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[Assistant] Or, A is as big as B or as small as B. So it's comparing, using like or as. Whereas the metaphor is when you say A is B, if you say he is a pig, it's not literally true, but he behaves like a pig.


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[Assistant] But, he is a pig is a metaphor. If you say, he is like a pig...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a simile because you're using the word like and comparing him with a pig. Okay. So,


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[Assistant] Let's just have a look at a few examples. Also, because similes use either like or as, we're going to look at some examples using like to begin with, and then we'll move on to look at a few as.


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[Assistant] Examples. So these are all examples that you would hear in everyday life that people tend to use, so they're quite familiar ones. Okay, so first one. She eats like a pig.


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[Assistant] Which isn't a very nice thing to say about someone, but if she's quite... Makes a mess and a lot of noise, you know what a pig eats like, she eats like a pig.


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[Assistant] So it's not a very nice thing to say about someone, but it's comparing she, a woman or a girl, comparing her to the way a pig eats. She eats like a pig. So that's a simile.


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[Assistant] So, a similar example to that is he drinks like a fish. Uhm, this usually means alcohol.


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[Assistant] Not just water, but it's usually alcohol, beer, wine, whiskey, anything.


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[Assistant] He drinks like a fish. Again, it's not a nice thing to say about somebody, but it can sometimes be true, so. Of course, fish, I don't know if fish actually drink


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Water, but because they live underwater, they're immersed in water. Water is all around them, so that's the idea. This man who drinks is surrounded by liquid. It's that sort of idea. He drinks like a fish.


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[Assistant] Okay, next example is using... We've got animals and fish and another animal now. I've been working like a dog.


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[Assistant] And that means working really hard. Okay? Working like a dog. You may know a Beatles song


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[Assistant] I've been working like a dog, which is actually true at the moment, but I've been quite enjoying it, so that's alright. Okay.


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[Assistant] Maybe if you're talking about two children, a brother and a sister, for example, who are always fighting, uh, this often happens, I think, uhm, you can say they are fighting like cat and dog.


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[Assistant] Because cats and dogs don't always.


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[Assistant] They're not always very friendly with each other. Uhm, so traditionally cats and dogs perhaps fight. So they are fighting like cat and dog. Okay, so all of these


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like comparing. Okay? So two children, human children compared to a cat and a dog because they're fighting. Okay? Coming back to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A little bit like eating, drinking. Smoking is another thing that people do, which isn't a very healthy thing to do. So,


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[Assistant] Cigarettes, cigars, a pipe maybe, any tobacco. And a chimney is what you get on a house. The smoke comes out of the chimney.


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[Assistant] The smoke comes out of the chimney if you have a fire in the house.


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[Assistant] So if you say to your friend, you smoke like a chimney, uhm, it's not a very nice thing to say, but maybe you will persuade them to stop smoking because it's very bad for your health.


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[Assistant] So, that's a very common expression, anyway. And then finally in this section,


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[Assistant] You can say, if you're waiting for something and you're waiting a really long time, you can say, it's like watching paint dry. If you've been painting a wall or a door,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With a paint and a brush. When you've painted


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[Assistant] It takes a few hours for the paint to dry.


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[Assistant] So if you're waiting for something to happen, uh, and you're waiting and you'd rather like it to happen quite quickly.


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[Assistant] Uhm, but you've been waiting ten minutes and it's still not happening, you can say, oh, it's like watching paint dry. You know, if you stand there watching


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[Assistant] While the paint dries for two or three hours.


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[Assistant] That's a very frustrating thing to do. You don't normally have to do that. If you paint something, you just walk away and get on with something else.


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[Assistant] But this is quite a clever expression for something that's making you feel impatient.


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[Assistant] Okay. Right, so that's the like ones, and we'll now move on to look at the as examples.


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[Assistant] Okay, so moving on to the second part of similes, we're looking at the ones that use as, as something, as something.


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[Assistant] Which is, again, still comparing two different things. So, first example. She's as timid as a mouse.


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[Assistant] So, little mouse that's very timid, meaning frightened, shy. Uhm, so if a person is very shy and they don't speak very much or they're very quiet,


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[Assistant] She's as timid as a mouse. So, as timid as a mouse.


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[Assistant] We use as twice. Okay? And then if I


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[Assistant] Take my glasses off, I can't see very well, so uhm, I can say I'm as blind as a bat without my glasses. Okay, oh, you're still there, good. Okay, uhm, so,


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[Assistant] Because it's two B's, it sort of makes a pattern a bit like in poetry.


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[Assistant] If you know... Do you know what a bat is? A sort of... It's like a mouse with wings. And you know Dracula. Dracula is supposed to be


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[Assistant] To turn into a bat, and then from a bat back to being Dracula again. So that's a bat. And apparently they can't see very well. They find their way via radar or something.


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[Assistant] So, I'm as blind as a bat without my glasses or spectacles. Okay.


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[Assistant] So this sentence, I hope you're not going to say this about me because this says, that explanation is as clear as mud. Okay? So,


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[Assistant] We've got as twice again, the explanation. I've just been explaining something.


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[Assistant] It... Clear is good. Oh, yeaah. Clear explanation. Very clear. We understand. But what about mud?


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[Assistant] Mud is... It's like soil with a lot of water in it, so it's very thick and brown and sticky, and


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[Assistant] You can't see through it. It's not like looking through a window. Mud is... It's not clear. Mud is the opposite of clear.


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[Assistant] So this is a little sort of joke, really, or what you'd call a paradox.


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[Assistant] Paradox, to say it's as clear as mud, which means it's not clear at all. Okay? So I hope my explanations... I hope you're not saying this about me and the way I'm explaining things. Okay?


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[Assistant] If a friend of yours has a shock, something shocks them, something bad happens, and their face, instead of having lovely pink


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[Assistant] Cheeks, if their face goes completely white, uhm,


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[Assistant] Of course, it depends on the colour of their skin, but if they're like me and they have white skin...


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[Assistant] a look of shock on their face you can say


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[Assistant] You've gone as white as a sheet.


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[Assistant] So, there's as again. White, obviously, colour white. A sheet, like on a bed, the white sheet you put on the bed is a sheet.


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[Assistant] A bed sheet, a white... And they are often white. So, you've gone, meaning your face has become as white as a sheet.


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[Assistant] What's the matter? So that's the idea with that one. Okay, then finally in this section,


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[Assistant] Children are often not very well behaved, but in this example, they are very well behaved because the children have been as good


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[Assistant] As gold. So again, we've got this... The same letter and


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[Assistant] As, so we had as blind as a bat, now we've got as good as gold with the same letter repeated, just a nice little pattern.


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[Assistant] I suppose gold is good. It's quite valuable. It looks nice, shiny.


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[Assistant] Clean, so I suppose this is why this saying has, uh, come about. The children have been as good as gold. They've really been good. They've behaved well. There's been no trouble at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's continue with the final section on similes, and these are a couple of poetic examples, kind of like poetry, because similes as well as metaphors often appear in poetry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so two poetic examples.


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[Assistant] So this one, we've got the word like.


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[Assistant] My love is like a red, red rose. Okay? And that's in quite a famous poem by a Scottish poet called Robert Burns. And it's also been set to music, so people sing it as a song as well. So... And again, with poetry, you often get


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The same letters repeated because it makes a nice pattern in the sound. So, my love is like a red, red rose. So, the simile is comparing a woman to a red rose because the red rose is beautiful and so is the woman. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and then our final example is called... It's a nursery rhyme, something that you sing to children. Okay?


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[Assistant] So, the nursery is the place where


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[Assistant] They sort of grow up there and they might even have a nurse in the nursery, a nanny who looks after them if it's a rich family. Okay, so this one,


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[Assistant] I'm going to sing this. Can you bear it? Okay, here it goes. Oh, twinkle. Let me explain first. When a star twinkles, it's when you look at a star and the light is going like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see it when you look up in the sky at night, a sort of little flashing effect, twinkle. You can also say someone has a twinkle in their eye if they're looking sort of amused about something. So,


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[Assistant] I'll give the words first. Twinkle, twinkle, little star. So you're talking to a star. How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high,


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[Assistant] That you have in a ring, often an engagement ring, a big white precious stone. Okay, so a diamond twinkles, and so does the star going like this. It catches the light. Okay? So I don't know if you've heard this song before, but here we go.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's how it goes. You might want to play this again and join in with me. Okay? Drown my voice.


