[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can we look at the use here? Uhm, alright, so in the dialogue we heard, you charge an arm and a leg, but we can also say it costs an arm and a leg.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so some great phrases here. Now, I think it's time we listen to our dialogue one more time.


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[Assistant] Yeah, uhm, I know that this happened to me once and it was really expensive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was flying on an intercontinental flight from India back to Europe and uhm, I had too many extra bags but I really needed to bring them and so it cost me $6,000.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sweet is very important and most people strongly prefer sweet. This is a direct measure of the nutritive value of the food. On the other hand,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have a sweet tooth thing, like lots of fat, lots of sugar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is it just anything that stores and communicates information? Or does it have to do with paper, binding, font, ink, its weight in your hands, the smell of the pages? Is this a book? Probably not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But is this? To answer these questions, we need to go back to the start of the book as we know it and understand how these elements came together to make something more than the sum of their parts.


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[Assistant] The earliest object that we think of as a book is the Codex, a stack of pages bound along one edge. But the real turning point in book history was Johannes Gutenberg's printing press in the mid-15th century.


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[Assistant] The concept of movable type had been invented much earlier in Eastern culture.


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[Assistant] But the introduction of Gutenberg's press had a profound effect. Suddenly, an elite class of monks and the ruling class no longer controlled the production of texts.


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[Assistant] Messages could spread more easily and copies could constantly be produced. So printing houses popped up all over Europe.


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[Assistant] The product of this bibliographic boom is familiar to us in some respects, but markedly different in others.


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[Assistant] The skeleton of the book is paper, type and cover. More than 2,000 years ago, China invented paper as a writing surface, which was itself predated by Egyptian papyrus.


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[Assistant] However, until the 16th century, Europeans mainly wrote on thin sheets of wood and durable parchment made of stretched animal skins.


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[Assistant] Eventually, the popularity of paper spread throughout Europe.


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[Assistant] Replacing parchment for most printings because it was less expensive in bulk.


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[Assistant] Inks had been made by combining organic plant and animal dyes with water or wine. But since water doesn't stick to metal type, use of the printing press required a change to oil-based ink. Printers used black ink made of a mixture of lampsoot, turpentine, and walnut oil. And what about font size and type?


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[Assistant] The earliest movable type pieces consisted of reversed letters cast in relief on the ends of lead alloy stocks.


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[Assistant] They were handmade and expensive, and the designs were as different as the people who carved their molds. Standardization was not really possible until mass manufacturing and the creation of an accessible word processing system.


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[Assistant] As for style, we can thank Nicholas Jensen for developing two types of Roman font that led to thousands of others, including the familiar Times Roman.


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[Assistant] Something had to hold all this together, and until the late 15th century, covers consisted of either wood or sheets of paper pasted together.


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[Assistant] These would eventually be replaced by rope fiber millboard, originally intended for high-quality bindings in the late 17th century, but later as a less expensive option.


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[Assistant] And while today's mass-produced cover illustrations are marketing tools, the cover designs of early books were made to order. Even spines have a history.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Initially, they were not considered aesthetically important, and the earliest ones were flat rather than rounded. The flat form made the books easier to read by allowing the book to rest easily on a table.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But those spines were damaged easily from the stresses of normal use. A rounded form solved that issue.


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[Assistant] Although new problems arose, like having the book close in on itself.


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[Assistant] But flexibility was more important, especially for the on the go reader.


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[Assistant] As the book evolves and we replace bound texts with flat screens and electronic ink, are these objects and files really books? Does the feel of the cover or the smell of the paper add something crucial to the experience? Or does the magic live only within the words, no matter what their presentation?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rio's really a remarkable animal. Open! She's had about 21 years of schooling.


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[Assistant] You may see her kinda tense up, jump in the pool, swim around, she may bark, she'll pace around a little bit.


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[Assistant] This is Jason Jack on the right, number nine on the left.


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[Assistant] You know, people have always looked for reasons to separate animals from humans. Some people will tell you it's because humans have a soul. Some people will tell you it's because humans have language.


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[Assistant] From my experiences studying animals, I can't point to any one feature that sets humans apart from non-human animals.


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[Assistant] We love what you've done with this place. Such a beautiful room!


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[Assistant] He is such a handsome guy. He gets his looks from his mother of course.


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[Assistant] Hello everyone, welcome back to EnglishPod, my name is Marco. And I'm Erica. And today we are going back in time.


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[Assistant] Alright, so we are going to the year 1950 and well, we are going to look at some of the typical and common words and phrases that were used back in that year.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we have some words that we need to look at before we listen to our dialogue, so let's look at these words in vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so all the kids after school would get together and dance rock and roll. Exactly. In the gym or something.


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[Assistant] And well, it's very popular and very common among American culture in those days. Yes, in 1950. So you would still maybe see this in a movie or something like that. Yep, yep. And our second word is still used today. Sadie Hawkins Dance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so it's a party, and the guys don't invite the girls.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so it's a little bit of a reverse of roles there. Yes. That's interesting. So in this case, the girls have to come up to the guys and say, Hey, do you want to go to the dance with me? Very good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this still happens today in North America, so you will probably hear it sometime. And I guess now we could listen to our dialogue for the first time, and it takes place at a high school.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so a little bit of a discussion over a girl, very common as well. Yes, yep. So we're going to be looking at some of these words that were maybe a little bit difficult in the dialogue in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, now, an interjection, a way of saying hi, but very old fashioned. Heya. Yep. Basically, hi, you. Or hey, you. Yep. Okay, so heya. I guess you would still use it today though, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, very friendly. Okay, and what about our second word?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just swell. When you are swell, you are great. You're great. And again, swell is an old fashioned way of saying I'm good or I'm great, but you would still hear it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, swell. Yep. Alright, now for our next word. They got into a fight and Tracy said, cool it guys. Cool it. Cool it. Cool it. So why don't we listen to some examples of cool it before we explain it.


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[Assistant] Alright, so cool it guys. Basically it means relax. Take it easy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. So it is still very commonly used, I would say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, he says, do you want a knuckle sandwich?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have above your fingers, you have your knuckles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So he's basically saying, do you want me to punch you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. And for our last word, Tommy called Sandy a pipsqueak. Pipsqueak.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pip squeak. A pip squeak. Now this is kind of an insult, but again, very old fashioned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So a small and weak person. Pipsqueak. I guess nowadays you can still call somebody pipsqueak, but maybe in a lighter sense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so a pipsqueak. Why don't we listen to our dialogue again? We're gonna slow it down a little bit so you can get all these words that we just looked at, and then we'll come back and look at some phrases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very good. So, very fun times.


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[Assistant] So if I have my eye on the new iPhone that came out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I'm keeping my attention on it because I want it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so you really want that sweater.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so to have your eye on something or on someone, right? And for our last phrase, Tommy told Sandy, hey buddy, ease off my girl. Ease off?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ease off. Ease off. Alright, so why don't we listen to some examples of how we could use ease off because it might be a little bit tricky and then we'll come back and talk about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Stay away, very good. So ease off, ease off my girlfriend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so some great phrases there. I think it's a good idea for us to listen to our dialogue one more time, and then we'll come back and talk a little bit more about the 1950s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so the 1950s, a nice era, and this is the first of a small series that we're gonna have of different words and phrases that were used back in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, because a lot of these phrases are still used and you might even see them in movies or if you're talking to somebody that was maybe born in these eras, they might even still use them today.


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[Assistant] Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Rob. And I'm Catherine. So Catherine, how long do you spend on your smartphone?


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[Assistant] Hello? I said so you're a fubba, someone who ignores other people because you'd rather look at your phone.


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[Assistant] Sounds like you have a bit of a problem there, Catherine, but you're not the only one.


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[Assistant] According to one recent survey, half of teenagers in the USA feel like they're addicted to their mobile phones.


