[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But brighteners tend to emit blue light, specifically. Now based on that, you might think we'd use them to make things look blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But actually, we more often use them to make things look.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But a bit of blue can cover it up. That's because colors of light add together when you mix them, with white light being an even mixture of colors from across the spectrum. So you can compensate for the extra yellow by adding some extra blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The overall effect is that the material looks white again. And that's why optical brighteners are added to laundry detergent and the paper-making process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the more we switch to efficient lights like LEDs, the less effective fabric brighteners will be. The good news is that if history is anything to go by, new innovations with fluorophores will continue improving different areas of life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Including laundry, but probably also things like medicine and forensics as well. But for now, if your white shirt looks a little yellow at the office,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Try blaming science. If you like watching SciShow, you might also like our podcast. It's called SciShow Tangents. It's a lightly competitive knowledge showcase where the hosts rack up points for teaching everyone the most mind-blowing science facts. If you liked this video, you might want to start with our episode called Glowing Things, which includes talk of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Death fluorescence. I'm not going to tell you what that is. You have to listen to the podcast to find out. If you like science and laughing and light-hearted nerdy competitions, you can find SciShow Tangents anywhere you get your podcasts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Andy and Gary are concerned that I'm actually using the mixer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next thing I do is check my semi-fredo. Uh, if it's not frozen, it's not set. It's gonna need more time, which I don't have. Pull them out of the moulds. Then they're perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Question's really starting to build now. That needs to be one to piping the pink around the yellow ball.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was physically and emotionally draining. That's uhm, by far the most intense thing I've ever done in my life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this video, you're going to learn how to retrieve data from objects and also how to change data in objects using both the dot and the bracket notation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's actually get the object here from the previous lecture. So that's Jonah's object. And I noticed that we actually didn't even take a look at it in the console.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's quickly log it, but we're actually not gonna see a big surprise. So all it shows us is really this same object that we just wrote in code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it looks like this. So essentially just as it is here in the code. The only thing that's different is that the properties here are ordered alphabetically. And so that's what I mean when I said in the last lecture that the order of properties does not matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's because we simply get the properties from the object using the property name itself. So that's actually the topic of this video. And so let me show you the two ways in which we do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first way of getting a property from an object is by using the dot notation. And that is very straightforward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's log that to console. And so let's say that we want to get the last name. So all we have to do is to write jonas.lastname. And that's it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You see, here is my last name coming straight from the jonas object. So jonas.lastName. And this dot here is actually an operator which will go to this object and then retrieve the property with the name that we specified here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we can do the exact same thing using the brackets notation. So let me show that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As well. So Jonas, and then we use brackets in a similar way in which we retrieve data from an array. But here we need to specify a string with the property name. So with the key. So let's do my name again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or actually last name. And so these results should be exactly the same here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the big difference between these two here is that in the bracket notation here we can actually


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, put any expression that we'd like. So we don't have to explicitly write the string here, but instead we can compute it from some operation. Because remember that an operation is basically an expression. So something that produces a value. And so we can put that here inside the brackets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's actually try that and imagine that we had a variable in which we store the repeating part in first name and last name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have name here in both. And so let's store just that inside of a variable. And you will see my point here in a second. This will all make sense. Trust me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, name key and then just name. So again, that's the repeating part in these two, uh, property names.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we can use that variable to get both the first and the last name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here we could have built this string using a template literal, but in this case it's not really necessary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's just copy this. And then, also, lest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what will happen here is that as JavaScript sees this line of code, it will start by executing this plus operation, and so it will create the string first name. And then it will go to the Jonas object and retrieve that property.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the same for the last name here in the second line of code. And so that's how we get Jonas and Schmetman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And doing something like this is more common than you might think. And so that's why it's important that we understand that in the square brackets we could put any expression here. Okay? Now the same thing would not work with the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, dot operator. Or the dot notation. So we cannot write Jonas dot


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this year, for example, this would not work at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An unexpected string. And so that's the reason why we need the brackets notation. In dot notation, we have to use the real final property name and not a computed property name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, this one. This one is a real property name as it appears in the object. And so that's why it works here in this case.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In what situations should we use the dot notation and when do we have to use the brackets notation? And I kind of already replied to that, but this is just to recap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when we need to first compute the property name, like we did here with the first and last name, then of course we have to use the bracket notation. In any other case, just use the dot notation, which looks a lot cleaner and is also easier to use. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now to make the need for the bracket notation even more clear, uh, let me show you another example, which I think is going to be really fun. So, let's say that we don't know yet which property we want to show. And instead, we get this information from some user interface. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For that we can use the prompt function, remember?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can use prompt, and prompt is yet another built-in function that is built into JavaScript and that we can use in any script. So here we can write a string, and then this will create a popup window with an input field. Remember?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Friends, and remember that this function will then return a string, and this string we just need to store into some variable. So let's call this one InterestedIn. Alright?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And to start, let's just block this interested in value to the console here, just so we see that it actually works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so here is the popup. And so now we just write one of these options here. So let's say job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And indeed, now here we get job. And so what we want to do now is to basically display the job here in the console, because that's what the user chose. So how will we do that? Can we use the dot notation? So basically,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can we do this? Jonas.interestedin. Well, let's find out. But I hope that you can guess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we get undefined. And this is something new that I didn't explain yet. And so let me tell you now that undefined is what we get when we try to access a property on an object that does not exist. So Jonas does not have a property called interestedIn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and so therefore the result of trying to access InterestedIn on Jonas is undefined.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what we need to do here is instead of the dot notation, use the brackets notation. Because then we can put any expression here, which in this case we'll be interested in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so JavaScript will now come here and replace interestedIn with the actual value of the variable. And then that's the one that will be looked up on the Jonas object. So let's try that again. And now when I say job, we get the correct result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. And I hope that you did understand the big difference between using the dot notation and the bracket notation and why the bracket notation gave us the correct result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, it's because basically this expression that we put here between these brackets will get evaluated. And then this one here is job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, of course we can also pass in something else. So something that is not here. For example, let's try to access the location. And then again, we get undefined. And, uh, once more, that is because there is not a property called location on the object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's actually handle that using some knowledge that we already have. So we know that undefined is a false C value, right? And so we can use that to our advantage now and create some logic that will print a custom string whenever the user tries to access a property that doesn't exist. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so if this value exists, then it is a truthy value because it is not undefined. And so any string that is not empty or any number that is not zero will then trigger this code block here to be executed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now if one of these properties was actually empty or zero, we would then go to the else block, but let's not account for that. Here in this case. Let's say that doesn't happen. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in case that the value does not exist, so for example with location, we then get undefined. And so in this case, uh, Jonas interested in is undefined, which is false and therefore we would go to the else block. And so let's.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Say something like wrong request. And then we can repeat this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The sentence here. So let's try that again here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So location, and now we get wrong request. But if we try something that exists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we get that result. Great. So, I think this was a fun, uh, little experiment here. And, I hope you liked that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now that you know how to retrieve elements from an object, let's also learn how to use both the dot and the brackets notation to add new properties to the object. So that's pretty straightforward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all we have to do is Jonas. And now let's actually use location.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And set it equal to something. So to some value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm located in Portugal, and so that's how we use the dot notation. And then we can also, of course, use the brackets notation just the same. So let's say my Twitter handle here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is Ed Jonas Schmetzmann with just one N. And you should definitely check that out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now just to see that it worked, let's log it to the console one final time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But anyway, now we have the location and the Twitter here as well in the object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, here we could put any expression just like before. So it works in the exact same way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All right. And that's how we use the brackets and the dot notation. Now, finally, I have one small challenge for you that you can just do right now here at the end of this video. And so what I want you to do is to write a sentence like this one that I'm going to show you now, but in a dynamic way. So let's just write a challenge here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Michael. So here, uh, we suppose that the first friend in the array, so in the friends array, is the best friend. Okay? And for the record, I do have more than three friends. But of course, here we need to keep it all very simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, I want you to write this sentence, but without hardcoding any of these values. So what you need to get from the object is this value, this value and this value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is actually a bit hard, I would say. And so there's absolutely no need for you to nail this. But you can still try it, and maybe you can do some of the parts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One hint that I can give you is that you will need to use multiple dots to get the number of friends. Okay, so that's totally possible. And so take like five minutes to try this out now. So pause the video and I'll see you in a second.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. And so this is how we would do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we want to log this to the console, of course. And so we're starting with the name. And this one is probably the most straightforward one. So that's just Jonas.first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that is where the name is stored. Then has and then the number of friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the friends are stored in jonas.friends. Now, do you remember how to get the number of elements in an array? It is by writing the array .length, right? And so, let's do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, Jonas.friends, and so this is our array, right? And so on this array, we can now ask for the length. And so basically you can see here that length


