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[Assistant] In 2006, a mission called New Horizons roared off the launch pad. Its 2.7 billion mile journey will take it to the frozen edge of the solar system.


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[Assistant] Astronomers suspect that the dwarf planet may be the first rocky object found to have rings. Yet there is another ringed planet in our solar system.


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[Assistant] In 2015, it may become the newest member of our solar system found to have rings.


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[Assistant] The images it transmits in 2015 should reveal if the distant dwarf has rings.


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[Assistant] Yet ring hunters recently expected to find a new ring system much closer. On Earth's nearest neighbor, Mars.


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[Assistant] Two small satellites, or moons, orbit Mars. Though each is less than 20 miles wide, astronomers believed enough dust came off these moons to form a faint ring.


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[Assistant] Giant chunks of red hot rock whizzed around the planet for at least a few years and then vanished. How could that have been?


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[Assistant] Four and a half billion years ago, when the Earth had just formed, a giant body the size of Mars smashed into our planet.


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[Assistant] As the molten rock cooled, some was thrown back to Earth, and some flew out into space.


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[Assistant] But earthlings don't need to feel left out. Our home planet has a new ring. And this one is just 50 years old.


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[Assistant] It's not made of dust or icy rock, but metals and silicon. It's a ring of satellites.


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[Assistant] Comprised of some 400 satellites, it's the only known ring created by life in the universe.


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[Assistant] Earth's ring is a critical component to human communications, but it's heading for disaster.


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[Assistant] In fact, in February of 2009, two satellites in a low Earth orbit did collide.


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[Assistant] If two collide, the flying debris could destroy the entire ring.


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[Assistant] Whether artificial or natural, Ring Hunters continue to pursue the prized bands because they're one of the most essential forms of the universe.


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[Assistant] Without them spinning into galaxies, solar systems and planets, life as we know it would not exist. Rings, it turns out, are the beginning of what is possible.


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[Assistant] They're sort of jostling each other and bumping into each other, feeling their own very, very weak gravity, continuously forming transient structures which come and go. The whole ring system is in a very nice balance.


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[Assistant] We've come here to a pizzeria to show how the natural form for a very rapidly rotating object is a thin disc. So we're starting out with a piece of pizza dough that's non-spinning and is pretty much a round lump.


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[Assistant] When the dough is thrown and is spun up, it naturally flattens out into quite a very thin disc-like shape.


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[Assistant] The universe contains two sort of fundamental blueprints for objects, and those are spheres and disks.


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[Assistant] If spin is a really important, uh, aspect of an object structure, then it will tend to form into a disk. And so we see disks on every scale in, in the universe.


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[Assistant] Saturn's rings are a blueprint for the processes that give rise to planet formation. If we were to go back in time and visit our own solar system four and a half billion years ago,


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[Assistant] The young sun would have been at the center and it would have been surrounded by a disk of gas and dust. And that disk and gas and dust would have had planets forming inside of it. And that whole disk would have looked, to a certain extent, like a system of rings.


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[Assistant] The Earth has built itself a highly technologically complicated ring of satellites that will last for millions of years.


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[Assistant] Thanks for coming in today. Did you have any trouble finding us? Please, take a seat.


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[Assistant] Now, tell me a little bit about your work experience. I see here that you previously worked at Oracle.


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[Assistant] Thanks for coming in today. Did you have any trouble finding us? Please, take a seat. Thank you.


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[Assistant] Welcome to the Royal Flying Doctor Service Centre on Stokes Hill Wharf in Darwin. Awesome.


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[Assistant] You're here to cater a reception for His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales, Prince Charles.


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[Assistant] I mean, guys, this is stuff you're never gonna forget in your life.


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[Assistant] Right guys, today is a team challenge. So before we do anything else, let's get you into teams. Red, white and blue. Okay.


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[Assistant] Right, blue team. Samira, Brendan, Sashi. White team. Ben, Kristen, Jess.


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[Assistant] And Red Team, Race, Khan, and Clarence.


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[Assistant] Right, white team, talk to us. What are the dishes?


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[Assistant] It's a tough challenge, guys, because you haven't got a little spoon or a little skewer or a little shot glass. You can't use what we normally do. This is pick up.


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[Assistant] They're not too thin, you bite one and tested it.


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[Assistant] Just stick one in, it doesn't matter. You're testing right now. Yeah. See that? It's too thin.


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[Assistant] But now's the time they've got to step it up because that assembly bit takes time.


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[Assistant] Just a little reminder, the Prince is about to arrive in 13 minutes! Come on!


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[Assistant] Don't think you didn't do a great job. We're so proud of every single one of you tonight, cause it was tough. And it was the tiniest of details that brought you guys undone.


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[Assistant] This video was created in partnership with Bill Gates, inspired by his new book, How to Avoid a Climate Disaster. You can find out more about how we can all work together to avoid a climate disaster in the link below.


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[Assistant] One of the basic human needs is shelter. And over the short time humans have been on Earth, we've come up with a lot of different ways to shelter ourselves, from mud huts to wooden buildings to the towering skyscrapers of many cities. But many of those materials aren't as strong as they could be.


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[Assistant] And the ones that are can have an outsized impact on our planet. So now, architects and engineers are turning to nature for inspiration for more resilient materials.


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[Assistant] Stuff that improves on what we use now, and that often minimizes the impact we have on this planet. From cement that acts like sweat glands to glass that mimics fish scales, here are some biology-inspired materials that could transform the future of construction.


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[Assistant] One major threat to buildings is fire. When a fire sweeps through a structure, it often means a lot of new construction is on the way.


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[Assistant] That often means more cement and steel, and making both of those involves a lot of greenhouse gases. Thankfully, there are all kinds of ways to make a building safer in a fire. In addition to fire alarms, extinguishers and sprinklers,


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[Assistant] You can add fireproof materials to the building's support structure to keep it from failing, as well as to the walls, floors, and ceilings to keep fire from spreading. But these are all passive methods, and because they're extra materials, they add extra cost.


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[Assistant] Well, researchers in China may have invented just that using human sweat glands for inspiration. In a paper published in 2019, they shared their development of a fire-retardant cement blend, which stops fire from damaging a building's structure, sort of like how sweat keeps human bodies cool. This cement is a blend of three materials.


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[Assistant] But if there's a fire, it goes through four stages to stop that fire in its tracks. First, as temperatures rise between 100 and 160 degrees Celsius, the reinforcing fibers and the apparine start to melt.


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[Assistant] filling the microchannels and cracks, and forming a fire insulation layer like sweat on skin. And finally, as the insulating layer forms,


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[Assistant] gases get released, including water vapor. This mimics the cooling mechanism of sweat, how when sweat evaporates, it takes some of the body heat with it. This insulating layer protects the cement from falling under high heat by taking on a honeycomb shape. This adds strength


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[Assistant] I know, it sounds like science fiction. Then, after a fire, you can remove the honeycomb layer and repair the material instead of having to replace the entire cement structure, saving costs and resources. Next, speaking of heat,


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[Assistant] Humans have been passively heating their homes with sunlight for thousands of years, but we couldn't control the release of this heat until the 20th century. Only then did we invent collectors like thermal walls, which could absorb heat from sunlight and slowly release it over time, keeping us warm throughout the day. The trouble is…


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[Assistant] Most of these collectors are made from rigid, heavy materials, which means their uses are limited. So engineers are looking to polar bears as inspiration for textile-like solar collectors.


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[Assistant] Which would be more efficient, lightweight, and flexible than their predecessors. Polar bears have white fur and black skin that work together as a natural solar collector and insulator,


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[Assistant] Which helps them stay warm in the extreme cold of the Arctic. Their outer fur is actually transparent. It only looks white because of the way it's structured. That transparency allows the sunlight to reach their dark skin.