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[Assistant] If you're addicted to something, you have a physical or mental need to keep on doing it. You can't stop doing it. You often hear about people being addicted to drugs or alcohol, but you can be addicted to other things too, like mobile phones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Catherine, do you think you're addicted to your phone? How long could you go without it? Catherine? Catherine?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, if I can distract you just for a few minutes, can we look at this topic in more detail, please? Let's start with a quiz question first though. In what year did the term smartphone first appear in print? Was it a, 1995, b, 2000 or c, 2005? What do you think?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The answer? No, no, no. That would be cheating. But for you, maybe not for the listeners. Spoilsport.


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[Assistant] Right. Jean Twenge is a psychologist who has written about the damage she feels smartphones are doing to society. She has written that smartphones have probably led to an increase in mental health problems for teenagers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to hear from Anao speaking to the BBC. What does she say is one of the dangers of using our phones?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, she talks about checking our phones compulsively.


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[Assistant] If you do something compulsively, you can't really control it. It's a feature of being addicted to something. You feel you have to do it again and again. Some tech companies though are now looking at building in timers to apps, which will warn us when we have spent too long on them. Just Gene Twenge think this will be a good idea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, she said we should be using it for keeping in touch with people, which means contacting people, communicating with them, and also encouraging us to do that communication in person,


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[Assistant] If you do something in person, then you physically do it. You go somewhere yourself, or see someone yourself, you don't do it online or through your smartphone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which nicely brings us back to our quiz question. When was the term smartphone first used in print? 1995, 2000 or 2005? What did you say, Catherine?


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[Assistant] Right, before logging off, let's review today's vocabulary.


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[Assistant] That also makes you a fubber. People who ignore the real people around them because they're concentrating on their phones.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow. And you look at it compulsively. You can't stop looking at it. You do it again and again, don't you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you do that yourself by actually meeting them, then you're doing it in person. And that brings us to the end of today's programme. Don't forget you can find us on the usual social media platforms – Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube – and on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. Bye for now! Bye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right. Schadenfreude is used in English and am I right in thinking it describes the satisfying feeling you get when something bad happens to someone else?


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[Assistant] Yes, that is a very satisfying feeling, but it's quite a mean feeling too.


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[Assistant] That's tricky because I don't speak German, so I'll guess and say be annoyed.


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[Assistant] Let's hear from psychologist Wilko van Dijk from the University of Leiden who's been talking about this on the BBC Radio 4 programme All in the Mind. What have his studies found about our enjoyment of others' misfortune?


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[Assistant] A just situation means a fair situation. It's right. So I guess he's saying


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[Assistant] The All in the Mind programme also heard from another expert on the subject, author and historian of emotions, Dr Tiffany Watt-Smith. She talks about how Schadenfreude is a subjective thing, based on our feelings, and it's not as simple as deciding what is right or wrong.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What word does she use that means to express sympathy to someone about someone's bad luck?


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[Assistant] Good luck. So overall, Tiffany Watt-Smith thinks we have a range of emotions when we experience schadenfreude. But these are contradictory emotions, different and opposite emotions. Maybe, Neil, we should just be nicer people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today we've been talking about Schadenfreude. That describes the satisfying feeling you get when something bad happens to someone else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ancient comeuppance, which describes a person's misfortune, but is considered to be deserved punishment for something bad at


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[Assistant] Well, commiserations Neil. We run out of time for this programme. See you soon. Goodbye. Goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I could be going into round two based on this. I want to avoid round two at all costs. It is not where I want to be, especially not against these cooks. Come on, think clearly, think clearly.


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[Assistant] Some chefs are known for their restaurant or they're known because they're masters of a special cuisine or maybe they're known for one signature dish.


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[Assistant] Dennis, welcome to the Marchev Kitchen. Now, under this cloche is a version of the dish that earned Dennis that title of Practitioner of the Year.


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[Assistant] The thinness and the crunch and the flavour of the streusel base is really, really good. The flavour...


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[Assistant] The caramel mousse layer is delicious. You cook the caramel well.


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[Assistant] Fourth pressure test. Do they get easier or do they get harder?


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[Assistant] The uhm, I have just a layer of crema really, really.


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[Assistant] You were receiving the impossible position, trailing behind everyone else. You picked yourself up. You romped it in.


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[Assistant] Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Sam.


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[Assistant] So, we're well into 2020 now. How are your New Year's resolutions going, Rob?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, well, you're not alone. Many people try to kick bad habits and get healthy when a new year begins. Their intentions, their plans to do something, are good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we'll be talking more about that as soon as I set up today's question. According to historians, which people were thought to be the first group to make New Year's resolutions? Was it the A. Romans B. Native Americans or C. Babylonians?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay Rob, I'll let you know if that was a good guess at the end of the program. Now let's talk more about giving things up for New Year and specifically giving up alcohol.


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[Assistant] But it's easy to give into temptation, isn't it Rob?


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[Assistant] So that's Millie, who's right when she says that, in the UK at least, we sometimes drink because we give in to peer pressure. That's the influence a group of similar people have on you to behave like them.


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[Assistant] And when an attitude is ingrained, it means it's been that way for a long time. It's difficult to change. And although it may be harmful, we see jokes about drinking through things like merchandise. A word for goods we buy and sell.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With all this social pressure, it's hard not to give in. And that's even worse when you're trying to fulfill your resolution not to drink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you binge, you do something occasionally, but to extreme.


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[Assistant] Earlier I asked you, according to historians, which people were thought to be the first group to make New Year's resolutions? Was it the A, Romans, B, Native Americans, or C, Babylonians? And Rob, what did you say?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry Rob, you are wrong. Many historians think it was the Babylonians who made the first ever New Year's resolutions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which in the context of New Year's resolution is a promise to yourself to stop or start doing something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Engrained describes an attitude or idea that has been done in a certain way for a long time and is difficult to change. And merchandise is a word for goods we buy and sell.


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[Assistant] So please, please, please register at weblob.is slash portal if you haven't already. Uhm, this is going to be subscribing you to all class announcements and giving you access to creating a team, creating a repo, and submitting your milestones. So please register.


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[Assistant] Uhm, also if you want class credit, you'll need to register on WebSys, uh, officially, with the course number 69620.


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[Assistant] Uhm, another really important thing to do is join the piazza. So, weblab.is slash piazza. Uhm, we're going to be posting all of our important announcements and links on piazza, so please do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And on Piazza I also posted a few days ago an installation guide, so please follow that immediately because we'll need it for the workshop today.


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[Assistant] Another announcement is that lectures will be live streamed and recorded to YouTube. So you can join the live stream at any time at weblob.is slash live stream. We're using Panopto for the first time this year and I think the quality should be better. Uhm, so please tune in if you can't make lecture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, lectures are not mandatory, but we, and we don't take attendance, but we strongly, strongly suggest coming to lectures. Uh, you get out what you put into WebLab, and you also get out free lunch. So please come to lecture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, again, the competition is not mandatory, but we, uhm, strongly suggest coming to the lecture. Uhm, during the workshops of class, we'll have live help, where you can add yourself to the queue on weblab.is slash queue. Uhm, so any coding help, debugging, uhm, during the workshops in class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also find a questions doc at weblab.is slash questions. Uhm, you can ask questions anonymously during class if you don't want to raise your hand for any reason. Uhm, and staff will be answering your questions there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Finally, you can ask, uh, you can look at the old questions docs at webapp.org.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally we have Buka Buka at weblab.is slash Buka Buka. Buka Buka is our total mascot for weblab and, uh, basically,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there are no questions asked, Buka Buka is sad. I think someone already asked a question, so Buka Buka woke up. Uh, as you ask more questions on the questions doc, Buka Buka will get more happy. So please ask questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the academic chairs made a really good student hub for short links and deadlines. Uh, if you go to weblab.is slash home, you can look at all the links that we've said today, we've mentioned today, uh, and, and all the deadlines are there also.