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is also a property that is available on all arrays.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a property that we don't define ourselves, but it's automatically available. But now that you know about the dot notation, you can also start to understand that the dot length is just a property that is available on all arrays. And so that's what we're doing here. So again, we have an array, which is this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And on there we can simply then request dot length.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's continue the sentence now and here's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now, we need to simply get the first element from the array. So that's again, Jonas.Friends. And now, remember we get the first element of an array using square brackets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's it. So once more, this here is simply an array, and so we learned that to take the first element, we just use square brackets with zero. So in a sense, on arrays, we also have the brackets notation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, this annoying pop-up. But indeed, Jonas has three. And we're just missing the friends here. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because remember, as I said, the dot operator here is really just that. It's just an operator. And the same goes for the brackets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I will again Google MDN operator precedence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the link to this table is also on the resources pages on my website. And the link to that one is right in the first text lecture of the course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But anyway, uh, here we have the dot notation, which here is called member axis, and then we have the brackets notation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is here called computed member access. And so the computed is because, as I mentioned multiple times now, because we can compute the property names that we want to access.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what matters here is that they both have a really high priority and both are left to right. And so that's why all of this works. So we have two dots here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Jonas.Friends.Length and they are executed left to right. And therefore the first thing that JavaScript does is Jonas.Friends. And so essentially this will then be replaced with the, uh, array. And then on that array is where the dot length.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is then, uh, applied. And the same thing here. So first, Jonas.Friends is done. And then, uh, this one is also left to right. And so from there we take element number zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So there's no magic involved here. There is rules for everything and everything, uh, makes sense. And again, you don't need to memorize this here. With time, all of this will become, uh, second nature to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Invitation card? I need something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As always, it's a blind tasting, so the three of us won't know who's cooked which dish. Callum, Sam, Diana.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To win a pin, you have to have your dish scored higher than the professional that you're competing against.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You'll have 90 minutes to cook a dessert. Lauren, Renaud, Angelique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As the professionals, you'll only get 75 minutes. So our three contestants today...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Time is your only advantage. Everyone must cook using this dessert-friendly pantry behind us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lauren, Renault, Angelique, you're off to the storeroom. We'll see you in 15 minutes when you'll start your cook. Off you go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I tell you what, this is going to be a fascinating cook and this is one time I don't want to be doing a blind tasting. I want to watch you cook, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, totally different looking desserts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you, gentlemen. Right. These are two interesting looking dishes, aren't they? Yeah. How spectacular is that? That honeycomb look. Yeah. Really good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's start with the mango custard and the layer cake. Who cooked what? Oh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You too. So, Reynolds, what did you cook? I cooked Tropic. Tropic, and what was that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the sponge, the prosecco jelly and that chocolate ganache sauce just didn't work together. Sorry. I scored your dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who cooked the twill with the matcha curd and the chocolate and orange? Great, so Angelique and Dinah. Angelique, what did you cook?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Sam, you've scored 27 out of 30. Lauren, you're on 18 out of 30. And that means you need a 10 out of 10 from me to beat Sam.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That never made some quite as good as yours. However.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh Sam, sorry. So close. A really great dish. We were kind of hoping that we would give at least one pin away today, but I think the professionals bought their A game, and Lauren, that was a clincher. That dessert is absolutely a classic and beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The chagok dough looks great and it actually gets me really excited and fired up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am not entirely happy with the colour of the beetroot leaf puree. Come on, keep pushing guys. Taste, taste, taste, taste. And it tastes better.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't think I've got enough time to make this again. So I just need to crack on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today I've made deep fried barramundi on beetle leaf and a sticky sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I showed you some ideas and some tools to solve problems and to debug your applications. And so now it's your turn to put all of that into practice on your own.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so here is your coding challenge for this section. So given an array of forecasted maximum temperatures, the thermometer that we've been working about throughout this section should display a string with these forecasted temperatures. So for example, if we have this array,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is our first test data here. Then the string that it will print should be this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three dots, then 17 degrees Celsius in one day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the 17 here. Then again, three dots. Then 21 degrees Celsius in two days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this 21 is this 21, and then three dots, 23 degrees in three days. So in one, two and three days, and then again, three dots. Okay, and here, you don't need to use this exact, uh, sign if you can't find it on your keyboard. I know it was a bit hard to find for me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, what you should do is to create a function called printForecast, which takes in an array called r, and then locks a string just like this one here to the console. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And call this function for these two test values. And to solve this, you can use the problem solving framework that we have just been talking about in this section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So try to understand the problem first by asking the right questions, and then break it into sub-problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm not saying that this is going to be easy. And for me, the main goal is not even that you achieve the result, but really that you start thinking about the problem and that you try as good as possible to break it up into subproblems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And of course, there are many ways of asking the right questions and of breaking this up into subproblems. So there's no hard ways of doing this stuff. So just try your best, take all the time that you need, and I will see you here once you're ready.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let me show you how I would have done it. And let's just close this terminal here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because remember that this live connection actually keeps running without the terminal opened. So let's just grab from up here the...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, this here. So, as you see, I'm a little bit lazy. I don't like to type so much. So I just keep reusing stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we need to understand the problem first. So let's look at that example string here. And so one part of the problem is definitely that this array here was basically broken up in three pieces, and then the separator is these three dots. Let's write that here. Array, transformed,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next then, we can also ask what these numbers here are. So we already know that these here are of course coming from the array. But what is this? So one days, two days and three days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the answer to that is that basically it is the current index of the array plus one. So it would be weird to say that 17 degrees in zero days, because this is a forecast. And so this is for the next day and then in two days and in three days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I think we understood the problem now, because, uh, I think that it's quite simple in this case. So let's now, uh, break this up into subproblems. And I would say that the main problem here will be to transform this array into a string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that's essentially what we will have to do. Also, each of these elements here will be transformed to a string with these degrees Celsius. So let's just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Transform each element to string the Celsius. And I don't even remember where this is, so I'm just copying it here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we also need to account for the current day. So string needs to contain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that looks like a lot of work, but actually it is not as hard as it looks from here. So let's start by creating, uh, two arrays here. So for test data one and two, actually grab all of this in one go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. And now let's tackle these problems here. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if the string would always have the same length, so if it would always just be three days, then it would be very simple. We could just basically hard code the string, right? We could just do something like, uh, data one at position zero, and then the degree Celsius,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then dot dot dot. And so on and so forth. Right? So here we're missing these of course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we could do this. And there's still some value in first, uh, actually trying to write this. So this is how it would look like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Data zero and one and two and let's indeed lock this to the console.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give it a save. And so actually already the string looks exactly what we had here. Right? But of course, this is not the way to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because then here in data2, we have a longer array. And we want to write one function that works for all the arrays. So that print forecast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so of course we need a more dynamic way of creating this string. But still, as I said, there is some value in having done that because it will help us figure out how we can arrive at the solution. So printForecast() is a function which takes in an array r