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[Assistant] Uhm, chocolate mousse with black salt and raspberry sorbet.


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[Assistant] I'm hoping that we had the same idea and we put it together very nicely.


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[Assistant] Uhm, my short bed didn't have enough time to cool down, so it breaks.


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[Assistant] What I'm doing is I'm bringing life to something that has no life and one of the easiest ways to do that is to bring facial expressions and emotions into the face. As you can see I'm moving the forehead here so when you're angry it furrows very quickly and it can go up and you're surprised it raises. So there are 43 different muscles in the face and with those muscles you can make


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[Assistant] Ten thousand plus expressions. So everybody knows a smile is a smile, and a frown is a frown.


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[Assistant] Uhm, which makes it easier to buy, but it's also, you gotta get it right, or something seems off.


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[Assistant] One of the most important questions I'm trying to answer is how females choose their mates.


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[Assistant] But we often see a male and female pair resting together just before and just after we see males fighting over the females.


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[Assistant] The battle scarred male escort is actually on guard, watching and listening for his rivals. When intruders show up, he tries to fight them off.


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[Assistant] We think the males are vying for the prime spot closest to the females.


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[Assistant] But we think she wants to mate as soon as possible so she can return to Alaska and resume eating.


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[Assistant] For whales, bigger mothers often make better mothers.


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[Assistant] She needs to be in the best physical condition when she gives birth the following year


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[Assistant] We think the competition may allow the female the opportunity to select the fittest mate.


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[Assistant] One day, just as the other male rivals swam away, the male and female pair stayed around and circled our boat for well over an hour.


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[Assistant] At first, we thought the female was swimming upside down and using the boat to discourage the male.


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[Assistant] But as we watched the pair circle and dance around each other, and us, it became clear that at least in this case, the female was following him as much as the male was following her.


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[Assistant] I hope you're listening closely to everything that Matt's saying. Because today...


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[Assistant] You're preparing a five course degustation at Wildflower. And Matt is running the kitchen.


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[Assistant] Uhm. And I've got a good feeling about it. I reckon Larissa's gonna do really well.


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[Assistant] I think we knew that Christina was a great dish. Who's the other one? We can wipe out Simon, definitely not. You can wipe out Larissa, definitely not. So Christina, yes, between the other two. Ping, flip a coin. Who's it gonna be?


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[Assistant] We were looking for the best two dishes to join Tessa and Anoushka.


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[Assistant] In tomorrow's cook-off for that guaranteed spot in finals week.


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[Assistant] And there was one dish that stood out. And that was yours, Christina.


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[Assistant] Duck and pumpkin, perfectly cooked. And delicious cauliflower puree. We love those little kind of flecks of pumpkin seeds.


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[Assistant] This is over an hour left. I've done my ginger ice cream. I've got my plum sorbet on, my plum compote on. I'm doing my sponge cake right now. Uhm, I'm a bit worried for time because my ice cream and my sorbet is still churning. And it's just gonna take a really long time for that to churn. Uhm, and then I have to put them in the moulds as well, so.


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[Assistant] I can't call this dessert a bombolaska without that meringue on the plate. This is a really bad idea. It's just gonna be a disaster.


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[Assistant] This meringue is not what I wanted. It should be smooth and glossy and pipeable to go inside bumalaska. And right now it's just looking way too runny.


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[Assistant] I come up with the idea of piping the meringue at the base of the bowl and then pressing a little round circle of the sponge into the base of the meringue and I blow torch the meringue, but I've got to be really mindful not blow torching the sponge as well. I don't know if this is my way of doing it, but.


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[Assistant] I'm really proud of the fact that I rectified the problems that arise.


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[Assistant] Through evolution, it appears that there's been an arms race between reading other people and other people controlling what


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[Assistant] Liars or insincere individuals are expected to fidget a lot, uh, they're expected to look very nervous, maybe shift around in their seat, and scientifically, the real tells are the opposite of that.


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[Assistant] If we look at his non-verbal behavior as well as his verbal behavior during that claim, he comes across as extremely convincing, as extremely sincere.


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[Assistant] So our research group decided to undertake the largest scale study of high stakes deception ever conducted.


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[Assistant] And that entailed collecting videos from all over the world of people


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[Assistant] Pleading for the return of a missing relative. So in 2008, Carissa Boudreaux in Nova Scotia went missing. And her mother Penny Boudreaux gave an impassioned plea to the public to try to assist in finding her missing daughter.


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[Assistant] So the interesting thing about the Penny Boudreau video is that she shows a classic sign of emotional deception.


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[Assistant] She is attempting to appear distressed because her daughter is missing, but she's not showing an engagement of the distressed muscles, which are the corrugators.


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[Assistant] The deceptive pleaders generally are unable to engage those muscles and they end up looking more like a deer in the headlights. They look surprised.


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[Assistant] In this frame and a couple frames after it, Penny displays hostility both in her facial expression and in the words she uses and her tone of voice.


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[Assistant] Indicating that she's still very upset, angry with Carissa for one reason or another. She doesn't want the world to know that she's feeling that, but it's coming out involuntarily.


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[Assistant] She knows that her daughter is dead. The interviewer is asking questions that are getting a little too close to home.


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[Assistant] Eventually they got information that she had in fact murdered her daughter because her boyfriend, the suspect, had mentioned one day he didn't think he was ready to be a father.


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[Assistant] One thing that I've learned that, that really surprised me was the extent, the magnitude of information that we're conveying.


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[Assistant] Any moment, uh, via our body language, our facial expressions and what we're saying. Even psychopathic liars who are, you know, some of the best around us.


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[Assistant] Aren't able to control, quote unquote, leakage via at least one of these different communication channels.


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[Assistant] I'm really excited about the developing technologies, but I also believe that the old-fashioned observation, human observational approach is a critical component. That being able to closely observe holistically, you have an advantage that machines never will.


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[Assistant] People spend a lot of time watching other people and we've become experts in it. When we talk about body language, it's a signal which is in a way much more honest.


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[Assistant] Then facial expression because it's much harder to fake and it's much harder to control.


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[Assistant] So humans apparently are very, very efficient in decoding the information which is contained in the way humans move. If you feel something is odd or if you feel uncomfortable with someone, uhm, who is moving, a system kicks in that knows if something is not quite right.


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[Assistant] What I'm showing you here is 15 dots on the screen and you might be able to make out a human behind those dots but that changes dramatically if I set it into motion. So if this one moves you can't help.


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[Assistant] But uhm, seeing a person here, uhm, you see more than just...


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[Assistant] A person, you can determine whether or you can at least make a good guess whether this here is a male. So you see here this lateral body sway and you see the shape of the male changing a little bit with wider shoulders and narrower hips.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the other hand, you see this one here is clearly a woman here, uhm, with very different movements or more, uh, vertical movement here, less lateral.


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[Assistant] And I've always been fascinated by how much information apparently there is in the way people, uhm, appear. And what fascinates me most is really the sophistication of the information that we can retrieve from it.


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[Assistant] The human visual system does it without thinking. We just do it.


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[Assistant] So obviously, the way we feel affects the way we pose our body and also the way we move. But interestingly, uhm, the way we move can also have effects on the way uhm, we feel.


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[Assistant] My dish today is a celebration of tomatoes.


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[Assistant] All of my techniques for my tomatoes are on. I've got some comfying, I'm roasting lunch, some, I have some tomato water which is straining. I want the judges to see that there's been a lot of thought put into it and each tomato has been treated with respect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are your potatoes in the oven yet, Tess? Yeah, they are. Yeah, good. The dish I'm making is pan seared John Dory with potato puree, burnt butter and grapes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got a lot of butter for my puree. I know that it looks excessive, but you know, you need that much butter to be able to make a really smooth puree. So I'm going to be using a lot.


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[Assistant] Matt's picking up that I have a lot of butter going on in my dish, and it's just making me think now, have I gone a bit too far?


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[Assistant] I wanna get to the finale and if I want that spot, I need to do the best cooking that I've ever done in my whole life.


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[Assistant] The best two dishes will be safe from tomorrow's pressure test. I'm just hoping that I've done enough.


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[Assistant] Uhm, John Dory with almonds, capers, and grapes. And a little bit of raruga caviar.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling so nervous. I have a lot of butter going on. I just hope it's not over the top.


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[Assistant] I cannot believe that, you know, I've gotten through. I've worked so hard and I'm ready to take that next step further to get to the finale. Come to momma.


