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[Assistant] Listen to the following made up advertisement for Diane's Donuts. Listen to how the words in each sentence are stressed.


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[Assistant] Have you ever tried one of Diane's doughnuts? They are so delicious!


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[Assistant] I have eaten many different kinds of donuts from all over the country. However, I have never tasted anything quite like donuts made by Diane.


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[Assistant] I have been told that she uses the finest and freshest ingredients that money can buy. The best flour, the best eggs, and the best milk.


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[Assistant] I am sure that once you taste these incredible donuts, you will run and tell all of your friends.


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[Assistant] Now I recommend that you practice that paragraph again along with me.


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[Assistant] Do your best at emphasizing the important words by increasing your loudness as well as raising your pitch. Okay? Very good. Now let's talk about asking questions.


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[Assistant] Notice how my voice goes up at the end of a question like this. Are you sleeping?


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[Assistant] And notice how my voice comes down at the end of a sentence that is not a question. Like this. He is not sleeping.


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[Assistant] Very often, if you don't use proper intonation when asking a question, the person you are speaking to won't understand that you even asked them a question to begin with. So rising up at the end of a question is very important.


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[Assistant] Okay, now let's talk about syllable stress.


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[Assistant] In words that contain more than one syllable, there is always one syllable which receives the most stress or given a higher pitch.


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[Assistant] Now, although there are many exceptions, it is most common that two syllable words have stress on the first syllable. Let's go over some examples. Repeat after me. Sofa. Oven. After. Finger. Station. Second. Enter. Often. Uncle.


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[Assistant] Good. Now here are a few two syllable words that are stressed on the second syllable. Delete.


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[Assistant] Now again, although there are exceptions, most three syllable words are stressed on the second syllable. Reduction. Arrangement. Audition. Companion. Detective. Ambitious. Companion. Appliance. Discover.


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[Assistant] Very good. Practice using syllable stress in these sentences. The pictures are fantastic.


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[Assistant] He needs permission to find a solution.


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[Assistant] The party is in honor of his retirement.


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[Assistant] Her son exhibited bad behavior on their vacation. Very good.


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[Assistant] You know, stress and intonation can have a big impact on the meaning you are trying to get across. Let's compare some of these sentences.


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[Assistant] Joe drinks cheap wine.


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[Assistant] Sue only drinks expensive wine.


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[Assistant] Don't forget his birthday.


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[Assistant] He made plans to leave a month ago.


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[Assistant] The teacher's meeting is at 9 o'clock.


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[Assistant] The students announced that they will never have a meeting.


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[Assistant] The telephone needs to work by lunchtime.


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[Assistant] He's painting his house blue and green.


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[Assistant] Your house would look terrible if it were green.


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[Assistant] Very good. Well, I hope you had fun with this session. You may want to watch this one again and go over it a few more times. Now when you are speaking to people in English, try to bring more intonation into your conversations. You will find that you'll be better understood.


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[Assistant] Thank you for watching. I'm Paul Gruber for the Pronunciation Workshop and I'll see you at our next session. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Oh my god. Oh my goodness, I can't believe it's Peter Gilmore.


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[Assistant] I really wanna impress Peter Gilmore today. He's like my food idol. Such an inspiration to me. I'm just gonna give it my all.


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[Assistant] I was nine years old when I watched the Snow Egg being made on MasterChef. It was the first episode of MasterChef I've ever watched in my life. It's such an honor to be able to make it for Peter Gilmore today. Hopefully, I make him proud.


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[Assistant] Venus Grenita has a beautiful pink color. That really fresh, crisp guava flavor. It's got that really nice icy textures.


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[Assistant] I need to put water, sugar, guava, strawberries, and vanilla bean into a saucepan and heat that up until it's reduced.


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[Assistant] Making three snow eggs is so exciting. I'm having a lot of fun, but there's definitely a lot of pressure on our six. It's a prize pressure test.


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[Assistant] Peter Gilmour is here today and I really want to impress him. So today is a day to show that I can tackle down a pressure test and make myself proud. Come on, Jeffy, you're doing really well. My Guava Granita is in the blast chiller chilling. I've got my custard apple ice cream in the churner. So I can move on to my push meringue.


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[Assistant] The poached meringue forms a globe shape of the egg. It's really important to get the texture right.


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[Assistant] Peter's push meringue was absolutely perfect. Nice and smooth to the touch. Melts in your mouth. It's like eating a cloud, but it's so soft and so luscious.


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[Assistant] I can't believe that I'm making the actual snow egg for Peter Gilmore today. Just hope I get it right.


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[Assistant] Uhm, pretty good so far. I'm gonna beat it a little bit further.


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[Assistant] My poached meringue domes are done and now onto my guava ful, which sits on the bottom of the glass.


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[Assistant] The Guava Flu came out of Vanilla & Crepe and Guava Puree. The Puree's Flu had a really nice creamy texture, which contrasted beautifully with the iciness of the Grenita.


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[Assistant] I beat some egg yolks and some sugar together until it's nice and pale. And then combine it with the boiled pouring cream. Strain it and pour it to my molds.


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[Assistant] Pour some hot water on the edges, cover the tops of the mold, and put it into the oven until it's set.


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[Assistant] I worked so hard during that cook that it can all fall apart plating up.


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[Assistant] The first thing I have to do is finish off the guava fool. I combine the vanilla cream with the guava puree and swirl it around to make a rippling effect.


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[Assistant] To finish off the poached meringue, I scoop a little teaspoon up. And then scoop a teaspoon of the custard apple ice cream into the center of the poached meringue.


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[Assistant] I've got butterflies in my stomach because it's such a small glass with that really delicate snow egg in it.


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[Assistant] It's crazy, as soon as they said your name, I was just in awe. I just, I love you so much, your work, and the snow egg was such an inspiration. When I was nine years old, I remember looking at the list of ingredients and I was like, nah, I'm never gonna try it.


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[Assistant] I can't believe I've impressed Peter Gilmore. I feel so happy, excited, I'm just, ugh, full of emotions.


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[Assistant] I can't believe we're gonna get a masterclass from Peter Gilmore. This is just a dream come true.


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[Assistant] It's just, it's so, I don't know how to explain it, you get the beautiful crisp of the sea cucumber, and you get the beautiful textures of the mushrooms, the scallops, and the squid, and it works so beautifully together.


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[Assistant] So first of all, I think it is, uhm, useful to define social sciences, what we mean when we say social sciences.


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[Assistant] Uh, would be some additional elements, additional stages that generally go under the pre-drafting, pre-writing stage, which is uhm,


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[Assistant] Uh, but you would be expected to...


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[Assistant] Actually also, uhm, are a little bit more recursive. You, uh, work on a working hypothesis in the beginning.


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[Assistant] And then, after developing your working hypothesis, you might find out that, uhm, after you, for example, collected your data,


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[Assistant] It doesn't really match this, so you will have to, uh, revise it.


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[Assistant] You may have participant observation field notes and so on, and uhm, or analytical memos, and then those can count as evidence, uh, and then you can use that as your data for that particular discipline, but if you try to do the same thing for


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[Assistant] Lastly, I'd like to tell you a little bit about my own research. Uhm, to this day I've written a master's thesis in political science, a doctoral dissertation in science and technology studies.


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[Assistant] So, uh, as the process goes, I spent a lot of time taking notes, then writing analytical notes based on those notes.


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[Assistant] And in the case of journal articles I wrote later on, I received comments from, uhm, anonymous reviewers, uh, which helps your writing tremendously. It's, it really, uh,


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[Assistant] On this slide, uhm, we see some of the scope and variety within the humanities, which includes a pretty broad set of academic disciplines. In my case, I'm an ethnomusicologist, so I study music and culture.


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[Assistant] My research can include all of the branches of the humanities, uh, as well as several branches of the social sciences, especially anthropology. Uh, in practice the most academic disciplines overlap with several others.


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[Assistant] Some specialized areas of my own research overlap with disciplines in the natural sciences. Even, uh, for example, a study looking at the way musicians coordinate various movements and levels of awareness has brought me into contact with neuroscience and cognitive psychology.


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[Assistant] Of academic writing within the humanities. Of course, the most typical one that we probably think of first is books. On the bottom left of the screen there is an image of the cover of the very first ethnomusicology book I ever bought. It's a regular Koreshi's book on Sufi music. Journal articles are also


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[Assistant] Uhm, but depending on the discipline, we might also find reviews of other media. Uhm, music journals, music scholarship journals, we'll find reviews of recordings.