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we have an array and we have to do multiple operations on it, we will as always use a loop. So let's start with that baseline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, but now what are we gonna do? So how will we basically transform the array into a string?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there are so many ways in which we could achieve this and actually in which we could solve this whole problem here. Especially if you did some research to arrive at the solution here. But I will just go with a solution using the tools that we already used.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, remember what we did when we calculated the average of a number? We started by adding all the values of the array using a loop, right? And we kept adding them to an accumulator variable that was called sum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so just to illustrate, that sum started at 0, and let's say we had an array of 2, 3, 4.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so in the first iteration, that sum was then updated to 2. Then in the second iteration, it was updated to 2 plus 3 equals 5. And then in the last iteration, it was updated to 5, which was the current sum, plus 4 equal


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 9. And so that's how we end up with the sum of all of these values. And now with the string, we can actually do the exact same


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here, we will also have an accumulator variable, essentially, which is going to be called string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's string, and instead of starting with zero, we will start with the equivalent of zero, but for strings, which is the empty string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So empty string has nothing, and then in each iteration we will simply add to that string the current value of the array. So, let's do that. String equals


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The current value of string, plus, array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the current position. And also, let's already add this symbol here. And for that, let's wrap this here into a template literal. And so I'm selecting this, and then I can just hit the template literal, the backtick once, and it will wrap all of that. So then this, and this. And then the degrees Celsius.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now all we need to do is to log that string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the console. So just ask was asked.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which takes the, and logs the string to the console. So we could have added that actually as one sub problem, even though it's a really, really small one. Log string to console. And so let's give it a try now. I'm saving.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And nothing happened. Oh, that's because we didn't, uh, call the function. So let's print forecast with data one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, 17 degrees, 21 degrees, 23 degrees. And that already starts looking like what we have here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So essentially, we already completed the most difficult part, so of transforming the array into a string.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, this was similar to adding multiple numbers into one bigger number. Here what we did was to add multiple strings to a bigger string that kept growing after each iteration.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you want to make sure to really understand this, then you can always use the debugger and go through this loop step by step and see this string variable here growing as the loop goes on and on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We already did this part also and this part. Now let's tackle this one. So it needs to also contain the day. So what does that look like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we already understood that this had to be the current index plus 1. So the current index is i plus 1. So in 1 days. So in the first iteration it's going to be 0 plus 1, then 1 plus 1, and then 2 plus 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Give it a save. And that's starting to look really close to what we need in the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But now we are missing the separator dots. So how do you think we can achieve those? Well, in fact, these dots are simply something that repeat after each of these strings here, right? So we have this value and then dot dot dot. So we have the value dot dot dot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just need one more space here to, to create this nice separation that we have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now we're almost done. Okay. So actually this is not correct here because it's missing the in one days, in two days and so on and so forth. But let's just compare it here with the original.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, all that is left is these three dots at the beginning. And, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we can just add them at the end. So we cannot put them here, right, because then we would have too many dots. So that's a lot of dots, and that's not what we were looking for. So instead, we keep it like this, and then as we log it to the console,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We simply add the dots here at the beginning. So dot dot dot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the solution of our problem. Great. Can just improve this here a little bit again by using the plus equal operator. And then get rid of this part. Make it a little bit more short and more efficient maybe. And so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's the result of this, uh, coding challenge. And again, you could have done it in so many different ways, but what I really wanted you to achieve was to understand the problem and to break it up into small subproblems. If you did that, well, then my goal with this whole section, I would say is achieved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, hope you liked this one, even though it was a little bit more theoretical, but I think it's important to also have a section like this in a big web development course, because soft skills, like the ones that I just showed you, are also very, very important for your success.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wanted to get, uh, banks responsible for ability to pay and responsible for, uh, checking out borrowers. They didn't take their word for it. They shouldn't take their word for it. So there's been a lot of, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, Dodd-Frank set in motion a lot of regulatory rulemaking that is supposed to prevent that thing from happening again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and the rule making puts specific requirements on mortgages that are qualified, namely that, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] QRMs as they're called in Dodd-Frank lingo. Mortgages that are not subject to the 5% retention rule.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically mortgages follow the guidelines that were issued in 2014, uh, by regulatory agencies in the United States. And the rules, uh, specify that the debt payments, your, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, well, it's, uh, of course it depends on what your income is. If your income is ten million dollars a year, there's no problem. But uhm, and they have to verify that you have a job


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They have to verify what your total debt payments are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They have to check on things like, you may have alimony payments or, uh, other obligations that go into the calculation. So it's going to be harder, uh, that should, uh, keep, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Prices more under control. At least you won't be able to borrow to bid these prices up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the U.S., when they put on short sale restrictions, it prevented, uh, sellers from doubting, who doubted prices from selling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, these things may be important. Maybe government should defend the price of the stock market if it's in a free fall panic. Uh, they, they tend to do that. The problem is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The public starts to expect the government to do that, and then they lose their sense of connection to reality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Especially true in China. There have been big drops in home prices at certain times in China. And the public gets very upset.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you bought a house just a year ago or six months ago and now it's selling for less than you paid. So people get angry and they protest to their local government. This has led to some...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This has been a factor in a number of countries that they think that real estate is just such a fundamental right of citizens that a competent government will never let the price fall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then that just produces a high equilibrium level, uh, price. So it could be that prices will stay high for a long time because of this perception, uh, and, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, there is a tax subsidy, right, to home ownership, uh, in the United States. Uh, and, uh, this was, uh, I, I think the purpose of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Creating a tax benefit to homeownership, uh, is to encourage homeownership because it's long been a theory, uh, that homeowners are better citizens. In fact, there's even research.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Showing that, that ho- if you ask people, who is the mayor of your town, uh, more people can answer that who are homeowners than are renters.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, surprising, a lot of people don't know those things. Uh, so they're more, they're more connected. But see, there's a downside to that. So you're connected to your community. You know the mayor, you know somebody else in the government, and you know what the people are doing there. That's good. But the other side of it is, you can't be as flexible in taking a new job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, as you, uh, might have been, which might involve your moving, uh, or just moving a little bit. You know, you take a job on the other side of town and now you're commuting 45 minutes every day. You'd think, I just moved to the other side of town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's almost a taste thing, whether home ownership is a great idea or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I suppose it should, maybe it should be subsidized a little bit. Maybe not as much as it is. Oh, by the way, the other problem with the tax subsidy for home ownership is that it takes the form of a deduction, but most people don't


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take deductions in the United States because you have to reach a certain threshold before it's worth doing that. There's something called the standard deduction.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So especially low income people, uh, often miss even taking their mortgage payment as a deduction. So they don't have the same incentives. Uh, it doesn't profit them as much. So they, uh, it becomes a subsidy for rich people to, uh, buy a house. Maybe that's not what we want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the, the so-called liars loans that were prohibited were, that was a bad thing where they, they weren't checking, uh, they weren't checking whether someone even had a job who was taking out a loan. Uh, and then they packaged these, uh, mortgages into


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think there should be better markets for real estate. In fact, I've tried to start them. I mentioned this in class that worked with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to create futures markets for single family homes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That hasn't taken off, it's there, it's still going, uh, after 10 years. Uh, but I would like to see it, uh, a better, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, these are things for the future. One theme I made in this course is that innovation proceeds slowly over decades and centuries. Things like insurance came in very slowly over centuries, over millennia actually, you could define it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These ideas, which seem very clear and sound after the fact, look very experimental before they happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think that we have to get our, our mortgage institutions, our risk management institutions


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, sharpen so that they work better to prevent this kind of crisis. This crisis was a mistake. The crisis of 2008-2009 was a big mistake. Uh, but we have to have the right institutions to prevent that from happening again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gyroscopes that keep Hubble properly oriented in space are failing. Worst of all, Hubble is falling.