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[Assistant] Two long years and a round tail, that's my mom.


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[Assistant] Now, let's compare her to the picture. First, the protruding teeth.


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[Assistant] Right, then the long ears.


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[Assistant] Oh no, it's okay baby panda. We'll help you find him. Really? Really, really? Yes, of course.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, my neck is long too.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's your mom. There she is.


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[Assistant] Obviously, you have to know yourself, know your gifts, know your strengths, and be confident in who you are in order to start creating the life that you want. I truly believe that each one of us is born with a unique set of gifts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So those things about yourself that make you unique are clues to what you should be doing with your life, where you can take your life. And there's not like one right answer in what you should do with your life. There's an umbrella of things that you could be doing, things where you could really utilize all of your strengths and gifts and talents and life experience.


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[Assistant] So for some of you, it might be obvious you already know what you're good at, what you're passionate about, but for others, you might feel like kinda iffy, you're not sure, you don't feel like you're especially good at anything or talented at anything. So if that's where you are, what you can do is ask yourself, when are the times where I feel


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I feel confident and I feel like myself. I feel comfortable. When are those times where you feel like you're at your best? And you might have to take some time to sit down and jot down some ideas or memories from the past where you felt like you were really happy living at your best or doing something where you were in flow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I mean by flow is when you are so focused and so productive at doing the certain thing, that kind of the outside world becomes silent. I know some of us get into that state, which I personally love that state. You can also ask the people who are closest to you,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, what do you think I'm good at? What are my strengths? What makes me unique and different from other people? It could be personality traits. It could be your sense of humor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To get a copy of this worksheet, you can sign up for the Dream Life series down below, which brings me to the next section of rediscovering yourself. So it's not just about getting to know your gifts and your strengths, what makes you special. It's also getting to know your perspective in life and what you truly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Want what truly matters to you. So this is the part where you really get to decide what matters to you in life. This is what kind of sets the foundation for what you want to pursue with your dream life. So ask yourself,


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[Assistant] Values matter to you. Do you believe in kindness, honesty, generosity? There are so many different principles and values that can mean a lot to us


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[Assistant] Whatever you want. So learn to kind of decide what's important to you in terms of what a good, successful life looks like. And you can really just start forgetting about the rest.


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[Assistant] Lastly is to find your why in life. What is your mission in life? What is your purpose in life? This could be a big scary question to some people, and I know I ruminated about it for a few years in college. It kind of overwhelmed me. But I think now, in hindsight, I see it as


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you read it, it moves you. You feel something inside that gets you excited or just moving in a way. You can take some time figuring out your own personal mission statement for your life, but if you need some help, I generally see it following a formula like this. Use what you have to contribute something to the world and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Getting to know yourself and what really matters to you in your life, and then that's where you start creating that dream life. Use what you have to do something with your life and contribute to others, and in the end, create a life that you really love for yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we are standing on the land.


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[Assistant] A desert is a very hot and dry place.


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[Assistant] A river flows into the sea.


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[Assistant] A lake is as smooth as a mirror. lake


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[Assistant] A valley is a low land between two mountains.


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[Assistant] And even natives make mistakes, so you should feel okay when you do.


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[Assistant] I have natives who join my pronunciation course, and a lot of them have joined and pronounced this word as mischievous. It's a really, really common mistake. But we want to say...


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[Assistant] It's just a habit that lots of people have formed. Now, this word's really useful because it has the i sound in it.


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[Assistant] Uhm, 95% of the non-natives who join my course can't pronounce this sound correctly, even if they think they can. I've heard many non-natives pronounce, for example, a word like this as mi-sjee-vuss. Mi-sjee-vuss. But we want mi.


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[Assistant] We also have a lovely schwa sound which I talk about all the time at the end of this word. Next word is very close to me because my partner works in a pharmacy and the most common word you'll hear in a pharmacy is the word prescription, prescription.


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[Assistant] Now I've heard a lot of natives say perscription, and my partner has heard that a lot of times in her job as well. Puh instead of preh at the beginning.


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[Assistant] So to pronounce it correctly, we need pre-script-tion.


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[Assistant] Okay, so the issue is that people remove the R and pronounce a schwa sound and it kind of becomes...


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[Assistant] The next word is moustache, because I hear a lot of people pronounce it as moustache. Now, it's not a big deal, this one, you can pronounce it either way, it really doesn't matter. But the British way, technically, the traditional British way in contemporary RP to pronounce this would be with a schwa sound, and we move the stress, so we say


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[Assistant] Moustache. So nice and soft at the beginning, m-


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[Assistant] And then heavy on the second syllable. Moustache. Moustache.


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[Assistant] Okay. So I do hear a lot of natives pronounce it with perhaps the more American style of pronouncing it. It's not a big deal, but again, if you're looking for a contemporary RP accent, then try and stick to the basics, which would be pronouncing it this way. The next one I hear a lot in coffee shops.


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[Assistant] We don't need a xs in here. This consonant cluster, we do not need. Remove that k sound. It should be espresso. Es-spresso.


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[Assistant] Okay, lots of natives think it's like the word express, so they say expresso. No.


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[Assistant] Espresso is the correct way. Now there are different ways of pronouncing it. It's obviously not a traditional native word, uh, to the English language. So maybe some of you from different countries might have different ways of pronouncing it. But just remember, in the UK, we would pronounce it as espresso.


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[Assistant] I get asked this question a lot for the next word. Do you say vase or vase? Now again, if you're looking for the type of accent I teach in my course on my YouTube videos, this would be a contemporary RP accent, which you would hear a lot in the south of England. We would say vase.


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[Assistant] Okay, so to produce this R sound, push your tongue all the way down in the bottom of your mouth and pull it back towards your throat. Open your mouth nice and big so we can see everything. We want to see your throat. We want to see down into your heart. R. Vars.


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[Assistant] The difficulty here for lots of non-natives is producing the V sound followed by an R. Because the V sound, the teeth have to go down onto the bottom lip. And we create some friction.


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[Assistant] And then immediately after, we have to open the mouth, pull the tongue back and down. It's quite tricky to do that fast enough. And again, natives might sometimes have problems with this. Vahs. Vuh. Vah. Vah. Vahs. And please make sure you pronounce this word correctly. Envelope. Envelope.


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[Assistant] I have heard a few people say, envelope. En-the-lope.


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[Assistant] Now the nice sound at the end is the O. This sound will make you sound very British, for example if you say like, Oh no.


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[Assistant] You know, it just sounds really nice and British, this sound. So practice it with me. Ohhhhh. Your mouth gets smaller and rounder as you go. Ohhhhh. Start with your tongue in the middle. Ohhhhh. Envelope. Envelope.


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[Assistant] Now please don't get this wrong if you want to be my friend. Again, I've had natives who have joined my course and they say to me, Elliot, I want to improve my pronunciation. It's pronunciation.


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[Assistant] Okay, pronunciation. Please don't say pronunciation. I've mentioned this before. I will not mention it again. It's pronunciation.


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[Assistant] The amount of times I've heard that. Now another mistake which really annoys me, actually, is when people say, should of.


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[Assistant] So the issue here is that we are shortening the words should have or could have. Uh, and what's happening is when we do this, we say should of. So we're pronouncing it with a schwa and then a v sound. Of. Should of. But the problem is,


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[Assistant] That because we do this, it makes a lot of natives form this habit where they want to say of instead of of.


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[Assistant] This is the wrong word. This would be grammatically incorrect. I wouldn't say, for example, I should've done my homework last night. That's just wrong.


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[Assistant] It should be, I should have. Now to shorten have, it's of, I should've. So don't fall into this trap and get in the habit of making the mistake by saying, I should've, I could've, I would've. It should've, would've, could've. You can even remove the V if you want to and just say shoulda.


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[Assistant] Woulda, coulda. This is a bit more on the informal side, but you can do that as well. Just don't say of. It's a common native mistake. Maybe I've done it a few times. Nobody's perfect. It happens.


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[Assistant] You can make these mistakes if you want, it's fine. Uh, I'm just here to guide you, for those of you perfectionists who want to avoid making mistakes when you speak.


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[Assistant] Remember if you want to improve on the individual sounds, your intonation, stress, everything that's included in a British accent, you can learn with me. Become my student by joining my course at easyjenglish.com. I'd love to help you with improving your accent and reducing the problems you have.


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[Assistant] So thank you very much for watching. I will see you next time. Give me a big thumbs up and subscribe if you haven't already. Love you guys. Take care. Bye.


