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[Assistant] Because what we don't appreciate, unfortunately, depreciates.


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[Assistant] We don't need to wait for a threat, for a tragedy, for us to appreciate what's all around us and within us.


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[Assistant] What reminds me constantly, my surrounding, the reminder that I have always in front of my eyes is a picture of my family and particularly of my grandmother in the middle. And here is my grandfather who saw her coming in, stooped, ill.


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[Assistant] I would have told you this story now, which comes at the end of the lecture, but I know that when I tell the story, it drains me so much, I don't think I would have been able to go on. So I told you at the end of the lecture last time.


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[Assistant] But this is my reminder. This is what primes me. Creating a positive environment, what primes me and reminds me to be a benefit finder.


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[Assistant] Take a time in. The first time in of the semester, not the last one, time in where you have a chance to look inside yourself, to reflect.


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[Assistant] You'll have an opportunity in sections as well, but I want to do it now in this room. I want you to take just a couple of minutes.


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[Assistant] To think about and write down, mindfully, the things for which you're grateful. The wonderful things in your life. So take two minutes to do it.


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[Assistant] Okay, I want you to continue, it would be great if you could continue this later on as well, but I want to do something else now. Something slightly embarrassing, my apologies in advance, but what I'd like you to do now is


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[Assistant] Share with the person next to you. Somewhat, you don't need to share everything and you can have some beeps in the middle if you want censorship. That's fine. Uhm.


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[Assistant] But just take a couple of minutes to share with one another, with the person next to you, or if there are three of you, just share quickly. I'm just gonna give two minutes for that. The things for which you're grateful. You can elaborate on one thing, or you can read the list.


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[Assistant] Very simple intervention that goes a long way. If we just learn to focus on the positive, we co-create a more positive reality.


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[Assistant] What I want to do now before moving on, before moving on to the next lecture on change, I want to say a few words about the final project.


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[Assistant] Remember the idea of the final project is basically


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[Assistant] A presentation anywhere between 20 to 30 minutes that you will create.


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[Assistant] This is both for the extension school as well as for the college students.


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[Assistant] Or about any topic within positive psychology. And by the way, that could also be positive psychological interventions for depression or anxiety.


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[Assistant] It could be about gratitude. It could be about the mind-body connection. It could be about spirituality and religion. It could be about self-esteem.


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[Assistant] topic that you want to research. Remember, what is most personal is also most general. So if you are very much interested, passionate,


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[Assistant] In spirituality, do that. If you really want to understand more and be able to apply to your life more positive psychological interventions for, I don't know, public speaking anxiety or whatever it is, do it on that. The more personal you'll get in that paper, the more you'll get out of it. You will hand it in as a written text.


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[Assistant] 20 to 30 minutes is about 10 to 15 pages of text, and this is what you will ultimately hand in. You will give both a, uhm,


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[Assistant] Written text as well as slides. We're not going to grade you for how beautiful and how amazing you are at PowerPoints, but we do want you to hand in slides that will be the outline for your talk.


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[Assistant] Now the only part of this that will actually be graded is what you hand in at the end, meaning the text of your lecture.


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[Assistant] However, in addition to that, the part that will be graded pass-fail, meaning you have to do it, but you're not going to be graded for it, is to give the presentation to other people from your section. Those of you in the extension school will give it to other people


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[Assistant] Uhm, in, in your community. The idea here is paying it forward. Getting an idea.


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[Assistant] And doing it, you know, that's how I actually started my speaking career. I had a topic that I was personally interested in and I gave it to the squash team.


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[Assistant] I talked about it, just two people close to me. And I had a topic and that evolved over time. So what we want you, for those of you who haven't had experience, is to first of all synthesize material in a topic that you care about, that you think will make a difference in your life.


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[Assistant] And second, to be able to, to pay it forward.


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[Assistant] It has to have reference to research. This is not just a personal story or an autobiography. It has to have reference to research in addition to, of course, stories that you think capture the point.


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[Assistant] Probably the most effective way of communicating an idea through stories.


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[Assistant] You know, you probably will not remember, uh, ten years from now the research on self-efficacy.


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[Assistant] But, you're much more likely to remember the story of Roger Bannister.


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[Assistant] So people remember stories, they connect to stories.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and these are the things that would be optional. You can have film clips. If you have a film clip in it and it's a 10 minute film clip, it doesn't count as part of the 10 to 30 minutes. Especially if you have a 20 minute film clip. Uhm, unless it's you giving a lecture, which is fine. And include exercises. So if this was a workshop,


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[Assistant] What exercise would you do? Would you have, you know, the participants express gratitude to one another? Would you have them writing a journal? Would you have them go out and exercise physically later? So include exercises as well. Here are the dates. So this is uhm,


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[Assistant] These are your deadlines or rather your lifelines in this, in this project.


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[Assistant] March 20th, just before spring break, all you need to do is let your TF know your topic. One word, one sentence. It's gratitude, it's spirituality, it's mind-body, specifically physical exercise.


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[Assistant] Just let them know. Now, you may change that a week later or two weeks later, but we just want you to start honing in thinking about what your likely topic will be. So that's March 20th. April 7th, give you some time after spring break so you don't have to work on it over spring break, though we hope you will at least think about it and read some stuff over spring break.


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[Assistant] Off your topic. Again, this is not graded. This is just for you. Meaning pass, fail. It's where you have to hand it in.


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[Assistant] Just for you and then you can talk to your teaching fellow about it. By May 3rd,


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[Assistant] Give the presentation to at least three or four classmates. If you're at the extension school, give it to other people and ask them for feedback and you will get feedback, ideally written feedback and we'll talk to you about the process later on when the time comes. Again, this is not graded, it's for you.


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[Assistant] It's for you as well as for the participants because you're paying it forward. It can be a rough draft. It is a rough draft.


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[Assistant] So the question is where do you make the presentation? You will have to get together with your group, the other three or four, probably be three.


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[Assistant] And give each other the presentation. If you want to do it with PowerPoints and the whole thing, that's perfectly fine. If you just want to read it or speak it, that's perfectly fine too. Your choice, whatever you think would be most helpful to you. Again, this project is for you.


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[Assistant] For you and for others hopefully who will benefit from hearing what you have to say.


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[Assistant] Students who have done it, we've done it already for the last two years. The first year where I taught it, we just had a regular paper. And students enjoy this process so much more, get so much more out of it, and it stays with them because it's something that you can take, and again, pay forward also when you're done here.


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[Assistant] Good question, so are you supposed to narrow down a topic as opposed to being very general, like spirituality? Uhm, up to you.


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[Assistant] Up to you, you can give an overview and then at the end of your presentation say, you know, these are some of the interesting studies, but if you want more information, you know, you can, you can look there. Uhm, or you can do something very particular, so the, uhm, the benefit of church going.


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[Assistant] Much more, or the psychological benefit of aerobic exercise can be very specific or very general. Up to you. Whatever you think will be more interesting to you. And what often happens, and we found this, is that once you get into the literature, go through psych info, read a lot of studies there,


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[Assistant] And that's when you, you understand, okay, I have so much material and just this specific point I'm going to focus here. Or I really want an overview of this whole topic. And then in later presentations or I'll create a whole class just based on, on this topic later on.


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[Assistant] Or a website. There were actually many students who created websites based on, on their projects. There was another hand up there? Or were you just saying hi?


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[Assistant] They can't hear you. They can't hear you. For extension students for all over the world.


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[Assistant] You're going to pick two or three people anywhere, family, friends, whomever it is, but people, uhm, who will be beautiful enemies to you, who will give you real feedback, because they care about you. Good. Alright.


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[Assistant] Alright, if you have further questions, ask your TF or ask me.


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[Assistant] Change. In many ways we've been talking about change the whole class.


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[Assistant] This class is about change. As I said in the first class, I wouldn't be teaching it if I didn't think people could change. And when I talk about change here, I'm talking about different levels. Whether we change in terms of introducing a habit, I want to start exercising three times a week. Why? Because as you'll see,


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[Assistant] You know, I wanna introduce more spirituality to my life. Or change could be, I wanna be happier.


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[Assistant] I want to experience less anxiety, general anxiety, or specific anxiety before tests.


