[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I think it's a little bit even more, uhm, noticeable when, when we're talking about social events. Like if you go to someone's house for, for dinner. In Canada, if they say, come to my house at 6 o'clock for dinner, you'll be there at 6.05, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, North America, if, if you're supposed to start work at nine, you have to be at your desk working at nine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, and remember, if you have any questions, please ask them at the website as well. We're out of time today, but until next time, thanks for listening and goodbye. Bye bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, the mystery box is always such a fun, uh, moment in the MasterChef kitchen. And you have to think on your feet because you have no idea what's gonna be in there. But I always like to think outside of the box when I'm looking in the box. Because we wanna see some real creativity from you guys.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The ingredients are pretty easy to work with, which means we expect a lot. Right guys, off to your benches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very, very, very good. I love the rump steak served just like that. You haven't tried to trick it up, you haven't tried to do too much to it. The prosciutto and the almond crumble, it's a very, very good dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think it's a really clever play on texture and temperature. You know, that extreme coldness from the ice cream, the saltiness of that blue cheese, I actually think is a very successful dish. It is yum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tonight is Tracy's going away party and she asked if you were gonna go. Oh yeah? I'm there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Too bad, man. Tonight is Tracy's going away party, and she asked if you were gonna go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Honey, the kids are getting a little out of hand. Can you do something?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you have a very large training set, gradient descent becomes a computationally very expensive procedure. In this video, we'll talk about a modification to the basic gradient descent algorithm, called the classic gradient descent, which will allow us to scale these algorithms to much bigger training sets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As a quick recap, the hypothesis will look like this and the cost function will look like this, which is this sort of one half of the average squared error of your hypothesis on your m training examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the cost function we've already seen looks like this sort of bow-shaped function. So plot it as a function of the parameters theta 0 and theta 1. The cost function j is just sort of a bow-shaped function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And gradient descent looks like this, where in the inner loop of gradient descent, you repeatedly update the parameters data using that expression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, in the rest of this video, I'm going to keep using linear regression as the running example, but the idea is here, the idea of stochastic gradient descent is fully general and also applies to other learning algorithms like regression, neural networks, and other algorithms that are based on regression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Training gradient descent on the specific training set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's a picture of what gradient descent does. If the parameters are initialized to the point there, then as you run gradient descent, different iterations of gradient descent will take the parameters to the global minimum. So take a trajectory that looks like that and hits pretty directly to the global minimum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the problem with gradient descent is that if m is large, then computing this derivative term


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can be very expensive because this requires summing over all m examples. So if m is, uh, 300 million.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To give the algorithm a name, this particular version of gradient descent is also called batch gradient descent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The way this algorithm works is you need to read into your computer memory all 300 million records in order to compute this derivative term. You need to stream all of these records through computer because you can't store all your records in computer memory. So you need to read through them and slowly, you know, accumulate the sum in order to compute the derivative. And then having done all that work, that allows you to take one step of gradient descent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And having done all that work, you can take another little step using gradient descent. And then do that again, and then as you take...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before moving on to the new algorithm, here's, uh, just a bash gradient descent album written on the game with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That being the cost function and that being the update and of course this term here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's used in the gradient descent rule, that is the partial derivative with respect to the parameter theta j of our optimization objective, j train of theta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's look at the more efficient algorithm that scales better to large data sets. In order to work out the algorithm's cost of cost of gradient descent, let's write out the cost function in a slightly different way. We're going to define the cost of a parameter theta with respect to a training example x i comma y i.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To be equal to one half times the squared error that my hypothesis incurs on that example, x i comma y i.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you notice that the overall cost function Jtrain can now be written in this equivalent form. So Jtrain


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Armed with this view of the cost function for linear regression, let me now write out what stochastic gradient descent does. The first step of stochastic gradient descent is to randomly shuffle


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So by that I just mean randomly shuffle or randomly reorder your M training examples. It's sort of a standard preprocessing step. Uhm, come back to this in a minute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the main work of stochastic gradient descent is then done in the following. We're going to repeat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For i equals 1 through m. So I'm going to repeatedly scan through my training examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And perform the following update. I'm going to update the parameter theta j as theta j


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, for those of you that are familiar with calculus, it's possible to show that that term here, is this term here, is equal to the partial derivative with respect to my parameter theta j of the cost of the parameter stator on x i comma y i.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where cost is of course this thing that was defined previously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, just to wrap up the algorithm, let me close my curly braces over there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what stochastic gradient descent is doing is, is actually scanning through the training examples and first is going to look at my first training example x1 comma y1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's then going to go on to the second training example. And what it's going to do there is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take another little step in parameter space, so modify the parameters just a little bit to try to fit just the second training example a little bit better. Having done that is then going to go on to my third training example and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this outer repeat loop may cause it to take multiple pauses over the entire training set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This view of stochastic gradient descent also motivates why we wanted to start by randomly shuffling the dataset. This just ensures that when we scan through the training set here that we end up visiting the training examples in some sort of randomly sorted order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Depending on whether your data already came randomly sorted or whether it came originally sorted in some strange order, in practice, this would just speed up the convergence of stochastic gradient descent just a little bit. So in the interest of safety, it's usually better to randomly shuffle the dataset if you aren't sure if it came to you in randomly sorted order.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But rather than waiting to sum up these gradient terms over all m training examples, what we're doing is we're taking this gradient term using just one single training example and we're starting to make progress in improving the parameters already. So rather than, you know, waiting till we've taken a path through all 300,000


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, United States Census Records Day, rather than needing to scan through all of the training examples before we can modify the parameters a little bit and make progress towards a global minimum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For stochastic gradient descent instead we just need to look at a single training example and we'll already start making progress in the space of parameters towards moving the parameters towards the global minimum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Previously we saw that when we're using batch gradient descent, that is the algorithm that looks at all the training examples of the time, batch gradient descent would tend to, you know, take a reasonably straight line trajectory to get to the global minimum like that. In contrast,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With stochastic gradient descent, every iteration is going to be much faster because we don't need to sum up overall the training examples, but every iteration is just trying to fit a single training example better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we were to start stochastic gradient descent, oh, let's start stochastic gradient descent at a point like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the third iteration, where we try to modify the parameters to fit just the third training examples better, maybe we'll end up heading in that direction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we look at the 4th training example, maybe we'll do that. The 5th example, 6th example, 7th, and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as you run stochastic gradient descent, what you find is that it will generally move the parameters in the direction of the global minimum, but not always.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So take a somewhat more random looking and circuitous path towards the global minimum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as long as the parameters end up pretty close to the global minimum, that will be a pretty good hypothesis. And so, uhm, usually running stochastic gradient descent, we get a parameter near the global minimum, and that's good enough for, you know, essentially any most practical purposes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, how many times do we repeat this outer loop? Depending on the size of the training set, uh, doing this loop just a single time may be enough. And up to, you know, maybe ten times may be typical. So you may end up repeating this inner loop anywhere from once to ten times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you have a truly massive dataset like this US Census,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Data set example that I've been talking about with, uh, 300 million examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's possible that by the time you've taken just a single pass through your training set, i equals 1 through 300 million, it's possible that by the time you've taken a single pass through your data set, you might already have a perfectly good hypothesis. In which case, you know, this inner loop


