[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I also feel that the interpersonal skills are essential for professional success, hence the minor in psychology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And your post-graduate studies? Well, I am really passionate about consumer behavior, so I pursued a masters in that area. I also strive to keep my professional skills current, so I continuously attend seminars and conferences related to management and customer service.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I worked as their customer support manager, which brought me a breadth of experience in both client care and process management. I supervised and coordinated the customer support team as well as implemented new strategies to achieve better customer satisfaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, in this position, I was able to make some pretty significant contributions to the overall success of the company. With the different initiatives that we implemented, we lowered our churn rate to about 5%, which had a direct impact on revenue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sure, well, I graduated with honors from Chesterston University with a major in business administration with a specialization in information management and I minored in psychology. I chose this course of study for two reasons. I wanted to gain some practical marketable skills which the information management track provided.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I also feel that the interpersonal skills are essential for professional success, hence the minor in psychology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And your post-graduate studies? Well, I am really passionate about consumer behavior, so I pursued a masters in that area. I also strive to keep my professional skills current, so I continuously attend seminars and conferences related to management and customer service.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I worked as their customer support manager, which brought me a breadth of experience in both client care and process management. I supervised and coordinated the customer support team as well as implemented new strategies to achieve better customer satisfaction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, in this position, I was able to make some pretty significant contributions to the overall success of the company. With the different initiatives that we implemented, we lowered our churn rate to about 5%, which had a direct impact on revenue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The dessert was really good. The champagne foam was really sour and tart and yeah, I enjoy things like that. So yeah, it was yummy. I think Ben did a great job today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reasons to think that markets are efficient and reasons to doubt it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let me start with the dinner experiment on Friday. So we had a nice dinner at Berkeley College and as an experiment, those of you who were there will know my experiment, I passed out slips of paper with this chart. So the chart shows the standard and poor 500.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There it is, that's the stock market. Uh, and then I left room on the right out to the year 2050, and I asked each of you, uh, independently, I asked you not to look at each other when you did this, to pencil in a forecast for the stock market, uh, from 2016 to 2050. So I'll just give you a couple examples that you filled in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This person is forecasting, what does that look like? Another 20% drop in the market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then a correction, then a drop, and then another, I mean, another boom, then another crash, then another boom. So, uh, I think this is, I picked this one out as just typical of what, what was seen. I should have shown you more, I only have one other here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is another one. So, you are a very pessimistic bunch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, uh, what would the efficient markets theory say should be the forecast? There are, uh, one or two of you actually did that, or maybe it was three, so more or less.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, what should, if markets are completely unforecastable, what should it be? Well, one, one interpretation of efficient market, your forecast should have been zoomed straight across. It's not going to leave where, I mean,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The central tendency is tomorrow's price is the same as today's price.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, because I can't forecast changes, up or down, who knows? That would be efficient markets. But there's another version of efficient markets, and some of you actually did this, uh, but not many of you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your forecast would be not straight across, but perfectly growing exponentially along an exponential growth path.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That would be the efficient markets hypothesis, taking into account the fact that there's a growth. It's not a random walk, but it's a random walk with growth. But none of, almost none of you did that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, maybe, maybe my instructions weren't clear enough. Uhm, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, what you're doing is showing plausible paths for the stock market rather than the expected path.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's how people seem to interpret when I say, please forecast it. You're trying to show what's plausible. So you're making, if you look at the recent history, this person made it look like the recent history. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 2020. Why did you have this turning point? Why did you have this turning point? Where you put it? They have no reason.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I think this gets back to, uhm, it's related to a concept in behavioral economics that Kahneman and Tversky talked about, those are two psychologists, called the representativeness heuristic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People don't behave like forecasters. They, they, they think that something they saw in the past is representative of what will happen in the future. Now I'm not defining his, their theory exactly, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think this is how most people take it when they have to give a forecast. The random walk theory is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A theory, first the term was coined by statistician Carl Pearson in the scientific journal Nature in 1905. And he said a random walk is a process that changes in such a way that each change


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so, uh, it has become popular lore to think of a random walk as the walk of a drunk at a lamppost. Okay, and this toy right here, uh, is a, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want that, I found it on the web. You can buy it. It's amazing what you can buy today. But there's your drunk. Now, if the drunk is so totally drunk that every step is completely random,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so, uh, your job according to Pearson is to forecast


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well the forecast is he's going to be right at the lamppost. You'd never, and the reason you'd make that as your forecast is you have no idea whether it's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the right or to the left or whatever, the direction is random. So he's, he's probably not going to be at the lamppost, but since you can't predict which way,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might as well predict at the lamppost. That's what I was saying on the previous slide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that your forecast should have, I'll go back here. Your forecast should have been Zoom, straight across, if stocks are pure random walk. Uh, but that's not what you did.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 1973, Burton Malkiel, who was a professor at Princeton and I guess still is, he came to Yale for some years as Dean of the Yale School of Management.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But he wrote a best-selling book in 1973 called A Random Walk Down Wall Street, arguing that, well, it wasn't original in the book, this was a popularization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's a best seller and it sold millions of copies. Uh, the idea was coming out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, that stock market prices are really random walks. It's all an illusion that you think you can forecast it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you shouldn't try to forecast it, you should just hold a diversified portfolio. And that became conventional wisdom starting around that time. Burton Malkiel was a very well, his book was very well timed and a very appropriate title.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The funny thing about Malkiel's book though, is that he didn't really believe the efficient markets hypothesis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That he made the title of his book. Because if you look in at the last chapter of the book, he had investing advice. And he told you to do various things that were, I thought, inconsistent with random or hypothesis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I, I finally met him at a cocktail party and I asked him, I said, you know, some of your investment advice doesn't quite fit with random walks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then he said, well I know, I can't quote him exactly. He said, I can't get these other kinds of thinking completely out of my mind. Something like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's like psychologically, we're not attuned to understand a random walk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, now another alternative to a random walk. A random walk has the property x sub t, if x is the random walk at time t, is equal to its previous value plus noise, epsilon sub t, and the noise is totally unforecastable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An alternative to a random walk model is a first order autoregressive model, an AR1 model. In this case, 100 represents the lamp post. It's the starting point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then x sub t, the value of the position at time t is equal to the starting point plus rho, where rho is between minus 1 and plus 1, usually positive, times x sub t minus 1 minus 100.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what this is, is a model which is modifying the drunk at the lamppost a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He is now, has a piece of elastic wrapped around his ankle, and the elastic is tied to the lamp post. So, if he starts walking away from the lamp post in any direction, he gets tugged a little bit back to it. And the further away he goes, the more he's tugged back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in this case, uh, this is the x of t minus 1 minus 100 is how far he is from the lamppost. And if rho is, uh, if rho is some high value then, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That, that means there isn't much of a tug. It's a, it's a weak piece of elastic. So he can go wandering off, but eventually he's gonna come back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is mean reverting. It's reverting back to the lamppost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe it, when it gets really, when the stock market gets really high, it's gonna go back. But not right away, but you know, eventually, there's something tugging it back to a normal level. And when it gets really low, it's gonna go back up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The problem is that it's hard to tell a distinction if rho is close to one. If rho equals one, you can see these hundreds drop out and it's just a random order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then you really can't tell whether it's a random walk or not. So this is an example of a realization of a random walk, the blue line, and an AR1 with rho equals .9.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if stock prices are an AR1, then it means you should stay out of the market when the price is too high, or, and go back in when the price is too low. Uh, which is different advice than random walk theory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, deep question, how do we handle, uh, why do we have irrational exuberance at some times and not other times?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tool that's talked about is central bank policy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And central banks, when they think that the market is becoming overpriced, can tighten credit. Uh, and, and alternatively when they think it's underpriced, they can loosen credit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that is a tool that is being used, although central banks don't seem too enthusiastic about trying to stabilize financial markets. It does seem to influence their decision making.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, uh, that doesn't get at the basic psychology very much. So the problem is, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People are looking at price of a speculative asset as something completely separate from the business, or largely separate from the underlying business that, that is paying the bills, paying the dividends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They seem to often be looking at the psychology of the market, they're looking at trends of technical analysis, and they become unfocused on