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[Assistant] Whatever the change you want to introduce to in your life, there are certain patterns, certain approaches that work, certain approaches that don't work. And what we're going to do in the next two classes, two and a half classes is differentiate what works and what doesn't so that you can apply it to your life.


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[Assistant] So first of all, we've talked a lot about change. Let's recap some of the things that we discussed. First of all, on the second class we've already


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[Assistant] The change is hard. And there are a lot of studies.


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[Assistant] To show how hard change is. The twin research, remember the conclusion, trying to change your happiness is as difficult and futile as trying to change your height.


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[Assistant] Now even though they went back on their word and they said, well, it's not really impossible and futile, still what they did show in their studies is that it is very hard. The twin studies. Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon.


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[Assistant] Daniel Gilbert's work on effective forecasting. Yeaah, we experience it up after uhm, we get tenure or after we get into Harvard and we experience it down when we're rejected by Reno or whatever it is.


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[Assistant] But then very quickly we go back up to our base level of well-being. And most of our life looks like this around this straight base level. It's very difficult to get.


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[Assistant] An upward trajectory. It's possible through coping, for example, but it's difficult.


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[Assistant] The Cambridge Somerville study of five-year intervention that ultimately


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[Assistant] Led to negative change. Where there was more alcoholism among the people who, who did.


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[Assistant] Go through that intervention, with the bright and the best.


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[Assistant] Psychologist, psychiatrist, social workers, programs.


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[Assistant] So we know change is hard whether it's on the individual level or on the societal level. However, we also know that change is possible. We know that many of the people who argue that change is not possible are making the error of the average. Looking at


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[Assistant] The average score as opposed to outliers, as opposed to people who have introduced change.


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[Assistant] And when we study change, it's the exception that proves the rule. So if change is possible, if some people have been able to change whether it's through therapy, whether it's by reading a book, whether it's being part of a class, whether it's through a conversation, sometimes a single sentence that makes a difference to an entire life,


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[Assistant] There are the exceptions, but the question is no longer whether or not change is possible. The question is, how is change possible?


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[Assistant] And this is the question that we're going to address in much greater depth on a higher level of the spiral in these lectures.


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[Assistant] What does change look like? Let's go micro here. Let's go to the brain level.


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[Assistant] How does change actually look like? What happens in our brain when change occurs?


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[Assistant] Neuroscientists thought that the brain was essentially fixed.


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[Assistant] We're born with certain neurons, with certain pathways. The brain doesn't grow, doesn't change. Past the age of, say, three. Maybe first few experiences the brain still changes, evolves, but after the age of three, no change. In this theory,


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[Assistant] You have few experiences that really affect you a great deal, as Freud argued.


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[Assistant] And then the rest of your life, you're going to just fluctuate around that same level. No change. That was until 1998. In 1998,


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[Assistant] Scientists started to notice that the brain actually does change. And they came up with the concept of neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity, our neurons are plastic, they change. Not only that, not only do the pathways change in the brain, and we'll look at them in a minute,


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[Assistant] But also they come up with another concept which was neurogenesis.


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[Assistant] Neurons develop or created throughout our lives until the day we die, potentially.


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[Assistant] So it's not the fact that we're born with a certain number of neurons, and it's downhill from there. As conventional wisdom had us to believe.


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[Assistant] As many people still believe today, no, neurons develop and grow, emerge throughout our lives. The brain, it turns out, in many ways is like a muscle.


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[Assistant] Use it and you don't lose it. Use it and you generate. You build the muscle up.


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[Assistant] And the question is, how do we use it so that it becomes...


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[Assistant] So let's look at what the brain actually looks like. What it looks like is that there


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[Assistant] Between different neurons in the brain that look something like this. As you can see, some are very thin, are relatively new, some are much thicker, much more established. And the way it works in many ways is like in nature.


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[Assistant] You have large rivers, large channels, and you have tiny rivers and tiny channels.


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[Assistant] Is made between neurons. In other words, your thought pattern follows a certain path.


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[Assistant] Grows. Just like a river. Every time the water passes there, it gets this much.


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[Assistant] This much wider. And when there is no water there, there is no...


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[Assistant] Work being done in the neuron, metaphorically speaking, it shrinks a little bit. So neural pathways grow with use, and they shrink when there is no use.


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[Assistant] If it's something that a new neural pathway that was just created, because remember, there's neuroplasticity. Neural pathways are created constantly. There is neurogenesis. New neurons are created constantly. Initially, it's very thin. Let's say, for example, I study French and I learn a new word.


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[Assistant] A new connection is made in my brain. Now, if I hear the word once, and never again, the neural pathway will disintegrate, will disappear.


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[Assistant] However, if I continue hearing that word over and over and over again, after a while it will become thicker and thicker.


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[Assistant] This is a way over simplification of the real process, but it will become thicker, and then...


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[Assistant] I will remember it for the rest of my life. It will be established like a river that is established.


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[Assistant] As opposed to a tiny stream trickle that can disappear in a day.


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[Assistant] And here is the key aspect for understanding how we can change our thoughts, how we can change our well-being ultimately.


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[Assistant] The neural pathways are self-reinforcing. Just like rivers are. Think about it when it rains.


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[Assistant] When there is a downpour, the water gravitates toward the existing rivers, toward the channels, toward the drains that we have built.


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[Assistant] To create a new river or a new stream where there was nothing before.


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[Assistant] So an experience is much more likely to gravitate to already established neural pathways and strengthen it further, as opposed to create new neural pathways.


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[Assistant] Which is why if we want to remember something, it's very good to make connections to other things.


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[Assistant] To existing neural pathways, to existing memories. Let me explain this again, because this is important to understand, because understanding this can actually, this is something that Carol Dweck, professor at Stanford showed, understanding this neuroplasticity, understanding how we actually can change


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[Assistant] And gets thicker. Something that's not established, a tiny little stream, is more likely to be just wiped away.


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[Assistant] As it grows more it's much more likely to stay, not just stay, grow even more. It is self-reinforcing.


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[Assistant] And this is what habits are. When something is reinforced over and over again, it becomes a habit. For example, you play tennis and you hit the forehand over and over and over again.


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[Assistant] Initially you have to think about it. You have to concentrate. You have to, you know, maybe cock your wrist a little bit, maybe understand exactly where you stopped the racket. But after a while, after doing it hundreds or thousands of times, you don't need to think about it anymore. It's already grooved.


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[Assistant] And the, the word that they used is grooved, specifically because you've essentially created a new channel.


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[Assistant] And whenever a ball comes towards you, automatically, you don't even need to think about it. It gravitates.


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[Assistant] Your mind gravitates toward that particular path or paths, many paths, that tell you, lift it up and hit. It's automatic. Same with music. And what they have shown is that people who practice music regularly,


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[Assistant] or practices sport regularly, their brain actually changes its shape.


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[Assistant] More neural pathways are created around these areas that mean let me play a C now. Or let me move my fingers in this way.


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[Assistant] Based on something that I see on the page, certain neural pathways are created and the brain actually becomes thicker in these areas.


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[Assistant] Until it becomes grooved and I don't need to think about how to play, uh, you know, a C minor. It's automatic.


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[Assistant] They did research and this was the first research, one of the first research projects where they found that the brain actually changes. They took taxi drivers or freshly minted taxi drivers from London and what they had to do


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[Assistant] To become, to get their certificates and their, their approval, they had to study the map of London.


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[Assistant] Now the map of London is much more complicated than studying the map of New York.


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[Assistant] From before they started to study the maps of London to after. Because they were working that part of the brain. They had experiences.


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[Assistant] And these experiences created grooves inside the brain. So when someone said, you know, Oxford Circus, immediately they knew what streets they need to take to Oxford Circus.


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[Assistant] Their brain actually became bigger. It changed. There is neuroplasticity. And that's wonderful news. It's really wonderful news because it means we have control.


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[Assistant] And we can introduce change. Now in our brain there are both healthy and unhealthy pathways.


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[Assistant] Someone who worries a lot. That every time something happens...


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[Assistant] Immediately they gravitate toward, okay, so what does that mean for the future? Or what does that mean now?


