience or awareness, but in reality it is just a series of chemical reactions that results in the rotation of a flagellum.


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[Assistant] The motor interacts with a proton gradient, such that it and the hook turn, and the attached filament rotates in a way that propels the cell in a particular direction.


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[Assistant] Bacteria come in all kinds of shapes, but the most common are spherical ones called cocci.


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[Assistant] One of these is a caucus. Two stuck together are diplococci, a chain of them makes streptococci, and a bunch will be called staphylococci.


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[Assistant] Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli, and these can exist as a lone bacillus or a chain of streptobacilli.


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[Assistant] Then there are the spiral-shaped bacteria, like spirilla or spirochetes.


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[Assistant] Regardless of the shape, they all house a certain amount of DNA in the nucleoid, an amount that is typically much less than a eukaryotic cell.


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[Assistant] In addition, the chromosomes are usually circular rather than linear.


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[Assistant] Beyond the singular bacterial chromosome, there are sometimes smaller circular DNA molecules called plasmids. These carry just a few genes, and are replicated independently of the chromosome.


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[Assistant] There are also methods by which bacteria exchange genetic information amongst one another.


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[Assistant] In transformation, a cell can take in a bit of DNA from its surroundings, which may then become incorporated in its genome.


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[Assistant] During transduction, genes can be carried by a virus from one cell to another, which again is incorporated into the chromosome.


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[Assistant] In conjugation, plasmids can be transmitted through Peeley directly from one bacterium to another.


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[Assistant] So there are a number of techniques at a bacterium's disposal in terms of exchanging genetic material.


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[Assistant] Bacteria reproduce through binary fission, which is sort of like mitosis in eukaryotic cells, in that the result is two identical daughter cells with all the genetic information.


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[Assistant] However, the process itself is much simpler.


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[Assistant] Replication begins at a particular point on the chromosome called the origin of replication.


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[Assistant] While this takes place, the cell elongates. Once there are two copies of the chromosome, the cell pinches closed in the middle, resulting in two new daughter cells.


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[Assistant] These two become four, then eight, and so on, in exponential fashion, with each division usually taking just a couple hours or less.


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[Assistant] If there were no factors limiting this process, their numbers would grow to staggering levels. But there are indeed limits to any bacterial population, since each organism needs a certain amount of nutrients.


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[Assistant] As we know from biochemistry, sometimes errors occur during DNA replication, and this is one cause of genetic differentiation.


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[Assistant] Given that the probability of a mutation occurring in a particular gene is around 1 in 10 million,


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[Assistant] And that billions of new bacterial cells can be generated each day, several thousand bacteria in such a culture will have a mutation in a particular gene.


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[Assistant] This will impact the products of gene expression, which may increase or hinder the cell's ability to survive.


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[Assistant] We will later see how this simple fact accounts for the incredible diversity of life on earth. But let's not get ahead of ourselves, first let's continue looking at single-celled organisms.


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[Assistant] In this video, we will have a hands on demo on configuring filters to process the input. Next, we will be defining the filter component.


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[Assistant] We need to define the message property with the format of the log, which will be command Apache logs.


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[Assistant] The gorg filter will know how to pass the content of the file provided we enter the correct log format.


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[Assistant] There are a lot of log format supported for which you can check the logstash documentation in Elastic website.


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[Assistant] In the next video we will see how to load data into Elasticsearch.


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[Assistant] This is some of the wildest, most edge of the world feeling coastline I think I've ever seen. But there's also a very strong feeling from it.


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[Assistant] That if you were to have been here 200 years ago, or even 2000 years ago, it would have looked just the same.


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[Assistant] In a land so defined by its ancient sculpted coastline.


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[Assistant] It's a coastline that's blessed with outrageously beautiful natural wonders.


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[Assistant] Unearthing stories of a people hewn from isolation, resourcefulness, and the extremes of climate and scale.


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[Assistant] In this episode, anthropologist Dr. Xanthi Mallet discovers some ingenious colonial DIY.


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[Assistant] Paleontologist Professor Tim Flannery solves a 200 year old geomorphic mystery. And it's flat in Sydney Harbour and this is what we've got.


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[Assistant] Marine ecologist Dr. Emma Johnston tries finding Nemo.


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[Assistant] And I discover how a battle played out in this tranquil harbour.


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[Assistant] In this episode, we travel from Botany Bay up the coast to South Head, deep into the harbour at Balmain, and around to North Head.


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[Assistant] It's a tale of risk, chance and ultimate reward.


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[Assistant] We're setting off on a sea route that's been almost continuously in use since the British first arrived.


