[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Given the trading set of M unlabeled examples, it's important to always perform mean normalization, and then depending on your data, maybe perform feature scaling as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is very similar to the, uh, mean normalization and feature scaling process that we had for supervised learning. In fact, it's actually exactly the same procedure except that we're doing it now to unlabel data x1 through xm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we replace each feature x with x minuses mean. And so this makes each feature now have exactly zero mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We then also scale each figure to have a comparable range of values. And so similar to what we had with supervised learning, we would take x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, i subscript j, that's the j feature, and so we would


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] U1, which specifies that direction, or in the 2D case, we want to find two vectors, u1 and u2, to define the surface onto which to project our data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just as a quick reminder of what reducing the dimension of the data means, for this example on the left, we were given examples x i, which are in R2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With which to represent our data, right? So that's what reduction from 2d to 1d means. And, uh, so specifically, uh, by projecting the data onto this red line there, we need only one number to specify the position of a point on the line. So I'm going to call that number z, or z1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then maybe that gets mapped here, and this example was x2, maybe that example gets mapped here, and so this point here would be z1, and this point here would be z2, and similarly, you know, we would have x2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what PCA has to do is we need to come over a way to compute two things. One is to compute these vectors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Two-dimensional, so these z-z vectors would now be two-dimensional, so these z1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Z2 like so, and so we need to give away to compute these new representations, the Z1 and Z2 of the data as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is the right value for u1, u2, z1, z2, and so on? That mathematical proof is very complicated and beyond the scope of the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But let me just describe the specific procedure that you have to implement in order to compute all of these things, the vectors u1, u2, and these vectors z. Here's the procedure. Let's say we want to reduce the data from n dimensional to k dimensional.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we're going to do is first compute something called the covariance matrix, and the covariance matrix is commonly denoted by this Greek alphabet, which is a capital Greek alphabet sigma.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a bit unfortunate that the Greek alphabet sigma looks exactly like the summation symbol. So this is the Greek alphabet sigma. It's used to denote a matrix. And this here is a summation symbol.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And an octave, the way you do that is you use this command, usv equals svd of sigma. Svd, by the way, stands for a singular value decomposition. This is a much more advanced singular value decomposition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is much more advanced linear algebra than you actually need to know, but uhm, it turns out that when sigma is a covariance matrix, there are a few ways to compute these eigenvectors, and uhm, if you're an expert in linear algebra and if you've heard of eigenvectors before, you may know that there's another octave function called i, which can also be used to compute the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's because the covariance matrix always satisfies a mathematical property called a symmetric positive semi-definite. You really don't need to know what that means, but the SVD and the I functions are different functions, but when they're applied to a covariance matrix, which can be proved to always satisfy this sort of a mathematical property, they'll always give you the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are many such libraries, you know, for almost, for probably all the major programming languages, and you should be able to use that to find the routine to compute the matrices u, s, and v, uh, given of the covariance matrix sigma. So, just to fill in some more details, this covariance matrix sigma will be an n by n matrix.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one way to see that is if you look at the definition, this is an n by 1 vector. And this here, Xi transpose is 1 by n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the product of these two things is going to be an n by n matrix.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what the SVD outputs is three matrices U, S, and V. And the thing we really need out of the SVD is the U matrix. So the U matrix will be also an N by N matrix. And if we look at the columns of the U matrix, it turns out that the columns of the U matrix will be exactly those vectors U1, U2, and so on that we want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we want to reduce the data from n dimensions down to k dimensions, then what we need to do is just take the first k vectors. And that will give us u1 up to uk, which are the k directions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On to which we want to project the data. So, to describe the rest of the procedure from this, uh, SVD numerical linear algebra routine, we get this matrix U, and I'm gonna call this columns U1 through UN.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just to wrap up the description of the rest of the procedure, from the, uh, SVD numerical linear algebra routine, we get these matrices U, S, and D, and so here's the matrix U, and we're going to use the first K


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the other thing we need to do is we need to come up with a way to take, you know, my original data set, x, which is an Rn, and find a lower dimensional representation, z, which is an Rk, for this data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the way we're going to do that is I'm going to take the first k columns of the U matrix. So I'm going to construct.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In columns, it's really basically taking, you know, this part of the matrix, right, the first k columns of this matrix. And uhm, so this is going to be an n by k matrix.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Matrix. I'm gonna give this matrix a name. I'm going to call this matrix u-subscript.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reduce. It's sort of a reduced version of the U matrix maybe. I'm going to use it to reduce the dimension of my data. And the way I'm going to compute z is I'm going to let z be equal to this U reduced matrix transpose times x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or alternatively, you know, to write out what this transpose means, uhm, when I take the transpose of this u-reduce matrix, what I'm going to end up with is these vectors now in rows, I have u1 transpose down to uk transpose, and then take that times x, and that's how I get my vector z. Just to make sure that these dimensions make sense, this matrix here is going to be k by n,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After mean normalization, it says ensure every feature has zero mean and optionally feature scaling, which


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You really should do feature scaling if your features take on very different ranges of values. Because after this pre-processing, we compute the covariance matrix sigma, like so, and uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the way, if, uh, your data is given, you know, as a matrix like this, if you have your data given in, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rows like this, if you have a matrix capital X, which is your entire training set, written in rows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, x one transpose down to x m transpose. This, this covariance matrix sigma actually has a nice vectorized implementation. So that you can implement in octave, you can implement sigma equals one over m times x one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] X, which is this matrix up here, transpose times X. And this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we grab the first k columns of the U matrix to get U reduced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, this defines how we go from a feature vector x to this reduced dimension representation z. And similar to k-means, if you are applying PCA, the way you'd apply this is with vectors x and Rn, right? So this is not done with the x0 equals 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good morning, Rockaroonie. My favourite rock in the whole world. Time for breakfast. Angry Pooko.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, gravity is what's making it so hard to stay in the air longer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This equation states that the height of a falling object above a surface is equal to the object's initial height from the surface plus its initial velocity multiplied by how many seconds it's been in the air plus half of the gravitational acceleration


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Multiplied by the square of the number of seconds spent in the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we can use this equation to model MJ's free throw dunk. Say MJ starts, as one does, at 0 meters off the ground and jumps with an initial vertical velocity of 4.51 meters per second.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what does it tell us about MJ's dunk? Well, the parabola's vertex shows us his maximum height off the ground at 1.038 meters. And the X-intercepts tell us when he took off and when he landed, with the difference being the hang time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looks like Earth's gravity makes it pretty hard for even MJ to get some solid hang time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what if he were playing an away game somewhere else, somewhere far?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The competition on Jupiter with its gravitational pull of 24.92 meters per second squared would be much less entertaining.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are you doing here, Dutch? Same as you, I suppose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] SAY SOMETHING DUTCH! SAY SOMETHING!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we're gonna start our mini workshop on Figma. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna wireframe our social media app for cats and we'll call it Catbook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And feel free to be creative. You don't have to follow me one to one. Uhm, really play around with the design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first you'll need to make a Figma account at Figma.com. If you already have an account, you can just log in. So feel free to pause the video and then come back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, once you have logged in, you should see a page like this and then on the top right corner, you should see this blue button, uh, add design file. So go ahead and click that and then you should come to this page. And so on the top, there is this word untitled and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so once again, you add design file and then you see the screen on the right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can open, uhm, this Figma cheat sheet for reference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it should go over some things that we're going to use in workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you think there's anything missing, confusing on it, feel free to let staff know using the feedback form. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The basic overview of this design.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] File, uhm, on the way left we have layers, which is where all of the created elements are, and they're going to be organized into things called frames and groups, which we're going to go over in this workshop. And then also the ordering and, ordering and nesting also matter here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in the middle we have canvas, which is where all of the creative elements will be displayed. And then the top left we'll have our tools and these are just the tools used for creating. And then in the middle top we'll have