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You might need to do only once if m is very, very large. But in general,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you contrast this to batch gradient descent, with batch gradient descent, after taking a path through your entire training set, you would have taken just one single gradient descent step. So one of these little baby steps of gradient descent where you just take one small gradient descent step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For decades, some scientists and authors have argued that your genes are out for only themselves, even though they are part of you. But like, your genes are in your cells, so if natural selection is any guide, your well-being should be their top priority. However, according to the selfish view, genes are driven to survive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, whether or not all genes are selfish is up for debate, but in recent decades, scientists have discovered that some DNA


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Really is selfish. In fact, it's so selfish, it does whatever it can to multiply, even if that doesn't help, or even if it hurts its host. They're like the roommate who doesn't pay rent and also breaks your stuff. These rogue genetic elements might be calling the shots in your cells


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're found in a huge variety of organisms. And they're considered selfish because they can jump around the genome. Let's unpack that idea for a bit. You can think of your genome as a book that provides instructions. And each of your genes is like a single sentence in that book. Now, imagine some of those sentences could say, I don't want to be in Chapter 3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to be in chapter one. And then they moved. That would be selfish, because the sentence doesn't care about the integrity of the whole book.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just itself. That's basically what transposons do. These so-called jumping genes are categorized into two types. Class I transposons, also known as retrotransposons, jump around by copying and pasting themselves. Class II transposable elements are similar, but they cut and paste instead of copy. They actually snip themselves out


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And insert themselves in another spot. Now, cells can silence or reduce the activity of transposable elements, like by sticking certain molecules onto the DNA to keep it in check. So a lot of the time, these jumping genes don't cause any problems. And genomes seem to tolerate them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, up to 80% of the genomes of many animals and plants are made of transposable elements, which is a pretty big chunk of a genome. For example, a kind of retrotransposon known as line 1 elements make up 17% of the genomes of humans and some other mammals. Most line 1 elements never wake up and do their thing,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're almost like fossils, but researchers think some line ones are highly active.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that they play a role in disease. These selfish genes have been linked to cancer, hemophilia, and age-related conditions like neurodegeneration. In a 2019 study published in Cell Metabolism


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These mice tend to experience remarkably premature aging. The researchers found that these mice showed higher line 1 activity and damaging inflammation in their cells. But when the scientists curbed the activity of these selfish genetic elements, the mice fared a lot better. That brings us to another kind of selfish DNA.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Segregation disorders. These genetic elements interfere with the process of making sex cells, so they become overrepresented in cells like sperm and eggs. It's like stuffing the ballot box with lots of votes for themselves, while preventing other votes from getting in. Sex cells like sperm and eggs are called gametes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The process of making them through cell division is called meiosis. And here's how it's supposed to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Humans have two sets of 23 chromosomes, one from each parent. Meiosis starts with a two-set cell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which duplicates its genome and results in one big fat cell with two identical sets of two chromosomes. Then they split into two daughter cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And split again into two more daughter cells to make four sperm cells. The process is the same for egg cells, except three of the resulting four cells are scrapped.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Leaving one plump ovum. Each gamete ends up with different combinations of genetic material from each would-be grandparent. But the general rule is that DNA from either grandparent has an equal chance of making it into a gamete each time meiosis happens. There are a few ways segregation disorders mess with this rule.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's been observed in several organisms. Like, some chromosomes with selfish genetic elements can control their movement during egg formation and ensure that they end up in the one cell that doesn't get sacked. And segregation disorders called killer meiotic drivers go one step further.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any cells that don't get the distorter gene and its antidote get poisoned and die. It's a cell-eat-cell world out there. One type of these killers has been observed in mice. These meiotic drivers aim poison at sperm cells' tails, which are in charge of paddling the sperm to the egg cell. The sperm that don't inherit the killer and its antidote can't swim.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they can't fertilize the egg and get passed on. Killer meiotic drivers have also been observed in insects. A 2018 study in the journal Current Biology looked at genetic sequences from book lice and found that females with a disorder in their sex chromosomes never have sons. So if that disorder gene became common enough,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Females could run out of males to mate with. This scenario has been modeled in a few lab experiments in which groups of insects have wiped themselves out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It hasn't been observed in the wild so far. Genetic elements that seem like segregation disorders have also been observed in humans, but scientists are still teasing out the details about what they are and what impact they might be having. At least, they don't think we're at risk of going the same way as book lice. All of this explains why some scientists compare selfish genes to parasites.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These genes hang out in their hosts and take advantage of them, sometimes causing harm. And the fact that they're so successful at replicating and competing means that there are a lot of them. Which is why some scientists think that they might hold a clue to the mystery of so-called junk DNA. For decades, scientists have grappled with a conundrum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why does the majority of the human genome not seem to do anything? The best-known function of DNA is to code for proteins, but most of our DNA doesn't do that. So scientists have nicknamed this seemingly useless stuff junk DNA. Shockingly, around 98% of the human genome is non-coding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even weirder, the genome of a particular single-celled amoeba is 100 times bigger than ours. Some researchers have suggested that selfish genetic elements can explain the mismatch between genome size


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which aimed to identify all the functional genetic elements in the human genome. They suggested that up to 80% of the human genome isn't junk at all, that it has some function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They also propose that selfish genetic elements that were once non-functional can gain function. We know that non-coding DNA performs a lot of regulatory functions, like directing genes to turn on or off. So if so-called junk or selfish DNA is performing important management functions,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then it's not actually junk. Maybe it's not really selfish. But not everyone accepts these global claims of function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a lot more research is needed before we can say for sure. But scientists are fairly sure that selfish genetic elements have inadvertently driven evolution. See, there are cases in animals where a transposable element squeezing into place has been associated with changes that didn't have terrible consequences. Like in dogs, which have the most diverse traits among land mammals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the lanky bodies of some breeds to the lengthy snouts of others. Scientists think that transposable elements in mammals like dogs provide lots of raw material for evolution to act on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For instance, research has suggested that mutations in these long sequences can affect traits like the patterns on their coats. And they may make a difference in human immunity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A 2020 study suggested that transposons contribute to the activation of multiple genes