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[Assistant] Films, novels for literature, uhm, scholars, and so on.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and there are bibliographies, uhm, in other words collections of, uhm, citations.


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[Assistant] Journalism, uhm, academics also write, uhm, journalistic work, they write criticism of different sorts, and they can write blogs as well, uhm, all of this more geared towards the general public.


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[Assistant] Uh, on the left, uh, the screen there, you see, uh, a screen capture from a blog by my, uh, my friend and colleague, Wayne Marshall, who's an ethnomusicologist, and, uh, has been working on this highly regarded blog, uh, Wayne & Wax, for a number of years now.


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[Assistant] So uhm, some broad issues regarding academic writing, uhm, in general and specifically within the humanities. Uhm,


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[Assistant] Another set of issues that are really important in the humanities is distinctions between theory and method and ways that those two ideas interact.


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[Assistant] A theory at its most basic level, uhm, we can think of it as large abstract ideas and themes, uhm,


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[Assistant] The symbolic resonance that you get out of Holden Caulfield's hat is valid and important and possibly more interesting to talk about than why JD Salinger didn't leave the house for 60 years.


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[Assistant] We'll be discussing Holden Caulfield in our two episodes on Catcher in the Rye. We'll cover Romeo and Juliet, The Great Gatsby, and The Poetry of Emily Dickinson. We chose these books to explore literature because it's literally not possible that you won't be assigned one of them in your high school or college career. But also because these pieces are amazing explorations and empathetic reading.


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[Assistant] Hi, this is David Font Navarrete, your disciplinary consultant for the humanities. Uh, in this video, I'll be talking about some issues related to citation in the humanities with a focus on the MLA system.


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[Assistant] There are two most commonly used systems for citation in the humanities. Uh, the first is the MLA system. MLA is an acronym for the Modern Languages Association.


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[Assistant] Uh, the other, uh, commonly used system is the Chicago or CMS system. Uhm, I think it's, uh, kind of important to understand, uhm,


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[Assistant] That we can't give a comprehensive account of any citation format in a few minutes. All of the systems are, uh, pretty subtle and complex.


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[Assistant] In this video I will try and cover some of the basics though. Uhm, I also offer some useful internet resources at the end of the video.


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[Assistant] Vehicles for types of epistemologies, that is, uh, understandings of the nature of knowledge.


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[Assistant] The various citation systems in that sense represent different ways to understand, develop, document, and disseminate knowledge in particular ways.


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[Assistant] It's also common to literary criticism, comparative literature, and the most recent, uhm, related discipline, cultural studies.


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[Assistant] Uh, once we become familiar with a citation system, it can become very efficient, uh, comfortable, uh, even as a way to exchange information. Uh, in general, consistency and attention to detail are some of the primary goals when you're employing any citation system.


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[Assistant] So let's cover some of the basics of the MLA system. First, formatting and page layout, some stylistic details, and ways to use citation of sources. First, the document format.


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[Assistant] We begin with an eight and a half by eleven inch, uhm, white sheet of paper, uh, one inch margins on all sides.


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[Assistant] And for each paragraph, a half-inch indentation at the very first line. Typically double-spaced, so equal space between every line of text.


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[Assistant] Times New Roman, uhm, is uh, I think the most common.


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[Assistant] After each punctuation mark, so a full stop or a period, a comma or a quotation mark, we want one space, not two, uhm, before the next, uhm, letter. And we always want a header in MLA format.


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[Assistant] With the last name of the author and consecutive page numbers for every page.


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[Assistant] The name of the author, if it's for a course, the name of the professor or the instructor, the course name and the date. Following that, centered,


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[Assistant] You'll have your title, uh, that should be capitalized, uhm, using title case, uh, like the title of a book.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and at the end of the document you'll have notes, uhm, that is, and notes, and a list of works cited.


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[Assistant] End notes and footnotes offer information outside of the body text. As their name suggests, uh, end notes are placed at the end of a document, while footnotes are placed at the bottom of pages.


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[Assistant] Both end notes and footnotes are indicated in text by superscript Arabic numerals after the punctuation of the phrase or clause to which the note refers. So in this example, like so.


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[Assistant] Footnotes, uh, is not even specified in the most recent edition of the MLA, uh, Style Guide. So you should probably consult with your instructor for specific guidelines if you're using footnotes.


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[Assistant] Another note is that in current word processing software, like Microsoft Word, endnotes and footnotes can be formatted and ordered with a variety of special functions that are basically automated. So these can be quite convenient and are probably worth investigating.


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[Assistant] Short quotations, uh, fewer than four typed lines of prose or fewer than three lines of verse should be enclosed within double quotation marks such as


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[Assistant] The quotation is followed by parentheses that enclose the author's name and the page number on which the quote appears. So here we have our author and the page number from the book.


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[Assistant] This applies, uh, not just to, uhm, complete sentences, but also, as in this final example, to phrases that are direct quotes from a source.


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[Assistant] For quotations consisting of three or more lines of prose or four or more lines of verse, that is poetry, uh, we place quotations in a freestanding block of text. It's generally referred to as block quotations.


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[Assistant] We start the quotation on a new line, uh, and the entire block quotation is indented one inch from the left margin, uh, maintaining double spacing throughout it.


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[Assistant] The parenthetical citation here should come after the final punctuation, uhm, mark in the quotation itself.


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[Assistant] There are two additional details that I'd like to point out in this example. The first is here, with these brackets.


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[Assistant] If you add a word, uhm, in a quotation, uh, usually to provide some sort of context or fit, uhm, a particular sentence structure, you put brackets around it to indicate that it's not part of the original text. So in this case, the words in school were added by me to the example. Also,


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[Assistant] If you omit a word or words from a quotation, uhm, you should indicate that words were deleted.


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[Assistant] With an ellipsis which is this, uhm, space period, space period, space period, uhm,


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[Assistant] This is done again to, uhm, point out a change to the original quotation.


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[Assistant] Now, the last section of most documents is going to be the work cited.


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[Assistant] It's difficult to master these, uhm, and they vary widely. There's a lot of detail involved here, uhm, inciting secondary sources accurately.


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[Assistant] Uh, periodical, a compact disc, uhm, website, uhm, this is really very important, uhm, in formatting the citation in the work cited. Uhm, some...


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[Assistant] Details, uhm, here to pay attention to. The general format for the book is last name, comma, first name. Uhm, the title of the book, uh, just like within the text is italicized. We provide the city of publication, followed by a colon, the publisher,


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[Assistant] And, uh, just one out of any number of examples, uhm, we could use. Uh, here is an example of a work, uhm, that was republished. So, uh, an edition of a work originally published in 1990 and then reprinted in 1999.


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[Assistant] Some other, uh, examples of different types of work cited. An entry from a dictionary.


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[Assistant] Uh, here we see that the title of the entry is the primary unit, uhm, not the author.


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[Assistant] Poem in an edited collection. So here we have the poet, the name of the poem, the name of the book in which it appears, including the editor.


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[Assistant] And of course, the city publisher year of publication and the page number in which the poem appears. Here we have a film, Ed Wood.


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[Assistant] Uhm, including some of the details of the performers, the director and so forth. And uhm, also,


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[Assistant] And here are some of the very useful internet resources that you might want to consult as you make your way through the MLA or any of the other citation systems.


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[Assistant] ChicagoManualStyle.org and APAstyle.org. And uhm, also some links to the Purdue Online Writing Labs resources on research and citation. Uh, thanks and see you next time.


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[Assistant] Winning the challenge and the judges praises. This is one of your best dishes.


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[Assistant] A service challenge of Titanic proportions.


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[Assistant] I think the worst part about uhm, the staggered star challenges are that we have to wait. And it's best just to get into the kitchen and get it going.


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[Assistant] Everybody is afraid of the Witch of the West, he said. So be careful.


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[Assistant] You must work for me in my house now, she said to the child.


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[Assistant] You must always help the wearer of the Magic Black Hat.


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[Assistant] Ben, Sashikan, there's one last thing you need to know and that's who you're gonna cook for today. When we were thinking about who should be the guests,


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[Assistant] We go back to the old MasterChef for which MasterChef is a, it's a supportive place.


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[Assistant] And we thought we should take that supportive attitude to the guests that we invite.


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[Assistant] These guests all stood where you're standing right now.


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[Assistant] They know how you're feeling better than anyone.


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[Assistant] They know the pressure, they know the glory, and they know the pain.


