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[Assistant] There's still something about Kara that doesn't seem to fit this place. Everyone else seems happy to be here.


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[Assistant] Or at least they're excited to pretend things are going back to what they saw as normal. Kara almost seems to be sleepwalking.


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[Assistant] Answering questions but only providing the information needed. Nothing more.


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[Assistant] Andrew is still gone and the silence is getting uncomfortable. Is this the sheriff's department? I point to the building with a six pointed star.


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[Assistant] Judging by the questionnaire, I don't think they'd mark the Fort Caroline Synagogue, if it even exists.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's where they'll have taken our ammo.


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[Assistant] They wait for us to come register our weapons before we get the ammo rations.


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[Assistant] The battery-powered clock on the wall says it's almost one. The sun sets in a little more than eight hours.


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[Assistant] We have eight hours to get our ammo and our food without raising suspicion. Andrew comes back with the Road Atlas in his hand.


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[Assistant] Kara watches with curiosity as he puts it down in front of her. She even seems to warm a bit to Andrew's presence. She seems less wary while he's in the room. We're trying to get here, he points at the map. The page is turned to the southern half of Florida, and his finger is on the keys. Andrew?


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[Assistant] He's telling her exactly where we're going when the entire point was for us to make a quick, quiet escape. He holds up a hand to silence me.


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[Assistant] Could you map out a route for us from Fort Caroline to the Keys? Kara glances at me and then at Andrew before falling back on the road atlas.


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[Assistant] She scans the map and then reaches for it but doesn't touch it. Her hands hover over it and she asks, can I borrow this? I can have an answer for you in a few hours. I just have to know the scale, then measure out the distances and find the quickest route. Andrew looks at me and I shake my head. I try my best to communicate with a look that I don't like this idea. But he tells her yes.


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[Assistant] Maybe you think these people are going to let us steal food from them, but I don't. They will come after us, Jamie. And if they moved the cars on the road north of Virginia, who knows how far south they've cleared it. That means they'll be driving after us.


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[Assistant] We can't stop to check the map every few exits if we hope to outrun them, and at night it's going to be even harder. I sigh. He may have a point.


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[Assistant] We're going to have to get as far away as we can, as fast as we can. And if she tells them where we're going, Andrew looks back at her.


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[Assistant] She's hunched over the map, writing quickly on a piece of scrap paper. I don't think she's going to tell anyone. What makes you so sure? I'm not, but she reminds me. He pauses and shakes his head. I just trust her more than I do anyone else here. She's different from them. That's why they pushed her out here all alone.


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[Assistant] They have her working this motel to help orient the newcomers.


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[Assistant] And they probably have her map out their routes on scouting trips.


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[Assistant] And now I want to know what happens to her when she's outlived her usefulness. But that's Fort Caroline's problem.


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[Assistant] My only concern is what we're going to find once we get where we're going, and what we do after.


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[Assistant] If Henry's daughter is dead, then we just pissed off the largest settlement we've seen for no reason.


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[Assistant] And we didn't go back to the cabin because we wanted to find more people. But maybe everyone is to an extreme like this now. Even if Henry's daughter is alive, she might be with a similar settlement. Come on, Andrew says, we should see about getting our stuff back. Hold on, I go back into the office. Kara, sorry to bother you. Her shoulders go up, but she doesn't look at us.


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[Assistant] I was hoping to give you another project to work on after that if you think you can get it done by eight tonight. What project? She still doesn't look up. May I?


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[Assistant] I point to the atlas and it looks like she's not going to give it up, but then she steps back from the desk. Andrew joins us, watching me with suspicion.


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[Assistant] She's still looking around the page, her eyes darting like she's trying to follow an annoying fly. Uh, Andrew pushes past me and points at random. This one here. Her eyes focus on that one spot and she nods. From here or the keys? The keys, please, I say. She nods. Thank you very much. Andrew gives a lopsided smile when I glance at him.


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[Assistant] You okay with that? I'm very okay with that. He turns back to Kara, his smile disappearing. Oh Kara?


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[Assistant] When you route from the keys, can you try to avoid this place as much as possible? I watch as she stops writing. At first, she doesn't say anything. Then her eyes dart up and lock onto Andrew's, then mine. There's something in that look, but I don't know enough about her to know what it is. Maybe she's suspicious or maybe she's angry. Either way, it doesn't do much to comfort me.


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[Assistant] Being able to survive this race with Anthony just shows that we are a strong team. We are a two-spirit married couple. Two-spirit means different things to different people.


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[Assistant] So the key to tasting is smelling first. I worked in the coffee industry where it was my job to discern the different varieties and textures of coffee. So my palate and my nose are designed to sniff out different flavors. He's basically a hound.


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[Assistant] We came out of the tasting first place. We want to make it to the finale. It is so important to maintain our lead. So we're just looking for puck and apples. Oh, I see it.


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[Assistant] What is sledge hockey? I dunno.


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[Assistant] If you choose the wrong detour, it could get you eliminated. I feel like apple sorting is tedious. It can be. We know that nature is complicated, so we're skipping the apples and going for the puck. Oh yeah, someone in a black truck. I think David Arena just went by.


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[Assistant] I used to play hockey for 10 years, from like age 4 to 14. I played roller hockey growing up. So it's at the Acadia University. The dressing rooms are there. Hi. Hi there. Oh, I knew it was those things. Can you do it?


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[Assistant] The challenge is Anthony's passing. I'm worried about how long it's gonna take us to finish the challenge.


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[Assistant] I literally stress out, anticipate the worst. Do you think other people are choosing apples? Probably. At this point, I can either feel like a total failure or I can just let him have his hissy fit and get back to the start point. We got it this time. Let's do it. Good job. We got it on this one.


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[Assistant] Are we the first ones? Yea, I believe we are. We arrived to a field with five staked out areas. This is the first one. We have to drive our Chevrolet to each of the areas and back it in. Do you want to look at the camera? No. Let's go straight back.


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[Assistant] And then we have to lower the tailgate and use the tailgate cam to copy and decode the lyrics to Farewell to Nova Scotia.


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[Assistant] Let your mountains dark and dreary be. Okay, got it. Okay, one more.


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[Assistant] I feel like this one's first. Farewell to Nova Scotia, the sea-bound coast. Then put this one. Will you ever heave a sigh or a wish for me? I think that's it. Jack?


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[Assistant] We're heading to Muskoka. The final three race to win it all.


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[Assistant] I feel like everyone else is doing apples. Oh look, Sam and Sarah just got here. Hey guys.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 29, The Magic Sleeve.


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[Assistant] The two angry priests went outside and gasped.


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[Assistant] Inside the abbey, the Tang monk was scolding his companions.


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[Assistant] Said Bajie. Wukong gave the priest a suspicious look.


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[Assistant] He knew they were lying, but he didn't know why.


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[Assistant] The priest led the group to a small room in the abbey. The Tang monk and his companions went inside.


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[Assistant] Wukong noticed that the priest didn't come in.


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[Assistant] Wu Jing looked at the ground.


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[Assistant] The four travelers escaped that night and headed west.


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[Assistant] The Tang monk glanced nervously at his companions.


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[Assistant] Said the man. He suddenly stood much taller.


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[Assistant] Wukong pulled out his iron bar. Bajie and Wujing raised their weapons.


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[Assistant] The great immortal rose into the air and landed on a cloud. Wukong laughed.


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[Assistant] His sleeves swooped down toward Wukong and his companions. Instantly they were all swept up in it.


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[Assistant] Cause sun is jealous of my skin. No. Huh? Sunburn is a term for red and inflamed skin.


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[Assistant] It is caused by ultraviolet radiation present in sunlight. Sunlight consists of three types of ultraviolet radiation, UVA, UVB and UVC. Does it contain UVZ as well?


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[Assistant] Oh, just listen. Huh? Our skin is made up of cells.


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[Assistant] These cells have DNA. When we are in the hot sun for very long, the UVB radiation enters into our skin cells and starts to damage the DNA.


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[Assistant] DNA damage can lead to cancer. Thus, to reduce the risk of cancer, the damaged skin cells kill themselves.


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[Assistant] This programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Apoptosis activates the immune response. As a result, the blood flow increases to that area to heal the skin. This leads to red and inflamed skin which we call as sunburn. Hmmm.


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[Assistant] Your honor, this is a waste of your time. The U.S. Patent Office is the only judicial body that should be handling this dispute. Velocity data solutions requests dismissal.


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[Assistant] Okay, I'm hanging up now. 20 million, that's it. Offer's good for 24 hours, and I'm sure I don't have to remind you that you're legally required to present this to your client.


