[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I should go tell my wife and then I can come back and get loaded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, found some work. Me too. Delivering goods out to some ranch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll take your word on that. What do you suggest now?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm delivering some supplies from the store in Strawberry. Okay. This is quite a place. Yes, it's beautiful. They send everything? Yeah, I think so. So partner, your boss, he looking for hands? Why, you looking for work? Yeah, my wife, we was in business with her family and turned sour. It's a long story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't mention it. Listen, I ain't looking for no charity or nothing, but I was serious. You got work, we'll work. I can do anything. We got, we got robbed ourselves a few days back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Work harder than any one of them. I'm real honest, and my wife, even though she's got fancy thoughts, she'll work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No trouble, sir. Aside from her brother, he tricked us and robbed her of her inheritance. We're good people. We'll work. Even Lancelot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just, please give us a chance. I can handle myself, okay? You know that already.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm David Geddes. Pleased to meet you. John. Jim. Milton. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the opportunity, sir. You and Mr. Dickens. You work hard. You be honest, you'll get your keys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I didn't have much of a choice. I gotta go. Jack, when you're done in here, come on out and lend a hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, I ain't really done much of it. Could never, never really get the hang of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that your boy? Sure, Abe. Lancelot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Watch and learn, partner. We all gotta earn our keep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey. Hey. Where's Jack? Shoveling shit in pursuit of the better life you want. Same as I've been.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I told you. Wife got cheated out of inheritance. We was in a legal dispute. It was a bad time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was raised to take a man at his word. And also to believe this is a free country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like that, but my wife is expecting me back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we, we have a boy. Maybe you've seen him around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I ain't no rancher. I wrestled horses, not raised them. Stole cattle, not birthed them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bank loans? I got a goddamn price on my head, woman!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll take the boy with me. He's getting soft. Lancelot!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay Lancelot, we'll make a man out of you, yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe try Marston. John Marston. It's a long story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And also I'm here to pick up the deliveries for Pronghorn Ranch. David Getty sent me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything okay, Paul? Sure. I hope so, at least.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I understand. I'll do my best to keep you safe, sir. I know you will. So how's your family? Just fine. I should probably head back. Yeah, I know how it is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My job, Abigail. My goddamn job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, there's plenty of guards. I'm gonna head straight in. Yep, Tom. You head up there and try and give us some cover. Abe, you're gonna try and flank the place and come in from the back. I'll give you a minute or two then I'm heading in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No need to say nothing, sir. Just doing my job. Now, I don't think they'll be back tonight, but how about Abe? Just in case you stay up. Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And thank you, Mr. Milton. Truly. Just glad to be of service, sir. I understand. You get some rest. Thank you, Mr. Geddes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is? Okay, thanks Abe. Excuse me mister, I'm Jim Milton. Heard you had a telegram for me? Yes, here, sign there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jim, stop. If you're the JM I know, stop. It's Sadie Adler. I've got something to discuss.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pay good. Meet me in saloon in valentine. I'm there most days. Stop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Darling John, a kind lady in the village helped me write this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I love you too much to watch that no more. Abigail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can handle a gun, sure. Them men shot at me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess not. There's work to be done. Unless you're running off too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hey, you think I could speak with Mr. Gettys? See if maybe he's open to offering me some guidance? I'm sure he'd be happy to hear you speak, at least. Thank you, Mr. Dickens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In some ways, my wife, my wife also has...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've worked hard to secure your property. And for that we are grateful. And you've paid me well besides. The thing is, I suppose, I need to get a place of my own. So I can prove to my wife that I've changed. I understand. But, ain't got much money. I ain't asking to borrow none. But maybe you could go to the bank and put in a good word so they could give me a loan? A loan, huh? So I can buy that place Beecher's Hope? Yes, I know it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Guess I didn't do a real good job of hiding my identity. We didn't hear nothing about you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I've gone straight. Sort of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hold on to it for me. Need to speak to the bank over in Blackwater. Get a loan for the property. Might make them happy to see I've got a boss.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I made money pretty bad, so I'll come find ya.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Marston. Only folk around here call me Milton. It's kind of a joke, I guess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Congratulations. You finished another week in the Introduction to Marketing Analytics course. Great job for getting this far.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This week gave you a taste of the tools marketing analysts use on a daily basis. First, you learned about spreadsheets and visualization tools. I'm sure it came as no surprise to you that these matter a lot in a marketing analyst's job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will cover these tools in a lot more depth in the next course in the program. And now you already know how to perform some basic functions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we looked at tools to evaluate digital data and you had an introduction to Google Analytics. It's a super rich tool with a ton of functionality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You now know how it's structured and you can find your way around and interpret the data in a Google Analytics data set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, we looked at tools marketers use to evaluate the success of their campaigns inside specific platforms like Facebook Ads Manager and Google Ads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I'm sure you've seen, these tools also cover a wealth of data and you now know how to get started with evaluating campaign performance on these platforms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll cover this in more detail in the fifth course in this program, but you already have a good foundation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next, for our last week in this course, we will turn our attention to privacy. Anyone who works with data needs to take privacy into account. So let's get a better understanding of what this means. I will see you in the next lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can you believe Patrick? He came up to me a month ago and tried to hit me up for some money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the last time I lend you money. Don't even try to hit me up for more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yo, just local boys being rounded up and pressed into action. If we go in quick and quiet, we can hit it just fine. If there's four of us, I mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to the fella I met, yes, it's the end of the stock sales, plenty of money, and plenty of people milling about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In any case, I need to change out of these rags if I'm gonna be performing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So even you long to save the fallen women, eh Arthur?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My husband's not cold in the ground and you've come back here, Archie. I nearly paid off what was owed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He didn't have a choice. He was good and he did good. There was no choice in that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you've as good as killed him yourself, and don't kid yourself. You had a choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ha! I thought I heard a rumor you was alive. Jim Milton? Not you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Strawberry! Got on the run from New York. Good price for him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll climb up the ladder with a hammer and a nail now, nail it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well we worked so hard to build a little house together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, me too. Me too. Happened a while ago. Pneumonia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry. We need your help real bad. Little Jamie's joined the Chilonians. That strange religious order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're quite mad, Arthur. They'll kill him. You're the only person he'd listen to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry. I understand if you don't want to help me, but, but I think of you often.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jamie's so innocent, Arthur. Please, Arthur.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just want him back, Arthur. If you find him, bring him to me at the station.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've... You're... Oh, you'll never change. I know that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't deal with bounty hunters around here son. I was just wondering if I could get a description. Well, they weren't friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They got in a fight, two men got killed. Now one of them's an idiot, the other's some kind of dumb mick, so maybe them's your boys. You can look right enough when we hang them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm trying to say you give me 25% kickback and I won't say nothing to nobody. Better than all right here. Excuse me? Sure, I'll excuse you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My husband and I, we shared the work. All of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome to 6 Minute English, where we bring you an intelligent topic and six related items of vocabulary. I'm Neil. And I'm Tim.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Artificial intelligence is the ability of machines to copy human intelligent behaviour. For example, an intelligent machine can learn from its own mistakes and make decisions based on what's happened in the past.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not true. AI is everywhere. Machine thinking is in our homes, offices, schools and hospitals. Computer algorithms are helping us drive our cars. They're diagnosing what's wrong with us in hospitals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And an algorithm, by the way, is a set of steps a computer follows in order to solve a problem. So can you tell me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although I'm just guessing. Was it an educated guess, Tim? I know a bit about chess. An educated guess is based on knowledge and experience and is therefore likely to be correct. Well, we'll find out later on how educated your guess was in this case, Tim. Indeed. But getting