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[Assistant] Finally, uh, we are doing something new this year. If you don't have a team yet, uh, please don't be discouraged. Stay after lecture today for a team funding mixer. You can also post on Piazza. Um, there's a team funding post there, uh, if you're not in person today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Week one, we're going to build an app from scratch together, from the front end to the back end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it's going to be a pretty watered down version of Facebook, but it's going to teach you all the fundamentals of building a website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Week two, we're going to add some cool features like off and sockets. We're also going to teach advanced topics and have some sponsor lectures. So uhm, pretty...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess the advanced version, advanced topics on web dev in week two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In week three, you're going to be focusing on coding up your website. So we're going to be coding, uhm, all week, and we're going to have office hours, I think, four times. So, if you ever need any live help, just come to office hours and post on Piazza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, week four is also going to be coding, uhm, the final submission is due that week, and we're going to have judging and awards. So, it's going to be a grind, but it's going to be very fun also.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have any questions or you want to look at more details about the schedule, go to weblab.mit.edu slash schedule and you'll find all the lecture locations, uhm, I guess locations for events and slide links and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in WebLab we will take you end to end. You'll be able to make the most powerful backends and the most polished frontends, uhm, if you put the time into the class and learn all the material.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the server is the thing that does all the computing in the backend. And the frontend, which we're gonna use React in this class, uhm, will be what we use to make the website look pretty.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the world of websites is huge. Uh, you can make something simple as Doge 2048.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To something a bit more complex, which is like a RPG, or you can make Facebook, which is pretty complicated. But how does all this work?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to give you a brief overview before we start lectures today of what we're going to be learning. So let's say you're accessing a website, Facebook.com. You're the client.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you have your computer right here. And you're sending a GET request to Facebook.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Facebook has essentially just a computer running that runs a server that stores and serves the website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you send the get request, Facebook will send back a response with the webpage files, uh, from its server. And you are running a program which is Chrome, um, used to view this website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have a few main webpage files. So HTML is like the building blocks of your website. It's the structure and skeleton of your website. So you have text, uhm, some div structures, uhm, so on in the HTML.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] CSS is what makes your website look pretty, so uhm, any like font styling or colors, so on, is done in CSS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also, we're also gonna learn JavaScript, which is what makes things move on your website. So, for example, if you wanna make your website interactive, uh, if you wanna have the user click a button and something happen, you're gonna need to use JavaScript for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally we can have some assets like pictures and videos on your website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, what app will we build in class, uhm, through the workshops? So you can see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is what we're going to be able to build after two weeks of class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can see, it's like a version of Facebook, with some games. Uh, so we have like a homepage, uh, which has a bunch of posts that everyone's gonna make. Uhm, and if we log in,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can see that, alright, let me just reload the page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, while I wait for that to load, I'm just gonna move on, but essentially you guys saw, like, the general overview. Uh, we're gonna have, like, a home page that has all the posts, uh, from our catbook, chatbook website. Uh, we're gonna also have, like, a chat feature where you can chat with, uh, people privately through DMs or chat with everyone on the website. Uh, we're also gonna have a profile once you log in, uh, that's gonna be, like, personal to you and you can, uh, add whatever you want to your profile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're also gonna have like a game feature on the website where you can play a pretty watered down version of Agaria. So we're gonna be able to build all that in the first two weeks of class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, some other logistics, milestones. So milestones are the most important things to do in this class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first milestone is due this Wednesday at 11.59. Uh, please don't-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, this milestone is basically listing, finalizing your team and listing the top 10 ideas your team has.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so we can give some feedback, some yeses and nos based on what we've seen before, and so on. And this milestone should already be up on the student portal, so if you go to portal.weblog.is or weblog.is slash portal, you should be able to submit that with your team.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Project pictures are this weekend and the sign up for them is due on Friday.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, basically for project pitches, you will choose your top idea based on the ten ideas and our feedback.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're gonna come in over the weekend for 20 to 30 minutes in this database to pitch your idea to us and our sponsors. Uhm, and we're gonna give you some feedback on your website idea and give you some pointers on what you might want to implement for your website.


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[Assistant] Second milestone is Minimal Viable Product, which is due in the third week of class on Wednesday, January 24th at 6pm.


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[Assistant] And this is going to be your website with most of its features done, uh, minus maybe two or three features, uh, and you're really gonna wanna have, uh, most things done by this time. Uh, this is just to check in to make sure you guys are actually coding, uh, on track for the final submission and so on.


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[Assistant] And finally, the final website is due on the last week of class on Wednesday, January 31st. Uhm, and this will be due at 12pm. So uhm, please take note of that. We won't accept any late deadlines because we'll be judging as soon as the websites are in.


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[Assistant] And finally, the most important thing is that passing the class requires completing all milestones.


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[Assistant] It might seem like a lot right now, but we'll have a lot of help. We have office hours, live help, uh, we have Piazza help, so if you ever need help, you will have it.


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[Assistant] So, what are some of the guidelines for building your website?


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[Assistant] So first you must build a dynamic website supported by a backend.


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[Assistant] You also must build a personalized experience based on user accounts. So signing in with one account should give a different experience to the user than another account.


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[Assistant] You also must have minimum security requirements. Uh, most people use Google OAuth, but you can choose however you want to have security implemented on your website.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and not using like any, not copying any code from the web and stuff like that.


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[Assistant] And finally, we want you to use Git on a web lab GitHub repo. Uh, once you lock in your team, we will make a repo for you so you don't have to worry about making your own repo.


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[Assistant] Use anything like Drupal, WordPress, or Squarespace. Uh, these services might be useful when you're making a website later, but in this class we really want you to learn all fundamental aspects of web dev, so you should not use these services during the class.


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[Assistant] You can't use any part of a previous project. Again, we want you to learn and it won't be fair to other teams if you use any part of a previous project.


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[Assistant] You can't outsource your development, so you can't hire minions. Uhm, again, we want your team to learn and have it be fair for everyone, so please use your own code that you coded during IP.


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[Assistant] And please don't do anything evil. Please don't code up malicious websites. You'll be disqualified. Uhm, it's not in the spirit of WebLab.


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[Assistant] And finally, if you have any questions about the guidelines, uhm, make a private piazza post or go to weblab.mat.edu slash about and you'll be able to read more about what we expect and what you can and can't do.


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[Assistant] Uh, some pointers on judging. So we'll be judging your websites on four aspects if you're in the competition. So the first aspect is functionality. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The technical components of your core features, how well are they implemented technically, and what are your core features?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll also be judging you on usability, so ease of use of the website. So let's say a user uses your website for the first time. How intuitive and how easy it is to use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll also be judging you on aesthetics, so the front end, look and feel of the website, uhm, how polished is it?


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[Assistant] And finally we'll be judging you on concept execution. So how applicable is your website to the solution of the problem?


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[Assistant] Again, if you have more questions on the guidelines for judging, go to weblab.mit.edu slash about.


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[Assistant] So, there's a lot of things to do in WebLab, and the class is very challenging at times, but you guys will have a lot of help. So where exactly do you get help from?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The number one resource is Piazza, so if you ever need help or have questions, please post on Piazza. Staff is monitoring it, uhm, a lot of hours during the day, so we try to keep our response time within 10 minutes, so chances are if you post on Piazza, your question will be answered very quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some other resources are the course website, uh, the resources on the course website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And some live resources are Office Hours, which is held three to four times a week, uhm, in this data basement. And that's on the schedule and the website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we also have two hackathons that happen during weeks two and three. Uhm, so what exactly are hackathons? Are they like, uh, coding a different project than your website?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, hackathons are essentially just extended office hours for coding up your website. And try to get as much done as possible in a few hours. And we have generous help from staff. It's an all-hands, uhm, event for staff, so all staff will be there and we'll have some food, snacks, and maybe boba.