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[Assistant] We came down here because you led us to believe that your client was ready to accept our settlement agreement.


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[Assistant] Man, I got two questions for you. What do you do and how do you do it?


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[Assistant] Journey to the West Chapter 28 Wukong Leaves His Body


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[Assistant] Bajie looked out the kitchen window. Wukong and Wujing were outside talking.


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[Assistant] The monkey went behind the abbey and found the giant ginseng tree. The fruit sparkled in the sunlight.


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[Assistant] He plucked three pieces from the tree's branches and went back to the kitchen.


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[Assistant] He handed Bajie and Wu Jing each a ginseng fruit. Wu Jing took a bite.


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[Assistant] Bajie opened his mouth wide and threw his ginseng fruit in. Gulp.


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[Assistant] Said Wukong. You didn't even chew!


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[Assistant] At that moment, the two priests were walking past the kitchen.


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[Assistant] The two priests ran outside and searched the ginseng tree. Three pieces of fruit were gone.


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[Assistant] Wu Jing wiped some juice from the side of his mouth. Wu Kong giggled.


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[Assistant] Wukong laughed harder and pointed at Ba Jie.


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[Assistant] The two priests yelled and yelled. They called Wukong and his companions all sorts of terrible names.


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[Assistant] Finally, he took out his iron bar and struck the tree.


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[Assistant] The priest stopped yelling and looked at the monkey.


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[Assistant] I think you made a mistake, said the monkey with a big smile.


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[Assistant] I'm tired and hungry. Let's stop for lunch.


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[Assistant] Deborah, someone's asking for you. Where? He's outside. Please come with me.


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[Assistant] Queer people, trans, two-spirit. We're running this race for people who don't fit into a box. Game's on. Game's on.


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[Assistant] We're going to the Halifax airport. We're headed to Muskoka. Muskoka. We came here thinking we'd make it to the final. It felt like it was impossible at times, but we stayed committed, we believed in ourselves, and we're ready to win it. Once we get to Toronto, we're switching to the executive terminal, which is like... Fancy. I feel excited.


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[Assistant] If you point your toes downward it goes forward. If you keep them horizontal, then that pushes you up higher.


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[Assistant] Sir and Sam just got here. It's not good when another team shows up.


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[Assistant] Too low. I have to go 15 feet up into the air. If it's less than that it doesn't count.


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[Assistant] There's a blue piece of tape on the hose that needs to come out of the water.


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[Assistant] Make your way by speedboat to Russo Lake College and search the doc for your next clue.


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[Assistant] Okay, first thing, let's get these up. So this goes like this. Give me a screw. I need you to have them trapped.


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[Assistant] We're leaving in first place. This is exactly where we want to be. And I'm ready to find this candy cane.


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[Assistant] We're here ahead of the other teams. They can show up at any minute. Uh, you got this, sir.


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[Assistant] Do you know where Santa is? Sorry. Where's Santa? Where's Santa?


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[Assistant] It's called Johnston's Cranberry Marsh. Here it is.


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[Assistant] We have to figure out how to set up an irrigation system, and- You're in a cranberry bog. Like, it's wet. Ah!


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[Assistant] Where to start? These things. Yea. We have to lay out the pipes, connect them in order, stake them in, and then have the irrigation system work.


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[Assistant] Can we carry two of these at a time? I can. Okay, go ahead, go go go.


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[Assistant] Right now we're separating sprinklers from connectors. There are two different kinds of pipes. One of them has a sprinkler head attached. What do you need on this side? Sprinkler head. I got your sprinkler head here. If you don't line them up correctly, the system's not gonna work. Need to make sure it's straight. Our garden's not this big, but I'm getting ideas.


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[Assistant] James! Do you think two at a time is good? Two is good. Kinda like carrying teepee poles. We're tired. These pipes are heavy.


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[Assistant] We're racing through this challenge. We know the end is near. Here. Watch out.


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[Assistant] Does that work with the connector? Yep, it does. Okay, so this side's all correct. We just need to connect the other half. This needs to go here. It doesn't connect though. Like it won't fit.


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[Assistant] We correctly assemble one half of the field, but the other half is not lining up. Go to that pole, pull it this way. Wait, is there a sprinkler head on it? No. There is. It's not gonna work that way.


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[Assistant] Sprinkler head, skip, sprinkler head, skip. They're all equally spaced. Okay.


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[Assistant] This is supposed to be a sprinkler head. All the sprinkler head ends need to be on this side. I think this is where we're mistaken.


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[Assistant] Okay, okay, here we go. This needs to go here. Drop it. Yes, yes, yes, yes. Perfect. This is it. We got it.


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[Assistant] Fast as possible, please, as fast as possible, we're in a race. Sam and Sarah are right behind us.


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[Assistant] And they deserve to be standing on this mat here with us. This is a moment in time that I want to remember forever.


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[Assistant] We got to experience this beautiful land that we call our home. It means the world to me that we could do this together.


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[Assistant] Why do we have birthmarks? Cause tattooing is expensive, dude.


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[Assistant] Birthmarks are of two types. Vascular and pigmented. Vascular birthmarks are caused when a lot of blood vessels clump together or they are stretched wider than usual.


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[Assistant] Third, stork bites. They are faint red or pink spots. Now, pigmented birthmarks are generally caused when cells called melanocytes grow together in clusters. Let's see some common types of pigmented birthmarks. First, brown or black colored moles.


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[Assistant] Second, bluish-purple Mongolian spots.


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[Assistant] Cafe Olay spots. Their color is similar to the color of coffee with some milk.


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[Assistant] Why do we have different eye colors? So that we can produce different colored eye lasers. No.


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[Assistant] Colored part of the eye is called iris. Iris contains a pigment called melanin. Melanin is of two types, pheomelanin and umelanin.


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[Assistant] The color of our eyes is dependent on the amount and type of melanin produced.


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[Assistant] If we have more melanin with higher concentration of umelanin,


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[Assistant] Then we will have darker eye colors such as brown.


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[Assistant] However, if we have less melanin with higher concentration of pheomelanin, then we will probably have blue or green eyes.


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[Assistant] Now, according to a study, the amount and type of melanin produced in our eyes is mainly determined by two genes, OCA2 and HERC2 present on chromosome 15.


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[Assistant] Since these genes are inherited from our parents, we will probably have an eye color similar to our parents. But, note that sometimes, certain mutations in the genes can produce different eye colors.


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[Assistant] It is mainly because of our earth's axis. Our earth's axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.5 degrees. Hence, as the earth revolves around the sun, sometimes the northern hemisphere bolts towards the sun. While sometimes the southern hemisphere.


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[Assistant] Thus, the temperatures are high, resulting in summer season in that region.


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[Assistant] Thus, the temperatures are low, resulting in winter season.


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[Assistant] Now, are you able to see the table kept on your right side?


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[Assistant] You were not able to see it, right? Okay, let me tell you why.


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[Assistant] Both our eyes work together and help us to see, judge and perceive a view accurately. Having two eyes provides us with a wider field of view.


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[Assistant] However, with only one eye open, we get a horizontal field of view of only around 150 degrees. We are unable to view around 20 to 30 degrees. Hence, we are not able to see the table when our one eye was closed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both your eyes see the object like this. Now, when you see only with your left eye, the object will look like this. While when you see only with your right eye, the object will look like this.


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[Assistant] This means having two eyes enables us to judge the distance of the object or the depth at which the object is placed from us.


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[Assistant] So, I have a background in technology and magic. And magicians are interesting.


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[Assistant] Their illusions accomplish what technology cannot.


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[Assistant] But what happens when the technology of the day seems almost magical? What happens when you can do this?


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[Assistant] Is it possible to create illusions in a world where technology makes anything possible? Now if you know how the trick is done, where is the illusion?


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[Assistant] But still, our imagination is more powerful than our reasoning. And it's easy to attribute personality


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[Assistant] Advanced algorithms allow these autonomous machines to fly in close formation, aware of each other, aware of me.


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[Assistant] Mathematics that can be mistaken for intelligence and intelligence for personality.


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[Assistant] Anthropomorphism. That's the illusion. An illusion created by technology and embroidered by our imagination. To become an intelligent flying robot. A machine that appears to be alive.


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[Assistant] They're usually black or brown and can be flat or raised.


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[Assistant] Usually, moles are not cancerous. But doctors have come up with a rule called ABCDE rule, which will help you indicate whether the mole is cancerous or not.