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Involved in human white blood cells fighting off common infections. Another arguably good deed of selfish DNA is that it may have played a role in driving the emergence of different species. Researchers have suggested that selfish genes and the organism's attempts to fight back can evolve together and contribute to reproductive isolation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You may also have an unselfish one evolve alongside it to suppress it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And prevent bad stuff like toxicity from happening. That can happen in one population, but not another, making them gradually more distinct from one another. This is especially apparent to plant breeders working with crops like maize, wheat, and rice. When two purebred crops are crossed, seeds that inherit a selfish element without the corresponding suppressor will actually die.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meaning they can't interbreed on their own. And populations separating from one another is how you get new species. So there you have it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Selfish genetic elements started out being thought of as genetic oddities with little significance. And now, they're considered major players in the diversity and function of life on Earth as we know it. It all goes to show that, in life, you sometimes have to take the bad and the ugly with the good. Selfish genetic elements are associated with disease and potential extinction,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is pretty unsettling. But also, if selfish DNA makes us what we are, and it makes dogs what they are, which is awesome, then we'll take the creepy with the cute. Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you like what we do and want to help us do more of it, you can become a channel member. All you have to do is click the join link below this video, and you'll get access to some fun perks plus bragging rights. And if you're already a member, thanks so much for your support!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So don't even think about it. We're just straight into the nearest bench. So somewhere along the line I've just sealed my fate for this next challenge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aaron, what did you get, man? I've got some beef, uhm, and some beef bones as well, which is good. Some mushy, some swede, onion. I've got a stove top, but no oven. Michelle, what did you get?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, it was beautiful as well. It's like being kicked in the stomach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello? Yeaah. Do you ever get bored?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're talking today about investment banks and money managers. These are the people who manage investments. Uh, investing used to be more of an individual thing. Uh, it still is for some people, but more increasingly it's, uh, there's an intermediary between you and your investment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, I'm talking not about commercial banks or regular banks, but investment banks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and other kinds of, uh, in intermediaries like mutual fund managers, ETFs, exchange traded fund managers, et cetera. Uh, so this is the reality of the modern world. And I thought we need to talk about it for this course. So we'll start with investment banks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what do investment banks do? They traditionally do not accept deposits. They're not members of the Federal Reserve System. There's no FDIC insuring them. Well, they don't even have deposits. But what they do instead of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so commercial banks take deposits and make loans. Investment banks don't take deposits and don't make loans, but in fact they underwrite securities. What does it mean to underwrite a security? It means you're the guy that companies go to, or non-profits or even governments go to,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When they want to raise money, and they do it with you as a, like a broker intervening.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, so underwriter security means to manage the process of issuing new shares in companies or issuing debt for companies or, as I said, for other organizations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that, uh, just to give some names, uh, the term bulge bracket, I looked it up on Ngrams, it only goes back to the 1980s, so it's not huge, oh, but the bulge bracket firms are the big firms, uh, so,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, first Boston. Uh, but they're gone, they're mostly not pure investment banks anymore. So, uh, first Boston. Actually, it was an outgrowth of the national, I think it's called the National Bank of Boston, but it became a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Investment bank in New York, big time, but it was acquired by a Swiss, uh, bank, Credit Suisse. Uh, Goldman Sachs, uh, was until the financial crisis of 2008 was a, uh, investment bank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it was forced by regulation to become a bank holding company. And so now they're regulated as a bank, uh, and they might as well accept deposits. So they are. In fact, there was news last year that Goldman Sachs had bought 16 billion dollars of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Deposits from General Electric, the financial arm of General Electric.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So they are now banked. You can deposit money in Goldman Sachs. I don't know if it's up and running yet, but, uh, but they don't have corner offices, you know, or ATM machines. So they're not really, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In, you know, what you think of as a commercial bank. But they're not a pure investment bank either. So they have an investment banking division.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually I don't think people are overall extremely negative. Movies about investment bankers are usually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I think there's something about, the way I view it is that finance is an important technology. Many people don't view it this way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not about shifting papers around and making obscure deals that exclude someone else. It's about making things happen. But any good activity has to be financed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, as an employee. So you have to incentivize people, you have to protect them from risks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's, we are living in an age of financial capitalism. It may create inequality and problems like that, but it also creates the tremendous growth, economic growth that we've been seeing around the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Since, uh, in the last half century particularly when there was greater appreciation of finance. Uh, so I think that there is mistrust and hostility sometimes, but uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, especially after the financial crisis recently, but I think it's manageable. One shouldn't, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all this week we've asked you to use your imagination to bring us dishes inspired by earth, air, fire, water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today we want you to push your imagination beyond its limits. We want you to use this wonderful and slightly strange produce and Heston's meat fruit to inspire you to bring us a dish that is not quite what it seems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you think boys? Uhm, I think it's a great looking dessert. I do like the crack. I do like the idea of the crack coconut.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is the part that's challenging because it's quite straight up and down. I don't know whether hitting half the brief is going to be enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which I, which I enjoyed. I think she's done an amazing job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you came to the competition, you cooked like you had nothing to lose. But now, you've got something to lose, yes?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It reminds me of one of those Italian painted fruit they make out of marzipan. It reminds me of that. It isn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's so hard because we've seen the meat fruit which looks just like a mandarin, same shape, same skin, uhm, super, like hyper real.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like the contrast of the, the white shell and the, the creaminess of the, the puff when you cut it in half. I get an apple moment. But this looks like an ice cream made to look like an apple. There needs to be something else, doesn't there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your future is incredibly bright and we just can't wait to see what you do next. It's so exciting. So it's with that thought that we say goodbye and we say Michelle, I'm sorry but it's your time to leave the MasterChef kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's time for us to give you a little something back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The real point about these two recipes is that they show that way before Heston was doing culinary trickery in the kitchen, Australian country cooks were doing it here first. So first up I'm going to get to taste something and I want you to work out whether you know what the two ingredients are. This is a hot and cold dish. So pass them around, grab a piece.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a kind of scone-like cake, like red. Anyone want to posit the two ingredients that are in there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Into my loaf tin. Make sure you get your dough into the corners of the tin. And then, to contrast the sweetness of the ice cream, add some flake salt on the top.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, two cups of boiling water. You can see you're looking worried. You think this isn't gonna work, it's gonna be a disaster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna be a sludgy mess. What's you gonna do with the boiling water? Is you gonna drink it? What we're gonna do is we're gonna pour it over the top of the pudding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is your bit of Hester magic right there. Now that dust shouldn't work. It should be disgusting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna get out the ice cream bread, which is risen beautifully. We top it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Murray River Pink Salt, which you would have seen, and probably a little bit more than you should have, because what we're doing is we're playing this idea of salty caramel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just some vanilla ice cream, and this is the way I think it's probably almost the best way of doing it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How wonderful is this? Private Masterclass for you guys. Sit back, relax with the legend himself, The H-Bomb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what it does is it'll mark the shell so you can get the top off nice and clean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was Matt's chocolate self-saucing pudding delicious? Yeah. Well from self-saucing chocolate pudding, now to rotisserie barbecue lamb.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what's going on here? Because most people at home would look at that and go, what are you doing soaking meat in water for?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello. You're amazing with the little ones. Uhm, well... Can you babysit more often?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mains were a course of a totally different colour. Red team, your mane might have looked a little bit two-toned, but Gia delivered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each pair will cook a main course and a dessert. Inspired by Earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The least impressive pair will go into this week's elimination with Diana and Sarah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lamb technically it's undercooked, it's jelly-like. Uhm, the sauce is not a proper chocolate sauce. Let's hope your dessert is cracking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another epic location. Another epic cook. This is shaping up to be a massive, amazing week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But look at the food you put up. Extraordinary and beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now let's implement the feature of a player holding the current score.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's again look at our flowchart here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once again, this flowchart basically represents the division of our big problem, which is to implement this game into smaller problems, which are all of these green, basically,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what we are going to implement is the functionality of holding the score. And remember that happens whenever the user clicks on that button to hold the score.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When that happened, we want to add the current score to the total score. Right? So let's see that in the demo version here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm reloading here, and then as I roll the dice,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's roll it again. So I have 8 current points, and as I click hold, you see that these points will basically be transferred to my global score. So in this case 0 plus 8 will then be 8, and then we change to the next.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so that's exactly what we have here in the flowchart, followed by switching the player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this switching of player only happens when the score is still below 100. Because when the score is at least 100, then the current player wins. Okay? And so now let's implement basically this logic that we have here. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we want something to happen when the user clicks on this, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then once more our function value here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The function that will be executed as the user clicks the button. And so let's again write some comments to say what we want to happen here. First, add current score to the score of the active player. So active player's score. And then check


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Score is already at least 100.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now we want to define the current player's score. And remember how I told you in the last lecture