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[Assistant] To celebrate our 10th anniversary, you'll be feeding former MasterChef contestants.


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[Assistant] Three very different cooks. I mean I think Sashi hopefully is going to go in that.


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[Assistant] Turf, that's it. That is. Love it. Yeah, great isn't it. It's such a great modern French fry treated fish.


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[Assistant] Chicken in the max, so chicken we've got with coconut milk, lots of turmeric obviously, and then the jasmine rice inside the beetle leaf.


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[Assistant] I love this idea of a menu that respects his heritage and also his upbringing. It's interesting given the fact we've got three very different desserts. All great desserts.


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[Assistant] We love this day because I think the semi-final is a chance to really see the best three contestants kind of slip their traces and cook their own food.


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[Assistant] But this has made it so much more special having all of you here and having so many of you done wonderful stuff and we sit there and remember everything you've done so thank you all so much for coming.


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[Assistant] But before I get too teary, I know what you'd want to do is thank the class of 2018 for the meal they've done.


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[Assistant] Let me bring them out. Shannon, Ben, Khan and Sashi.


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[Assistant] So, khan sashi, it comes down to the two of you, and it comes down to the dishes that you cooked today.


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[Assistant] Khan, Sashi, it comes down to the two of you. It comes down to the dishes that you cooked today.


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[Assistant] We love the way that your menu reflected your heritage, but also your childhood memories.


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[Assistant] We love the bright acidity of your soup and that perfectly cooked fish.


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[Assistant] You also brought us a thoroughly modern dessert. Honeycomb was light, superbly airy, the ice cream satiny, but your chocolate mousse was heavy and more like a ganache.


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[Assistant] We loved everything about your Chicula Mac. Except...


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[Assistant] It wasn't as sophisticated as we would have hoped. But for dessert, your pineapple tart took a classic and gave it new life. We loved it.


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[Assistant] Khan, Sasha, an incredibly close competition you are through.


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[Assistant] You will make no speeches. You will sing no songs, said Rat.


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[Assistant] Can I sing one little song? asked Toad.


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[Assistant] Your speeches are full of boasting, said Rat.


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[Assistant] I will be a different toad from now on.


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[Assistant] We don't want anyone to laugh at Toad again. I'm glad I stopped that little ferret.


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[Assistant] We're lucky no one saw the invitations.


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[Assistant] Hi and welcome back. Again, my name is Paul Gruber and this is the Pronunciation Workshop's 11th training session. Today we will work on three vowel sounds. Ah as in hat.


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[Assistant] Ow, as in out, and ah, as in top.


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[Assistant] Okay, the first vowel sound that I want to address is ah, as in hat.


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[Assistant] It is the last front vowel. You may remember the front vowels that we went over.


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[Assistant] Eh and aah. Well that last sound aah as in hat, that's the sound that we are covering today. Listen carefully. It's not ah, it's aah, aah, hat.


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[Assistant] Your mouth has to be wide open. Listen very carefully and practice these words with me. Back. Dad. Facts. Value. Sat. Hatch. Jacket. Taxi. Apple.


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[Assistant] Rabbit. Tack. Okay, now try these sentences. The fat cat wore a jacket.


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[Assistant] Pack your sack and bring your magnet.


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[Assistant] He sang about an actor named Jack. Very good.


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[Assistant] Now the next vowel sound that we're going to cover is a little bit more tricky. It's the ow sound as in the word out or the word downtown.


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[Assistant] Many Asian speakers have difficulty with this sound. In order to say it correctly, when you begin the sound, you start it with the sound that we just went over.


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[Assistant] That AH sound is what begins the OW sound. You then move your mouth forward and you close the sound sort of on a W.


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[Assistant] Ow, ow. Do you hear that? It starts with ah, but then it moves forward. Ow. Let's look at this word. Downtown. First of all, it's not don-ton.


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[Assistant] Which you may be saying, especially if you are from China.


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[Assistant] To correctly say the sound with proper pronunciation, here's the trick. You have to make believe the vowel begins with the ah sound as in hat. Once you have that sound, then you close it. Ow.


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[Assistant] You see, if you don't begin the vowel with the a sound in hat, you will never say it correctly. Okay, now the whole word.


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[Assistant] Down town. With practice, you'll be able to say these sounds perfectly. You just have to remember that even though down and other words like it are spelled with an O, you still attack the vowel with that A sound in hat.


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[Assistant] Down town, like that. Let's practice these words slowly, and as you were saying them, keep that ah sound in the back of your mind. Now. House. Round. Loud. Gown. Sound. Ouch. Out. Found.


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[Assistant] The brown couch is downstairs.


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[Assistant] Her house is on the south side of the mountain.


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[Assistant] I was proud of the sounds that came out of my mouth.


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[Assistant] If these vowels sound strange to you, just listen when American speakers talk and you'll start to notice that this is exactly how we pronounce our words.


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[Assistant] Okay, new topic. How to pronounce the words are and hour.


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[Assistant] You may not have known that there is a pronunciation difference between these two words, because many people pronounce are and are exactly the same. This is not correct, however. Let me show you how to pronounce these words correctly.


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[Assistant] The first word, are, has a strong R sound at the end. Are, are you going?


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[Assistant] The second word, our, has that ow sound like in the word out, and it sort of has a hidden w in the middle. Ow-wer. Think of the word our as having two syllables. One, two. Ow-wer. Like that. Our car is over there.


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[Assistant] Also, while we are on the subject, note the word hour that is used for telling time is pronounced exactly the same way as an hour meeting is in one hour. Okay? Let's practice these sentences.


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[Assistant] Are you going to our house?


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[Assistant] Sales are down, but our projections for next year are very good.


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[Assistant] Our plans will be changing in the next hour.


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[Assistant] Are you sure that our meeting will be an hour late? Very good.


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[Assistant] Okay, here is another example of when English pronunciation can become very confusing. Did you know that there are words in English that are spelled with an O, but are pronounced as AH?


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[Assistant] So even though these words that I'm about to show you are all spelled with an O, we pronounce all of these vowels with an A. Here we go.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's practice these sentences. Note that I put a line under all the words which have an ah sound.


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[Assistant] Bob opened the box and followed the instructions.


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[Assistant] Tom put some cotton, rocks and a doorknob in his locker.


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[Assistant] My mom made a concrete model of a hockey rink. Very good.


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[Assistant] You may want to watch this session again, especially the part when I talk about the ow sound in words like downtown. Okay. Now go practice and I'll see you at our next session. I'm Paul Gruber for the Pronunciation Workshop. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] I've never been to Darwin before. I've always wanted to go. This is incredible.


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[Assistant] It's going to be really important to come up with a clear plan today and really nail down the four different categories and make sure that we're sure about those and stick to our guns.


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[Assistant] That's a hundred. It's dark and crusty from that wattle seed.


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[Assistant] So the fact that it's work is just such a huge weight off my shoulders.


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[Assistant] Listen up, teams! Ninety minutes before your first canapes have to be served! Come on, guys, push! Let's hustle! Come on, guys, you need to start assembling! Come on!


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[Assistant] Listen up guys, six minutes before service starts. Oh my god. So at least have the first wave ready to go.


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[Assistant] This is it. This is where it all counts. Oh my god. Service time. Come on, just get him on. In ten seconds. Nine.


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[Assistant] For linear regression, we had previously worked out two learning algorithms, one based on gradient descent and one based on the normal equation.


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[Assistant] In this video, we'll take those two algorithms and generalize them to the case of regularized linear regression.


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[Assistant] Came up with last time for regularized linear regression.


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[Assistant] This first part is our usual objective for linear regression, and we now have this additional regularization term, where lambda is our regularization parameter.


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[Assistant] And we like to find parameters theta that minimizes this cost function, this regularized cost function J of theta. Previously, we were using gradient descent for the original


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[Assistant] Uh, cost function without the regularization term, and we had the following algorithm.


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[Assistant] For regular linear regression without regularization, we will repeatedly update the parameters data j as follows for j equals 0, 1, 2, up through n.


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[Assistant] Let me take this and, uh, just write the case for theta 0 separately. So, you know, I'm just going to write the update for theta 0 separately, then for the update for the parameters 1, 2, 3, and so on up to n.


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[Assistant] And this is, so this is, I haven't changed anything yet, right? This is just writing the update for theta 0 separately from the updates for theta 1, theta 2, theta 3 up to theta n.


