[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's up to you if you want to panic or not, but guys, get everything ready to go. Three minutes to go, come on! Come on guys!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Guys, I hate to say it, 30 seconds, 30 seconds, 30 seconds, come on! Come on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on Jess, two minutes. That's it. That's it. Well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pete walks in today, you're excited, one of your idols, you've just cooked one of Peter Gilmore's signature dishes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, this is a dish that we've made finalists do, that win this competition, and here we are. Six salmon that cooks, and this one here is only 19 years of age.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on, you need to be on the egg by now. Let's get that finished off and then on to blowtorching. Two minutes to go, yeah?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Samira, Sashi, Kristen, each of you made mistakes. One of you is about to go home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The texture of your food was grainy and the granita pretty much melted as soon as it hit the table. There was too much sugar in it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sashi, your meringue was grainy on the palate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Peter's dish is all about balance. And one of you didn't get that balance right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In terms of a connection of you as a human being and that, it makes so much sense. Honesty, honesty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome to the Dream Factory in Footscray.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This dish is inspired by our trip to Northern Territory. It's my interpretation of a classic dish called the Mock Turtle Soup. It's called Mock Croc. I've got lemon oil, egg and lemon soup, not using any crocodile at all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, you ready? I'm going to show you guys how to make tarama. If you get the right cod roe, it makes the most incredible dip. And this is a really beautiful dip because there's only a couple of ingredients. Stale bread that we've soaked, okay, that goes in. Just soak that in water to soften it up. Yeah. A shallot, sliced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A splash of oil, and this is just a real light olive oil. You don't want a really powerful one, okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have a look at that. It's just fluffy, creamy, deliciousness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this is pearl meat. Has anyone actually used it before?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, what I've got here is a frozen block of pearl meat. And what I wanna do is shave that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what I'm doing is freezing this floss, right? That now I'm going to take from that, which is minus 196 degrees and putting it in hot oil at 220 degrees and frying it floss-like instantly. There it is there. We drain off as much of that nitrogen as possible and then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Golden, crunchy, floss-like, beautiful pearl meat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I want some other little textures in there. So I've got some diced celery, some diced turnip.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And some diced daikon, all the same size. And I'm just gonna do a really quick sauté of that, okay. So, little olive oil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got our turnip, which will take longer to cook than our celery and daikon. But I still want some crunchiness there, alright? Next, our daikon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now while that's frying away, we're just gonna prepare the eggs and the lemon for the soup. Alright? So what we've got here is a couple of whole eggs, some lemon juice,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I need one of you to come and give me a hand. Ben, come over mate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On top of that, a big blob of caviar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's beautiful little lemon flowers to reference their, I've got a lemon or soup. Alright, and our soup.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Wind in the Willows Episode 54 Freedom


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Toad stepped out into a yard. Across the yard was a gate. No one is stopping me, thought Toad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello to you, said Toad in a high voice. A train whistled blue. A train, cried Toad. I'll buy a ticket home. Toad ran to the station. He hurried to the ticket window.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For me it's all the sauce, like I love the sauce so much and it's just like really complex and it goes with everything, like the venison and it ties it all together. I also particularly like the chestnuts, they were so delicious.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you mean I can go home? Shouted Toad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I will sleep at Toad Hall again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She said, What a hard job, said Toad. And for the whole prison too? Think of all the dirty clothes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am Toad of Toad Hall, said Toad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What does he want? He said we must return the queen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything is glowing. Right Mole. Look at the color of those roses. Smell the wild flowers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I have said to you in this course repeatedly, the themes and issues we are dealing with are live, everyday, evidence is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Out there in the news every day, one of the purposes of this course is to give you context so you can analyze the themes and the news.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what you hear every day. Because what you hear every day


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is kind of a constant noise about the economy and about workers and about inequality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, regardless of how you feel about that, some of you applauded, some of you may not. Feel that's great.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But regardless of how you feel, this is a major, major step in terms of bringing back or redirecting the direction of unionization in this country. Amazon had mounted a major campaign against unions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Amazon, like Starbucks, does not want unions. Amazon had managed to stop the growth of unionization at its core. There was going to be no unions in Amazon. And the fact that you have a very large warehouse in New York, notwithstanding all of the efforts, many of them


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That violate, technically, the National Labor Relations Act. All of those efforts, notwithstanding, Amazon, in that warehouse, is now up against the beginnings of a union movement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if it's anything like Starbucks, it starts at one place. Starbucks was one outlet in Buffalo. It has now spread to over a hundred outlets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the expectation is that Amazon is now confronting a major movement toward unionization.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was interested in this, particularly because we didn't get into this when we talked about unions too much. But normally, you don't have a union election.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Until you have about 70% of the people in a particular


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whether it's a warehouse, or a Starbucks outlet, or it's a retail establishment, or it's a factory, until you've got about 70% who want a union, who have signed cards saying they would vote for a union, the reason you wait that much is because of the opposition, the fierce opposition that comes from companies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case, in this particular case, in the Amazon warehouse in New York, the biggest warehouse in the entire New York region,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They only had or started with 30%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Approval. They did only 30% because this was not an outside union.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they actually organized themselves into a union.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, the other thing I wanted to bring your attention to in terms of this class, the Commerce Department,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As it does, once a quarter and also once a year, Bureau of Economic Analysis


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Evaluating whether this is good or bad, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Different from the Commerce Department, this is from the Labor Department, Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that there were a lot of new jobs created and the Bureau of Labor Statistics also reported that there were pay gains for workers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Such, and oh, by the way, those pay gains did not amount to enough to actually overcome the effects of inflation. The pay gains, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, were only about 13% annualized when inflation is running


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At a higher rate overall, overall price inflation. New York Times said such rapid pay gains


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Could prod companies to raise prices as they try to cover higher labor costs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These pay gains, in other words, the New York Times is saying, these pay gains could prod companies to raise prices as they try to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I just told you the Commerce Department is reporting that corporate profits are the highest in 70 years. So what ought to be occurring to you is why are these companies


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having to raise prices to cover labor increased costs when they are so profitable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've already covered a lot of the answer to that in this course. We're going to continue to cover a lot of that in this course. If, final, final, final point, if the Fed, the Federal Reserve Board


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Continues to raise interest rates, and it already has started. If it continues to raise interest rates, to slow the economy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is going to make it more difficult, not only for workers to get pay increases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's also going to make it much more difficult for workers to unionize.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And understand that what we're talking about here fundamentally


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is neither politics nor economics its power?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The narratives that you are hearing about the economy, such as the narrative that the New York Times provided about higher wages are going to push up higher prices. Those narratives


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Indirectly, and I'm not suggesting that New York Times is a stooge of anybody, but they reflect indirectly allocation of power