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Extra options for when you select a tool and on the way right we have our inspector and this is just an extra settings for the selected object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you don't understand fully the setup yet, don't worry. As we move through our workshop, hopefully you get more acclimated. So now we have our tools. We have move and scale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Frame and slice, just to create a frame, uh, which we'll go over in the next slide. And then shapes, so just creating, uhm, different shapes, and then drawing, and then text boxes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then plugins, so if you wanna, uh, use any, like, third-party, like, apps. And then...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hand to drag around and then the comment button to create comments in your design file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the next step we want to do is make a desktop frame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What a frame is, it's just a container for elements and to create a frame in tools, you can just click the frame icon and then in the inspector panel, you should see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, these different types of frames you can choose from phone, tablet, but we're just gonna choose a desktop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So feel free to pause here and then go ahead and try this yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna go ahead and demo it, so you just select here, and then you select, uhm, any of the- one of the desktops. I'm just gonna choose MacBook Air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we have our frame, we're gonna wireframe our homepage onto this frame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first we want to make an app bar, and then we're just gonna add some homepage text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to make a navbar, we need to add shapes via the shape icon on tools. And then we're going to add the text via the text icon on tools. And then once we're all done, we're going to right click all of the items we want for our navbar and then click group selection. So go ahead and pause and play around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I'm going to demo how we can make our navbar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so once you've finished attempting to make a navbar, uhm, you can...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, either like, just watch or skip ahead if you feel like you understand pretty well, but here we make our shape. So it's just a rectangle and then you can change the fill here. And I'm going to make my fill to be blue. So once I've changed the fill in the inspector panel here, I am


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Going to also maybe resize and you can resize either directly on the canvas here or again in the inspector menu you can change via uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also then create text. I'm gonna create a text box.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I'm gonna write cat book. And then I'm going to select all and I am going to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's already white, but if you wanted to change the text color, you can go to fill again and then spectrum menu.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm gonna change the text font to open sans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Change the width of the text box to be a bit bigger. And I'm also


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Going to glue in the text, you can change the alignment within the text box here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so basically it should look very familiar to like what you use for Google Slides and whatnot. Uhm, and so it's, uh, not too difficult hopefully. And then I'm going to copy and paste the text box and then put it right next to it and do it for home. And for home I'm going to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have this text be a little smaller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also change the fill to be grey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we have our tapbook logo and then also our home tab.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, what happens if you move it outside of frame?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, if you move it below the frame, you don't see it anymore. Uhm, and it's not actually part of the frame. But if you move it above, it actually covers the, uh, frame. And it's still not part of the frame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what happens if you move it inside the frame and have it nested but still on top?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, in the layers panel, changing it around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, changing the order around actually changes how things are displayed in Canvas. Uhm, if something is closer to the top of layers, that means it's going to be, uhm, on top visually as well in Canvas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if something is nested, uhm, then it's contained within that, uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Select all, so you can either select all the items by like, highlighting it directly on canvas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you can select an item and then hold shift and select all the items.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so once you have all the elements we want for navbar selected, you can right click and then you can use group selection. And so what this does is, before we grouped, if we move just the navbar, uhm, or just the rectangle, we'll see that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It moves by itself, and it doesn't move with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The words. So we want them maybe to move together so I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Select them all, group selection, and then now if I move one thing, it moves all together. Awesome, so now I'm going to rename, uhm, I'm gonna control or click


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right click and then rename to navbar. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the last step for our homepage is just having some welcome texts, so I'm just gonna write, welcome to catbook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and then I want it to be centered so because it's a single element selected, now if I


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Align, click these alignment options within...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The inspector panel will see that it aligns with respect to the frame it's contained in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we have our homepage. I'm going to rename our, uhm, frame to say home page. Uhm, you can also


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rename via right click or you can rename by double clicking it and click and renaming it. You can also double click right here above and rename the frame as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Homepage wireframe, which is pretty awesome. Uhm, but now what if we wanted a profile page?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you might think, oh, we can just make a new frame, and make another navbar, and then, uh, make a profile. So, we can just copy paste a navbar, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, we don't recommend that. Instead, we recommend reusing via components. And over the next few slides, we'll go over why. So a component is just a reusable element. And how to make a component? You can just right click.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, use selected objects and then select create component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, I'll go ahead, uhm, give you guys a few seconds to pause. And then, uh, once you have converted your navbar into a component, you can come back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now I'm gonna go ahead and just right click our knockbar and then I'm going to click create component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now RNF bar has been changed into a component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we can make our profile page and reuse our component. So the first step is to make a new frame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then reuse the navbar component and we can do that by going to assets and then dragging our component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So go ahead and pause, and then go ahead and attempt, and come back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can again create a new frame. Let our MacBook Air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I'm just gonna rename it to be Profile H.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now we have our profile page, and to reuse our component, we can go to assets right here, uhm, next to layers, and then we see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right here under home page, we have our navbar component. And we can just drag it in to our profile page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So next step is to add a profile. So to make


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our profile, we're gonna have this rounded profile picture and then just some text. So to make a profile picture, you can just copy and paste any image into Figma. And in the inspector, uhm, you can shape it using width and height to make it into a square.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you can round it using round edges here in inspector. You can also directly do this in canvas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'll give a second for you to pause and play around with changing your profile picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so assuming that you have gone ahead and played around, I'll just quickly go over. So I'm just gonna go to this image, just copy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it doesn't exactly allow me to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It keeps changing the width and height. That's because here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is something called constrained proportions, and so uhm, this just makes sure