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[Assistant] If we want to take this algorithm and modify it to use the regularize objective, all we need to do is take this term at the bottom,


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[Assistant] And if you implement this, then you have gradient descent for trying to minimize the regularized cost function J of theta. And concretely,


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[Assistant] I'm not going to do the calculus to prove it, but concretely, if you look at this term,


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[Assistant] This term is written in square brackets. If you know calculus, it's possible to prove that that term is the partial derivative.


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[Assistant] With respect to J of theta using the new definition of J of theta with the regularization term. And similarly, uhm, this term up on top, which I guess I'm drawing the cyan box, that's still the partial derivative with respect to theta zero of J of theta.


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[Assistant] If you look at the update for theta j, it's possible to show something pretty interesting.


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[Assistant] Concretely, theta j gets updated as theta j minus alpha times, and then you have this other term here that depends on theta j.


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[Assistant] So if you group all the terms together that depend on theta j, you can show that this update can be written equivalently as follows. And all I did was that, you know, theta j here is theta j times 1.


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[Assistant] And this term is uh, right, lambda over m, there's also an alpha here, so you end up with alpha lambda over m multiplied into theta j. And uhm, this term here,


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[Assistant] Concretely, this term 1 minus alpha times lambda over m is going to be a number that's, you know, usually it's a number that's usually like a little bit less than 1, right, because alpha times lambda over m is going to be positive, and usually, you know, if your learning rate is small and m is large, this is usually pretty small.


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[Assistant] So this term here is going to be a number that's usually a little bit less than 1. So think of it as a number like 0.99, let's say.


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[Assistant] And so the effect of our update to theta j is we're going to say that theta j gets


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[Assistant] times 0.99 has the effect of shrinking theta j a little bit towards zero. So this makes theta j a bit smaller. More formally, this makes, you know, the squared norm of theta j a little bit smaller. And then after that, the second term here,


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[Assistant] That's actually exactly the same as the original gradient descent update that we had before we added all this regularization stuff. So, hopefully this, uhm,


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[Assistant] A little bit, and then we're performing, you know, similar updates as before.


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[Assistant] Of course, that's just the intuition behind what this particular update is doing mathematically. What it's doing is exactly


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[Assistant] Gradient descent on the cost function J of theta that we defined on the previous slide that uses the regularization term.


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[Assistant] Gradient descent was just one of our two algorithms for fitting a linear regression model.


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[Assistant] Where, what we did was we created the design matrix X where each row corresponded to a separate training example and we created a vector Y.


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[Assistant] So this is a vector that's in, that's an m-dimensional vector.


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[Assistant] And, uh, that contained the labels from my training set. So whereas x is an m by n plus 1,


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[Assistant] Dimensional matrix. Y is a m-dimensional vector.


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[Assistant] And in order to minimize the cost function J, we found that one way to do so is to set theta


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[Assistant] To be equal to this, right? We had x transpose x, um, inverse x transpose y. I'm leaving room here to fill in stuff, of course.


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[Assistant] What this value for theta does is, uh, this minimizes the cost function J of theta when we were not using regularization.


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[Assistant] Now that we are using the regularization, if you were to derive what the minimum is, and just to give you a sense of how to derive the minimum, the way you derive it is you, you know, take partial derivatives with respect to each parameter, set this to zero, and then do a bunch of math and you can then show,


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[Assistant] It's a formula like this that minimizes the cost function. And concretely,


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[Assistant] If you are using regularization, then this formula changes as follows. Inside this parenthesis, you end up with a matrix like this, 0, 1,


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[Assistant] And so on, one until the bottom. So this thing over here is a matrix whose upper left most entry is zero, the ones on the diagonals, and then the zeros everywhere else in this matrix. Because I'm trying to solve this problem.


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[Assistant] But as a concrete example, if n equals 2, then uhm, this matrix is going to be a 3 by 3 matrix. More generally, this is, this matrix is a n plus 1 by n plus 1 dimensional matrix.


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[Assistant] So if n equals 2, then that matrix becomes something that looks like this.


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[Assistant] And then ones on the diagonals and then zeros on the rest of the off-diagonals.


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[Assistant] And once again, you know, I'm not going to show this derivation, which is frankly somewhat long and involved, but it's possible to prove that if you are using the new definition of J of theta,


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[Assistant] With the regularization objective then this new formula for theta is the one that would give you the global minimum of J of theta. So finally I want to just quickly


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[Assistant] Describe the issue of non-invertibility. This is relatively advanced material, so you should consider this as optional, and feel free to skip it, or if you listen to it and, you know, parts of it don't really make sense, don't worry about it either.


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[Assistant] But earlier when I talked about the normal equation method, we also had an optional video on the non-invertibility issue. So this is another optional part that's sort of an add-on to that earlier optional video on non-invertibility.


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[Assistant] Now consider a setting where m, the number of examples, is less than or equal to n, the number of features.


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[Assistant] If you have few examples and features, then this matrix, X transpose X, will be non-invertible.


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[Assistant] Or the other term for this is the matrix will be degenerate.


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[Assistant] And if you implement this an octave anyway and you use the p-in function to take the pseudo inverse, it will kind of do the right thing, but it's not clear that it will give you a very good hypothesis, even though numerically, you know, the octave p-in function will give you, will give you a result that kind of makes sense.


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[Assistant] But if you were doing this in a different language, and if you were, or if you were taking just the regular inverse, which an octave is denoted with the function inv, you're trying to take the regular inverse of x transpose x, then in this setting, you find that


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[Assistant] And, you know, using some linear algebra library to try to take the inverse of this matrix, it just might not work because that matrix is non-invertible or singular.


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[Assistant] So long as the regularization parameter lambda is strictly greater than zero, it is actually possible to prove that this matrix, x transpose x plus lambda times this, you know, funny matrix here, is possible to prove that this matrix will not be singular and that this matrix will be invertible.


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[Assistant] So using regularization also take care of any non-invertibility issues of the X transpose X matrix as well.


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[Assistant] So, you now know how to implement regularized linear regression. Using this, you'll be able to avoid overfitting even if you have lots of features in a relatively small training set. And this should let you get linear regression to work much better for many problems.


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[Assistant] In the next video we'll take this regularization idea and apply it to logistic regression so that you'll be able to get logistic regression to avoid overfitting and perform much better as well.


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[Assistant] Hi there, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course Literature, and today we're going to continue our discussion of this guy, JD Salinger is the catcher in the ride. So Holden Caulfield is often dismissed by teenagers for being a whiny little Nathaniel Hawthorne who hates his life but never does anything to change it.


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[Assistant] You've seen combat, and you've seen concentration camps, and you've lost innocence in a way that most of us thankfully never will. As we discussed last week, the traditional line on Ketcher is that it's a book about


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[Assistant] Clinging to innocents. You know, Peter Pan refusing to grow up, Kris Jenner thinking she can be one of her daughters, Donald Trump investing his fortune in the least believable wig ever, and that trying to keep everything the same and everyone innocent is a fool's errand and only leads to mad.


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[Assistant] And there's a lot in the text to support that, how much he loves nothing ever changing at the Natural History Museum, how he prefers imagining Jane Gallagher as a terrible checkers player than as a sexual being, or how he wants to be a catcher in the rye. And while Holden is driven mad by this desire to preserve innocence, there's also something kind of heroic about it.


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[Assistant] I mean, the catcher in the rhyme might be on a hopeless mission, but at least it's arguably a noble one.


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[Assistant] Like Gatsby's or Romeo's. I mean, children do deserve our protection, and in war and elsewhere, Salinger often saw and sometimes was a victim of that phony adult world that preys on the weak and the frightened. And in this reading, the final scene of the book is particularly interesting. Let's go to the Thought Bubble.


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[Assistant] So Holden's little sister Phoebe is riding the carousel, an innocent kid activity if ever there was one. She says she's too big, but Holden convinces her otherwise. He's definitely too big though, so he just watches.


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[Assistant] And as the carousel spins, Phoebe, like all the other kids, keeps reaching for this gold ring. And Holden says, I was sort of afraid she'd fall off the goddamn horse, but I didn't say anything or do anything. The thing with kids is, if they want to grab the gold ring, you have to let them do it and not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off. But it's bad if you say anything to them.


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[Assistant] The ride finishes, Phoebe tries to get Holden to ride it, but he declines, and then it starts raining. And she puts Holden's red hunting cap, an enchanted object if ever there was one, on his head.


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[Assistant] This scene is usually read as being about innocence and change, which is how we read it last week, but that red hunting camp is vital.