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And player 1 at position 1. And so now we can use the active player variable to get the correct score of the current player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, when it's player 1, then this will be scores 1. But when player is 0, then it will be scores 0. And then we take that value and add the current score to it, and assign it again to scores at the current active player. So just to make it 100% clear,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If player is currently 1, then this would be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so scores at one is equal to scores at one plus the current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm just going to leave it here as a comment so that you really understand what's happening here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we changed that score, and now we of course need to display it as well. So now we will do it in a similar way to as we did up here, where we basically selected based on the active player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now let's just check out again the name of the element.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's score 0 and score 1. So these are the IDs. And again, we will replace 0 or 1 here, uh, dynamically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, a template string. Current. And then here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when it's player 0, it will be current 0, and so that first score will be selected, and when it's player 1, well, then the other element will get selected. And then we can set the text content


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give it a save. And so now our game should almost be finished.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We were able to play it basically until infinity, but it should work. But actually it would not yet work because we haven't yet switched to the next player here. So right now, as we hold the score, we are not switching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we are not checking if the score is greater than 100, but we are also not, uh, not switching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so let's leave that checking if the score is 100. So basically checking if the player won the game. Let's leave that for the end. And for now, let's just switch to the next player because usually that is what needs to happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So switching to the next player is this code. So it's gonna be the exact same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We still need to reset the current score to zero here, both in our program and also on the user interface, which is what we do here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need to switch the player from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0. And we need to toggle the player active classes to show which player is the active one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all of this code here, we will need it again down here. So should I just go ahead and copy it now? And I hope that you already know the answer for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that would violate the Don't Repeat Yourself principle. And so what I'm going to do is to simply take this code and put it into a function. And then I will call that function in both the places where I need this code to execute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am cutting the code now here and then up here I will create a function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I'm gonna call this one Switch Player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Equals a function, and this function does not need any argument at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or any parameter, because the code is exactly the same in both situations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So usually when we are refactoring something, like we are essentially doing here, then there is many times, uh, like a small thing that changes in the code. And then it's very useful to have a parameter so that when we call the function, we can specify what changes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's what we did when we refactored some code in the first project. But here, nothing changes. All we want to do is to simply repeat this code. And so, we don't need any parameters, and we don't need to return anything. This is simply just a reusable piece of code. And so, let's call that here. Switch player. Call it here. And call it here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, we will then put this in the if-else statement later once we check for the score to check if the player has won. But now we just want to make the game work. And so of course, after we hold the score, we need to switch to the next player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly as it says here in our flowchart, except that we're now skipping for now this part. So we're going from add current score to total score directly to switch player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and so now we should be ready to test our own version here. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I have six, let's hold it. And... Okay, something went wrong here indeed. Because our score is still at zero. And that should not be happening. So let's check it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's start by adding a console.log here, just to see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we are actually catching this event, so if we are handling it correctly. So hold. Button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as I mentioned in the previous section, we really use console.log all the time to debug any kind of situation. And I could have just erased this part of the video showing you just the final solution, but I think it's a good idea to show you the debugging process right here in the video as well. So let's play and let's hold.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we got the hold button here. So something worked. Uh, and actually, yeah, also the, the background color changed sides here and the current score was erased. So we already knew actually that something was indeed happening, but let's now actually find out what is going on here. And so now I want to log.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now logging the score of the active player and let me actually do that after I assigned it. So after we changed it, I will want to take a look at it in the console. Maybe the only problem is that it's not showing up in the element. So as the text content, but maybe the score itself is correct and then we can see it in the console.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's play again. And we already changed the player. And now I hold. And indeed, here we get nine. So that's the score that we had before. Let me show that to you again. And reload. So I roll the dice. Three, now I have eight. And watch what happens in the console as I click hold.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so indeed, I get the value of 8, which means that the score is actually correctly calculated. Now I just need to fix the part where it is not displaying here in this element. So here I selected current.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let me see. Oh, and yeaah. That is of course a problem. It needs to be score. So it's score zero and score one, not current zero and current one. So that was the mistake. So here is score. And now we can get rid of this console.log. And actually also of the other one that we have with the dice roll. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make the code a bit better. Now I can close it up. Roll the dice. And now as I hold, that should appear there, the number 4. And yes, now it works! Great!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's play here a little bit. So now we accumulated 13 points. So let's hold them to end up with 17. And indeed, that works. Now let's hold these four.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so I think this game is really a lot of fun to play, especially if you try it with someone else, which I actually did a couple of times as I was preparing this game. And I can tell you that it's really fun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now let's actually get to the final part of this lecture, which is to check if someone reached the final goal of 100 points. And so if that happens, the game is over and we should not be able to click any of the buttons anymore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we also want to assign a special class to the winner player to make it really obvious that that player has won.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's add that check now. And so that shouldn't be too hard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if scores at active player, so remember that is always here the score of the player that is currently active. So if that is greater or equal than 100,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then the player has won. So this is where we finish the game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when we finish the game, we want to assign a PlayerWinner class. And let me show that to you here in the CSS. So, yeaah, it's this one. PlayerWinner, which has this darker background color. So let me copy that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now let's then, uh, select actually the player. So document.querySelector.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's again take a look at the code here, just so we don't make any mistakes. And so the player is really a class, player dash dash, and then the number of the active player. So that is player dash dash.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so when we switch the player, uh, we turn on this player active.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, but now we then need to remove that, because otherwise we will have the ActivePlayer class at the same time as the PlayerWinner class. So let's fix that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we simply need to select the same element again. And then here we remove player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. I hope that made sense. And now let's test it. And to make it a little bit faster, let's actually test it just with 20. Otherwise it's going to take forever to reach that hundred points. All right. Well, and before we do that, let's now actually put this, uh, switching the player into the else block.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so when the game finishes, we of course do not want to switch the player, but if it does not, only then we do switch the player.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And remember that 20 points is enough to win. So let's roll the dice a couple of times. 11, so we're almost there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now we should have enough. So if we hold now, then 10 plus 11 here is 21. So that's over 20. And so now this should then show us the winner player class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that didn't really happen. That's weird. If I keep clicking here, then this number keeps getting added. Let me see in the HTML.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the class wasn't added, but actually it was not. So we still have the active player and the winner class is nowhere to be found. So let's check that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, and here we actually have the problem. So I did a mistake that I told you before not to make, which is when we use query selector, we need an actual selector. So here we are selecting a class and so we're missing the dot here and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So only when we get element by ID, then we do not specify the selector, we only specify the ID name itself. But when we use query selector, this needs to be a query. And so if we are selecting based on a class, we need the dot here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so that should be fixed now. But this is great to show you that mistakes like this happen in development all the time. So if you do this yourself, then really don't beat yourself up, because that's just completely normal as you're seeing here. I didn't plan these mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, now we have 16 plus 5, uh, is 21, so that should be enough to win the game. Now we really got this winner class here, showing that player 1 won the game. So this is now red 2, and yeah, the dark background tier 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the problem is, uh, first that we're still showing the dice, so we want to get rid of that. But even worse is that we can still click on these buttons. We can actually still keep playing the game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you see that everything works the same, and now this player also won, they also have 22 points, but we still can keep playing the game. So of course, that is not good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that is the next thing that we need to solve, and let's think how we could solve this. And for me, I think the easiest solution is to create a variable that holds the state of the game. So if we are still playing or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is going to be a state variable, which kind of tells us the condition of a system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, the condition will be, is the game playing or not?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so if the game is playing, then we can click these buttons and then everything will work as normally. But then as soon as the game is finished, we will say that the game is no longer playing. And then we can no longer click on these buttons. Alright?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I hope that sounds good to you. So let's implement it. And so what I will do here is say