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you change either width or height, the other one changes with respect to the proportions you had originally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if I go ahead and unconstraint that, now I can change both of them to be 400 400, so now I have my square.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so for changing my radius, I can either do that directly here. You have these circle things in the corner and you can pull them in and out to change radius or I can directly change it right here. I'm just going to give it 200 because that's half of our width and then we have our circle image.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, one thing to note again is make sure that your elements are all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Within the correct frame and contained, uhm. So now our image is within our profile page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And maybe I insert it very quickly again in the inspector panel. You can change it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you can change the rotation to be zero and then illustrate in that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I'm just gonna add some more text. And now we have our profile. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's kind of very misaligned, so maybe if I select all of them, uhm, and you see it all selected in layers as well, I can...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go to this inspector panel again and there's these different alignment options. I'm gonna align horizontal centers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now all of them have aligned with respect to each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now I can move all of them together and then say I want it to be aligned in the middle of the page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So because it's the only element selected again, and it's in this frame, if I align horizontal centers, it'll align it with respect to catbook, or like the profile page frame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Want to have our navbar reflect our new page with a new tab for it. So not only do we have home, now we have profile. We want our, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So go to your profile page and then, uhm, you can just watch for now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's unfortunate because now I kind of think I have to make the change again to my navbar and homepage because it only reflects the change on profile page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if you look closer, you'll notice that this profile text actually isn't even part of the navbar component. And even if I tried dragging it in,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doesn't allow me to edit this component really at all. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reasoning for this is because there's something called a main component and an instance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this main component is the one with the filled in diamonds symbol?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the changes done to this main component are reflected on all other instances.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then an instance is just this, uhm, component with this empty diamond and it's not editable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what does this mean for us? This means that if we want changes to be made, we have to change it on our main component. So right here, we can copy paste home. Drag it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see that it's exactly reflected in the instance as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Created our navbar to have both home and profile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now we're going to make a component library. And so we want all of our main components in one place so that it's easy to know where they are, uhm, and where we can just easily make changes to our components.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because if they're within a frame like we have right here, maybe it'll be hard for us to navigate to the correct component, especially if we have like tens of frames of like different pages in our web app. Uh, we don't want to have to like search through all of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And navigate through all that when we can just have an easy component library where all of our components are. So to make our component library in layers, we can toggle this little arrow to show pages and then we can


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, click this plus button to add a new page and name it component library. And once we're done that, we can cut and paste our main component into this component library. So go ahead and pause and go and make your component library.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so uhm, to go over how we can do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right here we have this little toggle and we can see our pages. And then we can go ahead and add a new page. And we'll call it component library.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we're gonna go back to page one, and we're going to cut and paste our navbar component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, in our homepage, we have to go assets and bring in our component.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now if we go back to layers, we can see that this is another instance of our main component because it has this empty circle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we're going to make our navbar interactive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we're gonna add interactions for the home and profile text on the nav bar so that if you click home, it'll go to the homepage and if you click profile, it'll go to the profile page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So an interaction basically allows users to interact with our prototype and you can add an interaction by selecting an object and then going


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the inspector panel, going to the prototype tab, and then you can add an interaction. And then, uhm, you'll be able to select


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which event that you want it to basically listen for and then what, how it will respond. So uhm, feel free to pause and attempt on your own. Otherwise, I'm going to demo how we can do this. So in our homepage frame, in our nav bar for the profile text, I'm going to select that and I'm going to go to prototype right here in inspector panel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now I'm going to click this plus button for interactions. And then on click, we're going to navigate to profile page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now we're gonna do the same thing for our profile page not bar, for our home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we have our interactions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we, it's represented with these like blue arrows. Now we can demo our prototype. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In prototype, when you have no object selected,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can select which device to demo or append, and then you can click.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This top play button to demo and it should pop up a new tab with, uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I go and have nothing selected, I can go to prototype and see that the device MacBook Air is already selected for us. And then I can click this present button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the new tab, we can see our app. And if we click the profile button,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It goes to the profile frame, and if we click the home button, it goes to home page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, this is a really cool way to uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make a prototype and have it be very similar to like the real thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So other cool things is you can copy Figma objects as CSS code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can also of course share and collaborate, so uhm, you should definitely make a shared


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Design file with your teammates as you work on the milestones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, these were announcements for Tuesday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, there is office hours on Wednesday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then there's many office hours after lectures, so you can stay after and get help from the staff. And then milestone zero is due Wednesday. And then...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, definitely give us feedback. We try to listen and try...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To incorporate any feedback that you guys give, and if you have random thoughts, there's milk and cookies. And hopefully, uhm, this Figma workshop was useful for Milestone 1, or will be useful for Milestone 1, which is due on Friday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners. Welcome back to English Pod. My name is Marco. And I'm Erica.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today we have another romantic, uh, lesson. Kind of romantic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so it's a very common situation and we're gonna be talking about love. We're also gonna talk about different pet names that are commonly used in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very good. So, let's listen to this dialogue for the first time and see what's happening with her couple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, on Fluency Builder today, we are going to take a look at some of these phrases. And the first one is very important and very different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, he said, I am in love with you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be in love with someone means that you have these strong romantic feelings towards somebody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can love your parents, you can love your family, but you can't be in love with them. You can only be in love with your girlfriend, boyfriend, husband, wife.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can we talk? Can we talk? This is a very simple sentence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, if you wanted to talk to me about my new shirt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has to be serious. So usually, if somebody says, hey, can we talk? It means that there's gonna be a serious topic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, can we talk? So if your boyfriend or girlfriend tells you this, well, it's not a good sign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and the last phrase that we have on Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so, again, this phrase is very simple to understand, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the interesting thing is that we can also make it a question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so with this in mind, let's listen to two examples of the same phrase, but with different tones, and you try to see which one is the question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we heard the examples and, well maybe you guessed it right, the second example was the question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so basically you're asking the person if they understand your idea or they understand what you're talking about. So maybe you can say, so the professor wasn't very clear on his instructions, so how was I supposed to do the homework? You know what I mean?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so I perfectly understand or know the reasons why you don't like going to my mom's.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you know what I mean. Great. So we've taken a look at these four phrases. They're very simple, but the way that you use them gives them different meanings. That's right. All right. So let's listen to our dialogue for the second time. Let's slow it down a little bit and then we'll come back and look at some more phrases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now it's time for us to take a look at some more phrases, but this time we're gonna look at them in putting it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, she wants to know what's going to happen or what-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So why don't we listen to some examples with different nouns and how we can use this phrase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, this phrase isn't complete yet. We need to finish it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, or I can say, maybe it's time we have a baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is how we can finish this phrase. And what about our last phrase?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So that means we've had our good moments and our bad moments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so that means we've had some problems, we've had some difficulties.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that means we've had our special times, special occasions that we will always remember.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so it's time for us to listen to our dialogue for the last time. Now we're ready to understand everything. And then we'll come back and give you some examples of pet names in English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so pet names aren't names for your dogs or your cats, right? They are those sweet names that you would call your boyfriend or girlfriend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is usually how you would call maybe your girlfriend or boyfriend, baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? But we also have other ones like sweetheart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So some of these phrases can be a little bit like cheesy, maybe like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Too much, like smookums. Snookums. Snookums. Like snookums.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And some, some of them will, will make some up, right? Maybe they'll call their, their boyfriend, uhm, Pooh Bear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know that in Spanish, we sometimes call the, we can sometimes call our girlfriend