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[Assistant] Which converts the sun's energy into warmth. Another layer of dense under-fur close to their skin is spaced just right, creating little pockets of air that trap heat close to the bear's body. In fact,


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[Assistant] They radiate so little heat that they're almost invisible to infrared detectors. The surface of their coats


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[Assistant] Looks the same temperature as their environment. Inspired by this heat-trapping ability, researchers based in Germany and Austria


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[Assistant] shared a new type of solar collector in a 2015 paper. They imagine it being used as part of solar power,


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[Assistant] But this general idea could also help with buildings, too. The collector has two layers of transparent plastic and silicone that let light


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[Assistant] Although right now, that only works when it's in direct sunlight. Still, while those extreme temperatures might be helpful for solar power, that's also not the kind of heat you'd need in a


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[Assistant] So this idea could really come in handy, especially as textile-based buildings become more mainstream. These futuristic buildings are constructed from lightweight materials stretched over a frame or woven together, and are making everything about a building more sustainable, including its design, materials, usage, and even how it's recycled at the end of its life. Adding a polar bear-inspired heating system would make them even more versatile. Buildings also need to stay comfortable in hot weather, though,


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[Assistant] And traditional cooling systems aren't always the most efficient way of managing a building's temperature. Also, heating and cooling systems account for a lot of the greenhouse gases we emit as a planet. Architects in the US


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[Assistant] May have come up with a more efficient way of regulating a building's temperature, though. And once again, they have drawn on inspiration


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[Assistant] In 2011, they released a prototype of a building exterior modeled after a biological process that's similar to a thermostat if


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[Assistant] A thermostat could control more than just temperature. That process is called homeostasis, and many organisms use it to keep their bodies functioning within preset limits.


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[Assistant] Like an ideal temperature range or fluid balance. Basically, it allows things to remain stable on the inside even as conditions change on the outside. The team designed a glass building facade inspired by the way human muscles maintain homeostasis.


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[Assistant] As they work inside our bodies. Similarly, the facade helps regulate the internal temperature of the building by opening and closing itself. The exterior of the building is made up of two layers of glass, and sandwiched between them are swirling silver lines.


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[Assistant] Those lines are made up of ribbons of a special type of polymer that can have an electric current applied to it. It also has a silver coating that distributes an electric charge across the entire surface. When sunlight warms the silver coating,


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[Assistant] The polymer expands and shades the building. Then, when the building cools off, the polymer contracts


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[Assistant] Like we mentioned earlier, making concrete is a major contributor to climate change, but sometimes, it seems like there's only so much you can do about that. Like, if a building is damaged during an earthquake, well…


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[Assistant] You're gonna have to build another one. Some teams are looking into concrete recipes or processes that are overall better for the planet, but some are taking another route. Like, researchers at Purdue University are trying to strengthen concrete instead by using


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[Assistant] Cracks! More specifically, in 2018, they developed 3D-printed cement structures inspired by the mantis shrimp. Mantis shrimp hit their prey with a club-like front claw at an extremely high speed, which generates a lot of force. But even then, that claw does not


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[Assistant] Cracks form in the microscopic layers, but the twisted structure keeps the cracks from spreading through the entire club. Specifically, the spiral forces the cracks to form


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[Assistant] Stop the club from falling apart by preventing larger cracks from forming that would compromise the structure. Using this club for inspiration, the researchers 3D-printed a cement paste that's laid out in a similar spiral design.


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[Assistant] Port cement is brittle, and when stressed, large cracks can form and lead to catastrophic failure. Not so with this 3D-printed material. Here, tiny cracks are stopped so they don't spread throughout the layers, just like with the mantis shrimp. So the concrete is inherently stronger. The goal is to eventually use this type of material to build more earthquake-resistant structures, and that means


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[Assistant] Less wasted concrete. Finally, windows. Windows can be an incredibly important part of a building on an aesthetic level, but since they're so fragile, they are also the weakest. Except…


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[Assistant] By mimicking an overlapping pattern found in fish scales, researchers may have found a way to improve the strength of laminated glass while still preserving the ability to see through it. Laminated glass is created by sandwiching a soft, polymer-based layer between


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[Assistant] But it is not stronger, or at least it wasn't, until researchers in Canada discovered a way to improve the lamination process. In a paper published in 2018, they outlined their process for strengthening glass with a new lamination technique.


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[Assistant] They also rotated the top sheet of glass so the etched lines go in the opposite direction.


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[Assistant] ...known as cross-ply architecture, and that gives the glass added strength and flexibility.


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[Assistant] The cross-ply architecture and stretchy polymer middle work together to help the glass be stretchy and tough


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[Assistant] Instead of brittle. Testing revealed this glass to be 50 times tougher than regular glass.


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[Assistant] While still maintaining its see-through qualities. If this kind of glass spread, that would mean stronger, safer windows that might need to be replaced less often.


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[Assistant] All thanks to a pattern inspired by fish. Nature has been around for a long time and we're only beginning to tap into the engineering insights you can get from billions of years of evolution. But with materials like these, we're looking at a future of buildings that are safer, more resilient,


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[Assistant] And better for our planet. When you think about things contributing to climate change, construction materials might not be what comes to mind first.


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[Assistant] But making things like cement, steel, and plastic releases


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[Assistant] A lot of greenhouse gases. And if you want to keep learning more about how we can make those things better, you can read Bill Gates' new book, How to Avoid a Climate Disaster. It talks about manufacturing, but also food, heating and cooling, transportation, and more. If you're interested, you can find out more about how we can all work together to avoid a climate disaster in the link below.


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[Assistant] I'm doing a halal canopy with goat cheese mousse, native mint rub lamb, and desert lime and date chutney.


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[Assistant] Uh, I have not used native ingredients at all, but I know the flavor combinations like


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[Assistant] Instead of tamarind, I can use desert limes. It's gonna be like my kind of flavour with native ingredients. For the desert lime and date chutney, I'm cooking the desert lime, the dates, a bit of raisins, chilli powder, and some ground fennel seeds with a bit of green chilli.


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[Assistant] A bit of sourness, sweetness from the dates and a bit of spiciness from the chilli is gonna be blended together and piped on top of the lamb.


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[Assistant] My chutney is in. I can smell the aroma. I taste it. It's so much of flavors in there. I really love the chutney.


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[Assistant] So pretty much everything is done. The last thing left is to cook off the lamb.


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[Assistant] My desert lime and red chutney is ready. I blitz them up.


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[Assistant] So once I finish the chocolate now,


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[Assistant] Then I'm putting them in the oven for about 4 to 5 minutes to cook to medium rare.


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[Assistant] Cooking yourself dinner as well. Today that the winning team will be safe and the bottom two teams will go for elimination is so much of stress today.


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[Assistant] Who's guys? Let's go, let's go. The lemon, uh, kangaroos ready?


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[Assistant] 450 canapes is a lot. And we need to make sure every single canopy is good.


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[Assistant] I'm selecting the best medium rare lens to go out for the canopy. Next 20.


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[Assistant] Haha, you're so clever, boss. Haha. Okay, shut up.


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[Assistant] Chapter 5. The Old Man from Kansas.


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[Assistant] The little green man opened the door. He gave them all glasses.


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[Assistant] He took them through the city to the wizard's house.


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[Assistant] There, in the long green room, the friends waited and waited and waited.


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[Assistant] After three hours, the scarecrow said, I'm tired of waiting. He called the green man.


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[Assistant] We want to see the wizard now. Or we're going to call the magic monkeys. Please, tell the wizard that.


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[Assistant] The green man went away to speak to the wizard through the door.


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[Assistant] The wizard knew about the magic monkeys, and he was very afraid of them. So he said to the green man,


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[Assistant] These people can come and see me at 9 o'clock tomorrow morning.


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[Assistant] The green man took the friends to the wizard's room. They went in and looked all round but they could not see anybody. Then a voice said,


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[Assistant] I am the wizard of Oz.


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[Assistant] Who are you and what do you want? Where are you? asked Dorothy.


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[Assistant] I am everywhere, but you can't see me.


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[Assistant] Now, answer me. Who are you and what do you want?


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[Assistant] You know us all, said the Scarecrow. You said to me, help Dorothy to kill the Witch of the West, and you can have some brains. Well, the Witch is dead, and now I want my brains. And I want my heart, said the Tin Man. And I want to be brave, said the Cowardly Lion.


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[Assistant] And I want to go home to Kansas, said Dorothy.