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let playing, and now this will be a boolean value. And so we start with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in the beginning of the game, we are of course playing. And so, playing is true. And then, when we finish the game, we will set playing to false. So that's in this case. So finish the game, and the first thing that we're gonna do is to set playing to false.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Now this in itself will of course not yet do anything. So we only defined whether the game is playing or not, but none of our code is reacting to that. So remember that we only want to be able to click on these buttons once we are playing. And so let's define that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, let's go to the first button, which is the button roll. And so basically what we can do now is that all of this logic that we have here should only be executed if we are playing. Alright? So that's simple enough. So let's just say, if, playing. Then, do all of this. So let's remove that from here and put it down here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then as we save it, uh, Prettier will take care of indenting all the code and put it nice and beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Now, playing here is a boolean variable, and so that's why we don't have to write any condition like this, for example, because again, playing itself is already a boolean, so we don't need to check if true is equal to true.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now, when we click on this button while the game is no longer playing, then nothing will happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so that's the beauty and the goal of having this playing variable. And now let's simply do the same for this other button.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, I'm deleting it from here and simply writing it down here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give it a save, and then it will be beautiful, and back to normal. And so now, as soon as one player wins, we will finish the game, and set playing to false. And so the next time we click on any of these buttons,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then here, playing will be false, and then none of this code will be executed. And the same here for this button for rolling the dice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I hope you were able to follow that logic and so maybe you can use this kind of logic in your own projects as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is actually the reason why it's so cool to start building projects as games. Because in games, we need a lot of this type of logic. And so it's really fun to demonstrate all these different aspects that are quite common actually in programming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a state variable like this, like this playing here, is very usual in programming. And so you can start to get used to sometimes needing a variable like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now let's try it out again. And remember that we still can win the game at 20.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, just to make sure, let's reload. And now, as I roll the dice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's see if we can do it in one run. Oh, and we can. So we are at 20. Now let me hold.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now I won the game here. And now let's see what happens when I click.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And nothing happens. The same for hold. So these buttons, of course, like, you can still click them, but nothing happens. Alright. That's awesome. There's just one last thing to do, which is to get rid of this, uh, dice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's go back one last time. And so that also happens here when we finish the game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So remember that we displayed the dice up here when we rolled a button. And so let's just copy this and basically add this hidden class back on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So right here, for example. And so now, instead of removing it, we just add it back. Okay. Give it a save. And let's try to do it fast again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And yes, now we should win the game, and the dice is gone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Awesome. So we are almost done here with this project. So our game works really great. All there's left to do now is to implement this new game button here. So we could of course play again by reloading the page, but it's always nice to have a button to simply reset the game.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so let's move on to the next video and do that to finish this project.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It might not have the char that yours had. I reckon from this angle, the pumpkin looks fantastic. That fish, he struggles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Callum, Aaron, Nicole, it comes down to the dishes that you've cooked today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Arum, presentation, let's be honest, wasn't your strong suit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, you aced it with all those big flavours. Callan, yours had the sort of precision that we were looking for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, it was let down by lots of little details.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Too much habanero, too much vinegar, and pumpkin that was undercooked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nicole, your pumpkin was the standout dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We kind of underestimate, we have this negative voice in our head that's telling us, Oh, I shouldn't have said that. Why, why did I do that? I said that story better last time. Um, but the other person doesn't know any of that and they're probably


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, they might be anticipating that they won't have a positive conversation, and then they do, and they think, wow, that person was amazing. So we walk around with this fear that the other person isn't going to be interested in talking to us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we've shown in the research is that it's really good for your mood. So people are in a better mood after they reach out and have a conversation, however minimal. And the other thing that the research has shown is it just makes people feel more connected to each other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And welcome back to your Basic English Lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is time to learn some more numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, get your paper and your pencil and let's get started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Long ago, we learned numbers 1 to 10. Let's go past that, really far. First, we need to learn the teens. Let's start at 10. 11. 12. And now, for the teens. 13. 14.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Teens are finished. Yes. Now, do you see anything interesting?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three looks like thir. Four is in fourteen. Fif...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looks like five. Six is in sixteen. There is a seven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, cool right? It will help you remember this stuff. So the teens are pretty easy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's keep going bigger. Twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, and twenty-nine. Hmm. Whoa, that was fast. Do you see something here too?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We learned ten new numbers, but only one new word. Twenty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool, right? We learned ten more numbers, but only one new word. Thirty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're so smart. English numbers are easy, right? Now, you can count to 39 and you have only learned two new words, 20 and 30.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's learn seven more words and count to one hundred. Awesome. Here we go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we know twenty and thirty, but what is next? Forty. Fifty. Sixty. Seventy. Eighty. Ninety. Hey, remember these patterns from the teens? Let's look again. Four. Five. Six.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seven, eight, and there's nine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's practice some. Make sure you are taking notes. Let's draw this grid out of this chart. What is this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Forty-one. Try and guess the next one. What is this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 82. Great. Can you get this last one?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ninety five. There it is. Pause the video here to take notes. Practice more with the other missing numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, really great job. Wait a minute. We only learned eight new words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can count all the way to 99, but what is the 9th new word?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's, hm, da-doom, da-doom, da-doom, mm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One hundred. There it is. One hundred.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's review. First, the teens. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Now, the big numbers. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90. And the biggest number, 100.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look at them all. Great job today. In our next lesson, we will learn how to count.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You are doing great, Reevee. Here is your question. How old are you? Write the number in the comments section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am thirty-three. My daughter is five and my wife is twenty-seven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Veronica, it's me, the man that has and always will love you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry that I've lied to you, believe me. It's been hard for me as well, and time and again I've thought of coming clean. But I couldn't put you or my mission at risk. It's all over now, my assignment is complete, and now I have to go back to India.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know that this isn't the best time and you probably hate me right now, but I want to be completely forthright with you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know deep in my heart that you are the best thing that has ever happened to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't make it for everything that's happened, but I can promise you my undying love. I will be the most devoted husband and I will cherish you always.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Veronica, wait. Come on, honey, get back in the car. Let's hug it over, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Veronica, it's me, the man that has and always will love you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorry that I've lied to you, believe me. It's been hard for me as well, and time and again I've thought of coming clean. But I couldn't put you or my mission at risk. It's all over now, my assignment is complete, and now I have to go back to India.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know that this isn't the best time and you probably hate me right now, but I want to be completely forthright with you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know deep in my heart that you are the best thing that has ever happened to me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can't make it for everything that's happened, but I can promise you my undying love. I will be the most devoted husband and I will cherish you always.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I love about Stowe is that it's a garden where politics and gardening is deeply interwoven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a canvas on which Cobham painted his political manifesto. So every bit here means something. We've just forgotten how to read it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even the trees, their pleats, the branches grow together and they really create a green wall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we have to bear in mind is that this is a time when Newton, for example, has just explained nature through mathematics. So the universe is this divine clockwork, this very complex clockwork, which was designed by the divine architect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is about comprehending nature through reason and this is expressed in the garden.


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[Assistant] The model of this garden really comes from France, and the supermodel of that garden is Versailles, which is the castle and the garden of the Sun King Louis XIV, the absolute ruler


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[Assistant] He was an arch enemy to the English, and he was Catholic.