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[Assistant] We usually go out at about half past five. Tara and I go for a walk at half past five, five or ten minutes, and, uhm, then we then set to work. We've got the newspapers to put out when they arrive. Yes, alright, I did promise you a sausage, didn't I? In a minute.


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[Assistant] And I don't think I'm concerned that people are undertaking, shall we say, weapons training and so forth. It's a very controlled environment.


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[Assistant] In other words, you teach, you're associated with the house pastorally, and you do something extracurricular. And that, that, probably speaking, is the expectation here.


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[Assistant] He constructs the dome at a time where the technology should not have permitted it. It just should not have been possible.


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[Assistant] He constructs the dome at a time where the technology should not have permitted it. How is it possible that he built the thing when he did? It just should not have been possible.


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[Assistant] I think often times when you have an artist whose personality remains as vague as Brunelasky's, inevitably what scholars do


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[Assistant] They eventually create a crossing space which measured 143 feet 6 inches across.


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[Assistant] Today, in the 21st century, it would be difficult for us to cover, to roof such a vast space.


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[Assistant] In the middle ages, if we're building a vault, okay, we build that wooden framework, we put our blocks, our bricks on top of it, we wait for the masonry to dry, then we make the sign of the cross, pull the wooden framework away and run like hell, because the failure rate on most of these vaults was about 50%.


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[Assistant] I mean, for me, the most extraordinary thing about the construction of the cathedral is undertaking a project that you knew fully well you did not have the technology to complete.


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[Assistant] The financial advantage of that must have been extraordinary, but the skepticism was probably even greater in the sense that how could that be possible? What will prevent that structure from simply sliding out and caving in as we're building it?


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[Assistant] When they get to that final piece, I mean, this is really the climax of the entire two-century construction history of the church. Who is this man working in jewelry who now steps forward and says, look, I have the credentials, I have the know-how, I have the inspiration to actually design the structure, and would you have trusted him?


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[Assistant] Technologically, the means did not exist. Up until Brunelski's time, lifting devices were referred to generically as the Rotamania, or as the Great Wheel.


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[Assistant] Which was a large wooden wheel that looked very much like a modern gerbil cage. Inside of which human beings would walk, causing the wheel to turn. And as that wheel turned, it would coil a rope.


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[Assistant] And that coiling would gradually then lift an object based on the lifting power of the people who were actually walking inside.


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[Assistant] This is really Brunelleschi as the engineer, Brunelleschi as the inventor. They're turning a wheel that would turn a vertical shaft.


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[Assistant] And it in turn, uh, would have a series of cog wheels that would then interlock with other cog wheels. And so as the oxen are moving in one direction, they could of course lift weight upward. Okay.


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[Assistant] By simply changing which of the wheels,


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[Assistant] Where? Going into, going into. Going out of, going out of. Sitting beside, sitting beside. Walking across, walking across.


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[Assistant] Running along. Jumping off.


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[Assistant] I can see the teapot, but I can't see the tea.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, I can see it now.


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[Assistant] Is there any water in this kettle? Yes, there is.


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[Assistant] I can see the teapot, but I can't see the tea.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, I can see it now.


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[Assistant] I would rather sleep on a mat, but I will build a long-lasting house for a secure future.


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[Assistant] You don't know about my strengths. I'll huff, and I'll puff, and I'll blow your house in. I blew your brother's houses too.


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[Assistant] You know, I've built a lot of things from stadiums, baseball, football, but I've never ever worked on something like this. We use different mechanisms to hold arches in place and once we're done, we take them out.


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[Assistant] Now, there are lots of different situations where we could be shopping, and I'm sorry if I've left some situations out. For example, not everybody goes shopping for a Chewbacca costume or something, so uhm, but just for the most common kind of phrases we might use when we are shopping.


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[Assistant] Now this kind of eeuh at the end, what that does is it creates an intrigued tone. So it makes us sound like we are asking a question. So we're not just saying hello or making ourselves known.


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[Assistant] We're doing this ee, excuse me, to show that we're going to say more and that it's probably going to be a question, okay? So, it's funny how intonation can display what's coming next.


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[Assistant] But it kind of allows the salesperson to then prepare.


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[Assistant] For what you're going to say next or that you're going to ask a polite question. So,


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[Assistant] It's like a wave. It's like riding a wave. That's what intonation is, really.


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[Assistant] I'm British. That's my excuse. I might actually say, sorry, sorry. And again, we're doing this, uh, this kind of tone where we're going down, uh,


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[Assistant] Sorry, so we would have to follow with something. So you would say, for example, sorry, could you just help me with something, please?


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[Assistant] Now, you're in a clothes shop. You have some clothes that you want to try on. But you don't know where the changing rooms are. Now firstly,


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[Assistant] There are two words for changing rooms. Some people say changing rooms and some people say fitting rooms. Two ways you can ask about trying something on. You could say, for example, excuse me, where are your fitting rooms?


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[Assistant] Where are your fitting rooms? Or where are your changing rooms? It doesn't matter which word you use, they're both the same kind of thing. By asking this question, it's like saying, I want to try this on, can you show me where to go?


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[Assistant] Or you could use the much more simple version of a phrasal verb, to try on, which means to wear something.


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[Assistant] Temporarily, just to see what it looks like. So you could say, Sorry, could I try this on, please?


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[Assistant] Could I try this on, please? Please. And that means, can I wear this so I can see what it looks like? Phrasal verbs are fantastic. We love phrasal verbs here on this channel. And remember, if it's just one t-shirt, we would say, could I try this on?


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[Assistant] But if it's more than one, we would say, could I try these on? And that would be if I have five t-shirts, some socks and some jeans to try on, okay?


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[Assistant] And the same with shoes. Could I try these on? We would say these, even if it's one pair of shoes. Could I try these on, please?


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[Assistant] And then they would go and find your size. Now let's say you're looking at some clothes, but they don't have your size. Very easy. Approach the sales assistant, using those words we mentioned before, hi, or something like that, okay? And then all you need to say is, do you have any more sizes out the back? Do you have any more sizes out the back? Again, out the back, that means


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[Assistant] Where you store all your stuff, we call it out the back. So, do you have any more sizes out the back? Really important and really useful to know this one, uhm, because I've been in a shop so many times where I've needed a particular size and they don't have it on show, on the shop floor.


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[Assistant] But I ask them if they have it out the back and nine times out of ten they do, so it's really good to know this phrase. Do you have any more sizes out the back?


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[Assistant] And then they might say, okay, what size are you looking for? Two things you could do. You could say, I need a size up.


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[Assistant] If you want to use phrasal verbs and be fancy pants. Or you could just say the size you want, okay? I need a size ten. In a man's case, uh, you could say I need a medium. So we don't need to say I need a size medium.


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[Assistant] We just say, I need a medium. Everybody's favourite thing, a returns policy. It's very easy to ask this question. I never ask it because I don't like to be annoying. I don't like to be that guy that asks about returns. I'll just read it on the receipt. So there are two ways and this one's the most common. Can I bring it back if I have any problems?


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[Assistant] Can I bring it back if I have any problems?


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[Assistant] And that means if I don't like it, if I decide I don't want it, can I return it to you? Bring it back. Phrasal verb. Listen to my tone and copy me. Can I bring it back?


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[Assistant] If I have any problems. Now one more thing which is very, very useful to know. Are you a student? Are you living in the UK? And do you want to grab a bargain, a deal, or a bit of a percentage off what you buy? Don't be afraid to ask. Do you offer a student discount?


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[Assistant] Do you offer a student discount? You can add the T or not at the end. Discount, discount.


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[Assistant] And a lot of shops, particularly clothes shops and some electrical shops, they do offer a 10% or sometimes 15% student discount. So it is useful to ask. Don't be afraid to ask.


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[Assistant] Uhm, it's becoming more and more common nowadays. Being a person who, who, uhm, worked part-time in retail before I was a teacher, uhm, I really appreciated it when people said thank you.


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[Assistant] Uhm, we do pride ourselves on saying thank you here in the UK. Uhm, so I really recommend that when they finish packing your clothes up, if they've been really helpful, tell them. Thanks for all your help.


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[Assistant] Or just a simple thank you or cheers. Have a lovely day. Have a great day. Thanks for all your help.


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[Assistant] Thanks and help are the two important words there. In particular, they need some big stress on them. Thanks.