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gorda. Which actually means fat. But it's not in a bad way. It's a sweet way of calling your girlfriends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so some of them, if you translate, you wouldn't really use in English, but let us know. Translate from your language or other ones that you've heard maybe in movies or talk shows and come to our website, EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After the sense that you can't regulate financial activities at the local government level because they spread across state borders.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the Securities and Exchange Commission was set up in 1934. It was highly opposed by many people in the business community, thinking that it was usurpation of powers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, enumerated in the Constitution as federal. And the Constitution doesn't mention financial regulation. But, uh, somehow they passed the Supreme Court as constitutional.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, the idea of a Securities and Exchange Commission is an essential U.S. invention. Uh, the critical thing is that the Securities and Exchange Commission following Louis Brandeis, uh, emphasized disclosure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Louis Brandeis said in that book that, uh, you know, if you force people to be seen, if you force people to come out with all the details of what they're doing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That will expose, uh, manipulations and frauds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] His famous quote is, sunshine is the best disinfectant. I don't know if that's true in medicine, but it's true in finance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the idea of the Securities and Exchange Commission was to put out, uh, was to require


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Standardized forms about what they're doing. Statements about what they're doing. And public corporations to, to uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put on the, well, to put up for public view, uh, balance sheets and profit and loss statements regularly, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, and Lewis Brandeis said, it's not enough that they file them in Washington D.C. They have to be there for people to see, uh, otherwise it's not real, it has to be easy for people to come and see these things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well the way we do it now is on the internet. So the Securities and Exchange Commission website, sec.gov, you get on their website and you look for Edgar. Edgar is the name of their program that dispenses financial statements. And you can get financial statements that were


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, reported by law to the SEC for all public corporations and even for others to a certain extent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] William O. Douglas was a Yale Law School professor who at that time was a leader in what was called the Legal Realist Movement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's something like the behavioral economics revolution that came much later. But this was a revolution in law schools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as we know from Gillian Tatt, different divisions of a university don't speak to each other generally. That's what she calls the silo effect. So this was a law school movement, which I think enhanced the law enormously. Recognizing human limitations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was too much of putting in legal documents things in the fine print that you know nobody is going to figure out. So, uh, so the idea is that you have to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Force companies or financial institutions to put it out in a clear and consistent, standardized way. So that was partly his doing as well as Louis Brandeis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so he actually replaced Brandeis on the Supreme Court when Brandeis retired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, he wrote a book in 1940 called Democracy and Finance about his adventures as chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission. And it is an adventure because you have a lot of devious people trying to play games with you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Arthur Levitt was another, uh, chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission, who after he retired, wrote a book called Take On the Street, uh, meaning Wall Street.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it was sort of like up against the wall on the street type thinking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He had a tough time as SEC Commissioner because, uh, his effort to police what he thought was clear wrongdoing led to, uh, attacks on him. Congressman would call him up, who had been bribed essentially by some financial interests, would call him up and try to threaten him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not, not, not mafia-type threatening, but some sort of, uh, government regulation threatening. So, uh, the, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of the regulation was captured. The regulators until 1975 allowed stock exchanges to fix commissions that brokers would charge. I talked about this last time with, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the, uh, original Buttonwood Agreement, uh, in, uh, for the New York Stock Exchange, which was signed outdoors underneath the Buttonwood Tree, uh, and became known as the Buttonwood Agreement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These guys all were into fixing commissions to make a good amount of money, but that was anti-competitive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A major thing that the SEC did was to define the distinction between public and private securities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, public securities are securities that the SEC has approved for general public investment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and it had to go through an approval process through the SEC. If you want to be listed, your company shares to be listed on the stock exchange, you have to get approved. You have to make the appropriate filings and get approval as a public company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On, uh, on the SEC. And then you can go, then you have to make these quarterly filings that appear on the Edgar database.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, an initial public offering is the procedure of going public. Okay? It means


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most, all companies, I guess, start as private companies, but they, there's a point in the life of a company when they do an IPO, which means they issue stock to the public, uh, whether or not on an exchange.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the SEC has an announced procedure for going public. Companies can also go private. That is, a public company may not want to stay public.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why wouldn't they? Well, it may be because they have secrets. They feel that, uh, having their stock traded in the public domain requires filing all these statements, uh, and they may feel that their business is threatened by that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For ex, for example, it's easier for someone to take them over if they're a public company. And they think, may think that, I, I don't want this roller coaster ride of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Companies that are, uh, private. Moreover, they are for wealthy investors only. You have to circumvent the SEC rulings as a investment company if you want to do


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of those are called 3C1s. A 3C1 is, that refers to some line in the SEC regulations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now they've left it at this level a long time. I don't remember when it received this definition, but it was decades ago. So a million dollars was worth a lot more than it is today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now, you know, it's not that uncommon to have a million dollars. This doesn't, this, investible assets doesn't include your home. But the median home price is up to, what, something like 300,000. Uh, if you live in a nice neighborhood, it wouldn't be hard for your home to be worth a million dollars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's just now, a million dollars isn't what it used to be. Uh, because the price level has gone up something like 20 times in recent decades.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the SEC proposed in 2006 to raise the, uh, uh, million dollars to 2.5 million. And they got a cor- they always do these things this way. They raise proposals and they put them up on their website and they invite comment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They got an awful lot of negative comments. People were saying, you know, it's hard enough for us to invest in hedge funds anyway. I've got to have a million dollars besides my house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You may say that's not much money, but it seems like a lot of money to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so they didn't change it. So it's still only a million dollars that gets you into this. So you have to go to your broker and prove to the broker that you have a million dollars. Uh, or your income is 200,000. And then you can invest in 3C1. But no more than 99 people can invest. It has to be under 100. So it kind of limits them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, this is to protect the small investor. So that's the motivation, uh, who can't afford, uh, financial advice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's another kind of hedge fund called a 3C7 that can take 500 investors, but there's another standard for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, as a qualified purchaser, uh, with a net worth of at least 5 million or institutions with net worth of at least 25 million.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The, uh, the law wants to protect not just, uh, poor individuals, but also poor institutions, like a church or something. They might have 20 million dollars, uh, but the SEC thinks that's not enough for you to participate in this hedge fund.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You gotta get more contributions before you reach the level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the SEC rules that every broker must register with the Securities Exchange Commission. Every stock exchange must register. Every security issue must be registered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the registration doesn't mean approval, although it's some form of approval, but it's not guaranteeing that this is a good investment or anything at all like that. It's just that they've kept by the rules