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[Assistant] Gardeners like Cobham were desperately trying to find a design for an English garden that was truly English and not associated with absolutism and not associated with Catholic Louis XIV.


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[Assistant] People don't like that he becomes, for example, the conduit, uhm, for royal favors. In order to rise at court under Walpole, you have to go through Walpole. Uhm, if you want to get something through parliament, you have to go through Walpole. So he has one foot.


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[Assistant] In St. James' Palace and one foot in Parliament. Now that is something a lot of the, uhm, people within his own party, within the Whig party don't particularly like because one of the reasons for the Glorious Revolution was that there is not going to be absolute power somewhere and suddenly there's this politician who is holding far too much power.


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[Assistant] The opposition between Walpole and Cobham is really between the army man, the military man, and the diplomat. It's between vice versus virtue. And then they finally fall out over a very controversial tax on tobacco and wine. Cobham.


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[Assistant] This is the Temple of British Worthies, and this is at the heart of Cobham's political manifesto in this garden. You have names like Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, King William III, very important for Cobham, because he's the man associated with the Glorious Revolution, which is for Cobham.


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[Assistant] Ventured their lives in the defense of their country and gloriously bled in the cause of liberty.


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[Assistant] Political statement. And it's brave. And, and it's, you know, and it kind of shows us in a way that gardens are not just about pretty flowers. It's about much, much more. And I think that it's beautifully expressed in this garden.


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[Assistant] What I find really extraordinary about this is this is not just the odd pretty lovely temple, but what Cobham is doing here is he's putting everything together into one big narrative. So as you walk through the garden, this narrative, uh, unfolds. Over there is the temple of British Worthies.


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[Assistant] When we look at this today, it doesn't look very revolutionary I would say.


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[Assistant] At the time when Cobham created this in the 1730s, it was absolutely different to anything that had happened before. So if you look around, this is, this is like a natural landscape. So this is a place where


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[Assistant] He eradicated all straight lines. So you have a river here that's kind of meandering, soft, gentle lines. You have the grass sloping down. So again, this is not a kind of hard, geometric potere.


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[Assistant] He's bringing this idea of liberty into the garden, so he's removing the corset that man has imposed on nature, and he's letting the trees grow free.


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[Assistant] Once Malbecco has sorted out his burnt treasury, he decides that he better go and follow his wife. So he runs into the woods.


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[Assistant] And he finds Helenor, but Helenor had run off with her lover, got raped by her lover in the woods. She then begins to frolic with a status. So Malbecca realizes that he's just lost his wife. So he goes mad. He goes mad with jealousy and he runs off and he runs off.


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[Assistant] The Hermitage that William Kent built here. So the whole


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[Assistant] The path from the Temple of Venus to here is almost like a stage. He kind of leads the visitor along here. You can see the rotunda with the Medici Venus kind of glinting in the distance.


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[Assistant] So wherever you go, Venus is presiding over this story. And again, it's Cobham telling us what happens to you if you follow the pleasures of the flesh.


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[Assistant] At that time, Warpole has a mistress who's much, much younger, so what Cobham is doing is he's painting this portrait of Warpole as the senile, old, you know, mad husband.


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[Assistant] What he's trying to do is he's still trying to keep his hands in politics, and he's doing that by nurturing up a new generation of young politicians. So he's trying to create a new power base. You have William Pitt here, who is going to lead Britain through the Seven Year War. You have


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[Assistant] George Grenville, who will become the Prime Minister, who, uh, loses the American colony. So a lot of the future of Britain is almost born in this place.


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[Assistant] He's assembling this gaggle of bright young men who are also incredibly ambitious. So this is not just, you know, let's talk a little bit about literature and art here. This is about like, how can we use this?


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[Assistant] You know, to get, to get into power and to change British politics. How can we mold and shape the future of Britain?


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[Assistant] It's quite a bold thing to do. He's creating his own, almost his own political party.


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[Assistant] They could buy this book, which is the sales catalogue. And everybody who could afford this for 15 shillings could bring in four people. So it's like the entrance ticket.


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[Assistant] A lot of people from within the kind of aristocracy just thought that the duke had really brought shame.


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[Assistant] This garden is like a very bizarre piece of Victorian theatre. For me it feels almost as if I've stepped into Alice in Wonderland. Wow. Look at that!


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[Assistant] What fascinates me here is that this garden was created by a German family of Jewish descent who not only managed to rise to the top of society in England, but they also created one of the most quintessential English gardens.


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[Assistant] The moment the English countryside or the kind of traditional rural life was under threat in the late 19th century, that is the moment when the nostalgia for country life begins.


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[Assistant] When Ludwig Messell arrived here as a German with Jewish, uhm, of Jewish descent,


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[Assistant] He must have felt like an outsider, really, because at that time there was definitely still, you know, quite a bit of anti-Semitism going on here in England. For example, take the Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli.


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[Assistant] So there are definitely discussions which are, uhm, carried by antisemitism.


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[Assistant] Into Maud and what she thinks. So there's this funny observant...


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[Assistant] Teenager. She's very cheeky. She's making fun of them being German. And uhm, there's again and again, it kind of pops up in her letters. And there's one which I find very funny because


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[Assistant] Where she says, we are dreadfully regular.


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[Assistant] Everyone comes down the minute the second bell rings. Breakfast at eight sharp to the minute. Lunch at three also sharp to the minute.


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[Assistant] You know, this is just a slightly stroppy teenager making fun of what she sees, but also describes very well what they're doing every day, and what she describes is this very typical life of the wealthy at that time, which is


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[Assistant] One big round of garden parties. There's tennis, there's croquet, photographed in sunshine, and everybody's happy and beautifully dressed, and this is exactly what Maud is presenting in her letters here.


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[Assistant] I think that Ludwig did everything according to the rule book really. So he creates this image of England here at Nymans. He sends his children, his boys to Eton.


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[Assistant] He hangs out with the right people, so he is really moving up in English society. And when you look around, I think he was pretty successful with what he's trying to do.


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[Assistant] There's a letter where she's just had her first son, Lindley, and she's again writing a letter to her mother who's in London. I feel quite annoyed at it being a boy, so her son being a boy.


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[Assistant] I only hope it will turn out a fair haired, blue or grey-eyed youth with a loyal feeling to his mother's side of the family. If he dares to have dark hair, well, I shall dye it golden.


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[Assistant] She makes it very clear. She wants her children to look like her, not like her husband.


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[Assistant] He introduces that in 1909 and uhm, this is the very first time in Britain that there's a serious attempt to redistribute wealth. So this is a budget which includes


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[Assistant] Taxing, you know, the rich. There is, uhm, insurance for, uhm, unemployed people. There is, uhm, old age pensions. The death duty again is kind of increased. So this is really, this is why it's called the people's budget. This is taking away power.


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[Assistant] And wealth from the nobility and from the upper classes. This is the end of how the world used to be. And it scared people like the messles. And there is an amazing photograph here in this album, which is


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[Assistant] And on this picture, this is clearly taken in Nymans, in the garden, uhm, you see roses in the background, you see one of the family members, a woman, all dressed up nicely, is standing on a piece of paper, which is clearly the budget.


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[Assistant] What the Chancellor Lloyd Jude is doing there with this budget because it's going to change their world. You know, and this is, these are the last moments of this world.