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In terms of even the dominant narrative that people understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, as you know is that we're in the second part of the course. We're talking about responses, remedies, policies with regard to inequality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we have looked logically at taxing and redistributing. We looked logically at macroeconomic policy, fiscal and monetary policy. We looked at dealing with systemic racism.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Systemic racism is suffused every one of our policy areas and we will come back to it. We'll talk about it today as well. Uh, but today we are going to focus on public assistance. How?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, uh, a kind of new social contract with regard to public assistance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the anatomy of the fight over the minimum wage, and then we'll take a look at the future of public assistance. Now, I want to remind you also a couple of things. Number one, that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simply because you have an explanation doesn't mean it has to be that way. It's not a justification.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are real people behind all of these statistics and graphs and it's easy to forget


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Costs of much of what we are talking about, but please don't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First of a question, should people who are not working receive public assistance at all? And I want you to, before you vote on this, I want you to just think about this. One position, A, is yes if they need it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there is another position, which is, no, if they could be working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'd like you to think about both of those because this is very much at the heart of what we're going to be talking about today. Okay, go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember these are anonymous. Nobody is gonna know how you voted. Except the CIA. Okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there are 79 of you, 16% said no, if they could be working. If they could be working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this debate is not a new debate. This yes if they need it, no if they could be working


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Discussion has been going on, not only in the United States, but in the West.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In Britain and the United States, for example, if you take Britain into account, it's been going on for almost, almost 600 years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The major responsibility for people who could not manage on their own was really of the landowner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The landowner had surfs, and the landowner's responsibility was to make sure that the surfs


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those of you who are historians, you may remember that there was something called the Black Death. In England, in the early 14th century,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One out of three. Now what did that mean? It meant that the landowners could not get people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, if we go back even further, back to the 12th century in England, and I'll explain why I'm doing this in a moment, the other force with regard to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Charity to the poor was the church.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Christianity, the teaching of paying alms to the poor, of giving the poor what they needed. The parish churches were very active.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In England of the 11th, 12th, 13th century.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When there's a labor shortage, is that you've got a tension beginning to form, and we see the same tension in the 18th century, in 19th century, United States, we see it today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The tension is between a church whose teaching is to be generous to the poor, give to the poor, and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The landowners or the owners of capital who want the cheapest labor they possibly can.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what are the landowners doing and what are they saying and what laws are they creating? They are creating laws that say you may not, you cannot give charity to the poor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't do anything that is going to make them not work. Because if they don't work, we're gonna have to pay more, in some way, for the workers that we need. We want the largest labor force possible.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Public assistance and moral hazard. The age-old worry that if the poor are helped, they won't have an incentive to work unless they are unable to work due to disability, age, or sickness. But that begs the question. Because how should unable-to-work be defined? And who is disabled? And what if they're children? And how do you define children?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what if they're aged? And how do you define people who are old?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The English Statute of Laborers of 1349 comes in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Under the color of pity. Pity. Nobody shall give anything to the poor, to the beggars.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which may favor them to what they need to their desires


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So thereby, they may be compelled to labor for their necessary living. In other words, this is directly antithetical to what the church was doing. The church is saying, give out


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Help to the poor. Parliament is saying, because the landowners behind parliament are saying it, this is power, they're saying, no, you must not give help to the poor because we want as many workers as we can get.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Back in the 15th, 16th, 17th century, they're constantly trying to struggle with this because the church on the one side is saying, we've got to be charitable, and the landowners on the other side, and then you begin to have the early weaving and factory system. They're saying, no, we want more and more workers. Don't, don't be, don't be charitable. Uh, and the Workhouse Act of 1723


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said if you are poor and you can't get work, you are going into a, what was called a workhouse. And every town in England had


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A place where not only families, not only mothers and fathers, but also children, they worked in terms of getting food and clothing and shelter. They worked, but often in abominable conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The more incentive they'd have to avoid the workhouses and to make themselves available for real work outside the workhouses. You see the same tensions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fast forward, 1935, in the United States. The depths of the depression. Franklin D. Roosevelt, assisted by


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first woman secretary of labor, the great Frances Perkins. You've heard me talk about her many times. And there she is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Franklin D. Roosevelt signs aid to families with dependent children. It's part of the Social Security Act of 1935. This is a huge change from what had been


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] America's practice up until then it was basically charity or in certain cities they had the something that felt like workhouses but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Assistance to families where fathers were deceased, absent, or unable to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Specific criteria varied by states. The funding was both federal and state. But this was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A major statement by the United States that government, the federal government, had a responsibility to the poor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And particularly if the poor did not or could not support themselves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That the Social Security Act of 1935 was passed and got through Congress and got all of the Democrats who were mostly southern in those days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Senators and representatives got them to vote for it because the Social Security Act, along with aid for families with dependent children, excluded agricultural workers and excluded domestic workers. That means excluded black people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this was changed in the 1960s and early 1970s, but this is an important element of the background that you need to understand, to understand where we are today and why we are here today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, this fellow was president, I've referred to him before, he was my boss. He was the person who I went to, well, graduate school with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's the one who called me up. Remember I told you that one day I was teaching and he had just won the presidency and he said, Bob, I want you to come down. And I said, I don't know what to call you anymore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One thing that Bill Clinton campaigned on in 1992


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aid to families with dependent children. Why did he want to end that program? Was it because the old welfare program was becoming a disincentive to getting a job?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Going back, right back to England of the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 14th century? Or was it welfare was increasingly unpopular and Bill Clinton wanted to be re-elected?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's the most important thing that was going on? Do you think?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Bill Clinton was both campaigning, but also after he became president, he did


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Move toward getting rid of welfare as we know it. Go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's see where you are.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] More than half of you think it was welfare was increasing unpopular, Bill Clinton wanted to be re-elected. Uh, that's a pretty cynical view. It's correct, but it's cynical.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and then, uh, and then we have, uh, some of you thought it was just, uh, becoming a disincentive to work. And then, uh, a few of you, about the same, 25-24%, think the resurgent Republican right-wing demanded the welfare be ended. Uh, but let me just say a few things about all of this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, because he did come in office and I worked with him and he wanted to end welfare as we know it. And he was responding to something that had been brewing in the country. All of the polling


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That Bill Clinton was doing as a governor of Arkansas and then as a candidate for president, all of the polling was showing how unpopular welfare was getting. That is, aid to families with dependent children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now remember, women had surged into the workforce, paid work, in the late 1970s. And we saw that, going back to the first part of this course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because male wages started to drop, and women, not because of wonderful opportunities open to women, but because women needed to go into paid work in order to prop up declining


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Family incomes, they went into paid work in large numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they demanded all sorts of equal rights, and then Ronald Reagan