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[Assistant] We are Hubble's only chance for survival, but a mission to save the telescope can be perilous.


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[Assistant] Astronomers suspected that the Eagle Nebula might provide clues, but even the most powerful Earth-bound telescopes couldn't get a clear view.


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[Assistant] Spring 1995. HESTA aims Hubble Space Telescope toward the Eagle Nebula.


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[Assistant] Hester calls the clumps evaporating gaseous globules. Eggs for short.


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[Assistant] In the photograph, the eggs appear small, but our entire solar system could fit comfortably inside each one.


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[Assistant] These hot clumps of gas are the first stage of the formation of a star. And the towers where they hang are rightfully called the Pillars of Creation.


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[Assistant] What it doesn't show is the next stage. How stars hatch from eggs.


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[Assistant] When scientists closely examine this image, they discover tiny dark spots.


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[Assistant] Flatten discs of gas and dust spots created by recently hatched eggs. The spots are called protoplanetary discs. Proplids, for short.


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[Assistant] But some of this loose matter remains in orbit around the newborn star.


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[Assistant] Over time, the debris gathers into more knots and clumps, growing and evolving into a planet.


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[Assistant] Beyond the Eagle and Orion nebulae, even larger star-forming regions lie within the plane of the Milky Way.


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[Assistant] In March 2005, Hubble began relaying images of a new target.


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[Assistant] The Carina Nebula, one of the largest star-forming regions in the sky. But the raw data sent by Hubble looks nothing like this.


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[Assistant] Creating images that help scientists unlock the mysteries with this data, falls to imaging expert Zolt Lieve.


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[Assistant] I have an emotional attachment to that image, not only because of its aesthetic value, but because of the amount of time I spent on it.


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[Assistant] Levy works for about a year to produce the full mosaic out of 48 separate pictures.


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[Assistant] Hubble's image of Carina shows a region over 50 light years across.


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[Assistant] Here too are the eggs that will one day become stars encircled by planets.


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[Assistant] Among the thousands of newborn stars, Lexa Surprise.


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[Assistant] For scientists, a dying star is an opportunity to see the future of our own solar system.


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[Assistant] What these Hubble images show are shelves of gas that serve as tombstones.


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[Assistant] These walls of color are the outer layers of a star much like our sun.


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[Assistant] As a star runs out of fuel, these layers expand until the gravity of the star can no longer hold them. Eventually they are released into space.


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[Assistant] In 2004, Hubble captures an image that gives us a glimpse of our eventual demise. The Helix Nebula.


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[Assistant] As these outer layers of star expand, they leave behind a searing hot ball of solidified oxygen and carbon astronomers call a white dwarf.


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[Assistant] Someday, the same thing will happen to our own sun. The sun will run out of fuel, and that will cause it to expand into a giant red star.


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[Assistant] That's bad news for our world. The temperature on the surface of our planet will rise over a thousand degrees.


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[Assistant] A wall of hot gas will sweep over the Earth, through our solar system, and into space.


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[Assistant] Some stars are over a hundred times more massive than our sun.


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[Assistant] The bigger the star, the shorter its life, and the more violent its death.


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[Assistant] Every star is carefully balanced between the inward pull of its gravity and the outward pressure of the heat it generates from nuclear fusion. When it runs out of fuel, the pressure needed for balance is gone.


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[Assistant] If the star was near enough to Earth, a wave of deadly gamma and x-rays would flood towards us. It could knock out satellite communications and cause global power outages.


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[Assistant] The expanding debris from this thousand-year-old supernova is still moving into space at about five million kilometers per hour.


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[Assistant] For scientists, the interconnected web-like filaments offer a clue as to the nature of life itself.


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[Assistant] When the stars explode, these fundamental elements are scattered throughout the universe, seeding distant nebular clouds which give birth to new planets and new life.


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[Assistant] Hubble is giving scientists the ultimate learning experience by monitoring one particular star, Eta Carina, back in the Carina Nebula.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For over a decade, Hubble creates a series of photos of Eta Carina.


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[Assistant] Although Eta Carina is a young star, its huge mass makes it unstable. This star will not survive for long.


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[Assistant] When Eta Karina goes, it will become one of the most devastating supernovae ever recorded.


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[Assistant] The fireworks will begin when the star runs out of fuel. The gigantic star will destroy itself in just a few seconds.


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[Assistant] The mysterious black hole phenomenon is the product of the violent and powerful explosion of a supernova. At least in theory.


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[Assistant] Before Hubble, there was no conclusive proof that black holes existed at all.


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[Assistant] Astronomers call this single point a singularity.


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[Assistant] One of the primary goals for Hubble was to prove once and for all whether or not black holes exist.


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[Assistant] But how does one search for an invisible point? Astronomers decide to direct Hubble to examine the exact centres of galaxies.


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[Assistant] What they discover is that the stars close to the center of galaxies zoom around at very high speeds.


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[Assistant] But down in the central hub of galaxies, stars are being thrown around by the gravity of something that is massive, yet ultra-compact. There can only be one cause for this effect. The fabled black hole.


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[Assistant] Further evidence of black holes comes from Hubble's images of a mysterious jet some 5,000 light years long. The jet is piercing the heart of a giant elliptical galaxy called M87.


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[Assistant] The jet in the Galaxy M87 is caused by enormous amounts of gas and dust piling onto the black hole.


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[Assistant] There's so much material that a traffic jam occurs. The gas and dust back up, forming a disc.


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[Assistant] The black hole is showing itself with a parade of light.


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[Assistant] The connection between a galaxy and the black hole in its heart is not yet well understood.


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[Assistant] Before Hubble, black holes were merely a concept, an unproven part of astronomical lore.


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[Assistant] So planetary astronomer Heidi Hammel submits a proposal to NASA.


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[Assistant] In July 1994, the team gathers at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore to watch the comet make contact with the planet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first image of Shoemaker Levy 9 came in. It seemed to show no signs of impact.


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[Assistant] Hubble's pictures of the comet impact prove that the kind of violence that formed our planet billions of years ago continues through this day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shoemaker-Levy 9 shows a devastating day on nearby Jupiter.


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[Assistant] But when Hubble turns toward an empty patch of distant sky, what it finds will rock the scientific community.


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[Assistant] In the winter of 1995, a series of commands are sent to Hubble's onboard computer that turn the orbiting telescope toward what is apparently an empty part of the sky.


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[Assistant] Hubble's powerful gaze locks onto this single region of space for 10 consecutive days, creating a series of exposures that would be known as the Hubble Deep Field.


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[Assistant] Every smudge of light in this Hubble picture is a galaxy containing billions of stars. These galaxies are captured at various stages of evolution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From a time near the birth of the cosmos, to the rise of spiral galaxies like our own Milky Way, scattered here and there, in the Hubble Deep Field are the smash-ups of space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What may be Hubble's most profound discovery cannot be seen at all by any means.