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[Assistant] D stands for diameter and E stands for evolution. Besides this, it is believed but there is no conclusive evidence that excess exposure to sunlight and genetics might play a role in the formation of moles.


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[Assistant] Why do we have five fingers? So that we can lick our hand five times.


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[Assistant] No. A theory suggests that we have five fingers because, together, they make a perfect strong grip.


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[Assistant] WNT and SOX9 are responsible for the five fingers. Since in our embryonic stage, they mark out spaces specifically for these five fingers. Another theory is related to the limb law. Based on the length of the fingers, this law helps us calculate the number of fingers we should have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we need fingers only on one side of the palm, as other side is connected to an arm. Hence, the final answer comes out to be 4.78, that is, 5 fingers per hand.


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[Assistant] Now, if we had one time zone, then 12pm would be noon at some places, but it would be night or evening at other places which would be inconvenient.


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[Assistant] The Earth makes one full 360 degree rotation in 24 hours. This means in one hour, the Earth moves by 15 degrees. Using this information, scientists divided the planet into 24 sections or time zones. Each section or region was about 15 degrees wide and had a specific standard time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This helped us know the proper time of the day in that part of the earth. Hmm. Why do we have different skin colors?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But excess radiation can damage our skin cells. Hence, the skin of these people produce more melanin to block the excess ultraviolet radiation.


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[Assistant] Thus, over time, these people and their succeeding generations adapted to have a higher level of melanin in their skin, making their skin darker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, people living away from equator receive less sunlight and less ultraviolet radiation. Hence, in order to absorb sufficient ultraviolet radiation and produce the essential vitamin D. These people and their following generations adapted to have a lower level of melanin, thus making their skin lighter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why do we have five fingers? So that we can lick our hand five times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. A theory suggests that we have five fingers because, together, they make a perfect strong grip.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This in turn causes the deeper layers to shrink or contract. But as the top most layer does not shrink, it becomes loose, thus forming small folds or wrinkles. But why does this happen?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Scientists suggest that this could be an evolutionary adaptation. Wrinkly fingers help in getting a better grip to pick up wet objects, preventing them from slipping from our hands. Even our feet get wrinkly, helping us to walk in water without slipping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Topic, pins and needles. Why do limbs fall asleep? Because they are tired.


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[Assistant] Yup. However, when we cross our legs or sleep on an arm for very long. We apply pressure causing the nerve pathways and its surrounding arteries to squeeze. Hence, the nerves do not work properly and the arteries cannot supply required nutrients to the nerves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thus, we cannot move it. So, we say that our limb has fallen asleep. Also, in some situations, some of these squeeze nerves stop sending signals. While some fire hyperactively. This gives us the sensation of pins and needles. Topic. Human bones.


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[Assistant] Nah. Huh? Bones are one of the most important parts of our body. They not only provide structural support but also produce red blood cells.


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[Assistant] What? Our bones produce red blood cells? Absolutely. Hence, when we crack or break a bone, it is very important to heal it.


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[Assistant] In the healing process cells called chondrocytes produce collagen which forms cartilage.


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[Assistant] Then, special cells called osteoblasts create a hard bony callus using collagen and minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Thus forming our new bone. However, this new bone is irregular in shape.


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[Assistant] Hence, cells called osteoclasts start remodeling the bone. Resulting in the formation of bones similar to the original shape.


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[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 34, Tricked by the Princess.


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[Assistant] The Tang Monk was tied up in a room. He heard his companions yelling at the monster.


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[Assistant] Clang! The Tang monk heard the sound of weapons clashing.


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[Assistant] Ask the Tang Monk. I'm a prisoner here, said the woman. That monster kidnapped me 13 years ago and won't let me leave. Will you help me?


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[Assistant] Said the Tang Monk. He showed the young woman his ropes. I can help you get free? Said the young woman.


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[Assistant] If I do, will you deliver a letter to my parents? Of course said the monk.


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[Assistant] They're the king and queen of the precious image kingdom, said the young woman. My name is Princess Hundred Flowers.


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[Assistant] Bajie and Wujing were still fighting the monster when the princess ran outside.


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[Assistant] Right away, the monsters stopped fighting and turned to the princess.


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[Assistant] Princess Hundred Flowers pretended to cry. The monster held up his hands.


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[Assistant] A moment later, the Tang Monk came out.


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[Assistant] He said quietly to his companions,


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[Assistant] Later that day, the travelers reached the palace of the precious Image Kingdom. The Queen was reading the letter from her daughter. Tears were in her eyes. Our poor daughter, said the Queen. She's been a prisoner all this time.


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[Assistant] The king stood up, his eyes blazing with anger.


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[Assistant] He called to his general, who was standing nearby.


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[Assistant] He shouted. The monster ran outside.


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[Assistant] Bajie and Wujing attacked. The monster blocked their weapons. They fought for over an hour.


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[Assistant] Finally, Bajie tired from fighting, turned and ran. Wu Jing was furious.


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[Assistant] He dragged Wu Jing into the pagoda and locked him in a room.


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[Assistant] You can see this older dung, we're just supplementing it with some fresh stuff just before the release. When we give them dung, even that's been aged for up to 32 days, it still conveys messages to them.


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[Assistant] Communicates the things that they need to know about the environment and about the other rhino around them.


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[Assistant] In order to make decisions about where to live and who to live with. This is the thing that is familiar to them. That we provide in their environment to give them a focus.


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[Assistant] So that they don't rush around the landscape quite so much and they settle quickly into their new home.


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[Assistant] She's over here and so she's hardly moved again today.


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[Assistant] In tropical seas, flying fish leap out of the water gliding for up to 200 meters using wing-like fins before dipping back into the sea.


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[Assistant] That's 11 times faster than Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps. It can then stick up its spiny dorsal fin like a brake, grinding to a dead halt mid-swim.


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[Assistant] Each of these physical feats is made possible by a fish's form, which in most species is a smooth elongated body, fins, and a tail.


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[Assistant] These features are shared across thousands of fish species, each introducing its own variations on the theme to survive in unique habitats.


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[Assistant] Here, the body and tail are the primary propelling forces, with fins mainly playing a stabilizing and steering role.


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[Assistant] This configuration suits many open water species, which need speed, thrust, and control for constant efficient swimming.


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[Assistant] Eels lie at one extreme of this group. Known as anguilliform swimmers, their entire bodies undulate to generate a wave-like motion.


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[Assistant] Compared to anguilliform fish, species like salmon and trout, known as subcarangiforms, use about two-thirds of their body mass to generate motion, while carangiform swimmers, such as mackerel, only use about a third. Typically, the less of its mass a fish uses to generate motion, the more streamlined its shape.


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[Assistant] At the other end of the spectrum from eels are ostraciiform species like boxfish and thuniform swimmers like tuna.


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[Assistant] In these fish, the tails, also known as caudal fins, do the work.


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[Assistant] A tuna's tail is attached by tendons to multiple muscles in its body.


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[Assistant] It powers the body like an engine, forcefully catapulting the bullet-like fish to speeds up to 69 kilometers per hour.


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[Assistant] The second major fish group relies on median and paired fin motion, meaning they're propelled through the water predominantly by their fins.


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[Assistant] Fins allow fine tuned movement at slow speeds. So this propulsion is typically found in fish that have to navigate complex habitats.


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[Assistant] Bottom-dwelling fishes like rays fall into this group. Using their huge pectoral fins, they can lift themselves swiftly off the seafloor.


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[Assistant] That conveniently allows them to inhabit shallow seas without being buffeted about by waves. Similarly, shallow water flatfish use their entire bodies as one big fin to hoist themselves up off the sand.


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[Assistant] Ocean sunfish lack tails, so they move around slowly by beating their wing-like median fins instead.


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[Assistant] Similar movements are shared by many reef species, like the queen angel fish, surgeon fish, and wrasse.


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[Assistant] Their focus on fins has taken the demand off their bodies, many of which have consequently evolved into unusual and inventive shapes.


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[Assistant] There are fishes within both groups that seem to be outliers. But if you look closer, you'll notice that these common traits are disguised.


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[Assistant] Sea horses, for instance, don't appear fish-shaped in any conventional way, yet they use their flexible dorsal fins as makeshift tails. A pufferfish may occasionally look more like a lethal balloon, but if it needs to swim rapidly, it'll retract its spines.


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[Assistant] Handfish look like they have legs, but really these limb-like structures are fins, modified to help them amble across the seafloor.


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[Assistant] For fish, motion underpins survival. So it's become a huge evolutionary driver of form.