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[Assistant] For my prospects. What does it mean for today? Constantly worrying about things. Even good things very often. They immediately interpret it as something to be worried about. Or fault finding. That's pathways in the brain.


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[Assistant] Where I look for, again they're self-reinforcing, I begin to look for in my world for things that go wrong.


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[Assistant] Remember my personal experience where, when I got the fellowship as a senior here.


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[Assistant] And I got the fellowship and immediately my brain gravitated toward, okay, but why didn't I get that other one? I had so many things to be grateful for.


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[Assistant] But as a fault finder, immediately the neural pathway, the river that this experience fell into, was the largest one. And the largest one for me at that time, was being a fault finder.


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[Assistant] What are the positive channels? Benefit finder. A person who's able to find benefit even in the hardest circumstances. May not say that things happen for the best, but some things...


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[Assistant] But people make the best of things that happen. The optimist.


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[Assistant] Again, much larger, much wider channels for optimism and experiences gravitate toward there.


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[Assistant] Today we know much more how the brain works and where these channels exist. So let me give you an example of one of the things we know. One of the things that we know is that people who have more action


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[Assistant] On the left side of the prefrontal cortex compared to the right side of the prefrontal cortex.


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[Assistant] Are generally happier, more susceptible to positive emotions, more resilient in the face of painful emotions. More activation here, prefrontal cortex, compared to the right side of the prefrontal cortex.


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[Assistant] People who have more activation on the right side compared to the left side of their prefrontal cortex are generally more depressed. Now we know that today because we have fMRI, because we have EEG, we can see how much the brain works on each side.


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[Assistant] We knew that this side was associated with positive emotions and more activation on this side on the front.


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[Assistant] Is associated with painful emotions. How? Because when people, for example, were in an accident,


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[Assistant] And the accident what happened to them and the left side of the prefrontal cortex was damaged, very often they became more depressed.


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[Assistant] Because they had more activation on the right side as a result, in comparison.


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[Assistant] People who had an accident on the right side, on the other hand, on the right side, very often


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[Assistant] Became happier. Now, I don't recommend this as an intervention. Don't ride at home without your parents, or with your parents. However, if, you know, you walk in the street and you happen to fall, it's always better to fall this way. So just keep that in mind.


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[Assistant] The important thing to keep in mind then, is that very often the same trigger causes very different reactions. Again, the world is not just the external world, it's also the internal world. Remember, to the same mind, as Emerson said,


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[Assistant] The same world can be a heaven, or two different minds, the same world can be a heaven or a hell. Depends where that experience gravitates towards.


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[Assistant] Over the years I've become much more, much more of a benefit finder through the exercise of thinking about it, by writing, now keeping a journal.


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[Assistant] By physically exercising I become much more of a benefit finder. It's done a lot of work in that.


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[Assistant] So for example, you know, we would come back from a party and there was someone at the party who couldn't stop talking. Have you encountered a person? Well,


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[Assistant] Couldn't stop talking now, I'm just about to tell Tammy, you know, this person just...


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[Assistant] Couldn't shut his or her mouth. And what would she say before I open my mouth? She said,


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[Assistant] See how wonderful that person was and he or she is so passionate about what they do? So for me it was talkative, for her it was passion. Again, automatic going there.


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[Assistant] There is a genetic set point and we'll talk about the genes that lead some people to be much more benefit finders than, than others. But at the same time, we can work on it. We can work on it pathway by pathway. And what we're doing there is quite literally transforming the brain.


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[Assistant] We'll talk about during the week on mindfulness, on meditation, that meditation for instance, regular yoga, actually makes


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[Assistant] In this, next week, the first type of change is the gradual approach.


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[Assistant] This is the change of gradually chipping away excess stone. This is the change that we see in nature with the water sweeping away the, uhm, the stone, making it thinner over time, making it smoother. The gradual change.


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[Assistant] There is no quick fix, it takes time. However, the change process can be as enjoyable as the outcome. Think about learning how to play a musical instrument.


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[Assistant] It takes time and it's by the way the same process because we are creating new neural pathways in our brain when we learn a musical instrument. We can enjoy the process, the 10 years that it takes us to get to play in a concert in Leverett JCR. We can enjoy the process of getting there before


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[Assistant] We're there. So the change process in and of itself can also be fun. We can enjoy the journey as well as the destination. It takes time, a lot of time. Then there is also the acute approach to change.


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[Assistant] You know, if the metaphor for the gradual change was the water breaking down stone, the metaphor for acute approach is taking a sledgehammer and breaking the water, breaking the stone. You know, what Moses did. The acute change.


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[Assistant] Takes, doesn't take as much time, it happens immediately, but the important thing to keep in mind with the acute change is that it's not a quick fix.


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[Assistant] The acute change very often takes a lot of preparation. Metaphorically speaking, you need a lot of strength to pick up that hammer and to have the power to put it down. So it takes time. Both take time. And that's important to keep in mind. Why?


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[Assistant] The belief that we can rely on shortcuts to gratification and bypass the exercise of personal strength and virtue is folly. It leads to legions of humanity who are depressed in the middle of great wealth and are starving to death spiritually.


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[Assistant] This is one of the main reasons for the unhappiness in the world today. I alluded to it, but I want to elaborate a little bit more before we end.


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[Assistant] How many here have read, by the way, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, Stephen Covey?


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[Assistant] Stephen Covey at the beginning of the book talks about the research that he did for his PhD and what he did was look at the success literature of the last 200 years. And what he found was that


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[Assistant] There was a real cutoff point in 1930. Until 1938, 19th century and beginning of the 20th century.


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[Assistant] Self-help was about character change. It was about changing who you are from the inside. It was about struggle and hard work and failing and getting up again.


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[Assistant] Go through hardships and changing step by step, slowly, gradually. 1930, radical change.


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[Assistant] What we see is a decline in people's levels of well-being. Much more depression, much more anxiety, and one of the reasons, one of the reasons is death.


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[Assistant] That people hope and believe that they can find the quick fix. There is no quick fix. It takes time. It takes time to change. However, the change process can be as enjoyable, as fun, as exciting as ultimately achieving the change. And next week, we'll talk about that wonderful process. Have a good weekend.


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[Assistant] That's right, today is the finale, the final episode, episode 10. This is where it all ends, so what do you think is gonna happen?


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[Assistant] There was a lot of controversy around it because, you know, I wanted to know if people wanted a happy ending, a sad ending, unexpected. I guess everyone wants a happy ending, right?


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[Assistant] Alright, so, uh, they got married. Ahem. Well, you got married.


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[Assistant] Not only did you get married, but you got married Bollywood style with like music and everything nice.


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[Assistant] Alright, so apart from this happy ending and this happy finale that we had, uh, we did look at a lot of great words and phrases, so why don't we start now with language takeaway.


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[Assistant] Right, they're expecting. So if Ghulam and Nisha are expecting, what does that mean exactly?


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[Assistant] So, they are expecting a baby. Or they're expecting. And they were talking about, well, Stephen, he was supposed to get married in India, and his brother said a very interesting word. He said, well, these girls are still, this girl is still pining over you.


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[Assistant] Right. You want them. You want them. So you're pining over this person. Now can you pine over an object?


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[Assistant] And you know what I read recently is that people can get addicted to pining.


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[Assistant] Yeah, after a breakup, maybe you can pine after a person, not because you miss them or you want to, but you kind of grow accustomed to it and you become addicted to this pain that's kind of pleasurable.


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[Assistant] Well, hopefully none of our listeners are pining over anyone or get to experience that, huh?


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[Assistant] Yeaah, you have to get over it, and that's what his brother says, hey, get over it.


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[Assistant] And also, it kind of means that you have to forget or let that person go, you know, like, get over it.


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[Assistant] Right. So it's an adjective, and basically it means that you have no correction of some sort.


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[Assistant] Okay, cool, so five great words in language takeaway today, and well, before we move on and listen to the dialogue again, why don't we take a look at Fluency Builder?


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[Assistant] My pride and joy. So it's usually a person that's your pride and joy? It could be a thing too. It could be a thing.


