[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's been strategy play to keep the Express fast as long as possible because we can basically secure ourselves a spot in the next leg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going 6-6. Not that difficult for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We took a calculated risk. It didn't pay off, but hey, that's how math and physics work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have you used your express pass? No, unfortunately we did not get a chance to use our express pass today. I'll take that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, I'll explain. The medical term for a nosebleed is epistaxis. The most common epistaxis is anterior epistaxis. Where bleeding happens from the front part of our nostrils. Each of our nostrils has a mass of blood vessels called chisel box plexus. Which is very close to the skin surface.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mucus is so useful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, some people's skin is very sensitive. If it dries, the skin and blood vessels in it get easily damaged. Causing an anterior epistaxis or nosebleed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a great idea. I'll take some stress off Trevor. And you'll pick up writing code like you do everything else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My strategy today is keep a clear head. I think your mindset's the most important thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My MasterChef journey wouldn't be complete without it. So, here I am, finally doing one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This recipe is massive, it's heavy like an encyclopedia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Luckily dessert's my strong point. So I have done quite a few elements that are on the dessert before. I'm just hoping that'll work in my favour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the most important cook that I've done so far in the competition, so I can't afford to make any mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First thing I do is get started on the savoury dish. I need to make a quail jus to do this. I get my quail stock on reducing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next thing I need to do is start deboning this quail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to butterfly open this quail by removing the backbone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I finished my bellatine by wrapping it into a cylinder shape. Oh, Christina, that looks good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To make the little drumstick, I'm chipping off the end of the bone, and I start carefully pulling out all the little tendons. Nice, Christina.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today we're cooking one sweet dish and one savory dish at the same time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The savory dish, it's got lots of intricate little details.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The leg is finally done, but I'm worried I haven't kept enough meat on it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I kinda think I should just put two on in case so I can have a bit of choice at the end of which one I'm gonna choose. A second quail egg is definitely going to take up more time, but it has to be perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I felt on a roll deboning this quail, but now it's putting me behind. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That took forever. Took me a while to get these little tendons out, but they're done. Now I'm just working on the roasted cauliflower puree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm behind now, but I've just gotta keep charging.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm actually feeling relieved to be working on the dessert. I just need to keep moving quicker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm making my gold chocolate and banana mousse. Yeah, that's better. Keep up the pace. I've made mousse before, so hopefully I can make up a bit of time because I don't need to read the recipe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, yeah, so now I've got to get that in these moulds. I'm assuming that's what you do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just need to make sure all of my chocolate's melted through it so it's a smooth consistency. Is it melting alright? Yeah, it looked a little bit slip. The mixture's a bit runny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really concerned because it looks like it may have curdled. I don't know if I have the time to make another batch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it looks a little bit split. My gold chocolate and banana mousse. Looks like it may have curdled. The milk mixture was too hot. I don't have time to make another batch. I think maybe if it cools it will thicken a bit. Good job, Teeny.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not ready to go home. I'm gonna do it for my kids today and try to make them proud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I take my mixture out of the fridge and it appears to have come together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I fold the cream through the chocolate mixture. I'm happy with the consistency. I did not expect it to be this smooth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've just finished the frozen mousse for my dessert and I'm just going to pop it in the blast chiller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The texture of Santies was really soft and creamy. You could taste the bananas, so I'm aiming to make mine exactly the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I bring the sugar, the milk and the cream to just under boiling point. Try and get as done as quickly as you can. I put the cream mixture and some bananas into the blender and blitz it all together. And get it in the churner. Nice Christina. She's only like a tiny bit behind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got a timer going off. My jus been reducing down on the stove top. I'm just kind of eyeballing it to see when it's ready.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Might be a bit runny still. I reduced it a little bit more and finished off the cauliflower puree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The consistency of this puree is silky smooth, it's perfectly seasoned, I'm really happy. So Christine, you're catching up!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mike Ross? Hi. I'm Rachel Zane, I'll be giving you your orientation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Trust me, I've given dozens of these, and without fail, whatever new hotshot it is, thinks that because I'm just a paralegal, that I will somehow be blown away by his dazzling degree. Let me assure you, I won't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am smart, and I know I'd be a good lawyer. I just, I don't know what it is. I can't take tests, and I bomb the LSATs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And even if I could get into a law school, there's just no way I'd pass the bar, so... If only there was someone who could take the test for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, by the way, uh, my cousin was your year at Harvard and I asked him if he knew you. It's so funny. He didn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good job. Come here, come here, come here. Toss it, toss it!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are friends and it's my instinct to, I don't know, help. It came out of me even before I had a thought about it. I'm sorry, I'm sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I struggle to dissociate from game time and friendship time. It was a silly move. I shouldn't have done it. Right there, right there, right there. Let's jump out. Oh gosh. I could have put us in last place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm happy that we could help our friends, but I do think it's important that I communicate with my partner first and foremost, so I will be better at that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's definitely crazy to be here as runners and athletes. Like, we know the dedication it must have taken to run a marathon a day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Sam and I have had ups and downs in our communication skills, especially after what went on at the ROM where I didn't communicate with Sam. I've made a point to make sure that we exercise these communication skills. We're going to rotate left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, go straight, just a little bit, I see a moose. I know, if we keep up the communication that we've been doing, we can get out of here quickly. Yep, okay, G. It's G5. G5. Can we get a check please?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We do have an air hockey table at our house, so maybe we'll get some good vibes from our home air hockey table to take it here. We're gonna take air hockey. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did you not see the sign outside? Just putting it away, your honor. It should already be in your pocket. But you were running late, so perhaps that's why it wasn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the exhibit filing? Why wasn't I given a courtesy copy?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've decided to leave the bench. Try my hand at litigation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Divorce will do that. Make you want to change your life. You filed for divorce? Soon enough. Perhaps we could discuss a little quid pro quo before I do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The story I'm going to tell you happened over 200 million years before the dinosaurs went extinct. This story starts at the very beginning, when dinosaurs were just getting their start.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What led to their global dominance for so many years? When people think about why dinosaurs were so amazing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But perhaps the answer had to do with their internal anatomy. A secret weapon, so to speak. My colleagues and I, we think it was their lungs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am both a paleontologist and a comparative anatomist, and I am interested in understanding how the specialized dinosaur lung help them take over the planet. So we are going to jump back