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[Assistant] Something with so much power, it holds the entire universe together.


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[Assistant] The arms of spiral galaxies seem to move faster than the laws of physics would allow. Astronomers spotted other oddities as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Astronomers hypothesize that galaxies are surrounded by a halo of unknown forms of matter.


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[Assistant] The survey revealed that stars and galaxies are born from ordinary matter, trapped by gravity inside clouds of dark matter.


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[Assistant] This 3D plot of dark matter clouds, charted by Hubble for the first time in history, shows how dark matter forms the very structure of our universe.


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[Assistant] As important as it is to our very existence, astronomers so far have no idea what dark matter is.


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[Assistant] This table shows us every element in the universe that we commonly experience on a daily basis.


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[Assistant] All of the physical matter that we can see, touch, taste or feel is on this table. But not dark matter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But even if we add all the dark matter to all the physical matter that forms stars and planets and people, it turns out that we are still missing about two thirds of the universe. So what is the rest of the universe made of?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once again, scientists turn to Hubble for answers.


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[Assistant] The Hubble telescope is changing our understanding of reality.


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[Assistant] Since the 1920s, astronomers have known that the universe is expanding.


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[Assistant] They assumed that gravity would one day slow the expansion down, and perhaps even cause the universe to halt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The answer to this question would settle the debate about the age and fate of the universe. And it became a race.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The way to check comes from Hubble. It finds supernova explosions in remote galaxies and uses the light from the explosion as a yardstick to measure the distance from Earth to the galaxy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The galaxies with supernovae are not just moving away, they're moving at an accelerated rate.


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[Assistant] Hubble's results convinces astronomers that they must think of the universe in an entirely new way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] According to Hubble's evidence, the universe is expanding more and more quickly. The only explanation is as simple as it is unlikely. Something is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. An unseen force called Dark Energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the darkest part of this mysterious force is its future. Over time, it will grow in strength.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This means that one day, dark energy will become stronger than gravity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our universe, it seems, is living on borrowed time. The universe will one day end in a cosmic apocalypse that scientists call The Big Rip.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one day we discover the ocean. We find to our surprise that three quarters of the world is covered by the ocean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we have no clue what is in the ocean, or what the ocean does. This is where we are today, with Dark Energy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nearly 20 years after its launch, the Hubble Space Telescope is still learning new tricks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another new tool, the Cosmic Origin Spectrograph, will tell us more about the way dark matter affects distant galaxies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the day that happens, the telescope will receive one last command to shut down and return to Earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Webb Telescope will go beyond Hubble, literally. It will be placed beyond the Moon, poised in delicate balance among the gravitational pulls of the Earth, Moon, and Sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The web will take science beyond Hubble's range, but the Hubble will always be the first.


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[Assistant] It has circled the Earth thousands of times, whirling around us again and again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a big decision to make for tomorrow. My dream is becoming more and more realistic the further I go in this competition. So I think my mind's going to be going in overdrive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A hunk of matter which somehow has gotten so small that the gravitational field right around it is so strong that light cannot escape from it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So even if it tried to emit radiation, the photons would fall back, they would be sucked back by the gravity of the black hole, and it would look invisible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As far as we know, every big galaxy has a black hole at its very center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We don't know exactly how this happens. It must have something to do with gas falling in as the galaxy evolves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was a huge curveball when she asked me how many kids I wanted to have. How am I supposed to know?


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[Assistant] So let's get to it. Round one is a taste test.


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[Assistant] Today, Chef doesn't just preach local and sustainable, he lives it.


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[Assistant] He grows almost everything that he uses in his own gardens and orchards around the restaurant. Please welcome, from Oh My Blaine Bertoncello.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Blaine, welcome and congratulations on all the success you and your two brothers have had with Oh My. It's great that you're here because obviously, like Yotam, you share a love for vegetables, yes?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Blaine, I love the fresh brightness of those tomatoes against the toastiness of that wonderful chicken skin and those pan-tanned pine nuts. Wonderful. Delicious. Appreciate it. I scored your dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've all felt that the energy in this kitchen over the last couple of days has been absolutely brilliant, so please keep it up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I serve up raw chicken to the judges, I'm definitely waving goodbye to that immunity pin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things he understands is there are different kinds of power.


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[Assistant] There's the power that needs the spotlight, but there's also the power that comes from being behind the scenes.


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[Assistant] A certain level of street smarts and savvy that allowed him to move into worlds that nobody had prepared him for and say I can figure this out.


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[Assistant] Is somebody who cared about politics because he recognized that economic progress, cultural progress, social progress, political progress are all, uh, tied together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I had a conversation with him and explained why I thought the moment was right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm not sure if Clance actually thought I could win, but he was nice and encouraging anyway.


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[Assistant] There is that generational issue and Clarence, like Vernon Jordan and others, they are really the bridge.


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[Assistant] From a time where there was almost no opportunity to a time where doors began to open.


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[Assistant] And they led the way in politics, in business, in the arts, in saying, no, make room for us. For most of their lives, oftentimes,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That door was just open a crack and success was tenuous.


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[Assistant] And I would never challenge them sticking with some of the folks who'd brought them to the dance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And coming on board very early on my campaign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In, in her own way, she was expressing values that had been taught to her by Clarence and Jackie. And part of that is independent thinking and making up your own mind. Uh, I, I'd like to think that, uh, Clarence didn't necessarily mind being proven wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sure that he was enormously proud and rightfully so, because uh, Nicole served our country well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hi everyone, welcome back to another video. So today is the, is a Friday night. It's pretty late. It's 9.30 ish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, Dong and I are planning to eat some spicy rice cakes with some noodles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dong and I did pretty good this week with our, you know, healthy eating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With like a healthy meals and like just workout and keeping up with like a routine. But uhm, because it is a weekend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think if I keep, like, hold, like, keep, uhm, resisting all this food, like, I think it'll make me go crazier and longer when it could've just been solved in one meal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm making some tteokbokki. This is store-bought. It was in like this container. Oh, doesn't this look so amazing? And then this is the noodles that I am going to eat today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, it's currently, uh, 10am-ish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's been 12 hours since I, uh, last ate. Uhm, ate a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but I am planning to go to a cafe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uh, I wanted to do like a morning cardio today, but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, that's about a mile away. That's like 30 minute walk for me, which is perfect cardio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] High carb morning and then like a medium carb lunch and dinner, uh, kind of, not keto, but keto inspired low carb, uh, meals, uh, which meaning like low carb and low fat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to kind of transform, I want to look at these recipes and transform it to low carb and low fat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] High protein meals for dinner, so I wanna go brainstorm that.


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[Assistant] Bleach! So, I watched a couple seasons on Netflix.


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[Assistant] But, they only have like three seasons, and Bleach is kind of a long, long anime. Uhm.


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[Assistant] But I am planning to binge watch this shiz. Uhm.


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[Assistant] I think for tonight's dinner, I'm really craving, uhm, kimchi pancake. But I don't want to use flour, so I'm going to use egg.


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[Assistant] Hi guys. Uhm, good morning. Morning. Well, we woke up at 6, but uhm, we had to do...


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[Assistant] Morning business. So, uh, it's currently 8.30 and we are by Lakefront, uh, trail. Gotta do this every Sunday.


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[Assistant] There were so many, you know, interesting places, restaurants and people. And we would visit, like, Harry Ballaponte. It was, I mean, it was one thing after another.