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[Assistant] The widespread features of fish have been maintained across tens of thousands of fish species. Not to mention other ocean dwelling animals like penguins, dolphins, sea slugs, and squids. And that's precisely because they've proven so successful.


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[Assistant] Love science? Check out this playlist with five of TED-Ed's most popular science videos.


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[Assistant] Let us know in the comments which science topic you'd like to see us tackle next.


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[Assistant] So the first 1000 of my subscribers to click the link in my description will get a free month long trial of Skillshare's premium membership so that you can also explore your creativity. So yea, thank you so much to Skillshare for sponsoring today's video. As you can see here on this list, I have created


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[Assistant] Next tier is gonna say it was great slash I had fun because sometimes, even though a book's not an all time favorite, I can still admit that I had a great time. It was really fun to read.


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[Assistant] And then we have it was fine slash not for me. You know, pretty self-explanatory. Just because these people are my favorite thriller authors doesn't necessarily mean every single book that they write is gonna be for me. And then next is disappointing slash skip it. You know, and this means skip it as in I would recommend that you skip it because I don't think that it's worth your time and it was pretty disappointing for me.


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[Assistant] And then last is trash slash waste my time. Which means that this book, I felt like it wasted my time and I should have just thrown it in the trash.


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[Assistant] And something that I think is really interesting that I just want to mention before I start doing this is that just because I consider someone to be my favorite thriller author does not mean that every single book that they write is going to be a good one for me.


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[Assistant] So starting off with his and hers. This one is actually one of my favorites from this author. It's not my number one favorite, but it's definitely up there. And I would put it in It Was Great slash Had Fun because


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[Assistant] And then sometimes I lie, I mean it's been so many years since I've read Sometimes I Lie that I honestly like don't remember it very strongly in my mind if I'm being honest, but I remember


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[Assistant] It's just like this creepy chapel in the snow and like, it's like kinda spooky vibes and it's just everything that I love in a thriller. So yea, this is God Tier.


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[Assistant] Alright, next author is Alex Michaelides. Michaelade? I don't know, I don't ever know if I'm saying his name right, but uhm, this is actually one of my favorite thriller authors to date. He's only had two books so far, and both books are books that I have really, really vibed with.


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[Assistant] I will say The Silent Patient for me is god tier. Like The Silent Patient has one of my favorite plot twists that I've ever read in a book. Like it is just amazing.


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[Assistant] But it wasn't quite on the same level as The Silent Patient for me, so I'm just gonna put it in, it was great. Alright, the next author is gonna be Caroline Kepnes, and I've actually read four of her books so far. I believe these are the only four that she has published so far. And her biggest, like, book series that she's known for is the You series, you know, you've probably seen it on Netflix, it's a really popular show.


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[Assistant] An all time favorite slash god tier because the first book in this series is freaking amazing. Joe Goldberg as a narrator is just the most fascinating character to read about and I think this first book is so well done and just so freaking good. But then the second book, Hidden Bodies, I would put as disappointing slash skip it because


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[Assistant] And I feel like it's a lot of repetition from like the first book, you know? I think she nailed it in the first book, like she did something amazing in the first book. And then I don't- I just don't know if it's still working in the rest of the series, you know?


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[Assistant] Because we get, I'm pretty sure we get the book The Nothing Man in this book, which is a book that this girl wrote about her experience with a serial killer called The Nothing Man. But then this book is really cool because we also get the perspective of The Nothing Man himself when he's reading her book. It's just really cool. And then Rewind unfortunately was...


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[Assistant] The first one we have up is Burning Girls. This is the one that was a booktube selection earlier this year, and this is probably my favorite booktube selection that I've had so far this year. But even just saying that still, I still think this book was just great. Like, it wasn't an all-time favorite for me.


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[Assistant] I'm even having trouble right now recalling a lot of the details of the story in my mind, even though I just read it in May. The other people was fine.


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[Assistant] The very unique opposite opinion of everyone else in the book community, I guess, because everyone else seems to love The Wife Between Us and they don't like An Anonymous Girl, but I'm the opposite where An Anonymous Girl is like one of my favorite books from them, and I actually put it in an all-time favorite because I loved this book so much, but then The Wife Between Us


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[Assistant] Because I could not stand these characters and like, I couldn't stand this like, mystery. I just hate this plot twist in thrillers. It's so stupid.


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[Assistant] The first thriller that I like think I ever read that I just absolutely loved. And Gone Girl just has like one of the best plot twists, you know, that I've ever seen in my life. So Gone Girl is god tier.


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[Assistant] And then we have The Grown Up, which I think this one was really great. This one was actually a novella that she wrote a while ago. This one had all of the, like, spooky vibes and it's such a short and quick, easy read, but it's so amazing. I actually want to reread this book soon.


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[Assistant] Because I don't remember a lot of it, to be honest, but I remember loving it when I read it. So I really want to reread this one.


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[Assistant] And no, before you ask, I have not read Dark Places yet. I know. I need to get on it. Alright, next up is John Mars, who I consider to be one of my, like, top favorite thriller authors because I've read four of his books, and for the most part, I've really enjoyed them. I love that his thrillers usually


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[Assistant] I'm gonna put this one in It Was Great because even though I also gave this one five stars, it wasn't quite on the same level of like my love and passion for the one, so I feel like it has to be a tier below that. But this book was also


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[Assistant] Really intense, it's so, there's so many plot twists in this book, like just so, so, so many. And then we have The Minders, which I'm sad to say was disappointing slash skip it, because it's sad because this one was a booktube selection for my book club this month, and this is the one that's like my least favourite John Mars book so far.


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[Assistant] And it sucks because this book does include spoilers for the passengers and the one, and this book tries to act like it doesn't, but it definitely does, like right at the beginning of this book, so that's not cool. And then the passengers,


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[Assistant] And I know she has more published, so I'm planning on changing this soon because I need to read more of her books because damn, her books are amazing.


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[Assistant] So Little Secrets, I'm going to put in It Was Great slash Had Fun because I had a lot of fun reading this book and I just remember being like completely blown away by like this plot and these characters and I was just like, what the heck is going on?


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[Assistant] You know, to date, but I've only read these two so far, but I'm definitely planning on changing that, especially soon with her newest book, False Witness. I plan on reading that soon.


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[Assistant] I will say Pretty Girls and The Good Daughter are some of the most graphically violent books that I've ever read in my life, so you've been warned. They are intense and they are not for everyone, but


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[Assistant] The story in Pretty Girls hit me so freaking hard that I bawled my eyes out and like, I've never, before this book I had never cried during a thriller novel. So that was something that was really unique for me and that's why it's going down as one of my all time favorite books because it just affected me emotionally so much.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna put it in had fun. You know, it was great. I had fun. It doesn't stand out in my memory a whole lot compared to her other books, but I still had a good time. And then Invisible Girl?


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[Assistant] I kind of feel the same way, like, it was fun, I had a great time. Same with The Night She Disappeared, that's her newest one, I had a great time. I feel like a lot of the times with Lisa Jewel books,


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[Assistant] I don't think this thriller is very hard to predict and it's not very, like, surprising in any way, but it's just such a goddamn beautiful story about a mother and a daughter. And then Family Upstairs is her one book that I just don't really like that much, so I would say disappointing, skip it, I just-


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[Assistant] But I know I'm trash for the guest list, but the guest list is going in God tier. And I know people are so sick and tired of hearing about the guest list because people think it's overhyped, and I understand, but I love the guest list. You know, I don't even care, I'm just, I'm a sucker for the like,


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[Assistant] But I've read all of his other books. Before She Knew Him is one that I think is just fine. It's not a standout for me. I barely remember anything about this plot now looking back on it, so it was just fine.


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[Assistant] And then Eight Perfect Murders, I also feel like it was fine. I didn't personally love it, but I could see why other people might really enjoy this book, but it was a little bit too slow for me, and I didn't appreciate the fact that this book spoiled eight other thriller mystery books just to get its point across. Like, no.


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[Assistant] And then The Kind Worth Killing, here we go. My top tier, god tier favorite. This is the first book that I read from Peter Swanson that made me obsessed with his books in the first place, and this is still his best book in my opinion. Nothing will ever top this. This is god tier amazing. And then Her Every Fear, I know this is like,


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[Assistant] An unpopular opinion, but I'm gonna put it in It Was Great because I really, really enjoyed this one. I know a lot of people think the rest of his books are just kind of like meh, but I thought this one was so good. It had so many plot twists. And then same with All the Beautiful Lies, I would also put this in It Was Great.