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over 200 million years to the Triassic Period.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The environment was extremely harsh. There were no flowering plants, so this means that there was no grass.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So imagine a landscape filled with all pine trees and ferns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the same time, there were small lizards, mammals, insects, and there were also carnivorous and herbivorous reptiles, all competing for the same resources.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Critical to this story is that oxygen levels have been estimated to have been as low as 15 percent compared to today's 21 percent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it would have been crucial for dinosaurs to be able to breathe in this low-oxygen environment to not only to survive, but to thrive and to diversify.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, how do we know what dinosaur lungs were even like? Since all that remains of a dinosaur generally is its fossilized skeleton. So the method that we use is called extant phylogenetic bracketing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of the living descendants of dinosaurs on the evolutionary tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we would look at the anatomy of birds, who are the direct descendants of dinosaurs. And we'd look at the anatomy of crocodilians, who are their closest living relatives. And then we would look at the anatomy of lizards and turtles, who we can think of like their cousins.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we apply these anatomical data to the fossil record, and then we can use that to reconstruct the lungs of dinosaurs. And in this specific instance, the skeleton of dinosaurs most closely resembles that of modern birds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's important to understand the basic blueprint of the mammalian lung. Also, to reintroduce you to lungs in general,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We will use my dog, Mila of Troy, the face that launched a thousand treats, as our model.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this story takes place inside of a chest cavity. So I want you to visualize the rib cage of a dog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about how the spine over tibial column is completely horizontal to the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is how the spinal vertebral column is going to be in all of the animals that we'll be talking about, whether they walk on two legs or four legs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I want you to climb inside of the imaginary rib cage and look up. This is our thoracic ceiling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is where the top surface of the lungs comes into direct contact with the ribs and vertebrae.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This interface is where our story takes place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I want you to visualize the lungs of a dog. On the outside, it's like a giant inflatable bag, where all parts of the bag expand during inhalation and contract during exhalation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inside of the bag, there's a series of branching tubes, and these tubes are called the bronchial tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These tubes deliver the inhaled oxygen to, ultimately, the alveolus. They cross over a thin membrane into the bloodstream by diffusion. Now, this part is critical. The entire mammalian lung is mobile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means it's moving during the entire respiratory process. So that thin membrane, the blood gas barrier, cannot be too thin or it will break.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now remember the blood gas barrier, because we will be returning to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you still with me? Cause we're gonna start birds and it gets crazy. So hold on to your butts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the bird is completely different from the mammal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we are going to be using birds as our model to reconstruct the lungs of dinosaurs. So in the bird,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has the texture of a dense sponge and it's inflexible and locked into place on the top and sides by the rib cage and on the bottom by a horizontal membrane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is then unidirectionally ventilated by a series of flexible, bag-like structures that branch off of the bronchial tree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Beyond the lung itself, and these are called air sacs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this entire extremely delicate setup is locked into place by a series of forked ribs all along the thoracic ceiling. Also,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In many species of birds, extensions arise from the lung and the air sacs. They invade the skeletal tissues, usually the vertebrae, sometimes the ribs, and they lock the respiratory system into place. And this is called vertebral pneumaticity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The forked ribs and the vertebral pneumaticity are two clues that we can hunt for in the fossil record because these two skeletal traits would indicate that regions of the respiratory system of dinosaurs are immobilized.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This anchoring of the respiratory system facilitated the evolution of the thinning of the blood gas barrier, that thin membrane over which oxygen was diffusing into the blood stream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The immobility permits this because a thin barrier is a weak barrier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the weak barrier would rupture if it was actively being ventilated like a mammalian lung. So why do we care about this? Why does this even matter?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a thin membrane is one way of enhancing respiration under low oxygen conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They'd be better equipped to breathe than all other animals, including mammals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So do you remember the extant phylogenetic bracket method?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was the forked ribs of modern birds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that means that the top surface of the lungs of dinosaurs would be locked into place, just like modern birds. Clue number two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is vertebral pneumaticity. We find this in sauropod dinosaurs and theropod dinosaurs, which is the group that contains predatory dinosaurs and gave rise to modern birds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And while we don't find evidence of fossilized lung tissue in dinosaurs, vertebral pneumaticity gives us evidence of what the lung was doing during the life of these animals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lung tissue or air sac tissue was invading the vertebrae, hollowing them out just like a modern bird, and locking regions of the respiratory system into place, immobilizing them. The forked ribs and the vertebral pneumaticity together were creating


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And immobilized, rigid framework that locked the respiratory system into place that permitted the evolution of that super thin,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Super delicate blood gas barrier that we see today in modern birds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Evidence of the straight-jacketed lung in dinosaurs means that they had the capability to evolve a lung


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this gives us an excellent launchpad to start testing hypotheses of dinosaurian diversification. This is the story


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of the dinosaur's beginning. And it's just the beginning of the story of our research into this subject. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just had someone cancel. Come now. I can give you a few minutes before the 49ers. Monday Night Football, buddy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Journey to the West, Chapter 32, Lady White Bone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Using his magic sight, Wukong saw a peach orchard thousands of miles away.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Soon after the monkey had left, a young woman came down the road. She held out a bowl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are you the Tang monk? She asked. I have food for you. Bajie reached for the bowl.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't eat that! Wukong was flying fast. Back to the group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He dropped all the peaches and pulled out his iron bar. Wham! He struck at the young woman. But before he hit her, she disappeared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See? He held up the bowl, which was filled with worms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pig looked at the ground where the woman had been and shook his head.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monkey rolled on the ground as the Tang monk recited the tight headband spell. Bajie laughed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just then, an old woman came down the road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monk stopped reciting the spell, and Wukong stood up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Tang monk recited the spell again Wukong fell to the ground in pain


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just then, an old man came down the road.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the Tang Monk. Master. Said the Monkey. I just saved your life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr. Telm can't get back to meet you. I'm sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I started life as a fashion designer, working closely with textile designers and fabric suppliers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But today I can no longer see or talk to my new collaborators, because they're in the soil beneath our feet, on the shelves of our supermarkets, and in the beer I'm going to drink when I finish this talk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm talking about microbes and designing with life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our project gave me a different perspective on life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Introducing a whole new world of possibility around how we can design and make things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I discovered a radical manufacturing proposition. Biofabrication. Literally fabricating with biology. What does that mean? Well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of processing plants, animals or oil to make consumer materials, we might grow materials directly with living organisms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In what many are terming the Fourth Industrial Revolution, we're thinking about the new factories as being living cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My own journey in biofabrication started with a project called Biocature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a lab, in a few days, using a certain species of bacteria in a nutrient-rich liquid, we fermented threads of cellulose that self-organized into a sheet of fabric. I dried the fabric I'd grown,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And cut and sewed it into a range of garments, shoes and bags.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, in one lab, we grew materials and turned them into a range of products in a matter of days. And this is in contrast to current methods of fabric production, where a plant is grown, just the cotton part is harvested,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So these prototypes indicated a field offering significant resource efficiencies, from reducing the water, energy and chemistry needed in the production of a material