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The real fundamental, which you might think ought to determine the long run value of an investment. They're focused too much on the short term, predicting what it will do in the next month or so between the time I buy and sell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So one, uh, idea is to put a transactions tax on, uh, securities trades. So that would more force people to be, or encourage them to be longer term in their investment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we also have a capital gains tax that distinguishes between short-term and long-term capital gains. And a reason to do that is to discourage people from being short-term holders. They'll end up paying a capital gain tax on, on profit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, there's other longer term proposals. Michael Brennan at UCLA proposed that we should create separate markets for corporate dividends at various horizons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that you are focused on a dividend at some date in the future in making an investment. You thought that would focus people's thinking on the fundamental.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well now we do have markets for claims on dividends. I don't know if it hasn't had any major impact. The problem is here that human psychology is not easily managed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Talk to a psychiatrist and you'll hear that. We have anti-depressant drugs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you know, they don't, and we have anti-psychotic drugs, they help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, they don't cure, uh, in a routine way. The same thing is true for anything you might think of that might deal with the irrational exuberance in the market. I wish we had lithium, which is what they use for irrational exuberance in bipolar disorder, but it's not functioning in the stock market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What shape are your cells? Squishy cylinders? Jagged zigzags? You probably don't think much about the bodies of these building blocks, but at the microscopic level, small changes can have huge consequences. And while some adaptations change these shapes for the better, others can spark a cascade of debilitating complications. This is the story of sickle cell disease.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To perform this vital task, red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin proteins to carry oxygen molecules.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These proteins float independently inside the red blood cells' pliable donut-like shape, keeping the cells flexible enough to accommodate even the tiniest of blood vessels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in sickle cell disease, a single genetic mutation alters the structure of hemoglobin. After releasing oxygen to tissues, these mutated proteins lock together into rigid rows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rods of hemoglobin cause the cell to deform into a long, pointed sickle. These red blood cells are harder and stickier and no longer flow smoothly through the blood vessels. Sickled cells snag and pile up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Starting when they're less than a year old, patients suffer from repeated episodes of stabbing pain in oxygen-starved tissues. The location of the clogged vessel determines the specific symptoms experienced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A clog near the eye can cause vision problems and retinal detachment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Worse still, sickled red blood cells also don't survive very long, just 10 or 20 days, versus a healthy cell's 4 months. This short lifespan means that patients live with a constantly depleted supply of red blood cells, a condition called sickle cell anemia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perhaps what's most surprising about this malignant mutation is that it originally evolved as a beneficial adaptation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Researchers have been able to trace the origins of the sickle cell mutation to regions historically ravaged by a tropical disease called malaria. Spread by a parasite found in local mosquitoes, malaria uses red blood cells as incubators to spread quickly and lethally through the bloodstream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, the same structural changes that turn red blood cells into roadblocks also make them more resistant to malaria.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if a child inherits a copy of the mutation from only one parent, there will be just enough abnormal hemoglobin to make life difficult for the malaria parasite, while most of their red blood cells retain their normal shape and function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In regions rife with this parasite, sickle cell mutation offered a serious evolutionary advantage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as the adaptation flourished, it became clear that inheriting the mutation from both parents resulted in sickle cell anemia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, most people with sickle cell disease can trace their ancestry to a country where malaria is endemic. And this mutation still plays a key role in Africa, where more than 90% of malaria infections occur worldwide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fortunately, as this adaptation thrives, our treatment for sickle cell continues to improve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bone marrow transplantations offer a curative measure, but these procedures are complicated and often inaccessible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But promising new medications are intervening in novel ways, like keeping oxygen bonded to hemoglobin to prevent sickling, or reducing the stickiness of sickled cells. And the ability to edit DNA has raised the possibility of enabling stem cells to produce normal hemoglobin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As these tools become available in the areas most affected by malaria and sickle cell disease, we can improve the quality of life for more patients with this adverse adaptation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners. Welcome back to EnglishPod. My name is Marco. And I'm Erica. And today we're back in the office. We have a lesson that's talking about something that goes wrong in the office.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A photocopier. A photocopier. So let's take a look at this word in vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so a photocopier makes copies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so you can call it a photocopier, copy machine, or copier. Yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So toner is what the copy machine uses to make copies. It's like the ink. Right. It's a very fine black powder. Oh. Yeaah. So it's not an ink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, it's actually dry. Okay. Yeah, yeah, it's uh, it's dry, it's a powder, so you don't want to get that all over you. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess mal maybe comes from Latin or something, because in Spanish we say mal, which is something evil or not good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, very dramatic here at EnglishPod, but we have fun, right? Exactly. Okay, let's take a look at some of the great language that we saw in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as possible. So really, really fast. Really fast. Yep. This is a very, very common phrase. Mhm. Right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, usually people say it like that because it's too long, I guess, to say as soon as possible. So, hey, I need this document ASAP. Yes. Or ASAP. Exactly. Okay, let's look at our next word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so a practical joke. I'm sure we have all played a practical joke on some of our friends, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically what you do is you do something funny on purpose to someone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is a very good and elaborate practical joke. Okay, so, practical joke, do something crazy or funny to your friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now let's look at our last word. Nevermind. Nevermind. Nevermind. Nevermind. Okay, so if you say nevermind it means... Don't worry about it. Don't worry about it. Forget it. Or get it. Yep. Nevermind. Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great examples and I think our language takeaway is clear. So why don't we listen to our dialogue for the second time and then we'll come back and talk about putting it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, the first pattern that we can look at is out of toner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Out of toner. Right. So we already talked about toner. Yep. Let's talk about out of. Okay. So when you are out of, you have none. Right. So let's change a little bit. So I can say I am out of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh huh. Uhm, I'm out of time. Out of time, right? Uh, if you're driving, I'm out of gas or gasoline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, out of time. Let's take a look at our second one. On your way up. Yeaah, on your way up. On your way, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, this is a great way when you are talking to someone and they are going somewhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So on your way up. Can you bring this to HR? Okay. On your way to the store. Can you mail this letter? Mhm. Or maybe on your way home. Can you buy me some food?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice, alright, so on your way, it means...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Taking advantage of the fact that you are going somewhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now let's take a look at our last one and this is a really great phrase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Breakdown. Breakdown. In our dialogue we heard, breaking down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything in the office seems to be breaking down. Right, so when something breaks down. It stops working. It stops working, exactly. So we can change it a little bit. What happens if we say break up?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ooh, boyfriend and girlfriend. Right. They end their relationship. Okay, so we can maybe think about it as their relationship stops working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, you, you enter a house that's not yours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perfect. Okay, so now let's listen to our dialogue for the last time and then Erica and I will be back and talk a little bit more about malfunctioning office supplies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Yeah, it happens sometimes. I can relate to that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I really, really like them. And, well, I guess even I know a little bit about copy machines or copiers because my uncles are, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really? Yeah, so uhm, you know, they fix copiers that broke down, or they replace toner, and uh, you know, they do all that stuff, so that's why I know a little bit about it. But actually the original term is a Xerox machine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a brand called Xerox and Xerox invented and patented this technology of making copies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and well let us know how things in your office break down or if you have any stories of like Erica that breaks everything she touches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so come to our website, come to our comments section and leave your opinions and we'll be there to also answer any doubts or questions you might have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dorothy and Toto walked along the yellow brick road for a long time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When they were tired, they stopped in a field by the road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not far away, there was a scarecrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Dorothy and Toto walked across to look at it. Good day, said the scarecrow. Oh, said Dorothy, you can speak. Of course I can speak, said the scarecrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I can't move. Up here on this pole. I'd like to get down. Can you help me? Carefully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dorothy took the scarecrow off his pole.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you very much, said the scarecrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He moved his arms and legs and straw went everywhere. Who are you? He asked. And where are you going? I'm Dorothy and I'm going to the Emerald City. I want to go home to Kansas, but I don't know the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would very much like to have some brains, the scarecrow said.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can I go to the Emerald City with you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perhaps the Wizard of Oz can give me some brains. What do you think? I don't know, said Dorothy. But yes, please come with me. He's a famous wizard, so perhaps he can help you. She felt very sorry for the scarecrow. Don't be afraid of Toto, she said. He never hurts people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nothing can hurt me, said the scarecrow. I'm not afraid of anything. Well, that's not true. I am afraid of fire, of course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dorothy walked along the road with her new friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Soon she began to feel hungry.