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[Assistant] So what else is there to web lab? Uhm, there are a bunch of interesting topics and even if you're a beginner or you're an advanced web dev programmer, there's a lot to gain from the class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we'll touch on things like UI design, uh, learning version control,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you'll get a taste of Course 6.3. Uh, you might even have a first experience in creating something, or a first project.


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[Assistant] And finally you'll get a lot more, uhm, a lot more advanced topics and cutting edge technologies that are used in industry right now.


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[Assistant] WebLab is not a classic MIT class. So we're graded, again, we're graded on PDF, so, uh, as long as you meet the milestone requirements, you will pass the class. And we're not forcing you down a strict path, so you can make whatever you want and put as much time into the class as you want, uhm, and you will gain as much as you put into the class.


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[Assistant] Also, we as course staff are very involved in making this interesting and fun for you. So we'll send out a feedback form every day, so you can give some feedback on the lectures, maybe stuff that you want to review or learn.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we'll also have a live Q&A doc, which is weblab.is slash questions, during the lecture, if you have any questions.


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[Assistant] And finally, again, we have a Piazza, which is the best use of live help you can get. Uhm, we have an average response time of just a few minutes, so please use Piazza.


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[Assistant] And finally, we strongly recommend coming to lecture, uhm, because we're gonna work on this app together, and building this everyday, uhm, we're gonna build it up over the course of two weeks, so if you miss a day of lecture, it might be nice to review, uh, using the recordings and the lecture slides, uhm, but bottom line, please come to lecture, there'll be food and fun. Uhm, yeaah. So finally, I wanted to reveal the theme,


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[Assistant] So, the past themes have been around the world, remember the future, beyond the horizon, back to the roots, press any key to start, craft your own blink.


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[Assistant] Tag yourself, imagine. And last year was you and I.


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[Assistant] And for the tenth year of WebLab, uhm, we'll have a theme reveal video.


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[Assistant] So again, please fill out this quick survey and let's get started.


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[Assistant] Patreon's a voluntary subscription service where you can support Crash Course directly through a monthly donation to help us keep it free for everyone forever. We make Crash Course with Adobe Creative Clown. You can get a free trial at a link in the description. Thanks to everyone who supports us on Patreon and to all of you for watching and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, my head hurts, that's all. I've been in physics class all day. It's killer.


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[Assistant] It's all religion. Take the theory of the Big Bang. How is it possible that all of the stuff in the universe comes from an explosion? That's no better than Atlas carrying the globe on his back, or African myths about turtles and stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, it's just a theory. Why would people go around touting theories? Where's the rigor in that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, my head hurts, that's all. I've been in physics class all day. It's killer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's all religion. Take the theory of the Big Bang. How is it possible that all of the stuff in the universe comes from an explosion? That's no better than Atlas carrying the globe on his back, or African myths about turtles and stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, it's just a theory. Why do people go around touting theories? Where's the rigor in that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is something known as fast fashion. It's popular, it might make us feel good, but it's not great for the environment.


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[Assistant] I'm sure it's lots but not billions, so I'm going to say 23 million items.


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[Assistant] And discarded clothes – that means ones that are thrown away – are also piling up in landfill sites and fibre fragments are flowing into the sea when clothes are washed.


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[Assistant] So production is outsourced. That means work usually done in one company is given to another company to do, often because that company has the skills to do it. And in the case of fashion production, it can be done cheaper by another company based in a developing country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's all about our obsession with shopping and fashion. It's something Lauren Bravo goes on to explain on the You and Yours radio programme. See if you can hear what she blames for this obsession.


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[Assistant] It does seem very wasteful but, as Lauren says, some people don't like to be seen wearing the same thing twice. And this idea is caused by social media – she uses the expression stems from.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hmm, it sounds very wasteful and to me illogical, not reasonable or sensible and more driven by emotions rather than any practical reason.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, and for once I will be on trend and it could reduce the amount of clothes sent to landfill that you mentioned earlier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we're clearly throwing away too many clothes, but perhaps we can recycle some of the vocabulary we've mentioned today.


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[Assistant] When something is outsourced, it's given to another company to do, often because that company has the skills to do it or it can be done cheaper.


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[Assistant] The expression stems from means is caused by or a result of.


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[Assistant] We mentioned that the rise in fast fashion stems from sharing images on Instagram.


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[Assistant] And a backlash is a strong negative reaction to what is happening.


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[Assistant] This is a real life lore video, made possible by Squarespace. Make your next move with a beautiful website from Squarespace.


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[Assistant] This is Earth. You live here on this planet somewhere, and everything that you've ever known is located right here. But, just how small exactly is Earth when compared to the scale of the entire universe? Let's start by zooming out to where we can see our nearest cosmic neighbor, the Moon.


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[Assistant] You may think that the moon is very close to Earth since it dominates our night skies, but in reality the moon isn't this close to our planet, it's actually about this far away.


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[Assistant] 384,400 kilometers away from you right now on average. You could fit 30 entire Earths in between this distance. And if you somehow were able to drive a car at a constant 100 kilometers per hour speed, it would take you about 160 days to drive the entire distance.


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[Assistant] Despite this incredible distance, however, 12 humans have actually set foot here, representing the furthest away that any individual human has ever been away from the Earth, and one of humanity's greatest achievements.


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[Assistant] This is what the Earth would look like from there if you were standing there with them. And if you wanted to communicate with somebody back at home, it would take a message about two and a half seconds to travel between you and them since that's how fast the speed of light can travel at. This is a photo that was taken on Mars, and that tiny dot that you see there is Earth as seen from the Martian surface.


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[Assistant] On average, Mars is an incredible 225 million kilometers away from Earth, but that distance can be as high as 401 million kilometers.


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[Assistant] Which would render instant communication in the event of an emergency impossible.


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[Assistant] When we zoom out even further away, we can find the Voyager 1 space probe, which is the furthest away man-made object from Earth. It is currently located 138 AUs from the Earth. AU meaning Astronomical Unit, which is the distance between the Earth and the Sun.


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[Assistant] Which means that Voyager 1 is 138 times further away from us than the sun is. At some point on its long voyage, Voyager 1 turned its camera around and took this photograph.


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[Assistant] It may not look like much at first, but in my opinion, this is the greatest single photograph ever taken in all of human history. This tiny, pale blue dot is Earth, and I don't think that anybody has ever said something as amazing about this as Carl Sagan when he said,


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[Assistant] Everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever lived, lived out their lives. The aggregate of all our joys and sufferings. Thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines.


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[Assistant] Every hunter and every forager. Every hero and coward. Every creator and destroyer of civilizations. Every king and every peasant.


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[Assistant] Every young couple in love, every hopeful child.


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[Assistant] Every mother and every father, every inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader,


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[Assistant] Every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there, on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam.


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[Assistant] Voyager 1 is currently traveling at 17 kilometers every single second, but even at that speed, it won't break out of the reach of our solar system for another 30,000 years.


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[Assistant] Once we go beyond the solar system, we arrive in our interstellar neighborhood. Here we shift to the light year unit of measurement, which is the distance that light travels in a full earth year, or about 9.461 trillion kilometers.


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[Assistant] The star Proxima Centauri here is the closest other star to us other than our sun, but it's still 4.24 light years away from us.


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[Assistant] To put that into perspective, if it was heading in the right direction, it would still take Voyager 1 over 70,000 years to reach it.


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[Assistant] In other words, if you drove your car at 100 kilometers an hour like in our previous example to the moon, it would take over six times longer than the entire age of the universe is just to finally get there, and it wouldn't even exist still when you arrived.


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[Assistant] When we zoom out even further, we can see the entire Milky Way galaxy, inside of which Earth is located right here.