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Biological additive manufacture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Through biofabrication, I had replaced many intensive man-made steps with one biological step. And as I engaged with this living system, it transformed my design thinking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here was biology with no intervention from me, other than designing initial conditions for growth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now, I can't help but see all materials through the lens of biofabrication. In fact, there's a growing global community of innovators rethinking materials with biology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Multiple companies are now growing mushroom materials.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wait a few days for the mycelium to grow throughout, remove the mold and you're left with a grown 3D form.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Incredibly, we can grow all kinds of structures using living organisms, from foams that can replace plastics in footwear to leather-like materials with our animals. Furniture, flooring, all are currently being prototyped.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fungi are able to grow materials that are naturally fire retardant without any chemicals. They're naturally hydrophobic, meaning they won't absorb water. They have higher melt temperatures than plastics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mushroom packaging materials can be naturally composted in your back garden in as little as 30 days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once we start growing materials with living organisms, it starts to make previous methods of manufacture seem illogical. Take the humble house brick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cement industry generates around eight percent of global CO2 emissions. That's more than all the planes and ships each year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cement process requires materials to be fired in a kiln at over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Compare this to biomass.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They use a soil microbe to transform loose aggregates like sand or crushed stone into a biofabricated or bio-cement brick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That process happens at room temperature in just a couple of days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think hydroponics for bricks. An irrigation system feeds nutrient-rich water to trays of bricks that have been inoculated with bacteria.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The bacteria produce crystals that form around each grain of sand, locking together all the loose particles to form a solid brick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can now grow construction materials in the elegant way nature does, just like a coral reef.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And these biofabricated bricks are nearly three times stronger than a concrete block.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in stark contrast to traditional cement production, they store more carbon than they make.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we could replace the 1.2 trillion fired bricks that are made each year with biofabricated bricks, we could reduce CO2 emissions by 800 million tons every year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To that end, we've been exploring all the ways that we can grow healthy microbes in our own ecosystems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who are imagining the skin of a building to function like the bark of a tree, but not as a cosmetic green layer. They're designing architectural barks as hosts for evolving ecologies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These surface structures are designed to invite life in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we applied the same energy, we currently do suppressing forms of life towards cultivating life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We turn the negative image of the urban jungle into one that literally embodies a thriving, living ecosystem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By actively encouraging surface interactions with healthy microbes, we could improve passive climate control, stormwater management and even reduce CO2 emissions by lowering the energy used to heat or cool our buildings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're just beginning to realize the potential of nature-based technologies. I'm excited that we're starting to design and biofabricate a new material world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's one that moves away from the exploitation of non-renewable resources to working with the original, renewable life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Instead of designing out life, we're designing with it and for it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Packaging, fashion, footwear, furniture, construction, biofabricated products can be grown close to centers of demand with local resources, less land, energy, and even harnessing industrial waste streams.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It used to be that the tools of biotechnology were the preserve of powerful multinational chemical and biotech companies. In the last century, we expected material innovation to come from the likes of DuPont, Dow, BASF.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this 21st century material revolution is being led by startups with small teams and limited capital. And by the way, not all their founders have science degrees. They include artists, architects and designers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Over a billion dollars has already been invested in startups biofabricating consumer products.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the jacket you're wearing to the chair you're sitting in to the home you live in, your designed material world shouldn't compromise your health or that of our planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If materials can't be recycled or naturally composted at home, we should reject them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are committed to making this future a reality by shining a light on all the amazing work being done today and by facilitating more interactions between designers, scientists, investors and brands.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because we need a material revolution, and we need it now. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why do we have different eye colors? So that we can produce different colored eye lasers. No.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Colored part of the eye is called iris. Iris contains a pigment called melanin. Melanin is of two types, pheomelanin and umelanin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we have more melanin with higher concentration of umelanin, then we will have darker eye colors such as brown.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, if we have less melanin with higher concentration of pheomelanin, then we will probably have blue or green eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, according to a study, the amount and type of melanin produced in our eyes is mainly determined by two genes, OCA2 and HERC2 present on chromosome 15.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eye boogers generally contain oil, dust, germs, etc. They are formed from the tear film on our eyes. Does the film have any action scenes? Oh no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we blink, the eyelid closes and if there is any dust or germ, it gets discarded along with some tear film through the tear duct into the nasal cavity. But while sleeping, since we don't blink, the tear film, dust and germs get collected in the inner corners of our eyes and start to dry out, forming eye boogers. Topic, human eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They are wharves. No. Eye floaters are tiny spots or thread-like strands that drift in our field of vision. When we move our eyes and try to look at them directly, they seem to dart away. Yea dude, I think they try to hide. Nah. Oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vitreous humor is a clear gel-like substance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is 99% water and 1% collagen fibers. These collagen fibers are spread evenly throughout the vitreous humor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But sometimes, these fibers tend to come together forming clumps or strands. When we look at a clear sky or a blank page. And the clumps or strands are very close to the retina. They cast a strong shadow on the retina.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Making them easily detectable in the clear background and thus, forming eye floaters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why do we get eye bags? It is a sign indicating that we need to take a long holiday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our skin contains collagen and elastin. They keep our skin firm and elastic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition to this, we have fat tissue surrounding our eyes for cushioning. But as we age, our skin produces less collagen and elastin, causing our skin to become loose. Also, the muscles and ligaments that hold the fat tissue in place begin to get loose and the fat starts drooping down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Besides this, heredity, salt intake, smoking, etc., may also contribute to the formation of eyebags. Oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Firstly, eyebrows protect our eyes. Without them, the sweat and rain would easily enter our eyes and hinder our vision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, the salt in our sweat would irritate our eyes, but the arch shape and direction of hair help channel sweat and rain towards the sides of our faces, thus protecting our eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Secondly, eyebrows help to express emotions. In a study, it was found that our ancestors were not able to easily move their eyebrows. But due to evolution, we gradually gained the ability to move them to a greater extent. Thus helping us express a wide range of emotions like surprise, anger, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lastly, eyebrows also help in recognizing faces. In a study, scientists found that participants had a tougher time recognizing famous people's faces. When their eyebrows were erased than when their eyes were erased. Why do we feel butterflies in our stomach? Because I have invited them to my party. Nah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Butterflies in our stomach are basically caused by our Autonomic Nervous System, or ANS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This means, it redirects blood from other parts of the body to mostly our hands and legs, so that they get sufficient oxygen and nutrients and thus, help us fight or flight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition to this, scratching also helps reduce the itch sensation. But how?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Scratching activates pain receptors. So, the idea is that when we scratch, the neurons in the spinal cord transfer pain signals instead of itch signals to the brain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the pain signals reach the brain, it releases a neurotransmitter called serotonin. Which is a happiness related chemical to make us feel good and thus, dull the pain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this way, scratching an itch makes us feel good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nail biting or onychophagia is a bad habit, and there's no specific reason why people do it. Ha!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll find the reason in only two seconds. Don't bother.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A habit forms due to three things. A trigger, action, and reward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, order of growth classifications are so important they've led to an enormous amount of research in recent years and we'll just talk briefly about that now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so, uh, there's, uh, life is a little bit more complicated than, uh, pointed out in the, in the last example. Uh, and one problem is that the inputs, uh, can cause the performance of the algorithm to vary widely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, often we have to, uh, think about different ways of analyzing the algorithm depending on the input. Uh, so the running time is going to be somewhere between the best case and the worst case. Uh, best case is a lower bound on cost. Uh, it, it provides, uh, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, or, or not less than that. Uh, and then there's the worst case, which is the most difficult input. Uh, if we analyze that, then we can guarantee that the running time of the algorithm's not going to be bigger than that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but there's a lot of situations where we can do that and then we have a way to predict performance, uh, even when the input might vary widely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so for example, uh, for, uh, threesome, uh, it's kind of always the same. Uh, with the tilde notation, the only variability in that algorithm is the number of times the counter is incremented. Uh, and that's, uh, in low order terms, so it doesn't even show up in our analysis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For binary search, you might find the thing right away, in which case it's constant time. And we can show that the average, in the worst case, are both log base two events.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's other, uh, in other examples, uh, there'd be much more variability even. Uh, so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have these different types of analyses depending on the input. But the question is, what about the actual problem that the client's trying to solve? So we have to understand that too in order to be able to understand performance of the algorithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there's two approaches that are successful in this. One is to design for the worst case. Just make sure your algorithm always runs quickly. And that's definitely ideal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another is to, if you can't do that, is to randomize and then depend on some kind of probabilistic guarantee. And we'll see examples of both of these as we go through the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here our goals are, we have a problem to solve, uh, like solve the threesome problem, and we want to know how difficult it is. We want to find the best algorithm for solving that problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The approach that computer scientists use for this is to try to suppress as many details as possible in the analysis. And so just analyze the running time to within a constant factor. That's what order of growth is getting at.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we can talk about performance of algorithms, uh, just in terms of the order of growth. And it's actual, possibly, it's actually possible to do that in a very rigorous way that has taught us a lot about the difficulty of solving problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the big theta notation is just a way to describe the order of growth. Theta of n squared is kind of shorthand for anything times n squared. It's bounded above and below by constant times n squared. And that's what we really use to classify algorithms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then there's big O notation, which is upper bounds on performance. When we say big O of n squared, we mean that it's less than some constant times n squared as n grows. And big omega is used for lower bounds, which means it's greater than some constant times n squared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so those three notations were able to use to, uh, uh, classify algorithms, uh, and I'll show them the following.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So our goals are to establish the difficulty of the problem and develop an optimal algorithm. So the one-some problem, is there a zero in the array? Uh, well an upper bound on the difficulty of the problem is some specific algorithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, for example, the brute force algorithm that looks at every array entry is a specific algorithm. And it means that, and that takes, uh, O of n time. You have to look at every, it's less than a constant times n for some constant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the running time of the optimal algorithm, uh, has to be O of N, uh, that is that specific algorithm provides an upper bound on the running time of the optimal algorithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But in this case, it's also easy to develop a lower bound. That's a proof that no algorithm can do better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, for one sum, you know, you have to examine all entries in the array. If you miss one, then that one might be zero. So that means that the optimal algorithm has to have a running time at least some constant times n, or we say the running time is omega of n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now in this case, the upper bound and the lower bound match.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to within a constant factor, so that's a proof that the brute force algorithm for one sun is optimal. It's running time is theta of n. It's both omega n and O of n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's, for that simple problem, it was okay to get the optimal algorithm. For more complicated problems, it's going to be more difficult to get upper bounds and lower bounds, and particularly upper bounds and lower bounds that match. For example, let's look at threesome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, upper bound for threesome, uh, say our first brute force algorithm said that the proof was a proof that the running time of the optimal algorithm is O of N cubed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but we found a better improved algorithm whose running time is O of N squared log N. So that's a better upper bound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, lower bound? Uh, well, we have to examine all entries, because again, we might miss one that makes threesome equal zero. Uh, and that's a proof that the running time of the optimal algorithm is omega of n.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but nobody knows a higher lower bound for threesome. Uh, so there's a gap between the upper bound and the lower bound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and open problems. Uh, is there an optimal algorithm for threesome? Uh, we don't know what it is. We don't even know if there's a algorithm whose running time is, uh, less than O of N squared. Uh, or we don't know higher lower bound than linear.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's an example of an open problem in the theory of algorithms. Uh, we don't know how difficult it is to solve the threesome problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, this point of view has been extremely successful in recent decades. We have a new problem, develop some algorithm, prove some lower bound. If there's a gap, we look for a new algorithm that will lower the upper bound, or we try to find a way to raise the lower bound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually it's very difficult to prove non-trivial lower bounds. Trivial lower bound, like look at every input item, is not so hard. Non-trivial lower bounds, uh, like for example, uh, the proof, uh, that we talked about for the union find problem, uh, are much more difficult.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and in the last several decades, uh, people have learned about the computational difficulty of problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By examining steadily decreasing upper bounds. So, algorithms with better or worse case running times for lots and lots of important problems. In plenty of optimal algorithms, when plenty of gaps still remain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now there's a couple of caveats, uh, on this in the context of this course. Uh, and the first one is maybe it's overly pessimistic to be focusing on the worst case. Uh, we've got data out there, we've got problems to solve, maybe it's not worst case data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in lots of fields of engineering and science, we don't focus on the worst case. Uh, uh, the worst case for this course would be for lightning to strike and it would be over. So we don't plan for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And since similar is true for algorithms, maybe we should be focusing on understanding properties of the input and finding algorithms that are efficient for that input.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the other thing is, in order to really predict performance and compare algorithms, we need to do a closer analysis than to within a constant factor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, in really, uh, there's so much, uh, published research in the theory of algorithms that, uh, a lot of people make the mistake of interpreting