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Satisfy Louis Brandeis instructions about this closure so that it's just all out there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now let's say we want to do some other stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, transform and then a callback function that will use a transform the array. So what do we want modify array to do exactly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is an example of a signature, the parameters are like I just described. And let's say we call modifyArray on this array of cats.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I'm gonna give you guys around four minutes and please ask questions. Uhm, oh I forgot to update the slides but the-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Formula for Celsius to Fahrenheit is right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if we were to actually use this to convert uh, Celsius to Fahrenheit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we can call modify array using our input array and then also the think at function. Does anyone have any questions on this code?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Psych! Modify Array was already written for us. Uhm, so there's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you might expect, uh, changing all the elements of an array based on a certain, like, thing that you want to do with it is pretty common and so JavaScript authors have written it and it's called math.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, we could just take this function and instead of assigning it to a name and then sticking that name in the function, we could just stick the function in there. So this is entirely analogous to what we had before. The other thing we can do to make this code even shorter,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So instead of saying Tempsi's, uh, arrow sign, curly braces return this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we have this implicit return statement where we just take the input, the arrow, and then the output, and no curly braces needed. So this is very handy when we're doing stuff with math. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The function that we want to write maps a rectangle, which is one of these JavaScript objects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To, uh, its area. So its width times its height. And so if we have a rectangle object like this, then what we can do is we can take the width with rectangle.width and the height, multiply them together, and then that's what we get out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then if you copy and paste this into your browser console, you would see that you can get an array of the areas. Any questions on this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give me a thumbs up if you feel like you know what's going on in this code. Yay! Okay, that looks pretty good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is we want to take our rectangle and get its perimeter and then check if its perimeter is greater than or equal to or greater than 10. But here I'm going to uncomment this. And so if we have a rectangle, then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are going to want to get its perimeter by taking the width times 2 and the height times 2 and then checking if it's greater than 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this will be true if the parameter is greater than 10 and false if it's not. And that's this function maps the rectangle to this boolean. Any questions on this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so why and when are we going to use functions as callbacks? So we just saw examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other reason why we sometimes want to use callback functions is for abstraction. That is, say I want to have something where when something happens, I do something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's a lot of other places where you'll see similar logic throughout the rest of the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's going to be, wait, wait, actually I want to back up. So who is calling this callback function?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The JavaScript library code for dot dot then is calling that function because the dot then knows, uhm, like when the promise resolves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that was actually wrapped in another callback function, and that callback function is for our router.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about that later on this week when we see this again, but I just want to pop it up here to get you guys thinking about when we're passing around functions and what all of that means. So that is all that I had for this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we also, uhm, so we're gonna go back and look through and edit some of the recordings that are on there, so those are not necessarily final if we can find better camera angles to capture what's going on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but definitely let us know on the milk and cheese forum or in Piazza or Quest and Talk, wherever, uhm, if you actually want to watch a recording of a previous lecture, if you think you would benefit from that, uhm, and if so, we can re-record whatever we need to, to get


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, for example, the stuff from the Git lecture or the board work from the JavaScript callbacks lecture, etc. And as usual,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] weblab.is slash home for all your links, weblab.is slash queue for help queue and questions for questions doc, both of which are applicable for today's lecture and workshop. Uhm, please, please use the help queue and the questions doc if you're confused because we are starting to dive into some of our harder and more complicated workshops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as always, weblog goes fast. It is okay if you do not understand everything the first time around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as I've got all of the tuna prepped and in the fridge, I move on to the barret. It's just taking a lot of time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's great to see some familiar faces, isn't it? I'm sure they've been out in the big wide world doing some very interesting things. Brian, we've heard you've been doing a little bit of work experience. I'm with Reynolds, too, at Coit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fantastic. There's nothing like going home, leaving the competition behind to really focus the mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Garden is in play. We're looking for the six best dishes to go through to round two. Are you ready?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the six of you, we're sorry. Great to have you back in the MasterChef kitchen. You don't have to win this competition to prove that you can do amazing things. So, it's up to you. Do amazing things. But, for now, it's time to say goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What an absolutely brilliant cook. You had 75 minutes to take your chosen ingredient and make something sweet and delicious. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow. Mistakes don't get any higher than this. Cooking to win your place back in the competition. And as we expected, it was a very, very close fall thing. Boy, did you make it hard for us to make a decision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm gonna cook a lamb rajasthani jungle mascarpone with some oranges in the pressure cooker and a Bangladeshi pastry called bakar khani.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi, Delvanious. Hi, Kitty. Are you spying on me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm checking on you, cause Lo's worried. Uhm, are you sick?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, please don't worry about me. Okay, well, ehm, right, bye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, raise your hand if you need more time. Alright, let's give it a few more seconds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The subjects reported that the treated finger hurt less than the untreated one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This shouldn't be surprising, except Trivaricaine wasn't actually a painkiller, just a fake concoction with no pain-easing properties at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What made the student so sure this dummy drug had worked?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doctors have used the term placebo since the 1700s, when they realized the power of fake drugs to improve people's symptoms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These were administered when proper drugs weren't available, or if someone imagined they were ill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, the word placebo means I shall please in Latin, hinting at a history of placating troubled patients.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Placebos had to mimic the real treatments in order to be convincing, so they took the form of sugar pills, water-filled injections, and even sham surgeries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Soon, doctors realized that duping people in this way had another use— in clinical trials. By the 1950s, researchers were using placebos as a standard tool to test new treatments. To evaluate a new drug, for instance, half the patients in a trial might receive the real pill. The other half would get a placebo that looked the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since patients wouldn't know whether they'd received the real thing or a dud, the results wouldn't be biased, researchers believed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, if the new drug showed a significant benefit compared to the placebo, it was proved effective.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nowadays, it's less common to use placebos this way because of ethical concerns. If it's possible to compare a new drug against an older version or another existing drug, that's preferable to simply giving someone no treatment at all, especially if they have a serious ailment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In these cases, placebos are often used as a control to fine-tune the trial so that the effects of the new versus the old or alternative drug can be precisely compared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the other hand, researchers think that if a person believes a fake treatment is real, their expectations of recovery actually do trigger physiological factors that improve their symptoms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So shouldn't we celebrate the placebo's bizarre benefits? Not necessarily. If somebody believes a fake treatment has cured them, they may miss out on drugs or therapies that are proven to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, uh, we're talking about registering for university.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well, I think it's time we get started by listening to the dialogue and we're going to listen to a young female student as she tries to choose her classes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so the first thing, I think we need to deal with this word to register.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you register for something, you put your name down on a list, right? So in this case, when you register for university, you put your, you officially put your name on the list of students in that course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The major is the major area that you study, the most important area that you study.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's give an example. Imagine you must take 100 classes to graduate from university.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, well I think it depends on the university, but in my case, yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's not a hundred courses because each course might be worth four or six or eight credits depending on how important it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, so university tuition, private school tuition, or even language course tuition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're gonna look at some phrases here that we can use to talk about education and university, and we can use them in different ways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I can see that to sign up for something is to agree to take part in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, it's always first year, second year, third year, fourth year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now a schedule is the list of things you do at what time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what other types of schedules can we have?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, cause they're almost the, the, let's like junior manager.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do you play this Tickle Monster game exactly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi guys. Are you still playing that game? Yeah, sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This episode is sponsored by Fabulous, an app that helps you form healthy habits that stick. Click the link in the description to get a free one-week trial and 25% off a Fabulous subscription.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Imagine that you just got your COVID-19 shot, and afterward you're just chilling in a cantina in Mos Eisley, and a Jedi comes along and cuts off your arm. Your immediate question, of course, is…