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[Assistant] Is the witch truly dead? asked the voice. Yes, said Dorothy.


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[Assistant] I threw a bucket of water over her, and she disappeared.


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[Assistant] Very well, said the voice. Come again tomorrow. I must think about things first and... No.


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[Assistant] Said the Tin Man, I want my heart now.


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[Assistant] I'm not going to wait another minute, said the scarecrow. And I'm going to eat you, the lion shouted very angrily. Toto was afraid. He jumped away from the lion and hit a screen near the wall. The screen fell over and behind it


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[Assistant] Said the old man in a quiet little voice, I'm the Wizard of Oz. But the Wizard of Oz is a big head without a body, said Dorothy. No.


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[Assistant] Oh, I know a lot of tricks, but I don't know any true magic. You see, I'm from Kansas too.


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[Assistant] I went from town to town and did magic tricks. And I went up in a big balloon. The balloon was always on a rope. But one day something went wrong. The rope broke and the balloon blew away.


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[Assistant] For a long time the wind carried my balloon across the sky. Then I came down here in the country of Oz. The people saw my balloon and said, this man is a wizard. He comes out of the sky.


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[Assistant] So I made green glasses for everybody.


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[Assistant] That's why everything in the city looks green. The scarecrow took off his glasses. Oh, he said. Now I understand. The Emerald City isn't green. It just looks green. It's all a trick. That's right, said the old man.


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[Assistant] Well, all that happened many years ago.


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[Assistant] I never went out because I was afraid of the two bad witches. Now they are dead. Thanks to you, Dorothy. But I'm very sorry. I don't know any true magic. So I can't help you.


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[Assistant] You're a very bad man, said Dorothy. No, my child. I'm a very good man. But I am a very bad wizard. That's true. What about my brains? said the scarecrow. You don't need brains. You understand things. You can think.


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[Assistant] I want brains, said the scarecrow.


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[Assistant] Very well, said the old man. I can give you some brains tomorrow morning.


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[Assistant] What about my heart? asked the Tin Man. You don't need a heart, said the old man. You laugh, you cry, you love, you feel sorry for people.


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[Assistant] The Tin Man looked angry and picked up his axe.


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[Assistant] Alright, please don't hurt me, said the old man.


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[Assistant] Come here tomorrow morning. I'm going to make you brave. What about Toto and me? asked Dorothy. We can go up in my balloon, said the wizard. The wind blew us here from Kansas.


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[Assistant] The next morning, the friends came again to the wizard's room. The old man was ready.


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[Assistant] He took a bottle with brains on it in big green letters and carefully opened the scarecrow's head. Don't move. I'm putting your brains in, he said. There.


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[Assistant] Now you're the cleverest scarecrow in Oz. The scarecrow thanked him.


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[Assistant] Next, the wizard gave the Tin Man a small red heart. Wear this always, he said.


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[Assistant] The tin man was very happy and thanked the wizard again and again. Then the old man took a bottle with Be Brave on it. Drink this, he said to the cowardly lion. The lion drank.


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[Assistant] Yes, yes, I feel brave, he shouted. Very, very brave. Thank you. The wizard smiled at them.


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[Assistant] You didn't need my magic, he said. But you're all happy now, and that's a good thing. Now Dorothy, he said, come and see my balloon.


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[Assistant] It's all ready. I mended it last night.


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[Assistant] They went out into the garden behind the wizard's house. The balloon was very big.


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[Assistant] He shouted, We're going to Kansas! Say goodbye to your friends.


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[Assistant] Dorothy kissed the scarecrow, the lion, and the tin man and said goodbye.


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[Assistant] Come on, Toto, she said. We're going home to Kansas. We're going to see Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. But just then, Toto saw a cat.


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[Assistant] He jumped out of Dorothy's arms and ran after it. Toto!


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[Assistant] Call Dorothy, and she began to run after him.


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[Assistant] I'm very excited. I didn't imagine that I'll come this far. I want to win this competition.


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[Assistant] Silver glitters. Silver chocolate. I have some, uh, silver Dory.


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[Assistant] This box is a mystery box. Literally. To make it worse, there is a silver can and I got no clue what's inside the can. The first thing I do is to check what's in the can. What the hell is that? Oh, wine bin.


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[Assistant] Not bad. I have some white beads, that's good.


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[Assistant] What I'm gonna do is I'm doing a pan seared torii with stir-fried silver bead and a bit of a sauce to go with it. That's what happening here.


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[Assistant] I taste my fishbone sauce. It's not coming together very well. It tastes very muddy. It doesn't taste right. I need to fix this.


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[Assistant] I'm trying to add more flavors to it. Hopefully it works.


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[Assistant] My fish has been filleted and ready for frying. The white bean puree is smoked. So, I go back to my sauce. I'm trying to make the sauce better.


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[Assistant] I can't use this sauce. If I don't have a sauce, it's not gonna be a complete dish. I'm in trouble.


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[Assistant] Less than 15 minutes, yea. I'm worried now. Time is running out. I need to come up with something very quickly to save the dish.


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[Assistant] I tried my best to get a good flavor out of it. It did not happen. I decided not to use the sauce for the dish.


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[Assistant] But if I don't have a sauce, it's not gonna be a complete dish. At this stage, I'm worried. I need something to go with the fish.


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[Assistant] So, I'm making, uh, thyme oil instead. I grab the grapeseed oil.


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[Assistant] I taste the thyme oil. The thyme is too bitter. So I'm not gonna use that oil also. I can't believe it. I have been making a couple of silly mistakes. I think the pressure is getting into me.


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[Assistant] I'm just gonna plate up with my smoked white bean puree, my fish, the two ways of silver bead. Hopefully, that's enough.


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[Assistant] I feel that my dish is not a complete dish. A sauce would have made the dish complete.


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[Assistant] I'm not very convinced of winning the mystery box today.


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[Assistant] I tried making a sauce with the bones and, uh, for some reason the bone has a very, uh, muddy...


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[Assistant] I'm very happy with the judges' comments. I might have a good chance.


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[Assistant] I really want to have an advantage. Fingers crossed. Hope that I win.


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[Assistant] So far I've been only in one pressure test. I don't want to be in the elimination tomorrow. I'm going to give the judges something very creative and inventive today.


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[Assistant] And I'm gonna give the judges something they have never seen before.


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[Assistant] I'm looking at an Indian dessert called payasam and I'm recreating that into my version. That's a long way now.


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[Assistant] I need to be very careful with the rose water. I love the rose water flavor but it can be too overpowering. I'm really putting everything online.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's inventive but hopefully I've made justice to the original version of FireSense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All my elements are ready for my version of an Indian dish called payasam. I take the pistachio prilling shards out of the oven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have enough Berlin dust to do another batch. I need to really rush.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second plating looks good. It's golden brown. I'm feeling so relieved.


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[Assistant] Put the pistachio praline shards over the ice cream and surround it with mug skin.


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[Assistant] This is the finals week. There is no room for error. If I'm going to win this competition, I need to step up and move forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am really proud of how far I've come in this competition. I didn't really do well at school.


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[Assistant] Dessert's my specialty, but now I'm confident in cooking savory. Maybe I can go a little way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today is the most important quote for Druva because it's that one step closer to becoming, you know, top three and I really don't want to go home today. I'm just gonna give it my all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my gosh. I've got so much ideas in my mind. It's just full of elements, full of flavor combinations. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just had to do a black sesame ice cream with a yuzu creme with some peanuts as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To make that black sesame ice cream, I get some black sesame seeds into a spice grinder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've made anglaises so many times and today it's so different.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cooking on the boat is a bit crazy. I'm swaying, you know, here and there, here and there. The boat is just rocking from left to right and I just feel...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so it's basically black sesame ice cream and it's got some yuzu cremeux, some peanut. It's got theater to it, so it's got a glass on top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's for the anglaise for the ice cream. Got some black sesame in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I'm surprised by the amount of elements I'm taking on in 90 minutes but I know I've done a lot of complicated desserts in the past and I've managed to make it on time so hopefully I can do the same today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I have too much of each element, then it's just not gonna bind up together.