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[Assistant] How long has there been a pilot service here?


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[Assistant] It's the bustling port for Sydney, 12 nautical miles to the north.


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[Assistant] Originally, there were quite different plans for botany pay.


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[Assistant] What do you think a mariner like Cook would have made of botany bay when he saw it in 1770?


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[Assistant] Cook anchors here while the scientists go ashore. After ten days of mapping and exploration, he sets sail to head north. It's late afternoon, the light's against him. And that's the exact moment he spots an inlet, and names it Port Jackson, and sails on. Big mistake, because look what he missed. A great harbour.


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[Assistant] 18 years later, Governor Arthur Phillip arrived in Botany Bay with the First Fleet and orders to set up a penal colony here.


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[Assistant] Philip had everything to lose. His orders were to stay put, but he couldn't afford to. Survival was at stake.


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[Assistant] Add to that, the French were also dangerously close.


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[Assistant] After the disappointment of Botany Bay, I can well imagine Philip's excitement as this spectacular, shimmering inlet gradually revealed itself.


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[Assistant] He's just discovered what I have to say is one of the most dazzling harpers in the world. Not a bad find.


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[Assistant] The colony had been established here in the harbour, but one vexing problem remained. Back in England, no one knew that Philip had moved camp.


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[Assistant] And that's where this place, South Head and the old signal station becomes a key player in this story.


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[Assistant] Local historian Peter Poland is the go-to man about that.


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[Assistant] So a flag pole was dug in to ensure that ships far and wide could see exactly where they were and deliver the much needed supplies.


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[Assistant] From the earliest days, this signal station was the first point of contact with the outside world for the early settlers.


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[Assistant] Imagine the thrill when the flag went up. Ships on the horizon, with news of home. And eventually,


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[Assistant] The supply ships arrived, just here, just off the coast. But fortunately for all concerned, they didn't stop there. They kept on coming up the coast until they could take this very inviting left hand turn.


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[Assistant] Which finally brought them into contact with the good folk of Sydney. And from that moment, the fate of the settlement was sealed. All based around this spectacular and hidden harbour. That's now home to almost five million people.


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[Assistant] With the colony established, next came the job of building a great city. But from what?


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[Assistant] Anthropologist Dr. Zanthi Mallet discovers that the new locals had a knack for innovation.


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[Assistant] And it was this weakness that would ultimately lead to one of the most daring attacks of the Second World War and the loss of many Australian lives.


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[Assistant] I want to know how the enemy was able to penetrate such a protected port and to claim so many unsuspecting victims.


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[Assistant] This is where the first fort of Sydney Harbour was built in 1791. Hugely strategic.


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[Assistant] Because this is the narrowest point of the harbour, with its clear line of sight to the heads. As the colony grew, so did threats from the outside. First from the Spanish, then the French.


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[Assistant] Here on the northern side of the harbour was an integral part of the command post for Sydney's defence network. It was called the George's Head Battery.


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[Assistant] As part of the outer line of defence, it was designed to intercept enemy ships before they could infiltrate the harbour. It took four months and 250 soldiers to laboriously manoeuvre the enormous guns along a rough track called Military Road.


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[Assistant] It's cut out of solid sandstone, and by the 1890s, George's Head was the command centre for all 41 gun emplacements around the harbour, and minefields in the water below. This, eh, form of Fortress Sydney.


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[Assistant] But that was never going to last, not with the advances in submarine technology. Sydney Harbour was about to become more vulnerable than ever. I suppose in fact the sheer scale


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[Assistant] Yes, that's right, that's right. It's just a nightmare to look after this place. It's one headache after another.


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[Assistant] Fast forward to 1942, the halfway mark in World War II, and Japan is now a serious threat in the Pacific.


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[Assistant] The Japanese were expert submariners, so Sydney had to be protected. But these huge gun emplacements up on the cliffs and headlands were outmoded. They were helpless in the face of submarines just slipping unnoticed into the harbour.


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[Assistant] But on the night of May 31st 1942, the net was incomplete. Gates on either side were open.


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[Assistant] And that's how three Japanese mini subs slipped into the hardware.


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[Assistant] By the time they did, the trapped Japanese two-man crew aboard M-14 had scuttled their craft and killed themselves. So, one sub down. But two more were still out there. Somewhere. And one of them was dead on target.


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[Assistant] M24's second torpedo also missed, but sank a converted ferry, the HMAS Cataboul, with sleeping soldiers aboard. 21 were killed.


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[Assistant] Eyewitnesses are still alive. I'm meeting Margaret Hamilton. She was just 17 at the time and had a ringside seat.