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whether you just lost immunity from the vaccine along with your arm. Surprisingly, the answer is probably not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The goal of a vaccine is to safely teach your immune system to recognize bits of a pathogen so it can recognize the full-blown pathogen later. These bits can be stuff like pieces of the particular germ,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you might think all the immunity action happens at that spot. But actually, vaccines start traveling around your body within minutes. See, vaccines are injected into your arm muscle, because skeletal muscle is highly vascularized.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meaning it has lots of blood vessels. So anything injected into your muscles moves into your blood quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From there, it circulates around your body, picking up speed as it rushes from the tiny capillaries to the larger veins, and eventually through your heart. In addition,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once it's in a muscle, the vaccine drains into the lymphatic vessels. It then flows into your lymph nodes, where immune cells learn to recognize the germ and start making antibodies that defend your body from the pathogen. And these systems work within minutes. In 1997, researchers injected mice with a vaccine in their leg muscle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If muscle shots are so great, why not inject vaccines into even bigger muscles, like your glutes? Actually, health officials once thought vaccinating people's butts was a good idea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they eventually realized backsides have downsides. Like, a 2006 study found that only 32% of buttocks injections hit muscle. Most went into the fat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which doesn't contain many blood vessels. So, best case scenario, the vaccine needs more time to exit your rear end. In fact, if the injection doesn't hit muscle, your vaccine could fail entirely. Or…


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You could, hypothetically, lose your arm in a freak encounter with a Jedi and still be immunized, but…


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wouldn't test it. Maybe you're looking to form new habits once we're all back out in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If that's the case, Fabulous can help you change up your routine. Fabulous is a self-care and habit-forming app with over 20 million users. It was developed at Duke University and uses behavioral research to help support your goals. For example, suppose you want to go for more regular walks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can tailor the app to your goals and use it to build your ideal personal routine. The first 100 people who click on the link in the description will get a free one-week trial and 25% off a fabulous subscription. And checking them out helps us, too. So thanks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A boy named Prince Tamino runs through a dark wood pursued by a dragon. Just as it rears up to devour him, three mysterious ladies appear and slay the dragon with their fierce battle cry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So begins Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Die Zauberflurte, or The Magic Flute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Though it may seem like a childish fairy tale, this intricate opera is full of subversive symbolism, and it's now regarded as one of the most influential operas in history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tomino's run-in with the dragon is only the start of his journey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The three women summon their leader, the Queen of the Night. She, in turn, sends Tamino on a quest to rescue her daughter, Pamina, from the evil sorcerer Zoroastro. And to help him on his journey, she gives him the titular magic flute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tamino eventually finds Pamina at Zoroastro's temple. But behind enemy lines, Tamino and Pamina learn that they're on the wrong side. The queen of night actually wants to plunge the world into darkness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything Tamino thought he knew was wrong, filling him with doubt and confusion. So, a new quest begins for Tamino and Pamina. They must pass three trials of wisdom, and only then can the day vanquish the night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Helped by the flute's magic power, the two youths overcome these trials and the queen's attempts to sabotage them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're finally initiated into the temple, having restored balance to the kingdom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many elements in this peculiar fairy tale were inspired by Mozart's involvement in Freemasonry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A network of fraternal organizations throughout Europe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Much of their history, symbolism, and ritual came from the Middle Ages. But the Freemasons of Mozart's time were also influenced by 18th century European ideals, rationalism, humanism, and skepticism towards traditional authorities like monarchy and the church.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The symbols of Freemasonry and these ideals of the Enlightenment are found throughout the opera.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this sounds like a conspiracy theory, that's because it sort of was at the time. But it's now taken quite seriously and has been the subject of considerable scholarly publication.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, some Mozart scholars believe the queen of the night symbolizes Maria Theresa, the empress of the Holy Roman Empire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] who opposed Freemasonry and banned it in Austria.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While there continues to be debate as to the specific meaning, interpretation, and location of these Masonic references, scholars agree that they're there and are fully intentional.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of these symbols is the number three, which represented balance and order to freemasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, the number three is, of course, easy to find in any work of storytelling, but it's particularly prominent in the magic flute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Much of the music is written in E flat major, which has three flats in its key signature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And historically, Masonic rituals began with three knocks. The opera references them by opening with three majestic chords, complete with dramatic pauses.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those chords, which reoccur throughout the opera, serve another purpose. They capture the dramatic arc of the opera in miniature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first chord, Eb major, is in its most natural root position, simple and unadorned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It echoes the childlike Prince Tamino, who in his naivete accepts everything the Queen and her ladies say without question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second chord is C minor, a sour sonority that mirrors Tamino's sadness and doubt in the middle of the opera.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's when his world and notions of good and evil get turned on their heads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And good and evil are just two of the opera's extreme opposites. It features some of the highest and lowest notes in opera, day and night, simple, hummable melodies and complicated, forward-looking music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The opera's central theme concerns balancing these extremes to achieve perfect harmony. To reflect this, the final chord in the opening restores musical order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It returns to the triumphant E flat major, the same chord it started with, but inverted, meaning Mozart moved the bottom note to the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although it retains its original harmony, the chord sounds higher pointing towards enlightenment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's similar to Tamino, who, in passing his trials, restores balance to the kingdom while growing stronger, wiser, and more complete.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Why? I mean, we've had our ups and downs and we have the occasional disagreement, but we're happy together, aren't we?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, what are you saying? You're breaking up with me because I'm perfect?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now here's an important concept, fair value in futures contract. It's a little bit like the forward interest parity that we talked about in forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's a percent storage cost, S, per unit of time, let's say per year. So S is the percent of the value of the commodity that it would cost you to store it for one year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that's something that is quoted to you by a warehouse. The warehouse will tell you, I'll, I'll store it for you for one year by such and such an amount in dollars. You divide that by the value of it today, and that's the storage cost as a percent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] R is the interest rate for the same interval of time. So we're talking now about a futures contract, let's say one year ahead.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or it could be any other year ahead, times ahead, but we have to adjust. If it's one month ahead, then we want the one month interest rate and the one month storage cost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fair value equation, the famous equation says the price of the future is equal to the price of the spot times 1 plus r plus s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which says that normally, because R and S are normally positive, futures contracts are generally in contango. They're generally upward sloping. Because the longer in the future that the contract is dated, the higher R is. Remember this is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you can put it in, in different way. One way is saying it doesn't apply anymore because nobody's storing anymore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but then of course somebody is storing, I mean, you've got it stored somewhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But maybe it's gotten kind of rare. Another thought, some people say that we can end up in backwardation if the storage cost becomes negative. Now that's a way of thinking. How can the storage cost be negative? Well, it can be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's how it can happen. Go to a manufacturer of breakfast cereals. This guy feels it's very important that we ship so many cartons of breakfast cereal every month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's uncertainty about, uh, about shipments and deliveries. So the guy there wants to keep a store of, of, uh, grain, let's say wheat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the, in the factory, uh, warehouse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, then your employees all show up one morning to make Wheaties and there's no wheat. So, uh, you, you, you have to pay them for the day's work and they didn't do anything. So you're losing money. So you want to have wheat in storage at all times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, suppose wheat is getting really scarce. It's the end of the season and the harvest is not in yet, so you can't buy it from the farmers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might actually quote a negative storage cost to someone who wants to store wheat, right? You'd say, look, I don't want to risk my factory shutting down, so I'll just charge you minus 2% if you let me store the wheat. Uh, so that in effect what happens in degradation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or another way of saying it is that if a commodity is not in storage, then it is possible that the future, if you want to call this as a normal storage cost, the price of the future can be less than fair value. So that sometimes happens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Springtime brings, you know, allergies for many of us, but also it means the return of the cutest of the insects, the bees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They just are, don't at me. And in this compilation, we're going to share some cool facts about bees and their behavior. From why they stare at flowers, you know, which we do as well, to why some of them stab plants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that what that says? We're going to kick things off, though, with their buzz. Because bees are not the only insects that do this. Other critters like beetles and those pesky mosquitoes, they buzz too. But some species of bees have a unique reason to produce that trademark sound. Let me explain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plenty of insects buzz when they fly around, like beetles and that little mmmm of a mosquito. I hate that noise so much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But bees are kind of special. There are more than 20,000 species of bees, all of which buzz when they fly, and many of which also do it to communicate. But some bees buzz for a completely different reason that has nothing to do with communication or with flight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're trying to get pollen out of flowers in what's known as buzz pollination. The kind of buzzing we hear when bees fly comes from their wings, which they can flap at up to 230 beats per second. Their quick wing movements cause air vibrations, which your ear translates to sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The faster the wings beat, the higher the pitch. And if you've ever had the unfortunate experience of disturbing a hive, you've probably seen them buzz a little louder in agitation. But in buzz pollination, they generate sound energy by vibrating their bodies, not their wings. They use the same muscles they'd normally use to move their wings,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But kind of separate their wings from those muscles, so their bodies vibrate instead at about 400 beats per second. This full-body vibration causes the distinct buzzing sound you hear when bees are on a flower, which is a bit louder and higher-pitched than regular flying buzzing. It's actually in the tone of middle C.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But bees don't need to do it for every kind of flower. Most flowers are like a buffet. Their pollen is on the outside of the anther, the male part of the flower, and just about anyone can come take it. But there are some flowers, like the ones on tomato and blueberry plants, that have poricidal anthers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lock the pollen inside of them with just a small pore for an opening. To get the pollen out, the bees wrap their legs around the flower, bite down on the anther for grip,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when they vibrate at that super high speed, the pollen bounces up and down in the tube, and when it gains enough momentum, a bunch of it explodes out and lands on the bee. Only some bees can do this, like bumblebees and a few kinds of solitary bees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for the record, you don't really need a bee if you want to get the pollen out. A tuning fork will do. Or, if you want to get more high tech, you can get tools to vibrate the plant at the right frequency, which, yes,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bees do exist, and people actually use them to pollinate their plants, although they are not as efficient as the natural method. Because when it comes to getting up close and personal with a flower, bees are definitely the experts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these bees do some extra buzzing to get pollen out of flowers. But what if there weren't any bees at all to do the shaking? Is it true that we will all spiral into starvation if honeybees go extinct? Well, here is Stefan with more on that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeah, we might not need to worry about, like, a doomsday scenario. But should we be worrying about the bees that just spend a whole lot of their time staring at flowers? Like, are flowers the bees' secret mirrors, or are they just deciding if it sparks joy? Well, let me clear that one up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you ever watch a bumblebee really closely, you will notice that some of them do