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[Assistant] I bring it up to about 158 degrees, take it off the heat and pour it out onto a mat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm hoping that once it's set and when I put it up, it's just gonna come up beautifully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I put raw sugar, plain flour, black sesame that I've grounded up, a bit of butter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm hoping to give that really nice sesame nutty flavor, uhm, and then I have to move on to my, my nut praline paste.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I get sugar into the saucepan and bring that until an amber color is formed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second batch of caramel for the peanut praline paste is looking absolutely beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After I add my peanuts to that, put it onto x-ray and let it cool in the blast chiller. And just focus on my other elements.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got my sesame sable in the oven. I've got my ice cream in the churner and I still have to get onto my yuzu cream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To make my yuzu creme, I get egg yolk, some sugar into a separate bowl, and I put some yuzu juice into a saucepan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once my yuzu juice has come to a simmer, I whisk that into the egg mixture. Bring it back on the heat until it's nice and thickened. Add some gelatin. Blitz it up with some butter. And cool it down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm kicking myself, I don't have a plan B. But I just wanna push myself. Show all of what I've got in this one little dish.


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[Assistant] I've got less than half an hour to go and everything is just coming together but still not together at the same time. I'm really happy with my user Kreml.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I break it apart, blitz it up until it becomes a nice fine powder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is Jupiter the one with the ring around, or is it Saturn? Saturn, yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I serve in my isomalt mixture, get it to a nice thickness and get into the oven. It doesn't need that long. I just have to keep an eye on them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I got less and less time, but I feel like I really wanna add more and more. Because I'm using yuzu, I think that raspberries, which I marinate in some white wine vinegar, is gonna give that extra zest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not even a disc, it's just combined into one little bubble everywhere.


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[Assistant] And that's when it hits me, why don't I just make a twill? I'm just gonna whip up a normal, basic twill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And hopefully that will work out. I'm cooking for our place in the semi-finals.


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[Assistant] I've got a lot of people to impress today. It's definitely the day for me to fight my hardest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I get my sable out of the oven and I'm really happy. It's got that really nice dark color. It's got that really nice fragrant smell as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To plate up my dessert, I get my sablé into the center of the plate, dollops of the nut praline paste in four sections, raspberries,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's no point putting that on the dish. I can't put something raw on there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am happy with the flavors of the dish. I've got the nice savory flavor on the ice cream and the crumbs nice and like got that nutty flavor. I am kind of concerned that maybe I'm jam packing it with different types of flavors that might not work together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a black sesame ice cream with yuzu, peanut, and some marinated raspberries and some white wine vinegar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My isomalt glass that's supposed to give that theater to the dish, uh, didn't work out quite right. I think I got my ratios wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cherry sorbet with a chocolate plexi ganache.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a future in the food industry out there and I'm hoping to give it my all, get all the experience I can get and maybe not kind of think too far ahead because I'm still 19. I need to live a teenage life a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think he's making kind of the shape of a beetroot. But I'm not sure if he's hearing beetroot or fennel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's really really good. It's beautiful, I think it ties up really well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The caramel, I think you've taken it, like, to a really nice level, and that sorbet is just a little bit icy, but it's really, really good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I said maybe when you bend, but yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This video was made possible by Brilliant. Learn complex topics simply for 20% off by being one of the first 200 people to sign up at brilliant.org slash real life lore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Flying on an airplane is already a pretty stressful experience for many of us. But imagine how much more stressful it would be if the plane you were flying in was a convertible and the pilots decided to drop the top back mid-flight. An entire list of pretty bad things would probably end up happening to you and I assume that you would most likely not have a good time.


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[Assistant] But unfortunately for some of the unluckiest 95 people to have ever existed, something like this actually did happen once upon a time back in the distant


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[Assistant] Captain on board was a 44 year old veteran with 8,500 flight hours. While the first officer was also a highly experienced 36 year old with 8,000 flight hours. In total, there were 6 crew members and 89 passengers on board.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And all of them were unknowingly in for one of the wildest experiences that a human has probably ever had.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The plane performed a routine takeoff from Hilo and casually reached its cruising altitude of 24,000 feet. But, approximately 23 minutes after takeoff, while the plane was located about 23 nautical miles away from the island of Maui, bad things began to happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A woman who is in seat 2C next to what had just been a window had her face sliced repeatedly by flying metal and flailing wires. After hearing the bang and noticing the sudden change in cabin pressure, the captain turned around to realize that not only had the cockpit door been completely ripped away, but all he could see behind him was just a clear, open, blue sky where, you know, there used to be a roof.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meanwhile, the passengers on board were obviously pretty terrified. At first, everybody just assumed that the plane was going down and that they were all going to die. But, after a while when that didn't happen and the plane continued to keep flying without its roof, many of the passengers reported that they began to feel a sudden sense of optimism and hope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everybody remaining was successfully evacuated, with 65 people being reported with injuries, and 8 of them with serious injuries, including one who was in critical condition at the time.


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[Assistant] The aircraft itself was damaged well beyond repair and it was written off and dismantled where it landed. And questions immediately arose as to how exactly a plane's roof could just fly off mid-air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, an investigation by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the following is likely what happened. The Boeing 737-200 series in question was designed to have a service life span of 20 years. And the plane involved in this disaster was 19 years old. But that wasn't really the problem though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is because over time, the number of pressurization and depressurization cycles that a plane goes through will begin to weaken its fuselage over time. Because this plane was being used exclusively for short trips between the various Hawaiian islands, it had racked up 89,680 flights over its lifetime, which if you know your math, is a lot more than it should have had.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, I understand that the physics of how airplanes actually work are pretty complicated. In order to get it, you need to understand some essential concepts like thrust, the mechanism of lift, or the contribution that wing shape will give. I know all about these things though because I took Brilliant's Physics of the Everyday course, which includes an entire


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Best of all though, by being one of the first 200 people to sign up at Brilliant.org slash RealLifeLore, you can get started with your learning for 20% off. And as always, thank you for watching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's the word winter on another two knives. If you get summer, you need to bring us a summer dish. If you get winter, you need to bring us a winter inspired dish. You battle off against each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jess, you're battling it off with Ben with the theme Winter.


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[Assistant] This Grenada has melted so quickly.


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[Assistant] This granita has melted so quickly.


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[Assistant] The egg, which is a shame, because I love that ice cream. It screams summer.


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[Assistant] Cooked beautifully, Sashi. Really beautifully. Well done.


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[Assistant] Fish cooked really well, love that crispy sort of salty skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That broth is yum. God, thank you. This is a summer dish. Makes me happy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like that. Our job is done, really. You know, we're so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're so proud and it makes us emotional, happy, so I thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're so calm at the stove. There's no panic. You've just got it. The switch is on and you're going. Keep going, brother, because you never know what might happen. Ooh, wow. Well done. Thank you very much.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know, I stand here going, I love that, I love that. Protein, protein, amazing. Puree, puree, amazing. Sauce, sauce, amazing. Guys, I don't know, it's tastiness, it's everything that we wish and hope for every single day.


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[Assistant] You ready to find out what your advantage is? Yes. So you get to choose.


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[Assistant] What course you cook in tomorrow's service challenge?


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[Assistant] Guys, it is a cracking restaurant. I think it's the best restaurant in terms of location in Australia. It is gorgeous. And the food?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chef Monty is killing it there. So strap in, it's going to be awesome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go home, pack your bags, maybe your bucket, your spade, your bathers, but above all, your A-game, cause you're gonna need it. It's gonna be awesome. See you in Sydney. Off you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Absinthe is quite overpowering if I use too much of it, and it could dominate the dish.


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[Assistant] Today, as soon as I knew that I had the summer, I only really had one thought in my head. Summer parties, like day parties, pool parties. I've gone for a cocktail kind of vibe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A cucumber and absinthe granita with a coconut ice cream and lime sago pudding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sago pudding is on the stove. It's time to check on my desiccated coconut.


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[Assistant] No, uhm, you can taste it, but it's not like a punch in the face.