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[Assistant] So this is the 31st of May 1942, right here.


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[Assistant] Gunfire. Explosions. The last mini-sub, M21, was being chased down. And in desperation, it put into Taylor's Bay, right outside Margaret's house.


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[Assistant] Both M-14 and M-21 were salvaged the next day. Both crews having committed suicide. But M-24, the sub that sank the catapult, disappeared.


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[Assistant] Our whereabouts a mystery for the next 60 years before divers found the wreck deep off Sydney's northern beaches. The crew died on board.


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[Assistant] When the attack was over, the people of Sydney gave the Japanese submariners a funeral with full military honours.


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[Assistant] And for many years, Japanese nationals would come here and spread chrysanthemums on the water to remember all the lives lost when war came to Sydney.


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[Assistant] From the recent past, we're journeying to the farthest recesses of history and the story of Sydney Harbour itself.


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[Assistant] What are those defining sandstone cliffs that embrace it? How were they formed? How did the harbour come about? There's a great mystery to this place, and paleontologist Professor Tim Flannery


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[Assistant] I'm chancing my arm on what is surely one of the most breathtaking golf courses in the world. And that's saying something from a patriotic Scotsman.


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[Assistant] But what also makes the Bondi course so special, so dramatic, is its link to the distant past.


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[Assistant] And the indigenous Australians who settled around this harbour as early as 20,000 years ago.


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[Assistant] Now they're made by aboriginal people and they're all over the Sydney area. And they're just beautiful.


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[Assistant] We can at least say that these things speak of people who understood this coastline, respected it, loved it, and also understood the life that was out in the ocean beyond.


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[Assistant] As Brendan Moore discovers, this gigantic Meccano set


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[Assistant] Not far from the bridge in Balmain is another Sydney institution, built 130 years ago.


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[Assistant] The Don Fraser Baths are a haven for some very fortunate ex-warfies.


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[Assistant] The good life was out of reach for many of the less fortunate new arrivals.


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[Assistant] If there was one thing the young colony feared, it was disease. Reeking convict hulks would arrive overloaded not just with convicts and new settlers, but also with typhoid, cholera, bubonic plague, and in the early days, smallpox. I'm off to find out how they dealt with that, before the age of modern medicine.


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[Assistant] The only known way of protecting communities from the outbreak of infectious diseases was to isolate sufferers.


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[Assistant] What a place to be quarantined. Feels more like Club Med or Saint Tropez, but with a difference.


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[Assistant] In fact, this was a 32 hectare prison, complete with security fences, armed guards and guard dogs. There was to be no escape. Or was there?


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[Assistant] Over the next hundred years, 13,000 people were processed. But of them, 600 sadly would never leave.


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[Assistant] The most luxurious accommodation naturally reserved for first class.


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[Assistant] But it must have been a galling sight for freshly arriving Australian soldiers in February 1919.


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[Assistant] After they disembarked, they saw a bunch of jolly old chaps enjoying a game of cricket on this very walkway.


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[Assistant] But in stark contrast and despite being war heroes, they were given tents and billy cans and dispatched into the bush. After four years of mud and misery, you can imagine how they felt.


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[Assistant] Home just across the water, and here they were, dispatched into the bush. No facilities and snakes by the dozen.


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[Assistant] After just two days, there was a full-scale revolt. All 900 soldiers marched to confront 140 armed police guards at the perimeter fence. They were demanding their freedom.


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[Assistant] And the police, fearing that any attempt to resist them would lead to slaughter, let them go.


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[Assistant] Despite fears that they might spread the deadly Spanish flu virus, locals greeted them in stony silence.


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[Assistant] While the authorities scramble to find somewhere to quarantine them.


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[Assistant] And I just love what happened next. It was a truly Australian answer to the problem.


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[Assistant] The government and the health authorities held crisis talks. What was to be done with the recalcitrant soldiers? What was the solution?


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[Assistant] The answer is, it was decided the soldiers would serve the rest of the quarantine in Sydney Cricket Ground. Oh yes they did. And I should add, there was no game on at the time.


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[Assistant] After four days at the cricket ground, they were released with no sign of illness.


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[Assistant] On Bondi Beach, Sunday the 6th of February 1938 is remembered as Black Sunday.


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[Assistant] One onlooker who witnessed the event said all at once the waves came crashing and three seconds later hands went up everywhere. Now the hands were up calling for help.


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[Assistant] And as sheer good luck would have it, there were 70 lifeguards on the beach that day for a training exercise. And so they were able to launch an instantaneous mass rescue operation.