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[Assistant] So she sat down, and she and Toto ate some bread and apples. Would you like some, scarecrow? said Dorothy. No, thank you, said the scarecrow. I don't need to eat or drink. You can't eat when you're made of straw. Now, tell me about your home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Dorothy told him about Kansas and Uncle Henry and Aunt Em and the cyclone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But why do you want to leave this beautiful country? Ask the scarecrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kansas, you say, has no trees, no green hills, no gardens. I don't understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] East, west, home's best. And it's true. I want to go home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They walked along the road for some hours and then it got dark. Dorothy was tired.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And soon the scarecrow saw a little house behind some trees. There was nobody there, so they went in. Dorothy and Toto slept.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Toto and I are thirsty and I need to wash. I'm sorry for you, said the scarecrow. You need a lot of things, but you have brains and you can think and that's wonderful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They found some water and Dorothy washed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, she and Toto ate some bread.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Suddenly, they heard a shout from the trees near the house, and they all ran out of the house to look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They saw a man by a big tree with an axe in his hand. He was made of tin. He stood very still and shouted, Help! again and again. What can I do for you? asked Dorothy. I can't move.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the Tin Man, please, oil me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's an oil can in my house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She carefully oiled the tin man. Slowly he began to move, first his head and then his arms and legs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you, he said. I feel better now. He put down his axe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I went out in the rain, you see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And water is very bad for a tin body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was there for a long time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And nobody came to help me. We stopped at your house for the night, Dorothy said, and we heard your shouts this morning. Where are you going? asked the Tin Man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Dorothy told him about the Wizard of Oz.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to go back to Kansas. And the scarecrow wants some brains, she said. The Tin Man was very interested.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can the wizard give me a heart, do you think?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have no heart, so I can't love or feel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you can ask the wizard for help too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they all walked along the yellow brick road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There were many tall trees next to the road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And sometimes the three friends heard noises from animals behind the trees.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dorothy did not like these noises very much.


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[Assistant] How far is it to the Emerald City? She asked the Tin Man. Do you know? It's a long way, I think, said the Tin Man.


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[Assistant] And we must be careful because


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[Assistant] But just then a big lion suddenly ran out from the trees into the road. It opened its mouth. It had long yellow teeth and began to run after Toto. Dorothy was afraid for Toto.


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[Assistant] She ran up to the lion and hit it on the nose with her bag. Don't hurt my dog, she cried angrily. He's smaller than you. I didn't hurt him, said the lion.


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[Assistant] Don't hit me again, please. Why, you're afraid, said Dorothy. Be quiet, Toto. He isn't going to hurt you. He's more afraid than you are. He's just a big coward. It's true, said the lion. I am a coward.


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[Assistant] Everyone thinks lions are brave!


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[Assistant] I make a lot of noise, but I'm not brave. I'm just a coward.


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[Assistant] Dorothy told him about the Wizard of Oz.


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[Assistant] Come with us to the Emerald City, she said. I want to go back to Kansas.


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[Assistant] The scarecrow wants some brains. And the tin man wants a heart.


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[Assistant] Perhaps the Wizard of Oz can make you brave. Oh, thank you, said the Lion.


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[Assistant] And so the cowardly lion came with them.


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[Assistant] At first, Toto was afraid of him.


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[Assistant] But very soon, he and the lion were good friends.


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[Assistant] Dorothy and Toto slept under a big tree.


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[Assistant] Next to the cowardly lion's big warm body.


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[Assistant] In the morning, they ate the last of their bread. Oh dear, said Dorothy. What are we going to eat for dinner?


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[Assistant] Please don't kill anything, the Tin Man said. He began to cry.


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[Assistant] We don't want to hurt any animals. I haven't got a heart, but I feel sorry for them.


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[Assistant] Dorothy quickly got out the oil can and oiled his face. Don't cry, she said. You know water is bad for you.


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[Assistant] I'm very afraid of falling, he said.


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[Assistant] But I think I can jump across. Good.


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[Assistant] Said the scarecrow at once. You can carry us on your back. One at a time.


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[Assistant] So the cowardly lion jumped across the river, first with the scarecrow on his back.


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[Assistant] Then with Dorothy and Toto, and last with the Tin Man.


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[Assistant] But soon they came to a second river. This one was very big, and the lion could not jump across it. The scarecrow thought for a minute. Look, he said.


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[Assistant] There's a tall tree next to the river. The Tin Man can cut it down with his axe.


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[Assistant] And when the tree falls across the river, we can walk across the tree.


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[Assistant] Very good, said the lion, for somebody with straw in their head and not brains.


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[Assistant] So the Tin Man cut down the tree with his axe. And soon they were all across that river too.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling ready to get into it, get into the kitchen and cook my heart out.


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[Assistant] Now I've really got my eyes set on making it to the end.


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[Assistant] The burnt box definitely lends itself to me. I love cooking with the barbecue. I'm pretty happy with the ingredients.


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[Assistant] I'm going to do something with the pork ribs. I've got them in the pressure cooker with some pineapple juice, rosemary, a couple of the chilies.


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[Assistant] Anything that can help me get one step closer to winning Mastership, I'm gonna take it.


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[Assistant] So ribs are on. I'm hinging everything I've got on these ribs. I'm feeling a little bit lost. Time is just flying by. This dish needs something more. I've gotta come up with something quick.


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[Assistant] And I've learnt so much in this competition about flavour combinations and I think I know what I'm gonna do.


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[Assistant] If I can top it off with a really nice pineapple salsa, I think I've got a shot at being top dish.


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[Assistant] To make the pineapple salsa, I'm gonna char some pineapple and eggplant on the hibachi grill.


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[Assistant] Chop it up and mix it with some fresh pineapple, some chipotle salt and some rosemary.


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[Assistant] Everything I've got going today is relying on those ribs being right.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with how the ribs are looking at the moment. Uhm, the meat's coming away from the bone.


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[Assistant] I'm so relieved these ribs look really good. They are falling apart at the moment.


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[Assistant] My salsa's done, my ribs are on the hibachi grill, getting a nice caramelisation and smoky flavour. And now I've gotta work on my glaze.


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[Assistant] Add a bit more pineapple juice and let that really reduce down until it's a nice thick glaze.


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[Assistant] To plate the dish, I put a bowl full of the salsa, the ribs down the centre of the plate, and another bowl with some extra sauce.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with the way that I've cooked today. The ribs are looking amazing. This is the kind of food that I love to eat and I hope the judges love it too.


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[Assistant] The ribs are looking so good through this glaze. There's just such a great colour and I know there's flavour just all over them. I'm really happy with how I've cooked today. It'd be amazing to get that game changing advantage.


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[Assistant] I had the burnt box. And what ingredients did you use from the burnt box? The pork ribs, pineapple, eggplant, and the chipotle chillies. And the hibachi as well.


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[Assistant] I'm so relieved going up to the gantry. It's just so awesome to be up here. Automatically into top four and my day is not going to get any better.


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[Assistant] I don't know where we are cooking, what we are doing today. It's gonna be a surprise.


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[Assistant] I had a pretty good run in this competition. I've managed to put up some good dishes until last week. I was coming so close to going home, but I pulled myself up again.


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[Assistant] As it gets closer and closer to the end, it's giving me a little hope that I might have a chance in winning this competition. So I'm really looking forward for this cook today.


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[Assistant] This challenge is going to be massive. I need to cook for four of the best chefs in Australia. I need to make sure the dish is perfect.


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[Assistant] If this is gonna be my last cook, I'm gonna make sure I'm gonna fight hard and give the judges a hard time to make a choice.


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[Assistant] Since I can cook anything I want, I thought of showing them a part of my personality


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[Assistant] My heritage, my hometown, a part of my culture. So I'm cooking Singapore chicken rice for them today.


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[Assistant] Everywhere you go in Singapore, you can either buy Hainanese chicken rice, which is a steamed chicken rice, or you can get a roasted chicken rice.