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[Assistant] I'm actually a bit worried that uhm, my taste in absinthe is different from the judges. So I've put about three tablespoons into the absinthe and cucumber granita. Maybe they'll find that overpowering, but I think it's really yummy. Sashi! Yeah man? Are you sure you don't want to put any chocolate in that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have seven minutes to go. I'm checking my sago and it's still not cooked yet. I'm in trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I drop my sago, my dish will be totally out of balance. So that's definitely can't happen. I've taken some out so that there's less in there. And hopefully that can be done in six minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And my ice cream is so delicious. I'm loving the smokiness that's coming out of the toasted desiccated coconut. I just hope that it doesn't melt.


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[Assistant] At this stage, we're all producing amazing food, so I'm just keeping my fingers crossed that I get a chance to win it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is a toasted coconut ice cream with a cucumber and absinthe granita and a lime and pineapple sage sago pudding. Put us in the place. It's summer. We're at a pool party. And there's a cocktail in your hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the previous lesson, we identified the five main use cases for marketing analytics. In this lesson, we're going to take a closer look at examples of each.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to walk through practical use cases to lay the foundation for the marketing analytics techniques you'll learn in this program to showcase how you can put them to use.


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[Assistant] They are a company that provides office cleaning services in the San Francisco Bay area. James manages marketing for the company.


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[Assistant] And recently he presented an idea for a new product to his management, Snackwahl.


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[Assistant] It's a service where the company installs a snack while in an office. Customers subscribe to the service and select their snacks and refills through an app.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] James was given a marketing budget to launch the new service. In this lesson, we'll follow James and look at some of the decisions he needs to make.


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[Assistant] Blackberries. Awesome. I'm the last course on the degustation. What comes to your mind straight away? Thinking like a blackberry moon. Yep. Haven't made a dessert which features blackberries before, but I'm sure I can do something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm gonna try and put some creative flair into the dish. And think outside the box.


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[Assistant] The first thing I want to work on is that moose, because the moose is really the star of my dish.


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[Assistant] So blend some blackberries through it to give it the blackberry flavour and look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Blackberries, you don't have a really strong flavor, but I think the other elements I want to put on the plate will compliment that mousse really well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Typically the last course needs to be really bold, so hopefully I'm able to do something that's really impressive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, mousse is nearly done. Uhm, I'm starting on dehydrated olives. Then I'm gonna finish it with a candied tarragon. Right, right. Go for it then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today I'm gonna make a blackberry mousse with tarragon, dehydrated olive and an almond twill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My olives are in the oven dehydrating, so now I need to work on my tarragon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanna use the tarragon because it's got a really nice aniseed flavour to it. I'm tasting it with the blackberry. I think they complement each other and it's a really fun idea. Yum. Tastes really good, like I like it, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going with it. But I don't wanna leave the herb just fresh. I think maybe I can crystallise the tarragon and it can be like a nice little shard on the plate. It's something that I'm kinda improvising with on the spot but I just hope that it works. Cause I really wanna put it on the plate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Typically the last course of a digger station's like going out on a bang. So hopefully I can do that today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The flavor of the mousse is soft and sweet. And pairing it with some flavors like olives and tarragon is gonna make it pop really well on my plate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not happy with the tarragon, so I'm gonna ditch it. I need green, like, I need something like colour on there. I'm definitely not risking putting the tarragon on the plate today. Uhm, how am I gonna do this? I need to come up with a plan B quick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rees, let's go! Move! I run into the courtroom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm thinking what other flavors can I utilize on my dish which I can get done quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's some fennel in there. I can just put the fennel fronds on the dessert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fennel has a similar aniseed flavor to the tarragon, so I'm going to use the fennel instead because it's less harsh. Typically the last course needs to really pack some flavor, so I just hope the fennel fronds will be enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All my elements are now done. Now it's time to get onto plating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I get a scoop of the moose and I place it on the plate and put some of the twill shards in the moose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next to the mousse I place some of the jam and some fresh blackberries and I finish the dish with a little bit of dehydrated olive and a fennel frond.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's alright, Gaz, I'll taste yours. Good luck, Gaz. Cheers, mate. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gary's slicing the tuna and I mean the technique that he's showing to us right now is pretty incredible. He's kind of rolling underneath it. It's not too thin and it's not too thick either. It's looking perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I wanna try it. My mind is bothering, so let's start it.


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[Assistant] Heineken and Budweiser, we have a two-for-one happy hour special.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool, give me a pint of Heineken and half a pint of Bud. Okay. Pint of Heineken, half a pint of Bud for table six.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure, let's have some, uh, let's have some nachos and mozzarella sticks. Okay, that'll be 80 bucks. Wh-what?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Heineken and Budweiser, we have a two-for-one happy hour special.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The exhilaration of seeing Saturn's rings through the telescope can't be overstated. It is just such a marvelous sight.


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[Assistant] The first really detailed views of Saturn's rings came from the Voyager spacecraft around 1980. And those photographs were truly breathtaking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you were positioned below Saturn's rings, but a few hundred yards away, you would see this vast expanse of boulders and ice balls, snowballs, and through some parts you could see stars on the other side, but other parts would be so thick that they would be opaque. It would be a wonderful sight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The part of the Earth that's nearest to the Moon gets pulled more strongly toward the Moon than the far side of the Earth.


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[Assistant] So the Earth takes on this bulgy appearance and so you can see at the shore that the water goes up and down over a roughly 12 hour period.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Something that's not often recognized is that the rock ball of the planet itself changes shape as well. In fact, Earth's diameter in the direction toward the moon is a foot or two longer than the diameter in the perpendicular direction because the whole Earth is scratched toward and away from the moon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The loosely held moon would get ripped apart into thousands or millions of pieces of a wide range of sizes. And they would have different distances from the planet and thus would take on different orbits. The different periods of the different orbits would gradually spread the stuff out into a ring system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That water squirts out in geysers and instantly freezes, kind of like the water in snowmaking machines at ski resorts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were measuring the brightness of a star as a function of time as it was going to pass behind the planet. And in this way you can study the structure of the atmosphere of the planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before it went behind Uranus, the light actually blinked out several times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then after emerging from behind Uranus, it blinked out several times as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A very surprising aspect of the discovery of Uranus' rings was that they're very narrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Neptune was suspected to have rings in the 1980s when the material in these regions blocked the light of a star that was about to go behind the ball of the planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We didn't think that they were complete rings because the blocking of light on either side of the planet was not symmetrical the way it was for the rings of Uranus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pluto might have rings, very faint rings, or may someday gain rings. Because Pluto is in a region where there are lots of comets floating around. And if one of them gets close to Pluto, it might get tidally shattered by Pluto's gravity temporarily forming a ring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. And in this lesson, we are talking about maybe the world's most favorite sport.


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[Assistant] So a wingman is someone who helps you a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. So in this case, they are tied. It's an adjective meaning...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. And so obviously the verb to tie is to reach the same score as your other team.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well our third word can also be used as a noun and a verb, and it is vowel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is to do something to them that is not allowed in the sport.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, we've got a lot of soccer words for you, but they're all important. So let's take a look at the first one. Kickoff. Kickoff. Kickoff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, now another soccer term we have here, offside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so is this a noun or a verb or an adjective?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we're going to look at three different phrases for three types of kicks in soccer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a great chance to score a goal, isn't it? Exactly, yes. Okay, and our final kick. A penalty kick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, well these are all great soccer words, and I think we should hear them again in context. So let's listen, this time a little bit slower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well Marco, there are three great phrases in this dialogue that I want to look at. Uhm, the first one, on the brink of...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're saying, I agree, there is no doubt, you're right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well let's give some examples. I could say, there's no question about it, Ecuador is a great soccer team.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so really useful phrase that you can use in sports or anywhere else. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so maybe we can say our company is ahead of all the others by a mile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, three awesome phrases, and I think it will help us to hear them one more time. So let's listen to the dialogue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. And your favorite team, Ecuador. Are they, are they really this good in soccer? Are they really going to win the 2022?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, well, I have my money on Ecuador.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, actually that's sort of, yeah, I kind of remember that now. But there's, I think there's no hope for us to be Brazil or Argentina, one of these big countries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listeners, who do you think is going to win? Who is the best soccer team out there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the biggest conundrum in Ring Science, really, the origin of Saturn's rings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we now know that four planets in our solar system have rings. And in fact, all four of the giant planets orbiting the sun have ring systems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It wasn't by accident that Saturn's rings were discovered back at the beginning of the 17th century and no other ring system was found until near the end of the 20th century.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Saturn's rings are broad, they're bright, they're spectacular. The other systems are much more subtle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Neptune is very, very far away. It's a great distance from the sun, and therefore there's not much illumination on the ring. In addition to that,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No spacecraft went by Neptune until 1989. And Voyager 2 from NASA went by the last planet in our solar system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The most prominent feature are a set of arcs which only go less than a tenth of the way around the planet. The rest of the ring vary ethereally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that formed a temporary ring that was even more spectacular than Saturn's is today. In the sense that it was not just


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[Assistant] I'm already say-oo-tay-ear-hay-attay. At-way-zong-ray!