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[Assistant] But just a warning on this book, there is some weird taboo relationships in All the Beautiful Lies. It's like some, you know, a son with his like stepmom and like weird shit like that. So if taboo relationships make you uncomfortable, this is probably not the book for you. But I thought this book was so twisted and there were so many good plot twists and I don't know, I just


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[Assistant] So as I said earlier, you know, Riley Sager is probably one of my favorite thriller authors, so uhm, it should be no surprise that a lot of these books are uhm, you know, pretty top tier for me.


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[Assistant] And then the last time I lied, I think I'm gonna put it in it was great and I had fun because it's not quite on the same tier for me as lock every door and home before dark. Like those are my top two god tier faves. And then the last time I lied is like right below that, even though the last time I lied is still a five star book for me. That's just the way it goes, you know?


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[Assistant] I don't know, I struggle with Robin Harding's books because a lot of the time her books end up being like a three star book for me and I end up feeling pretty disappointed by the end of her books. But I have so much fun reading the first like half of her books that it's almost like I don't even care that I didn't like the ending that much because I had a great time reading the first half and like, I don't know.


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[Assistant] So I always feel like so torn on her books because like I really enjoyed some aspects of them but then the ending always falls apart. But I think the swap


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[Assistant] Was slightly more fun than all the other thrillers in this category.


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[Assistant] And then her pretty face is the one that I think is kind of disappointing. I mean, this is the one that stands out in my memory the least out of all of her books and I don't know. I just think it was fine. And then next up we have Ruth Ware. I have read four of Ruth Ware's books so far. I know she has a few others that I need to get to that I have not yet.


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[Assistant] Murder mystery whodunit kind of story where we're following all these people in a, you know, in a snowy situation where they can't escape this little place that they're at.


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[Assistant] And then a stranger in the house, I would say disappointing slash skip it on this one as well. This one I just found to be very boring and very predictable.


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[Assistant] Alright, and then we have Samantha Downing, who has three books published so far, and I've read all three of her books so far. So first things first is he started it. This book was great. This book was so much fun to read. It's like a road trip with these siblings, and there's an inheritance, and there's people following them on the road, and it's just so entertaining. It's wild.


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[Assistant] And then my lovely wife is probably the one that I would put in God tier slash top.


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[Assistant] Or if she has more, I'm not entirely sure, but I think The Broken Girls was really great and I had a great time. It's like major, um, spooky boarding school kind of vibes, which I really enjoyed in this one. And then The Sundown Motel was fine.


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[Assistant] I don't know, like, I really loved some things about this book, but then there were some things that really irritated me about the way this story was told. I thought it got a little bit too repetitive for me at times, but I also loved the spooky vibes. So, you know. And then next we have Taylor Adams, who I've only read two books from, and I'm pretty sure these are the only two books that he has.


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[Assistant] But No Exit is absolutely a top tier favorite book from him. This book is just so good. It's like, it all takes place on one night and it's very, you know, claustrophobic. This girl is stuck at this rest stop in this snowstorm and she realizes she's stuck there with a child abductor when she sees this child in a crate in the parking lot in the back of a van. It's just so intense, you know? It's a really intense book. However,


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[Assistant] Hairpin Bridge was disappointing slash skip it. I would not recommend reading this one. This one is so boring and so repetitive and just by the end of this book it just gets so like over the top villainous cheesy. I just wasn't a fan. And then we have Taryn Fisher who, you know,


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[Assistant] She was another, uh, book club pick for my book club this month, and I'm sad to say The Wrong Family was trash. This was my only one-star book that I've had for the book troop this year, and I'm pretty sad about it. Like, I thought this book would be decent, you know, but this book was just not it for me.


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[Assistant] And then The Wives, I would say I enjoyed this one slightly more than The Wrong Family, so for that reason I'm gonna put it in disappointing slash skip it because I still don't think it's worth your time and I don't think it's worth reading, but I personally had slightly more enjoyment with this one than I did with The Wrong Family.


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[Assistant] So much to the point where she literally buys the house next door to them and lives next door to them because she thinks that their daughter is her daughter. It's just a wild story. It's so intense. Then the last author I have on this list is Wendy Walker.


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[Assistant] Everybody seems to love this one and I don't understand why. I just don't get it. I don't know. It's just not for me. You know, I just don't understand.


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[Assistant] And then Emma and the Knight, I think this is the only one that I think was actually pretty great. Like I actually really enjoyed Emma and the Knight, and I really enjoyed the mother and daughter relationship specifically in this book. I think it was really interesting and unique.


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[Assistant] And then the last one is gonna be The Night Before, which this is one that I also think was pretty disappointing, slash, skip it. There is nothing in this thriller that you haven't seen before.


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[Assistant] And so it's just interesting to see where these books fall from these authors. But yea, thank you so much for watching as always, and let me know your thoughts if you've read from any of these authors or if you've read any of these books.


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[Assistant] And this will help law enforcement agencies to target those areas and hopefully shut down trade routes.


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[Assistant] Chris! You got five bucks, I left my wallet up there.


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[Assistant] Let me go out, run out, run up and grab that for you, Mr. Prawn. No, I gotta be at Cal Bank at four and I'm late.


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[Assistant] It is mainly because of our earth's axis. Our earth's axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.5 degrees. Hence, as the earth revolves around the sun, sometimes the northern hemisphere points towards the sun. While sometimes the southern hemisphere.


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[Assistant] This causes seasons. Oh man. It is too complicated. Alright. Let us observe the northern hemisphere to learn more about seasons. When the northern hemisphere points towards the sun, the sun rays directly strike the northern hemisphere.


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[Assistant] Thus, the temperatures are high, resulting in summer season in that region.


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[Assistant] A few years ago, my obsession with productivity got so bad


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[Assistant] That I suffered an episode of burnout that scared the hell out of me. I'm talking insomnia, weight gain, hair loss, the works. I was so overworked that my brain literally couldn't come up with another idea. That indicated to me that my identity was linked with this idea of productivity.


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[Assistant] Do you feel guilty if you haven't been productive enough during the day?


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[Assistant] But this model of constant output isn't conducive to creative thought. Today, knowledge workers are facing a big challenge. We're expected to be constantly productive and creative in equal measure. But it's actually almost impossible for our brains to continuously generate new ideas with no rest.


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[Assistant] In fact, downtime is a necessity for our brain to recover and to operate properly. Consider that according to a team of researchers from the University of Southern California, letting our minds wander is an essential mental state that helps us develop our identity, process social interactions,


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[Assistant] And it even influences our internal moral compass. Our need for a break flies in the face of our cultural narrative about hustling. In other words, the stories that we as a society tell each other about what success looks like and what it takes to get there. Stories like the American Dream, which is one of our most deeply rooted beliefs.


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[Assistant] There's a flip side. If you aren't successful, it must mean that you're not working hard enough. And if you don't think you're doing enough,


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[Assistant] Of course you're gonna stay late, pull all-nighters, and push yourself hard, even when you know better.


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[Assistant] Productivity has wrapped itself up in our self-worth so that it's almost impossible for us to allow ourselves to stop working. The average US employee only takes half of their allocated paid vacation leave, further proving that even if we have the option to take a break,


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[Assistant] We don't. To be clear, I don't think that productivity or trying to improve our performance is bad. I'm just saying that the current models we're using to measure our creative work don't make sense. We need systems that work with our creativity and not against it.


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[Assistant] Does being busy make you feel valuable? Who do you hold up as an example of success? Where did your ideas of work ethic come from? How much of who you are is linked to what you do? Your creativity, it has its own rhythms.


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[Assistant] As a proud night owl, I free up my afternoons and evenings for creative work, and I know I'll get more writing done in the cozy winter months than during the summer.


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[Assistant] And that's the secret, dismantling myths, challenging your old views, identifying your narratives. This is the real work that we need to be doing. We aren't machines. And I think it's time that we stopped working like one.


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[Assistant] In amongst all the congratulations and the hugs, welcome back to the MasterChef kitchen, welcome back from WA, what a fantastic week we had, and welcome to finals week.


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[Assistant] I don't know if you've thought about this, but if you survive this week, you're only one cook away from the grand finale. Oh my goodness.


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[Assistant] Loving the concentration already, and perfect ingredients for the perfect dishes. 45 minutes to go. Come on.


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[Assistant] Hopefully this morning was like a warm hug from the judges and from your loved ones at home. A little bit of inspiration to cook brilliant food and some really delicious ingredients. So remember,


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[Assistant] We're looking for the winning dish, and if you are the winner, then you get to sit out this week's pressure test. So worth cooking a great dish for. First one up.