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[Assistant] Both takes very long to cook, so I have come with my own version which will be cooked in a sous vide.


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[Assistant] I need to get at least 7 chicken breasts. I remove the chicken skin and place them on a tray for roasting and I prep my chicken breast for sous vide.


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[Assistant] It needs at least 60 minutes, so I need to start my sous vide as soon as possible. That incredible lineup of chefs is actually stressing me out.


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[Assistant] I'm having a mix of both my favorites. I'm soothing the chicken to get the nice soft texture of a steamed chicken. At the same time, I'm having a crispy skin on top to go with like a roasted chicken.


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[Assistant] Oh no. Ross knows a lot about chicken rice. I need to be very careful with what I'm putting on the plate.


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[Assistant] For chicken rice, you can use any part of the chicken. I'm using the chicken breast because of presentation. I can slice them nicely, I can put it in a plate in a very modern manner. Ginger, right?


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[Assistant] I'm trying to get as much as flavors possible in the sous vide bag with a lot of aromats and cooking wine and some sesame oil. I'll seal it and cook it for 60 minutes at 60 degrees.


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[Assistant] Taking a classic dish and making it your own is always a very big risk.


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[Assistant] But at this point of competition, I need to take a risk.


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[Assistant] There's a big pressure here. The judges know a lot about this kind of food. It's my natural dish. So there's a lot of things at stake.


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[Assistant] For me to take a classic dish and turn it into my own version, I'm really taking a big risk today.


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[Assistant] Now I need to start prepping for my chicken rice. So I need to tend the chicken pets.


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[Assistant] Rice is very important in this dish. It needs to be full of flavour. If I don't get my rice correctly, I should pack my bag and go home today. I'm adding chicken fat, chicken stock,


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[Assistant] I'm trying to put my spin by making it a bit refined and serving it to the judges.


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[Assistant] The chicken skin is roasting in the oven. My rice is in the pot cooking. Now I need to start with the condiments and garnish.


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[Assistant] Chili sauce is the most important condiment.


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[Assistant] I like my sauce to be spicy. But I'm not sure whether this is too spicy for the judges. It's gonna blow the judges head off. Do another batch.


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[Assistant] Just over 15 minutes left. I'm gonna be the next one. So I need to make sure all my elements are ready before the service starts. I want the chicken skin to look slightly brown.


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[Assistant] The chicken is coming pretty well.


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[Assistant] I put it back in the oven one to two minutes to remove the excess moisture.


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[Assistant] For chicken rice, my rice is the most important element.


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[Assistant] Oh, taste amazing. I can taste the chicken fat. It's oily. It's nice. It's good.


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[Assistant] The chicken is ready. Now I need to take out my chicken from the sous vide machine. The pressure is building. It need to be moist and soft. It should not be dry. I'm fighting for a place in semi-finals.


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[Assistant] I'm cooking for four of the best chefs in Australia. It needs to be cooked perfectly.


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[Assistant] I need to check on the chicken for my chicken rice. I'm cooking for 4 of the best chefs in Australia. It needs to be cooked perfectly. It should not be dry.


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[Assistant] Yes, it's cooked perfectly. That is beautiful.


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[Assistant] And so how are you going to plate it up? A spoon of rice at the base, then three slices of chicken will be going on top, some fresh cucumbers, bok choy and the chilli comes on the side.


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[Assistant] I lay out all the plates, prepare all my condiments, prepare all my chicken, make sure my rice is ready.


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[Assistant] The pressure is very high because these are not ordinary people I'm serving. I'm serving the judges and professional chefs so I need to make sure all my elements are perfect.


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[Assistant] Everyone knows and likes it's a big race because


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[Assistant] They have tasted it before, so they are able to compare. I'm pretty happy with what I've put up. Hopefully, the judges like it.


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[Assistant] I've cooked my version of Singapore chicken rice. The original has two different versions. I've taken both together. To do a Hainanese chicken rice, it takes hours. So I took the sous vide chicken. I want to have the crunch from the roast element. So I put a crispy skin.


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[Assistant] She loves this dish. I've done a similar dish at home, in poaching, so hopefully you guys love it too.


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[Assistant] Now the table has turned. Today we are the judges. We're gonna have so much of fun.


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[Assistant] What's your mindset today, when it comes for this kind of competition? Mmm, be George.


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[Assistant] My apple stew is done. Now I need to cook the scallops.


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[Assistant] I think he's doing a lot of components, so he looks very stressed.


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[Assistant] Sayashi, what have we got? I've got apple with scallop and some grilled fennel.


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[Assistant] I had so much fun today in the kitchen. I cooked with Ben and Khan. The best time I had in the kitchen today.


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[Assistant] This will be my fifth pressure test. I'm topping the numbers in the house.


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[Assistant] Time starts and I've gotta make a plan, I've gotta get a visual representation of this dish down on paper, write down ratios and go through the ingredients that we have to come up with elements.


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[Assistant] With the juice, I put in some sugar, some glucose. They need to be careful with the sorbet.


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[Assistant] Sorbet can become icy and hard if there's not enough sugar content to bind all the ice crystals together. So I've gotta be careful with this.


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[Assistant] I cool the mixture down in an ice bath and when it's cool, add an egg white, whisk that in and strain it off into the churn.


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[Assistant] One creaminess too on the plate. Two plumes of custard.


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[Assistant] I take some of the mandarin puree and reduce that down until it's nice and thick.


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[Assistant] When that's thick, I stir through the reduced mandarin puree and add the gelatin. Hopefully that gives me the texture and taste I'm looking for.


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[Assistant] We're not allowed to see the dish and we can't taste the dish. All we've got are the ingredients and the Matt Preston review. Well, I say bring it on.


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[Assistant] I think I've got it in the nick of time. I add the gelatin in and give it a stir to dissolve.


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[Assistant] Matt and Joe are confused, uh, about what's in my jube. I'm reading on and I see this sentence.


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[Assistant] Bloody hell, the tubes have to be flavoured the same as the fluid gel. The only addition is adding gelatin to the mix. I'm so thankful that I read the review again. My brain is just bent at the moment.


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[Assistant] I'm getting towards the end of the cook. I've got two elements left. The mandarin segments and the almond sponge.


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[Assistant] I make up a basic sponge recipe with almond meal and plain flour in the stand mixer to make sure it's nice and smooth.


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[Assistant] Pour it into the ISI gun and charge it twice.


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[Assistant] I've been checking on my panna cotta and I think it looks pretty good.


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[Assistant] It's got a nice firmish white skin on top.


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[Assistant] I unmould it with a knife and invert it onto a tray.


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[Assistant] I am really taken back. Looks really weird. My panna cotta is split.


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[Assistant] It's sour, it's like yogurt. It's not even like good yogurt.


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[Assistant] I think I've just taken the heat too high and it's split into curds and whey.


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[Assistant] I cannot put that panna cotta anywhere near the plate. It's disgusting. I've gotta come up with something real quick.


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[Assistant] I'm plating up. I've got my panna cotta replacement and custard on the plate.


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[Assistant] As I add one of the jubes, I notice that it's melting instantly.


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[Assistant] I cannot leave this like it is. I've gotta get rid of this whole plate and start again.


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[Assistant] My panna cotta has split and my jubes haven't set. Two of my seven elements haven't worked at all. I could really be in a world of trouble here.


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[Assistant] I'm really worried. Two of my seven elements aren't on the plate and I don't know if what I have on the plate is good enough to get me through.


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[Assistant] Talking my dish into the judges, I'm really worried. Two of my seven elements aren't on the plate and I don't know if what I have on the plate is good enough to get me through.


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[Assistant] Yeah, I had to. Uhm, there was no way, uhm, that that plate of food would be any good without a creamy element or, or something like a panna cotta. Uhm, I didn't have a lot of time.


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[Assistant] Uuuh. I reckon they look pretty similar.


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[Assistant] Hopefully the elements I've got on the plate are enough to impress Joe and the judges to stay in this competition.


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[Assistant] Very, very restaurant-y. So is this the beginning of the custard?


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[Assistant] You got different fish, different cooking times. It's hard to bring all that together. It's not an easy thing to do in a restaurant environment, let alone a boat in the water.