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[Assistant] I'm at no Ealing Fail away. O say, I'm all in KNXA.


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[Assistant] I'm Arise Uteir Hayate. Atwazongray!


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[Assistant] Three input units and five hidden units and four output units versus one with three, five hidden, five hidden, four output.


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[Assistant] And here 3, 5, 5, 5 units in each of 3 hidden layers and 4 output units. And so these choices of how many hidden units in each layer and how many hidden layers, those are architecture choices. So how do you make these choices? Well first,


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[Assistant] The number of input units, well that's pretty well defined. Once you've decided on a fixed set of features x, the number of input units will just be, you know, the dimension of your features xi will be determined by that.


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[Assistant] And if you're doing multi-class classification, the number of output units will be determined by the number of classes in your classification problem. And just a reminder,


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[Assistant] If you have a multi-class classification where y takes on say values between 1 and 10 so that you have


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[Assistant] 10 possible classes, then remember to rewrite your outputs y as these sorts of vectors, right? So instead of class 1, you recode it as a vector like that. Or for the second class, you recode it as a vector like that.


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[Assistant] So if one of your examples is uhm, takes on the fifth class, you know, y equals five, then what you're showing to your neural network is not actually a value of y equals five. Instead, here at the output layer, which would have ten output units, you would instead feed to the vector, which, you know, would, uhm,


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[Assistant] So the choice of number of input units and number of output units is maybe somewhat reasonably straightforward. And as for the number of hidden units and the number of hidden layers,


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[Assistant] Again, a reasonable default will be to have the same number of hidden units in every single layer. So here we have two hidden layers and each of these hidden layers has the same number, five of hidden units. And here we have, you know, three hidden layers and each of them has the same number that is five hidden units.


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[Assistant] But rather than doing these, this sort of network competition on the left would be a perfectly reasonable default.


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[Assistant] Hidden units as input features to maybe twice of that to three or four times of that. So having a number of hidden units is comparable, you know, several times or somewhat bigger than the number of input features is often a useful thing to do.


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[Assistant] About how to make good choices for the number of hidden units, number of hidden layers and so on.


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[Assistant] And, uh, next we implement backprop or the backpropagation algorithm to compute these partial derivatives terms, uh, partial derivatives of J of theta with respect to the parameters.


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[Assistant] And feed that to my input layer, perform forward prop, perform back prop, and that will give me all of these activations and all of these delta terms for all of my, all of the layers of all my units in the neural network. Then, still inside this for loop,


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[Assistant] Let me draw some curly braces just to show the scope of the for loop. This isn't


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[Assistant] Octave code, of course, but it's more like C++ Java code. But before we encompass all this, we're going to compute those delta terms, which, uh, here's the formula that we gave earlier.


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[Assistant] Transposed, and then the sum of the code. And then finally, outside the for loop, you know, having computed these delta terms, these accumulation terms, we would then have some other code, and then that will allow us to


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[Assistant] To compute these partial derivative terms, right, and uh, these partial derivative terms have to take into account the regularization term longer as well. And so that those formulas were given in an earlier video. So having done that,


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[Assistant] What I do is then use gradient checking to compare these partial derivative terms that were computed. So compare the versions computed using back propagation versus


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The partial derivatives computed using the numerical estimates, using the numerical estimates of the derivatives. Do gradient checking to make sure that both of these give you very similar values.


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[Assistant] And so we know how to compute the cost function, we know how to compute the partial derivatives using backpropagation. So we can use one of these optimization methods to try to minimize J of theta as a function of the parameters theta.


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[Assistant] And by the way, for neural networks, this cost function J of later is non-convex, or is not convex, and so it can theoretically be susceptible to local minima, and in fact, algorithms like gradient descent and the advanced optimization methods can, in theory, get stuck in local optima.


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[Assistant] Two of the parameter values, in reality of course, in a neural network, we can have lots of parameters, so these theta 1, theta 2, all of these are matrices, right? So we can have very high dimensional parameters, but because of the limitations of the source of plots that we draw, I'm pretending that we have only two parameters in this neural network, although obviously we have a lot more in practice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a point where J of theta is pretty low, and so this corresponds to a setting of the parameters. There's a setting of the parameters theta, where, you know, for most of the training examples, the output of a hypothesis


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where the hypothesis, where the neural network is outputting values on the training set that are far from yi, so it's not fitting the training set well. Whereas points like this with low values of the cost function corresponds to where j of theta is low and therefore corresponds to where the neural network is.


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[Assistant] So what gradient descent does is it will start from some random initial point, like that over there, and it will repeatedly go downhill.


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[Assistant] If someone asked you who the richest people in history were, who would you name?


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[Assistant] Perhaps a billionaire banker or corporate mogul like Bill Gates or John D. Rockefeller.


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[Assistant] Ruling the Mali Empire in the 14th century CE.


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[Assistant] Mansa Musa, or the King of Kings, amassed a fortune that possibly made him one of the wealthiest people who ever lived.


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[Assistant] But his vast wealth was only one piece of his rich legacy. When Monsomusa came to power in 1312, much of Europe was wracked by famine and civil wars.


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[Assistant] But many African kingdoms and the Islamic world were flourishing.


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[Assistant] And Mansa Musa played a great role in bringing the fruits of this flourishing to his own realm.


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[Assistant] By strategically annexing the city of Timbuktu and re-establishing power over the city of Gaul.


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[Assistant] The territory of the Mali Empire was rich in natural resources such as gold and salt.


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[Assistant] The world first witnessed the extent of Mansa Musa's wealth in 1324, when he took his pilgrimage to Mecca.


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[Assistant] Not one to travel on a budget. He brought a caravan stretching as far as the eye could see.


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[Assistant] Accounts of this journey are mostly based on an oral testimony and differing written records, so it's difficult to determine the exact details.


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[Assistant] But what most agree on is the extravagant scale of the excursion.


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[Assistant] Chroniclers describe an entourage of tens of thousands of soldiers, civilians, and slaves, 500 heralds bearing gold staffs and dressed in fine silks, and many camels and horses bearing an abundance of gold bars.


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[Assistant] Stopping in cities such as Cairo, Mansa Musa is said to have spent massive quantities of gold giving to the poor, buying souvenirs, and even having mosques built along the way.


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[Assistant] In fact, his spending may have destabilized the regional economy causing mass inflation.


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[Assistant] This journey reportedly took over a year, and by the time Mansa Musa returned, tales of his amazing wealth had spread to the ports of the Mediterranean.


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[Assistant] Molly and its king were elevated to near legendary status, cemented by their inclusion on the 1375 Catalan atlas.


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[Assistant] One of the most important world maps of medieval Europe, it depicted the king holding a scepter and a gleaming gold nugget.


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[Assistant] Mansa Musa had literally put his empire and himself on the map. But material riches weren't the king's only concern.


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[Assistant] As a devout Muslim, he took a particular interest in Timbuktu, already a center of religion and learning prior to its annexation.


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[Assistant] Upon returning from his pilgrimage, he had the great Jhingarabair mosque built there with the help of an Andalusian architect.


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[Assistant] He also established a major university, further elevating the city's reputation and attracting scholars and students from all over the Islamic world.