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[Assistant] And of the 300 people who went into the water, all but five were pulled out alive.


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[Assistant] As the marine centrepiece of a busy city, you'd expect Sydney Harbour to be a challenging environment for its underwater life.


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[Assistant] But marine ecologist Dr Emma Johnston also knows its strengths. It's a surprising harbour that boasts twice as many fish species as the entire United Kingdom.


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[Assistant] And now, I'm going topside to the leafy eastern suburbs for a taste of the high life. The way it used to be done.


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[Assistant] This was Australia's first international airport, right here in Rose Bay. And there were no terminal buildings, there wasn't even a runway. Instead, a little ferry used to take passengers out to their flying boats,


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[Assistant] Before the war, they were a symbol of luxury and modernity at a time when international travel was more about the journey than the destination.


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[Assistant] Spacious cabins, silver service, and Sydney to London in 10 days.


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[Assistant] The new Qantas Imperial flying boats were aviation marvels.


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[Assistant] Taking first class mail and first class passengers to the farthest outposts of the empire. What must it have been like? I'm taking a spin with pilot Andy Gross.


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[Assistant] Three flights a week and luxury. Oh yes. Even an onboard putting green. It's just a touch different than Andy's wee plane. Fantastic. But it's just as exciting.


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[Assistant] Back in the day, the next stop was Darwin, then Surabaya, a crew change in Singapore, then on to Bangkok, Calcutta, Karachi, Basra, Athens, and finally England, ten days later.


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[Assistant] This sparkling harbour continues to define Sydney, despite all the challenges of the past two centuries.


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[Assistant] And I try navigating with the Australian Navy. I'm coming to the conclusion that I may be blind in my right eye.


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[Assistant] For broadcast by the Stanford Center for Professional Development.


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[Assistant] And the entire series is generously underwritten by Draper, Fisher, Jervitsen, or DFJ.


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[Assistant] It brings me great pleasure to introduce our thought leader for today, John Seeley Brown.


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[Assistant] I have been admiring John's work for many years. He is a legend, not only here in Silicon Valley but around the world. Among his many accomplishments are


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[Assistant] The Palo Alto Research Center at a time when many innovations spun out of park and have really changed our world as we know it.


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[Assistant] He's, uhm, got many books to his credit. One of his most current is The Power of Pull.


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[Assistant] After an epic 8,000 kilometre journey.


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[Assistant] Dr Yuta Lyra is part of the Global Flyway Network, a scientific organisation that studies the ecology of migratory shorebirds.


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[Assistant] As a secluded marine reserve, this is one of the world's richest foraging grounds. The birds feed undisturbed along the vast tidal mudflats on snails, crabs and worms. Long thin bristle worms, so polykeeps that have made these tubes.


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[Assistant] Mudflats are ocean meadows with invisible pastures. Every day the tide comes in bringing nutrients that feed


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[Assistant] Tiny microscopic bacteria and phytoplankton on the surface of these sediments. This is rich, nutritious food for the invertebrates that hide beneath.


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[Assistant] Refreshed and replenished by this abundant strip of coast, come April the flocks take flight for their arduous journey north to summer in Siberia.


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[Assistant] Well upon entering here, it was a big wide open bay. It was sheltered waters, something you hadn't seen for months.


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[Assistant] Well it's a completely different place. It's during the hottest time of the year. You have little water, not a lot of rain.


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[Assistant] Yes, because, uh, he had Cook's journals and he knew that Cook had found a port 12 nautical miles to the north of here, which was called Port Jackson.


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[Assistant] Very basically we've got some sand and some water, but what we're missing is a good source of calcium carbonate, which is the basic form of the lime that we would then use to make the mortar.


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[Assistant] So where would I find that? Uhm, the most common, uhm, source of calcium carbonate in Sydney Harbour itself is shell, mainly oyster shell, and a good source of that is in fact at Cockle Bay, traditionally, and even now because now Cockle Bay is full of really good restaurants.


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[Assistant] Perfectly possible to produce lime more to a less way, but you'd have to do it shell at a time. Yes.


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[Assistant] When Governor Philip entered Sydney Harbour here over 200 years ago, he was expecting to find a massive river feeding into this harbour. It looks like the estuary of a very large river indeed. But he found nothing of the sort.


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[Assistant] It turns out that Philip was thousands of years too late. The river was long gone. But why?


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[Assistant] It's an intriguing puzzle that dates back 300 million years.


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[Assistant] But in order to get the big picture about how the harbour formed, we need to resort to a cake. Believe it or not.