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[Assistant] And his mother gave a beautiful tea for me at her home.


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[Assistant] That's all he's done, that's all he's ever done anyway. You know, uhm, just help those who need help. But he's never forgotten, you know.


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[Assistant] The hardships. Never, you know, forgotten the pain. Cause equality...


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[Assistant] With Bill Withers, you know, that was a heartbreaker.


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[Assistant] My daughter was maybe three when she got to know him and she loved him. When he decided to leave Sussex, I had to explain that to her too.


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[Assistant] You don't leave. You don't leave. Where are you going anyway? And you, you know, so you're in this together and you, you just, you know, wait it out and, uhm.


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[Assistant] But you have to face it. You can't make believe it didn't happen.


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[Assistant] We'll help from this friend and that friend and in time we just pull through.


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[Assistant] This video is made possible by Brilliant. Learn complex topics simply for 20% off by being one of the first 200 people to sign up at brilliant.org slash real life lore.


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[Assistant] Simple math mistakes have caused massive engineering catastrophes in the past, and they probably will again.


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[Assistant] Because humans are fantastic at making mistakes. In 1983, a simple conversion error led to an airplane with 69 passengers on board to run out of fuel while 30,000 feet high in the sky.


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[Assistant] Simple mathematical mistakes sometimes have catastrophic consequences. And in this video, we're going to be talking about one of the worst instances, and it happened nearly 400 years ago in Sweden.


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[Assistant] The Poles were defeating the Swedish Navy in nearly every battle in the Baltic. And worse, the Catholic forces from the Empire had invaded Denmark and were poised to take control of the Danish Straits, potentially blocking and confining the Swedish Navy into the Baltic Sea.


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[Assistant] Sweden clearly needed a powerful navy with big ships to secure her interests. And so, in 1626, they came up with an idea. In 1626, the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus, was leading the Swedish army in Poland.


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[Assistant] Sweden was winning the battle on land, but, like I mentioned previously, they were losing pretty badly on the seas. Up until this point, the Swedish navy was utilizing pretty small warships with only a single gun deck that were more prioritized for ramming and boarding enemy ships than blowing them up with cannons.


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[Assistant] So he ordered the construction of five brand new larger warships that would be the first in the Swedish navy to contain two gundacks. And the first of these to be constructed, the Vasa, was intended to severely overcompensate for the Swedish navy's embarrassing string of defeats. Because it was going to be built to be the most


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[Assistant] Powerful warship anywhere in the world, so that nothing else could come close to challenging it.


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[Assistant] While the Vasa was initially designed to hold 36 bronze cannons divided between 24 pounder guns on the lower deck and smaller 12 pounders on the upper deck, the King demanded that the number be doubled up to 72 cannons and that they all were the larger 24 pounder guns.


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[Assistant] This armament would have given the Vasa the highest firepower of any ship in the world at the time, capable of blasting a metal wall that weighed nearly 900 pounds out of a single side straight at whatever enemy was unfortunate enough to come across its path. This massive amount of firepower coming from a relatively small ship is pretty goofy historically.


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[Assistant] Because the USS Constitution, an American frigate that fought against the British in the War of 1812, nearly two centuries later,


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[Assistant] Possessed an almost identical level of firepower, but was also almost 700 tons heavier. But the king was impatient while fighting an act of war that he was losing at sea. And so he kept on demanding that the construction of the world's most powerful ship be hastened.


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[Assistant] So, rather than building a brand new ship from scratch that could actually safely fit 72 heavy 24-pounder cannons aboard,


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[Assistant] The Swedish Empire was effectively building the early 17th century's version of the Death Star. And just like the Death Star, it came complete with one really stupid flaw. In this case, it was just a simple matter of physics though, rather than an obvious exhaust port. But it also took way less enemies to destroy it.


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[Assistant] Throw in a bunch of heavy wooden sculptures to the upper gun deck as well, and the Vasa was all set to become dangerously unstable, with the rollover risk of an 800 horsepower Jeep Wrangler.


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[Assistant] To further complicate things, the shipbuilder that the Swedes had hired to build the thing was some Dutch guy named Henrik, who had a pretty shoddy resume. Because there's absolutely zero historical evidence that he had ever actually built a ship with two or more gun decks ever before in his life.


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[Assistant] Modern archaeologists have also found evidence that separate teams involved in the construction of the ship were using different systems of measurement. A classic mistake. One team working on one side of the ship was using the Swedish foot in 12 inches, while another team working on the other side of the ship was using the Amsterdam foot


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[Assistant] Nobody noticed this discrepancy during the hurried construction under wartime pressure and, as a result, the Vasa's mass was distributed asymmetrically and was heavier over on the port side.


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[Assistant] Further, the headroom in the decks themselves was built higher than necessary for crewmen at the time, who on average were only five feet and five and a half inches tall.


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[Assistant] The weight of the decks themselves, the design errors while constructing the hull, along with the heavier weight of the bigger guns than initially designed for, as well as the increased weight from bringing along 1,000 big 24 pound cannonballs, and their accompanying gunpowder meant that the ship's center of gravity, when launched and fully armed, would be dangerously high in the ship's upper area. In other words, the Vasa was critically unstable, and many of the officers on board knew it. When conducting a test to prove its stability just prior to launching,


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[Assistant] There are letters from a Swedish Admiral present where he wrote about how he wished the king was there to see how unready it was, and not off at war demanding that the ship be launched anyway.


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[Assistant] In the end, the political pressure to launch the ship was just too great, and nobody was brave enough to challenge the king.


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[Assistant] And so, on the 10th of August, 1628, after two long years of construction, the Vasa was ordered out of Stockholm port on her maiden voyage to take up her position as the new flagship of the Swedish navy. And within just one nautical mile of this maiden journey, it would already be completely destroyed.


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[Assistant] A crowd of thousands gathered in Stockholm to watch the most powerful ship ever built sail off on her first journey.


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[Assistant] The ship's gun ports were left open to fire off a salute as they left the harbor, and within minutes, the first signs of trouble appeared. A sudden gust of wind, just a little stronger than a breeze, was strong enough to tip Vasa over significantly on her port's side, because of her high center of gravity. But this was thankfully able to be reversed by the crew.


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[Assistant] However, shortly afterwards, a second and slightly more powerful gust of wind tipped the ship over again, and this time, it dipped far enough over that the lower gun deck with the open gun ports slipped just beneath the waterline, and it was all over from there.


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[Assistant] Water rushed in and the greatest ship ever built that took two years to build took probably just a few minutes to sink in the full view of thousands of shocked and disappointed Swedes. It was effectively the equivalent of the Challenger disaster in the 17th century and a catastrophe for the Swedish king. Had the gun ports been closed, it's


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[Assistant] It's possible that Vasa wouldn't have sunk almost immediately right after it began to sail, but the flaws in her design and engineering were so apparent that the ship never would have lasted for long anyway. The wind would have destroyed the ship sooner or later simply because of the laws of physics that the shipbuilders just didn't quite completely understand.


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[Assistant] While the Vasa was a catastrophe for Sweden in the 17th century, it would end up becoming a triumph for Sweden over 300 years later in the 20th.


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[Assistant] In the 1960s, technology had finally progressed far enough to where the Swedish government could pull the Vasa out from beneath the depths where it was 95% still intact even after all that time.


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[Assistant] And rather than pressing the ship back into the service of the Swedish Navy of the 1960s, they decided that it would probably end up being more useful in a museum. And so, they drug it here to the Vasa Museum in Stockholm, where you can go today and gawk at the aftermath of one of the greatest engineering disasters of all time.