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[Assistant] He tells us that he got the hat soon after leaving the fencing equipment on the subway. An intensely vulnerable moment. And it obviously gives him confidence. He wears it, for instance, when writing the essay about Ali's gloves.


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[Assistant] But he's also self-conscious about it, taking off so as not to look suspicious and only putting it on when, quote, I knew I wouldn't meet anyone that knew me.


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[Assistant] And there at the end, Phoebe puts the hunting cap on him.


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[Assistant] As if to say, this thing gives you the confidence you need to keep the rain out of your eyes and go on living with some semblance of integrity in the adult world. So wear it.


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[Assistant] Phoebe empathizes with Holden, which is striking mostly because no one has empathized with him in the entire novel. Holden can be tremendously empathetic. Remember that he writes to his teacher telling him not to feel bad about failing him? But from his friends to his teachers to nuns to prostitutes to cabbies,


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[Assistant] Holden never feels like he's being heard. JD Salinger is, of course, most famous for not wanting to be famous. He stopped publishing in the early 1960s and lived an intensely private life. In a famous passage from Catcher, Holden says,


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[Assistant] When you're all done reading it, you wish the author that wrote it was a terrific friend of yours and you could call him up on the phone whenever you felt like it. An author, in short.


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[Assistant] Just as an aside, it's never a good idea to try to track down an author. Even if he tweets a lot, still, don't come to his house. Salinger was that kind of author for millions of people, including me. We read The Catcher in the Rye and feel like the book understands us in deep and improbable ways, but what Holden Caulfield didn't understand, and Salinger did, is that a book


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[Assistant] You may wish you could call up the author whenever you felt like it. Again, don't.


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[Assistant] But the real comfort is found not in the author, but in the text. And this is where it becomes relevant that there are in fact two Holdens in this story. There's the 16-year-old Holden the story is happening to.


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[Assistant] An open letter to the phrase self-involved. But first let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's a carousel. Just keeps going around and around.


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[Assistant] John Green. So the hole in the story is happening too. Can't get anyone to listen to him other than his sister and a probable creeper. But a year later, he's found a way to write about this story and make us care. Through things like the Red Hunting Cap, we understand him and we can listen to him. And even though his battles aren't fought on Utah Beach or in the Hurtgen Forest,


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[Assistant] That's the miracle of language, especially effective figurative language. The hunting cap, the passive voice, the natural history museum, the carousel.


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[Assistant] All these things are ways into Holden's experience. That's how he gets into our brains and lets us see the world through his eyes. After describing Phoebe going around and around on that carousel, Holden writes, God, I wish you could have been there.


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[Assistant] But we are there. When students complain about reading critically, about having to do all this English class stuff, that's what they're forgetting. All that English class stuff is a way into empathy for Holden and for all of us. It's a way to hear and be heard. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week.


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[Assistant] Every week instead of cursing, I use the name of writers I like or Nathaniel Hawthorne. You can suggest other writers in comments where you can also have questions about today's video that will be answered by our team of literature experts. I'm just kidding Nathaniel Hawthorne, I love you. Thanks for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.


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[Assistant] It's a brand new week and I think we're all super excited. I wanna do everything that I can to stay in the competition so I'm gonna fight very hard today.


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[Assistant] I have some brilliant ingredients in that little tiny mini box.


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[Assistant] I'm just worried because if I stuff anything up then I won't have anything for backup.


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[Assistant] I'm thinking of just doing some veggies and have the quail crown. And do just a simple drew.


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[Assistant] Uhm, some of the veggies are a little bit charred in there.


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[Assistant] I'm thinking about all the under bench staples that I have and I can see that I've got some butter and I've got some mustard seeds and, you know, I'm thinking maybe a nice burnt butter and mustard seed mayonnaise might pair well with the flavours.


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[Assistant] I'm plating up and I take the breastbone off the crown of the quail. I place one of the quail legs on and then I place all the vegetables around the quail. I pipe some of the mustard seed mayo onto the plate and I'm just hoping that I've done enough.


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[Assistant] I'm so fond of mousse and it's my best recipe. I place it into a tray, then pop it in the freezer to set. Gotta be set and it's gotta be perfect.


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[Assistant] The next I get onto making Twill, I want it to look perfectly like a forward log.


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[Assistant] I'm definitely determined to stay out of the elimination. Like I've got this nervous energy, but I'm so excited at the same time. To get a top dish today would just be out of this world.


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[Assistant] The dish I'm making is a forest floor, but I'm stuck on how I can emulate moss.


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[Assistant] Chlorophyll. I know that I wanna make chlorophyll. It's got this vibrant green color to emulate some moss.


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[Assistant] The mask is going to be different, I'm going to do a microwave sponge.


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[Assistant] I think combining the chlorophyll from the kale juice with a microwave sponge will give it a mossy-like appearance. I'm going to be using the juice and I'm going to put it in my micro sponge. Once I have enough of the juice, I add it to the sponge mixture.


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[Assistant] I then put it into the microwave for 40 seconds and hopefully it can look like moss.


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[Assistant] The dish I am making is a forest floor, a chocolate mousse, chocolate twills with some sponge-like moss around the plate.


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[Assistant] I've let my sponge cool down and I run a knife around it to get the sponge out. I'm really, really happy with the color. It's beautiful bright golden green and the texture is really airy.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with my dish. I just hope that everything goes together and they like it. To get a top dish today would just be out of this world.


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[Assistant] I have a chocolate mousse, a chocolate twill, and then I've got a kale sponge, some nastashems and some fresh berries.


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[Assistant] The last two standing will make it into the semi-final and possibly win MasterChef.


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[Assistant] Time starts and I start jotting down some ideas. I've got to go savoury. I know I've got beautiful seafood in the pantry and I want to try to my strengths. I would love to do another crab bisque. I did one last week and it went down really well. It's bony and intense.


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[Assistant] Being in so many eliminations and pressure tests throughout the competition has really defined me as a cook. I learn something new every time.


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[Assistant] In the last few weeks, I've really gained a lot of confidence. It's taught me whatever they throw at me in this competition, I'll give it a go and I'll smash it.


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[Assistant] Uh, get over to the pantry, I notice this beautiful snapper and some blue swimmer crabs.


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[Assistant] There's no fish stock in the pantry. I've also got some vegetables to start my stock for the bisque. I really wanna do sort of a play on a seafood platter.


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[Assistant] Pretty close to my food dream, cooking on a boat. No fishing involved, which is a bit disappointing, but yeah, this is as good as it gets. Before MasterChef, I was just a tradie who loved cooking for my friends and family. I suppose that's why I never expected to make it this far.


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[Assistant] I've got my fish stock on and I'm just gonna fry off the bones, get a bit of colour before I add any water.


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[Assistant] I really want to get this bisque started. Really letting those flavours develop. Look at you running! I've got to. What's the dish?


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[Assistant] I'm gonna sort of play on a bit of a seafood platter. Two different types of fish with a sous-bis, puree, and a bisque.


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[Assistant] I cook seafood a lot in this competition and it's really my thing. I want to do that as a career. I've really got to make sure that I get the flavors right.


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[Assistant] I grab some lemon thyme and a couple of leaves of bay. To boost the flavour I add some vermouth.


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[Assistant] Let that reduce down and then add some white wine, letting that reduce down again.


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[Assistant] I'm not feeling too bad. The bisque is underway. I'm starting the sous-bise now. I've got my onions going. Sous-bise is pretty much an onion puree. It starts off by cooking the onions down in butter, then adding a small touch of cream and pureeing everything together.


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[Assistant] For the seafood platter, I want a number of elements of seafood to go along with the bisque. I grab a coral trout and some King George whiting.


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[Assistant] I've really got to get on with filleting both of the fish.


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[Assistant] There's under 30 minutes to go, but I'm really trying to take my time. If I don't get that right, I could be stuffed.


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[Assistant] My main concern with the dish is with such a delicate fish, the coral trout and the whiting. The bisque and the sous vise could overpower the fish. I get over to the pantry.


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[Assistant] Uhm, I've got to get some kind of vegetables, I think, on the dish, just something to complement the fish and the purees, but also try and add some acidity into it.


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[Assistant] I find some beautiful Dutch carrots. I think about roasting them with lemon and some lemon thyme.


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[Assistant] Just sort of break the dish from the sweetness and the richness of the bisque. Punch it up with some acidity. And balance the whole thing out.


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[Assistant] I'm under a bit of pressure at the moment. I've still got to cook the fish, strain the bisque and plate up.