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When he ran for president, and also when he became president, Ronald Reagan started talking about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was, von Reagan, appealing to this image that many people began having.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That the people on welfare, on aid families with dependent children were mostly black women who were having a lot of babies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to collect more and more welfare. A lot of work has been done on this issue, this kind of meme, this narrative. It is not only false.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'll show you exactly why in a moment. But it's based on a series of stories that began appearing in the Chicago Tribune in the late 70s about one black woman who was arrested for welfare fraud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And seem to confirm this fear, this image, that black women were having a lot of children in order to collect welfare checks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now put together all of that. We have a lot of middle class and lower middle class and working class women moving into paid work. Because they have to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the same time you've got some people collecting aid to families with dependent children. The narrative begins to take hold


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Partly because so many families say to themselves, well wait a minute, I have to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or my wife has to work. Or the woman in this household has to work. But why are these other women not working? And the other, the other,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you look at poverty and race in the United States, it's very, very clear


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That there are more white people who are in need of help than there are black people or Hispanics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You look at the beneficiaries of social programs, whites without college degrees are the largest group of working age adults lifted above poverty by any kind of safety nets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the mythology perpetrated by Ronald Reagan


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he wasn't the only one to do this, but the dog whistle of racism had no basis in fact, but it did reflect this


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The stars were aligned for a kind of racist politics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So by the time we get to 1996, and Bill Clinton is president, he's already president, I am in meetings in the White House.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And his political advisors are saying to him, if you want to be re-elected,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I was on the other side, and there were other cabinet members who were on the other side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're saying, no, you can't do that. That would be cruel. What happens to all the people who are in need if we get rid of aid to families with dependent children?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I remember meeting after meeting after meeting. What Bill Clinton envisioned


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was a lot of job training programs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That would help people move from welfare to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I remember him saying over and over again, if we do this right,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what I knew and what a lot of the other economists and policy people sitting around these tables knew is you couldn't have an economy in which everybody got a job because there was always going to be some unemployment. Why? At the very least because of the business cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People are going to be very, very upset. They're going to go with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Republican candidate then, coming up in the 1996 election, who was Robert Dole. Senator. And I remember the final meeting in the cabinet room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bill Clinton called all of us in the cabinet who had anything to do with jobs or poverty, and he had his political people, and he said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Republicans have now sent me three welfare reform bills to get rid of welfare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I am not sure what to do. I know many of you are very much opposed to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he went around the cabinet room and he asked each of us what he should do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is sacrificing a lot of poor people for your political survival.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he said thank you, and then he went into the Oval Office. The reason I knew at that point


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That he was going to end welfare and agree with one of these, agree to sign one of these bills that had come from the Senate is because his chief advisor,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was not sitting at that table in the White House. His chief advisor was sitting in the Oval Office.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because she did not want to give away the position that she was taking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And she is and was a very, very smart politician. I'm talking about his wife.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was one of those moments in my life when I had to make a decision.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there are going to be moments in your lives when you have to make a similar decision. Do you stay or do you resign? Do you leave because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your organization or your boss is doing something that you think is wrong and hurtful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or do you stay and justify it to yourself by saying, I can do more good if I stay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I remember walking down Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House. I just walked. I just walked. I was so upset. Got back to the Labor Department.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Told some of the people around me at the Labor Department who I care about and who cared about these issues what I thought Bill Clinton was gonna do and some of them had tears in their eyes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some very good friends of mine who were high level officials at


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] HHS, the Department of Health and Human Services, they resigned in protest, loudly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Congress got rid of aid to families with dependent children. What did they substitute?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Limit on assistance. Five year maximum. What I said to the presidents,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm sure I wasn't alone, was that a five year maximum lifetime? Well, you know, we have recessions on average every five or six or seven years.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That means that a five year maximum lifetime


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Assistance is not going to cover a normal lifetime in terms of the business cycle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of people are never, who are very needy, are never gonna get it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And obviously you have to work. And what I and many other people said is there won't be jobs. Or there won't be jobs that pay enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there was another feature which strengthened child support payments. We have not really got into child support in this class yet. Let me just say, briefly,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you're supposed to provide, you, usually a man, usually the male, who has left the house, left the family, usually, not always.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and that child support is applied to or against whatever welfare payments or public assistance is supposed to go to the family. So the family doesn't ever see the child assistance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I was obviously concerned. I did not quit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I rationalized myself. Well, here's what happened. We can see that starting here, and we're starting now in 1980, 83, 89, uh, well, you had AFDC, Aid for Families with Children, Families, and then we get to the Clinton decision, and suddenly the number of families receiving either


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] AFDC or temporary assistance to needy families drops dramatically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I ended here in 19- in 2019 because of something else that happened in 2020, which is called COVID. We'll get to that in a moment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maximum benefits, T-A-N-F, benefits leave families below the federal poverty line. You can see how many


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is 40 to 60 percent of families, families of three who are left below the poverty line because TANF doesn't provide enough for a family. Not every state, but there are many states.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see that it reaches very few poor families. The number of families receiving benefits for every 100 families with children in poverty greater than 40%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it doesn't work for all the reasons predicted. One of the frustrations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the way, and I have to warn you, of being somebody who is a policy wonk, who cares about good public policy,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Continuously deal with the reality of politics, which is messy and sometimes dirty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But has a lot of nobility attached to it sometimes?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But has very little to do, sadly, with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What you consider to be the evidence or what you can predict is likely to happen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this doesn't end because the notion that you need to work in order to get any kind of benefit, whether you're talking about food stamps or public assistance in housing or anything else, continues to dominate.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which gets us to the COVID experiment. The reason I call it the COVID experiment is because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I've mentioned this before in passing, but I want to put it now in the context of what we are looking at. Rarely in public life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do we have a policy put into place or a set of policies put into place at a particular point in time where we can measure what happened before and the policies end


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we can look at what happened after the policies end. In other words, this is almost a pure social science experiment. That's why I call it the COVID experiment. Because starting in 2020,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In three rounds, March and December 2020, March 2021, most adult Americans got $3,200 each, and most American children got $2,500. And then starting in July 2021, most American children, in terms of the expanded child tax credit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Started getting $250 every month, with young kids getting $300 a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's the major reason America went from giving no help to non-working families to substantial help? This is a radical, radical change in 2020.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The United States shifted so dramatically in 2020. Go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So many, most of you don't think that Trump made it politically okay. Actually, there is some evidence, some evidence, that he provided a little bit of a cover for some Republicans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but, uh, most of you think it was, uh, let's see, you're almost tied in terms of almost everybody.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it didn't differentiate. And they're closely related, A and C. And what we know, the limited social science literature we have on this experiment shows that it was both A and C. That is, everybody was suddenly affected