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[Assistant] A cake representing the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana. It really comprises three pieces. The part that would become New Zealand, the part that was to become Antarctica, off to the south, and here's Australia.


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[Assistant] Mark Sydney in there. In an enormous river, a river the likes of which just doesn't exist on the planet today, started to flow from the trans-Antarctic mountains, along the east coast of Australia, and through the Sydney basin. Soon after that,


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[Assistant] This great supercontinent began to break up. New Zealand began to drift off to the east, but Australia began moving north at a cracking pace for a lump of rock to come to rest where it is today. That's the story of Gondwana, told by Cake.


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[Assistant] The stratified sandstone cliffs that define Sydney Harbour today are formed by layer upon layer of hard-caught sand washed down from the Antarctic by that mighty river. Not that Governor Philip was to know that back in the day.


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[Assistant] Philip put into idyllic Camp Cove here in 1788.


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[Assistant] Makes sense to Philip. He could see that three waterways fed into the harbour.


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[Assistant] The Parramatta River, Lane Cove River and Middle Harbour. But Philip was expecting something much bigger. Where was a Danube or an Amazon? To answer that...


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[Assistant] Alright, so a river system that over millions of years carved out the shape of the harbour as we see it today.


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[Assistant] But by around 20,000 years ago everything was about to change. The ice is melting.


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[Assistant] But had they known what Bruce has just told me about his geological history, I think they would have been astonished.


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[Assistant] The sand here coming all the way from the Transantarctic Mountains.


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[Assistant] The ice sheets of Europe and North America melting and flooding this valley, drowning the mystery river of Sydney Harbour.


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[Assistant] It's a symphony of geological action that involves the entire planet. And what it's done is created what I think is the most beautiful harbor on Earth.


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[Assistant] Lesson 14 Do you speak English? I had an amusing experience last year.


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[Assistant] After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped, and he asked me for a lift. As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French, and he replied in the same language. Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the journey,


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[Assistant] I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, Do you speak English? As I soon learned, he was English himself.


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[Assistant] Uh, Patty and John, this is, um, an honor to be here and I also recognize that at this time in the


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[Assistant] People leave, I won't be upset. I know that you have studying and all kinds of things that you're doing.


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[Assistant] Then uhm, kind of, wove my path out here. Uhm, so I, I have been here for 25 years. I started when I was 16. Uh, so, it's uhm,


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[Assistant] You know, it's just, it's really a great place and hopefully you're all having a great experience, uhm, studying at Stanford. And...


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[Assistant] One of the things I would just say in the answer to the question, and uhm, you know, probably the hardest thing for me to do, there were,


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[Assistant] A couple things that were, were, were really hard along the way, but one of them was I was a head coach at Ohio State, uh, for five years, and we had a great team, and


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[Assistant] So the decision to come to Stanford, I was offered the job at Stanford and I actually turned it down. And I, uh,


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[Assistant] And I have a lot to lose. The team I was coaching in Ohio State was a really talented team.


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[Assistant] And, uh, he said, we'll come back and look. And I really felt that Stanford offers


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[Assistant] My dad was actually, uhm, a graduate of, uh, Dartmouth and when I took the job at Stanford, I kind of, I...


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[Assistant] You know, so part of coming, so one of the tough decisions for me was leaving a great team and taking over a challenge.


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[Assistant] I saw it as the ultimate challenge and really, uh, John was nice. The team, uh, was,


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[Assistant] Horrible. I mean, the people were great, but we played, uhm,


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[Assistant] Teams, we played USC, we played in the Pac-10, we got beat by, I was happy when we only lost by 20.


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[Assistant] We have twice as many people in this room today as we did at any of our games.


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[Assistant] You know, at Ohio State, I'd left the team where we'd played at Iowa. We'd had 22,000 people. We'd had 10,000 people. It was up and coming. It was, you know, exciting.


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[Assistant] But uhm, as it turned out, uhm, you know, challenges, I think taking challenges and taking risks, maybe especially when you're young, are, are, they're part of the game and they're fun. And you just seem a little bit invincible.


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[Assistant] And uhm, in fact, you know, we did and we came very close this year and I think that we have a great shot at winning next year.


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[Assistant] Well I told John that part of the deal was that I would, uhm, get tickets for everyone. So anyone that would like to come to our game and...


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[Assistant] Five team. They're really good. We beat them with uhm, about one tenth of a second to spare.