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[Assistant] So how do you, I would answer this by saying, uh, well not much or, uh, I just bought a new house. So basically you're asking for news from a person.


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[Assistant] Alright, and usually after somebody asks you what's new with you, you say something and then you usually would follow up and ask that person as well, right? What's new and what's new with you?


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[Assistant] Perfect, alright, what's new with you? Uh, what else? Now, he was supposed to get married, right?


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[Assistant] Right, I couldn't get married. You see that a lot when maybe in movies two people are supposed to get married, they're at the altar, and all of a sudden the bride says, I can't, or she goes away crying.


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[Assistant] No, it's not literal, it's basically saying girls are very interested in you, girls are so interested in you that they'll be chasing you almost.


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[Assistant] And it doesn't only work with girls, right? I can say there'll be boys throwing themselves at you.


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[Assistant] Right. So, but it's only basically in a loving way, right? It can't be anything else, like somebody's chasing you for other reasons.


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[Assistant] Alright, well, interesting phrases on Fluency Builder today. I think it's time for us to listen to this dialogue for one last time.


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[Assistant] Right, maybe we can do, uhm, something scary like a thriller or horror.


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[Assistant] Maybe we can do a comedy, something maybe like friends, I don't know.


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[Assistant] Yeah, it could be. Alright, so listeners, why don't you give us your input? We need your feedback. Tell us what series you would like next. What type of series? Maybe, like we said, drama, sci-fi, action. What would you like?


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[Assistant] You talk to Pania when you need advice.


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[Assistant] But Grandma, Grandad, why are you down here? We're very comfortable, aren't we dear? Very. As long as you're happy.


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[Assistant] Uhm, you should be able to see your connection string.


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[Assistant] So again, uh, it would be nice if you can pull up the Mongo Snippets PDF, and then we're going to connect our MongoDB. So first, uh, you can go to your Kappa and hit reset, dash, dash, iron, hit fetch, and then check out W6 starter.


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[Assistant] Once you have checked out, uhm, again, you can get your URL and


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[Assistant] Uhm, if you don't have a URL, what you can do is go to the slides and if you go to


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[Assistant] Raise your hand if you were able to get your link. Okay, raise your hand if you need more time.


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[Assistant] But now we're going to go to server.js and we're going to paste our Mongo connection URL.


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[Assistant] So in server.js, we have this to do step one.


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[Assistant] And you will just want to paste your URL there. And make sure, uhm, there's a part that has bracket password. Make sure you replace it with your, uhm, MongoDB password.


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[Assistant] Okay, some feedback was that, uhm, they wanted us to use a higher contrast, uhm, skin for RBS code. Is this easier to see for the back? No? Yes, doesn't make a difference. Okay.


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[Assistant] Successfully, we have the output connected to MongoDB, and otherwise it will say an error. So if you run npm start and you successfully connected to MongoDB, then you should see this message in your console.


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[Assistant] Okay. Show of hands if you were able to see connected to MongoDB. Okay. Show of hands if you need a little more time. Okay.


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[Assistant] Okay, raise your hand if you're getting an error. Oh, okay. Is, uh, when you copy your URL from here, do you replace your password? You do. And you also replace the brackets. Okay, so you don't have brackets. Okay. Oh, yeah. Add yourself to the queue. Mmm.


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[Assistant] Oh, so if you recall, you made an account in your setup instructions. So it's not a base user account.


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[Assistant] Oh, you should see it in your terminal for where you ran npm start.


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[Assistant] Okay, raise your hand if you're still working on connecting. Uhm, okay.


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[Assistant] Okay, uhm, if you were able to connect, that's good. If you aren't, please add yourself to the help queue. Uhm, but for the sake of time, we're going to continue. So we have.


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[Assistant] Uhm, our next step is to create comment and story mongoose models. So, Jay went over, uhm,


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[Assistant] So our first step is to add Kot and Story Mongoose models. So how are you going to do this? If you go to models and then open story.js, you should see, uhm, three to-dos.


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[Assistant] We are going to create our models to have, um, create a name and content.


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[Assistant] And recall that we wanted our story schema to have creator name and content with type string. So we can create a new Mongoose.schema.


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[Assistant] And then we're going to export our module, our model so that our other files can access it. So module.exports.


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[Assistant] Show of hands if you were able to, uhm, make your story schema and model. Okay. Uh, show of hands if you need one more second.


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[Assistant] So normally we would recommend you write everything yourself again for the sake of learning, but because we're short on time, uh, you can copy and paste your story schema and adjust it in your comment.js file.


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[Assistant] Uh, show of hands if you were able to attempt your comment mongoose model. Okay. Show of hands if you need one more minute.


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[Assistant] So I'm gonna go ahead and show the solution. So for column.js is very similar. We want to import mongoose.


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[Assistant] And we're going to name our collection comment and then give it the comment schema.


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[Assistant] So no worries if you didn't get to finish your models, we're going to check out the next step. So for step one, we're going to link our backend with our implemented MongoDB.


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[Assistant] And basically, uhm, it looks very similar to what we have above. So instead of const story, we can do const comment equals require.


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[Assistant] Okay, so how will we do this? In our Mongo snippets, we can see that we have finding with a query.


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[Assistant] And that will go ahead and find whatever documents match with our query.


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[Assistant] So basically we can use .find with an empty query and then it'll get us all of the documents. Okay. So here is the solution. So we can use story and then do .find.


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[Assistant] And then, recall this is a promise, uhm, so once the database returns with all of our stories, we wanna then


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[Assistant] If you recall, in the front end we have our React component called newPostInput.js and this is where our users can input their new stories, right? So we pass in this content into our post body.


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[Assistant] So in the backend, does anyone recall how we can access, uhm, information that was passed in from the body? Does anyone recall the keywords? It starts with rec dot.


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[Assistant] So here we can define, uhm, here they define a student object and then they do that object.save and then they, uhm, can do, they can basically, we would send it back to the front end. So what would that look like? We can create our new story object.


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[Assistant] And then we have to give it the values we want for this new story. So how do we know which fields to put in?


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[Assistant] If you recall, we made our schema in Story.js.


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[Assistant] So like, we don't know what user's names or user, uhm,


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[Assistant] Yeah, user names are. So we're just going to hard code it for now. You can hard code it with a string saying like your name or we have a variable called my name right here that you can change.


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[Assistant] And again, we use, we can access content by accessing it from rec.body.content.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so that's a great question. So uhm, new story.save. Basically, we're saving to Mongo and then Mongo will return our story object. And then uhm, because this is a promise, we can use thought then.


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[Assistant] And then uhm, on whatever is returned from newstory.save, we can send it back to the frontend. Does that answer?


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[Assistant] Uhm, are there any other questions? Uh, and raise your hand if you want a little more time, otherwise I'm going to move on. Okay.


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[Assistant] Now we can run npm start and npm hotloader to run our backend and our frontend and we should be able to navigate to localhost 5050. So, npm start.


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[Assistant] And then we can go to localholos5050. And uhm, I already have, I already have, uhm, stories and comments in my


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[Assistant] Show of hands if, or like if you don't see or aren't able to post your stories, uh, feel free to hop on the help queue or, uhm, just catch up by using git reset-resethard and git check out w6-step2.


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[Assistant] So now we're going to do it for comments, and it's actually gonna be your guys' turn. So, uh, what we can do?


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[Assistant] First is review, so remember, in the get body, in the frontend, they pass in our parent ID, oh, in our get query, so.


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[Assistant] Uhm, how do we access this from the backend? Does anyone want to volunteer? It starts with rec. Remember this is get. Yeah, rec.query.curric.


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[Assistant] So our next step is to implement uhm, to do step two and we want to have our post endpoint or our get endpoint for our comment. So right here.


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[Assistant] Uhm, we have mainly, we have already given you some, like,


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[Assistant] So I'm gonna go ahead and reveal the solution, so.


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[Assistant] Post, remember that in the frontend again, we are passing in both the parent, but now we're also passing in, uhm, content. And remember for post, we're using body, so we can access these values using rec.body.


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[Assistant] Okay, so now it's your turn to implement the post slash comment endpoint.


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[Assistant] Solution. So it's very similar to post slash story. So again, we can create a new comment object.