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You would be surprised at what those zeros and ones can do, Tim, although you're right that AI does have its limitations at the moment. And if something has its limitations, there's a limit on what it can do or how good it can be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we take something for granted, we don't realise how important something is. You sometimes take me for granted, I think, Neil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, I never take you for granted, Tim. You're far too important for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which was, what was the name of the computer which famously beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997? Now you said deep blue, Tim, and that was the right answer. You see, my educated guess was based on knowledge and experience. Oh, maybe you were just lucky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue played against US world chess champion Garry Kasparov in two chess matches. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and was won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Algorithmic. For example, Google has made many algorithmic changes. Number three. If something has limitations, there's a limit on what it can do or how good it can be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our show has certain limitations. For example, it's only six minutes long. That's right. There's only time to present six vocabulary items. Short but sweet. And very intelligent too. Okay, the next item is take something for granted, which is when we don't realise how important something is. We take our


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, that's all we have time for on today's Cutting Edge show. Please check out our Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube pages. Bye bye. Goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, in the meantime, make sure you get reset hard, and then, uh, you can check out W0 Step 6.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so this is going to be styling the navbar. So currently we have it so that a, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The navbar has no background, the text is, uh, blue, but we want a more, uh, stylish navbar with like a navbar that stands out and text that's white. Uhm, so this is an exercise, feel free to play around, uhm, try to make this, uh, image on the right show up, so this blue will be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this should be just some simple CSS inside uh, styles.css.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but for this to happen, we currently don't have a wrapper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We currently don't have a class around, uh, for this nav, so we need to define a new CSS ruleset for a class that will affect this nav element. Yeah, I'll give you guys two minutes to do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uhm, so yeaah, so let's first create a class for this nav bar. Uhm, so we'll say class equals, and I'll just call this nav container.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We haven't defined this yet, but if we save and then just check out the website, it's not gonna break.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you give it a class that it doesn't know, it's not gonna break anything. Uhm, but now we should just create this class. So, we do dot and then nav container. And then curly braces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and inside here we want the background color, uhm, of this nav bar to be blue. Uh, so we want this to be blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we defined a blue color over here, uh, that we're gonna reference using the variable, the var text. So, we'll just type background color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, uh, let's go ahead and change the color of the nav title to be white so that we can actually see the text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's just these two changes in the CSS file. Uhm, first we're creating the nav container class, and then we're changing the text of the nav title to be white.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being applied to, uh, this heading, uh, which is the text catbook, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like the background color is being applied to like the entire nav bar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I think this is actually a good time to like, maybe inspect element and like see, uh, what's going on here. So if I look at this nav, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like the thing that's highlighted is like the entire nav container. So when you put a background to it, it's like, I'm applying to the whole thing. Uhm, but if I like hover over this, uh, H1,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's just hovering over that text. Uhm, so the color applies to the text if I apply it in map title.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of the width, yeaah, so currently, uhm, if we go to styles and then map-container, there's no like, actually I'll get back to you in one second.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a pretty good lead into this next step. So let's get reset hard and then check out, uhm, step seven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so this app is going to be removing the margin that we see on our site that's all around here, uhm, that's making the site look kind of drained.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, so this white space is kind of annoying. And the reason we have this white space is because Chrome automatically gives the body an 8 pixel margin. Uhm, if you don't specify the margin, uhm, if you go down here, you just select the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you'll see that the body has an 8 pixel margin. Uhm, so you're gonna have this like white space all around your entire body. Uhm, so, a bit more about the margin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's like this stuff is going to be removing the white space that we see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this is showing the margin, border, padding and then content of this entire body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so this margin is 8 pixels all around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what you see here is called the box model. So the box model is four components.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, margin, border, padding, and then content inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you inspect element, you see all the dimensions of this, which is pretty useful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, right now we want to get rid of this margin, which is 8 pixels. Uhm, there's no border or padding, just fine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, just to show you what this looks like, let me, uh, just inspect this. You don't need to follow along here, I'll just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, show you what each of these looks like. So I can create a border on Buka Buka. Uhm, I can give it a padding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I give it a padding, it's gonna give some space, inside of this container, that's outside of this content. So if I give it a padding of like 20 pixels,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can also add a margin of 50 pixels, for example. And then now if I hover over this, this is the orange area that's all around, uh, the border, uh, padding and content.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then this border I can also just create like a thinner border or a thicker border, uh, and so on. So any questions about this box diagram?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a pretty simple fix, we can just set the margin to be zero inside our body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then before we go on, since we might use this later, uhm, some CSS attributes like padding and margin can take ordering, or take multiple values, and the way it's, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The way the margins, for example, are determined is, like, if you give it one value, then all the margins on all four sides are gonna be that value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you give it two values, then the top and the bottom are going to be the first one, and then the right and the left are going to be the second one. So you're going in a clockwise order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you give it 3, then it's gonna be 10, 20, 30, and this last one's gonna be like, whatever's across from it, so 20, since you didn't define it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you have all four, then all four are going to be like that in clockwise order from the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and at the same time, let's also add a bit of padding, uhm, for this container, uh, so nav container, uh, so that the text isn't, like, leaning against the border as much. Uhm, let's make that padding eight pixels. Sorry, this section's a bit long, uhm, the other ones won't be this long.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we could add some arbitrary value for this padding, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we're coding, we want to use something called the 8-point grid system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what this is, is we standardize all our values to be multiples of eight so that it's more aesthetic, uhm, so that it like, uh, looks better, uhm, also like when you're developing and you wanna like estimate a size, uhm, when you're a developer you're more used to like multiples of eight so then you can like kind of eyeball like some size and make it like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, some multiple of 8. So instead of like making some random values like 24, 20, 34,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We stick to multiples of 8 like 24, 16, 32, 8. Sometimes we use 4 as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then we define these values as variables instead of a root. Let's go, uh, we can go ahead and do that right now actually. Uhm, let's make an extra small, which is four pixels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A medium, which is 16 pixels and then a large, which is 24 pixels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so this means that we want a padding that's small. Uhm, I guess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The padding that we want is actually going to be 16 pixels on the left and the right and then 8 pixels on the top and the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, using ordering or what I just described earlier, uhm, you can give it multiple values so that it achieves this result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, give it a padding of var dash dash s. So this is gonna be the top and the bottom padding. Remember we start from the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we're going to do a left and right padding of our dash dash.