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the big O results that are supposed to give, uh, improved upper bounds on the difficulty of the problem as approximate models for the running time, and that's really a mistake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this course, we're going to focus on approximate models by making sure that we use the tilde notation. And we'll try to give specific results for certain quantities of interest in the constant, any unspecified constant in the running time will have to do with properties of the machine and the system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that we'll be able to use these results to predict performance and to, uh, compare algorithms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said you would travel past our abbey someday. Please, come in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our master is the great immortal, said the first priest. He is very wise and powerful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our master is visiting friends in heaven right now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If he wasn't powerful, he wouldn't be able to do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a ginseng tree behind the abbey, said one priest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Its fruit takes ten thousand years to become ripe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to legend, one bite of the fruit will make you live forever. Would you like one?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not a baby, said one priest. It's a ginseng fruit. It only looks like a baby to you because you're immortal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi. Tip candy canes? Red and yellow candy canes?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Excuse me? Do you have a candy cane? Wrong color.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are like, you know, the cozy books that make you just want to snuggle in and read or they're like the spooky books that are perfect for Halloween. They're the thrillers that have the spooky vibes or even like the dark academia kind of books because I do think those are perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not dark academia vibe, but definitely like dark school vibes. And these two best friends become extraordinary humans, which basically means they're like superheroes kind of, but also one of them might be kind of more villainous. And this one really asks the question of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This book is so perfect if you're looking for something that's like a really light fantasy magical kind of book to read at this time of year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this one in particular I think would be a great one to read in the fall. This one is a really beautiful story that takes place during the Great Depression and during the Dust Bowl that occurred in Texas in the 1930s, I believe. And this book was just so powerful and it's gonna make you feel really grateful for everything that you have in your life, so I feel like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This one would probably be perfect to read around like Thanksgiving time, you know?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a good one. It's such a good one. Alright, next up is going to be the thriller category of thrillers that I think that are perfect to read during the fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think especially these thrillers because they kind of have some spooky elements to them, at least for the most part, and that's why I think they'd be perfect to read at this time of year. And I know the fall time is when people tend to gravitate more towards my favourite genres, right? Which is thrillers and horrors. And so if that is the case for you, then here are some books that I think would be especially perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is also one of my favorite books. Like these two have very similar vibes. They also kind of remind me of Bly Manor in a way as well, just because of the whole like nanny and the kids situation. And then I have The Guest List by Lucy Folley. I think this would be absolutely perfect to read on a cozy rainy day. This one is like the most iconic like who done it story, you know, we're following this whole wedding party and somebody in the wedding party is murdered and we know somebody else in the wedding party did it and we spend the whole book trying to figure out who