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[Assistant] Are people able to create comments?


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[Assistant] Now if you weren't able to complete, you can go ahead and check out the complete version. Uhm, but now we're going to show in MongoDB itself in Atlas, you should be able to go and see all the comments that you were adding stored to your database. So you can browse collections.


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[Assistant] Name, web, blob. And I should be able to see my comments.


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[Assistant] So basically if you go to Atlas, you should be able to see your comments.


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[Assistant] And you can filter them using the query, writing a query here.


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[Assistant] Burrowing after they hatch and only popping out once they reach adulthood. Most cicada species emerge on a cycle every two to five years, but periodical cicadas


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[Assistant] Take this to the extreme. In North America, seven species from the genus Magicicata emerge by the masses to mate, lay eggs, and swiftly kick the bucket after spending either 13 or 17 years underground as nymphs. These periodical cicadas are split into different broods.


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[Assistant] Basically, groups that will emerge in the same place at the same time. And we're talking millions of adult cicadas popping up per 10,000 square meters. Basically, two American football fields. Then, after all those years chilling out underground in their immature phase, they have only a few weeks above the ground as an adult


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[Assistant] Such an incredibly long childhood. Some suggest it might have evolved through competition between nymphs underground or interactions with long-lived insect parasite enemies. Other researchers think these long childhoods emerged in response to the Pleistocene Ice Age.


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[Assistant] The fact that their life cycles are specifically 13 and 17 years long could also help with this. That's because they're both prime numbers, numbers that can't be divided equally by any number other than one.


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[Assistant] And themselves. Predators tend to have population cycles where their numbers fluctuate every few years, but their cycles tend to be one to ten years long, which won't reliably sync up with those awkward prime numbers that govern the cicadas' lifetimes. The cicadas' life cycles could even make things worse for their predators.


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[Assistant] Bird populations dipped and rose over those years, only to crash just in time for the next emergence. While we're still puzzling over why exactly this is happening, it might go beyond the birds themselves. Cicadas don't just feed their direct predators.


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[Assistant] They affect their environments for years after their deaths. Thanks to all the nutrients they leave behind, plant and tree growth changes and small mammals thrive in the aftermath too.


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[Assistant] Ears splitting shrieks of millions of bugs looking for a mate. Cicadas are an example of how mathematical thinking can yield insights into biology. I mean, who knew prime numbers might throw off predators? And if you want to flex your math muscles, you might enjoy a course from Brilliant, like number theory.


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[Assistant] If you really want to master those prime numbers. Brilliant courses are also available offline using their iOS and Android apps, so if you're traveling or have a spotty internet connection, you'll be able to keep learning. And if you sign up at Brilliant.org slash SciShow, you'll get 20% off an annual premium subscription. So thanks for your support!


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[Assistant] In today's world, we're constantly surrounded by an overwhelming amount of data. From data on our purchases, our online browsing behavior, financial transactions, demographics, and so on, there is no shortage of information available to us.


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[Assistant] With the right tools and techniques, this data can be harnessed to answer questions and solve problems, making it an invaluable resource for businesses and individuals. And data analysts are in a great position to help turn data into a very valuable resource.


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[Assistant] So we'll be using the awesome framework in this course.


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[Assistant] In this lesson, we will take a closer look at what happens in the first step, obtaining data.


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[Assistant] We'll explore the different sources of data that are available to you, such as first and third party data and sampled and non-sampled data. We will also discuss the different formats data come in. We will also discuss where to look for data and how to evaluate the validity of data sources.


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[Assistant] By the end of this lesson, you will have a better understanding of how to obtain the right data for your analytics objectives and business goals. So let's get started and learn how to effectively obtain data for data analytics.


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[Assistant] I often think about ecotherapy as another tool in the therapist's toolbox. It's not a panacea, it's not going to erase somebody's pain or grief, but it is a powerful tool


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[Assistant] You know, traditionally therapy has stopped at the urban boundary.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil. And I'm Rob. Now Rob, we've talked before on this programme about our love of coffee. Oh yes indeed. I couldn't function without it. But have you ever thought about the environmental consequences of all those disposable coffee cups?


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[Assistant] What are the big coffee shop chains doing about this problem? We'll find out a little bit more shortly, but first a quiz for you. Which country drinks the most coffee per capita? So not the total amount of coffee, but the average per person. Is it A. Japan, B. Kenya or C. Finland?


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[Assistant] However, not all of the shops actually collect old cups and sort them for recycling in the shop itself. Here's Jasra Bardier from Starbucks.


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[Assistant] Not everyone, however, believes that the coffee chains are doing everything that they can. This is Mary Cray, a member of the British Parliament. She compares the situation to that of the plastic bag charge. This was a law brought in to force shops to charge customers for plastic bags, which previously had been free.


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[Assistant] She thinks that we consumers need a nudge to help us remember our reusable cups.


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[Assistant] Time to review our vocabulary, but first let's have the answer to the quiz question. Which country drinks the most coffee per capita? Is it A, Japan?


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[Assistant] I took a bit of a guess at Finland. Well, congratulations, your guess was correct. The Finns, on average, get through an amazing 12kg of coffee a year each. Now, on to the vocabulary.


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[Assistant] We then had rolling out, which in a business sense is the process of gradually introducing something new. This could be a new system, new product, new technology, or even a new way of doing things.


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[Assistant] A nudge is a small push to encourage us to do something.


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[Assistant] Well, that's all from us. We look forward to your company next time. Until then, you can find us in all the usual places on social media, online and on our app. Just search for BBC Learning English. Goodbye. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Thank you so much for watching this video. I hope you enjoyed it. We have many more exciting videos to help you improve your English. So be sure to subscribe to our channel to get the full experience of our YouTube channel. See you there!


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[Assistant] That girl Marie, she's from the Superhuman Institute, right? Do you think it's safe letting her on board the ship?


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[Assistant] We have a coded message from Wang Lumei. Decode it.


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[Assistant] But even with all that, there are still people out there who are dying for no good reason. I don't believe that's the way the world is meant to be.


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[Assistant] I didn't expect the particle output of the twin drive to cause the machine to scream like that. But once we have the O-Riser, we can cover that too. In fact...


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[Assistant] And this woman is cooperating with the bastard who killed my brothers.


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[Assistant] Continue with the attack on the base. As soon as we've smoked out the enemy ship, we'll switch to mission plan SA-77.


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[Assistant] But you know, you really messed that up. What? It probably would have been best if you'd been a little clear with the kid. You should have said, I'll do the fighting.


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[Assistant] Making up for mistakes in the past? Not in the past.


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[Assistant] How could you just throw away something I could never have, no matter how badly I wanted it? How?


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[Assistant] I'm ready to fight. I will fight.


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[Assistant] The next time we meet we could be on the battlefield. Though I'd hate to find myself facing you as an enemy.


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[Assistant] That's for sure. Was this another of Monokan's faints?


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[Assistant] I used to be a soldier, so I believe I've already made my peace with that possibility. Besides, I've made my choice. No matter what happens, I will never leave Alleluia again.


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[Assistant] Commence final countdown. Roger. Counting down to firing. Ten. Nine.


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[Assistant] One day, during his walk, he came across an old woman who asked him...


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[Assistant] He decided to leave when the woman stopped him.


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[Assistant] And thus the huntsman went home, hung the cloak on his wall, and slept on his bed with the feather in his shirt.


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[Assistant] The happy huntsman continued to keep the feather with him and found gold every day under his pillow. He collected enough gold to fill up a jar.


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[Assistant] And thus the wealthy huntsman left on his adventure. He traveled far through forests, rivers, and mountains, and towns with his cloak and feather, earning more gold every morning, staying in different places.


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[Assistant] Until one day he reaches a fine castle and spots a beautiful young lady with an old woman in the castle.


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[Assistant] And yet the huntsman does not react, as he is in love with the beautiful woman. His wealth starts to go as he spends it by paying the witch to stay. The witch desired for the cloak as well.


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[Assistant] Hello, dear. You seem worried. What makes you sad?


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[Assistant] If that is your desire, then I shall fulfill it right away.


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[Assistant] Would you mind if I rested in your lap for a while? I'm very tired.