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was, as you remember, we were all part of this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was something that was terrifying. People were dying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the relief was going not just to the very poor, it was almost universal. Almost universal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you had all of that COVID relief.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of that money. Totaling, ultimately, about five trillion dollars. Coming into the system, the official poverty rate drops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the extent that you want poverty to drop, it is a good thing, but what about the side effects? Are there sort of unintended side effects?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, one of the downsides, and I use the term moral hazard, because that's sort of the term that a lot of the policy


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is the old, you know, going back to the 14th century, this is the old fear that if you give people all of what they need, they're not going to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What did we find out? Well, a lot of experiments were done in, even in 2020.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Applications per vacancy in terms of job availability.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're higher during the COVID crisis than before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Employers did not experience greater difficulty finding applicants for their vacancies after


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of this went into effect despite a large increase in unemployment benefits. There were a lot of other studies. The gist of these studies was, and still is, that there were minimum negative employment effects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People still wanted to work, if they could work. They were scared.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of people didn't want to be infected, obviously. All of this relief ended


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Extra unemployment benefits ended September 4th, last September 2021, and the extra child tax credits benefits ended December 15th, 2021. Not that long ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We now know a little bit about what has happened since. A monthly child poverty rate increased.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From 12.1% in December 2021 to 17% in January of 2022. In other words


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We start moving back to the levels of poverty. Child poverty and other poverty. The highest rate since the end of 2020.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I, again, I'm using the term experiment just in terms of the way we would understand the use of that term.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is not anything pro or con. This is not saying you want the policies or you don't want the policies. I'm just saying to you, like so many areas that we've looked at in this course, poverty is a policy choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, we knew this already. Uh, for example, you look at social security.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And plus the Medicare amendments in 1965, and you just ask yourself, well what happened to poverty for the elderly?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is elderly poverty. Elderly poverty before


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Medicare and the social care amendments was very high.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This was a policy choice. We decided as a nation to get rid of or dramatically reduce poverty among the elderly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, we provided more and more aid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the elderly in the form of expanded social security and Medicare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was a policy choice. We make a lot of policy choices.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Per capita spending on poor children and the elderly. Look at what, since 1975, we have spent more and more per capita on the elderly in this country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I remember I first got my first flyer from the American Association of Retired People. I was 55. I said, I'm not retiring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the American Association of Retired People is sooo active, is sooo aggressive, they were sending out flyers when people were 55 and are still doing it. I'm still getting them. I've been receiving them for 20 years now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is no American association of poor children.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's another policy choice. Safety nets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Versus what might be considered to be public order. I'm talking about how much we are spending for


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Public assistance or to backstop people who need backstopping if they


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Simply desperately fall into hard ways versus how much we are spending on


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Police, or public order, or prisons, or all sorts of other things. This is also a policy choice. Uh, you see here, this is welfare, temporary assistance, community families, food stamps, supplemental social security income, and you can see, since 1970, what the direction has been. Public order, police, prisons, law courts, our spending has been going up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm not saying it's bad or good. I am simply giving you the data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But obviously, their policy choice is embedded in politics.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which gets us to a kind of a social contract. I mean, what is the new social contract about work and about public assistance? Well we can sort of make it out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because we can see that since 1980, and if you go up to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 2015, you can see that what has dramatically dropped is so-called welfare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Aid to families with dependent children, which is now called temporary assistance to needy families. That is gone. What has replaced it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is something that we are going to be talking about in a moment. It's called the earned income tax credit. Now this red line is food stamps. Food stamps is not a huge public program.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is quite politicized, but this is the big one. This is the one that's taken over from this one. Earned income tax credit


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Earned income tax credit. How it works? Well, this, every time I talk about the earned income tax credit,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I see eyes begin to glaze over. Now if you find yourself in the next three minutes starting to fall asleep, that is because of the ingeniousness


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of this particular public policy. It was designed in part so people would fall asleep. It was designed in part to be boring. It is the biggest anti-poverty program in the United States. Right now. And one reason it got so big, without anybody knowing, is because it's so boring.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People don't know about it, or they don't think about it, or it sounds boring. Earned income tax credit? It sounds like it's a, what? Earned income, that sounds good. Tax credit, that sounds good. What could be wrong with it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's not really an earned income tax credit. It's a subsidy!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here's how the subsidy works. If you're making no money at all, you don't get anything. Up to $10,370, it's phased in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You get more and more. 500,000, 1500. You get up to a maximum credit of $3,526. This is in 2019, by the way. This is all before COVID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The largest anti-poverty program in the United States.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is adjusted for inflation, administered not by the Department of Health and Human Services, administered not by the Labor Department, administered by the Treasury. It's a tax policy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meanwhile, unemployment insurance. I mean, a lot of people stick to this fiction that if you lose a job, you are eligible for unemployment insurance. That is a fiction. Yes, some people are eligible, but eligibility has dropped.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dramatically. It still continues to drop. Now, during COVID, during the COVID experiment, it was expanded. Both eligibility and the amounts. But the long-term trend has been that because states set the unemployment insurance criteria,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And more and more people are working part-time. Or they are working at two or more jobs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or they're working only for six months or eight months before they have to find another job. So many people don't fit the standard


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Idea of full-time work. That they don't


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] State criteria. And who is putting pressure on the states to make it harder and harder to get unemployment insurance? Go back to the 14th century. It's employers who otherwise have to pay out unemployment insurance funds


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who are expanding in numbers. There are people who are working but poor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there are people who are extremely wealthy but are not working. In other words, the non-working poor


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where the working poor and the non-working wealthy are both growing by leaps and bounds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, which raises a kind of basic kind of moral question?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Should anyone who's working full-time 40 hours a week be in poverty? Uh, one side says no. Wages plus government assistance should be enough to get everyone who's working full-time and their families out of poverty. But there is another view. And that other view is, yes, they


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the market to give them a decent wage and it is their responsibility to get better skills if they don't have an incentive to get better skills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To improve the value of their work in the economy, then we're all going to be worse off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That the notion that people get what they deserve in the market


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They get what they deserve because that is their worth. That's their worth in terms of the value that they add to the economy. And that they need an incentive to create more value.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is an argument that is not baseless and is heard quite a lot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, but going back to this social contract, this new social contract that you all agreed to, that is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If people are going to be working and a lot of people are going to be poor while they're working, uh, you, you want to make sure that their wages


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then the second one is the minimum wage. The idea in terms of this implicit social contract is that if you take the earned income tax credit, which is this subsidy that people get, even though they are low income, if they're working, they get that subsidy, take that and then add to it the minimum wage, that is