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where these four girls were murdered but these murders never actually happened but a lot of his childhood stories are true. It's very confusing but it seems to be very well loved in the community and I think


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there's ever a perfect time of year to read something like this, it would definitely be in the fall, because this one definitely has the like, spooky...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that really scares me and I personally read this book in October and I just thought it was the perfect October read. I would also recommend The Shining and Salem's Lot just because these ones are also just like, you know, classic spookiness. I also have a book that I think would be absolutely perfect to read.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the reason why I say that is because this book actually does take place on Halloween night, and we follow these four really famous well-known horror authors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As they're going to stay the night in America's most well-known haunted house called Kill Creek. And while they're staying there, it's going to be getting live streamed to the public. And this book is just the most fun. It's so much fun. Like this premise is so cool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of my favorite horror novels that I read this year that I think would be perfect to read in the fall is The Book of Accidents by Chuck Wendig. This is another really great like haunted house kind of vibe. We're just following this family, you know, this couple Nate and Maddie and then their son. They're moving back into Nate's childhood home where his father used to abuse him and so


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Young adult horror, or even like middle grade horror, then I do think, uhm, The Taking of Jake Livingston and Hide and Seeker would be worth checking out, even though both of these books were just okay for me personally. Uhm, especially Hide and Seeker though, because this one, I feel like if I was younger, I probably would've enjoyed this a lot more, so if you do enjoy middle grade,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would definitely recommend checking this one out. It follows this group of kids, and something seems to be wrong with this main character's best friend. It also has to do with the game Hide and Seek, and if you break the rules, you summon the Seeker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It does have a lot of school moments, although I wouldn't classify this as like dark academia necessarily, but there's a lot of really, um, creepy scenes that happen while he's at school. And then the last horror book that I have on this list is going to be Imaginary Friend by Stephen Chbotsky. This book is massive, it's like over 700-ish pages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he goes missing in the woods for a couple of days, and when he returns, something about him is just off. You know, he is not the same kid that he was before. This book was just so much fun, and this book made me afraid of deer, which is a weird thing to say, but this one definitely has the ambiance of like the woods, you know, and like these kids, and it's very Stranger Things vibes in a way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] or at least they take place on a college campus and I just think they'd be perfect to read in the fall specifically because of that reason cause I don't know about you but I definitely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] gonna be the students that are like the best in the school or like running for valedictorian or something like that and then they start getting these spooky anonymous messages from this person who calls themselves aces and this school just has a whole lot more going on the school is just very spooky for them and just very not cool and it's you know this book is a wild ride i think it'd be perfect to read in the fall


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we have Four Your Own Good by Samantha Downing. This is another one that takes place at a prestigious private school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think just because this book follows, like, on a campus, you know, for most of the book, it all takes place at a school, I think it's perfect to read during the fall time, okay? It just is. And then we have Bunny by Mona Awad. This one follows this girl named Samantha who is new on this college campus and she joins this group of girls


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who all call each other bunny and they have something very strange going on. They're almost like a little cult or something. And this book is just wild. It's one of the most wild books that I've ever read.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This book is like everything I've ever wanted in a book for the fall time. I just, ugh, I'm so sad that I didn't read this book in the fall personally, but also I want to reread it again so badly that I might just pick it up again this fall to be honest. And this book is the perfect, you know, like dark academia vibes because we're following these six students who