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[Assistant] This yellow dot is the furthest extent of humanity's radio broadcasts throughout history, which means that any possible aliens who live outside of this range are totally unaware of humanity's presence.


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[Assistant] There are over 100 billion stars and over 100 billion planets inside of our galaxy. But you have never seen the full glory of the galaxy at night, because 99% of the stars that you can see with the naked eye are limited to this small, tiny region right here.


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[Assistant] But even this massive galaxy is nothing compared to the rest of what's out there. Zooming out even further and we arrive at the local group of galaxies, a collection of 54 different galaxies that is about 10 million light years across.


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[Assistant] But zooming out even further and we can see the Virgo Supercluster, of which the local group here is just a tiny segment of. There are at least 100 other groups of galaxies just like our own local group inside of here, and the distance from one side to the other is a mind-numbing 110 million light years.


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[Assistant] But even the massive Virgo Supercluster is nothing but a quiet and tiny lobe of the great Laniakea Supercluster, an enormous structure that is home to our galaxy as well as 100,000 other galaxies.


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[Assistant] The distance from one side to the other is 520 million light years, but from even there we can zoom out all the way to the entire observable universe and see that even the titanic Laniakea supercluster is just a tiny and insignificant part of everything.


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[Assistant] This is the observable universe, and it contains everything that we know of. It is home to at least two trillion different and individual galaxies, which together contain more stars than there are grains of sand on the entire Earth.


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[Assistant] The distance from Earth to any side of the observable universe is 46.5 billion light years. Which means that the entire width is 93 billion light years across.


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[Assistant] What's perhaps even more interesting, however, is what actually lies beyond the observable universe.


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[Assistant] Keep in mind that the observable universe is all that we can currently see, and it's entirely possible that the rest of the universe outside of it is vastly larger and more fantastic than we can possibly ever imagine.


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[Assistant] We simply don't know what else is out there, because the light from these incredibly distant places has not yet had enough time in the universe's history to reach us yet back on Earth.


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[Assistant] And the light from some places may never reach us at all.


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[Assistant] Because some parts of space very far away from Earth are expanding away from us faster than the speed of light, that means that the light from these places will never, in an infinite amount of time, reach Earth.


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[Assistant] Meaning that even if humanity is eternal and exists forever, there will still be an unknown number of places in the universe that we will never know about or ever see.


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[Assistant] So, it is very likely that as unbelievably enormous as it seems, the observable universe is just a tiny slice of what we can currently see of the entire universe.


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[Assistant] According to the theory of cosmic inflation that was proposed by Dr. Alan Guth, if it is assumed that cosmic inflation began at 10 to the negative 37th of a second after the Big Bang, and with the assumption that the size of the universe before inflation began was equal to its age times the speed of light,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then this would seem to suggest that at the present day, the entire universe is 150 sextillion times larger than the observable universe. That number for reference looks like this, with this many zeros.


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[Assistant] Let this number sink in for just a moment. This would be similar to you thinking that the entire observable universe, everything that you could see was the size of a light bulb, but then realizing that in reality the entire universe is larger than the former planet of Pluto.


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[Assistant] Imagine a light bulb in the center of Pluto, but we inside the light bulb were totally unaware that Pluto existed outside of it, and that's a similar situation to this. We are all so unbelievably small, but you shouldn't worry, because all that means is that there is so much left out there for us to discover together.


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[Assistant] This video was made possible by Squarespace. If you're wanting to create a new website for your next project, Squarespace is the absolute easiest way of doing it. I've used them before for several different projects, and what I think is best about them is that you don't need any programming skills in order to make a beautiful website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can create a blog, a store, a page for your music or art, or really just about anything. And what's best of all is that you can get 10% off your first order by using the code REALLIFELORE over at squarespace.com slash real lifelore.


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[Assistant] As always, thank you so much for watching this video. If you enjoyed it, I sincerely hope that you'll share it with a friend or two and give this video either a like or a dislike.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm well, I think. It's been quite a run we've had, but, but we're still alive.


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[Assistant] If you're a girl without means in this world, life is very scary.


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[Assistant] Let's look at how a business can use Google Analytics to help tell the story of their current marketing efforts and help inform their future strategy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lola recently launched her freelance accounting and tax preparation business.


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[Assistant] She built a website containing a list of her services, a way to contact her, and some resources and blog posts.


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[Assistant] Her goal is to reach out to Gen Z and young millennials to teach them about budgeting and finance. So she's also creating content on social media, as well as sharing about her services on LinkedIn.


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[Assistant] It's been a month and Lola wants to see how her website is doing.


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[Assistant] She's interested in understanding the life cycle of her users, so she starts by taking a look at acquisition, because she wants to see if anyone is even visiting the site since she launched it.


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[Assistant] She also sees that there's a bump in new users on a specific day. She remembers that was the day a post she's shared to Twitter received quite a few retweets. That means that her efforts in creating organic content on Twitter drove new users to the site.


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[Assistant] Lola is glad to see this much traffic. Now she would like to understand who is visiting her site. So she looks into the user reports.


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[Assistant] Lola checks the age of her users. Being that she has a target audience of Gen Z and Millennials, she wants to see the age demographic fall in that range.


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[Assistant] But the age of her visitors is a bit older, so she makes a plan to focus on getting younger users to the site, maybe by opening a TikTok account.


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[Assistant] Lola would like to explore a little more how she's acquiring the visitors to her site and so she goes back to the acquisition section to see.


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[Assistant] She finds that while she has some organic search, it's not much, which makes sense considering her website is new and may not rank very high yet. She makes a note to research how to incorporate more SEO or search engine optimization in her website copy so that she'll rank higher in search.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Otherwise, she finds that traffic is coming from direct, which you can see here under none, which means that there was no other referring site. This could simply be her family and friends typing her new website URL into their browser.


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[Assistant] She also got some traffic from referrals and finds that she's getting visitors from a website she wrote a guest blog post for. Readers must have clicked on the link she put in her bio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lola makes a note that guest posts can generate traffic from websites with already established audiences.


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[Assistant] She's also getting social media traffic from the work she's done to post organic content on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn.


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[Assistant] She had thought that her highest social media source would be Twitter, but her highest source of traffic is actually Instagram, where she's been posting videos giving advice on easy ways to do your taxes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another note for the future. Video content on Instagram is generating traffic.


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[Assistant] Next, Lola goes to the behavior section because she wants to see what site content is the most viewed.


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[Assistant] She doesn't have a big site and assumes that her services page is getting the most traffic. After all, that's her business. But her resources page is the most popular, followed by her blog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This means that sharing resources in posts about managing finances is resonating with her audience and is attracting them to her side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's wonderful. She wants to help people, but she needs to somehow turn those interested in reading her articles into customers. She decides to explore and do an analysis. More specifically, a path analysis.


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[Assistant] She sees that very few people are going from her blog posts to her services page.


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[Assistant] But that might be as easy of a fix as adding a call to action at the end of each blog post. So she'll try that and check back to see if this works.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now that Lola has taken a look at the metrics for her first month of her website, she has much greater insight into who her audience is, how they're finding her site,


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[Assistant] What they like to read on our site and if our site is converting visitors into new customers.


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[Assistant] She now has a list of new approaches to try and old approaches to tweak in her marketing efforts.


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[Assistant] As you can see from this example, Google Analytics can help a marketing analyst answer many important questions related to online behavior.


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[Assistant] The tool can do a lot more than what we covered in this video, and the best way to learn is to start exploring it for yourself.


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[Assistant] Open your account, browse the different reports, and play around with the different analysis templates.


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[Assistant] The more you use the tool, the more you'll see what it can do for you.


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[Assistant] Luca here will take you to Mr. Bronte. I believe he is expecting you.