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's see what this looks like right now. I'll refresh. Cool. Yeah, so we see a padding of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, padding of 8 on the top and then 16 on the left and right and 8 on the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then finally let's go to our body and get rid of this margin that we were talking about. Uhm, so inside of body, uhm, just add the line margin zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Uh, show of hands who needs to catch up still to this step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeaah, so this margin is being applied to body, which is like our entire, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looked like this. There was like some white space around, so now we got rid of that white space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I go into like nav container and then change the width to 100 pixels and heights to, you don't have to follow along here either, uh, 50 pixels, save.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna change the content size to be 100 by 50.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so note that this doesn't include like margins or the border of padding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One more note is, instead of using pixels, we can also use something like percents. Uhm, so, if I hover over this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, right now it's only taking up this much space. You saw that, like, when I hovered over the whole thing, it's only, uhm, covering...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I can go here and then say with 100%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what this says is it looks at the parent container and copies the parent container's width. So if I save that, then refresh, it's gonna fill the entire thing. Uh, but I don't need to do that. Uhm, it's gonna fill by default, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool, so that's the end of that long step. Uh, any questions? If not, let's get reset hard and then check out step eight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this stuff should be pretty quick. Uhm, all we're doing is gonna, uh, we're gonna take this image and add a little border radius for it, uhm, on all four corners.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can use the border radius property in CSS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the border radius will put a circle, I guess, with radius of the value that you give, and then round it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like that. So, this radius would be 50 pixels, uhm, in this example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm using the A point system. Uhm, just give.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This image, some borders, some rounded border.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so let's just go into our code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm trying to change the CSS for the styling for this image.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, one option is I can just directly give it a class. Uhm, I'll call this class Avatar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, again, the changes were just, I added this avatar class and then I applied the class to this image. So I go back to this code and apply the border radius to all of the corners.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Uhm, alright, let's get the reset hard. Check out step nine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a side note, uhm, whenever you have questions about like how a certain property works, uh, always just Google these properties, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, like, if you google, google, uhm, border radius, CSS, the person's role is probably gonna be either W3 or MDN. Just take a look at the MDN, uhm, descriptions and it should be pretty useful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so for this step, we're going to try to make this profile picture a perfect circle. And this is going to be pretty hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the sake of time, just try this out for like maybe three minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but I might not explain all of it since it is a lot of CSS. Just try to get as far as you can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really try to use the internet. Just search up like, oh, how do I make something, I don't know, perfectly around using border radius.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, awesome. Cool, yeaah, I'll try that out in a bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uh, yeaah, let me just try something out. Uh, so, let's go into Avatar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess our first step is, uh, what do we want our border radius to be?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, we don't exactly know the size of our image, but again we can use percentages to do it relative to like the size of the image. So, if we do like 50%


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then the radius, I mean the radius is 50%. So this is going to make it pretty much an oval.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And give it some padding. So I'll give it padding. Zero on the top and zero on the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, bottom. And then I'll put this thing called auto.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this applies in the x direction, right, on the right and the left. What auto does is it either, uhm, like right justifies it, left justifies it, or centers it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, in this case, since I have auto technically on both the right and the left, it's gonna center it by making the padding the same on the left and the right. So it automatically does this calculation for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, now that I made this container, I can put my image inside of here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then go, this is a class avatar container.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a lot of CSS. Honestly, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A great tool to use is ChatGPT. It should tell you how to do everything. Uh, yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so once we resize this image down again, it should be fine. Uhm, but for the sake of time,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to skip on ahead so that we can get to the later steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you want to see what it looks like, just get reset hard and then get, check out, uh, W0 step 10.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the key difference is the bottom is vertically aligned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The About Me section and the My Favorite Type of Cat section are vertically aligned. They're stacked on top of each other like that. But we want them to be horizontally stacked. So we want the direction to be horizontal instead of vertical. And there's a tool in CSS that's really useful that pretty much all browsers now handle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There used to be float, uh, float could be used to like position elements within the pairing container.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, both in terms of like understanding and in terms of like implementing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Fluxbox is essentially like a really great way to, uh, arrange your elements either in a row or in a row or in a column, so either, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, horizontally or vertically. So it has to be 1D.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but it does let you control the sizing, the distribution, and uh, more about the items, such as like spacing and stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this case we're worried about direction. Uhm, so we want our flex to be a flex row.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, yeaah, so this graphic kinda shows you like what it looks like when you apply a flux, uhm, flexbox to some div.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this divs, uh, this is, div has the flex class applied to it. This class has the property to display flex. That's how you make a flex box. And then you set the flex direction to either be row or column.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so when it's row, it's like this, and when it's column, it's like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then I want to create a div around these two sections.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I just put, uh, open-tib and closed-tib around these two sections.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, uh, now let's go back to styles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, earlier we made a utility class called UtechCenter, uh, this just,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this is possibly make if it's only just one, uh, property.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can make another class called u-flex.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is simply making the display flex.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And note that we didn't have to specify the flex direction, because flex is automatically, uh, rows instead of columns. Uh, but if I did want to specify the flex direction, I could, just for clarity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, any questions about this? What Fluxbox is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then git checkout w0 step 11. Should be either the last or the second to last step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we're getting very close to our final product.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, ready? Uh, make sure you get reset hard and then check out step 11.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So our final step is just to size these boxes. Uhm, we want them to be equally sized and to fill up like the entirety of their halves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So flex is also really useful for sizing. This is something that we can define for the elements that are inside the flex box.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we take a look at our code, we have this flex container, or this flex box inside this div. And each of these sections,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this section and that section are children of this parent container. So these are flex items.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can apply some uh, class to them so that they work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, as we wanted to, to fill up half the, uh, container. So let's apply the class subcontainer to both of these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and then let's go to styles and let's create the subcontainer class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bit of, uh, bit about these properties. FluxBasis is like the minimum that the, uh, size is, or like the default size.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we don't specify any size for it, uh, then we see that the flux basis was zero. Uhm, however, since these items, or since these elements have like a width of themselves, it's gonna take that width.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if we made the flex bases like much larger, like 100 pixels, then these would all become 100 pixels if they weren't already.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so flex grow is pretty much like how much of the parent container you're gonna take up. Uhm, and it's actually pretty simple if you just make this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, class have property flux grow is one. Then anything with this, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, like, since this is only two sections inside this container, and each of them has the sub-container class, then they're each gonna have plex square one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is kinda like the proportion that you grow, like relative to other children. So it's gonna grow the same, uh, or both of them are gonna be the same size. Pretty much. Let's make a flex basis of zero as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so, if I refresh, it looks really good, and then to verify that it's actually working right, uhm, I can open up this div, and then see that each of these are half the parent container size.