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[Assistant] The huntsman wakes up and realizes he is stranded and in anger curses the woman.


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[Assistant] At that very moment, he sees three giants heading his way. Realizing he can't run, he acts dead. The giants discuss among themselves what to do of him.


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[Assistant] He feels uneasy and becomes a goat.


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[Assistant] I was to get the best Charlotte in the kingdom for the king. I have found it and carrying. Need to rest for a night.


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[Assistant] Stripes three times and hay once a day. And to the young one, hay three times a day and stripes once.


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[Assistant] A few days later, the miller returned with the young one.


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[Assistant] I forgive you, for I believe in you, and I love you.


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[Assistant] Her neighbor is a murderer, and then it simultaneously follows from his point of view when he's like, oh shit.


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[Assistant] So that's why I ended up giving it 3 out of 5 stars, but I do think if you like Grey's Anatomy and all those like medical tv dramas, then I think you would really enjoy this book. The 10th book that I read this month is My Lovely Wife, and this book


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[Assistant] How were the aloes able to figure out precisely where the telomiles would be?


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[Assistant] This novel has been sitting on my shelf since April. I picked this up because the bookseller at Matilda Bookshop recommended it to me and she said it has some really cool dark


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[Assistant] Pro-war? But he was like, if I can make a profit from something, then I will make a profit from something. Uhm, so Miyazaki is the son of a person who...


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[Assistant] There's like bits where we talk about Hayao Miyazaki's love for nature and, and humanity and like all this stuff, but he's also very gently nihilistic at like certain points. Love reading essays by him because he's also like very cutting and very to the point. Like it's hilarious because there is, I think the foreword is by


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[Assistant] Don't be such a stickler for rules. They helped us out, didn't they?


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[Assistant] Before you go, I have one last important request to ask of you.


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[Assistant] Launch mobile suit teams. Have them protect the missile carriers. We can't afford to take any more losses. We just lost ship two! Captain!


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[Assistant] I don't know what to do. My family is starving and I am unable to bring them food. I am so helpless. What do I do?


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[Assistant] Alright, I will give this to you, but you have to give me the grinder made of stone in return.


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[Assistant] Separated from the Ptolemaios sets in her returns to a place from the past to finally meet the executor of the master plan. Next episode, I can hear a song. When she sings, it pierces the heart.


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[Assistant] Are you our sister? Are you our sister? Are you our thifter?


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[Assistant] The Federation government established its autonomous peacekeeping force without consulting the public. It's been building up its military strength. And now it's even resorted to using satellite weapons.


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[Assistant] We can't afford to overlook these kinds of actions anymore. Don't underestimate the allies. Believe me, I'm not.


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[Assistant] I paid you this visit because I don't want you to become involved in this.


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[Assistant] An army exists to act as a deterrent against foreign powers in order to protect the nation's people and prosperity.


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[Assistant] Kay's grandmother used to tell them a story every day.


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[Assistant] One day, during the winter season, grandmother was telling them the story of the Snow Queen.


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[Assistant] K opened the window and looked out if someone was there. It was snowing. Something entered K's eyes.


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[Assistant] From that day, Case started behaving strangely.


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[Assistant] He started avoiding Gerda and spoke arrogantly to her.


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[Assistant] Gerda couldn't understand Kay's behavior. One day, Kay took his sledge out.


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[Assistant] Kay didn't pay any attention to Gerda and started moving in his sledge.


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[Assistant] The coach took him to a snow land. Kay saw a big snow castle in front of him. Someone got off the coach. She was the snow queen.


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[Assistant] Before Kei could say anything, the Snow Queen moved her hand on Kei's head. Her magic worked, and Kei could do nothing but follow her. The Snow Queen took Kei to her castle.


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[Assistant] Gerda waited for Kay, but he didn't return. She tried to look for him, but couldn't find him anywhere. Summer arrived. Gerda decided to find Kay and bring him back home. She spoke to Grandmother about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But Gerda didn't give up. She kept moving forward.


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[Assistant] After walking a long way, she reached near a river. Nobody was there. Gerda thought for a while and asked the river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gerda was pleased to see them, but she also noticed that there was no fragrance to those flowers. A lady walked towards Gerda.


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[Assistant] After some time, the lady started combing Gerda's hair. She was holding a magical comb.


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[Assistant] Actually, the lady wanted Gerta to stay with her for longer as she was lonely.


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[Assistant] Through this magical comb, she erased Gerta's memory.


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[Assistant] Gerda fell asleep, and when she woke up, she didn't remember anything.


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[Assistant] The magic of the lady didn't work on Gerda's pure soul. As soon as Gerda saw the beautiful roses on the lady's hat, she remembered Kay and everything about him.


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[Assistant] The boat started moving, but she didn't know where to go.


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[Assistant] Gerda told her everything about Kay and the Snow Queen. The pirate girl felt sorry for them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kirtle was surprised to hear this. She didn't understand how the wise old man knew about the mirror.


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[Assistant] She took the mirror out and showed it to the old wise man.


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[Assistant] Then the wise old man told Gerda who the snow queen was.


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[Assistant] Gerda reached the Snow Queen's castle. She found Kay in a corner. He was making an ice sculpture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kay looked at her, but didn't respond. Suddenly the snow queen appeared from nowhere.


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[Assistant] Kay slowly started recollecting his memories.


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[Assistant] What she saw wasn't her face. It was a face of a little girl. Suddenly the Snow Queen turned into a little girl again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kay and Gerda said goodbye to Leela and returned to their home.


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[Assistant] Because of her, all my flowers have lost their fragrance. I want to teach her a lesson.


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[Assistant] You've got him wrong, Lieutenant. Colonel Smirnoff is the kind of man who would abandon his own flesh and blood to make sure he fulfilled his duty.


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[Assistant] If you tried to pay for something with a piece of paper, you might run into some trouble.


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[Assistant] Unless, of course, the piece of paper was a hundred dollar bill.


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[Assistant] But what is it that makes that bill so much more interesting and valuable than other pieces of paper?


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[Assistant] Of course you probably know the answer. A hundred dollar bill is printed by the government and designated as official currency while other pieces of paper are not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that's just what makes them legal. What makes a hundred dollar bill valuable, on the other hand, is how many, or few of them, are around.


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[Assistant] Throughout history, most currency, including the U.S. dollar, was linked to valuable commodities and the amount of it in circulation depended on a government's gold or silver reserves.


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[Assistant] But after the U.S. abolished the system in 1971, the dollar became what is known as fiat money, meaning not linked to any external resource but relying instead solely on government policy to decide how much currency to print.


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[Assistant] So which branch of our government sets this policy? The executive, the legislative, or the judicial? The surprising answer is none of the above. In fact, monetary policy is set by an independent federal reserve system, or the Fed, made up of 12 regional banks in major cities around the country.


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[Assistant] Its Board of Governors, which is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, reports to Congress, and all of the Fed's profit goes into the U.S. Treasury.


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[Assistant] But to keep the Fed from being influenced by the day-to-day vicissitudes of politics, it is not under the direct control of any branch of government.


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[Assistant] So why doesn't the Fed just decide to print infinite hundred dollar bills to make everyone happy and rich? Well, because then the bills wouldn't be worth anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about the purpose of currency, which is to be exchanged for goods and services. If the total amount of currency in circulation increases faster than the total value of goods and services in the economy, then each individual piece will be able to buy a smaller portion of those things than before. This is called inflation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the other hand, if the money supply remains the same while more goods and services are produced, each dollar's value would increase in a process known as deflation. So which is worse?


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[Assistant] Too much inflation means that the money in your wallet today will be worth less tomorrow, making you want to spend it right away. So while this would stimulate business, it would also encourage overconsumption or hoarding commodities like food and fuel, raising their prices and leading to consumer shortages and even more inflation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But deflation would make people want to hold onto their money, and a decrease in consumer spending would reduce business profits, leading to more unemployment and a further decrease in spending, causing the economy to keep shrinking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So most economists believe that while too much of either is dangerous, a small consistent amount of inflation is necessary to encourage economic growth.


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[Assistant] The Fed uses vast amount of economic data to determine how much currency should be in circulation, including previous rates of inflation, international trends, and the unemployment rate.