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's everything. It's everything. I love this book so much. There was even a love triangle in this book that I genuinely cared about. Like, the romance in this book was actually really good for a thriller novel. I was so impressed. So yea, this has it all. This is the perfect fall read. You're welcome. Alright, so those are all of the fall book recommendations that I have for you today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have any books that you think would be perfect fall books to read, then uhm, please let me know because I would absolutely love to know any of your fall book recommendations for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have, you know, a few books that I'm looking forward to reading this fall that I think will have great fall vibes, and that includes like The Ghost Tree by Christina Henry. I also have White Smoke by Tiffany D. Jackson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And back here I do have House of Leaves, which is one that I'm planning on getting to this fall. And of course, it would be super sick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To get to, and then there were none by Agatha Christie or The Haunting of Hill House, because those are two books that I've also had on my TBR for literally forever. Yeah, I have a massive, massive TBR for the month of October, so I'm just so excited to get to everything. And yeah, thank you so much for watching as always, and I will see you very soon with a new video!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Only a few Indian rhinos are reproducing regularly. So by doing artificial insemination, we are hopeful that we can increase the genetic health of the population.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once critically endangered, white rhinos are now heading out on the long road to recovery.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From Africa to Asia, five kinds of rhino are struggling to survive in the 21st century, each one on its own separate journey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For some, science may be the key to their future.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's taking high technology and high security.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To put these incredible hulks from prehistory back on the range.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The African savanna. Home of one of the last giants. The white rhinoceros.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're pachyderms, which means they're thick-skinned, up to an inch in places, although the skin on the face is almost as soft and smooth as human skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each three-toed foot must bear a ton of pressure. A rhino can weigh 8,000 pounds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for all their muscle and bulk, these creatures are strictly vegetarian. They can consume a hundred pounds of grass in a day. They're built to survive in this tough, dry terrain. A rhino's tail even makes a decent flyswatter. Perhaps their only weakness is poor eyesight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But adult rhinos have few natural predators and they're well protected by that fantastic horn. It can grow three inches a year. They also have a fine sense of smell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And those swiveling ears can pick up sounds from creatures that could threaten their young.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And not just in the tropics. They even turned up in Great Britain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In rock quarries, it's still possible to find evidence that woolly rhinos were present here in ancient times, from half a million to 30,000 years ago, when the southern half of the country was a vast swath of semi-frozen tundra.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Their skulls are regularly unearthed, but a horn is a rare find.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Up to five feet long, they're made from the same substance as our fingernails and don't fossilize easily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Preserved teeth can even contain traces of the rhino's last meal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A woolly rhinoceros. A mega mammal from the last ice age. Imagine if one were really alive today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would stand six feet tall at the shoulder, dwarfing the biggest cattle we have now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That immense flattened horn was handy in defense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But ultimately, it couldn't prevent the woolly rhino's extinction. It was hunted by prehistoric people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today in Africa, present day people are pushing rhinos to the very edge of extinction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 96% of black rhinos have been slaughtered by poachers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is their last sanctuary, Umphalozi in South Africa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But incredibly, there are now too many black rhinos for this national park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Working with the World Wildlife Fund, the park is capturing rhinos here to begin the repopulation of the rest of Africa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hard enough to dart a rhino traveling at 40 miles an hour from a helicopter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then that rhino has to be removed from thick bush. All two tons of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The drug dart has immobilized the rhino so it can be checked and prepared for travel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if it's not revived within half an hour, there's a big risk to its health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But even specially designed transport vehicles can't always get through the bush.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many parts of Umphalozi National Park in Khoazulu-Natal are so inaccessible that the wildlife capture team relies on a Russian MI-8 helicopter to pick up some of the black rhinos selected for the project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rotors buffet the ground crew with 90 mile an hour winds. It's a difficult job for the pilot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The men from KwaZulu Natal are widely regarded as the world's top game capture team.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're moving these rhinos as part of WWF's Black Rhino Range Expansion Project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before being moved, the horn tip is cut off to prevent the rhino from hurting itself but it will grow back. Holes are drilled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tens of thousands of rhinos have been killed for their horns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhino horn clippings are worth three times the price of gold on the black market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the Zoological Society in London, Dr. Raj Amin keeps a wary eye on this highly illegal trade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These knives are an essential accessory for men in Yemen. And the most desirable? Have rhino horn handles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But education initiatives and a fatwa against the use of rhino horn means this trade is declining.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yet Rhino horn is still used for another, much bigger market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhinos are fighting against thousands of years of tradition here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And yet all the testing done so far is conclusive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To discourage the trade, Dr. Amin's group is working with highly sophisticated technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So rhino horn takes on distinctive chemical characteristics from the food the rhino's been eating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hopefully, Dr. Amin will never have to analyze the horns of the rhinos from the Black Rhino range expansion project. They're protected for life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But our bad tempered captives don't seem to appreciate what's being done for them. Last time we saw them, they were comatose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the drugs have worn off, so they're disoriented and frightened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A white flag lures the shortsighted animals into their own private quarters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They'll stay in these pens or BOMAs for four weeks to prepare for their journey to their new homes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wildlife vet Dave Cooper explains the strategy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The black rhinoceros isn't the first rhino species to be rescued. A century ago, hunting led to the white rhino being pronounced extinct.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The name, white, isn't about color. White rhino is a mistranslation of the original Dutch settler name, wide rhino, referring to their massive mouths.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that white rhinos are protected, they're charging back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many more calves are being born. A female can have 10 or more in her lifetime of 45 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This four month old cat is practicing charging with his favorite playmates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In just eight years time, he'll be fully grown. His play is preparation for later life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As an adult, he may have to joust for the right to mate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] White rhinos are normally peaceable, but when males come together, things can get rough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This curled tail is a sure sign of an aggressive intent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These two-ton hulks can inflict a lot of damage jabbing upwards with their horns.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the most popular wallows, they luxuriate together and sit out the hottest part of the day. Even in the presence of elephants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The white rhino is an incredible success story. Their population has gone from less than 50 to around 12,000.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He wants to pay a hundred thousand rand, fifteen thousand dollars per rhino. Auction, anything can happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Private wildlife reserves want to dip into the estimated 10 billion dollar a year tourism business in South Africa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhinos are also valuable to the other wildlife on the African plains. As giant herbivores, they spend half their lives feeding in order to sustain their massive bodies. They can munch their way through a hundred pounds of grass in a single day. And in return, they produce what every lawn needs most.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhino dung is rich in partially digested vegetation, so for some creatures, it's a valuable food source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These dung beetles are part of a great recycling program. A male makes a ball and rolls it away. He can travel over 200 feet before he buries it underground for his babies. The young beetles feed on the vegetation and the dung