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[Assistant] There is a moment in May 1915 when this anti-German sentiment really comes to a height, which is when the Germans, without warning, sink a passenger ship. 1,200 people die, and there are riots all over the country.


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[Assistant] So it must have been pretty awful for Ludwig in his kind of English lovely bubble here at Nymans. And it's so bad at that time that even the King, George V,


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[Assistant] He thinks that he has to become more English, and he cuts all ties to his German relatives. He changes the very German-sounding name of the royal family, Saxe, Coburg, Gotha, into the House of Windsor. This is when it starts. So even the king thinks that he's too German at that time.


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[Assistant] I think it must have been an absolute terrible time for him because he tried so much to be English and suddenly it just percolated down to this one thing, he is German.


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[Assistant] The house we see today is very, very different to the house that Ludwig Massel moved into and extended.


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[Assistant] So if you look at the photograph, you can see a house which his daughter-in-law later called a hideous German folly. And I kind of agree with her a little bit. So her condition for moving here was that she would be allowed to completely rebuild the building.


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[Assistant] What Maud is doing here is she's creating an atmosphere of a, of a family which has been here for centuries and centuries and centuries. They are part of England and they have been part of England for a very, very long time. So she's not just moving back a hundred years or a couple of hundred years. She's moving back centuries and centuries.


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[Assistant] And add it to intermittently till Tudor times that some future antiquary may well be deceived by it.


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[Assistant] So I think Maud would have been very proud opening this, seeing on the first page that she did such a good job that someone in the future might be deceived by it. Everything perfect, just as she wanted it.


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[Assistant] In February 1947, in the night of Lenny's 75th birthday, he's lying in bed, he's recovering from a minor operation, and he wakes to see his room filled with smoke.


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[Assistant] When the fire brigade arrives, they find that the pipes are frozen, so they have to get the water from the pond below the house. So they're standing outside in the deep snow, cold, old, frail, lanyards watching the flames licking away their house. It must have been heartbreaking for them.


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[Assistant] It was filled with their treasures, which they had collected all their life.


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[Assistant] So of course they wanted to rescue some of it, and the person who did that was the butler.


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[Assistant] When you look at the pictures, it's just a tiny little pile of furniture, not much. Most of it just burned to the ground.


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[Assistant] Lennie had a very valuable painting, a Valeska painting, which was in the library above the fireplace. And there's a very touching story about this painting because


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[Assistant] During the fire, there was very little time to rescue the valuable treasures in this house. And there was a choice. And the choice was between this very expensive painting and then a painting of Lenny's mother, which only really had sentimental value for them. And in the end, they chose Lenny's mother.


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[Assistant] One of the most intriguing aspects of this for me has been that this is a story about a family driven by ambition, incredibly creative, who arrived here as outsiders and then rose through the ranks of society.


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[Assistant] Looking around, everyone's a strong court can really push to impress Heston. This is just on another level.


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[Assistant] I'm gonna cook a piece of pan-fried Murray cod. A little bit tougher than any other fish I've filleted.


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[Assistant] Of all the weeks, like Heston week is the pinnacle and I'm in big trouble. She's copped a hot oil to the face.


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[Assistant] This is a bit over, I think. Definitely not one of my best dishes I've cooked up. Yeah. Doubtful of being top three.


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[Assistant] And that's what today is all about, discovering how delicious Tokyo can be. Your first challenge is a mystery box.


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[Assistant] And because this is a special week, this is going to be a special mystery box. Because you get to choose the ingredients


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[Assistant] We want each of you to buy one ingredient that's gonna go in everyone's mystery box. So make sure you buy enough and a little bit extra for us.


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[Assistant] How good is all these ingredients? Right, who got the sucker?


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[Assistant] Delicious, well done Ben. What about these beautiful scallops? Me. Tamara, they look beautiful. Callum, what up?


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[Assistant] Good on you, that's a great pick up, that one. Who got that? That was me. What is it?


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[Assistant] Diana tells me to whip up the creme fraiche, but I realised I've made a massive mistake.


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[Assistant] The way it's been trained in this sort of dome fashion is amazing. The scent is very heady. And just hark at the bees.


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[Assistant] It's very important to keep a link with the family and, uh, also over the years we've exchanged plants.


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[Assistant] I knew the monkey puzzle on the main lawn had gone down, because from where I lived you could see it on the skyline and its distinctive rounded top shape was missing from the skyline. It was gone. So I knew that was down and that was a great shame because that was getting on for a hundred years old.


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[Assistant] Well, this used to be all old camellias around this site, and uhm, we decided that, uh, many of them, because they started to look rather old and untidy, we would clear them out and have a fresh start.


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[Assistant] Yes. And of course it shows the old myrtle plants which used to grow against the face of this building, which we're going to reinstate.


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[Assistant] That meringue is so much worse than I thought it was going to be. I have to start again.


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[Assistant] You could see this black hand picking grass stems and pushing them down into the termite mound and pulling them out.


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[Assistant] I wasn't surprised that chimps had these emotions. It was fascinating to realize how many of their gestures alike are so you can watch them without knowing anything about them.


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[Assistant] And when they greet with a kiss and embrace, they pat one another in reassurance, they hold hands, they seek physical contact to alleviate nervousness or stress. You know, it's so like us.


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[Assistant] Thank you so much for watching this video. I hope you enjoyed it. We have many more exciting videos to help you improve your English. So be sure to subscribe to our channel to get the full experience of our YouTube channel. See you there!


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[Assistant] And this brings us to the end of the fourth week. Thanks for hanging in there.


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[Assistant] Having a solid foundational understanding of privacy protection is important for us marketers and marketing analysts.


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[Assistant] In this week, we gave you an overview of what privacy means to a consumer, to an advertiser and to a regulator. Let's recap what you've learned this week.


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[Assistant] Databased advertising is effective and thus attractive for advertisers. When executed well, database ads are also more relevant and useful for people. This makes much of the content we enjoy cheaper and totally free.


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[Assistant] With that knowledge, we explored how to put the consumer in charge of their data and how to build and maintain trust.


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[Assistant] We also learned about the difference between first, second and third party data and how an advertiser needs to take responsibility for safeguarding data.


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[Assistant] We looked at a larger advertising ecosystem and all the sections of that interconnected web too.


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[Assistant] And we review to regulations that have been put in place to make sure users can access and control their information.


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[Assistant] This week also ends this course. Congratulations for finishing this first part of the Facebook Marketing Analytics Professional Certificate. Now you have a good foundational understanding of what marketing analytics is, and you already have some great marketing analytics tools in your toolbox.


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[Assistant] In the next course in this program, we'll dive into data analytics for marketing.


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[Assistant] We'll start working with numbers, get our hands dirty in spreadsheets, and you'll learn to write a few lines of code that will prove incredibly helpful.


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[Assistant] We'll structure it all around a data analytics framework that you will be able to apply over and over again. It's going to be awesome.


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[Assistant] I look forward to seeing you in the next course and hope you enjoyed this one and congratulations again.


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[Assistant] And if everybody knew each other from before at the other end, the show was a flop.


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[Assistant] And still other work of ours has demonstrated that there's a partially genetic basis to human social network structure. And we can begin to imagine a kind of collective phenotype that we evince, not just individual phenotypes.


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[Assistant] But really capital is any stock of resources that can be put to productive use. And two further subtle ideas about capital are that in order to acquire capital, you have to know something and do something.