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[Assistant] That looks very pretty, Chesa. Tell us what you've got going on.


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[Assistant] I mean, if I had a little tub of them in the cupboard, they'd be calling my name because I think they'd be perfect with coffee. You gotta take that very comfortable home style, keep your family happy dish and bring it into the top six environment here in the MasterChef kitchen and I'm not sure that you've done that.


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[Assistant] It makes me feel all warm inside, that does.


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[Assistant] There's some very careful, considered and classic kind of cookery where it's just right. Lemon parfait just makes sense and there's no trickery. But then when you put it together with that olive madeleine, which is not something that we see every day, that beautiful syrup and even the marinated olive, put it all together and it's just heaven. That is spectacular.


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[Assistant] You know what's really interesting? It takes what could be quite harsh and bitter and turns it into something that's very soft and mellow and matched with the sweet parsnip.


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[Assistant] It's really lovely. So when you close your eyes, you almost get roast beef undertones. It's really strange and utterly delicious, texturally wonderful.


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[Assistant] Now for the rest of you, what's gonna happen? In the mystery box, you have to cook with ingredients chosen by your loved ones.


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[Assistant] I wonder what's under here. Ready? Yes. You may be surprised.


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[Assistant] Look, I love the sound of it because we haven't seen this kind of cooking from Anoushka at any point in the competition. So this is exciting for me. And the kind of flavours we like, right? Beautiful flavours.


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[Assistant] Your job is done, really, isn't it? You just go, and what business are we in? The flavour business. Great, let's go.


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[Assistant] It's been a great day of cooking and eating so far, gentlemen. And I think this one's gonna be no different.


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[Assistant] Cookie with ingredients that we picked for you from a little list of your favourites. So let's get this tasting underway. First up, Simon.


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[Assistant] I'm in love with the custard and I'm in love with the little brown crumb and the little roasted caramelised leaves because I look at that and go, this is delicious colour.


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[Assistant] This, this though, and this is where you've got to be really careful with the hibachi, that tastes like burnt smoke. Sooty. That's the negative on a plate of what is very yummy.


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[Assistant] Those kind of bacony breadcrumbs and the bone marrow itself. Delicious. Give us, you know...


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[Assistant] Six in a row so we can have a couple each with a, you know, a little bone marrow spoon and get stuck into it. And I think we're onto something with a biscuity tough.


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[Assistant] Tessa, be careful, be careful, because you know what's happening here? You are setting yourself up for a, an inglorious and very hard career in the kitchen.


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[Assistant] And a top kitchen somewhere, much like Kylie Miller, you know, who went off to Mugarritz, did a couple of seasons, worked for Benchuria Attica, and she is loving, loving what she's doing. You know, we consider her probably one of the best young chefs in this country. So careful, because that's where you're heading. Because that is rock solid cooking that sets you up beautifully for that kind of career.


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[Assistant] Is that the mystery box and the invention test.


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[Assistant] They just don't get any easier, whether it's week one or whether you're in the top six. But at this stage in the competition, the rewards are so much greater. There were two great dishes.


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[Assistant] One creative and delicious, the other even better.


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[Assistant] Simon Tessa, well done. Great cooking. Please join Larissa.


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[Assistant] Anoushka, Tim, Nicole, we're sorry. You're in tomorrow's pressure test.


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[Assistant] I never should have told you to leave. Will you continue the journey with us?


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[Assistant] Wukong was the most powerful of these travelers. It will be easy to defeat Wujing.


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[Assistant] The central problem in information theory is efficient and reliable transmission of data from a source to a destination.


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[Assistant] And just to give you a quick sense of the scope of problems which information theory can be applied to, I have a bunch of images here and later I'm going to go through in a little more detail how information theory is applied in all these situations.


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[Assistant] But just really briefly, so whenever you store images on your computer, compression of images, when you watch movies on your computer, when you compress text files or any audio files that you listen to on your computer, when you use Skype or other video teleconferencing applications,


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[Assistant] Whenever you're using a computer, in general, you're using RAM and coding methods are essential for the correct operation of your computer's memory.


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[Assistant] In space, a huge number of space exploration missions make essential use of information theory. And in all these things, I just want to make clear, the application of these coding methods and information theory methods are an essential, in many cases, an essential component to making all these things work.


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[Assistant] Uh, many devices, 3G, 4G, mobile devices that use the internet are using coding, you know, advanced coding methods and information theory, some more space applications, and just a huge number of things. So, uh,


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[Assistant] So there's just really a vast array of applications in our sort of modern, technologically, technosphere that make essential use of information theory and coding methods.


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[Assistant] So what is information theory? In this video, we're going to look at just, uh, a sort of, uh, a big picture outline.


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[Assistant] Voila, I have my grid here prepared. A big picture outline of the different aspects of information theory.


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[Assistant] So I said at the beginning that it involves efficient and reliable transmission or communication. So in these two columns, we're going to break


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[Assistant] Information theory up. In this way, efficiency and reliability. There's a nice decomposition in this way. And


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[Assistant] Another way, when we are trying to make our communications efficient, we are doing compression.


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[Assistant] And over here, reliability involves, well there's more than, you know, one way to achieve reliability would be like through hardware, improving the quality of your hardware. But the information theoretic approach is error correction. Error correction.


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[Assistant] And on this side, the compression side, sometimes this is also referred to as source coding.


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[Assistant] Not in the sense of writing source code or computer code, a different sense of source coding. And over here, this is sometimes referred to as channel coding.


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[Assistant] So information theory can roughly be decomposed into these two main problems, compression and error correction.


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[Assistant] And so for example, compression, I think you, you sort of know what I mean, but maybe to make it a little more concrete. Whenever you use Winzip or Gzip, uh, you're, you're, you're using compression technologies. And whenever you're using even just a JPEG or an MPEG image or movie, you're, you're making use of compression techniques.


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[Assistant] And error correction would be things like, well, whenever you listen to a CD or you watch a DVD, you're making essential use of error correction technologies because any CD or DVD or Blu-ray is going to have little scratches on it. And those scratches introduce errors in the reading of the CD and they need to be corrected for.


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[Assistant] So, most of the time you don't even notice those errors because they are already beha- they have already been corrected.


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[Assistant] Or another example would be like when you watch, if you ever watch live streaming video on the internet on your computer, every once in a while you'll notice that you'll get a little blip, you know, that sometimes there will be like the things will go crazy for a little bit.


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[Assistant] And, but the vast majority of time, those errors have been corrected for and you, you don't even notice them. But every once in a while, some of them get through.


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[Assistant] So now as you can probably tell from my grid here, we're also going to break


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[Assistant] Our first part is going to be the math-y part, will be this first row. The sort of more theoretical part. And then down here we're gonna have algorithms. Algorithms. If I can spell that. Algorithms.


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[Assistant] And the mathy part, usually people refer to this as information theory. Info theory.


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[Assistant] So this is sort of information theory proper. And down here we have...


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[Assistant] Coding theory or coding methods, maybe I'll call it coding methods to distinguish from the, this is more the theory and this is more the applications or the methods.


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[Assistant] And, you know, just to be clear, there's a lot of math that goes into understanding and proving things about these coding methods. So it's not like this is just the only math that's going on up here.


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[Assistant] So now that we have our nice matrix, we need to fill it in. So what are we going to put here?


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[Assistant] Well, I'm going to give you just the broad outline of, of the main sort of core topics and information theory. So compression.


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[Assistant] Can be broken up into lossless compression and lossy compression.


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[Assistant] The source coding theorem is the essential theorem here. And then along the way we're going to see the Kraft-McMillan inequality.


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[Assistant] And then, actually let me come back to the lossy part because the natural flow of ideas from here goes to the theory of error correction codes.


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[Assistant] And here, the main theorem, so over here we had this, this source code coding theorem. And over here, our main theorem is going to be the channel coding theorem, naturally enough. This was source coding and this is channel coding. So over here we have the channel coding theorem.


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[Assistant] Sometimes people also call this the noisy channel coding theorem. Channel coding.


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[Assistant] So the source coding theorem tells you, roughly speaking, the best possible compression that you can achieve.


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[Assistant] Whereas the channel coding theorem tells you for a given noisy channel, the best possible error correction that you can achieve.


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[Assistant] Part of, part of that involves understanding, defining and understanding the channel capacity. That's a central concept. Channel capacity quantifies this, how good you can do. And a key concept improving this and understanding it is what's called typicality and


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[Assistant] The asymptotic equipartition property, very fancy term borrowed from physicists.