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[Assistant] At this point I'm just thinking about pan frying the coral trout and the whiting, but to get them cooked perfectly is gonna take a lot of time balance and I don't think I've got time to do that. Timing, timing, timing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think about cooking whiting in a different way, rolling it up and steaming it in a tray.


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[Assistant] Steaming the whiting, there's less of a chance to overcook it and it could really take this dish to the next level. We'll just see how we go for time.


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[Assistant] It's gonna be in the pan for about two minutes before I have to flip it. So I've gotta get my carrots out of the oven and start plating up.


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[Assistant] Khan's already in the semi-final and there are two positions still left and I desperately want one of those.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with the taste of the sous-bise, so I get it on the plate.


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[Assistant] Plating up seven plates of food. Gotta make sure I've got enough quantity of all my elements and make sure they're all perfect.


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[Assistant] I'm really happy with how the carrots look. The colours are really vibrant.


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[Assistant] I take the coral trout off the heat. I've really got to check on this whiting.


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[Assistant] It's baking in the oven. And looking alright? Uh, it'll be a couple of minutes away. Timing, timing, timing.


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[Assistant] I'm really starting to stress. I might not even get all the plates plated up. I strain off my bisque and get it into the serving jugs.


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[Assistant] It's definitely been playing on my mind that this could be my last cook in the MasterChef competition. I really don't want that to be today. I've put everything I've got into this cook.


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[Assistant] Uh, the enormity of it all. So, the pressure's got to you? Yeah, it has. First time then? Uhm, yeah, it would be.


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[Assistant] A little bit emotional. Yeah, it could be the last time I cook in the competition. So this is it. If that dish can't get me into the semis, the journey's over.


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[Assistant] It's amazing having everyone back in the kitchen. The energy is electric and you sort of forget how many people there were.


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[Assistant] So if I went like a really delicate type of seafood...


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[Assistant] Don't wanna give him chicken. Don't wanna make it easy. I've chosen something that they can cook good food with, and I can't wait to see what they do with it.


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[Assistant] Gary, I think you've taken that beautiful piece of tuna and done complete justice. The yuzu mayo is just popping flavour.


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[Assistant] The flavours are amazing. The contrast of heat and cold is really sensational.


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[Assistant] Pink inside blushing. Just like the judges when they go down.


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[Assistant] You won't see the dish. You won't taste the dish. You aren't even going to get the recipe.


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[Assistant] He headed up the kitchen with our own George at the Press Club. And he teamed up with Scott Pickett to create one of Melbourne's favourite restaurants, St Crispit.


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[Assistant] Now, he's at the helmet's very own place. Please welcome, from Saxon, Melbourne, Joe Grabek.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Joe, welcome. Uhm, you worked some great kitchens. You've got your own place now, Saks in Melbourne. Uhm, what sort of food are you putting up there?


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[Assistant] So delicate, refined, hearing, local ingredients. You know?


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[Assistant] It's around this time that we'd ask Joe to reveal the dish you'll be cooking.


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[Assistant] As you may know, I've reviewed restaurants for a dozen years before I shifted my career over to food writing and writing recipe books. But as it's the year of surprises, and we're celebrating 10 years of MasterChef, I've been persuaded to come out of retirement for one last review.


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[Assistant] That's right. You have to base your dish on my review of Joe's dish.


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[Assistant] At the crescent's heart, resting on a teaspoon of mandarin peel sherbet, sits a dessert spoon-sized purnell of silky smooth mandarin sorbet.


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[Assistant] There are also two quivering but slightly fluffy sheep's milk panna cottas. One on the plate is a squat cylinder of tenderness below the centre of the sorbet, and the other...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An equally creamy half-cylinder resting on its rounded side below.


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[Assistant] In turn, each splotch is topped with a delicate little dollop of fluid gel.


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[Assistant] But the fur gel is set with agar and then blitzed, and the, the tubes are set with a little less agar, and gelatin as well. Now that's in the review, and I've got to dig down to find the fact.


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[Assistant] There are also two quivering but slightly fluffy sheep's milk panna cottas.


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[Assistant] Joe, coming up to the 90 minute mark, where do you think our three contestants are sitting?


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[Assistant] Oh, so you've done a Saturnum Mandarin Jelly and you've done a Chamomile Jelly. Yes. You might need to go back and look at the review carefully.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and you know, you've got that sheepy flavour of the panna cotta, you've got that, the hay flavour of the chamomile, um, in the jubes, the sorbets. It's got the flavour of mandarin, fresh mandarin juice and zest, which is exactly what we were looking for. So I mean, I think in terms of a, of kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The, the, the issue is that the elements that needed to set to give the dish height didn't set. The, the, the custard, which I think has got a really lovely flavour, uhm,


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[Assistant] You ready Ben? Yes. Let's see how close you can. Yes. Joe?


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[Assistant] Wow. The colour similarity is amazing. That's amazing. But obviously no panna cotta. Shall we taste? Yeah, let's do it.


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[Assistant] We promised you the toughest pressure test of this season so far, and that's what you got. You didn't see the dish, you didn't taste the dish, you didn't have a recipe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All you had to go on was my poultry review of Joe's Amazing Dish.


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[Assistant] Joe, I don't think you've ever asked your chefs to do anything as challenging as that.


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[Assistant] We're having crab bisque. Crab bisque? I see a tail sticking out of a bowl there. Yeah, coral trout, and I've got whiting served on a sous-bisse with crab bisque. Well, I think you ought to think about a couple of things. You've got a very heavy sauce, very pungent flavour.


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[Assistant] With those delicate flavors of coral trout particularly and King George Whiting. Yes. Two of the most delicate fish in the ocean. You've got to be careful how you put it all together.


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[Assistant] Chicken rice is a very homely dish. I love the flavour of it. You know, we're sitting here, it's a little bit cool, chilli's great. The chicken's actually cooked very nicely, the texture of it is nice.


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[Assistant] Best part of the chicken is the brown meat. I think it was a missed opportunity seeing all the bones, all the frames sitting there.


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[Assistant] I'm excited and nervous to know who I'm going to be cooking up against. All these contestants are really strong, but there's a great advantage up for grabs and I really want to win it.


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[Assistant] Because I know he's got so many great ideas. His plating is absolutely amazing. And I know Ben's good at packing flavors in his dishes. Simple but beautiful.


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[Assistant] I love winter. It's like getting cozy with friends, having a nice cup of hot coffee, having yummy cakes, and that is why I'm making a PB&J opera cake today.


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[Assistant] But my duck was sponges in the oven, and I have to get onto my peanut butter cream.


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[Assistant] And melt it down with a little bit of sugar and lemon juice and add some gelatin leaves. I'm hoping that it just sets in time.


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[Assistant] I take my jelly out of the blast chiller and it's not set at all. Oh no. It's more puree than jelly.


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[Assistant] If I don't have the jelly element, then it's just peanut butter and chocolate.


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[Assistant] But I have an idea. Okay, okay. Instead of a raspberry jelly, I'm going to make a raspberry cream, add a raspberry puree, and some double cream. Could you, sir? Uh, chicken, sir.


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[Assistant] Brush it with some coffee sugar syrup. Dollop some chocolate with ganache. Then top it off with another sponge. Pipe in some peanut butter Swiss meringue buttercream.


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[Assistant] Top it off with another sponge cake and dot the raspberry cream on top.


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[Assistant] Uh, I can't believe I got all of my elements on the plate. I like the look of my dessert but Ben's dish looks absolutely amazing and that sauce or broth that he's got on the side looks gorgeous.


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[Assistant] I think Ben's taking a lot of ingredients in and out, in and out all the time from the pantry and he's kind of running out of time. 20 minutes in and I'm so stressed. Ben's spending a long time in the pantry and he's only starting on his cap here and Sashi's dish is already starting to smell amazing. I'm nervous.


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[Assistant] Given how marketers have an ever-increasing amount of data at their fingertips, which can help them make their campaigns successful, it's no surprise that marketing analysts are in high demand.


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[Assistant] Knowing analytics or having access to an analyst is a real plus for any marketer. And as a result, new marketing analyst roles keep emerging.


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[Assistant] We will give you more insights into what marketing analysts do and how data analysis forms an integral part of marketing throughout this program.


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[Assistant] But let me give you a sense of the types of roles you will see marketing analysts take on.


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[Assistant] In many advertising agencies, you'll find a marketing analytics or marketing science department.