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They will be out of poverty. That is the implicit contract.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we're going to require that everybody work, let's at least get everybody out of poverty who's working with the earned income tax credit and the minimum wage. Now what's happened to the minimum wage in terms of its real value?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you can see that it reached a peak value in 1968.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 2009 was the last time the minimum wage was increased. So the implicit social contract that everybody has to work, but if they are working, they're going to get out of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Poverty, due to the earned income tax credit and the minimum wage, well this is a sort of a problem in that implicit social contract.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the minimum wage adjusted for inflation keeps on dropping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even avoid paying the minimum wage. They avoid paying the minimum wage. They contract with self-employed workers. If you're self-employed, you do not qualify for a minimum wage. You're a contract worker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the more that employers contract with contract workers,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The more they can pay people below the minimum wage effectively. Also, there is the tipped minimum wage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The federal law and state laws, because it's a combination of federal and state laws, uh, allow people who are in


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Service businesses, particularly restaurant workers, to have a much lower minimum wage on the theory that they're going to be tipped by customers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some of you have been indirectly complicit in this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the trade-off for that experience is we're not going to pay them. Maybe they are providing important experience.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Should there be a minimum wage at all?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of people who are concerned about minimum wage dropping in real terms say, yes, it's only decent there should be a minimum wage, but no, because most minimum wage workers are teenagers and they need the work experience. Or no, because it forces into unemployment


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Worth the minimum wage in terms of their actual value added to the employer, they are not gonna find work. What do you think? Go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does go some way, I suppose. But if you're in the middle of a political contest, let's say you're trying to raise the minimum wage. You're seriously trying to raise the minimum wage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can yell from the rooftops that it's the decent thing to do, but that is not going to get you a higher minimum wage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right after Bill Clinton got rid of welfare as we know it,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put in temporary assistance to needy families. I said to him, you know, maybe we ought to raise the minimum wage. And he


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looked at me and said, that's kind of, that's kind of old Democrat, isn't it? Isn't that what the Democrats always used to do? They just raised the minimum wage. Can't we do something else? And I said, well, let's just see. I have a feeling that's very popular. And as I shared with some of you before,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bill Clinton said, well, why don't you ask Dick Morris? Remember when I talked about this? Anybody? And Dick Morris was Bill Clinton's pollster.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I went to Dick Morris and I said, Dick, what do you think about raising the minimum wage? Can you do a poll? And Dick Morris said, well, I'll, I'll, I'll do it. I'll just, I'll do the poll. I'll get you the results tomorrow. And the next day, Dick Morris called me. He was very excited. He said, we just got the poll back.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And 83% of Americans want the minimum wage increased. 83%.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know how Dick Morris did the poll that fast. He must have polled his family. Or maybe he polled his friends. Uh, but 83%, and then I went back to the president and said, 83% of Americans want the minimum wage raised. He was amazed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bob, take this up to the hill. Share it with people up there. I then had a series of meetings with members of Congress. Now this is 1996. This is when both the House and the Senate are under Republican control. And I kept on going from the Speaker


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the majority leader, to everybody else I could find, and I sat down and showed them the poll results. And then there were other polls, and I kept on making the pitch. Not the decent thing to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But most Americans think it is the decent thing to do. And most Americans support it. 83, 85%. There was no poll that was under 80%. Do you want the minimum wage increase? And that began to get some traction. The problem was,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every time I got a senator or a member of Congress saying, well, I may be interested. That's interesting. I may go along with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was opposition coming, restaurant employers particularly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And others who did not want the minimum wage increased, and they heard about the Secretary of Labor going from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Members of Congress to members of Congress to senators offices and making this pitch. And they mounted, they started mounting a large campaign against raising the minimum wage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They said minimum wage workers are just teenagers. No, minimum wage workers are increasingly, they are older, they are more educated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can see here how things had changed by 2013. Well certainly they had started to change by


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 1996, you can see that minimum wage workers also, many of them have less education, but they are more educated than they used to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That you understand that the earned income tax credit is better targeted to poor families than is the minimum wage. The minimum wage is not very precisely targeted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is, you could be a fairly wealthy family and it's possible you did have some teenagers in your family who got minimum wage jobs. That's certainly possible. The earned income tax credit really is well targeted. Minimum wage costs the public nothing. There is no public outlay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It just is an order from the Labor Department instructing all employers over a certain size that they have got to increase their minimum wages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The earned income tax credit is complicated. You can imagine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The earned income tax credit subsidy, but I'm gonna rake off, they don't even announce it, but they often rake off 10 or 20 or 40% for themselves to do what is needed to file the paperwork. It is complicated. There's always the possibility of fraud as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Employers are not going to hire people. They'll substitute equipment, machinery. They'll say it's not worth us, it's not worth it to us to have that kind of additional expenditure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there's a bigger negative incentive to work from the earned income tax credit because as you are on the downward slope of that last part of the triangle, as you're moving from the plateau toward


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Every increment of increase in income.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, every increment of an increase in income means less of your earned income tax credit, which is like a tax. It's a negative incentive to work. So, what was I going to do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Went from member of congress to member of congress, trying to get more and more support.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what they kept saying to me is, and they were getting pressure from a lot of these employers, they said, no, we're worried about the negative employment effect. We're worried that the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Any increase in the minimum wage is going to cause higher joblessness. Uh, well, I went around with my, you can see I had a little box to stand on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I went around to give, you know, I gave speeches, and I talked to groups, and I talked to members, I talked to constituents, and I said, uh, a higher minimum wage does not cost jobs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was true in a kind of literal sense because what I went around with was this is when the last time the minimum wage was raised and look at the number of jobs that were increased. So I was, I was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, because then what happened was that the opponents of a higher minimum wage came back and they started to say, well, if Reich is correct, let's have a minimum wage that is $80 an hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's have minimum wage that is $300 an hour. If it all has such a positive employment effect, that's absurd. That makes no sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and so what I had to do is go back to the studies. This is where policy actually does come in. Because just about this time, an economist at Berkeley, at Cal, named David Card, any of you had a course with David? Anybody? You would give? David had joined


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With, uh, another economist who is a wonderful, brilliant man. He used to work for me, actually, at the Labor Department, named Alan Kruger. And Cardin Kruger did a study of what would happen if you raised the minimum wage in terms of job losses. And they used for their study a group of fast food restaurants


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were on both sides of a river separating New Jersey from Pennsylvania.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] New Jersey had a higher state minimum wage than Pennsylvania, which had the federal minimum wage. States can increase their minimum wage much higher than federal if they want to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this was the perfect experiment for Cardin Kruger because there were bridges separating these two states on both sides of the river, but it was the same, basically the same markets. People could