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[Assistant] Under Mansa Musa, the empire became urbanized with schools and mosques in hundreds of densely populated towns.


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[Assistant] The king's rich legacy persisted for generations, and to this day, there are mausoleums, libraries and mosques that stand as a testament to this golden age of Mali's history.


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[Assistant] Today we're bringing you an upper intermediate lesson and something that we all do.


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[Assistant] Talking to ourselves, right? I think everyone does it. You think to yourself or you talk to yourself.


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[Assistant] And we're gonna be doing that today, but we're gonna be looking at some specific vocabulary. Erica, why don't you tell us about that?


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[Assistant] So he's a little bit nervous and he thinks he is not very smart, right? That's right. Okay, so before we start with this dialogue, there are a couple of words that we should look at in vocabulary preview.


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[Assistant] Okay, so famished is an adjective. That's right. Meaning very, very, very hungry. Very, very hungry. Okay, so just very hungry, very easy.


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[Assistant] Alright, so now that we've taken a look at these two phrases, let's start with our dialogue and we'll be back to talk about all the great words.


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[Assistant] Well, it happens to us. Sometimes we are in the company of a very beautiful girl and we just get really nervous. Alright.


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[Assistant] Moron. A moron. If a person is a dumbass or a person is a moron, what's the difference?


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's take a look at our last two words.


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[Assistant] Now if you can tell the pattern is related to temperature, right? Chill is cold, cool is similar to cold. So again, that's what it means to relax.


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[Assistant] Okay, so that's all for language takeaway, but now let's take a look at some of the really useful phrases that we saw in this dialogue in Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Alright, very good. Okay, so scream at the top of my lungs.


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[Assistant] Or when somebody maybe is not doing something good in their life, you know, like making bad decisions or not being responsible, you tell that person, you need to get it together.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now why don't we move on to our next phrase and this is really, really high frequency. I think you would hear it all the time. Alright, so what the hell? What the hell? What the hell? So why would you say what the hell?


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[Assistant] Right? So, and we can change it a little bit. We can replace the what with another wh, like why? How? How? Where? Where or when? Okay.


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[Assistant] Oh yeaah, very high frequency. Oh crap. Oh crap. Oh crap. So...


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[Assistant] It's a little bit strong, but less strong than maybe saying a really bad word, right? But it's definitely saying, like you made a mistake, right?


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[Assistant] Exactly, right? You would not say that. So it's a very strong oh no, but it's not as strong as it could be.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we saw some really great phrases, some really great words, a lot of informal language, but it's very high frequency and you'll use that with your friends or you'll see it in movies, tv shows.


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[Assistant] Exactly. So let's listen to this dialogue one more time and then we'll come back and talk a little bit more.


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[Assistant] Exactly, if you ever see a word that maybe you can't find in the conventional dictionary, you're probably gonna find it there.


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[Assistant] Alright, so also if you have any questions or comments, be sure to come to our website EnglishPod.com.


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[Assistant] He was looking for a job, but he didn't even have a resume prepared! He's such a tool!


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[Assistant] Hands are a bit jittery. Heart is going dum dum dum dum dum. I'm just staring around everywhere and it's like, this is real.


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[Assistant] I've cooked a crispy skinned rainbow trout on a crusted Dutch Stumpot in a fish broth. Just felt right to cook something with a Dutch element in honor of my heritage. The Stumpot is delicious. Just one word.


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[Assistant] And then I've done a red oil vinegar sauce to go with that.


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[Assistant] I'm really excited for this challenge. I really think I've got a good chance.


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[Assistant] In my audition, I made a dessert the judges loved, but they wanted to see more. I'm really hoping to wow them today. It's definitely an extraordinary dessert, so uhm, a tough recipe to complete to go with it.


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[Assistant] My peanut gru is done. Now I need to create the four colourful discs inside the firecracker. The raspberry gel. The raspberry marshmallow disc. Raspberry cold set relay. Peanut cremeux.


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[Assistant] Being the body of the firecracker, the chocolate mousse needs to be perfect.


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[Assistant] Right now I'm just following the recipe and it does say to stir it into the sentai and smooth it out into a day smooth consistency. So that's exactly what I'm doing.


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[Assistant] I made all the components, so now I'm just clearing the bench so I can assemble the firecracker. The first part of assembly is stacking the code decent right now.


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[Assistant] Then on the other side of that will be my marshmallow topped with the peanut butter cremeux and the cold set brulee.


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[Assistant] Who will win the country's biggest cooking competition? The grand prize for the winner


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[Assistant] $250,000 to kickstart their food dream.


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[Assistant] And the title of Australia's next MasterChef.


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[Assistant] I cooked a lemon and citrone pepper cured ocean crab.


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[Assistant] Studies have shown that taking vitamins is good for your health and bad for your health.


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[Assistant] That newly discovered herb can improve your memory or destroy your liver. Headlines proclaim a promising new cancer treatment and never mention it again. On a daily basis, we are bombarded with attention-grabbing news backed up by scientific studies. But what are these studies? How are they performed? And how do we know whether they're reliable?


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[Assistant] And when it comes to human studies, the scientific gold standard is the randomized clinical trial, or RCT.


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[Assistant] For example, when testing a new headache medication, a large pool of people with headaches would be randomly divided into two groups, one receiving the medication and another receiving a placebo.


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[Assistant] With proper randomization, the only significant overall difference between the two groups will be whether or not they received the medication rather than other differences that could affect results.


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[Assistant] Which simply observes people going about their usual behavior rather than randomly assigning active participants to control and variable groups. Let's say we wanted to study whether an herbal ingredient on the market causes nausea.


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[Assistant] Rather than deliberately giving people something that might make them nauseated, we would find those who already take the ingredient in their everyday lives. This group is called the cohort.


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[Assistant] For example, if the cohort in our herbal study consisted of people who took the supplement for health reasons, they may have already had higher rates of nausea than the other people in the sample.


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[Assistant] Or the cohort group could have been composed of people who shop at health food stores and have different diets or better access to health care. These factors that can affect results in addition to the factor being studied are known as confounding variables.


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[Assistant] But even when this has been done, the very nature of epidemiological studies, which examine differences between pre-existing groups rather than deliberately inducing changes within the same individuals, means that a single study can only demonstrate a correlation between a substance and a health outcome, rather than a true cause and effect relationship.


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[Assistant] So the next time you see a headline about a new miracle cure or the terrible danger posed by an everyday substance, try to learn more about the original study and the limitations inherent in any epidemiological study or clinical trial before jumping to conclusions.


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[Assistant] This video was made possible by CuriosityStream. When you sign up at curiositystream.com slash real life lore, you'll also get access to Nebula, the streaming video platform that real life lore is a part of.


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[Assistant] Most people's perception of the actual size of countries across the world are wrong. And most of the reason is because we're used to seeing this world map all the time. Like literally all the time.


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[Assistant] Google Maps, Apple Maps, and classrooms all across the world use this map, and it's not entirely representative of the true size of actual countries. I already made a whole video nearly four years ago explaining why and how this map distorts the shape of countries. But there's a lot of things that I didn't mention back in that video.


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[Assistant] So, let's get started first with islands. I think it's fascinating to look at an actual size comparison side by side of the world's 15 largest islands, which in order are Greenland, New Guinea, Borneo, Madagascar, Baffin, Sumatra, Honshu,


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[Assistant] Victoria, Great Britain, Ellesmere, Sulawesi, the South Island of New Zealand, Java, the North Island of New Zealand, and New Finland. Now there's a lot of interesting stuff to unpack here.


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[Assistant] First off, let's look at the populations on all of these islands. Some of them, like Baffin, Victoria, and Ellesmere, despite being huge, are almost uninhabited. While Java, Honshu, and Great Britain are all incredibly crowded in comparison.


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[Assistant] The relatively small island of Java has more people living on it than the entire population of Russia. But their size differences, well...


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[Assistant] Here's what it looks like just off the east coast of the United States, where you can see that it stretches from Maine all the way down to Cuba. Or for a European perspective, Japan stretches from St. Petersburg in the north to below Sardinia in the south. But Japan is actually quite small when compared to the size of Indonesia, which will probably be bigger than you thought.