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something kind of odd when they're leaving a flower. They'll turn around mid-flight and just stare at it. Like they're a little drone taking footage. Like they're like, that was a really beautiful flower, I want to get another look at it. They're not doing it to collect information for their hive mates. Although bumblebees do live in colonies, they are solitary foragers. And also, not every bee does this the same way. Researchers have found that the biggest bees do it the most. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What are they doing? It seems to have something to do with memory. This behavior is called learning flight, and bees do it so they can remember how they got there. They're taking a mental image of what the flower and the surrounding area look like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So some flowers were kinda meh, and others were a pretty good score. What was unexpected was that the bigger bees worked harder to remember the more rewarding flowers. They spent more time facing the flowers while flying away from them on their learning flights. Meanwhile, the smaller bees


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Didn't seem to care. In fact, they treated all flowers equally. This was surprising, because if you're a bee and you find a really rewarding flower, it seems you would want to remember it regardless of how big you are. But that doesn't seem to be the case. And it turns out a key variable


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Smaller bees don't forage that often. They spend more time on tasks around the nest. So when they do forage, they're limited by how far they can travel, so they tend not to be super picky. They don't bother putting all that effort into remembering super potent flowers, because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, they probably couldn't carry that much from them anyway. But larger bees can fly farther and carry more nectar back to the colony. Plus, their size means they can handle the cold better, and they have better eyesight so they can visit flowers in the morning when the light is low and there's more nectar around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it may be worthwhile for them to seek out and memorize the locations of more rewarding flowers. Overall, it's not totally unexpected to see different bees in the same colony adopting different learning behaviors. But it was surprising to find that these behaviors seem to be based on size. Now the question is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can help us figure out how to care better for our fuzzy friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's safe to assume that bees' relationship with flowers is pretty tight. They visit flowers for the nectar and help pollinate the plants in the process. But what if we add a third wheel to the mix? Maybe something like yeast, because it turns out they do other things besides just making bread rise. Yes, the bee-flower relationship is actually a shocking love triangle. Here's Michael with more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And speaking of this love triangle, it turns out there might be trouble brewing in the relationship between flowers and bumblebees. Because scientists have found the bees also like to stab the plants. But not for the reasons you think. Let me explain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it might give them a leg up in weathering climate change. In a paper published in 2020 in the journal Science, researchers reported a previously undocumented behavior in bumblebees. In tough times, when the colony is hungry, bumblebees will use their mouthparts


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To deliberately damage the leaves of plants that haven't yet flowered, which seems like a bad idea when you need those plants for food. Researchers observed the bees and concluded that they're not consuming pieces of the plant or taking them back to their colonies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They appear to be damaging leaves because it induces the plant to flower sooner. The researchers found that bee-damaged plants flower up to 30 days earlier than plants that have not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's more, they gave one test colony access to flowering plants, and another colony access to flowerless plants. They found!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There aren't really any known examples of plants doing this when, say, grasshoppers arrive, so it doesn't seem likely. Neither is early flowering advantageous for the plant. It's more beneficial for plants to flower at the same time as other members of their species.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to ensure cross-pollination. However, scientists conducting this study did find a bit of a clue by indulging in some leaf stabbing themselves. And they found that it's not just the physical damage that induces flowering. Plants damaged by actual bees still flowered up to 25 days sooner than plants damaged by researchers. So it's got something to do with the bees themselves. It could be that they're injecting some kind of chemical into the leaf that jump-starts flowering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I identify that chemical to know for sure, and it could be something totally different. Ultimately, though,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This clever strategy might give bumblebees a head start on adjusting for climate change. As the climate warms, it may become more common for the calendars of plants and pollinators to be out of sync. And that means many pollinators won't be able to find flowers when they need them the most. But pollinators that can change the flowering schedule of their food source