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[Assistant] This is all, this also comes into play over here, but it's most essential, uh, in, in this aspect of the theory.


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[Assistant] So, having, having done that, then the next natural thing to talk about is for lossy compression,


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[Assistant] You can quantify the best you can do under, you know, certain circumstances.


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[Assistant] And that is characterized by the rate distortion theorem. Rate distortion theorem.


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[Assistant] So these are the three central theoretical results. The source coding theorem, the channel coding theorem, and the rate distortion theorem. These are the three central theoretical results in the core of information theory.


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[Assistant] So what about down here? What are we gonna, what are the corresponding coding methods? So let's, let's talk about that.


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[Assistant] Now maybe just before we jump into that, the reason why I wanted to go through and give you this, even though it's just a very high level summary or sort of outline, is that


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[Assistant] For me, when I was learning all this stuff, it was difficult to sort of keep track of where all these things belonged and how they all sort of fit together. So hopefully this will be useful to you for that and you might want to refer back to it later. So under compression,


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[Assistant] For coding methods, we have symbol codes, symbol codes.


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[Assistant] And the most important one is the Huffman code or Huffman codes.


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[Assistant] And the two, perhaps the two most important stream coding methods to date are arithmetic coding,


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[Assistant] Arithmetic coding and the Lempel-Ziv method. It's a very fun one to say. Lempel-Ziv.


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[Assistant] So these are coding methods, these are algorithms for compression. They have many, many applications, as you can imagine. And then over here, under error correction,


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[Assistant] We have also some coding methods for achieving error correction.


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[Assistant] And the simplest one would just be repetition codes, but maybe we'll jump to sort of some of the more interesting ones.


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[Assistant] Error correction coding really began with Hamming codes developed by Richard Hamming in the, I guess it was around 1950.


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[Assistant] Maybe the next major class was, this is sort of in, in chronological order, so called BCH codes. And an important example of this was the read is, read Solomon codes. And usually that's coupled with a convolutional coding method.


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[Assistant] We have turbo codes. Turbo codes were a major revolution when they came about in the early 1990s. And, uh, and


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[Assistant] Following closely on the heels of the development of turbo codes were Gallagher codes.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this is our outline of sort of the key, the core topics in information theory and coding methods.


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[Assistant] And hopefully this will be useful for you to sort of keep track of all the different topics that, that I'm gonna talk about in this series of videos and see how they all sort of fit together.


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[Assistant] Now, I should mention that this is certainly not all there is to information theory and coding methods. There are a number of sort of very closely related fields, and I maybe should, I won't write them down, but just to mention them.


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[Assistant] Cryptography and cryptanalysis is very closely related to, to these, to this, to these information theory methods. And, uh, also algorithmic information theory, Kolmogorov complexity and minimum description length. These are also, there are some very close connections with information theory.


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[Assistant] Also, network information theory is another closely related area. Actually, maybe in some sense, another, you could have another column over here maybe for network information theory and same thing for encryption or cryptography and cryptanalysis.


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[Assistant] So those are very closely related. And then a little bit less closely related but still, still, uh, related fields would be statistics and machine learning. Many of the theory, uh, many of the theoretical ideas of, of information theory have applications in statistics and machine learning.


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[Assistant] And on, and conversely some, uh, statistic and machine learning can be used particularly in, in, uhm, like arithmetic coding, for example.


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[Assistant] And also in economics, like portfolio theory, uh, information theory plays, plays a big role and gambling gambling as well. There's some interesting kind of fun, fun applications to gambling.


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[Assistant] So okay, so that's the, the big outline of information theory and coding methods. And next we're going to start taking a look at some examples of applications of these different coding methods to a vast array of things. And so that's going to be, that's going to be cool. Okay. See ya.


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[Assistant] I don't know how it's built. I don't even know what is underneath these layers, but it looks incredible.


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[Assistant] The mousse is so light and that rum comes through so beautifully.


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[Assistant] Nice work, Nicole. Smart. Get it out. I'm looking at the recipe. I think there are about 10 elements and 68 steps. This is going to be intense. Remember to work faster.


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[Assistant] The first thing I start doing is making my biscuit base.


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[Assistant] I get butter, flour, golden caster sugar, zest and cocoa powder into a mixer and I mix that all together.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna be very precise. I've got my ruler out and I'm measuring three millimetres. Nice work, Nicole.


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[Assistant] Nicole's just on fire as always. In today's pressure test, we have to create Ashley Palmer What's Lamington. There are so many elements in this dish. There's two gels, a ganache, a rum mousse, a dacquoise, a raspberry centre, a sorbet. There are so many things going on here. Man, she's working so far.


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[Assistant] My raspberry inserts are frozen. Now it's time to coat them in melted cocoa butter.


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[Assistant] I need to make sure that my raspberry centre is just like Ashley's. It has to ooze out when you cut into the lamington. It's the whole theatre of the dish.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling really confident. I think every element that I've done is good. I'm really happy with my effort so far. I just need to keep going. So now I'm getting started on my ganache.


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[Assistant] To make my ganache, I need to add glucose, Trimaline, salt and a bit of honey into my cream mixture. Bring that to the boil and then pour that over my chocolate. And I just need to stir that chocolate through until it's nice and thick.


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[Assistant] I'm blitzing my ganache with the stick blender and it's looking so nice and shiny. Do you think that's smooth enough? We'll keep going.


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[Assistant] I think it's quite glossy. Sick. It's creamy. It looks really good and I think it's ready to go.


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[Assistant] It's time to assemble the first layer of this lambington. Gosh, she just works like fire.


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[Assistant] Gotta get two of the same size circles of the dacquoise and the biscuit base into a 5cm ring cutter. I also need to get on top of that my raspberry insert that's coated in cocoa butter and fill that up with ganache. Yum, I want it. Now this is going into the blast chiller until it's set.


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[Assistant] I need to start working on my next layer, my rum mousse, as well as my raspberry and lemon myrtle sorbet.


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[Assistant] I feel like I'm so focused. I'm the first one to get my lamington assembled with the rum mousse and I'm so happy it's set. Oh, that looks delicious. It's now time to unmold my lamington. I've got to blow torch it so I can carefully get this mold off. Oh, she's getting it out.


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[Assistant] It comes out so nice and cleanly. Nice, good job. I'm so happy with it. I think it looks great. And I'm just ready to get it rolled in the coconut and sprayed.


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[Assistant] This spray gun is so powerful. She's way too close. She needs a separate bath.


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[Assistant] This spray gun is so powerful, it's blowing the mousse and the coconut off. She's way too close, she needs to step it back.


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[Assistant] I've damaged the shape of the lamington. Ashley's lamington was so perfect. I need to make sure mine's exactly like his.


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[Assistant] Gary's just spoken about the cryback machine. I've actually just read that myself. And yeaah, I'm just looking at it and it's gonna take a while.


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[Assistant] The cryovac machine sucks all of the air out of the liquid. So you've just got a really, really smooth gel. That's a really important step. So I want to make sure I have enough time. That's working, Cole.


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[Assistant] I've got everything ready to go, I've got my gels in the squeeze bottles, I've got my ganache in the piping bag, I've got my dessert out of the fridge, my sorbets in the freezer, I'm feeling really good.


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[Assistant] This is way more liquidity than the calls. It's always running.


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[Assistant] Well Anush, you have to catch up on this stage, so just push yourself.


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[Assistant] I'm on Nushi. Think of faster ways to do things here.


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[Assistant] Going T-bone. How we going?


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[Assistant] Come on Nicole, you're doing amazingly well. So calm, it's awesome.


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[Assistant] Is this the well the king was pushed into? Oh, I'm not sure.


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[Assistant] Labeled problem dogs, Holly and Herbie have spent their lives moving from shelter to shelter. But they're getting one more chance.


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[Assistant] Expert trainers will try to harness Holly and Herbie's natural instincts.


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[Assistant] Dug into the origins of the mermaid myth and


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[Assistant] A lot, a lot about that and I had a lot of fun doing that video so I'm just gonna keep doing them. So it's like we're talking about dragons. So I've spent a lot of time trying to research these creatures, where the myth comes from, the different, the many, many, many different versions of


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[Assistant] Dragons across the world's mythology and, uh, how it's kind of seeped so deeply into our culture. It's been fun and also infuriating to research, so now I'm going to try to heavily condense that information and present it.


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[Assistant] Dragons are a myth that have seeped so deeply into our cultures that


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[Assistant] It doesn't matter which continent, which country, which culture you go to, they have in their own mythology


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[Assistant] There are so many different versions of dragons that kind of just take over.