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[Assistant] If anyone saw that game, we scored at, it was like it was the leadoff for sports center. Uhm, but the, probably the toughest decision I've had to make, uhm,


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[Assistant] Was leaving Stanford for a year. I had to resign, uh, to take the Olympic team and we actually traveled all over the world and played, uhm,


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[Assistant] We played, uh, a schedule of 60 games to get ready for the Olympics and


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[Assistant] I had to leave this team and all that I had worked on and built


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[Assistant] And I was introduced, uhm, there was actually in a room over and, uhm,


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[Assistant] In the athletic department, and there were, you know, TV cameras all across the back, uhm, you know, reporters and such, and the head of USA basketball, which was hiring me,


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[Assistant] Uh, introduced me and said, the introduction was like this, this is not about bronze, this is not about silver, this is about gold.


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[Assistant] Tara Vandevere. And I was like, woah. So uhm, you know, that was taking over that team.


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[Assistant] Uh, and I had a year to get ready and that actually, I remember it was on March 13th. I'm not superstitious or anything. But, uh, you know, March 13th.


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[Assistant] I'm sorry, it was April 13th and I had a little over a year and a half to get ready for the gold medal game which was August 4th, 1996 in Atlanta.


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[Assistant] Uhm, some of you were very young then. But uhm, it was an incredible opportunity.


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[Assistant] We, we better win. And, you know, there's a lot of things you don't have control over when you're a coach. You know, are people going to be healthy? Are they...


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[Assistant] I had to have a lot of confidence and I had to have


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[Assistant] I just think a lot of perseverance to get through that year and to make it happen.


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[Assistant] So that was, that was kind of the toughest thing. And there'll be times that probably during, uhm, you know, our, our Q&A today I'll reference


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[Assistant] The Olympic year and I actually worked with a woman who wrote a book on it called Shooting From the Outside and


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[Assistant] I didn't do the title but uhm, it kind of chronicled the year and how exciting it was and how much I learned. And once I felt like I made that tough decision and once I got into it there was one day


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[Assistant] On August 4th, 1995, when I went out running and I came back and I was showering and I just thought, oh my gosh, a year from today is the gold medal game.


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[Assistant] And I just got out and I sat down and I could just feel this, you know, incredible amount of stress and pressure. And I, I just, I kinda just, I, I sat right there. I mean I didn't have anything on. I was still soapy and I just, I sat on the toilet and I just thought to myself,


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[Assistant] You know, you know what you're doing, you're going to have great players, this is really exciting, but you've got to change your attitude.


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[Assistant] You know, in order to win this, you've gotta just go back in the shower, wipe, you know, get everything off, including any thoughts of negativity. And that's what I did, and...


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[Assistant] The whole year, the excitement and looking forward to that gold medal game. And, uh, it was really a tremendous game. We played, uh, Brazil, which is a team we had lost to in the, uh, world championships.


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[Assistant] Uh, and just people played so well, but I know that through the whole year.


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[Assistant] Kind of looking forward to it, being positive, thinking positive thoughts, uhm, was a part of the reason that that happened. And afterwards I got the nicest letters, it was uhm,


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[Assistant] For those of you that follow basketball, uh, I got one that had these little fuzzy dogs and it was like John Wooden. I was like, John Wooden?


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[Assistant] Like he's like the most amazing coach ever in the history of men's basketball. And he wrote me this really nice letter about the gold medal now.


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[Assistant] There are other ones that I got, one was from like Coach Knight, Bobby Knight, and all the people all over the world.


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[Assistant] You know, do I take a year from Stanford? If I don't, I'm never going to have this opportunity again. And then doing it and really enjoying every single day of preparing the team, working with the team, traveling.


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[Assistant] I'm like, there's not the pressure on me that was ever on me for that gold medal game, so I'm even more relaxed and, you know, I'm gonna like, oh, we missed the basket, no big deal, you know, alright.


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[Assistant] Somebody gets a file, alright, let's, you know, keep it going. So it really helped me grow. I think I was, I was a coach.


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[Assistant] We are all products of our genetics and products of our environment and, you know, I'm the oldest of five children. Both of my parents were teachers. My mom is still alive. My dad has passed away.


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[Assistant] They really, I think I really approach things as a teacher. So I think, you know, basketball is just my medium. Whatever you are in.


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[Assistant] I went to Indiana University and I majored in sociology and I planned to, uhm,


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[Assistant] I traveled, I, I crew, I like to sail, uhm, I was crewing on a boat in, uh, it was in South Carolina and then I stayed in, in the South for a while.


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[Assistant] And then conveniently around Christmas, uhm, I ran out of money.


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[Assistant] So I went home and my parents were really excited. I was home for the holidays. And then about middle of January, my dad was like, uh, well, what are you doing home?