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[Assistant] So for example, a farm is a stock of capital. By investing skill and labor to clear the woods, one makes the land more productive, at least of fruits and vegetables and grains, than it otherwise would be.


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[Assistant] Now a key innovation in the social sciences and thinking in the social sciences took place in the 1960s and we began to see people and their skills and talents as a form of human capital.


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[Assistant] Think of these two objects. They are both, as you all know, made of carbon. And the difference between these two allotropes of carbon is that the way the carbon atoms are connected to each other. On the left we have graphite, which is soft and dark. And on the right we have diamond, which is hard and clear. And there are two key ideas here.


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[Assistant] Similarly, the pattern of our connections among ourselves affects the properties of our social groups. It is the ties between people that make the whole greater than the sum of its parts.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to this meta program focused on data analytics. My name is Anke Oudenaard and I'm one of your instructors.


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[Assistant] In today's digital age, the saying knowledge is power has evolved to data-driven knowledge is power. In a world awash with data where every click, every view and every swipe generates information, understanding that vast ocean of data is no longer just an option. It's essential.


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[Assistant] So I'm excited you are joining me on this journey into the heart of data analysis. Data analysis lies at the core of understanding and shaping our future from online advertising and digital commerce to finance and healthcare.


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[Assistant] Imagine being able to predict market trends before they happen, to understand consumer behavior at a granular level, or to make medical advancements based on real world data. That's the power of data analytics.


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[Assistant] Through this program, you'll embark on a journey from the basics of data analysis to using statistics to discover patterns in data, from mastering spreadsheets and visualization tools to getting a taste of coding in Python. You'll unlock the potential to transform industries, to make informed decisions, and to innovate for the future.


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[Assistant] The courses in this program consist of video lessons with some readings along the way. They have a practical focus so that you get hands-on experience and will be prepared for the day-to-day role of an analyst.


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[Assistant] You'll find many examples and cases throughout our videos, and there are quizzes, exercises, and projects to help you practice your skills.


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[Assistant] In my career, data analytics has helped me better understand research data, back up my arguments with database insights, and often convince my managers or clients to adapt their business strategies.


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[Assistant] I hope that as you go through this program, you'll discover that data analysis has the power to unlock the stories data have to tell. I can't wait to get started.


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[Assistant] Professor Puit is the Walter C. Klein Professor of Chinese History and teaches several classes, including the popular Ethical Reasoning 18, Classical Chinese Ethical and Political Theory.


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[Assistant] His research includes Chinese history, Chinese religion, as well as comparative history.


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[Assistant] Oh dear, it looks like reading online conspiracies has sent Neil down the rabbit hole, an expression used to describe a situation which seems interesting and uncomplicated at first, but ends up becoming strange, confusing, and hard to escape from.


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[Assistant] Luckily in this program we'll be hearing some advice on how to talk to people who've become convinced by online conspiracies.


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[Assistant] And while there are reliable facts out there, there's also a lot of misinformation.


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[Assistant] They all sound pretty silly to me, but I'll guess B, being an alien lizard.


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[Assistant] Some conspiracies claim that Bill Gates wants to implant microchips in people.


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[Assistant] And that he's using the coronavirus as a pretext, a pretend reason for doing something that is used to hide the real reason.


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[Assistant] But while you might not believe such bonkers theories yourself, it's not hard to see how people looking for answers can get sucked down online rabbit holes.


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[Assistant] He thinks it's important to separate the conspiracy from the theorist. The former, the belief, we have to dismiss.


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[Assistant] While some conspiracies may be harmless, others are more dangerous. People thinking that vaccines will kill them might worsen the coronavirus situation worldwide. So we need to get to the bottom of these claims. Discover the real, but sometimes hidden reason why something happens.


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[Assistant] And by doing so calmly and neutrally, you might persuade them to reconsider the funny business Bill Gates is supposedly involved with.


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[Assistant] And I said B, being an alien lizard, but thinking about it now, that seems pretty unlikely.


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[Assistant] Okay, so today we've been hearing advice on how to deal with online conspiracy theories, some of which are totally bonkers, silly, stupid and crazy, or involve a complicated pretext. Pretend reason used to hide someone's true motivation.


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[Assistant] But with so many conspiracies online, it's easy to get lost down the rabbit hole.


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[Assistant] Intrigued by a situation which seems interesting but ends up confusing and hard to escape from.


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[Assistant] And to present people with facts, avoiding sweeping or overgeneralized statements.


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[Assistant] Let's now create a similar example to what we had in the last video, just so that we can actually see this happening in practice.


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[Assistant] And just like in the last video, let's start by mutating a primitive value. So let's now use the last name.


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[Assistant] And I'm going to set it here to Williams. And so that's the initial value of this last name. Then let's also copy it. And so that's because, let's say that this person gets married and decides to change their last name.


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[Assistant] However, we still want to remember the old name, and so we say, old last name.


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[Assistant] Is equal to the current last name, uh, at this position of the code. But then we mutate actually the last name to Davis.


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[Assistant] So basically when this person gets married, they then change their last name to Davis. And of course if we now check out both of them. So first the last name and then the old last name.


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[Assistant] Then we see that they are in fact different. So Davis is the new last name.


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[Assistant] So the one that we mutated here and Williams is this old last name that was copied right here in this first line of code. Or actually the second line of code. So here everything works as we would expect in an intuitive way.


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[Assistant] Now remember that it works this way because each primitive value will simply be saved into its own piece of memory in the stack. Okay?


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[Assistant] But now, let's do the same thing with an object, which, as we already know, is a reference value, because it is going to be stored in the heap, and the stack then just keeps a reference to the memory position at which the object is stored in the heap.


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[Assistant] So let's create an object called Jessica. And so here we will have a first name.


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[Assistant] Williams. Let's also give her an age of 27, just to make it more complete. And now let's again say that Jessica will get married and will therefore change her last name. And so this time let's create a new object for the married Jessica.


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[Assistant] So married, Jessica, and it should be equal.


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[Assistant] So last name, let's change that to Davis. But as we already know, this will not give us the result that we expect.


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[Assistant] Giving it a save. And now, as we see, we get before the marriage and after the marriage both the blessed name of Davis.


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[Assistant] Alright, so the last name Davis is now also in the original Jessica object. And not just in the one that we copied. And now at this point we already know why this happened.


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[Assistant] Just to remember that, it happened because when we attempted to copy the original Jessica object, it did in fact not create a new object in the heap.


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[Assistant] So this one, again, is not a new object in the heap. It's simply just another variable in the stack which holds the reference to the original object.


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[Assistant] So both of these two variables simply point to exactly the same memory address in the heap. And that's because in the stack they both hold the same memory address reference.


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[Assistant] So of course, it makes sense that if we change a property on Mary Jessica, it will also change on Jessica itself. So again, because they are essentially just two different names for the same thing.


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[Assistant] Now, this is also the reason why we can change properties in the married Jessica object, which was declared using a const here.


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[Assistant] And const is supposed to be for constants, so for things that we cannot change.


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[Assistant] However, what actually needs to be constant is the value in the stack. And in the stack, the value only holds the reference, which we are not actually changing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only thing that we are changing is the underlying object that is stored in the heap. And that is okay to change. That has nothing to do with const or let. Alright? That's only about the value in the stack.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But if we change something in the heap, that has nothing to do with const or let.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what we can't do is to assign a completely different object now to Mary Jessica. So for example,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We could not say Mary Jessica is equal to this new empty object. So that will not work.