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[Assistant] Abigail says he's dying, Dutch. We'll have to stop someplace. Okay, Arthur's out looking. I sent him a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, first of all, you're gonna stay here, and you are gonna get yourself warned. Now, I sent John and Micah scouting out ahead. Arthur and I, we're gonna ride out. See if we can find one of them. And this? Just for a short bit. And I don't see what other choice we have.


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[Assistant] Listen. Listen to me, Ollie, for a moment. Now we've had, well, a bad couple of days.


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[Assistant] Jenny. Sean, Mac, they may be okay. We don't know.


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[Assistant] But we lost some folks. Now, if I could throw myself in the ground, in their stead, I'd do it, gladly. But, we're gonna ride out, and we're gonna find some food. Everybody, we're safe now. There ain't nobody following us through a storm like this one.


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[Assistant] By the time they get here, well, we're gonna be, we're gonna be long gone. We've been through worse than this before. Mr. Pearson, Ms. Gribshaw, I need you to turn this place into a camp. You may be here for a few days. Now, all of you, all of you, get yourselves warm. Stay strong.


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[Assistant] What's your name, miss? Miss? Adler. Adler.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mica found a homestead, but he weren't the first.


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[Assistant] Miss Tilly, Miss Karen, would you warm her up, give her a drink or something? And Mrs. Adler, it's gonna be okay. You're safe now. They turned her into a widow. Animals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now you, it's my fancy living on deer piss and rabbit shit. I'm getting too old for that life.


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[Assistant] Mr. Matthews, Mr. Smith, Mr. Pearson, would you please look after the place there are O'Driscolls about? Hyah!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nope. Cone can wait. Best to get some of them out of there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeaah. Interesting. This is something about the train they was gonna rob. A Mr. Leviticus Cornwall. Mount back up. Let's keep moving.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You want me to make him talk? Oh no, now all we'll get is lies. Uncle, Mr. Williamson, tie this maggot up someplace safe. We get him hungry first. I got a saying, my friend. We shoot fellas as needs shooting. Save fellas as needs saving. And feed them as needs feeding. We are gonna find out what you need. I can't believe it!


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[Assistant] He is an idiot, Abigail. We all know it. Now, railway then.


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[Assistant] What do you want from me, Hosea? I just don't want any more folks to die, Dutch. We're living, Hosea, we're living. Look at me. We're living. Even you. But we need money. Everything we have is in Blackwater. You fancy heading back there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sounds like he has enough to share.


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[Assistant] Everyone ready? Alright, let's head out!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listen to me, we don't want to kill any of you.


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[Assistant] Four! Three, two, one!


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[Assistant] Seems our friends have gone deaf. WAKE THEM UP A LITTLE!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What did you find? These... bonds. They worth anything? Oh, sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bearer bonds. I think we can probably sell these pretty easily. Well, done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now would you get rid of all of this? The chain? Yeah, get it out of here. What about them? What do you think? I don't know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's up to you. Kill him. Leave him here. Take him with you on the train.


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[Assistant] Yes boss. You two ride up ahead and make sure there's no surprises. We've had enough of those. Me? With the boy? Just go. Come on kid.


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[Assistant] I know, my brother. But we are safe. We make a bit of money here, then we move again, head out around them, be west of Uncle Sam, in a few months, buy some land. I hope so. Would you just look around you? This world has its consolation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course, Herr Strauss. I prefer robbing banks to usury. Seems more dignified somehow. Now, everyone!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put your tools down for a moment. Come on, gather round. Quickly now. I know that things have been tough. But we are safe now. And we are far too poor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it is time for everyone to get to work. Get to work, but stay out of trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're right, we ain't too popular in Blackwater. We left a lot of money there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Charles, go find out what you can, carefully. Josiah, take Javier. Arthur!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go get yourself cleaned up. Join them when you're ready. What about me? Well, exactly. What about you? What does that mean? Oh, Bill. Come on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whoa! Hold your horses there! It seems the, uh, cat has got our friend here's tongue. I was thinking Mr. Williamson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will say that this is a time to be sensible and to be safe. Of course we understand the concern.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In areas where people are encountering temporary supply disruptions. Uhm, but hoarding does not make things better. And under no circumstances should gasoline ever be put into anything but a vehicle directly or an approved container.


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[Assistant] This structure has inspired one of the most pervasive ideas about the brain, that the left side controls logic and the right creativity.


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[Assistant] And yet, this is a myth, unsupported by scientific evidence.


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[Assistant] So how did this misleading idea come about, and what does it get wrong?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's true that the brain has a right and a left side. This is most apparent with the outer layer, or the cortex.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Internal regions, like the striatum, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem, appear to be made from continuous tissue. But in fact, they're also organized with left and right sides. The left and the right sides of the brain do control different body functions, such as movement and sight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The brain's right side controls the motion of the left arm and leg, and vice versa. The visual system is even more complex. Each eye has a left and right visual field.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Both left visual fields are sent to the right side of the brain, and both right fields are sent to the left side. So the brain uses both sides to make a complete image of the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One theory is it began soon after animals developed more complex nervous systems, because it gave the survival advantage of quicker reflexes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If an animal sees a predator coming from its left side, it's best off escaping to the right.


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[Assistant] So we can say that vision and movement control are two systems that rely on this left-right structure. But problems arise when we overextend that idea to logic and creativity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This misconception began in the mid-1800s when two neurologists, Broca and Wernicke, examined patients who had problems communicating due to injuries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The researchers found damage to the patient's left temporal lobes, so they suggested that language is controlled by the left side of the brain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That captured the popular imagination. Author Robert Louis Stevenson then introduced the idea of a logical left hemisphere competing with an emotional right hemisphere, represented by his characters Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this idea didn't hold up when doctors and scientists examined patients who were missing a hemisphere or had their two hemispheres separated.


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[Assistant] These patients showed a complete range of behaviors, both logical and creative.


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[Assistant] Later research showed that one side of the brain is more active than the other for some functions.


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[Assistant] Language is more localized to the left and attention to the right.


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[Assistant] So one side of the brain may do more work, but this varies by system rather than by person.


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[Assistant] There isn't any evidence to suggest that individuals have dominant sides of the brain, or to support the idea of a left-right split between logic and creativity.


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[Assistant] Some people may be particularly logical or creative, but that has nothing to do with the size of their brains.


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[Assistant] And even the idea of logic and creativity being at odds with each other doesn't hold up well.


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[Assistant] Solving complex math problems requires inspired creativity, and many vibrant works of art have intricate logical frameworks.


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[Assistant] Almost every feat of creativity and logic carries the mark of the whole brain functioning as one.


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[Assistant] That's right, and Anglo people, English people, all they ever do is talk about the weather.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we have two words we're gonna hear in the dialogue. Now the first one is forecast.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, of course you can use it in many other different situations, like in business for example, forecast sales.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when it, when it rains for a short time and it's not too heavy, that's a shower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, it certainly doesn't. I don't think that I'd really like to live there.


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[Assistant] Alright, here we're going to look at some words and phrases that you can use to describe the weather. Now, the first one, we heard in the weather forecast that they were calling for scattered showers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's sort of like, uhm, it's a little bit of that thing everywhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so showers, a small bit of, a small amount of rain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we think that the city is a playground, uhm, maybe in one part of the city there's a little bit of rain, but not in the other part. Exactly. That's a scattered shower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes. So if you think of hovering as floating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so pretty clear. Hovering is sort of floating around one area.