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[Assistant] When dealing with complicated problems like constructing a ship, it's easier than you think to make mistakes.


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[Assistant] Kings, engineers, governments, myself, and everyone else are all prone to making easy errors that can create problems both big and small. Luckily though, you and I both have a resource today that the shipbuilders and engineers of the 17th century didn't. The internet.


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[Assistant] It's easy to look up things you're curious about on places like Wikipedia, but honestly, when I was researching this video, I visited the Wikipedia page on Center of Mass, and the equations there may as well have been written in a foreign language. I HATED math growing up in high school.


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[Assistant] And I've always struggled learning about it when I have to just read about it on a piece of paper or on a screen without anyone there to help guide me through the steps. And I'm certain that I'm not alone there.


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[Assistant] But thankfully, there is a perfect alternative to learning about math and science for people like you or me who might normally be struggling. It's called Brilliant, and their simple introductory classes on science essentials and physics of the everyday helped me out tremendously with understanding how the Vasa came to sync 400 years ago.


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[Assistant] While also teaching me even more than I learned about while in college.


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[Assistant] Now, an online course teaching you more than a college course in something pretty complex might seem pretty scary, but the main reason why Brilliant is so great is because they take these huge, scary subjects and break them down into little, easy chunks which they teach by explaining you the fundamentals.


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[Assistant] So pretty much, even if you're the furthest thing from a math expert, like me, you can finally understand these subjects that you previously looked at with fear, or maybe even loathing.


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[Assistant] So if you want to learn the subjects that you hated in school, but you actually enjoy the process, then Brilliant is the best place for you to go to right now. By heading to brilliant.org slash real life lore, or by clicking the link in the description, you can not only sign up for free, but if you also decide to upgrade to premium, the first 200 people to use that same link will additionally get 20% off.


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[Assistant] And you'll be supporting the channel at the same time. And as always, thank you for watching.


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[Assistant] In the previous video, we discussed how data is generated when people interact with online content.


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[Assistant] We saw how those interactions leave a trace in the publishers and the advertiser servers in the form of web server logs.


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[Assistant] But the interactions you have with websites and ads can also leave a trace in your browser in the form of cookies.


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[Assistant] I bet you've heard about them before, so let's explore what they are and how marketers use them.


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[Assistant] Web and ad servers can store some information about your interaction in a special storage area in your browser.


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[Assistant] When you interact with content from the same publisher or advertiser later, the publisher can call up the information it's stored in your browser to help it remember a few things about you and your previous interactions.


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[Assistant] So you can think of cookies as the browser memory, and publishers and advertisers can ask it to be reminded of relevant things.


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[Assistant] A cookie is a formatted piece of text that gets stored in a person's browser.


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[Assistant] Cookies contain information on when the person accessed the website, saw an ad, and where they clicked. Sometimes login information is stored as well.


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[Assistant] This information makes it possible for websites to remember a person's login info, for instance. Remember what someone had put in a shopping cart or what content a user seemed interested in.


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[Assistant] Cookies allow a server to connect multiple interactions from the same person. Here's how they work. The person requests a page through the browser.


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[Assistant] To the server, it looks like a browser requesting a page.


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[Assistant] When the server gets this request, it sends the page the person asked for back.


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[Assistant] But alongside the page, it also sends a tiny text file that's placed inside the person's browser.


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[Assistant] The next time the person requests a page from the same server, the request will come with a cookie attached. So now the server has a little bit of information about the browser that's asking for the page.


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[Assistant] In the previous lesson, we distinguished between first, second and third party data. Actually, that distinction is also very relevant when we talk about cookies, especially first and third party cookies.


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[Assistant] First party cookies are the text files stored in your browser by the sites that you're actually visiting.


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[Assistant] For instance, when you visit your favorite news site, they will store a text file in your browser that helps this news site to remember some of your preferences. When you come back to that news site, your experience may be personalized on the basis of the information the site has stored in your browser.


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[Assistant] By visiting your favorite news site, you have an implicit or explicit agreement that the site can store these cookies in your browser.


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[Assistant] When you accept, you give the site URL permission to add cookies to your browser.


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[Assistant] Third party cookies are text files stored in your browser by a third party with whom you don't have a direct relationship.


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[Assistant] In the case of your favorite news site, there may be an advertiser who stores some information in your browser while you visit a news site.


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[Assistant] The advertiser can do that because it has an ad showing on the new site you are visiting.


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[Assistant] For that ad to load, your browser interacts with the ad server.


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[Assistant] And the ad server can send a cookie to your browser in that interaction.


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[Assistant] But you did not intentionally seek out a relationship with that advertiser.


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[Assistant] Hence, the cookie day store is considered a third-party cookie.


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[Assistant] Third-party cookies are used for tracking and advertising targeting purposes.


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[Assistant] Advertisers can use this third party cookie to build a user profile on you.


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[Assistant] Tracking the different websites you visit and which ads you click, thus getting a better understanding of your interests. That understanding will help them tailor ads to you.


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[Assistant] Since users have less control over third-party cookies and how they're used, they have raised privacy concerns.


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[Assistant] Users and browsers increasingly block these cookies from being stored.


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[Assistant] Later, we'll take a closer look at data and privacy, and we will cover this in more detail. But for now, it's good to keep in mind that third-party cookies are harder to rely on as they're slowly phased out as a result of these concerns.


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[Assistant] While cookies in general can be a great way to connect a person's interaction with the server and pass some information back and forth, they have some challenges.


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[Assistant] Ideally, the cookie would function as the memory of the interactions between a website and a person.


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[Assistant] With that memory intact, navigation would be smoother for the person.


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[Assistant] The website would know what actions they took or it might remember settings they like or pages and ads they saw.


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[Assistant] They may use different computers, different browsers and mobile devices. Cookies don't work across devices and memory trace is lost.


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[Assistant] People can also erase cookies from their browsers, which erases the memory from the publisher and the advertiser.


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[Assistant] Users can also change the privacy settings in their browsers and prevent cookies from being stored.


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[Assistant] You should also keep in mind that many browsers today don't allow the use of third-party cookies by default.


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[Assistant] One of the major complications with cookies is that they don't work on mobile apps. As a result, it's hard for a publisher to link behavior from a person on its website to behavior on its app.


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[Assistant] But even with those limitations, cookies play an important role in how data is stored and used online.


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[Assistant] We've talked about different types of data marketers and marketing analysts work with and how these days a lot of data is related to the use of digital media.


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[Assistant] We get data about different websites people visit, the way they navigate on websites, the products they purchase online, apps they download, ads they see, and so on.


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[Assistant] In order to get the most out of the data that's available to you as a marketer,


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[Assistant] It's important to understand how this data is collected. That's what we will cover in this lesson.


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[Assistant] Then we'll take a look at data collection on websites using cookies. We will also look at the use of tags or pixels.


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[Assistant] Then we'll take a closer look at the use of software developer kits or SDKs for data collection for mobile apps.


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[Assistant] We'll also discuss the use of platform APIs to help connect data that a company may already have to the advertising platforms they may want to use.


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[Assistant] And finally, we will look at the use of unique user identifiers. Let's get started.


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[Assistant] The egg looks great on the outside, but until those judges cut into it, I just won't know how good it's cooked in the middle. I've got grilled asparagus with Kaiser fleshness and a soft-boiled egg.


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[Assistant] In round two I'm making a confit salmon with pumpkin puree, broccolini and tarragon brown butter emulsion.