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[Assistant] Marketing analysts will support the teams that manage client accounts by providing them with research,


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[Assistant] Evaluate the effectiveness of campaigns, advising them on where they should place ads, and so on.


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[Assistant] They will form an essential part of creating and managing the marketing strategy for the brands the advertising agency is responsible for.


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[Assistant] You'll find that the most successful agencies are the ones that blend great creativity with excellent data analysis.


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[Assistant] Large companies of course also have their internal marketing teams.


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[Assistant] They may work together with agencies to help them execute their advertising campaigns, but these marketing teams will often determine the overall strategy and will optimize how the marketing money for the company is spent.


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[Assistant] They rely heavily on marketing analysts to help them forecast, plan, optimize, and report their marketing performance.


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[Assistant] Marketing analysts will typically hold key roles in the marketing team or in a separate data analysis team that works closely with marketing.


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[Assistant] Then there are those companies that focus exclusively on marketing analytics and that provide services for marketers who would like to measure, optimize and report their marketing performance, but that don't have the luxury of being able to rely on an internal team.


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[Assistant] Or they may want to use specific methods for which specific expertise or tools are required.


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[Assistant] They will then turn to these marketing measurement firms.


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[Assistant] There are a variety of roles for marketing analysts in these types of companies. You can take on a sales role where you sell marketing measurement tools to other businesses


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[Assistant] Or you might work on analyzing data from clients and creating reports for them.


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[Assistant] Marketers benefit a lot from having marketing analytics skills as it will help them understand how to measure and optimize their campaigns and what questions to ask from the analysts or the marketing analytics agency they work with.


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[Assistant] Marketers really benefit from having marketing analytics tools in their toolbox.


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[Assistant] No matter which one of these roles appeals most to you, after going through this program, you'll be well prepared for any of them. Throughout the different courses you'll go through,


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[Assistant] You'll find career content that can help you to prepare if you apply for a new role.


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[Assistant] We all each have to hero a fruit or vegetable, but waiting for your turn for George to come up and say, right, your time starts now. I'm just inside. I'm like, do-do-do-do-do-do-do. Please eggplant, eggplant, eggplant. Please eggplant. Or green beans. Eggplant or green beans, please. It's okay.


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[Assistant] Jess, you ready? Yes. Let's go. Come on. We enjoyed running to the pantry and...


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[Assistant] Uhm, definitely Saiko Miso, which is basically made from, uhm, miso. The white miso paste with sake and mirin, which you set down with a bit of sugar and it's got a sweetness, which would be good for dessert.


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[Assistant] The dish I'm gonna be making today is mushroom and eggplant sauteed with some sago miso and on the bottom of it's gonna have a nice mushroom puree and topped off with fried enoki.


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[Assistant] The sauce is meant to be sweet, but I don't want it to be too sweet, so I gotta be really careful how much mirin and sugar I'm putting into my sauce. The sauce is gonna tie the whole dish together, so it needs to be just right.


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[Assistant] I'm going to add some fried gnocchi for that crunchy element. So I'm going to fry them up in the deep fryer until it's nice and golden.


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[Assistant] I want this to be quite a sweet dish because it's the last savory course. Today it's all gonna come down to the flavors of that miso. I'm feeling good so, yeah, hopefully all goes well.


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[Assistant] Ben is sending plates out and that means it's my turn next and there's no time to just mess around. This is it.


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[Assistant] George has a taste and this moment of silence.


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[Assistant] I put all this work into this sauce and it's basically overpowered with sugar.


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[Assistant] I've played it out with Tessa for George, and there's just this moment of silence.


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[Assistant] I'm just hoping that this lime's just gonna get that sugary sweet flavor out of it. It got a little bit better.


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[Assistant] Jess, are you gonna get there? Yes I am. Start going, come on. I can't wait any longer, I have to plate these up.


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[Assistant] Having to work really hard for this dish and finally coming together at the end, it feels so good inside.


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[Assistant] Right cooks! Stop! Come with me! Come with me! Come with me now! Let's go!


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[Assistant] Marketing analytics professionals help businesses make informed decisions.


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[Assistant] You will also gain exclusive access to Facebook Certified Job Board.


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[Assistant] I hope they're not too hard. Well, why should we hire you?


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[Assistant] Uhm, I think that I would be a perfect fit in this company. I have a unique combination of strong technical acumen with outstanding soft skills. You know, I excel at building strong long-term consumer relationships. For example, when I headed the customer support department in my previous company, our team resolved about 70% of our customers' problems.


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[Assistant] I decided that we needed better information and technical preparation on our products. So after I implemented a series of training sessions in coordination with our technical department.


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[Assistant] We were able to solve 90% of our customers' issues. Given the opportunity, I could bring this kind of success to this company.


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[Assistant] To be honest, I struggle with organization and time management. Punctuality has never been a strength of mine. I find it hard to organize my time effectively. I've actually addressed this weakness recently by attending a workshop on efficient time management.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It helped me a lot by providing me with great insights on how to get organized and use my time efficiently. So, I think I'm getting better now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope they're not too hard. Well, uh, why should we hire you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I think that I would be a perfect fit in this company. I have a unique combination of strong technical acumen with outstanding soft skills. You know, I excel at building strong long-term consumer relationships. For example, when I headed the customer support department in my previous company, our team resolved about 70% of our customers' problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I decided that we needed better information and technical preparation on our products. So after I implemented a series of training sessions in coordination with our technical department.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We were able to solve 90% of our customers' issues. Given the opportunity, I could bring this kind of success to this company.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be honest, I struggle with organization and time management. Punctuality has never been a strength of mine. I find it hard to organize my time effectively. I've actually addressed this weakness recently by attending a workshop on efficient time management.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It helped me a lot by providing me with great insights on how to get organized and use my time efficiently, so I think I'm getting better now.


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[Assistant] Great, thanks a lot. I hope to hear from you. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] Yes, that's right. We got a request for a dialogue about a receptionist.


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[Assistant] Yeah, phrases that will help you sound really, really professional and really fluent.


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[Assistant] Well I really liked how this receptionist used some excellent phrases to sound really professional. And one thing she said was, certainly. Certainly. Certainly.


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[Assistant] Well, this is a nice way to respond. Uhm, to make the other person know that you understand what they said.


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[Assistant] It's correct, but it's not really very...


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[Assistant] You use this phrase when you are going to write down the person's name.


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[Assistant] Alright, one more phrase. Ms. Stevens will be with you momentarily.


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[Assistant] Yeah, so when you want to be formal, you can say, Ms. Stevens will be with you momentarily.


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[Assistant] Alright, there's so much in this dialogue, so many great, wonderful, polite phrases. So why don't we listen to it one more time, but this time, slowed down.


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[Assistant] This is a lovely way of saying I will take you to the office. I will take you to the office.


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[Assistant] Now, the final useful phrase, watch your step.


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[Assistant] Yeah, remember like these phrases can really help you sound more professional, more welcoming, more polite basically.


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[Assistant] And Marco and I are always around to respond to your questions and comments.


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[Assistant] If you ever watch a bumblebee really closely, you will notice that some of them do


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[Assistant] Something kind of odd when they're leaving a flower. They'll turn around mid-flight and just stare at it. Like they're a little drone taking footage. Like they're like, that was a really beautiful flower, I want to get another look at it. They're not doing it to collect information for their hive mates. Although bumblebees do live in colonies, they are solitary foragers. And also, not every bee does this the same way.


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[Assistant] What are they doing? It seems to have something to do with memory. This behavior is called learning flight.


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[Assistant] And bees do it so they can remember how they got there. They're taking a mental image of what the flower and the surrounding area looked like.


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[Assistant] We're more rewarding than others. A nectar in different flowers consisted of either 20 or 50% sugar.


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[Assistant] So some flowers were kinda meh, and others were a pretty good score. What was unexpected was that the bigger bees worked harder to remember the more rewarding flowers. They spent more time facing the flowers while flying away from them on their learning flights. Meanwhile, the smaller bees


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Didn't seem to care. In fact, they treated all flowers equally. This was surprising, because if you're a bee and you find a really rewarding flower, it seems you would want to remember it regardless of how big you are. But that doesn't seem to be the case. And it turns out a key variable


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Smaller bees don't forage that often. They spend more time on tasks around the nest. So when they do forage, they're limited by how far they can travel, so they tend not to be super picky. They don't bother putting all that effort into remembering super potent flowers, because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, they probably couldn't carry that much from them anyway. But larger bees can fly farther and carry more nectar back to the colony. Plus, their size means they can handle the cold better, and they have better eyesight so they can visit flowers in the morning when the light is low and there's more nectar around.