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, any questions about anything in this workshop?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most useful features in HTML and CSS that if you want to create like a static website for yourself, you know how to start.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, Flux is pretty difficult, but also very useful. So when you're building your projects, you really want to be using Fluxboxes, uhm, instead of Float, uhm, or any other things that you might see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, also search up grid. Grid is used for like 2D arranging instead of 1D. Uhm, but these links are pretty good for learning more flex.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, uh, just some homework if you want to like practice some more. Uh, check out step 13. And then step...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] W0Complete should have the final version of the website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, yeaah, and we'll learn more CSS in the Advanced CSS Luxury next week. Should be it for the workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are, mostly. Colonel Favors seems to think the natives have broken some promise they never made.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Apparently he's punishing them by withholding vaccines sent down by the federal government. Really? I was supposed to oversee the administration of vaccines. Now I hear the wagon's been diverted. Why would he do such a thing? To be honest, I truly don't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They say he didn't have a very good war, so maybe he's trying to start another one. Is that what you think?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can show you. Supposed to be heading to a pediatric coming up through Valentine, but it's been diverted south instead. Come on, Captain Monroe. Mr. Morgan! We must act with...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're a good man, Mr. Morgan, but I fear this task to be a fool's errand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just hope Colonel Favors thinks he was robbed by bandits and not... Oh no, I'm still a bandit. There ain't no doubt about that. Of course. Well, I better get to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Get outta here, Captain Monroe. I fear it may be Mr. Monroe from now on. I'm sorry about your career. Here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Colonel Favors won't be too happy for your rescue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know, Arthur, but just do it my way, honey. It's for the best. Get up someplace high, like the lighthouse or something. And cover me. Please.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've had my own experience with regulators and I don't know, although I'm an academic, I don't know that they always have an enlightened, I remember for example, in 1996 I wrote a paper advocating indexed bonds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I talked to people in the U.S. government saying we should see inflation index bonds issued by the government.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being awfully slow to adopt to an important new idea. Why was that? I think, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's difficult for them to innovate as regulators.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, they maybe need, uh, uh, more public discussion to support it. They end up being, as I said, rules-based. So that means that they might be skeptical of new things. Like, they're not that complicated or that new, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said, if, uh, if the U.S. ever issues inflation index bonds, we'll be sure, this is a joke he said around Treasury, we'll be sure to send the prospectus to the members of the American Economic Association because they will want them. Nobody else will want them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, it turns out he was wrong, uh, and, uh, we now have a substantial number of U.S. government inflation index bonds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but I think innovation requires a spirit of innovation. I think it's really, you know, I think it is there amongst our regulators, but I think that the government has to make


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The career as regulator attractive enough that it brings in people who are


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Motivated, in order to understand business, what you may be saying, they have to be motivated a bit like an entrepreneur. They have to have the sense of excitement that something new


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they're not, but they can share in the excitement, but they're not making money off of it. They're a salaried employee.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think it's possible to get excited about an innovation that you are involved in as a regulator. I thought I actually saw this somewhat. But in order to make that happen we have to have a government that supports regulators. It should be a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A career that young people aspire to. Not, uh, as a revolving door, step stone to a private job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now by the way, the revolving door going as a regulator to the private sector is not all bad either or the other way because that's how people develop their sense of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but I do think it's also important that regulators have a sense of career as a regulator. That I don't do this as a stepping stone to something else. I'm doing this because it's interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And valuable to society. So, uh, as a student here, you have a sense of idealism in what you do, I hope. Are you thinking of becoming a regulator?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nobody here is thinking that we can't, well I want to put that thought into your mind, as if I can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you know something that the general investing public doesn't know, that's an opportunity for you to trade on that information. So the SEC wants to block that. They want to block insider trading.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So amongst the things that the SEC has done is issue regulations about disclosure, like regulation FD, which they issued in 2000.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that, regulation FD came long after Louis Brandeis. Uh, they had telephones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Brandeis wrote, but they didn't have the internet. They didn't have the kind of access that's now possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So regulation FD requires that when a company tells any material fact to an analyst, it must be also immediately told to the general public. So typically companies will have open analyst discussion where you can log in, uh, and listen to the discussion with the analyst.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But some companies haven't, countries really haven't had insider trading laws. Germany did not have them at all until 1994. Uh, some people, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, like Hayne Leland have argued that insider trading is good. Why don't we just let it, let it go? And the insider traders will compete against each other and maybe they'll, uh, they won't make so many profits after all and everything will leak out and everything will be known.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the general opinion is that it's not a good thing. You don't want people who are in a company, uh, trading on company secrets. That just doesn't sound right. And it discourages people from investing if they think they're being disadvantaged by insiders.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and self-regulation, SROs are self-regulatory organizations that follow the SEC directive to themselves regulate against insider trading. So I'll give you an example of insider trading. In 1995, a secretary


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Important. But anyway, she, uh, she told her husband, who was a beeper salesman, they used to have beepers. That's, you don't need those anymore with your cell phone, but it was something in your pocket that would beep and warn you when information was just coming and you could find out what it is. Uh, this was on, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, by June 2 he told two friends who immediately bought.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By June 5, 25 people spent, it's only half a million dollars. Not a whole lot. But these were a pizza chef, an electrical engineer, a bank executive, a dairy wholesaler, a school teacher, and four stockbrokers. They figured it all out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, by subpoenaing telephone records and uh, questioning people, they, they, they traced through the whole scheme and they were penalized for doing it. You're not supposed to do this. So if someone tells you,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My wife works at such and such a company and she was Xeroxing something and they're going to have a big deal in three days. You don't go out and buy on that because you know you are trading on insider information and, uh, that's illegal. I'll give another example. Emulex Corporation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and I don't know what happened. He quit or he was fired. Uh, and so he got kind of miffed and so he shorted the stock of Emulex Corporation. So he hold a negative amount of it. He was hoping it would go bad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you know, as a short seller, it might go well, in which case you lose. So he thought, I have to generate bad news about Emulex Corporation. And he could do that because he was formerly an employee of Emulex Corporation. He knew how they, how they act.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, he sent out a fake news release to the, uh, on the internet, uh, and it was picked up by these, uh, very cred, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they had to figure out who did it. Now he thought he was being very clever. Uh, he didn't use his own internet. He went to a public internet service at El Camino Community College Library.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he thought, I'm perfectly safe. They can't trace this to me. But he was wrong. They did. They went to the El Camino Community College Library and showed the librarian's photographs. Do you remember this guy? And they did. Uh, so he was caught.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's insider trading. Another crime of financial markets is something called front running.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you place a large order with your stockbroker, uh, your stockbroker, let's say you want to buy a lot of shares in some company,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, if you're gonna buy a lot of shares, it will affect the market price. Say it's a really big order, you know, millions of shares. It's big news, and if you tell your broker, I want to buy this, and please do it. So the broker then has some time and discretion about exactly when to, you know, he tries to find a good price for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But meanwhile your broker could trade on his or her own account or tell some other broker