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[Assistant] Okay, let's break this one down. Uhm, let's start with downpour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, for maybe a short amount of time, it's really raining heavily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you hear this a lot with weather language. You hear isolated showers, isolated snowstorms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so along with the, these showers and rain, we also talked about wind and we heard that we will have gusts reaching 23 miles per hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so a gust is a sudden increase in the amount of wind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, sleet is a terrible kind of weather. It's sort of a mixture between snow and rain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, in Fluency Builder today, we're gonna look at three phrases that are really common when you're talking about the weather. Now, we heard in the dialogue that there was a cold front moving in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and it, and it comes towards a place and then it changes the pressure in the atmosphere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we always think of these cold fronts or warm fronts as moving. So you can either say they're moving in or you can say a cold front is coming in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're talking about its origin, where it starts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you can also say the kids are coming in from outside.


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[Assistant] Okay, so the one represents the events of the day, right?


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[Assistant] Now, we can obviously change the adjective, right? So it's gonna be a hot one, it's gonna be a long one, it's gonna be a long day.


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[Assistant] A project. So for example, if we're going to a meeting, I might say, hey Marco, this is going to be a hard one.


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[Assistant] Okay, so we know that in English speaking countries, the weather is always, always, always a great subject of conversation for small talk, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, and we actually have a phrase in this dialogue that'd be great for starting a conversation. Like for example, imagine if you lived here in Utah and you were, you know, wanting to start a conversation with someone, you could say, it sure is a cold one today, isn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. So guys, if you have any questions about weather vocabulary or if you want to practice talking about the weather, come to our website at EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Unemployment rates are hovering around the 10% mark despite the government's attempts to stimulate the economy.


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[Assistant] It's only 8am and I've got 100 emails already. It's gonna be a long one today.


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[Assistant] I will walk to meetings, uh, instead of catching a bus or getting a taxi or a car, uh, into meetings. And I will also, if I, if I,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will take, uh, take the time. I will take my kids out with the buggy and I will definitely do 30, 40 minutes at least every day going to the park.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You think that woman set us up? No, I don't think so.


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[Assistant] So what you boys thinkin'? We try to rob em' both.


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[Assistant] Can't go back to that caravan now. Alright Charles, you take Trelawney back to camp, I'll catch up with you. Okay.


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[Assistant] Oh well, nobody likes degenerates. Hagen are inbred sons. They ruined this county. They killed my uncle, you know. That ain't right.


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[Assistant] Problem is we can't be seen to get too close. And?


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[Assistant] We've got gold, Yankee. We've got gold. I ain't no Yankee friend. I ain't nothing. My daddy came over on a boat from Scotland. I'm Scottish. In the Braithwaite's? Goddamn peasants. I don't know. Mongrels. Slave fuckers. All you gotta do is look at them. How much gold? Enough. These are prize torches I'm talking about. Them they'll get you.


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[Assistant] Five thousand. Five thousand. For horses. Easy.


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[Assistant] Where do we sell them, these $5,000 horses? Over in Clemence Cove.


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[Assistant] Just keep us away from this. Publicly, I mean. My sense is we keep all horse wrestling away from the public.


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[Assistant] I believe the yarn spun us by one of that grey family. And imagined we was gonna be wonderfully rich.


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[Assistant] No, never. I would have even thought. Of course I robbed a goddamn stagecoach. You know I have. And what's the problem with stagecoaches? The armed man attempting to put a bullet in your head? Not quite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The odds. I mean, is it worth the robbing? Sometimes. I know. But, well, if you'd like to come with me


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[Assistant] Better safe than sorry. So what were you thinking? Well, according to this, the loot is located in a strongbox, which is in the back. I'll put on a little performance, and you can scurry around, open the strongbox, and relieve them of their goodies. And how do I open the strongbox? Without threatening someone to open it for me? This should work. And I can do this silently?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of course if anything goes wrong, you can wave your guns around like you normally do. Hold tight. They'll be here soon.


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[Assistant] Just huntin' for all this hellbilly gold that Dutch and Hosea seem to think is out there just waitin' to be stolen. Why?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We got something cooking you might be interested in. Am I gonna like the sound of this? Been cooking since horseshoe. But you went and kicked up all that commotion in valentine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, is the take good?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, I suppose it's worth taking a look at least.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We just need to bring you along as a insurance policy. Yeah, that sounds about right. Uuuh, I think I'd like to see the little girl lost.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That should be happy. Even if it did come with a heap of trouble.


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[Assistant] Your husband knew the rules when he took that money. Now, I'm real sorry about the way things turned out. But he had a choice. Ain't my fault about the way the world is.


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[Assistant] Either you got a lazy eye or lack of respect. Which is it, boy? I ain't got no lazy eye. No respect for the lacks of you. Well, maybe when your mother's finished mourning your father, I'll keep her in black on your behalf. You think on that, boy? Well, maybe you shall, sir. And maybe other events will transpire.


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[Assistant] I have to take your word on that. Good day.


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[Assistant] Dutch. You tell him, fat man. It's peace, Dutch.


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[Assistant] I ain't got no clue what you're talking about. Oh, you lie, my friend. Then I thought Dutch preach true. Let me go calm and end all this crap between you two. We all got real problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I'm sorry to have kept you. What's the plan? We're meeting a couple of the greys over at the saloon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They spoke to Bill about a job, needing security. After the farce of stealing the horses for them, why are we doing this? Because we need to stay in with them, and they're paying.


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[Assistant] So what kind of security they want? We're about to find out. Now come on. This seem legit to you, Bill? Sure. Dutch said we was to keep on dealing with them until we find this gold.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're stuck in the middle of some ancient feud, but instead of playing both sides, we're being used by both of them. They were saying the Catherine Braithwaite. Hey, hold up. This don't feel right. Now it don't feel right? I coulda told you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You don't give a damn about nobody but yourself. Oh, you act so high and mighty, but you're no better than the rest of us. I ridden with you boys close on what, six months now? All you ever done was complain. You can fight, but you can't think. You can't do either. Okay, cowpoke. Bill, take the boys' body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just so frightened by you. Get out of my sight, pair of fools.


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[Assistant] Now I don't expect you to understand this, but I have never been more proud of you than I am right now, brother. You're doing the right thing. I don't get that boy back safe. Uhm, she, she'll kill us all. I know, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nobody takes a boy to harm him. He's right, John.


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[Assistant] Ain't no such thing as civilized. It's man.


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[Assistant] I'm sure they'll find us eventually, but it should buy us a few days. A few days is all we need. This is a spot out by Shady Bell.


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[Assistant] Lenny and I got into that dispute with the previous occupiers. Place is well hidden.


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[Assistant] You and Arthur, right out to make sure no one else has moved in. Lenny.


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[Assistant] Go follow those fools out of here. Make sure that they leave.


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[Assistant] You're real funny, Dutch. Oh, I thought so. So, here we are in a strange land of papists and rapists. America's very own Gamora. This city's all a bit same to me. So, how you get on? I've been asking around about Mr. Bronte.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I should just give it a shot? I think so. Just keep it cool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay? Here, have one for yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thank you. So, mister, can I ask you a question? You ever hear of a fella by the name of him, Bronte? Who's asking? Me, I'm asking. No, leave it friend. What do you mean leave it? Look, I don't know what business you're in, but leave it friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm looking for a fellow named Angelo Bronte. Italian.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where you been? Getting robbed who by? Bunch of children.


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[Assistant] I won't inquire anymore. But I found Mr. Bronte.


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[Assistant] Seems to be some Italian Mr. Biggingtown.


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[Assistant] Everybody knows him, but nobody wants to talk about him.


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[Assistant] I'll get John, you meet us there.


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[Assistant] I cannot decide which I like less. The swamps or the city. Both are fuller.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why did you take his son?


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[Assistant] We ain't got no problems with you, sir. Nor you with us. But if you want to start one.


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[Assistant] There's gonna be a lot of folks dead in this room before it's done.