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[Assistant] Just save yourself. Uhm, so I'm doing steak, eggs and chips. Put a nice gravy with it, uh, it's gonna be delicious. Something nice and simple, but uhm, you know, it's gonna be tasty full of flavour.


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[Assistant] I'm just prying that I've done enough to stay in, I don't want to get home.


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[Assistant] If you take matter and you make it massive enough, dense enough, the gravity will be so strong that you will create a region of space that light can't get out of. It truly does make a hole in space. You can get into it, you can't get out of it. Sort of like a cosmic lobster trap.


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[Assistant] And this has been one of the revelations come through a space telescope is the real deep


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[Assistant] And fundamental connection between black holes and galaxies done by looking at MA7, but also, you know, dozens of other galaxies.


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[Assistant] You toss a ball up, it comes back down or it slows down.


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[Assistant] What you don't expect is the ball to speed up and speed up and speed up more and more and more. That doesn't happen.


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[Assistant] It's what we get for daring to look at something. We're outside the envelope. We didn't expect this at all. It is a tremendous change in how we think about the universe.


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[Assistant] The end of the mission for the space telescope because right now it's in prime productivity or rather will be once we're able to fix it up again.


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[Assistant] The man for it is strong. The capabilities are unique and will remain unique. It will be a loss.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to Season 4 of Crash Course Literature. That's right, we're back to talk about books. So this season, for no particular reason, we're going to be talking about a lot of dystopias, you know, future worlds where things have gone


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[Assistant] As opposed to the present, when everything is going fantastically. So we're gonna be reading, uh, George Orwell's 1984. We've got The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood. I know that you like the TV show, I agree with you that it's excellent, but...


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[Assistant] The book, as usual, even better. We've got my personal all-time favorite dystopia, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler. If you haven't read this book, you need to read it immediately because


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[Assistant] When you're young, you don't know your worth sometimes. You know, he was telling me, yo, your worth is this. This is the money you should be looking for out of this position, because they pay your counterpart, somebody who's white, Asian or otherwise, that does the same thing, or less. This amount of money.


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[Assistant] You know, we call them the Godfather, but as a parent, you know, we're all children of Clarence. We're all children of Clarence. And it's weird because sometimes you don't even know the other children of Clarence until you see them do something or say something. You're like, wait a minute.


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[Assistant] You, you don't just say that. That came from this bloodline.


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[Assistant] This video is made possible by CuriosityStream. Watch any of their more than 2,000 documentaries for free by visiting curiositystream.com slash real life lore.


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[Assistant] The Pacific Ocean is mind-bogglingly big.


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[Assistant] If you started here off the coast of northern Chile and dug a hole straight through the Earth and came out on the other side, you'd discover that you'd still be in the Pacific Ocean in the South China Sea. The Pacific covers about one third of Earth's entire surface, and it's bigger than all of the land on Earth combined.


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[Assistant] Except for a few scattered islands, it's also mostly empty. Which means that if you're ever unfortunate enough to get lost here, there's a very good chance that nobody will ever find you.


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[Assistant] Which makes the story of Jose Salvador Alvarenga and his rescue all the more fascinating.


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[Assistant] He currently holds a world record that he achieved on accident and that probably nobody wants to beat. The longest time spent being lost at sea. Against all odds, he somehow survived being lost for 438 days in the Pacific, so his record probably won't be beaten anytime soon. But, how did he do it?


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[Assistant] The answers lie in how his misadventure began. In 2012, Alvarenga was an experienced fisherman in Mexico.


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[Assistant] On November 17th, he and another guy named Ezequiel Cordoba departed together on their small fishing boat from the tiny fishing village of Costa Azul on the Mexican Pacific coast. They planned to only work for a 30 hour fishing shift, so their boat was pretty small and not at all equipped for the nightmare that would come.


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[Assistant] It was basically a canoe with no roof or cabin, was only 7 meters long, and only had one small motor and a refrigerator for storing their fish. They knew that a storm was coming near the area, but fishermen in these parts of Mexico can earn enough money in a day to support themselves for an entire week.


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[Assistant] So they decided to take their chances and traveled 120 kilometers away from the coast to work.


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[Assistant] At 1am, the storm hit them and was threatening to sink their boat. In a panic, the two men cut their fishing lines and dropped everything they catch and most of their gear overboard to make themselves more maneuverable.


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[Assistant] They were six hours away from the coast, so they traveled through the storm and the night in a desperate attempt to get back. By 7am, they were only 24 kilometers away from the coast, and could see mountains on the horizon. But then, awful luck struck them, and their motor died.


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[Assistant] Without any paddles, oars, or sails, the unusually strong wind began pushing their boat back out towards the ocean.


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[Assistant] Their onboard radio still thankfully worked, however, so they frantically reported their position to their boss, who responded saying that he was coming, but their battery died and all they heard afterwards was silence.


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[Assistant] Imagine the frustration that they must have both felt in that moment as their radio died in all contact with the outside world with it, and as they watched the mountains in the horizon that they were so


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[Assistant] Close to slowly disappear as their boat that they were trapped on gradually was pushed back out into the vast abyss.


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[Assistant] Their boss did organize a search party that looked for them for days, but as their boat drifted further out into the vastness of the Pacific, it got harder and harder, so they eventually were forced to give up.


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[Assistant] Just five days later, the winds had already blown them 450 kilometers off the coast before finally settling down.


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[Assistant] They were surrounded by nothing but ocean in every direction, and their boat was so small they knew that they probably would never be spotted from the air. They had no flare gun or any other way to signal for help other than by waving.


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[Assistant] They had no supplies left on board, so they were forced to catch tiny fish or birds that landed on their boat with their bare hands for food. They grabbed plastic bottles that they found floating nearby them and used them to collect rainwater for drinking water. But during long periods of no rain, they were forced to mostly drink the blood of turtles that they caught with their hands, or their own urine.


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[Assistant] Imagine going day after day, month after month in a tiny box with only one other person to talk to, and the only other ways to entertain yourselves being catching fish or napping.


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[Assistant] It's easy to understand how somebody could go insane under these conditions. Which, according to Alvarenga's story, his friend did. The other guy, Cordoba, gave up hope about four months into their isolation and became suicidal.


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[Assistant] He got sick from all of the raw food that they were eating and refused to eat and eventually starved to death.


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[Assistant] Alvarenga was then all alone in the middle of nowhere with no other human in sight as far as the horizon could see. A tiny speck inside of the enormous Pacific. And as you can see from this shipping map, the central Pacific where he was somewhere at is a very


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[Assistant] Ships rarely come through this area, but even still, he claims to have encountered one when he was alone. A cargo ship apparently passed right by him and four men on board spotted him and waved. But they just kept moving past him and never even bothered to stop.


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[Assistant] Imagine how frustrated you would have been again if you were lost for months. You were all alone and you finally spotted rescue, but they just ignored you and kept on moving.


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[Assistant] Eleven months in, and Alvarenga had traveled about 8,000 kilometers across the ocean in his tiny little boat. His clothes were shredded, and he only had a sweatshirt to protect himself against the sun.


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[Assistant] But finally, on the 30th of January 2014, he spotted coconuts bobbing around his boat and birds landing around him.


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[Assistant] Finally jumped out of his boat and left it's safety for the first time in over a year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He swam ashore and discovered a house and when he knocked, he made contact with the first other humans since he left his village in Mexico 438 days ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And after traveling nearly 11,000 kilometers. To put into perspective just how far away that is, imagine starting in a tiny boat in Lisbon, Portugal, and traveling less than one mile per hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until you drifted across the land to Hiroshima, Japan.