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[Assistant] For starters, here is Indonesia's actual size placed over the United States. And the distance from one side over to the other is actually greater than the distance across the entire continental U.S. And for a European perspective, the distance across Indonesia is greater than the distance of Ireland from Uzbekistan.


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[Assistant] Or for another perspective, here is Indonesia when compared to Russia.


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[Assistant] For example, let's take the Republic of Ireland and South Korea.


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[Assistant] Georgia the state is more than twice as big as Georgia the country and with almost three times the population as well.


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[Assistant] With that in mind, I think if Georgia ever got into a fight with Georgia, I think that Georgia would most likely win out.


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[Assistant] Kenya is almost the same size as Texas in the United States. Or weirdly, similar in shape to the old borders of the Holy Roman Empire when placed over Europe.


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[Assistant] But none of these compare to the Jupiter of Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which really is massive in every sense of the word.


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[Assistant] Placed over America, the DRC stretches from Miami in the south, juts out past Dallas in the west, and all the way up above Chicago and getting even into Canada up in the north.


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[Assistant] Europe is a lot smaller than most people think it is.


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[Assistant] Traveling across Europe can take you through multiple languages and cultures in a short amount of time, which can give the illusion of a bigger size. But don't be fooled. To put into perspective just how much bigger the lands were that European empires went out and conquered and subjugated in the centuries past,


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[Assistant] The continental US over Europe too is basically also the same size as the continent, stretching from Portugal in the west to a little beyond Moscow in the east. But we're not done yet making Europe feel like a tiny place. Let's take Brazil next, which, like the others before this, basically spans most of the entire continent as well. Seriously, just stop and look at this for a moment.


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[Assistant] Except it's all ruled by a single government, it's population is roughly double the size, and it's over 91% made up by the same cultural and ethnic group.


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[Assistant] If you want to go on from here and learn more things about our planet that will blow your mind, CuriosityStream has a fantastic short documentary on the lost 8th continent of our planet that was only recently discovered, Zealandia. There's plenty in there you'll learn about how an entire continent could remain undiscovered for so long.


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[Assistant] And this is just one of thousands of top quality non-fiction shows and documentaries that you can watch on CuriosityStream. Of course, the library you get through a CuriosityStream subscription is now much larger thanks to their bundle deal with Nebula, the streaming video platform created by myself and a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any subscription there comes with Nebula, and at only $20 for an entire year, this is the best deal in the world of streaming. And as always, thank you for watching.


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[Assistant] Ben really likes to keep his dishes simple and that's amazing but I am worried that this main is a little bit too simple for the finale.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure if just the peas and the emulsion and that fish are going to be enough to really impress the judges.


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[Assistant] It's probably their lust for blood. And if you know two things about mosquitoes, the second is probably that they can carry diseases like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dengue, malaria, Zika, and West Nile. Now, the culprits here are really the female mosquitoes. While males never feed on blood, the females do so for an extra nutritional boost in order to lay eggs. But there's actually one species that almost never bites, even though it can.


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[Assistant] And understanding why could help us combat these deadly illnesses. Overall, non-biting mosquitoes aren't that special. They've evolved multiple times from their blood-drinking relatives. But there's only one mosquito species that we know of that has some populations that bite,


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[Assistant] And some that just don't. It's called the pitcher plant mosquito because its larvae live inside pitcher plants where they feed on bacteria and other microscopic creatures. And once they develop into adults, they fly away and start looking for a spot to lay eggs. Now, some populations of this species in the southern US


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[Assistant] Their ovaries begin to develop much earlier in their life cycle. This means they don't need to devote as much energy to that development later, so they don't need to go after blood for extra nutrients. In fact,


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[Assistant] Scientists observing these mosquitoes both in nature and in the lab found that they'll snub blood when it's offered. The researchers think it may be because blood feeding is pretty demanding physiologically. In their study, they observed that blood-drinking mosquitoes kick their bodies into high gear before they even take a sip.


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[Assistant] In part because they have to be able to handle and break down some toxic byproducts from digesting blood. The insects also produce extra odor receptors to help them hone in on their blood source. Meanwhile, in non-biting populations, the insects never have to make that kind of push so they don't go through the trouble.


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[Assistant] At least, that's the hypothesis. Besides just being fascinating, research like this could really help us solve our mosquito problems. Because even though this pitcher plant mosquito doesn't carry deadly human diseases,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It could help us find ways to curb blood cravings in other mosquito species. Like if this business about ovary development comes down to some universal genes, modifying those genes could keep mosquitoes from biting.


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[Assistant] Which would stop them from spreading disease. This kind of approach could be a gentler and maybe more ecologically conscious solution than some current methods of disease control, like just killing the insects. For now, scientists are still working on figuring out exactly which genes are involved in the pitcher plant mosquito.


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[Assistant] But in the long run, they might hold a key to the fight against mosquito-borne illness. Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow! If you want to learn more about mosquito science and what would happen if we did kill all the mosquitoes, you can watch that episode after this.


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[Assistant] JavaScript has some built-in functions that we can basically apply directly on arrays. And these are called methods, and we can think of methods as array operations, basically. So let's now learn some useful array methods.


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[Assistant] And there are actually countless array methods in JavaScript. And in fact, we have a whole section dedicated to arrays alone. That's how important they are in JavaScript.


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[Assistant] But in this video, we're going to learn just some basic ones that you really need to know. And also so that you start to get used to the idea of using methods on arrays.


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[Assistant] Now let's start by bringing back the friends array from the last lecture.


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[Assistant] Alright. And now let's start with a method called push. So the push method adds elements to the end of an array.


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[Assistant] And so, let's say, friends, dot, and then push, and then the element that we want to add to the end of the array. So let's say, j here.


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[Assistant] So push is essentially a function and we can see that by these parenthesis. So it's a function that we call and we call that function really attached to the friends array itself. And that's what this dot here stands for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so again, push is a method, which technically is a function.


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[Assistant] And we call that function, uh, directly on the friends array. So the push function is kind of attached to the friends array. And if you're wondering why that is, we will once more learn that a little bit later in the course. But there is a good reason why this works and it's actually pretty fascinating stuff.


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[Assistant] So I hope that you're excited to keep continuing to explore this course until you'll really learn how all of this actually works.


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[Assistant] Now anyway, let's now check out the friends array in the console.


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[Assistant] Because this is really all we need to do to add an element to the end of the array.


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[Assistant] And indeed, now we get the original array that we had before, plus the j element. And you see that the length is now also 4. Okay.


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[Assistant] This actually changed, so it mutated the original array, but that's no problem at all, just like I explained you in the previous lecture. Remember that? Alright.


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[Assistant] Now, since push is a function here, it can also return something. So we already know that we can pass arguments into functions, and we did that here with j.


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[Assistant] Then the function can do some work, and in this case the work that the push function does is to add the element to the array. And actually the push function does return a value. And the value that it returns is the length of the new array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we want to capture that data or that value, we can create a new variable for that. So let's call it new length.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And indeed, it is 4. So most of the time we actually don't do this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we just push an element and call it a day, because usually we don't immediately need the length of the new array. But in case we need it, we don't need to then calculate it separately. We can simply take the result of this function here, store it into a variable, and then use that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. Now, besides the push method, which adds elements to the end of the array, there is also a method to add elements to the beginning of the array. So that is the unshift method.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So un, shift, and so let's say we wanted to add John right to the beginning of this friends array. So again, let's check it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now it should have five elements, and the first one should be John. And yeah, it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just like the push method, the unshift method also returns the length of the new array. But in this case, we are just not saving it, because we don't really need it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next up, we also have, uh, methods to remove elements from arrays. So this one here, add elements. Let me just write that here. Add elements.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we have some to remove elements.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's start with the pop method, which is basically the opposite of the push method. So this means that pop will remove the last element of the array. So let's write that here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this time we don't need to pass in any argument. And that's because there's no information needed really to just take out the last element. So let's try that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, we didn't log it again to the console. So let's just grab it from here.