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you're not in trouble. Because yes, this is our second compilation of bee-related episodes, and you can check out part one if you're looking for something to watch next. And if you'd like to help us keep making videos, you can check out our pin of the month. This month, we have Mars 3, the probe that discovered evidence of Martian lakes and mapped


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The surface of Phobos. If you want to take this little probe home, you gotta be quick and pre-order before the end of the month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because then, it will be gone. The pin is available until the end of May at DFTBA.com slash SciShow, and be sure to check back again in June, when we will have a whole new pin waiting for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Income, so it protects you against the outcome that you might not get a great job even though you incurred this expensive education.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that goes back many decades. Even here at Yale, uh, in the 1970s, uh, we created, I wasn't here then, but they created, with Professor Tobin, uh, they created a, uh, income contingent, uh, student loan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, uh, now, uh, we have such things. President Obama is behind this too. But it's also happening in other countries. Uh, so student loans should be ideally contingent on


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the income of the borrower. As long as you can verify that. Now there's a moral hazard problem, uh, we have to deal with that. We have to limit the, uh, in fact with the Yale experience, uh, people were surprised when they made a lot of money and they saw their, uh, tuition debt go up, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, now, in the United States, uh, maybe elsewhere too, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got to be somehow the elite. Uh, the way we define elite, especially in America, since there's no aristocracy, there's no lords or dukes or barons, uh, you get status here by having an education.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So people are willing to spend a lot for that. At the same time, after the financial crisis in 2008, governments are very wary of spending money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that you kind of have to buy your own college education. Even the state universities are getting expensive because they're not being given enough money by the state governments. So it's getting expensive and so people are borrowing to, uh, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, it might be a bubble in the sense that if a lot of people go to college,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Might not be as lucrative as it used to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Earlier in this course, we've already touched on data ownership. In this video, we're going to take another look at it in light of data privacy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depending on who collects and manages the data, there are different restrictions and regulations. Of course, as a consumer, you're always the owner of your data, but you can engage in a relationship with a publisher or an advertiser where you allow them to use your data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we saw earlier in this course, the parties that you allow to collect and store your data fall into three different groups, depending on how direct your relationship is with them. First party, second party, or third party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First party data is the data a company receives from the people it's interacting with directly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These people could be customers, visitors to the website, or followers on social media.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, if you're using a social media platform and you click on an ad for pizza, the platform may infer that you're interested in pizza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That information is considered first party data that the social media platform is now managing about you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With first-party data, there is an implicit or explicit agreement between the consumer and the data receiving company that it can use your data. Of course, with certain restrictions, as we saw earlier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Second party data consists of the same type of data as the first party data. But in this case, the data has been passed on to a second party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Often a trusted partner of the first party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Continuing the metaphor, if the social media platform you signed up for earlier gives information to a partner, that partner company also knows that you like pizza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They now both manage that data about you. In this scenario, ideally, the partner is trustworthy and responsible with the data that was passed on from the first party social media platform.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's the responsibility of the first party to ensure that the second party won't misuse your data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If not, the repercussions would involve both parties, the first and the second party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The final bucket that personal data can fall into is third-party data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Third party data is collected by a company or entity that doesn't have a clear relationship with the company a person is interacting with or the first party.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Third parties may track a person's behavior across sites, for instance, using browser cookies, which we call third party cookies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Information gathered this way can be bundled together to create a profile about a person that can then be sold to advertisers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using our metaphor one more time, if a third party tracks your behaviour across the web, they might learn about your interest in pizza, even if you didn't specifically give that information to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This type of information gathered is the kind that makes consumers most uncomfortable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since people don't have an explicit agreement with these third parties that allows them to collect and store this information,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Third party data tracking often raises privacy concerns. As a result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Several browsers block third-party cookies to help limit this kind of data collection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's important that all parts of the advertising ecosystem, first, second, or third parties, set and maintain high privacy standards. That's the only way that a consumer can trust and have confidence that their information is being handled appropriately.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the next lesson, we're going to learn more about the protections and regulations that are in place to safeguard consumers' data. I'll see you there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are tons of cooperative relationships in nature. And one of the most obvious is between bees and flowers. Bees visit flowers for their tasty pollen and nectar, and they help pollinate the plant as they go. We've known about this for years, and it's so basic that you probably learned about it in elementary school. But hold on to your juice boxes and kickballs, because this story is more interesting than we thought.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, there's a third, much tinier member of this relationship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeast. Yeast is a fungus found all over the globe, and the types that live in your garden do a bunch of important jobs. For instance, they help plant matter decompose, and they help roots absorb nutrients and water. Some of them also hang out in nectar, where they feed on its sugar. So there's obviously some plant-yeast friendliness going on here. But as for how pollinators factor into that…


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That took a bit to sort out. Like, because yeast eats the nectar's sugar, pollinators might get less nutrition from yeasty nectar. So maybe they'd avoid it. Then again, a 2018 study showed that yeast can change a nectar's scent by altering its chemistry. And we know scent affects pollinators, too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So maybe that factors into this somehow? Really, there are a lot of variables. So in 2019, a group in Belgium set out to get a better understanding of this role yeast actually plays in the pollinator-plant relationship. In one experiment, they took buff-tailed bumblebees and introduced them to a field of fake flowers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some contained a yeast and sugar solution, while others just had sugar water. They had hypothesized that the yeast would negatively impact the bee's behavior and health. Except…


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, not only did the bees show no aversion to the yeasty flowers, the yeast helped their colonies grow. The hives that ate this nectar even had fewer larvae die.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which led to more worker bees and an overall healthier colony. We'll need more research to say why, but the authors think this could be because yeast stores nutrients in its cell walls, so even if the nectar has fewer nutrients,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The yeast might ultimately help the bees. Through other tests, the team even discovered that yeasts could suppress the growth of a bumblebee gut parasite called Crithidia bombi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is pretty metal for a single-celled organism. So based on this, it looks like nectar full of yeast is helpful for bumblebees. And the bees help the yeast, too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As they move from flower to flower, they take the fungi with them and spread them around. And just to really come full circle here, that's even good news for the flowers. A study published in 2010 found that yeast gives off heat as it breaks down sugar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeast in nectar increased the flower's temperatures by up to 6 degrees Celsius. Then, another study published in 2013 found that bumblebees are more likely to feed from warmer flowers


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Probably because it makes the nectar less sticky and easier to drink. So, the yeast might be making flowers more appealing to bumblebees, too. And since bumblebees are pollinators, well, it's a happy love triangle for everyone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you, Rick. As you can see, ladies and gentlemen, we are here in beautiful Pebble Beach where the top golfers in the world are vying to win the grand prize of one.