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, I'm going to put in a big order now. You might want to buy ahead of the order. So the, the, uh, the other person can buy at the still low price and sell it, you know, an hour later at a much higher price. That doesn't sound right, does it? That's called front running. It's also illegal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Decimalization, uh, makes, it has been claimed to favor, uh, front running. It used to be until, uh, 2001 that stock exchanges quoted prices of stocks in sixteenths of a dollar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They move to pennies. You know, it seems unnatural to be quoting, uh, prices in six dollars and sixteenths of a dollar, or, uh, or at other times eighths. Uhm, but, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They moved to doing it in a way that seems natural in 2001. It makes it a little bit more possible to squeeze in between. Suppose the stock is selling for $30 a share and then you think after the order it will be selling at $30 and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has the statutory right to establish how the company's accounts are done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It doesn't want to do it. It doesn't want to be the maker of all standards in business. So in 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission officially recognized


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An, uh, organization called the Financial Accounting Standards Board in Norwalk, Connecticut.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess it's a non-profit created by the business community.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So GAAP defines a concept called net income, which is the bottom line, the earnings of a company. And it also defines something called operating earnings, operating income, uh, which is, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A narrower concept of earnings equals revenue minus cost of doing business. Gap would also take off, uh, charges for special events, uh, say they lost, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Money through a hurricane or a financial crisis and they think it's not really reflective of our business, uh, because we're doing our business as normal and something totally out of the blue came.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The event should be considered part of net income, but let's provide also to investors operating income, which gives them a sense of what's happening here with this business.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are lots of other concepts, uh, like core earnings, pro, uh, former earnings, EBITDA, which is earnings before interest


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, uh, and adjusted earnings. But these are not GAAP. They're not GAAP because they're not defined by FASB.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, if you go to the FASB website, you'll get totally confused because there's so many disputes about earnings definition, uh, and they have to decide amongst them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moby's ability to solve tough problems at scale is being used by the world's largest brands, founded in the research labs of MIT in 2012.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mobi works, builds, and learns together at their headquarters in Somerville, Massachusetts. Uh, Mobi's proud to be backed by an astounding group of investors, Firefly Venture Partners, RPM Ventures, and Enterprise Holdings, who share their commitment to building transformative travel technologies. All right. So thank you very much, Mobi, for sponsoring WebLab. All right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're going to talk more about React. Again, we mentioned that there's going to be a lot of content on React because we're going to be using it quite a bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're going to be talking about the React lifecycle and hooks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's just review one more time the idea of a component tree. So let's ask the question, when should we break down a component into smaller parts? So there's three main motivations that I want to discuss.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first is if your component code is getting too long or hard to read. Sometimes if you're writing a component, you might notice that it's starting to get really long. Your JavaScript file will become really large. It can be even in thousands of lines. And so at this point, you might want to consider actually splitting it up into multiple components.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In React, this might be, uh, in, in capital, for example, where we created the navbar component in app.js, even though it's not really something that we need to reuse, just makes things a little simpler and cleaner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a precedent for this that in a real world precedent might be something like a shopping mall where every store in the shopping mall has its own set of staff merchandise. It has very similar things across, you know, all of the stores. So it makes sense to kind of encapsulate that concept into its own, uh, into its own part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a precedent for this might be an organizational leadership. We don't really want one person having to do every single thing within the organization. We kind of want to split this up into several different people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In React, this might be, let's say, uh, uh, that we have some sort of form component and we have a form submit button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and when the user clicks submit, there might be a lot of things I need to happen, uh, in the background. It might need to collect all the data that the, that the user has currently submitted into the form. It'll have to upload all that data to whatever server we're using, uh, do any sort of extra processing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it might make sense to actually just create that and it's that submit button into its own components. Uhm, so those are those three reasons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but I will also say that there are smarter ways of creating the component hierarchy, and the better you design this, the more time you take to design this out well, it'll make your life a whole lot easier when you're actually implementing your website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so you can think of yourself as kind of an architect, uh, where you're just making the choices that you feel best, uh, will, will work best for your application. Any questions so far?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's go back into a little bit of practice with state and props. We'll do a little more of a deep dive into that. So first let's talk a little more on state.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's take a look at some examples on where to store states. So this is kind of a, this is kind of a tricky concept. So if you have any questions, please ask. Uhm, so let's take a look at this example of a Twitter profile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, has the initial state of, uh, selected tab. So selected tab represents one of these values. In our case, it's either posts or likes. And then tweet panel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now one thing we might want to do is we might want to change the content in TweetPanel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, basically based on what is being selected in tab. So how can we do this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the solution for this is to move the state from the tabs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what this looks like in code is initially we had tweet panel, uh, here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So any questions about that? That's a bit, yeaah, that's a bit confusing. So. And there is going to be one more example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeaah, I guess now we can actually switch between different tabs on Twitter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I guess I'll ask, I'll open it up here and ask, how do you think we can do this? How can we share this state from profile to feed?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And remember that props are immutable, so we can't really change it anymore. What we have to do is go up to the parent and change it, uh, there. And once we change it in the parents, if we change block users to the parents,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's move on to some, uh, props practice. So let's recall that Twitter component breakdown. So we have, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so thinking back on what we just talked about, uhm, which of these values here on the right should app pass down as props? So take a few minutes, take a few seconds to think about that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the correct answer is actually only following. And why is that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so yeaah, so now I'll pass it on to Kenneth to talk about the React component lifecycle. Look, basically looking at how state is managed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so I'm gonna, I did have an example to put together so that it kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, for the sake of time, I'm going to skip over. I'm just going to show, uh, basically, uh, what it does is, is basically the stopwatch that it increments the time. Uh, if you toggle the clock on, if you toggle it off, it'll remove the, the, the stopwatch component and reset it to zero. Um, but yeah, if you want to look at that, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you can run git-fetch, git-reset-shard, and git-checkout-advanced-react-lecture-snippets. And of course, please feel free to check these slides afterwards to take a look at that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then lastly, there are a lot of other books that React has. Please check out the reference if you're interested. Some of them will also be covered next week in the more advanced topics, so state management for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's also important to note that some of these newer hooks, if you do decide to look at them, uh, they might not work, uh, with the skeleton that we're going to provide because they're in, uh, React version 17 and above, whereas our skeleton uses, uh, React 16.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yeah, so please be aware of that when you are looking into using more hooks. Uhm, but yeah, well, that's about it. So I'll pass it on and we'll start the next workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, and in this lesson we're going to learn some language to help you do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well a prepaid plan, basically, just like the name suggests, you pay before you use the minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well it sounds like a lot more than forty dollars, doesn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, you're right. So why don't we look at some of the language they were using in the dialogue now in Language Takeaway. Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, uhm, you have to make the cell phone work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, there's many things that you must activate to make work. For example, you must activate your computer software.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, like imagine your mobile phone is sleeping, right? And you need to activate it to make it start working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, okay, I'll give you an example. Uhm, let's say you have 500 minutes each month, and you only use four of them in this month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A fee is the amount of money you must pay for a service.