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go to either the fast food restaurant on the Pennsylvania side of the river or the New Jersey side of the river.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so they looked and saw what the results were in terms of employment effects on both sides of the river. And found... Are you ready?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They found that in New Jersey, those fast food restaurants, they actually had created more jobs than on the other side of the river in Pennsylvania, where the minimum wage was lower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I thought this was terrific for the argument I was trying to make, but then I had to try to explain it in congressional hearings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How could it be that Card and Kruger were correct? Now, since Card and Kruger did their studies, there have been many, many other studies, similar to those studies, just to validate. Any of you taken any courses with Michael Reich, another economist, labor economist here at Berkeley? Well, he has led teams of people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Analysts looking at analogous couplings in two different labor markets very close together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he has come up with the same results as Carden Kruger. That is,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, the story or the explanation that David Card and Alan Krueger gave me and Michael Reich and others who have looked at this issue, what they say is that when an employer raises the minimum wage,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The employer gets more people to apply for those jobs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when more people apply for those jobs, the employer has more people from whom to choose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is more profitable and hires even more people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't take that too far. That is all we know is that a moderate increase in the minimum wage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is, maybe 5-10% above what it is today, maybe 15% has positive or at least not negative employment effects because of the people it attracts into the local labor market. Giving employers more choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when I say people who are not employed, who are attracted to the local labor market, I'm talking about everybody from retirees to people who might say to themselves, it's not worth it to me to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kept on putting more and more lobbyists, more and more money.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I kept on going from office to office and I had teams of people from the White House, but it was


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People said there's no way this is going to happen. This was 1996, remember?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Republicans run both the House and the Senate. This is the summer of 1996.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The key political variables. Public opinion, I had. 83 to 89%. Election year versus non-election year. This is an interesting point. I learned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In election years, it's easier to raise the minimum wage. Why? Because it is so popular that in election years,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fewer politicians want to be seen publicly as voting against an increase in the minimum wage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In non-election years, politicians are not quite


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As worried about public opinion. They are worried about groups like the National Restaurant Association.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Opponents, National Restaurant Association, National Association of Independent Businesses, Chamber of Commerce, you now have to know who the opponents are. You've got to be able to know what their moves are going to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what their arguments are, I knew by two months into this exactly what their arguments were, like the negative employment effects. I had arguments to rebut their arguments, and I had data to rebut their arguments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now all that my rebuttal did was neutralize their policy arguments. It did not change the minds of politicians that did not want to vote for the increase in the minimum wage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I gave simply evidence that those politicians could use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The unions were in favor of increasing the minimum wage. I relied a lot on the unions. Anybody else out there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not too many people out there, organized infrastructure. No, I had to make a lot of speeches. I had to go on television. I had to, as the representative of the administration, and I was representing Bill Clinton on this issue, I had to organize public support.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In ways that I did not foresee I would have to do in terms of retail policy. There I was.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're ever in that kind of retail politics, and if you're counting votes, when it comes up for a vote, you never know exactly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How many votes you have? People could change their minds at the last minute.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The house cafeteria. I went table to table during lunch and during sometimes dinner. Asking people how they were going to vote.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I stood, as cabinet members are allowed to do, outside the Senate chamber. As they went into the Senate, as they came out of the Senate, trying to buttonhole individual members. How are you going to vote? Are you with us? Are you against us? I still didn't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People told me there was no chance. And then the vote occurred. And I watched the tallies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I saw, first of all, in the house, we got a majority to raise the minimum wage. And then the Senate. I went over there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 30 million Americans got a raise. 30 million people were affected by that minimum wage increase.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I walked back from the Capitol down to the Labor Department.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when I walked into the Labor Department, there were hundreds of Labor Department employees cheering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The highlight of my years as Secretary of Labor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were cheering, not for me, they were cheering for the fact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That 30 million people just got a raise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the frustrations of working in government is how hard it is to get anything done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the great joys is when you get something done, how big an impact it can have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what is the future of public assistance? We've talked about this. Earned income tax credit, minimum wage, still doesn't get people out of poverty. There are still huge numbers of people who are working and they are poor. What is the future? Well, it may be this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason I think we were, we will have a universal basic income.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And by that I simply mean that everybody will get a subsistence income.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A comfortable income, not a wonderful income, but a subsistence income.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason I think that that's going to happen is not just on the policy side. There are a lot of studies. In fact, I'll show you one study before we leave that shows that there are not negative employment effects and in fact people are better off and their children are far better off with just a little subsistence income and support. And we have evidence


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is growing all over the country and all over the world. But also,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Technology is taking away more and more good jobs. Even professional jobs are now at the mercy of artificial intelligence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as artificial intelligence begins to erode the pay scales of the middle class and even some of the professional class, there is going to be a larger and larger


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Political pressure for something like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And eventually we also get to the point where even CEOs and business people


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Say we need a minimum basic income because otherwise how are people going to be able to afford what we produce?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 500 dollars per month distributed for 24 months to 125 recipients at or below the median wage. They were selected randomly. So you have a control group. You can see what happened to these people relative to what happened to the control group. And they were unconditional cash grants, no strings attached, no work requirements. Well, what was the result? A year


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After a year, the initial findings, those who received payments went from working part time to working full time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At more than twice the rate of those who did not receive payments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The payments gave families the ability to not only get out of poverty, but also


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To find additional work. And these are consistent with findings really all over the world. So let me just summarize some of these points.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Deserving versus undeserving. What are the moral predicates? Well, working is better than not working and if somebody is not working, it's very hard for those who are working to justify, in their own minds, giving benefits to people who are not working. There is a moral issue here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But also beyond the moral issue is the fact that work does give structure and meaning to people. Work is not a bad thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Work is actually a good thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what about universal versus targeted? What are the political consequences? The more universal, the better. And we saw that from the COVID experiment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If people feel like they are part of a large group, not labeled them, not racially


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Vulnerable to exploitation by dog whistle racial politics like the welfare queen. Universal is much better. Covid taught us that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Incentives to work? Well, it turns out that if you provide people with enough of a basic income or an earned income tax credit, earned income tax credit that is just barely minimum, they will still want to work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The other thing we have not really talked about, but I want to push plant in your heads, is that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Public assistance is often, and the Stockton and other experiments show us this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Public assistance is often an investment in the future.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Children and families that are not poor do better. Families who are not poor


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it doesn't mean that they are rich, it doesn't mean that they are middle class, it just means that if they are at least adequately provided for, they