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But much of it gets left behind and fertilizes the thin soils of Africa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For cattle egrets and red-billed oxpeckers, rhinos are a mobile diner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The egrets feed on insects disturbed by the rhino's passing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ticks are bloodsuckers. Their razor sharp mouths can pierce through the thinnest parts of the rhino's skin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oxpeckers relish these tiny vampires. They'll go just about anywhere on a rhino to get them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For oxpeckers, a rhino's back is the center of their social world. Here they sing, display, court mates, fight and feed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But despite their near constant presence, there are still some stubborn ticks that even oxpeckers can't reach. In these cases, rhinos use a handy rubbing post, a termite mound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The squashed corpses of the ticks become part of the mound itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But even for a four-ton rhino, ticks aren't easy to crush. And it's amazing how the little things can get you down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When they can, rhinos seek relief in a soothing mud bath.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A thick coat of mud can ward off biting insects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as a bonus, it softens and shields sensitive skin from the sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Given the chance, rhinos will snooze through the midday heat totally encrusted in mud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] White rhinos are now scattered all over the southern half of Africa.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means if disease or poachers hit one population, the species can still survive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Back at the Game Capture Center, four weeks have passed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 21 black rhinos have been served fresh cut acacia every day. It takes a team of 40 men to collect the food. But this is the rhino's last catered meal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fifty percent of black rhino deaths occur from fighting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is something that could help keep the peace. The rhino's own dung.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dung from every single rhino is collected from the Bomas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It then takes a journey out to the new Zululand Rhino Reserve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that Rhinodung is a sensory message board, the fulcrum of rhino society.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The big release is planned with military precision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All 21 black winos are going to the Zulu Land Reserve today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How will the rhinos react to being released into unfamiliar territory?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The transmitted signal may be the only way of finding the rhinos again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the rhinos are moving around a lot, it's a sure sign of distress and they'll have to be recaptured.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr. Linklater and his team take readings every day so they can chart the movements of each rhino across the 50,000 acre reserve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hopefully these rhinos will establish a thriving population.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we can get an idea of their future by moving south to Pinda Game Reserve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's Ranger Simon Morgan's job to keep an eye on 15 black rhinos moved here last year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While a giraffe and an African side neck turtle keep an eye on him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's plenty of wildlife here. These are beautiful Enyaula antelopes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simon spots a warthog so immersed in mud he almost disappears. But he isn't as elusive as a black rhino.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The transmitters in the Rhino horns are still working after a year. So Simon and his trackers can keep tabs on their movements pretty easily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they need to see them to check their condition and getting that glimpse takes a lot of field craft.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shaking a sock full of talcum powder ensures they're downwind so the rhino won't smell their approach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Adult rhinos have terrible eyesight, but their hearing is razor sharp. And they can charge at 40 miles per hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each of the 15 rhinos moved to Pinda are thriving, safe and protected.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simon and the trackers are learning more about black rhinos every day. Information that could help with future movements of rhinos. And today, there's a real surprise. Oh look, see the little calf?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] WWF's Black Rhino range expansion project is opening up more land for them. And with more territory, their birth rates are rising.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With projects like this, the future is looking brighter for the African rhinos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A white rhino calmly grazing is now becoming common. Perhaps in the future,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Black rhinos will delicately pluck leaves across this continent too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what about their cousins, the rhinos of Asia?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To find the largest Asian rhino, you have to go to a place full of leaves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Assam, in northeast India, is proud of its tea producing reputation. And it's also proud of its rhino population.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But at the start of the 20th century, there were only 12 Indian one-horn rhinos left in their great stronghold of Kazuranga National Park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To find out how the rhinos are faring today, park officials are undertaking a comprehensive survey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In addition to the rhinos, the park is famous for other rare wildlife.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are jungle fowl, wild ancestors of domestic chickens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're managed by systematic burning to provide fresh growth for the rhinos. A large number of wild buffalo also benefits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rare deer such as hog and swamp deer are doing well under the protection of the park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's even a glorious herd of around a thousand Asian elephants, all taking advantage of the wealth of grassland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But these animals are just distractions today. This survey concerns only one amazing creature.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Great Indian One-Horned Rhino, or the Boilerplate Rhino, as some have called it, for the riveted look of its incredible armor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was first described in the 13th century by explorer Marco Polo. He'd hoped to find the mythical unicorn and wasn't impressed by what he saw. He wrote, they are very ugly brutes to look at. Yet the name unicorn stuck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Science calls them rhinoceros unicornis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Marco Polo's time, there would have been so many of these creatures on the floodplains of India's rivers that it would have been impossible to count them all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today they are found only on the Brahmaputra River in Assam and Nepal, and counting them is difficult because there are so few.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even against the elephants that feed next to them, the rhinos look incredibly prehistoric.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Perhaps that's because they've remained virtually unchanged for some 25 million years. There are no oxpeckers here. Instead, mina birds fill that niche. Although tolerant of the minas probing, rhinos can be irascible and quick to anger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wildlife filmmaker Nigel Marvin followed the survey team for this program, but got into trouble when his crew got too close to a female with a small baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A big group. Maybe fifteen adults. A crash of rhinos as they call it. In fact, this is a rhino nursery. All females with calves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Indian rhino's nurseries move with the availability of fresh grass. The researchers were lucky. They probably wouldn't find these animals here tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some still enjoy a drop of milk from their mother, but most of them are eating grass now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The calves will finally leave home at the age of four when the female has her next baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But until then, she is a devoted and aggressive protector. Even towards other mothers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 45 rhinos counted in all. A big improvement on the 12 rhinos of 100 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they've covered only a small portion of the park so far.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in order to be in place early, the team has stayed overnight at one of the ranger huts, scattered about the reserve.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they are in a position to react to events in their area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rangers from the Central Park headquarters, 20 miles away, could never hope to get out to these remote outposts in time to stop poachers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During the wet season, the park floods and the huts become little islands in the swamp.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All patrols around Kazuranga must be made by canoe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rangers check for snares on rhino paths through the high grasses. That's risky on foot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An angry rhino makes no distinction between protector and poacher.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The dedication of these men is the main reason that rhino poaching in Kazuranga has dropped from 50 animals every year to just single figures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even the tall grasses are an obstacle to the job. But there's a perfect solution. To see over 12 feet of elephant grass, you need an elephant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhinos often feed right next to elephants, so the elephants bring the survey team closer than a vehicle ever could.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They can also hear the calls of another endangered resident.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A black-breasted parrot bill. It's very rare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If these rhino swamplands disappear these birds will become extinct.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The real damage is done by the vicious teeth in their lower jaw. Fights can be long, bitter and noisy, and they can be lethal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The loser runs away to avoid those flashing teeth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's no mystery why they were fighting. There are females here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Indian rhinos are pregnant for 16 months, and they nurse the baby for at least a year. During this time, they're very vulnerable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is good tiger country, and tigers are predators of these young rhino calves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The baby is very curious about this communal dung pile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Chemical communication is important in Indian Rhino society.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The calf is learning about that already at just two weeks old.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Indian rhino is breeding with great success in Kesaranga. There's just one problem. This stronghold is virtually full.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In all, they counted over 1600 in the park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just like in Africa, safe places for rhinos to relocate are hard to find, and this single population is vulnerable to poaching and disease. Some sort of backup is needed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Cincinnati Zoo is one facility trying to secure the rhino's future. But Indian rhinos have never bred well in captivity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can state of the art treatment for childless human couples improve this performance?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr. Monica Stoops is one of Cincinnati's rhino fertility experts. Today, she's conducting an ultrasound scan on a female.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Artificial insemination allows the rhino donor to come from any zoo, anywhere in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Monica can choose from a lineup of deep frozen studs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All she needs is a sample of good, healthy, strong swimming sperm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for the last two species in Asia, disaster in the wild has already happened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The rainforests of Southeast Asia shelter the remaining rhinos.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But every single year, an area the size of Connecticut disappears.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Illegal logging that gives access to poachers in their search for rhino horn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the extremely elusive Javan rhinoceros. Few people have ever seen one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like a miniature Indian rhino, it's the only other species with a single horn and that bolted on looking armor plating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we've seen that both white and Indian rhinos have recovered from even smaller numbers. But the situation is still desperate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Protection within reserves is no guarantee of survival.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for the third rhino species in Asia, the situation is actually worse.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are more Sumatran Rhinos left than Javin's, some 300.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But these animals are spread incredibly thin across Indonesia and Malaysia. Many live close to humans. That means their forest home is rapidly disappearing and poaching is rife. Only these men stand in the way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They make up an RPU, or Rhino Protection Unit, at the Way Combust National Park in Sumatra.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To protect the 25 or so rhinos here, it's six days on, two days off, with every moment of the six days spent in the forest, tracking rhinos and poachers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sumatran rhinos travel for miles and use the same tracks regularly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's hard going, but made easier by the Rhino's trailblazing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unfortunately, Rhino trails make life easy for poachers too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This snare wouldn't kill a large animal like a rhino right away, but it could break its leg, and over the next few days blood poisoning would set in. It would be a long and painful death.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This unit will break up hundreds of snares every year. Not all aimed at the rhinos, but most with the potential to kill them. This time the rhino was lucky.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sumatrons are the smallest rhino. Even the biggest are no taller than a Great Dane. They're also the most gymnastic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most rhinos tend to avoid any form of climbing, but fallen logs and steep hillsides are no barrier to the Sumatran.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They move nimbly along their hundred or so miles of tracks, feeding on 90 pounds or more of vegetation every day, though most of their feeding is done at night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For some reason, this female has little fear of man. It makes this part of the ranger's job easy, but it makes protecting her much harder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like the black rhino, she's solitary and uses a prehensile lip to pluck choice leaves and strip saplings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Curiously, Sumatrans have a sparse covering of long, coarse hair over their whole body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A bit of a throwback to their relative, the Wooly Rhino.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Add hair to skin that averages about half an inch in thickness, and you've got a lot of insulation for a tropical forest. That's why she spends most of the day here, in a mud wallow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhinos don't just go into these mud pools to cool down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's covered in big biting horseflies, so she rolls around in the mud to get relief, as well as to keep cool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's got to be just the right length and depth to provide enough cover from the flies in the sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thanks to the RPU's hard work protecting these ancient creatures, it's still possible to find Sumatran Rhinos today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But imagine stepping back 30,000 years to see the last rhinos to live in Britain. What an encounter that would be. A woolly rhinoceros.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the sort of scene that was once common across Eurasia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those flattened five foot long horns would certainly have made formidable weapons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The last of the woolly rhinos were seen 10,000 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We do our best to protect critically endangered species. But it's not always straightforward, as researchers at the Cincinnati Zoo have discovered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sumatran rhinos have graced zoos worldwide for more than a century.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there had never been a Sumatra No Baby born successfully in captivity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There were plenty of males, plenty of females, plenty of opportunity, but precious few pregnancies, and none which resulted in a live birth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was a mystery until Cincinnati's high tech approach found out why. This is Emmy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She's been specially trained to accept all the procedures that could help Cincinnati help her have a baby.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr. Terry Roth discovered that in one aspect Sumatran rhinos were unlike all others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sumatran rhinos only ovulate after they've mated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Armed with this information, Terry has been monitoring Emmy's temperature and providing hormones to help her become pregnant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But finally, Emmy and Terry's 16-month vigil was rewarded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This special footage from Cincinnati Zoo shows the moment of birth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not only did Emi produce the first Sumatran calf born in captivity in 2001, she went on to produce the second baby too. Here she is, a tiny female called Suchi, meaning sacred.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All living proof that Sumatran rhinos held around the world can be used to protect the species.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rhino's born in captivity could recolonize the wild.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As long as poaching is stamped out and enough habitat remains, rhino populations can flourish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The future looks even brighter for the rhinos of Africa. In 30 or 40 years?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These ancient, incredible hulks have what it takes to survive in the 21st century and beyond.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, the saying, so many books, so little time, actually is kind of macabre.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you think about it. Anyway, at the beginning of the year 2021, I actually already made kind of like a list for myself of books that I wanted to read in my lifetime. Kind of like a book bucket list, if you will. And I never really shared it in a video or anything. And since then, I've also added a bunch of books to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Haven't really been crossing off any books, to be honest, so I thought it would be fun to just make a video about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a part of the pile. I have more. Most of the books that I want to read in my lifetime I don't actually own yet, but this is part of it. So a pile like this is a little bit different from just books that I really want to read. There are way more books that I want to be reading in like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The upcoming year or few months, but the bucket list really is for books that I know that I still want to read, even in ten years, even if my taste in book changes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are still books that I want to get through. So I have a bunch. Let's start with uhm, yeaah. Let's start with some English classic literature. The thing with these books, uh, when I was making this book list is I tried to get a lot of inspiration from those.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 100 books you have to read before you die lists that are all over the internet. And the thing is, they all kind of have the same kind of books, and I don't think that you should