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[Assistant] Like in the story of Goldilocks, they need to get the numbers just right in order to stimulate growth and keep people employed without letting inflation reach disruptive levels. The Fed not only determines how much that paper in your wallet is worth,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But also your chances of getting or keeping the job where you earn it.


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[Assistant] We couldn't have picked a better spot, could we? Yes. It is the first time MasterChef has been to Queensland.


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[Assistant] We love it up here, number one for the climate, number two for the produce, great restaurants, beautiful one day, and perfect the next.


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[Assistant] But we're starting right here in Brisbane at the city's latest dining precinct at Howard Smith Wharves. It looks bloody beautiful, doesn't it?


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[Assistant] This is a bit of a challenge, isn't it? Individually the ingredients, sensational. Ah, stunning. But not a lot of fresh, crunchy, you know, vegetables. Not a lot of brightness. So, what are you doing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just in time for the cracking of the coconut. What are you doing?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before chillies, there was always pepper, right? So, I like it. And we did say, didn't we? We go, I bet ya, Sandy takes the coconut, the crab and the pepper. Balance is what you've gotta get out of this, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think we were pleased that you just had a go at making croquettes. What did you call them?


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[Assistant] I think it's a great idea, I mean it's certainly crispy and crunchy. I love the egg inside.


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[Assistant] Actually, the fact that you put the lychee granita on, I'm thinking, mmm, not sure if that's gonna go. But actually, it's a refreshing element on the dish. I like the little pork crackling. Great. Thanks, Abbey. Well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's quite clever. I think the idea of taking the quail eggs and frying them, they look cute, they look cute, the pork belly's beautifully cooked.


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[Assistant] But the reason I love it is because it is beautifully cooked. I mean, the texture of that blue swimmer crab is delicious. And the fact that what you're getting, lots of that peanut praline, not too sweet, and then also that chard and pickled coconut, it's great. Like, texturey. I think it's really delicious.


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[Assistant] This is how it's gonna work. In teams of two, you'll each be taking over one of these food trucks. Each food truck is gonna serve up a different cuisine.


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[Assistant] All the money raised will be donated to the charity Second Bite.


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[Assistant] Now we're looking for the two top teams. The team that cooks the best food.


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[Assistant] And the team that makes the most money.


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[Assistant] Now we're also looking for the team that does the least impressive job and the team that makes the least money.


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[Assistant] Two top teams go into this week's immunity challenge with Simon. Bottom two teams go into tomorrow's pressure test.


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[Assistant] Did it work? Yeah. Is it blown up? Is it big enough? Does it look great? It's looking pretty crispy.


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[Assistant] So the green team, Tati and Sandeep, now they were in big, big trouble. So at least they got the dishes up.


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[Assistant] I am amazed that they've got that because they're in a world of pain. Goodness knows what they're going to taste like, but we've got the buffalo wings with the cheese sauce and then the chilli with the rice.


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[Assistant] We're also looking for the bottom team to join Steph and Larissa in tomorrow's pressure test. That team is...


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[Assistant] The four of you are going into tomorrow's pressure test.


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[Assistant] I'm so glad that the judges like the sound of my dis, but I still have a lot to do. I haven't done my best. I haven't cleaned the crap, but I'm very determined that I really want to.


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[Assistant] Post myself today to be able to design a beautiful dish.


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[Assistant] I'm rushing and I just realised I make too much besamal for that little amount of crab and I just mix it straight away without thinking. Oh shiiiit. I taste it and the ratio of the crab and the besamal is not even close. I don't have anymore crab meat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I start to get really worried about my dis, but I just don't know what to do.


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[Assistant] I don't have anymore crab meat, so I need to go with it.


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[Assistant] I think my crab will still have a taste in there but will not be as strong as I want it to.


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[Assistant] I'm freaking out. It's hardly any time left. I have to put my croquettes in the frying pan and make sure that they cook nice and golden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My croquet looks really good. It started to turn into a golden colour and the coconut actually works really well. I'm hoping that judges will love it and it will get bested today.


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[Assistant] Crab croquette with boiled egg and peanut sauce.


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[Assistant] I wish I had more dance already, but I haven't, so I'm really really stressed.


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[Assistant] We have no children. Everyday we wish we had a child.


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[Assistant] Oh, yes I am. My wife and I live in perfect harmony. But if only our son wasn't so ill and sick, we would be happier. We have tried the best doctors of our country, but no one could cure him.


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[Assistant] Do not worry, my love. I am sure we will find the talisman soon.


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[Assistant] How happy are you? No prince or princess could be happier than we are.


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[Assistant] Not only are we happy, we are content as well.


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[Assistant] It's a pleasure to meet you and your family, sir. Likewise, Sire.


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[Assistant] Would you like to sit with us and eat? It is not much, but it is still food.


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[Assistant] Not only are you happy, you are kind as well. And yes, we don't mind a quick bite.


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[Assistant] The food was delicious. Amelia and I cannot thank you enough, but I want to ask you for another favor. But let me first assure you that if you can help us, you will not regret it. Sure, what is it?


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[Assistant] Give us a small piece of the linen garment you wear close to your body and we will reward you handsomely. Linen garment?


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[Assistant] I'd be very happy to give you not only a small piece, but the whole shirt, if we had them, but we own none. You see,


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[Assistant] We don't have much, but we cherish what we have.


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[Assistant] You are a good man. Take care of yourself and your family.


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[Assistant] My love, I'm afraid that in search of the talisman, we are giving away the youthful years of our lives.


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[Assistant] Yes, how could you do this to us? We have traveled several cities and towns to meet many people and found no one suitable for the impossible piece of linen cloth.


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[Assistant] I have gained this knowledge that contentment is a rare gift on this earth.


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[Assistant] We are completely surrounded, both up here and on the ground, Colonel.


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[Assistant] Why, that's... that's a Tiaran Toudsi.


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[Assistant] When I was a child he would tell me about the military. About the ideals a real army should have. And now he's become a rebel.


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[Assistant] Sitting up in a station with 60,000 hostages around him.


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[Assistant] Our mobile suit teams have linked up with the coup d'etat forces.


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[Assistant] But remember, we're the ones rebelling against the status quo here.


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[Assistant] I wonder if the world will accept our version as the real one.


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[Assistant] False information to arouse the people's anger. The Federation is a master at this.


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[Assistant] Technical Captain Billy Katagiri of Mobile Suit Development. I'll be stationed on the ship, man.


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[Assistant] I wish to see celestial beings demise up close and personal. Our chief commander gave me permission.


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[Assistant] Some of the world's most recognizable symbols exist to sell products.


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[Assistant] You may know it as the wheelchair symbol, or a sign for people with disabilities.


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[Assistant] But its formal title, as maintained by the ISO, is the International Symbol of Access. But despite its familiarity, many people are unclear as to what the symbol actually means, which has a lot to do with the symbol itself and the way it came about.


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[Assistant] In 1968, the International Commission on Technology and Accessibility held a design contest. They were looking for a symbol that would be readily identifiable from a reasonable distance.


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[Assistant] Self-descriptive, simple, practical, and couldn't be confused with existing signage. The winning design, which didn't have a head, was created by a Danish designer named Susanne Kofed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The addition of a head a year later gave it a more human form, and within 10 years, it was endorsed by both the United Nations and the ISO.


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[Assistant] With minimal cost and minimal fuss, a global icon was born. There have been a few tweaks over the decades. The Graphic Artists Guild added more rounded, human-like features, and in 2012, the Accessible Icon Project produced a more dynamic version.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does it really represent? What's its purpose? Put simply, it's assigned to identify where there are accessible facilities.


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[Assistant] The strength of such an internationally recognized image is that wherever you travel, you don't need to speak the language or have in-depth cultural knowledge. If you require an accessible toilet, the sign shows the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the confusion comes from the term accessibility and what that actually means. Many people assume that because the symbol depicts a wheelchair, that accessible facilities are meant only for people who use wheelchairs, or those, at the very least, who have a visible physical condition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But accessibility is a broad concept that applies to many, many different conditions. That includes people with autism, visual impairments, and autoimmune diseases like lupus, which can cause pain and fatigue, along with many other conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that there are approximately one billion people who experience some form of disability.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which means that this group is very likely to include yourself, or a family member, a classmate, a friend, or a work colleague. And people who use wheelchairs only make up about 65 million, or 15% of the total.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The vast majority have non-visible disabilities.