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[Assistant] Tell you what, he's nailed the cooking on the whiting. I like that he, he decided to steam one of them instead of pan frying it. Beautiful.


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[Assistant] The chicken is nicely cooked, but you don't get that same flavor as you do when it's cooked with rice.


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[Assistant] For me, the yuzu custard's like, nice. And with this crunchy black sesame sable, that's really nice.


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[Assistant] Maserati Durasperi is kind of a weird late edition.


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[Assistant] You got 15 minutes for seven plates of food, yes? Yes, George. Come on, let's go. Yes, George. Come on, Ben.


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[Assistant] Ben, time for service. Sashi, 30 minutes to go. Yes, George. Jess, one hour. Yes, George.


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[Assistant] Previously on MasterChef Australia. Two competition legends.


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[Assistant] Are these names made up? By then, Mary was already pregnant with their first child, so it's 16 and pregnant, the British Romantic Literature Edition. So a couple years later, Mary- ah!


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[Assistant] It's just not fair! Anyway, in the introduction to the 1831 edition of the novel, Mary Shelley explained how I, then a young girl, came to think of and to dilate upon so very hideous an idea.


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[Assistant] I don't know why Zeus thought we couldn't be trusted with fire. Come on, Stan, please stop having my head blow up. Anyway, to punish Prometheus, Zeus has him chained to a rock and he has an eagle show up every day to peck out Prometheus' liver, which then grows back every night.


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[Assistant] That Frankenstein's creation would be horrifying because, quote, supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavor to mock the stupendous mechanism


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[Assistant] But you can also read Frankenstein another way, as a celebration of ambition and superhuman effort. I mean, why is that whole arctic explorer frame a thing? Frankenstein only begins to tell Walton his story when Walton suggests that he is willing to risk his own life and that of his crew


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[Assistant] It's hardly so simple. I mean, Victor refers to the creature as a devil, and the creature seems to support this at times. Plus, in the middle of the book, they had this intense argument about moral philosophy. You know, as you do with monsters. Godzilla was into Immanuel Kant.


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[Assistant] King Kong, of course, huge fan of Thomas Hobbes. Anyway, the monster says,


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[Assistant] Next week we'll continue our discussion of Frankenstein by examining those questions through different lenses. Until then, thanks for watching.


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[Assistant] I heard everything, you lying bastard! Get your hands off of her!


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[Assistant] George is using the liquid nitrogen to set the beetroot. Very, very smart idea.


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[Assistant] That man is, of course, one of the great heroes of the ancient world. Ladies and gentlemen, meet Odysseus, star of Homer's The Odyssey. Did I just say the odd at sea? It's a good pun.


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[Assistant] He's a pretty sleazy guy. He leads a night raid into the enemy camp and kills a bunch of sleeping Trojans. That's not particularly glorious. But it is typical of Odysseus, who will pretty much do whatever it takes to survive. I mean, his distinguishing quality is metis, which means skill or cunning.


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[Assistant] Odysseus is smart. He's really smart. I mean, he's an incredibly persuasive speaker, and he can talk his way out of the stickiest of situations, even ones that involve, like, cyclopses. But he's also kind of a monster of self-interest, and if he weren't so smug and overconfident, he might have gotten home in less than, you know, like,


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[Assistant] A gajillion years. The best example of this is probably Odysseus' encounter with the cyclops.


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[Assistant] He and several of his guys settle into the Cyclops' cave, feasting on the delicious goat cheese that the Cyclops has hoarded, and then expecting the Cyclops to return and offer them gifts, because that's what you do when someone breaks into your house. I mean, yes, there was an ancient Greek tradition of hospitality, but that's taking it pretty far, and for the record, it's also pretty much exactly what the suitors are doing in Odysseus' house,


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[Assistant] For which he kills them. So the cyclops comes home and he's so thoroughly not psyched about these guys in his cave that he begins to eat them. And in response, Odysseus gets the cyclops drunk and then blinds him with a flaming spear. Which is fairly easy to do because of course he only has one eye.


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[Assistant] Odysseus has given his name as No Man, so when the Cyclops calls out, no man is hurting me, no man is killing me, the other Cyclops' don't come to his aid. Because, you know, they think there's no man hurting him. It's a pun. It's a blindingly good pun. But then, just when it seems that Odysseus might get away with it, he can't.


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[Assistant] Yes. To the Greeks, heroism didn't mean perfection. It meant that you had an extraordinary attribute or ability, and Odysseus definitely does. It's not for nothing that he's the favorite of Athena, the goddess of wisdom. I mean, she applauds all of his tricks and stratagems, and she encourages us to applaud them too, even though from our contemporary perspective,


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[Assistant] Please explain something to me. How is it that the only way for someone to become like a good, heroic, strong man is to have sex with lots of women, but if a woman has sex with lots of men, she's like tainted and impure and horrible? Patriarchy, I don't want to get too deeply into math, but in order for men to have sex with a lot of women,


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[Assistant] A lot of women have to have sex with men. That's it, that's the only way, patriarchy. So basically, you're saying that the only way for men to achieve manliness is for women


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[Assistant] It's bad actually, it's evil! I hate you! Best wishes.


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[Assistant] Which is nice, but it would be even nicer if he were true to his wife.


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[Assistant] She forces him to prove himself by speaking the secret of their marriage bed. And only then does she embrace him in one of the most beautiful lines in all of Homer.


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[Assistant] Her white arms round him pressed as though forever. Some ancient commentators believe the poem should end right there, like any good romance would, with Odysseus and Penelope blissfully reunited.


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[Assistant] And that's a problem, because this isn't The Iliad. They aren't at war. The Iliad is a poem of war, and its main concern is Cleos, which means glory or renown achieved on the battlefield that guarantees you a


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[Assistant] Or he could go home and live a long and quiet life in the Iliad.


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[Assistant] It's about what we do after a war, how we put war away.


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[Assistant] Pretty soon, there would have been no one left on Ithaca alive. And that's a sobering final thought. If it weren't for divine intervention, the humans in this story might have continued that cycle of violence forever. The Odyssey is a poem set in peacetime, but it reminds us that humans have never been particularly good at leaving war behind them. Next week, we'll be discussing another story with lots of sex and violence and Greeks. Oedipus. Thanks for watching. I'll see you then.


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[Assistant] It really makes a difference what we say. I learnt this from a woman who survived Auschwitz. She went to Auschwitz when she was fifteen years old and her brother was eight and the parents were lost and she told me this. We were in the train going to Auschwitz and I looked down and I saw my brother's shoes were missing.


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[Assistant] And I said, why are you so stupid? Can't you keep your things together? For goodness sake! The way an elder sister might speak to a younger brother.


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[Assistant] Unfortunately, it was the last thing she ever said to him because she never saw him again. He did not survive.


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[Assistant] And so when she came out of Auschwitz, she made a vow. She said, I walked out of Auschwitz into life. And the vow was, I will never say anything that couldn't stand as the last thing I ever say. Now, can we do that? No, but it is a possibility to live into. Thank you.


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[Assistant] This video is made possible by Brilliant, a problem solving website that teaches you how to think like a scientist.


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[Assistant] Every single day, over 100,000 flights take place up in the skies between cities all across the world. Right now, as you're watching this video, there's probably about 5,000 or so planes full of people flying over just the United States alone.


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[Assistant] Flying by airplane is by far the safest possible way for you to travel anywhere today in the 21st century.


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[Assistant] But accidents do still happen sometimes. If you're driving your car on the way to work and you run out of gas, you may just have to pull over and push it or hitchhike over to the nearest gas station.


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[Assistant] The day before, their plane was flown from Toronto to Edmonton and received its routine maintenance checks.


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[Assistant] Canada was in the middle of converting from barbarian Imperial units over to the glorious metric system for their aviation industry. But Air Canada had so far only began using the metric system on their brand new 767 planes. Which of course, Air Canada Flight 143 was one of.


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[Assistant] Every other plane besides the 767s in the Air Canada fleet were still using Imperial units. And this caused a bit of confusion on the part of the refueling team.


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[Assistant] pounds of fuel instead, which was only about half of the fuel that they needed to reach Edmonton.