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. What's the fee for filling this bottle of water?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you know, there are some interesting, uh, phrases in this dialogue and, you know, a lot of them can be used when you're talking about, uh, a negotiation or a contract or a deal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, now there's a lot of things that you can use this phrase compatible with, together with, uhm, you know, people, things, so why don't we hear a few examples now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah. You know, another interesting thing that I've noticed when, uhm, living in different countries and seeing mobile phone habits, uhm, Americans and North Americans respond very differently to a ringing mobile phone than other people do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, for example, if I was in a meeting in America and my phone rang and I answered it, people might think that I was very rude to answer the phone in a meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, Marco and I are always there to answer your questions, so until next time, thanks for listening and goodbye. Bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three and a half thousand years ago in Egypt, a noble pharaoh was the victim of a violent attack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the attack was not physical. This royal had been dead for 20 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Somebody smashed the pharaoh's statues, took a chisel, and attempted to erase the pharaoh's name and image from history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the normal course of things, she should never have been pharaoh. Although it was legal for a woman to be a monarch, it disturbed some essential Egyptian beliefs. Firstly, the pharaoh was known as the living embodiment of the male god Horus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Secondly, disturbance to the tradition of rule by men was a serious challenge to Maat, a word for truth expressing a belief in order and justice vital to the Egyptians.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hatshepsut had perhaps tried to adapt to this belief in the link between order and patriarchy through her titles. She took the name Maat Kare and sometimes referred to herself as Hatshepsut with a masculine word ending.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But apparently, these efforts didn't convince everyone. And perhaps someone erased Hatshepsut's image so that the world would forget the disturbance to Ma'at and Egypt could be balanced again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hatshepsut, moreover, was not the legitimate heir to the throne, but a regent, a kind of stand-in co-monarch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Egyptian kingship traditionally passed from father to son. It passed from Thutmose I to his son Thutmose II, Hatshepsut's husband.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It should have passed from Thutmose II directly to his son Thutmose III. But Thutmose III was a little boy when his father died.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hatshepsut, the dead pharaoh's chief wife and widow, stepped in to help as her stepson's regent, but ended up ruling beside him as a fully-fledged pharaoh. Perhaps Tatmosa III was angry about this. Perhaps he was the one who erased her images.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's also possible that someone wanted to dishonor Hatshepsut because she was a bad pharaoh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the evidence suggests she was actually pretty good. She competently fulfilled her traditional roles of the office. She was a great builder. Her mortuary temple, Jezer Jezeru, was an architectural phenomenon at the time and is still admired today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She enhanced the economy of Egypt, conducting a very successful trade mission to the distant land of Punt. She had strong religious connections. She even claimed to be the daughter of the state god Amun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she had a successful military career with a Nubian campaign and claims she fought alongside her soldiers in battle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, we have to be careful when we assess the success of Hatshepsut's career, since most of the evidence was written by Hatshepsut herself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The most popular suspect is her stepson, nephew, and co-ruler, Tatmosa III. Did he do it out of anger because she stole his throne? This is unlikely, since the damage wasn't done until 20 years after Hatshepsut died. That's a long time to hang onto anger and then act in a rage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe Thutmose III did it to make his own reign look stronger. But it is most likely that he or someone else erased the images so that people would forget that a woman ever sat on Egypt's throne.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This gender anomaly was simply too much of a threat to Ma'at and had to be obliterated from history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Happily, the ancient censors were not quite thorough enough. Enough evidence survived for us to piece together what happened so the story of this unique, powerful woman can now be told.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so I'm gonna do a frozen nougat with chipotle chilli, with some chilli peanuts, and chilli caramel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This episode is brought to you by Nature's Find, a fungi-based food company for optimists. Click the link in the description to discover the science behind Nature's Find fungi-based foods.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you pick up some corn at the grocery store, odds are the kernels are yellow or white. So you might just think that's the color of corn, or maize as it's more commonly known around the world. But check this out! It's called glass gem corn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that rainbow is a breathtaking display of the natural genetic variation that exists for maize. This extra colorful corn exists thanks to one man's journey to connect with his Cherokee heritage, as well as some neat aspects of maize genetics. The varieties of maize grown on a large scale are carefully bred to have cobs that are all the same size and shape,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And ready to harvest at the same time. And while that helps ensure high yields and efficient processing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It also means less diversity at the genetic level. And slight variations in genes can make all the difference when it comes to resisting a pest or tolerating drought conditions. So these homogeneous crop varieties are more vulnerable to all sorts of threats. But lucky for Mays, not everyone prizes such a shallow gene pool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even though you don't run into them every day, there are dozens of distinct kinds of maize and countless sub-varieties grown around the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mostly on a small scale. In fact, people have been growing maize for thousands of years. And in many cultures, including Native American ones, maize is more than a crop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's an important part of their culture and heritage. And that's where the story of Glass Gem begins. Several decades ago, a man named Carl Barnes started growing corn varieties in a more traditional way, as a way of connecting with his Cherokee heritage. Because of that, he focused on growing older varieties, including some that he collected from friends who belonged to different native tribes. And many of these varieties were bred to do better in diverse environments and for different uses, like different corns for popping, eating fresh, or grinding for flour. Barnes grew lots of these different corns together,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This let their genes mingle and expanded the gene pool. He also took a special interest in saving seeds that showed unusual and interesting colors. He passed some of those to a friend, who then passed them along to another friend, who mixed them with a couple more varieties for good measure and grew them on a larger scale. And all of this reclaiming, interbreeding, and seed exchange was the key to making the beautiful rainbow of glass gems. Now, no one has specifically looked into the genetics of Carl's corn, but scientists have mapped the maize genome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we know that kernel color comes from colorful molecules called pigments. These pigments are produced by enzymes that work together, sort of like a chemical assembly line.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So differences in any of these genes can affect kernel color. And not only can variously colored pigments be present, absent, or present in different amounts,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They can form in different tissue layers of the kernel, which adds interesting visual effects and more variation. For instance, the starchy interior of the kernel ranges from white to deep yellow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depending on the amount of yellow carotenoids in it. Other colors come from anthocyanins in one or both of the kernel's thin outer layers. These pigments come in reds, purples, and blues, and the intensity can range from nearly black to the pale pastels you see in glass jets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, a pale blue outer layer over a yellow interior could make a kernel look green. As for each kernel being different, well, that's because they're all separate individuals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the future kernel. Meanwhile, the tassel at the top of the plant contains the male reproductive bits. That's where all the pollen is made, and each pollen grain also has a unique combination of half the plant's genes. Now, pollen travels on the wind. It scatters across a field.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if a pollen grain manages to land on a silk, it travels down, and its genes unite with the eggs. So one plant's pollen can land on a bunch of different ears, and each silk could theoretically receive pollen from a different plant. Which means each kernel not only has a unique mix of genes from its parents,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But because all the plants are so genetically similar, you don't end up with much kernel variety in each cob. Barnes was growing multiple kinds of maize, so there was a ton of genetic variation within his fields. And the mixing and matching of these brought all sorts of different gene combinations together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can even buy it and grow it yourself. And all the heirloom varieties and cross-pollination he fostered didn't just make for prettier fall decor. They also help give maize a better chance for surviving long-term. The varieties that are grown on a large scale aren't just uniformly colored. They tend to be more genetically uniform in all ways, so they're more uniformly vulnerable to threats like drought


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chances are, we'll need some of that diversity someday when a nasty pest comes along or something else threatens to wipe out this staple crop. So we should be grateful to Barnes and all the other farmers out there who are keeping the world's corn delightfully colorful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our changing climate threatens basically everything that we're growing. But there are some yummy sources of protein that can take the heat, like fungi. Thanks to a breakthrough in fermentation technology, the folks at Nature's Find are turning a fungi with origins in Yellowstone National Park