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course it's fine that if you see a list that's like full of these great American novels but you're not interested in that at all, you don't have to read that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that is Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. So a funny story about this book actually is that when I was in secondary school, I was about 16 or 17 years old. We had to do presentations for English class and you could pick any topic. So I decided to choose a book as my topic because I thought that would be like the most fun and also


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not too difficult, because you could just talk about synopsis. And I decided to do my presentation about Frankenstein. I didn't read the book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Obviously, I don't know, the teacher kind of expected it, but I was not about to read a whole book just for like a short presentation. The most important part is that I just looked up the synopsis and some background information and talked about that. And I don't remember anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About this book, even though I did a presentation on it, the only thing that I remember is that a lot of characters die, because when I was doing the presentation, giving the synopsis, it was basically just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, and then that character died, and then that character died, and then that character died. That's all I remember about this book. But I really do feel like we're about to come full circle when I finally do read this book. It was where I was headed, you know, eight years ago when I did my presentation about this book. But this is, you know, the gothic story about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dr. Frankenstein, the monster he makes. I just really like these kind of books about like ambition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Empowering science, gothic vibe, kinda scary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of all of his poems and short stories because he is kind of creepy, gothic, horary-ish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Psychological, horror-ish vibe is something that I really vibe with. So I feel like I should just really get into Edgar Allan Poe's literature. Somehow I haven't yet, so that's why it's on the list. They kind of remind me, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would prefer to just maybe have like a small, cute, not very flashy paperback because I can actually take that with me. Having those beautiful gilded edges special edition of a book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have on my list Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. I just want to have read something by Jane Austen. I think Pride and Prejudice is our most well-known one. Just like most of the books on my bucket list.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm a little intimidated by them, I don't know why, I feel like I lack the literature skills to be able to understand a book like this, even though I had it in English class in secondary school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just didn't have to read it. And I'm also afraid that I'm not gonna...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Understand the humor in it, because it's very much like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 19th century humor that is probably very context based on, like, the historical context. But I am really excited to read this because, like many of the other books that are also on this list,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We did get them in English class, we just didn't have to read them because it was probably a little too high level English for like secondary school Dutch people. So I am really excited to get around to this someday and finally understand the Jane Austen hype. Same thing with another book that I still haven't read.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. I also remember learning about this in English class and being really intrigued by it, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These three sisters, the Bronte sisters, that all just wrote beautiful literature that was very influential. If I remember correctly, Jane Eyre kind of introduced the idea of writing from a first person perspective, which I also really enjoy, and I have loved


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every single film adaptation that I've seen of Jane Eyre, so I know that I'm going to love this story, I just need to sit down and just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Except the 500 page classic that I'm about to read. I'm just really excited to just dive into a big story like this about this defiant, clever woman, the melancholic, broody vibe of it all. It's on the bucket list. Talking about The Bronte Sisters, I also really want to read Wuthering Heights by


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that one Emily Bronte? Ooh. And then the tenant of Wildfire Hall is Ed Bronte, if I'm correct?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bronte books, but also because this is one of the books that I've seen being mentioned so often in these kind of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Romancey Wattpet-esque stories, also like Twilight, Wuthering Heights is often read by the main characters and maybe by the love interest as well, and they present it as this like beautiful romance story, even though


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm pretty sure that Wuthering Heights is supposedly more like a very tragic story about a toxic relationship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I just want to have read it so I can understand what these kind of teen romance books are referencing as super romantic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moving on, we have a bunch of more philosophical books, both nonfiction and fiction. This is the kind of book that I always want to read more of because I get a lot out of it and it's like satisfying, I enjoy reading it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't really end up reaching it very often because it's just a lot easier to just reach for an easy to read book, especially when I'm tired from the day and I just wanna


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Read a book that's not, like, too difficult to read. So I tend to only read these kind of books during holidays or when I have a lot of free time, because then I have the energy to, like, dive into it and really make sure I understand it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That I do enjoy and get a lot out of. So the first one that I do already own is Symposium and the Death of Socrates by Plato. This is one of the books that's always mentioned as a good introduction into philosophy. What it's known for is kind of just a bunch of people talking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At a table about love? The theme of the symposium was mostly about love and platonic love. And also this one includes the death of Socrates because Socrates was sentenced to death because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People did not like him, and he gives this like really famous speech.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before he dies, and Plato wrote that all down, and I wanna read it. I just find it really interesting that the people who lived so long ago wrote down these ideas and thoughts and philosophies that we can still read today and that are still very interesting to read about today, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanna have read this at least some time in my life. Another one that I want to read is Beyond Good and Evil by Friedrich Nietzsche. I know this is like...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A big red flag book. Maybe that's why I wanna read it, you know, just understanding all the red flag people that love Nietzsche so much. I don't really know why I want to read this. I did have classes about his philosophy and I found it interesting and I just wanna know what