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That a lot of this public assistance is a good public investment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are basic. They are not going away. If anything, they're going to become more salient. For all of the reasons we've talked about. My hope, though,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that today's discussion at least give you a context for understanding these issues better than you had and also force you to at least examine your own prior convictions about much of this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monkey is a powerful spirit, cried another. We must leave, cried the third.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Poof! The women vanished. Wukong ran into the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said the monk, breathlessly. Those women were planning to eat me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those women are gone now, said Wukong. Then he smirked. Bajie scared them away. The pig was a real hero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bajie was on the ground, still struggling to get out of the webs. He pretended to laugh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The road left the forest and headed up a mountain. The travelers arrived at a Daoist abbey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said Wu Jing. The group entered the Abbey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An old priest was inside, mixing a potion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Tang monk opened his mouth to answer, but Wu Kong spoke first. We're on our way to visit friends, said the monkey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Said Bajay. The priest stood up and left the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ask the Tang monk. I'm just being careful, said the monkey. We shouldn't tell everyone we meet that you're the Tang monk. Wuxing nodded. Wukong is right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He was looking for rice when he realized he wasn't alone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The three young women stood nearby and they looked angry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we had to flee our house, said another woman. A monkey and a pig attacked us, said the third.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The monk Wu Jing and Bajie were already sipping their tea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I almost got a ticket for home, he said. Soon the police will know I escaped. They will hunt me down. I'll go back to jail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having to cook against Ben Kan and Jess is gonna be very tough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They are all very strong cooks and I know their strengths and weaknesses. Likewise, they know my strengths and weaknesses. So it's going to be a very interesting day today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For today's summer dish, I'm doing pan seared barramandi with rasam broth, grilled fennel and cherry tomatoes. I want to get my crispy skin in the oven so it can get golden brown.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then I start working on my rasam broth. I need to make sure it's packed with flavour. So I get some fresh coriander.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For me, it's uh, summer throughout the year in Singapore. So rasam is part of our daily meal. I love it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm adding a pinch of lemon juice based on the sourness of the tamarind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm putting a lot of chocolate in this today. Hips and hips.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm trying to put my spin by making it a bit refined. Grilled fennel and fish, I think will go very well together. And I'm adding some cherry tomatoes to the rasam so that it gives an additional freshness to the dish. Now I start to season my fish and put it in the pan to cook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The para looks very good. I am happy with the way it's cooked. Maybe not. I'm not convinced that the fish is cooked 100%. So I put it back in the pan for about 45 seconds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now I'm convinced it's cooked perfectly. I need to start plating up. I strain the rasam broth into a jug.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I put a barramundi on the center. Two grilled fennels over and around the fish. Slice up one cherry tomato. Two halves around the fish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm proud of what I've done today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It looks exactly what I pictured in my mind. Hopefully, it has a very good balance of flavors and textures. Also dishes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pan fried barramandi with grilled fennel and rasam. And I also have some crispy skin barramandi.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the summary elements? Summer, it reminds me of Singapore, very hot. Rasam is part of our daily diet. Beautiful. Love it. Get up here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Autumn is a very beautiful time in Adelaide. I love going to the park with my family and I really miss cooking for them during autumn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm making a spiced lamb with yogurt, some cauliflower puree and grilled carrots. The lamb is gonna be in sous vide for 30 minutes and I'm making a masala mix to go with it. The curry is gonna add some flavours to the dish but it's not gonna be as spicy as the summer dish. Hopefully it's nice and warm but it's also gonna be light for autumn. Ben is an amazing cook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To make the roasted cauliflower puree, I cut the cauliflower into big chunky florets. Put it in the oven.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to start cooking my masala paste. I'm gonna add the masala paste into my curry sauce to make the sauce rich and spicy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lightly coat my lamb to give a nice flavor to finish off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sorting onion, ginger, garlic and green chilli. Once it's cooked down, I'm adding tomato puree, garam masala, coriander and cumin powder. It should not be to the extent of making George sweat. It should have a nice tanginess and everything should blend very well together in a good balance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 30 minutes left, my cauliflower is in the oven roasting and the carrot goes into the oven with a little bit of salt, pepper, olive oil and cumin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lamp is looking good, nice and soft, like how I wanted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just need to pan sear them quickly and let it rest. The masala paste is ready.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I coat my lamb to give a nice flavor to finish off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I quickly sear the lamb to get a nice char grill and cook the masala through.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'll also add the masala paste into my curry sauce to make the sauce rich and spicy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I have an idea to smoke my cauliflower puree to give a smoky autumn feel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, it's here. Now I start to smell and feel autumn in my dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to maintain the calmness and the precision if I want to win this advantage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cumin, honey and carrot. A classic combination.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once I'm happy, I strain the sauce. Ready for service. Now my lamb has rested. It needs to be medium rare.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I can smell the nice smokiness coming from the cauliflower. It reminds me of autumn. I think I've hit the brief. I'm ready for plate up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The flavors in my dish have come through very well. I like the smokiness in the cauliflower. The carrots are cooked perfectly. The lamb is cooked beautifully. Hopefully, be good enough for the judges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Managed to finish everything. I adjusted the flavors as I go. Hopefully it will come through well. At this point of time, advantage is very important. So, I really badly want it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He had amazing remarks. But I'm very happy with the dish I put up. And fingers crossed, hopefully I can win this advantage. It's gonna be a tough one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have two wheat lamb with smoked cauliflower and grilled carrots with some curry sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I think about autumn, I'm looking at root vegetables like carrots, the smokiness in the cauliflower puree. That reminds me of autumn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the other engine sped up too. What am I going to do? cried Toad. You will have to jump, said the engineer. What? asked Toad afraid. The engineer slowed the train.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What a wonderful idea, said Toad. You are a very clever woman. Everyone will think I'm dangerous.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Specifically, I have 32 computer chips inside my head, which rebuild my sense of hearing. This is called a cochlear implant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You remember the borg from Star Trek? Those aliens who conquered and absorbed everything inside? Well, that's me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The good news is I come for your technology and not for your human life forms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there's a reason for that. Television was in closed caption when I was a kid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I grew up profoundly deaf. I went to regular schools and I had to lip read. I didn't meet another deaf person until I was 20. Electronics were mostly audio back then.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My alarm clock was my sister Barbara, who would set her alarm and then throw something at me to wake up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My hearing aids were industrial strength, sledgehammer, volume, but they helped me more than they help most people. With them, I could hear music and the sound of my own voice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've always liked the idea that technology can help make the world more human.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I used to watch the stereo flash color when the music shifted and I knew it was just a matter of time before my watch could show me sound, too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Did you know that hearing occurs in the brain? In your ear is a small organ called the cochlea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the cochlea is lined with thousands of receptors called hair cells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When sound enters your ear, those hair cells, they send electric signals to your brain, and your brain then interprets that as sound. Hair cell damage is really common. Noise exposure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ordinary aging, illness. My hair cells were damaged before I was even born. My mother was exposed to German measles when she was pregnant with me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] About five percent of the world has significant hearing loss.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By 2050, that's expected to double to over 900 million people, or one in 10. For seniors, it's already one out of three. With a cochlear implant, computer chips do the job for the damaged hair cells. Imagine a box of 16 crayons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And those 16 crayons, in combination, have to make all of the colors in the universe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Same with the cochlear implant. I have 16 electrodes in each of my cochleas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those 16 electrodes in combination send signals to my brain, representing all of the sounds in the universe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have electronics inside and outside of my head to make that happen, including small processor, magnets inside my skull and a rechargeable power source.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Radio waves transmit sound through the magnets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hearing people assume that the deaf live in a perpetual state of wanting to hear, because they can't imagine any other way. But I've never once wished to be hearing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just wanted to be part of a community like me. I wanted everyone else to be deaf.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think that sense of belonging is what ultimately connects our stories, and mine felt incomplete.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When cochlear implants first got going back in the 80s, the operation was Frankenstein monster scary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By 2001, the procedure had evolved considerably, but it still wiped out any natural hearing that you had.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The success rate then for speech comprehension was low, maybe 50 percent. So if it didn't work, you couldn't go back. At that time,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Basically it was considered the equivalent of changing the color of your skin. I held off for awhile