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] into delicious protein-packed foods that are both meat and dairy-free. I really enjoyed getting to try Nature's Find meatless breakfast patties. I love a good breakfast patty, and these ones give you that salty, savory flavor that you're looking for. You can click on the link in the description to check out the science behind their fungi-based foods or follow with their story over on Instagram.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have this weird psychological attachment to this material that's been around, and it's like a push and pull. At the one time, we're so horrified by what we're seeing. The whales dying, the oceans vomiting plastic beaming in from all over the world. And at the same time, we're being told we can't live without it. So that creates a sort of psychological dissonance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which I think is the barrier to behavioural change. But I'm finding now awareness has peaked and now it's going over into activism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really think that to concentrate on stopping the flow of plastics into your life is easier and more effective in the long term than trying to go plastic free from the outset. We are, in the UK, a supermarket culture, so a lot of the tips and tricks to decreasing the flow of plastic are getting round supermarket culture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh wow. It's us. Oh Kenny. You are so artistic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, Kristen did give me a hand with the slides. She's a real whiz on PowerPoint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, that concludes my outline for our marketing strategy for next year. Thank you very much for your time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, Kristen did give me a hand with the slides. She's a real whiz on PowerPoint.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, well, that was some good advice. You made some really good points.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks to Brilliant for supporting this episode of SciShow. You can check out Brilliant.org slash SciShow to learn more and get 20% off an annual premium subscription. This episode was filmed on March 19th, 2021. For up-to-date information on the COVID-19 pandemic, check out our playlist linked in the description.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I offered you a choice between two things, and one of them was 95% effective and the other was 66% effective, you might wonder why I was even bothering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is playing out right now with our vaccines for COVID-19. For the sake of ease, we're going to compare the three vaccines authorized for use here in the USA, but this basic logic applies to all of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Though their data is still awaiting peer review. But this is not a matter of you having a 5% chance of getting sick compared to a 34% chance. That's just not how the numbers are calculated. So let's look at how it does work, why we can't compare these numbers, and why that's okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's still a good thing that we have these vaccines. This efficacy number comes from Phase 3 clinical trials. Specifically, it's from their primary endpoints.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meaning the criteria they set ahead of time to determine a vaccine's efficacy. Phase 3 trials recruit thousands of volunteers, some who receive the vaccine, and some a placebo. To calculate the overall efficacy of the vaccine, they take the number of cases of illness in the placebo group,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And calculate how much less likely the vaccinated participants were to get sick. So let's look at the BioNTech Pfizer numbers as an example. The vaccine and placebo groups had about 21,000 participants each. There were 8 positive COVID-19 cases in the vaccine group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not 5% of all participants. Meanwhile, 162 of those who didn't get the vaccine got sick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's pretty simple, but the complications arise when you start comparing one trial to another. Because each clinical trial arrived at that efficacy number slightly differently. Moderna and BioNTech looked for any symptomatic COVID-19 after two doses of vaccine or placebo shots,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And counted those as cases in their trials. By contrast, the Janssen trial looked at efficacy against moderate to severe cases. And they also had different criteria for when a case counted. Like, Moderna started counting cases that were contracted 14 days after participants got the second shot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Different from Moderna's 94%. So if you're thinking, but 95% still sounds better, well, there are a few more important points. All three of these vaccines were 100% efficacious at preventing deaths in the trials. Less death and less burden on our hospitals are among the main reasons health officials are urging people to get whichever vaccine they're offered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At least as long as they don't have related allergy or other health concerns. And finally, there's a difference between what happens in a controlled trial setting and the real world. Think of efficacy as how well the vaccine works in trials, and effectiveness as how it works in the real world. We know one of those, but not the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yet. There are several variables that are likely to affect how things play out, like higher or lower proportions of vaccinated people in various communities, whether more contagious variants become dominant, and racial and other inequities in vaccination rates. So officials are keeping an eye on things. And in the meantime, I'll be on the edge of my seat and wearing a mask if that seat is in public.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They've got a course to help you learn all about it. If you want to check it out, you can go to Brilliant.org slash SciShow. And if you sign up, you'll get 20% off an annual premium subscription.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No one will care when it ends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to be polite, yes you do. You have to try with all your might, yes it's true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there's any way you canes, you must try to have good manners, oh you have to be polite, yes you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have to try not to act like a beast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are you alright, Lou? Hmm? Oh, yes. I like a good stretch before I eat. Helps me work up an appetite. I have to be polite, yes I do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now there's another kind of futures contract, which is a financial futures, developed much later, uh, and so one example of that is the S&P 500 stock price futures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and that's cash settled rather than physical delivery. And, uh, the settlement is at the last day is equal to $250 times the index on the last day, uh, minus the futures price the day before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the fair value for commodities, the fair value, which is what the price should be, is equal to the price, I could say, times 1 plus r minus y, where y is the dividend real. But that's the same formula if you make y equal to minus, uh, a negative storage cost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the storage cost for stocks is negative because they pay a dividend and if you're storing stocks you get the dividend. Uh, so it's the same fair value formula except that we, uh, minus y equals s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the federal funds futures market is another example of a financial futures market, but it's a market on the federal funds rate, which is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to each other, and it's also the overnight interest rate that the Fed


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course it's cash settled, you can't physically deliver the federal funds rate. The settlement price is 100 minus the annualized federal funds rate averaged over the contract month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's used widely to, uh, to show expectations of actions of the Federal Open Market Committee. So I don't have a fair value for the Federal Fund's futures market because it's not storable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, uh, it's an overnight contract you're just predicting. But it's often used to tell you what the expectations are for interest rates in the future.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Often, uh, people are paying attention to the near-term, uh, market. So they're trying to predict the, uh, federal funds rate just months into the future.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a lot of thought that goes into this. So this is a futures market that I think would be filled with a lot of intelligent speculators who, uh, who, uh, want to really hit the target. And as such, I think it is a successful market that the, uh, the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Price reflecting expectations of future federal funds rate is widely accepted as a barometer of the likely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, outcome of the next FOMC meeting, I think it's a good indicator and I think it, uh, there's a reason for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The kinds of things that are, where speculation is poorer, is in markets like the stock market. What does the stock price predict? Well, theoretically, ideally, it predicts some kind of present value of future dividends or earnings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, well, but what's, how long into the future is that? Uh, a long time into the future because the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The stock market isn't going away, right? When you own a company, you own it for eternity as long as that company lives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a prediction, not of something that's coming right up and is being talked about concretely, it's a prediction about something in the indefinite future. So that market doesn't seem to work as well as a prediction market, as the federal funds futures market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think markets work really well, market efficiency works really well when it's a short term, clear outcome, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you look at the Federal Fund's futures market, people who trade in that, they seem to be focused on what is that number going to be. When you look at the stock market, it's much more nebulous and less perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm so glad you came. This old house is falling apart. Come into the bathroom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that must be because of my four year old daughter. She is always flushing things down the toilet. You know how kids are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, yes I did. Please come in. I'm so glad you came. This old house is falling apart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on, into the bathroom. See? Here. There's water leaking everywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that must be because of my four year old daughter. She is always flushing things down the toilet. You know how kids are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? That's more than I make in a day and I'm a heart surgeon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm so glad you came. This old house is falling apart. Come into the bathroom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, that must be because of my four year old daughter. She is always flushing things down the toilet. You know how kids are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With all the beetroot offcuts, I begin to juice them because that's going to create part of the base of the juice along with the pork loin offcuts. And I've just started my cauliflower puree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know combining a beetroot and cauliflower is a massive risk, but.