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[Assistant] I wasn't ready for that and he just said, well then you have to go help coach your sister's team. And I'm like,


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[Assistant] Uh, you know, it's either that or the street, and again, Buffalo is cold in January, so I said alright, I'll, I'll, I'll, I'll do this. And I, I just really, I became very passionate about this. Uh, I really enjoyed, you know, coaching.


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[Assistant] Uhm, my sister's team, but I realized I wanted to coach at a higher level, uh, coach at, uhm, a college level. And so I, I kinda got that pathway going. But uhm, you know, it's just, uhm,


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[Assistant] Uhm, you know, getting you ready for your field and not being afraid. I think that was part of it. I just, I kept saying I'm not coming home. Uhm, this is how I did well.


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[Assistant] Well, kind of the leadership stuff, again, I think it relates to being a teacher, kind of getting it from my parents.


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[Assistant] Coach Knight was a very famous basketball coach and I'd watched it and


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[Assistant] So in some ways, I didn't know what I wanted to be, but I knew what I didn't want to be. And I worked for different people, and I uhm, I'm kind of a copier. You know, like I don't always know...


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[Assistant] I watch and I'll learn from people how to do things and how not to do things.


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[Assistant] And again, I, I get a lot from my parents, so I would say the leadership style comes from my parents of, uhm, my, my parents are, they're very, I think, direct, uhm, they're very, uhm,


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[Assistant] Patient people and encouraging and positive people and so I think my leadership style


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[Assistant] Uhm, I learned it, and you know, you are who you are, but you, I learned from different people that I'm around, and I watched what works, and I watched what doesn't work.


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[Assistant] Uh, different, uh, men's coaches, women's coaches, uh, different sports.


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[Assistant] And that's something at Stanford I watch a lot of different sports and talk to a lot of coaches.


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[Assistant] Uh, Bill Walsh was one of the top coaches, a football coach here that I spent time with.


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[Assistant] I mean, how would you, I don't know how exactly to describe the style, uhm, I have a vision for how I want our team to play and once, I think that, you know, with our


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[Assistant] With our team, I just, you know, I watched a lot of practices. I feel knowledgeable about, uh, my medium of basketball. And, you know, I kind of keep in mind what


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[Assistant] What I, I guess what I wanted to get to with coaching...


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[Assistant] My sister's name was Marie and she was not into basketball in the way that I'm into basketball. She played it casually. And my mother would say, well, how come Marie didn't play more? And I'd be like, well, mom, Marie can't dribble. She can't shoot.


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[Assistant] Uh, she can't stop anyone from scoring her, you know, she's, but my mom would be, but she's so nice. I'm like,


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[Assistant] Yeah mom, that's your daughter, and this is my sister, I love her, but...


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[Assistant] You know, I've got to play the people that can produce, you know, but I also learn


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[Assistant] From my parents and that experience that everyone on that team is someone's sister, is someone's daughter. And I think that, you know, a lot of times you get in situations as whether it's a leader or a coach and you're so focused on winning, uh, you know, and that you and people are mistreated.


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[Assistant] or an assistant coach I'd go back to that first experience of


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[Assistant] You know, this is someone else's sister, or this is someone else's daughter, and just to say, wait, alright, time out, I'm gonna back up.


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[Assistant] Uh, cause trust me, kids on the team do some real knucklehead things, and you're like, uh-oh, this isn't gonna work. You know, you have to deal with things. So, but to remember that. Uh, and so I think my leadership style is, uhm, maybe, uhm, trying to be...


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[Assistant] Compassionate or understanding, but at the same time being direct in that, you know.


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[Assistant] We want to beat Tennessee. We want to beat Connecticut. We want to win the Pac-10. We want to win a national championship. So, you know, we've got to be really on the same page all the time.


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[Assistant] You know, so whatever, you know, your medium is, uh, it is, there are, I think there are a lot of things that do carry over. Uhm, and what I find is that when I speak at, uh, business or academic situations, uhm, there are a lot of very dysfunctional, quote, families


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[Assistant] You know, some really basic things apply, and it sounds very simplistic, but uhm,


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[Assistant] You know, again, I grew up a little bit, uhm, leave it to Beaver for those of you that are old enough to know that show, but, you know, uhm, treating people how you want to be treated.


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[Assistant] Uh, and are respectful and treat each other as well and I find that that's, you know, that's a big, a big problem on teams is that, uhm,


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[Assistant] How do you know? They're yelling at each other, they're at each other, you know. It's not us beating them as much as they don't want to play hard for each other. So I think keeping people on the same page, uhm,


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[Assistant] Clickiness and all that. It's a real thing and it's more so for adults even than sometimes than young kids.