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[Assistant] How many other overlooked bumblebee behaviors are there? Because the more we understand them, well, the more we get to marvel at how cool and complex bumblebees are. But also, knowledge like that can help us figure out how to care better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow! If you want to keep learning about bees, well, this really is just the tip of the iceberg. They're pretty incredible animals, and you might learn more about them in our special bee compilation video. Yes, we have a whole video that is just other videos of bee stuff.


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[Assistant] If you thought Saturn was the only ringed planet, think again.


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[Assistant] This is the sixth planet from the sun. Don't recognize it? That's because something's missing.


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[Assistant] Without its iconic rings, Saturn would be just another planet. They are the key to its beauty.


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[Assistant] People have been in awe of Saturn's rings since Galileo first discovered them in the year 1610.


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[Assistant] Since then, astronomers have applied everything they know about the original ringed planet in their hunt for more.


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[Assistant] Over time, ring hunters found not just one ring.


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[Assistant] But a series of seven main bands around Saturn's equator.


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[Assistant] F and the last, detected in 1980, G. All told, ring hunters had found a system that sprawled a whopping 180,000 miles in diameter.


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[Assistant] Yet incredibly, the rings form a single plane that is wafer thin, averaging less than 30 feet.


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[Assistant] But since their speeds and directions don't match exactly, and are sometimes changed by forces around them,


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[Assistant] Instead, the gravity of the planet and the velocity of the particles are in perfect balance.


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[Assistant] So that the particles are eternally falling or curving in towards the planet, but never getting any closer


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[Assistant] But Saturn is not the only source of gravity. The particles in the rings have their own.


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[Assistant] But the gravity of the particles works against the gravity of Saturn. It's an eternal war.


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[Assistant] Saturn's gravity pulls particles away from each other because of a universal law about the speed of objects in orbit.


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[Assistant] Even if one icy chunk is just a foot closer than another, there will be a tiny difference in speed. That difference is enough to prevent the particles from staying together.


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[Assistant] This perpetual battle of particles grouping into small structures being pulled away and regrouping has maintained the rings for millions, possibly billions of years.


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[Assistant] The balance of gravity holds the ring system in place.


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[Assistant] The centrifugal force from the spinning causes the dough to flatten out.


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[Assistant] The angle at which the rings are seen is constantly changing because the planet itself tilts 27 degrees.


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[Assistant] While Galileo's mystery was swiftly resolved by later ring hunters, one of the most fundamental questions about Saturn is hotly debated to this day. Where did the rings come from?


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[Assistant] One holds that the rings formed just after the birth of Saturn, four and a half billion years ago.


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[Assistant] Many believe that the rings were born when one of Saturn's moons was ripped to millions or billions of pieces by a powerful force called tidal effect.


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[Assistant] In less extreme places like our solar system, the impact of tidal effect is only felt by large bodies like planets and moons.


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[Assistant] But the moon's tidal effect doesn't only pull the oceans, it pulls the entire planet.


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[Assistant] Planets also have a tidal effect on their moons. In fact, since planets are larger than moons they have more gravity and create stronger tidal effects.


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[Assistant] Our moon is made of rock and metals, far too solid to be ripped apart by Earth's tidal effect.


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[Assistant] But some of Saturn's moons were loose conglomerations of ice, dust, and rock, sometimes called rubble piles.


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[Assistant] Some scientists believe one of these moons strayed too close to Saturn a hundred million years ago.


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[Assistant] Only further exploration can determine whether the rings of Saturn were created by tidal effect, the destruction of a moon by an asteroid, or from leftover debris when the planet first formed.


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[Assistant] Astronomers are in fact getting streams of new data on Saturn and its rings every day from a spacecraft launched in 1997 called Cassini.


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[Assistant] Cassini has captured images closer than ever before, revealing a wild world of shifting forms and surprising variation.


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[Assistant] To the astonishment of astronomers, Cassini revealed particles in one ring, forming a towering wave.


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[Assistant] The cause of this planetary surf turned out to be the gravitational effects from a moon just five miles wide, named Daphnis.


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[Assistant] Because it's so close to one of Saturn's rings, the gravitational pull of this tiny moon is strong enough to create the gigantic waves.


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[Assistant] These waves are only one way that moons put their mark on rings.


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[Assistant] Moons that create these edges and divisions are called shepherd moons.


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[Assistant] In Saturn's F ring, there's a moon on each side that actually herds the particles into the ring.


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[Assistant] These moons, Prometheus and Pandora, are in essence, Saturn's cowboys.


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[Assistant] If a particle strays out, Pandora's gravity pulls on it.


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[Assistant] This slows the particle down causing it to fall back to the ring.


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[Assistant] The overall effect is that the two moons confine the particles between them, creating a sharply defined ring.


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[Assistant] The glittering bands of Saturn sparked a quest for more rings. Yet they were the only known rings for centuries.


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[Assistant] Ring hunters dreamed of finding others. Suspected there were more.


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[Assistant] And yet could see nothing visible, like Saturn's.


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[Assistant] Yet hundreds of years rolled by without another discovery to the enormous frustration of Ring Hunters.


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[Assistant] Stun scientists waited to see what would happen when the star reappeared on the other side.


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[Assistant] The dips on one side of the planet were perfectly symmetrical to those on the other.


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[Assistant] It was the first new ring system discovered in more than 350 years and it would open the floodgates.


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[Assistant] Two more ring systems would soon be discovered. One on distant Neptune.


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[Assistant] But if rings are common, why did it take astronomers so long to find the others?


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[Assistant] Most of Saturn's rings are thousands of miles wide. By comparison, the majority of Uranus's rings cover less than two miles.


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[Assistant] What's more, the outermost rings of Uranus are so dim, ring hunters didn't find them until 2003. This is largely because there is almost nothing in them.


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[Assistant] It would be like a cosmic racetrack that stretched from the earth to the moon and back, and it would have just a handful of cars on it.


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[Assistant] Unlike the icy chunks bigger than a car found in Saturn's rings, the particles in the rings of Jupiter are mainly the size of the finest dust.


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[Assistant] The rings, like the planet, are mammoths, sprawling nearly 300,000 miles in diameter.


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[Assistant] Yet incredibly, if you squashed all the particles into a single ball, it would be no wider than a football field, and perhaps as small as the distance of a first down.


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[Assistant] There is so little in the two outermost bands that they are the faintest rings ever detected in our solar system. Almost invisible, they are called the gossamer rings.


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[Assistant] As impossibly faint as the bands of Jupiter are, it was the search for rings around Neptune that proved the most challenging for ring hunters.


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[Assistant] Could it be that Neptune had some bizarre and mutant ring system?


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[Assistant] Ring hunters had never been so determined to solve the mystery.


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[Assistant] It captured the best images Ring Hunters had seen of the eighth planet from the sun. An incredible technological feat.


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[Assistant] So would they reveal that Neptune had no rings? Full rings?


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[Assistant] Or the mysterious partial rings that some astronomers had proposed.


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[Assistant] Not only were there complete rings, but there was something in the rings that had never been seen before.


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[Assistant] Arcs were simply segments of a ring that were brighter and thicker than the rest of the ring.


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[Assistant] The incredibly small amount of material in the rest of the ring.


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[Assistant] Explained why astronomers had not been able to detect the complete rings from Earth.


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[Assistant] The discovery of rings around Neptune meant that all of the gas giant outer planets had rings.


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[Assistant] It was a reflection of the natural order of the cosmos because the disk shape of rings is one of the most primordial forms in the universe.


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[Assistant] This is why the rings of Saturn can tell us about the origins of a much bigger ring system. The one around our sun.


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[Assistant] The first planets began to form in the debris disk. As they grew larger, their gravity cleared out space in their orbits.


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[Assistant] As a blueprint of our solar system, rings help us understand our own beginnings.


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[Assistant] Ringed planets in other solar systems.


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[Assistant] With the help of one of the world's most powerful telescopes, Kepler.


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[Assistant] Kepler is able to track about a hundred thousand stars at a time.


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[Assistant] It was designed to measure the tiniest changes in starlight.


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[Assistant] So that it could detect distant planets that pass in front of a star.


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[Assistant] In 2006, a mission called New Horizons roared off the launch pad. Its 2.7 billion mile journey will take it to the frozen edge of the solar system.


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[Assistant] Astronomers suspect that the dwarf planet may be the first rocky object found to have rings.