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[Assistant] Accessible parking spaces, facilities, and entrances are designed with that entire group in mind.


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[Assistant] And it's not just about accuracy. It's common for people to become indignant, sometimes abusive, when they see people without visible disabilities using accessible facilities. The symbol is unfortunately creating widespread issues for the very people and families it's meant to help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The recent redesigns have attempted, with some success, to acknowledge concerns over the current symbol. But some think that a complete redesign is in order. It's a difficult task, though.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do you replace a symbol that's familiar the world over? And what do you replace it with?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just thinking of non as homemade pasta. But it has a very different texture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If it's dates or prunes, and I've just gotta take a guess.


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[Assistant] So, I've decided not to overcomplicate my dish today. Keep it simple, keep it familiar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's taught me how to make pasta and gnocchi and ravioli.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to get onto my pasta dough. I'm trying not to think about time too much at the moment. I'm just trying to concentrate on what I'm doing, but it's definitely in the back of my mind. The judges really like the pasta that I made in yesterday's challenge, but I'm going to take a bit of a risk today and make a pasta dough with more egg yolks. That should be much richer and give it a softer texture. I'm just making my pasta dough. In there? Yeah, in here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on everyone. My ricotta's been in the fridge, so I need to take it out and see how it's going. Let's do it slowly. Oh nice, Joe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pasta should be going through the machine really easily, but it's just stuck there and it's not going through at all. Keep fighting, don't give up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Might have a bit too much flour in it. It's a little bit too dry. So I run my hand under some water and then start to knead the dough a little bit more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I'm making my ravioli, I'm noticing that the pasta's too thick. And I'm really worried at this point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The judges are gonna notice it, and that could be enough to send me home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm feeling so stressed right now. I just feel like I've hit a low today. The dish didn't turn out how I wanted it to, so I'm not sure what the judges are gonna say. I'm just hoping I've done enough to stay safe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I was in there, I would let the judges know what problems I had and how I wanted the dish to turn out, but I'm not able to do that today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I'm just feeling really nervous right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a bomb shelter built during the great wars of the 20th century.


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[Assistant] I'm fighting, and Catherine is fighting too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A bubble is basically a pocket of air surrounded by a thin, tenuous layer of soapy water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This thin layer can be of just water too, but such bubbles don't float.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, bubbles form because of a special property of water molecules to attract and stick to each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These attractive forces between water molecules produce what's called surface tension. This surface tension, along with the air pressure from inside and outside the bubble, create a fragile equilibrium and keep the bubble from popping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, since the equilibrium is fragile. Just a gust of wind or our dry finger easily breaks the surface tension. Thus breaking the tenuous layer and causing the bubble to pop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Besides this, dry air also causes the water to evaporate from the tenuous layer. Hence, it gradually gets thinner and thinner and eventually, the bubble pops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honey doesn't spoil mainly because of osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of higher water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of lower water concentration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, the water content in honey is far less than the water content in organisms like bacteria and fungi. Hence, when such organisms try to enter honey, the water from their bodies moves out into the honey due to osmosis. As a result, they die and thus, the honey doesn't spoil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition to this, some bees produce antibiotics within their bodies to protect themselves against certain bacteria. However, when bees make honey, some of these antibiotics get added to the honey. These antibiotics also prevent the growth of bacteria, thus preventing the honey from spoiling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Confused? Obviously. Alright. I'll explain. Millions of years ago, people living near equator received a lot of sunlight and ultraviolet radiation. Now, ultraviolet radiation is actually absorbed by our skin to produce Vitamin D.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But excess radiation can damage our skin cells. Hence, the skin of these people produce more melanin to block the excess ultraviolet radiation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thus, over time, these people and their succeeding generations adapted to have a higher level of melanin in their skin, making their skin darker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, people living away from equator receive less sunlight and less ultraviolet radiation. Hence, in order to absorb sufficient ultraviolet radiation and produce the essential vitamin D. These people and their following generations adapted to have a lower level of melanin. Thus making their skin lighter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why shouldn't we look at the sun? We shouldn't look at the sun because the moon will feel jealous. No. It is because the sun not only gives out a tremendous amount of light. But it also emits ultraviolet radiation. This radiation can harm our eyes and even make us blind. Nah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Causing intense pain and inflammation. This condition is called photokeratitis. In addition to this, the radiation also damages the proteins present in the eye lens. Giving us cataract and thus, causing blurry vision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moreover, the ultraviolet radiation even damages the light-sensitive cells in the retina which help us to see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This condition is called solar retinopathy. Solar retinopathy can lead to temporary or even permanent blindness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fate of humanity will be decided by one or the other as it should be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looks like they've broken through the Allor's fleet. Humanity seems to have a real fondness for fighting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I told you, I am a superior being to all of you. You could even say that I'm your creator. And that is why.


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[Assistant] Your thoughts, so consumed with ambition, have been coming straight to me via quantum brain waves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shorter fiction, uhm, selections from her work, her body of fiction, also short stories and stuff like that, and they all focus on the horror of everyday life. They are intensely gross, grotesque.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That can like lure you in and make you want to come inside, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This was just absolutely phenomenal. I don't even know what I want to tell you about this book other than to please go read it. I'm making eye contact right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They go into this person's house and they're like, hey, guess what? We know your secret. We know that you're actually a woman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On top of this, our protagonist also works at this kind of like sanatorium, hospital, asylum place where essentially people and patients just go to die. They kind of get sent to this remote corner of the world because it's kind of set like on a cliff overlooking the ocean. They're essentially in the middle of nowhere, like it's so isolated, there's so much solitude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did do a pretty good job of letting you, like, try to see if you don't speak Spanish, if you don't speak those languages, like, how those languages can affect gender, and even how English can, of course, and I think it was just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But even though he cannot be smelled, he has the best sense of smell. Uhm, and so he kind of grows up obsessed with these things because it's something he doesn't have, but it's something he is able to see that others have and that other things have. And so when he grows up, he becomes apprenticed to this like perfume maker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then he becomes obsessed with creating the perfect perfume. Unfortunately, that leads him to murder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's just so impressive. I love getting lost, like, in the hallways.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and I just love it endlessly. I'm actually on the hunt right now just to read retellings of it, so if anyone has any recommendations, I'd like to film a whole video about it. It doesn't have to be like, uhm, romance specific.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I think I would just enjoy it so much more now, especially because I would like to do a little bit of a study throughout the Victorian period.


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[Assistant] Books like Phantom of the Opera, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The Island of Dr. Moreau, like these gothic stories about monsters and villains and potentially a little bit of like weird science, uhm, and stuff like that, but


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[Assistant] I didn't have the Disney Channel growing up, I only had YTV, but they would do like the Elvin and the Chipmunks cartoon where they would put on


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[Assistant] Like, I got nightmares from that Elvin and the Chipmunks, uhm, remake. I was very, very scared. Uhm, and that was like my first memory.


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[Assistant] Why they are put down. And so he's born and he's like, well, hey, what's going on here? Like, why are these things happening?


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[Assistant] More as like a push to myself to read this again because I was obsessed with Wuthering Heights in high school. Like I went through a huge Wuthering Heights fan and I haven't touched it. Wait, what did I just say? I went through a Wuthering Heights fan.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm not sure if it's exactly stream of consciousness, I don't think so, but this one is another book from Mexico and it's set in a small Mexican village where


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[Assistant] Uhm, and he swiftly abandons his monastic vows, they didn't last long, and he begins a terrible descent into immorality and violence. His appalling fall from grace embraces blasphemy, torture, murder, and places his very soul in jeopardy. Not like this is exactly what I wanna read, I just wanna-


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[Assistant] Uhm, this one's quite different, but I'm also a little bit concerned because I really liked The Silent Patient, which is a psychological thriller about a woman who gets, uhm, sent to an asylum or a mental hospital.