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[Assistant] Captain Pearson and First Officer Quintal were now responsible for somehow getting all 61 of their passengers and crew on board to safety without any fuel and with only very basic instruments. And they knew that they didn't have much time.


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[Assistant] The first thing they did was to frantically search through their onboard emergency checklist for the section about flying a plane with both engines out. But they quickly discovered that that section just didn't exist. This situation had never been covered before in their flight simulator training, and Air Canada corporate had just assumed that an incident like this would never happen.


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[Assistant] So, nobody was really prepared for it. Luckily for everybody on board, Captain Pearson also just happened to be an experienced glider pilot, and decided to do the only logical thing. Glide the plane down to a super serious emergency landing,


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[Assistant] Somewhere. Unfortunately for everybody on board, neither of the pilots had access to a vertical speed indicator, which indicates the rate at which the aircraft is descending. This meant that the pilots didn't know with certainty how long they could continue gliding for before the plane inevitably smashed into the ground.


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[Assistant] First, without any engines working, their plane was making almost no noise and so people on the ground at the racetrack had no warning of their sudden landing. Second, their nose wheel had failed to lock into place during the gravity drop. And third,


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[Assistant] But two almost miraculous other things happened that saved them from disaster. First was the nose wheel actually failing to lock into position.


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[Assistant] As soon as the wheels of the plane touched down on the runway, Captain Pearson braked really hard and the nose wheel collapsed and was forced back up into its well. That caused the nose of the aircraft to smash into the ground, bounce back up, and then finally scrape across the ground.


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[Assistant] The added friction of this helped to slow the airplane down even more and kept it from veering off into the crowd surrounding the plane on either side. Pearson also applied an extra right brake, which caused the main landing gear to straddle a guardrail that had been placed in the center of the runway, which created even more extra drag.


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[Assistant] Finally, Air Canada Flight 143 safely came to a complete stop on the ground 17 minutes after they first lost their fuel and had their engines shut down.


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[Assistant] However, they did successfully appeal their suspensions and they were awarded the first ever diploma for outstanding airmanship by the FAI because of the incident.


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[Assistant] Basically, if everybody just knew how to use conversions in math properly beforehand, this entire thing would never have happened in the first place. Unfortunately for them, the internet and Brilliant didn't exist back then to teach them these skills. But luckily for you today, Brilliant makes learning math easy and fun.


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[Assistant] If watching my weekly videos isn't enough for you and you want to learn something new every day, Brilliant offers daily problems now that provide a quick view into math, logic, science, engineering, or computer science. You can learn to track time like the ancients did.


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[Assistant] Learn how to use a solar sail to travel in space without any fuel or loads of other things. Each problem provides you with the context and the framework that you need to tackle it so that you learn the concepts by applying them. And if you like the problem, there's more like it in the quiz on the left so that you can explore the concept in even greater detail.


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[Assistant] Things are bumping into each other and spattering off of one another and so it's a very sort of chaotic


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[Assistant] I see rubble field all moving together around Saturn.


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[Assistant] Every particle is attracted to every other particle and the more massive ones have a bigger pole and the closer you are the more the pole is.


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[Assistant] The closer you are to Saturn, more quickly you need to move to stay in orbit. If you're not moving really fast, you'll fall into the planet.


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[Assistant] Even over very small distances, the inside particles are moving faster than the outside particles, stretching them out along these ring arcs. So you'll never get the rings coalescing back into a solid body.


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[Assistant] A tidal effect is any gravitational interaction where one side is getting tugged on more than the other side. So if I had a big massive object right here closer to this shoulder, it would pull more on this shoulder than this one, which is further away, and it could pull me apart.


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[Assistant] If you've heard the phrase spaghettification, black holes pulling on your feet more than your head and it's stretching you out into a long strand of spaghetti.


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[Assistant] The thing that's so exciting about finding both the salt and the carbonates in the E ring is that those are the kinds of things that suggest a liquid ocean inside of Enceladus. And just like on Earth, where life formed in the oceans, we believe, it could very well be true that life is formed inside of Enceladus.


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[Assistant] This is a really exciting possibility, but it's by no means solved because we don't see the sodium in the plume coming out. These observations suggest some other explanations we don't know, we have to keep exploring.


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[Assistant] From a distance, it almost looks like the rings are a solid body, you know, just a sort of stately march around the planet. But it's not that way at all. It's a very chaotic, uh, messy process.


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[Assistant] The rings themselves are very thin, only about 30 feet. So it's as though you were on a shallow lake, only 30 feet deep, and then a mile high wave comes right at you. It's really remarkable.


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[Assistant] It shows how kind of powerful and remarkable these gravitational interactions are, uh, between the moons and the rings.


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[Assistant] We're herding them, just like the Moons shepherd the rings. For example, Prometheus and Pandora herd the F-Ring. I'm like Prometheus, I'm on the inside and, uh, my partner is on the outside, that's Pandora. And we're keeping these cattle in line, just like the Moons keep the rings in line.


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[Assistant] When a moon interacts with a ring particle, it can kick it into a higher orbit. Further from Saturn?


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[Assistant] The moons can shepherd the particles in the rings so that you get gaps and edges and very clear divisions between the rings. So the rings are completely dominated by the moons from the beginning to the end.


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[Assistant] It is true that we go billions of miles out to try to see what's out there, but it's because it tells us how we formed, what our own backyard is like, what our solar system is like.


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[Assistant] We learn more about what's possible in other worlds. We learn more about what's possible here on Earth.


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[Assistant] Honey, of course I forgive you. I love you so much. I've really missed you. I was wrong to get upset over nothing.


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[Assistant] What's wrong? Why are you asking these questions?


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[Assistant] We have to go in there and save those people from the blaze!


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[Assistant] A blood test is the most accurate way of finding out if you are pregnant.


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[Assistant] Please forgive me. I was wrong to get upset over nothing.


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[Assistant] What's wrong? Why are you asking these questions?


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[Assistant] Honey, of course I forgive you. I love you so much. I've really missed you. I was wrong to get upset over nothing.


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[Assistant] I'm glad you're okay, but I have some exciting news.


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[Assistant] What's wrong? Why are you asking these questions?


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[Assistant] If the dinosaurs had telescopes and looked up at Saturn, there might not have been a ring system there. It's probably much newer than that, but we happen to be the lucky ones that the rings are there at the same time that we have the technology to explore them.


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[Assistant] The other part is that they're very, very dark, whereas the rings of Saturn are made of ice and they're very bright. Think about, uh, something much darker than tar. They're as black as anything you can probably see.


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[Assistant] We often refer to these as dust rings, but the better word would be smoke rings. The particles are microns in size. Smoke coming off of a fire is basically microns in size.


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[Assistant] You could actually sit inside the gossamer ring of Jupiter and not even know it was there. I mean, maybe you'd hear an occasional ping on your space suit as a dust particle came by, but you would not see anything.


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[Assistant] There's long been speculation that Mars might have a ring system. It goes actually back to the 1970s. And part of the reasoning now is that everywhere we look in the solar system, that we see small satellites, there is a faint ring associated with them.


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[Assistant] They must be producing clouds of dust. We know that for certain. And the only question is, when and how does that form into a ring?


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[Assistant] We've looked twice now and we have not seen anything. So we're beginning to get a little bit puzzled as to why there are no rings of Mars.


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[Assistant] What we know in ring studies is that you put enough things in one place and they're going to start colliding.


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[Assistant] We had two large satellites, and they collided, they blew themselves to smithereens, and we now have maybe 10,000 objects all in orbit around the Earth. Each of those is a bullet, and each of those is moving perhaps at 10 miles per second, and any one of those has the capacity to take out another satellite should another collision occur.


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[Assistant] When the smoke cleared up on the morning of the 24th of June, the results came in. The United Kingdom has a population estimated to be around 65 million people. Out of that population, roughly 46.5 million people were eligible to vote at the time of the referendum.


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[Assistant] The odds of another secessionist movement, however, are far many times more likely. To the north, we examine the data from Scotland. Here we saw a rough 67% voter turnout, and out of that population, an obvious majority of 62% voted to remain in the European Union, while 38% voted to leave.