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[Assistant] Talented, you know, we play teams constantly. We played in the Final Four this year and we were playing Oklahoma and they had a really quick point guard.


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[Assistant] Who wanted to come to Stanford? Who was a great kid? You know, she's a really super athletic, could go by everybody. They had another guard who's, you know, super athletic, great shooter, and they said to me, now who's gonna guard Danielle Robinson? I said, you know, Jeanette. And they were like, oh my gosh, can you, you think she can guard her?


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[Assistant] I like, well, this is the best we've got. And then, who's gonna guard, you know, Stevenson? I'm like, Roz.


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[Assistant] And, and that's something that, uhm, you know, a lot of people think, well someone, you know, it's all about talent, and I, I would disagree. We do not win on pure talent. We win on maximizing, I call it, making, you know, maximizing your strengths and minimizing your weaknesses. You know, when you're working with people, uhm,


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[Assistant] Expand your, uh, your skill set, but making people look good and not putting them in embarrassing situations.


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[Assistant] You know, I think that's a really good question and people are going to contribute in different ways. I really try to, uhm,


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[Assistant] I tried to point out the contributions of everyone on our team and one thing that did happen, we had a national championship team. We won a national championship in 1990 and 1992 and on our 1990 team there was a young lady who


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[Assistant] You know, if there's like 15 seconds left or 30 seconds left, do you still want to go in the game? You know, a lot of kids would be like, I got my shoes off, forget it, I'm not going in, you know, forget it. And she said, put me in any time. So, this particular year in 1990,


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[Assistant] By far, last person who got in the very least.


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[Assistant] And her ma- her attitude was that, you know, she felt valued and she was gonna spread sunshine with the other- with the other players. So...


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[Assistant] Fast forward two years. She was a freshman that year. In her junior year, she


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[Assistant] We were in a situation where we were playing in the national semifinal game. We were playing a team called, you know, Virginia, which had a great player. Her name was Dawn Staley. Dawn had gone on to play in three Olympics.


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[Assistant] She was a three-time All-American. She carried the U.S. flag in Greece when we were at the Olympics. She's just a phenomenal player.


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[Assistant] It was a one point game, we were winning by one, and there was .7 seconds left on the clock. And...


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[Assistant] Now, someone could say, well, you know, I only played seven tenths of a second, but that was the seven tenths of a second to determine the outcome of the game. Uhm, you know, so I feel like, uhm, I really, I honestly do value the


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[Assistant] Our tremendous talents who are absolutely...


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[Assistant] Uhm, not leaders and not cohesive. They did not help the cohesion of our team. And in fact, we were better when they didn't play. So, you know, I think the, uhm,


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[Assistant] Getting everyone on the same page and this particular team.


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[Assistant] This past year, if anyone, uh, sought, uhm, maybe just tell me if you watched our team play at all this year. So you maybe watched a little bit. Alright, so this particular team, there were seven players who played basically all the minutes.


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[Assistant] And there were seven players who didn't play at all.


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[Assistant] And that kind of team could be, you know, you could have the seven players.


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[Assistant] But it was interesting when I asked them when we do, uh, rooming assignments.


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[Assistant] And then when it comes to the tournament, for the Pac-10 tournament and the NCAA tournament, I let them pick


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[Assistant] One for the pack ten, one for the first round of the NCAA, one for the second round of the NCAA.


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[Assistant] I let them, you know, rank if you want, uh, you know, your first three or first five, and I give it usually to the upperclassmen, the seniors will get their first choice. And it was interesting that it wasn't these seven wanting each other, it was,


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[Assistant] Everyone, you know, everyone kind of, there wasn't like this group and that group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that that really pointed to the strong leadership on our team with our seniors. That everyone wanted our seniors to go out on a high note. Everyone was committed to, uhm, you know, the star players, uhm, were good people and they,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brought everyone into the circle, uh, which we will always stand in a circle before every practice, you know, uh, before games we...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I were the CEO or, you know, I'm the CEO of our basketball program, but uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I always, you know, make sure that, I always try to make sure that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even going into our building, you know, is recognizing, uh, the woman that cleans our building.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, speaking with her every day and doing, I mean, it's, you know, really making sure that everyone


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, and my assistant coaches are great at this. Uhm, we get gear, you know, a little like t-shirts, stuff and everything, and spreading that gear around to everyone. So, that, that people are supportive of your program and, and your, and the job you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that part of it is framing for your team, framing for the people that you're working with, what the goal is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we in this room are on the same team and we want to accomplish


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, we have, we have to agree on similar goals and we have to look at