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[Assistant] And forms and personalities from brutal and cruel that must be slain to elegant and wise. Some dragons breathe fire and some don't. Some control the seas.


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[Assistant] Ways, but something that it seems that they all have in common is that dragons are great and imposing and powerful.


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[Assistant] Depending on which kind of dragon you're looking at, either is this great foe that must be slain or this incredible deity that we need to learn from and respect.


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[Assistant] Most of the earliest dimensions of dragons were really vague and brief. The description of the dragon in Beowulf was the most vivid description we got up to that point, and it largely shaped what dragons would look like in fiction going forward.


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[Assistant] Dragons continued to appear in literature and fiction for years to come, but some of the most notable works were in some of the later Wizard of Oz books, in a bunch of C.S. Lewis and Tolkien stories, some of the most notable fantasy writers ever.


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[Assistant] By the way dragons have been written in generations before them have taken those and changed them little by little over time.


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[Assistant] But that's what's so amazing about this myth is that while you can't trace its origins you can see a clear thread of authors taking inspiration


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[Assistant] Years and years of literature. But there's so many ancient texts, religious texts, and poems where dragons were mentioned briefly, but factually.


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[Assistant] But all over the world, in countless countries and cultures and people groups, the myth of the dragon goes so far back that it's impossible for us to trace.


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[Assistant] There's Vitra, which was a spirit that seeks power and dominance and was the main adversary of the king of the demigods. Boitata in Brazil was born in a time of darkness with worldwide flooding that killed many people and animals. So this anaconda could shine in the darkness. And when the serpent died, it burst into light and escaped the sun.


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[Assistant] Once there were seven moons, but they were so beautiful that Bakunawa leapt from the sea and ate one whole. But the moon dissolved in Bakunawa's stomach, so he leapt up and ate another.


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[Assistant] And he journeyed to the underworld and faced off the god of the underworld who was guarding humanity's bones. He was able to steal the bones, bring them up, and shed his own blood over them. And that was how he brought humanity to life. Long is a dragon that is an ancient symbol of


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[Assistant] Power, strength, prosperity, and good luck.


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[Assistant] They can take the form, they can take the shape, the appearance of so many different types of animals, they can have different abilities. Even the dragon's personalities and purposes that they serve and ways in which they affect people and cultures vary so greatly across different cultures and myths and it's so cool to see


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[Assistant] Some of them are awesome. Some of these myths, some of the ways that dragons affect the world around them is so...


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[Assistant] So why dragons? Why, even way back when communication amongst different cultures was non-existent, why did this myth live in every corner of the earth?


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[Assistant] Well, we have some theories, and like everything in history, historians disagree.


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[Assistant] So some people think that the reason dragons are so prominent is because there is this fascination, this fear, this, this, uh,


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[Assistant] Something that's natural in most humans' brains and so a mythology about a creature that is


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[Assistant] Our, we're, we're, we're pulled originally from dinosaurs that there's some version of dragons that was real on Earth, because any, anytime.


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[Assistant] But it is really cool to theorize and discuss. Now let's talk a little bit about how it kind of has taken over and hasn't died out. There's so many myths that exist in tons of different cultures that


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[Assistant] They're still so prominent. Even now with modern fantasy novels, with things like D&D and Skyrim, it's still such an essential part of our cultures.


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[Assistant] I think also partially the fact that it is so different across cultures makes it so desirable because the many different forms that a dragon can take, the many different powers a dragon can have,


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[Assistant] And the many different personalities that a dragon can take on makes it so desirable for a fantastical setting.


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[Assistant] Because there's so much that you can do with it while still making it this great powerful force. There's also so much opportunity for subversion of tropes. These, these huge beasts can suddenly become these little bitty creatures that


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[Assistant] Stuff like the dragon that you went to slay was actually the princess the whole time under a curse or the dragon is misunderstood and is actually protecting the princess.


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[Assistant] Or whatever. There's so much opportunity for different types of dragons as well as the standard tropes and subverting of those tropes. There's just so much opportunity for this beast that is so powerful and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool. It's a creature that can't seem to die because each generation reads it in classic stories before them and then writes their own versions of it and it just keeps breathing and evolving and changing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More dragon fantasy, specifically dragon fantasy where the main characters get to properly interact with the dragon and not it just being some big evil force that needs to be defeated in order for the princess to be saved.


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[Assistant] This has been kind of a difficult video for me to figure out how to condense and comprise into a single short video simply because it's


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[Assistant] And just chat with me more about it in general. My next video on searching for the origins and seeing how it's changed and progressed over time is going to be vampires, which should be a fun one. I post videos every Tuesday through Friday. I'll see you again soon.


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[Assistant] It's a mind strength game. Silly mistakes will end up resulting in a negative outcome. And I fear for that. This is gonna be a big test.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it's no surprise that Tim chose the farmhouse pantry. His complete comfort zone, he knows exactly what he's doing, and he's a very confident chef.


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[Assistant] Tim is cooking a big piece of red meat, so I need to think big. For me, when you talk farmhouse, I just think of a beautiful pork chop. I'm cooking powder fried pork with cabbage and Jerusalem nacho cream.


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[Assistant] Tim is an amazing wiz with protein. If I'm gonna win today, I need to cook my protein perfectly as well. The first thing I'm gonna do is score and salt my pork to bring out as much of that beautiful fat flavour as possible when I cook it. Alright.


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[Assistant] This dish is a bit of a risk. Yesterday I cooked pork in the Press Club Service Challenge, and I didn't do so well at it. I'll not make the same mistake I made yesterday today.


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[Assistant] I've prepped my pork chop and now it's to get onto the cream. I want this artichoke cream to be beautiful and smooth. I want it to sing with flavours of artichoke along with that sweetness of leek you get from cooking it down.


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[Assistant] Simon? Alrighty. What's your dish? It's uhm, what I think of a farmhouse style thing, going to the country, a big pork chop, cabbage, and then a cream, so an artichoke cream. Brilliant.


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[Assistant] The red cabbage is definitely a hero. It's a strong piece of veg, so you can really punch different flavours into it.


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[Assistant] But there is one thing that keeps ticking in my mind is the fact that I'm still not sure about my pork chop.


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[Assistant] Cooking against Tim is tough for the best of times, but cooking when he's really comfortable with the ingredients and his strengths, that's a worry. Cool.


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[Assistant] I'm happy with my Jerusalem artichoke and leek cream. My cabbage is cooking down beautifully. But I'm still not sure about my pork chop.


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[Assistant] Do I actually need this pork? I have decided to leave the pork off. I'm gonna stick with cooking these cabbages down with a really nice, uh, cream and some textural almonds to finish it off.


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[Assistant] It's the season for chestnuts, so I'm gonna add a little extra twist.


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[Assistant] I played out by putting the wedged cabbage on the plate, along with a big spoonful of that Jerusalem artichoke cream, and then I sprinkle over the chestnuts.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with how I went. Uhm, I don't know if many country farmers would be into this sort of vegetarian side of the food, but I've got to stick to my guns and know what I'm comfortable with cooking, and this is it.


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[Assistant] I know serving a vegetable dish to the judges is a bit of a risk.


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[Assistant] Simon, what have you cooked for us? Fried cabbage, uh, with Jerusalem night of choke and leek cream and fried chestnuts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good work Tim, well done mate, keep that clean. Come on Nicole, what are you cooking?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this is nail biting now and I am really nervous. Today, you will be cooking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first elementary sorting method that we're going to take a look at is an easy method known as selection sort.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the idea of selection sort is to start out with an unsorted array, and we'll use these playing cards as an example. Uh, in the i-th iteration, we go through the array to try to find the smallest remaining entry. In this case, the 2 is the smallest remaining entry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Selection sort is based on iterating that idea. Okay, so the basic selection sort method is to, in the ith iteration, find the smallest remaining entry to the right of i, or bigger index than i, and then swap that with i.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when we start out, uh, eyes at the left end, uh, and then the remaining, all the remaining entries are to the right. Uh, we scan through and the smallest one, uh, is the two, uh, three entries from the right. So we swap that. Uh, so that's the first step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that part of the array to the left of i is in its final order and we simply continue. So now the smallest is the 3, swap that with i, increment i.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we have the 2 and 3 in order, continue in that way. Find the smallest, the 4, swap that one with i, increment i.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each time we have to scan through all the remaining entries in, in order to find the smallest. Uh, but then once we found it, we only have to swap two cards. Uh, those, those are both key properties of selection sort.