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[Assistant] Around 56% of people in Northern Ireland voted to remain in the European Union. That's a good majority, but since the rest of the UK voted to leave, they will be leaving as well. But this is awkward too, largely because the Republic of Ireland, which takes up the rest of the island, is a member of the EU and uses Europe.


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[Assistant] Perhaps in response to these, there has already been a petition created to hold a second referendum that has been signed by over 4 million people at this point.


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[Assistant] What it means to be an artist, what it means to be black, and what it means to be an American, and also what it means to be all three of those things at the same time. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, does the Harlem Renaissance have anything to do with that Renaissance with like Leonardo da Vinci and all of the other...


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[Assistant] Kind of, but the Harlem Renaissance happened a lot later than the European Renaissance, also on a different continent, and there was much less plague and much more jazz.


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[Assistant] Probably even some novelty cocktails? As Langton Hughes wrote about this time, the Negro was in vogue. Oh, it must be time for the open letter. Oh look, it's a floating dictionary. An open letter to language. Hey there, language, how's it going?


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[Assistant] Sorry if that sounds creepy. I feel like I might start singing the song from the bodyguard, so I'm just gonna stop right now. Best wishes!


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[Assistant] John Green. Right, so the poems, essays, and novels of the Harlem Renaissance often discuss the so-called double consciousness of the African-American experience, a term coined by W.E.B. Du Bois in his book The Souls of Black Folk, and which you might remember from our To Kill a Mockingbird episode. Some writers, like County Cullen and Claude Mackay, used poetic forms historically associated with European white people, like the Shakespearean sonnet, the Petrarchan sonnet, and the Villanelle, which is like a very


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[Assistant] Fancy sonnet? But other writers, including Langston Hughes, chose forms based on African and African-American folk forms. You know, fables and spirituals, children's rhymes and blues songs. This is actually part of modernism generally, as artists sought to mix high and low culture in an attempt to reinvent art.


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[Assistant] Paul Lawrence Dunbar, and also people like Carl Sandberg and Walt Whitman, all of whom wrote in vernacular everyday language in the hopes that their work could appeal to a larger audience.


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[Assistant] Thanks, Thought Bubble. So as Hughes wrote in a 1927 essay, classical forms didn't support the work he wanted to do.


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[Assistant] Certainly, the Shakespearean sonnet would be no mold in which to express the life of Beale Street or Lennox Avenue. Nor could the emotions of State Street be captured in Rondeau. I am not interested in doing tricks with rhymes. I am interested in reproducing the human soul.


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[Assistant] with the oral tradition and he refuses to draw a bright line between


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[Assistant] Fine art and folk art. Okay, in order to have a better understanding of Hughes' approach to poetry, let's look at an early manifesto he wrote called The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. In this essay, he criticizes other black writers for being too interested in white culture and white form.


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[Assistant] There is too much emphasis on strictly Negro themes. But then again, later on, James Baldwin would condemn Hughes for not diving deep enough into African-American experience. Like, Baldwin wrote that Hughes's poems take refuge finally in a


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[Assistant] Sard out there for Langston Hughes. Anyway, let's make up our own mind. I think the best way to get a sense of how Langston Hughes expresses himself is probably to like, actually read a couple of his poems. Let's begin with The Negro Speaks of Rivers.


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[Assistant] I've known rivers, I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep.


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[Assistant] I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I've known rivers, ancient dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep.


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[Assistant] Here's a bit of news that will be discouraging to most of you aspiring writers out there. Hughes wrote that poem just after graduating from high school. He was riding a train to see his estranged father and he passed over the Mississippi. He writes,


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[Assistant] I began to think about what that river, the old Mississippi, had meant to Negroes in the past. And then I began to think about other rivers in our past.


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[Assistant] The Congo, and the Niger, and the Nile in Africa, and the thought came to me, I've known rivers. And I put it down on the back of an envelope I had in my pocket, and within the space of 10 or 15 minutes as the train gathered speed in the dusk,


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[Assistant] I had written this poem. Are you even serious? 10 or 15 minutes? That wa-


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[Assistant] Really? So The Negro Speaks of Rivers is in the lyric mode. It's poetry trying to capture an internal emotional state. He uses the vision of these rivers to transcend his immediate relationships and connect himself instead to all of his African forefathers, trading the immediate for the immortal. The repetition of I've known rivers at the beginning and my soul has grown deep like the rivers at the middle and end gives the poem the feeling of like a


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[Assistant] And then there's the catalog of active verbs. I bathed, I built, I listened, I looked. Those verbs show people actively participating in human life and having agency. That even amid oppression and dehumanization, these people were still building and listening and looking. And then in the latter part of the poem, there are adjectives that in other poems might be used pejoratively, like muddy and dusky, that are linked with other adjectives,


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[Assistant] Anyway, let's look at one more poem, Harlem, written in 1951. What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun or fester like a sore and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat?


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[Assistant] Or does it explode? The dream here is likely a version of the American dream, a dream that at the time Hughes wrote the poem was still denied to most African Americans. And in that sense, it's kind of optimistic that Hughes uses the term deferred rather than like,


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[Assistant] Destroyed or forbidden. There's also a great moment earlier in that same book of poems in which Hughes writes, Which uses the conventions of blues music to associate the deferral of the dream with like a boogie woogie rumble. But the imagery in this poem is very negative. It often takes things that are sweet and then makes them


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[Assistant] Horrifying. You've got dried raisins, running sores. I guess sores aren't that sweet. But you do have crusty sweets. Even the verbs are negative. Dry, fester, stink.


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[Assistant] Crust. Sag. And that works against any real optimism. This is all made even more interesting and complicated by the fact that the poem sounds like a nursery rhyme. It has neat


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[Assistant] Folks, I'm telling you, birthing is hard and dying is mean, so get yourself a little loving in between. See, sometimes literature is just in the business of providing good advice. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week.


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[Assistant] What if you could absorb another organism and take on its abilities? Imagine you swallowed a small bird and suddenly gained the ability to fly. Or if you engulfed a cobra and were then able to spit poisonous venom from your teeth,


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[Assistant] Throughout the history of life, specifically during the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells, things like this happened all the time.


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[Assistant] One organism absorbed another, and they united to become a new organism with the combined abilities of both.


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[Assistant] We think that around two billion years ago, the only living organisms on Earth were prokaryotes, single-celled organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles. Let's look closely at just three of them.


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[Assistant] One was a big, simple blob-like cell with the ability to absorb things by wrapping its cell membrane around them.


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[Assistant] A third used oxygen gas to break down materials like sugar and release its energy into a form useful for life activities.


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[Assistant] The blob cells would occasionally absorb the little photosynthetic bacteria. These bacteria then lived inside the blob and divided like they always had, but their existence became linked.


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[Assistant] If you stumbled upon this living arrangement, you might just think that the whole thing was one organism. That the green photosynthetic bacteria were just a part of the blob that performed one of its life functions. Just like your heart is a part of you that performs the function of pumping your blood.


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[Assistant] This process of cells living together is called endosymbiosis, one organism living inside another. But the endosymbiosis didn't stop there.


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[Assistant] Now the cells of this species started becoming highly complex. They were big and full of intricate structures that we call chloroplasts and mitochondria.


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[Assistant] These structures worked together to harness sunlight, make sugar, and break down that sugar using the oxygen that right around this time started to appear in the Earth's atmosphere.


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[Assistant] Organisms absorbing other organisms was one way species adapted to the changing environmental conditions of their surroundings.


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[Assistant] This little story highlights what biologists call the endosymbiotic theory, the current best explanation of how complex cells evolved.


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[Assistant] There's a lot of evidence that supports this theory, but let's look at three main pieces.


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[Assistant] First, the chloroplasts and mitochondria in our cells multiply the very same way as those ancient bacteria, which are still around, by the way. In fact, if you destroy these structures in a cell, no new ones will appear. The cell can't make them. They can only make more of themselves. Second piece of evidence.


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[Assistant] Chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain their own DNA and ribosomes. Their DNA has a circular structure that is strikingly similar to the DNA of the ancient bacteria, and it also contains many similar genes.


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[Assistant] The ribosomes, or protein assembly machines of chloroplasts and mitochondria, also have the same structure as ribosomes of ancient bacteria.