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[Assistant] Now, I know I've mainly covered clothes today, clothes shopping, but most of these phrases do apply to electrical shopping, uhm, just shopping for normal things. But you'll find that most of the conversations that you have in the UK


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[Assistant] In, when it comes to shopping would be for clothes, electricals, uhm, we don't really talk to people who are selling food, for example.


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[Assistant] Box below has the link. And uhm, in this course, you'll learn everything about intonation, all of the sounds, connected speech. Basically, you'll learn how to achieve a full British accent.


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[Assistant] You'll also have voice messaging contact with me on WhatsApp. So, uhm, you can become my student and, uh, I can't wait to meet those of you who join. Like I said, just go to etjenglish.com to join the course. Uhm, other than that, I will see you next time in the next video. Cheers guys. Bye.


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[Assistant] Why do mosquito bites itch? Cause mosquitoes don't brush before biting.


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[Assistant] Nope. A mosquito sucks our blood through a straw-like structure called proboscis. A proboscis is made up of six parts. Out of the six parts, four parts are used to pierce into our skin and blood vessels and hold the tissues apart.


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[Assistant] Through the fifth part, called hypopharynx, the mosquito drops its saliva containing an anticoagulant.


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[Assistant] Now, our immune system recognizes the anticoagulant as an invader. Hence, it releases histamine.


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[Assistant] Histamine dilates the blood vessel so that blood along with immune cells. Can come to attack the invaders and heal the affected area. This histamine causes the itchy feeling.


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[Assistant] Why do koalas hug trees? To look adorable. Not at all.


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[Assistant] Koalas are found in Australia. In this region, the temperature can rise quite high during summer season.


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[Assistant] Dude, the pictures look so scary.


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[Assistant] Oh, just listen. These pictures revealed that the trunks are much cooler than the koalas and the surrounding air.


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[Assistant] A southerner has just really rejected this.


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[Assistant] You know, uppity woman from, you know, east coast, she doesn't dress right, she doesn't talk right, she doesn't, her hair isn't right, you know, she's just no credit, she's not a southern, uh, governor's wife.


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[Assistant] At least physically, got rid of the glasses, got her hair dyed, started dressing at least modestly better, wore some makeup, cultivated a little bit of a drawl.


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[Assistant] Moved from Chicago, the tough city, into the all-white new suburb of 1950s America.


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[Assistant] There was a lot of fighting in the, uh, Rodham household. And I don't think she invited many friends home.


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[Assistant] That's when her whole penchant for secrecy and privacy began.


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[Assistant] And he took Hillary and some of her friends to hear Martin Luther King speak.


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[Assistant] Here's this black man from the south who's talking about segregation. She didn't even know what segregation was.


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[Assistant] And she came into her dorm room, she threw her handbag against the wall, she's like, I can't stand it anymore. They've killed him, they've killed him. Who? Martin.


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[Assistant] That was the probably the first time that Hillary felt what it would be like to be a political leader. And she thought then, well, maybe I can.


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[Assistant] Someday, be a larger figure on the political stage.


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[Assistant] Hillary was working on a committee where I think she probably learned a lot about secrecy and how you


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[Assistant] Really needed to preserve it in political life more than anywhere else.


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[Assistant] When I first interviewed him, I said, so what's your goal for the next eight or ten years? And he said, eight years of Bill, eight years of Hill.


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[Assistant] She said, I don't know what I'm going to do. She said, everything is my fault. Nothing I do works.


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[Assistant] White men hate me. No, she said, it's not me they hate.


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[Assistant] It's the, it's what I represent. It's the changes I represent.


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[Assistant] Got a better education and got a better job with my husband. She recognized that problem.


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[Assistant] Back then. And of course, it remains a problem for today.


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[Assistant] Bill Clinton woke her up one day and said, I just have to tell you that there's this weird thing going on. I don't want you to worry about it.


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[Assistant] And Bill Clinton comes by, wants to come in, chat. They don't even invite him in the room.


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[Assistant] And they plan and think and plot, and she told me afterwards,


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[Assistant] That was the first time in 53 years that I spoke with my own voice and planned to use my own voice as my own political person.


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[Assistant] This was the old Hillary. Secrecy, denial, keep it all very tight.


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[Assistant] Just goes back to, I'm not gonna let them know because they'll use it against me. And they would.


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[Assistant] One of the things that she had learned very early in that Rodham household was


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[Assistant] You just, when things don't go right, you just get up every morning, you put one foot in front of the other, you get through your day, you do the best you can, and you just keep moving forward until it gets easier. And she's done that all her life.


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[Assistant] Looking at her work, it's an example of someone finding a distinctive voice as an artist, having taken her up as a protege. He's really very effusive about her.


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[Assistant] But I was wrong in this established conviction of mine. Women can hate.


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[Assistant] It's well known that Ruskin had an eye for young women of intelligence, uhm, dedication,


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[Assistant] A good Christian with quite a talent for art, but also in a way...


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[Assistant] There's a practice of looking and trying to understand your surroundings on a daily basis that


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[Assistant] Like Raskins, she appreciated that, uh, a flower, an insect, a landscape.


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[Assistant] There are one or two references in his letters where he seems to admonish Lilius for spending too much of her time.


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[Assistant] On good works in London helping, uhm, helping the poor and disadvantaged.


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[Assistant] One has to admire Lilia's determination and drive to do what she did.


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[Assistant] She obviously had the confidence and the determination to pursue her own path.


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[Assistant] As late as 1899, the very last year of Raskin's life, she sent him, uh, a book of hymns. They got this book of verses to send him.


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[Assistant] Miriam had shared with us that she had taken the project as far as she could take it, but there were things that she wished would happen that it could go further.


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[Assistant] Hello everybody, this is Elliot from ETJ English. I hope you're all doing well. Today I am here to talk to you about something called


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[Assistant] The intrusive R and the linking R. I know we all love connected speech because so many of you have been sending me messages saying, Elliot, please do a video on connected speech. So here I am today doing it for you. I hope you're happy.


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[Assistant] First thing I need to tell you is you need to understand the rules of the R before you start to learn.


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[Assistant] When we use it as an intrusive sound or a linking sound. Some of you will know this already, so I'm sorry if this wastes some of your time, but we need to know when we pronounce the R in words. So we only pronounce the R when it comes before a vowel.


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[Assistant] A-I-R. There's no vowel after the R, so we don't pronounce the R. It's actually a diphthong. But...


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[Assistant] If we have the same sound, but we add a vowel or two vowels after, area, area. We pronounce the R.


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[Assistant] The reason why is because we have a vowel after.


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[Assistant] Now this is British English, remember. American English is very different. Today we're learning British Southern English. We only pronounce the R when there's a vowel after.


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[Assistant] The question, I'll say it slowly like a robot first. Where are you? Where are you?


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[Assistant] But, if we wanted to make our speech a little bit faster, a little bit more native and natural sounding, we would change it to, where are you?


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[Assistant] Now listen to what I do, instead of being where are, it becomes where are.


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[Assistant] Where are you? We use the R as a bridge.


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[Assistant] And the reason why is because the word where has the letter R towards the end of it. And the next word begins with a vowel. Now in British English it's very difficult to get from one vowel at the end of a word to a vowel at the beginning of the next word.


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[Assistant] So in this situation, we will use an R to help us get to the next word. Where are you? We have many different situations when linking happens, but the linking R is the most difficult, so that's why I'm explaining just this in one video. A few more examples. Instead of saying, I have four eggs, I would say, I have four eggs.


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[Assistant] So that R moves us into that and, it's a bridge, it helps us.


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[Assistant] Finally, the last sentence is a bit of a challenge for you. It's happening twice. The linking R is happening twice in this sentence. Where is the fire exit?


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[Assistant] Now you will find that a lot of people will just say, where's, where's the fire exit?


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[Assistant] But if we want to pronounce all of those words, just for the example of this video, where is? Okay. Now let's move on to intrusive R. The intrusive R.


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[Assistant] This one's the difficult one. So before we start, uhm, talking about the intrusive R, I kind of need to explain about this group of people, not a group of people, just a type of person, which I like to call the pronunciation police.


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[Assistant] Shouldn't do some of these intrusive sounds, in particular the second point I'm going to share with you. Uhm, but what I want to tell you is that people do this.


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[Assistant] British people do this. But I do hear this a lot. I do it. My friends do it. My family do it. I live in the south of England. You can use this if you want to. Or you don't have to. It's completely up to you. But I'm gonna teach it anyway because lots of you want to know what it is. So the intrusive R.