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[Assistant] Quite a character. Does he know? You ever meet an Italian strong man before? Not outside of a circus. Well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll focus mainly on the, the United States. So the United States started out as a confederation of individual states, uh, and, uh, financial regulation was mostly a, a local, if I'm calling a state, a local government.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We had two banks of the United States, one created in the 1790s called the Bank of the United States. It was a central bank of sorts, but it didn't conduct monetary policy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it expired according to the original legislation after 20 years. They renewed it in 1816 with what was called the Second Bank of the United States.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, which also had a 20-year charter and it expired in 1836. And after that, there was really no central government regulation of financial activities until the National Banking Act of 1863 under President Lincoln during the Civil War.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which created a system of national banks that were regulated by the federal government instead of the state government. So a lot of cities then started setting up starting right after the legislation


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But even so, then still most of the regulation was in the state governments. Uh, the big change came in 1934 when the federal government set up, uh, the Securities and Exchange Commission. At this point, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The securities law passed substantially to the central government. There has been a trend toward centralization. However, corporate law is still held by the state governments.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was partly inspired by the observation that there was a lot of shenanigans being played, uh, in the financial sector. Louis Brandeis wrote a book called Other People's Money in 1914 that argued for more regulation of financial activities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The, uh, there was before the Securities and Exchange Commission, there was some expansion of regulation, uh, in what was called the progressive era in the United States. That was the first 20 years or so of the 20th century. And a lot of states in, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we created what were called blue sky laws, which were laws regulating


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make cold calls with financial deals offered to the general public and, uh, they could easily get away because the person never met the person on the other side of the phone call.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] established blue sky laws, which typically required the registration and regulated the offering and sale of securities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Heard you pay good prices for horses. Oh, we'll buy more or less anything, Pop. That so? Sure, Pop. I'm Clay Davies. That's my brother Clive. We're twins. John. Arthur. Javier. So what are you? Cuban? No, I don't like Cubans. That so? Maybe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why, what do you care? You ain't Cuban. Maybe I like Cubans.


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[Assistant] You're funny. He's funny. Ain't he funny, Clive? Clive don't talk. We're twins, but I was born first. He came out all yellow and black, but he's okay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I was told we could get up to $5,000 for him. And I was told the boon was made of ladies tears. Only it ain't true. Not one little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like you boys, but I ain't got more than seven hundred on me. You want it or you want to ride them fellers into town and maybe someone there will hang you. We're gonna need more than that. I ain't got no more money, Pop. Here, take it or leave it. Uh huh. Alright.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ain't no one around here got five thousand dollars, boys, but nice meetin' ya. See you boys again, I hope. Come on, yah! Close the gate, Clive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 6 Minute English we often talk about food, don't we, Rob? Oh yes, and I love food. It's a very important topic. We know that too much of the wrong kind of food can be bad for our health.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there is another way that food can be harmful for some people. Yes, you're right. Some people have food allergies. They can become very ill if they eat certain foods, such as peanuts, shellfish, milk and so on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Neil, do you have any food allergies? Fortunately I don't, but my daughter is allergic to tree nuts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So she gets very ill if she eats those. Oh dear. Well, it seems as if there are more food allergies these days, or more people have them, or maybe it's just in the news more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's a very interesting point because that is the topic of this programme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we find out more though, here is our question. One of the most common food allergies is to peanuts. Now, what kind of food is a peanut? Is it a a vegetable, b a nut or c a legume? Oh, come on, a peanut is a nut. There's a clue in the name there, Neil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But that would be too easy, wouldn't it? So I'm going to say that I've got no idea what a legume is, so that's my answer. See? I'll have the answer at the end of the programme.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To help answer the question as to whether food allergies are more common now, here's Dr Adam Fox, who is speaking on the food programme on BBC Radio 4. Does he think there has been an


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said that there have been robust studies. A study is a piece of research and if you say a study is robust, it means that it was very detailed and conducted thoroughly to a high standard. He said that these studies looked at the prevalence of a few things. Prevalence is a noun that refers to how common something is, how often it happens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of the things they looked at as well as food allergies was eczema. This is a skin condition that usually happens in childhood. The skin can get red, itchy and painful over different parts of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to review our vocabulary but first let's have the answer to the quiz question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I asked what kind of food is a peanut? Is it a a vegetable, b a nut, c a legume? What did you say, Rob? I said c a legume because that was the only one I didn't know and it can't be as simple as being a nut. An inspired guess!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you said sea legume, then congratulations. Despite the name, a peanut is not actually a nut. Rather conveniently though, we don't have time for me to explain exactly why it's not a nut, but I'm sure you're smart enough to look it up yourself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you're not going to explain it? No, sorry, we don't have the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sounds to me like you're allergic to hard work, Neil. Ah, nice link to today's vocabulary. We do have time for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today we've been looking at the topic of food allergies. This is when a particular food causes a medical problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The problem could be minor or it could be very serious, even fatal, and these are called allergic reactions. The topic has been investigated with robust studies. This is research that has been done in a very detailed, accurate and thorough way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next word was the noun prevalence. This is used to talk about how common or how frequent something is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this research they examined the prevalence of food allergies in certain age groups. Closely connected to food allergies is eczema.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a medical condition that makes your skin dry, painful and itchy over different parts of the body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this case you couldn't put the increase in food allergies down to genetics. You know what I put the success of Six Minute English down to? No, what's that Rob? Your great knowledge of different subjects and skill as a presenter and communicator. Well, that's very kind of you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I still don't have time to explain what a legume is. In fact, now it's time to wrap up this edition of 6 Minute English. We look forward to your company again soon. In the meantime, check us out in all the usual places online and on social media. We are BBC Learning English. Bye for now! Goodbye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I never saw you. No, not now, not, not never. I think we have an understanding.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Boy, there's always work. Whole country's getting robbed, robbing, or stopping robbers. Well, seems like there ain't much else in this world except bastards, victims of bastards, and the bastards who want to put the bastards in the ground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Me? In my time, all three. But, same as most people.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Funny thing about this job with opportunity, I just might get to be all three again.


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[Assistant] I have a professional rival of mine, James Langton. Ugh, he's a nasty bastard. I didn't much like him even before he robbed me.


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[Assistant] Anyway, now they're holed up in the desert down south waiting to head north so they can hand them in to the state troopers in the north country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've given up on the job, it's just a bad lot, but...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I did, but we got him back. Oh, and James Langton's dead. We killed him.


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[Assistant] Come on Ramon, let's go for a ride. Mr. Sheriff? Mr. Sheriff, we got Ramon Cortez.


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[Assistant] I wanna die. Besides, those bastards don't look that tough. They look asleep as far as I can tell. I'm gonna go.


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[Assistant] This is my show, John Marston. Do as you're goddamn told. And shoot well.


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[Assistant] This? Or nothin'. Just a simple arrest. Money for old rope.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bodyguard, I protect the gold prospectors up in the hills.


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[Assistant] I heard he was upcountry. Or some fella who sounded just like him. Killed a family.


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[Assistant] Borrow little girl who escaped. Leave Micah alone. Listen, I'm sorry Abigail.


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[Assistant] I came back because I was riding by chasing a fella and I thought John wanted to earn some extra money.


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[Assistant] That I am, ma'am. I'm here to arrest you on behalf of the state of Lemoyne. You're wanted for theft, fraud, and avoidant arrest.


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[Assistant] Sir Will, call yourself a man?


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[Assistant] Well, it's like Abigail says. That's one word for ya.


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[Assistant] Shall we get a hug Arthur? A warm embrace for a lost brother now found.


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[Assistant] Of course. You'll be okay, Mr. Morgan. You're home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's the problem, friend? Give me my things, boy. What are you talking about, friend?


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[Assistant] Mr. Bronte's got a lot of friends, mister, but I ain't never seen you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He been mighty disrespected. Bunch of muddy Yankees in town asking questions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you and your friend should pay him a visit, mister. He's got a big house on Flavian Street opposite the park. Hey, yokel. Now, get outta here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For a whiskey? Sure, that's the real stuff.