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[Assistant] Lastly, think about the membranes involved in the engulfing process.


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[Assistant] Their inner membrane contains some particular lipids and proteins that are not present in the outer membrane. Why is that significant? Because their outer membrane used to belong to the blob cell.


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[Assistant] When they were engulfed in the endosymbiosis process, they got wrapped up in that membrane and kept their own as their inner one.


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[Assistant] Surely enough, those same lipids and proteins are found on the membranes of the ancient bacteria.


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[Assistant] Biologists now use this theory to explain the origin of the vast variety of eukaryotic organisms.


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[Assistant] Take the green algae that grow on the walls of swimming pools.


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[Assistant] A larger eukaryotic cell with spinning tail structures, or flagella, at some point absorbed algae like these to form what we now call euglena.


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[Assistant] Euglena can perform photosynthesis, break down sugar using oxygen, and swim around pond water.


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[Assistant] And as the theory would predict, the chloroplasts in these euglena have three membranes, since they had two before being engulfed.


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[Assistant] The absorbing process of endosymbiotic theory allowed organisms to combine powerful abilities to become better adapted to life on Earth.


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[Assistant] The results were species capable of much more than when they were separate organisms. And this was an evolutionary leap that led to the microorganisms, plants, and animals we observe on the planet today.


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[Assistant] Well unfortunately we're gonna be following a guy as he's in a really embarrassing situation and we're gonna hear him call himself some bad names in his mind.


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[Assistant] Somebody who judges people by their sex. So like all women are stupid.


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[Assistant] Yeah, this sort of calling yourself names and talking negatively about yourself, but actually you can use some of this language to talk negatively about...


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[Assistant] So why don't we look now at this language in Language Takeaway.


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[Assistant] Well, uhm, it's obviously a dumb, stupid idiot.


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[Assistant] Uhm, well basically a moron is someone who is


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[Assistant] Alright, but a dumbass is a person who does stupid things.


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[Assistant] So maybe a dumbass, like you're planning a bank robbery and the dumbass forgets to bring the gun.


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[Assistant] Alright, well these are three interesting words, so why don't we hear some examples of each of these words in use.


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[Assistant] Alright, well these phrases you can use when you're trying to calm yourself down and make yourself relax a little bit, right?


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[Assistant] Exactly, but you can't say chilling. You have to, you have to drop the G.


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[Assistant] Okay, so this guy is so happy he's on this date that he wants to scream at the top of his lungs.


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[Assistant] Basically you're telling me to calm down, relax.


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[Assistant] Pull, like you said, pull your emotions together in a little box and tie them up.


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[Assistant] Yep. So Marco, when would you use this phrase? Get it together.


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[Assistant] Well, obviously you're asking a question, right? Cause you got your W, you got your what. But when you say the hell, you're putting emphasis on the what.


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[Assistant] So why don't we hear some examples of how this expression is used using different WH words.


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[Assistant] This sucks. I hate buying lingerie. Okay, just find something and get out of here. Alright, these are fine. Oh no, don't come over here, don't come over here.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm just having a look around. It's my girlfriend's birthday tomorrow. I'm trying to find her something.


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[Assistant] Sure, that's fine. This is so awkward. Wh-what size do I pick? What size is she?


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'll go with these two. This is mortifying. I just want to get this over with and she better think in her head.


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[Assistant] This sucks. I hate buying lingerie. Okay, just find something and get out of here. Alright, these are fine. Oh no, don't come over here, don't come over here.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I'm just having a look around. It's my girlfriend's birthday tomorrow. I'm trying to find her something.


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[Assistant] This is so awkward. Wh-what size do I pick? What size is she?


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[Assistant] It's just the next chapter in my life, I believe. And, uh, I'm so ready. Hello mate.


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[Assistant] The whiskey and the smokiness and the saltiness pairs really nicely with the doughnut. Sort of tastes like a burning pirate ship.


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[Assistant] I was just making a bit of a Japanese inspired cementart here, actually.


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[Assistant] Yes, so uhm, Japanese-inspired salmon tartare, uh, with the ponzu sorbet, yuzu air.


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[Assistant] What cuts did you use in the tartare? I just used the top side of the salmon. Okay.


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[Assistant] How's it tasting, Brandon? Mmm, that's really good, I thought.


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[Assistant] Three months ago, I was a prison officer in Adelaide. Right now,


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[Assistant] I'm in MasterChef 2018 in the finale. I'm so proud of myself.


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[Assistant] Since day one, we walked the journey together. He has improved along the way so much. I really admire his passion for food.


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[Assistant] My wife Rebecca, my boys Marcus and Ryan. Boys, nice to see you again.


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[Assistant] My gurus, they are the ones who taught me the basics of my cooking. I'm very happy today.


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[Assistant] Oh no. Two rounds together, the pressure is gonna be much more greater.


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[Assistant] I entered this competition with a rendang dish, which predominantly has a lot of chilli.


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[Assistant] So, today I'm gonna finish it up with chili also.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna put in all my heart and soul. I'm gonna make sure the food is full of flavour. Let's go Sashi, you got this.


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[Assistant] Making the curry for the fish. Is that for the salad? No, for the main. Main.


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[Assistant] My plan for today is to cook both the dishes at the same time. For my main, the hero ingredient is the snapper. So I'm making fish curry with cumin rice. I'm going to start my curry base and my sambal at the same time. Both of them needs time to cook.


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[Assistant] There's a lot of things happening at the same time, but I want to make sure the dish is packed full with flavours.


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[Assistant] I need to hero the chilli on my starter. So I'm using chilli on the sambal paste. I'm using chilli as part of my garnish. I'm also using chilli in my salad.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling so stressed at this point of time, but something is in life, you can't go faster. It needs time for the, the paste to cook.


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[Assistant] I would love to send my starter out right now, but sambal paste needs time to cook down.


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[Assistant] It's lucky that I've also started a curry paste for the main so that now I'm able to concentrate on the other elements. I need to cook the prawns now.


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[Assistant] Making them into nice shapes like that. Never seen that before.


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[Assistant] I'm very happy with the flavors I've been putting in. I'm going back to my roots. I'm making sure the judges are tasting what is sashi made of.


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[Assistant] The crispy prawn heads gonna give a nice crunch element to the dish. That looks so good, Sashi. I'm still cooking my prawn heads. I look up.


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[Assistant] Ben is flying. He's almost done with his starter. I'm worried now.


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[Assistant] I can't believe Ben has already stand out as starter and I got so much of things to do.


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[Assistant] Let's go Sashi! Let's go Sashi! This is one of the biggest stress I felt in the whole competition.


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[Assistant] If I can't put up this starter as soon as possible, this whole challenge is gonna be gone. I will not have enough time to finish my main. I will not be able to beat the MasterChef.


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[Assistant] To plate up my starter, I'm putting two pieces of prawn sambal, with a handful of herb salad, and two prawn heads, and garnishing it with a little bit of chilli on top.


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[Assistant] My studies are out, but I'm feeling the stress. This is a mega round.


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[Assistant] 60 points is for Grab. I only have 25 minutes left to serve my main.


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[Assistant] Fish curry is something that I like to eat at home and my auntie makes very nice fish curry. Since she's here, I thought why not make one of her favorite dish. Coming together? Yea. You need to balance the salt and tamarind.


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[Assistant] As the curry is cooking, I'm tasting it and making sure the balance in the flavor is right.


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[Assistant] If I am known as the flavor king, then Ben is the seafood king.


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[Assistant] Pan-cooked amazing fish. So I need to make sure my fish is cooked perfectly.


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[Assistant] I take one piece of the fish to check whether it's ready. I can see it's slightly raw in the middle. I'm putting it back inside for another two more minutes. The fish is the hero of the dish. It needs to be cooked perfectly.


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[Assistant] To plate up this dish, I put a ring of 3 spoons full of rice.


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[Assistant] Copy that with fish, a little bit of achar and garnish it with coriander.


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[Assistant] I'm going to serve the curry sauce separately in a jar, so that the judges can pour as much as they want.


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[Assistant] I'm feeling so stressed at this point of time, but I scored my support from the gantry.