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[Assistant] Is when there is no R in the words, but somehow it appears in our speech.


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[Assistant] And it appears because it's being used once again as a bridge to get us to the next sound, next word. For example, the country Australia. It finishes with a schwa sound.


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[Assistant] This is a common situation with the intrusive R. Australia finishes with an uh. And England. And begins with a vowel. So, to get to that vowel from the schwa, instead of saying Australia and England,


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[Assistant] We'll say Australia and England. Australia and England.


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[Assistant] So we're doing an R to get to the and, Australian. There is no R in the writing.


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[Assistant] But for some reason, we're using it to get to the next word, and it's because it makes things easier for us. We're very lazy English speakers, especially British speakers. We're very lazy, and there's a lot of connected speech to learn. Another example. Media event. Media event. Media event. I'm going to a media event.


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[Assistant] So, when a word finishes with a schwa, and the next word begins with a vowel, that is one situation where an R will intrude. It comes from nowhere. It's not invited, but it decides to join in the party. There's one other situation where we might see an intrusive R, and this is when a word finishes with the O sound, like saw, claw.


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[Assistant] Et cetera. So if the next word is uh, or it begins with a vowel sound, then we might create an R again to join the or and the uh together, or the vowel. For example, I saw a great film last night. I saw a great film last night.


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[Assistant] Now you can breathe. Now you can relax. But, please do try and practice this. Write some sentences down. Try some of these techniques yourself. Practice it when you're reading. So many different situations you can practice these intrusive sounds and linking.


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[Assistant] Uh, so practice it if you like it. You don't have to learn it, like I said, but it will help you.


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[Assistant] Uh, especially with understanding natives. So I hope you enjoyed the lesson. Please don't forget to give me a thumbs up, subscribe, follow me on Instagram, like my Facebook page, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. You know all of that stuff. Uhm, and I will see you in the next video. Cheers guys. Bye.


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[Assistant] Donald Trump learned this notion that through the power of positive thinking, you could focus your life on your business and your achievements in the business world would be the measure of your success.


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[Assistant] What do I do? Do I settle? And Roy Cohn said never settle. Roy Cohn said you need to fight back harder than they ever hit you.


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[Assistant] What happened in Central Park was a violation to him and he felt it keenly and he, uh, felt was, had a deep emotional reaction to it and so he lashed out.


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[Assistant] Donald Trump sees the people who have criticized him or have predicted that he would do poorly, he sees them as traitors. And so his immediate instinct is to tear that person down.


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[Assistant] Donald Trump believes that he came out ahead because as he puts it, he was looking out for Donald Trump. And all of the other people who lost their shirts didn't work out for them. That's the way things go. They should have done a better job of vetting, uh, their investment.


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[Assistant] There must be easier ways to make a living. But they're not as much fun.


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[Assistant] Naah. There are a number of reasons why some people are more prone to mosquito bites. One of them is body odor.


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[Assistant] Millions of bacteria which live on our skin produce various gases. These gases form our body odor. Some of these body odors attract the mosquitoes.


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[Assistant] So, this is the reason why mosquitoes prefer me? Huh?


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[Assistant] Besides this, a popular research found that mosquitoes tend to bite people with type O blood nearly twice as often as those with type A. Exercising can also entice mosquitoes. This is because when we exercise, we release more carbon dioxide, heat and sweat.


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[Assistant] Density is the measure of mass present per unit volume. Lesser the density, lighter will be the object. Now, density varies with temperature. Oh dude. It is so complicated. Alright. I'll explain.


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[Assistant] When a hot air balloon is on ground, the air inside and outside the balloon is of same temperature and density. However, when we turn on the burner of the balloon, the air inside the balloon starts getting hot.


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[Assistant] What happens if a plane is struck by lightning? It will start glowing like a disco ball!


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[Assistant] No. Lightning is a massive flow of charge which carries thousands of volts of electric current.


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[Assistant] Now, many times airplanes get caught in a heavy lightning storm. However, airplanes are designed to handle the lightning strikes.


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[Assistant] The outer skin of most planes is primarily made of aluminum. Aluminum is a good conductor of electricity


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[Assistant] Eventually, it exits off through another extremity such as tail.


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[Assistant] Thus the airplane and the passengers within remain protected.


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[Assistant] Areas that are more prone to getting tickled are our vulnerable areas like neck, stomach and armpits. Yea dude, you are right.


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[Assistant] Some researchers suggest that laughing on getting tickled by others could be a defense mechanism.


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[Assistant] Our brain is programmed in such a way that it predicts and recognizes our own movements. It knows where our hands can reach. There's no element of surprise or threat even if touched in vulnerable areas. Hence, we can't tickle ourselves.


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[Assistant] Why is fluoride added to water? To make water taste like soft drink. Nah.


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[Assistant] It is primarily made up of hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite is a compound of calcium, phosphorus and hydroxide.


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[Assistant] Now when bacteria in our mouth feed on food particles, they produce acid. This acid dissolves the hydroxyapatite, leaving behind a residue of calcium and phosphate ions. This results in a tooth decay.


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[Assistant] Did you know that extremely tiny blood vessels are present on the surface of our eyes?


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[Assistant] Allergies triggered due to irritants such as pollen, dust, perfume, or smoke.


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[Assistant] Because we use too much Twitter. What?


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[Assistant] Oh, I'm sorry. Eye twitching is also referred to as eyelid twitching or myokymia. Myokymia is a repetitive spontaneous involuntary spasm or quivering of our eyelid muscles.


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[Assistant] These eye twitches are generally mild and last for a very short length of time.


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[Assistant] Eye twitches are considered to be unpredictable. As in they do not follow any specific pattern of occurrence. Some of the common causes of eye twitching are. Eye irritation. Fatigue. Lack of sleep.


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[Assistant] Too much alcohol, caffeine, or tobacco. Allergies, etc.


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[Assistant] Oh, um, some. We usually rub our eyes due to lack of sleep or to remove dust, irritants, etc. Now, sometimes rubbing our eyes for brief periods can be good because it activates the release of tears which lubricate our eyes. Rubbing even stimulates the vagus nerve which in turn slows down our heartbeat.


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[Assistant] Helping Relief Stress. However, don't make it a habit.


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[Assistant] Now, our eyelids contain three glands called Gland of Zeiss, Gland of Mull, and Mybomian Gland. Gland of Zeiss secretes an oily substance to lubricate our eyelashes. Gland of Mull is a sweat gland.


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[Assistant] While, meibomian gland prevents the evaporation of our eye's tear film.


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[Assistant] Also, as an internal stye presses against our eye, it proves to be more painful than an external stye.


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[Assistant] They are worms. No. Eye floaters are tiny spots or thread like strands that drift in our field of vision. When we move our eyes and try to look at them directly, they seem to dart away. Yea dude, I think they try to hide. Nah. Huh?


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[Assistant] Oh. When light from an object enters into our eyes, it passes through the vitreous humor to form an image on the retina.


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[Assistant] It is 99% water and 1% collagen fibers. These collagen fibers are spread evenly throughout the vitreous humor. But sometimes, these fibers tend to come together forming clumps or strands.


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[Assistant] When we look at a clear sky or a blank page and the clumps or strands are very close to the retina. They cast a strong shadow on the retina.


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[Assistant] Making them easily detectable in the clear background and thus, forming eye floaters.


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[Assistant] As much as I care about my work, my relationship with my wife, Hillary, means even more to me.


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[Assistant] chicken whiskey beer wine tobacco soap wine tobacco soap


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[Assistant] The signs of power and opulence in place, Donald Trump's personal helicopter descended onto the small airfield, greeted by a one-man Trump for President bandwagon.


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[Assistant] Haunted house. Jack-o'-lantern.


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[Assistant] pumpkin skeleton


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[Assistant] vampire witch wizard


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[Assistant] Naah. There are a number of reasons why some people are more prone to mosquito bites. One of them is body odor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Millions of bacteria which live on our skin produce various gases. These gases form our body odor. Some of these body odors attract the mosquitoes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this is the reason why mosquitoes prefer me? Huh?


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[Assistant] From beyond Beauvais. Oh, indeed. There! He's come home to his mother.


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[Assistant] I'll take him to Paris! I hope you says the same when you get there, citizen!


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[Assistant] A position that was distasteful to me, and left before the present use of the word emigrant was in use.