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But my hearing was going downhill fast, and hearing aids were no longer helping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in 2003, I made the tough decision to have the cochlear implant. I just needed to stop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That soul-sucking cycle of loss, regardless of whether the operation worked, and I really didn't think that it would.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I saw it as one last box to check off before I made the transition to being completely deaf, which a part of me wanted. Complete silence is very addictive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe you've spent time in a sensory deprivation tank, and you know what I mean.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Silence has mind-expanding capabilities. In silence, I see sound.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I watch a music video without sound, I can hear music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the absence of sound, my brain fills in the gaps based on the movement I see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My mind is no longer competing with the destruction of sound. It's freed up to think more creatively.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are advantages to having bionic body parts as well. It's undeniably convenient to be able to hear, and I can turn it off any time I want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bionic hearing doesn't age, although external parts sometimes need replacement.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With the cochlear implant, I can stream music from my iPod into my head without earbuds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Recently I went to a friend's long, tedious concert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The biggest obstacle I face as a deaf person is no longer a physical barrier. It's the ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The way that people respond to my deafness, the outdated way people respond to my deafness, pity, patronization, even anger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that just cancels out the human connection that technology achieves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I once had a travel roommate who had a complete temper tantrum because I didn't hear her knocking on the door when her key didn't work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when she saw that I was there, her anger boiled over. It was no longer about a key.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or the commercial about the deaf man whose neighborhood surprised him with sign language messages from people on the street.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everyone who sent me the video told me they cried.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I asked them, well, what if he wasn't deaf? What if his first language was Spanish and everyone learned Spanish instead? Would you have cried? And they all said no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They weren't crying because of the communication barrier. They were crying because the man was deaf. But I see it differently. What if the Borg showed up in that video and the Borg said, deafness is irrelevant? Because that's what they say, right? Everything's irrelevant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, the Borg assimilated the deaf guy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not out of pity, not out of anger, but because he had a biological distinctiveness that the Borg wanted, including unique language capabilities. I would much rather see that commercial.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why does thinking about ability make people so uncomfortable? You might know a play.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Later a movie called Children of a Lesser God by Mark Madoff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That play, that title, actually comes from a poem by Alfred Tennyson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I interpret both the play and title to say that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Humans who are perceived as defective were made by a lesser god and live in inferior existence, while those made by the real god


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our superior class, because God doesn't make mistakes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In World War II, an estimated 275,000 people with disabilities were murdered in special death camps because they didn't fit Hitler's vision of a superior race.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hitler said that he was inspired by the United States, which had enacted involuntary sterilization laws for the unfed in the early 1900s. That practice continued.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In more than 30 states until the 70s, with the last law finally repealed in 2003.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That tendency to make assumptions about people based on ability comes out in sentences like, You're so special. I couldn't live like that. Or, Thank God that's not me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Changing how people think is like getting them to break a habit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before the implant, I had stopped using the voice telephone and switched to email. But people kept leaving me voicemail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were upset that I wasn't reachable by phone and not returning messages. I continued to tell them my situation. It took them months to adapt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, when it comes to ignoring voicemail, it no longer matters whether you're deaf or just self-absorbed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Millennials changed how people think about messaging. They reset the default.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can I just tell you how much I love texting? Oh, and group texts. My ... I have six siblings. They're all hearing, but I don't think any less of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you know how thrilling it is to have a visual means of communication that everyone else actually uses? So I am on a mission now as a consumer of technology


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Smart designers include multiple ways to access technology.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That access under accessibility, that's just hiding it from mainstream users. In order to change how people think, we need to be more than accessible. We need to be connected. Apple did this recently.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On my iPhone, it automatically displays a visual transcript of my voicemail right next to the audio button. I couldn't turn it off, even if I wanted to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know what else? Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime no longer say closed caption for the hearing impaired. They say subtitles on or off, with a list of languages underneath, including English. Technology has come so far. Our mindset just needs to catch up. Resistance is futile. You have been assimilated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, that is beautiful. You need to take a look at all the little detail. Ash's food is all about detail.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've been in five pressure tests. How does this one feel?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's some obvious problems here, isn't there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The tartar is a let down for me. It's mushy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'm not getting that freshness of the yuzu, uh, little carples of grapefruit in there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just a little reminder, you know, 12 weeks ago, you're a waitress in a restaurant actually underneath. Here's where this comes out of. I mean, you just plated up an Ashley Palmer once dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right, Matt. I mean, an amazing run that you've grown so much throughout this incredible, incredible competition. Uhm, you've brought us some great food.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And hopefully MasterChef was just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm sure your family can't wait to see you when you get home. It's going to be awesome and you deserve that. Go home and celebrate. But now, it's time to say goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just want to cook it too much, cause, yeaah, that's enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come along, Rat. Cold, Mul. Think of poor Otter. He is waiting at the old bridge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Be to the west. Chapter 93. A problem for the lion demon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ask the elephant. Yes, said Wukong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lion went to the middle of the room. He bent over and coughed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The lion looked up at the raptor and the elephant. They both nodded.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wukong started the climb up the lion's throat. Just as he reached the lion's mouth, Wukong heard whispering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thought Wukong. Don't they realize I can hear them? He pulled out his iron bar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, said the raptor. Wukong popped out of the lion's nose.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He glared at the demons for a moment, and then walked out of the cave.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As soon as the monkey was gone, the elephant turned to the other two demons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you know where we can beg for some food? We are quite hungry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, where are you and your companions going? We're traveling to the western paradise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This pedestal's a key. One only an ancient can use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You shouldn't be doing that. And we make it very obvious. So you say it out loud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We, we would, uh, you know, perhaps say something and we have systems, you know, in London on the, on the metro.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, on the underground, you have to stand on the escalators on the right and queue, and you can't jump in front, you have to walk on the left and queue on the right. And it's all very serious, there's rules and regulations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh gosh, uhm, things like in the supermarket when you're trying to find some vegetables or something, I'd never push, I'd never sort of reach round or anything. I'd just wait until that person had finished picking up their stuff and then, and then go in. So just, just try and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That was close. I guess when I laughed I broke my concentration. That must have made my disguise vanish.