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've used one of my fondest memories of the children to inspire my dish today, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I serve that on a cooked pork, it doesn't matter how good the dish is, I'll be definitely in the bottom two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A combination of onion skins, garlic skins, black pepper, black sea salt. And I pour a bit of the jus. Now comes the time to light it on fire. Never tried this before, but you know what? Heston's here. Give it a crack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's my campfire on a beach. You've got some beetroot balsamic medallions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think, I'm thinking what you're thinking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Smaller yeaah. I mean it's so big, she wouldn't even notice, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm. No. Parnia would have loved that something-something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, let me see. It's a bit big at that end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not even. Check it out. Now that's a fresh ride.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome back to your English lessons. Today we are going to learn about numbers. For this lesson you need a paper or some paper and a pencil. Let's get started. This is your first number. This is a zero. You say it like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Row, zz, ee, row. Now fast, zero. Good job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You say it like this. Wuh. Mmm. Wuh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mmmm. I'll say it fast. One. Good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You say it like this. Two. Two. Now say it fast. Two. Pretty good. Try this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You say it like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three. I'll say it fast. Three. Great job. Draw this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or. Now say it fast. Four. Great job. Draw this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You say it like this. Fa. Vuh. Fa. Vuh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Let's say it fast. Six.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a seven. You say it like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eh. Vin. Sss. Eh. Vin. Now say it fast. Seven. Great job. Okay, we'll draw this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, this is an eight. You say it like this. Eh, ee.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now say it fast. Eight. Great job. Alright, let's do the next one. Do do boop. This is a nine. You say it like this. Nah. Nuh. Nah. Nuh. Now say it fast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nine. Great job. Here we go. The big one. Let's draw it out. That's a one. And a zero together. This is a ten.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] N. Now say it fast. Ten. Great job. Let's look at these numbers again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's review. Zero. One. Two. Three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Five. Six.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eight. Nine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It may look like a tiny worm or a transparent blob.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And whenever you try to get a closer look, it disappears, only to reappear as soon as you shift your glance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But don't go rinsing out your eyes. What you are seeing is a common phenomenon known as a floater.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The scientific name for these objects is muscae volitantis, Latin for flying flies, and true to their name, they can be somewhat annoying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they're not actually bugs or any kind of external objects at all. Rather, they exist inside your eyeball.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Floaters may seem to be alive since they move and change shape, but they are not alive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Floaters are tiny objects that cast shadows on the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They might be bits of tissue, red blood cells or clumps of protein.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And because they're suspended within the vitreous humor, the gel-like liquid that fills the inside of your eye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Floaters drift along with your eye movements and seem to bounce a little when your eye stops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Floaters may be only barely distinguishable most of the time. They become more visible the closer they are to their retina.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just as holding your hand closer to a table with an overhead light will result in a more sharply defined shadow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And floaters are particularly noticeable when you are looking at a uniform bright surface, like a blank computer screen, snow, or a clear sky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where the consistency of the background makes them easier to distinguish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The brighter the light is, the more your pupil contracts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This has an effect similar to replacing a large diffuse light fixture with a single overhead light bulb, which also makes the shadow appear clearer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is another visual phenomenon that looks similar to floaters, but is in fact unrelated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you've seen tiny dots of light darting about when looking at a bright blue sky, you've experienced what is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon. In some ways, this is the opposite of seeing floaters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here you are not seeing shadows, but little moving windows, letting light through to your retina.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The windows are actually caused by white blood cells moving through the capillaries along your retina surface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These leukocytes can be so large that they nearly fill a capillary, causing a plasma space to open up in front of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because the space in the white blood cells are both more transparent to blue light than the red blood cells normally present in capillaries, we see a moving dot of light wherever this happens, following the paths of your capillaries and moving in time with your pulse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under ideal viewing conditions, you might even see what looks like a dark tail following the dot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the red blood cells that have bunched up behind the leukocyte.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some science museums have an exhibit which consists of a screen of blue light, allowing you to see these blue sky sprites much more clearly than you normally would.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While everybody's eyes experience these sort of effects, the number and type vary greatly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the case of floaters, they often go unnoticed as our brain learns to ignore them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, abnormally numerous or large floaters that interfere with vision may be a sign of a more serious condition requiring immediate medical treatment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the majority of the time, entoptic phenomena, such as floaters and blue sky sprites, are just a gentle reminder that what we think we see depends just as much on our biology and minds as it does on the external world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you can see here, the damage to the building is very serious. Example 3


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I give it a stir and it just doesn't look right. My instinct tells me it's wrong. I make the call straight away that I'm gonna remake these peanuts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The consistency of the crema wasn't right when I was plating up and still worries me. I'm definitely proud of what I've put up today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This situation is much less complicated. There's some kind of dispute between Penny and her ex-boyfriend as to who gets custody of the TV. She just wanted to avoid having a scene with him. So we get to have a scene with him? No, Sheldon, there's not going to be a scene. There's two of us and one of him. Leonard, the two of us can't even carry a-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah. I'm Leonard, this is Sheldon. From the Intercom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You were right about my motives. I was hoping to establish a relationship with Penny that might have someday led to sex. You got me out of my pants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But second chances are really what Mars Shepard is all about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I call your name, please step forward. Jess!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last person cooking in round two for their place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were each in their own way worthy of winning your place back in the competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The joy and the sheer boisterousness that made that dessert not just delicious, but also incredibly memorable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's been great to, uh, get home, but, uh, I'm all refreshed now and ready to come back in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gastrique's bloody beautiful, uh, best tasting one I've ever done, I reckon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today I've done a lamb rack with a pea puree and a mint gastrique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Made you an after dinner meal. With roasted chocolate and mint ice cream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, well we all have arrived late to something and we need a good way of saying sorry and saying why we were late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so some normal reasons for saying why you're late. Well why don't we get started with the dialogue. Now, we're gonna hear five people in the dialogue. So at the beginning we'll hear the boss and the assistant and then we'll hear three people who are arriving late.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But some of the excuses were good and some of the language they used to describe the excuses was really great. So let's look at that now in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, you're busy with something that's so important, it's like you are tied by a rope to that thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a huge traffic jam is a very, very big stopping of cars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now when you're stuck in traffic, you can't drive because there are too many cars stopped on the highway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mhm, really great excuse. Uhm, and the reason they were stuck in traffic was because traffic was backed up for miles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that has caused the traffic jam. And the cars are lined up for, for many miles behind you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well Marco, I know that ideas about time and ideas about being late are different in different countries.