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[Assistant] A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.


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[Assistant] Adapted by Nick McCarty in seven episodes. Episode three, Promises.


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[Assistant] Once, not long ago, in deepest Africa, a great rainforest. A wild magical land, barely touched by humankind.


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[Assistant] There's a new life. A precious baby boy named Oscar. What's so special about this little guy? Well, something truly amazing will transform his life. And that's what our story is all about.


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[Assistant] Beneath this rainforest canopy is a world that you or I may never set eyes on.


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[Assistant] It's a world with few people, but still, it's full of drama, sadness, and joy.


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[Assistant] About three months have passed since little Oscar brought light into his mother's life. Isha couldn't be happier with her new baby boy.


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[Assistant] But there are 35 other chimpanzees in his group that make a kind of extended family. And they're never far away.


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[Assistant] Perhaps one day Oscar will become an old-timer like Grandpa. He'll turn 50 this year.


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[Assistant] But there are other kids too. They'll become Oscar's playmates.


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[Assistant] Now Oscar won't be in his prime until he's over 20. But one day, he'll look like this big guy. This is Freddy. And he's large and in charge. His white beard shows his years of wisdom and experience.


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[Assistant] Right now, Freddy is untouchable. And like most alpha males, he couldn't care less about the young upstarts who would just love to take over his job someday.


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[Assistant] You need brains to make a living in this forest. The jungle toolbox can help, but only if you're bright enough to use it.


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[Assistant] Sometimes it just takes a little homeschooling. Available from your friends and family.


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[Assistant] See? Like this. Right there.


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[Assistant] For Isha's little boy, this is Independence Day. And independence comes one step at a time.


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[Assistant] Oscar's Forest Home is a prime piece of chimpanzee real estate that appears rich and lush. But it's a hard place to make a living.


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[Assistant] The jungle itself is a living, breathing thing that doesn't want to be eaten.


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[Assistant] Finding food here is a full-time job that involves the whole family, including Oscar. Now that he's grown up a little, he can start to explore on his own.


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[Assistant] But he's not above catching the lift when he can. Really. Why walk when you can hitch a ride? Keep it moving, Mom.


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[Assistant] Freddy leads a search for breakfast. It helps to have someone who knows where they're going. Especially when the restaurant is never in the same place.


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[Assistant] Today, the diner isn't even in the same neighborhood. To find the fruit they'll need, they'll have to travel much further and take a risk.


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[Assistant] Freddy knows the only fruit available now is on the far side of their kingdom. Out of their safe zone.


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[Assistant] Everyone is on maximum alert and treads as quietly as possible.


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[Assistant] This ridge marks the start of territory owned by a group of rival chimpanzees.


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[Assistant] Freddie sees his team are outnumbered two to one.


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[Assistant] The enemy has a formidable leader. Scar.


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[Assistant] He and his team have had Freddy in their sights for years.


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[Assistant] Oscar clings to Isha. They dare not make a move.


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[Assistant] By running off Freddy's group, their enemies have claimed a small victory. But that's just the beginning. Scar and his troops are intent on winning the war. Not just a single battle.


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[Assistant] The prize, a grove of nut trees in the center of Freddy's land.


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[Assistant] The Grove is an oasis of food in this difficult forest, and one that Scar's army has to conquer if they're going to survive and thrive.


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[Assistant] Isha knows that Scar is the greatest threat to little Oscar. And the run-in was too close for comfort. She'll do everything possible to keep her son safe.


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[Assistant] Oscar will rely on his mother's milk for a good while yet. And to keep that milk flowing, Isha relies on the rich nuts in Freddy's kingdom.


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[Assistant] So sought after by Scar, thrive here because of the rich soil and another magic ingredient. Life giving water.


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[Assistant] Beneath the waterfall, in the heart of Freddy's territory.


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[Assistant] The nuts are coming into season and it's time for a feast.


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[Assistant] The ripest nuts can be sniffed out. But these are also the hardest to break into.


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[Assistant] They require the right tool for the right job.


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[Assistant] It looks easier than it is. And the technique takes these guys many years to master.


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[Assistant] Sometimes the best tool for getting nuts isn't a tool at all. Yep, it's good ol' mom.


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[Assistant] This is defective. They just don't make logs like they used to.


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[Assistant] Whoa, whoa, hold on. They're using rocks? No one said anything about rocks. Oh, I get it. They must be harder than wood.


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[Assistant] Now Oscar's out of nuts. He'll have to leave his hammer to stock up.


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[Assistant] Rookie mistake. I had an eye on that kid all day.


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[Assistant] After all those nuts, nobody's swinging through the trees. Yes, it's time to rest and digest. Even our boy Oscar's knocked out.


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[Assistant] It can take hours to sleep off a big meal, but the jungle never rests.


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[Assistant] The parents just want a few minutes of peace and quiet. But the kids have other ideas. Especially Oscar.


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[Assistant] A million trees in this forest, and you have to play over me.


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[Assistant] I'm sleeping. I'm still sleeping.


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[Assistant] For Isha, just look at her. She really does have her hands full with Oscar. But her patience never seems to run out. Oscar's one lucky young chimp.


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[Assistant] Food is still scarce in their territory. If nothing changes, they'll be forced to make a move on the nutgroves.


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[Assistant] If they succeed, Freddy and his group will be exiled from their homeland forever.


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[Assistant] The aging scar is under constant pressure from within. The males in his team are so powerful that any one of them could challenge him as leader. And he knows it.


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[Assistant] Grooming helps hold this volatile team together and reminds everyone who's boss. Without it, there would be anarchy.


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[Assistant] This hierarchy may hold in the short term, but how long can Scar count on his men?


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[Assistant] Far to the west, a special fruit is coming to season beneath the waterfall. Sacaglottis. Try saying that three times fast.


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[Assistant] Freddy knows the fruit is a real bonus, so it's best to make the most of it.


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[Assistant] Once washed, the fruit is chewed to a pulp so all the goodness can be sucked out. You can do it without teeth. No wonder Grandpa likes them. That's a good look. Not a lot of family photos with Grandpa. Very appetizing.


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[Assistant] When the fruit is so dry, rinse and repeat.


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[Assistant] This is something Oscar can eat without his mother's help.


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[Assistant] But it's anyone's guess where the next meal is coming from.


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[Assistant] With the fruit running low, Freddy's family resorts to another source of food.


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[Assistant] Like us, they eat fruits, vegetables and meat.


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[Assistant] But their choice in meat is something that just might surprise you.


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[Assistant] The males take up the hunt. They split up. Vanning out through the forest, they take up their places. Freddy is at center stage.


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[Assistant] Smaller and lighter than the chimpanzees, they can run on thinner branches, and this makes the hunt much more challenging.


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[Assistant] Freddie holds back. This operation requires planning and everyone has a role to play.


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[Assistant] They're supposed to be seen and take a position in clear view.


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[Assistant] Another blocker. Another escape route closed.


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[Assistant] Freddy climbs carefully. He must not be seen.


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[Assistant] As ambusher, Freddy will stay hidden until he makes the grab.


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[Assistant] Now for the driver. He'll push the monkeys towards the ambusher.


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[Assistant] For Oscar, it's time to try to win a seat at the adult table.


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[Assistant] It's always good to add a little fiber to your diet. So don't forget the side salad.


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[Assistant] As usual, Oscar was last in line, so he missed the main course. He'll have to settle for his mother's milk. He may not be the most popular little boy with everyone, but his mother's love is something he can count on.


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[Assistant] With dusk approaching, leopards will soon prowl the forest floor. If Isha and Oscar want to sleep safely, the only way is up.


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[Assistant] Young, flexible branches can be woven into a platform.


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[Assistant] Finally, Isha's little rascal hits the sack.


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[Assistant] Even if the kids let you sleep, there's a good chance the neighbors will keep you awake.


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[Assistant] Is the best time of day to strengthen friendships with a little grooming.


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[Assistant] The bonds between Freddie's team are more important than ever.


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[Assistant] The group is far smaller than Scar's rival army and teamwork.


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[Assistant] Is there best chance of protecting the nut groves for the next generation?


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[Assistant] A fig tree comes into fruit and is an instant hit with everyone.


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[Assistant] Figs are a life plan in the forest, often fruiting when there's nothing else to eat.


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[Assistant] They've wiped out the fruit in their own territory and have crossed the border to satisfy their hunger. All other animals scatter.


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[Assistant] Even these figs will keep them fed for long. This is just a stepping stone.


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[Assistant] They will try to take over the real prize, the Nutgroves.


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[Assistant] Scar's raid on the eastern border goes unnoticed by Freddy's group. A new kind of nut is ripening in the nut groves. These are far tougher than the last ones. It's time to bring in the heavy equipment.


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[Assistant] And Freddy is an expert at this. But man is he tough on his tools. These things are a community resource. So can you please try not to break them?


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[Assistant] Safety first. So please keep hands and feet clear of rocks at all times.


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[Assistant] Chimps have gathered here to crack nuts for over 4,000 years.


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[Assistant] Nutcracking is part of the group's cultural heritage and is passed through the generations, especially from mother to child.


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[Assistant] It takes a committed mom to teach him how to make a living in the jungle.


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[Assistant] It'll be many years before Isha's son can fend for himself.


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[Assistant] Isha has been injured and separated from the group by Scar's gang. She will struggle to get back safely.


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[Assistant] Several of Isha's friends have been lost to leopards, often when they have strayed from the safety of the group.


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[Assistant] Isha will never return to her family. Or her son.


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[Assistant] Oscar doesn't know about his mother's death. And he searches for her everywhere.


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[Assistant] With every hour that slips by, he becomes more desperate.


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[Assistant] Oscar's growing body needs constant food. He tries to remember what his mom did to make their living. But nothing comes easily without her.


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[Assistant] Hours turn into days. Oscar must spend less time searching and more time focusing on his survival.


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[Assistant] Honey is good food, but he's always relied on his mom to collect it.


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[Assistant] The boss takes the biggest piece of honeycomb, but there's enough left for everyone else, except the little boy who found it.


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[Assistant] The forest seems an increasingly hostile place for a young, hungry chimpanzee.


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[Assistant] Is it really a good idea to eat something that can eat you back?


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[Assistant] Step two, cast it in and wait for a bite. And finally, step three, ants on a stick. Eat and enjoy.


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[Assistant] It's ingenious. They'll bite your lips, but at least the rest of you is safe.


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[Assistant] Oscar keeps his distance. Maybe it's safer just to pick up tips for another time.


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[Assistant] Oscar is losing weight quickly. And with no one to groom him, it's becoming harder to keep ticks and other bugs from his skin.


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[Assistant] But sadly for him, most of the females have kids of their own and are unable to help.


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[Assistant] Scar and his men may have taken more than one life that day.


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[Assistant] The enemy has returned. They have eaten all the food in their own territory.


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[Assistant] And are now stealing from Freddy's Land to sustain their number.


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[Assistant] Oscar has tried everything, but he's still alone.


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[Assistant] There's only one champ he hasn't approached. Freddy.


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[Assistant] Oscar will at least find the best food and work out what's safe to eat. Right now, survival is all that matters.


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[Assistant] Freddy is not known for his tolerance. But Oscar isn't a challenger. This will be a new experience for them both.


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[Assistant] A gentle acceptance is more than Oscar could have hoped for.


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[Assistant] Being at Freddy's side should allow him to pick up some tips on food preparation.


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[Assistant] Maybe the big guy's table manners don't set the best example, but who's gonna tell him off? Or pick a fight with a friend sitting next to him.


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[Assistant] As the days pass, Freddy and Oscar's relationship begins to change. Until something extraordinary happens. Freddy allows Oscar to ride on his back, as usually only a mother would.


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[Assistant] Just being led to these nuts would not help Oscar. But now Freddy steps up and gives his new friend first pick of every one he cracks, just as his mother once did. The bond between them is growing.


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[Assistant] The group is waiting for their leader, but Freddy has a new project.


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[Assistant] The learning that stops short when Oscar was orphaned is starting again.


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[Assistant] He's with a wise and skilled chimpanzee who has much to offer.


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[Assistant] But his commitment to Oscar has left him no time to patrol his borders.


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[Assistant] They would not usually get this deep into Freddy's land without opposition. And they intend to take full advantage.


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[Assistant] The troops need to refuel before they push on.


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[Assistant] But there is growing descent in the ranks. The physical power of this army is beyond question. But the unity of a team can be fragile. Scar needs to watch his back.


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[Assistant] Freddie has become completely devoted to Oscar. The highest ranking male, grooming the lowest. It's an astonishing turn of events.


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[Assistant] A few weeks ago, Oscar had nothing. And now he's well fed and completely adored.


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[Assistant] And his savior is the last one anyone could have expected.


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[Assistant] The time for a full invasion has arrived.


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[Assistant] He knows there is trouble approaching, and for the first time in weeks, he appears nervous.


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[Assistant] Friendships need investment, and his attention has been elsewhere.


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[Assistant] Freddie must reassure his team that he is still the boss and has the strength to unite them and lead them.


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[Assistant] The group is now thriving, unchallenged in their ownership of the precious nut groves.


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[Assistant] The cracking school continues, but some students never seem to catch on.


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[Assistant] Grandpa has lived to see Scar dealt a blow from which he may never recover.


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[Assistant] But now, he's fully accepted by the group and seems to be everyone's new friend.


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[Assistant] Oscar and Freddie have been transformed by the turmoil of the last few months. For Oscar, the loss of his mother could have meant the end. Instead, it's a new beginning with the most unlikely foster parent in the forest.


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[Assistant] You discovered a softer side that must have been there all along.


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[Assistant] Secure in Freddy's arms. The future finally looks bright for Oscar.


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[Assistant] It was the best of times. It was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom. It was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief. It was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light. It was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope. It was the winter of despair. We had everything before us. We had nothing before us.


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[Assistant] We were all going direct to heaven. We were all going direct the other way.


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[Assistant] Well, Abraham, why too, sir? This is my work.


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[Assistant] You must know Tilson's Bank in London. I'm going to Paris on business.


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[Assistant] Wait, wait, at Dover for Mamzel. Well, it's not long, you see. Jerry, my answer is, uh, my answer is, uh, recalled to


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[Assistant] And I left the coach with its damp and dirty straw, its disagreeable smell, and indeed its obscurity. Shook myself free of the straw, a shaggy wrapper, and stepped into the yard of the Royal George. All I wanted was news and a shave.


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[Assistant] Wait for Mamzel. Wait. No time for sentiment, sir. Business. Business. Tomorrow? Paris. And business. Yes.


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[Assistant] It is 15 years since we, uhm, since I came last from France.


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[Assistant] Fancy. Fancy words. Jarvis Laurie, this is business. Business. And you do well to remind yourself. No sentiment. Business.


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[Assistant] To tell the truth, I'm afraid to meet her again.


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[Assistant] She's not more than seventeen. In a riding cloak.


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[Assistant] And see, still clutching her straw travelling hat by its ribbon. A quantity of golden hair. Blue eyes. I'm afraid to tell her.


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[Assistant] Yes, yes, quite. It is, uhm, very difficult to begin.


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[Assistant] In your, um, uh, adopted country, I presume I cannot do better than address you as a young English lady. Miss Manette?


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[Assistant] Miss Manette, I am a man of business. I have a business charge to equip myself of. Receive what I say and take no heed of me more than if I had been a speaking machine.


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[Assistant] His affairs were in the hands of Telsons. I was a trustee.


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[Assistant] So, uh, you have remarked this is the story of your father. Now, now comes the difference. If your father had not died when he did.


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[Assistant] No, please, if Monsieur Manette had not died, if he had suddenly and silently disappeared, if he had been spirited away.


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[Assistant] If it had not been difficult to guess to what dreadful place, though no art could find him.


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[Assistant] If his wife had implored the king, the queen, the court, the clergy for news, any news, and all in vain, then the history of this unfortunate and your father would be one and the same.


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[Assistant] You have business before you, useful business. Miss Manette, your mother took this course with you.


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[Assistant] She died broken hearted, as I believe, having never slackened her search for your father. She left you at two years old to grow, to be beautiful, blooming, happy.


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[Assistant] Where? He has been taken to the house of an old servant in Paris. And we are going to him. I to uhm, identify him and you, you to restore him to life, love, duty, rest, comfort.


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[Assistant] The wine shop on the corner was better than most others in its appearance and degree.


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[Assistant] And the master of the wine shop stood again outside it and looked on.


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[Assistant] He was a bull-necked martial-looking man of thirty, and he should have been of a hot temperament.


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[Assistant] For though it was a bitter day, he wore no coat, but carried one slung over his shoulder.