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[Assistant] Curly hair, they used to call it good hair. And his very short, dark-skinned brother came in who was very emphatic, you know, like a guy like your uncle.


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[Assistant] The whole idea of 70s when I was growing up into the 80s was blacks wanted to own and control.


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[Assistant] Their own institution and their own culture.


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[Assistant] Clarence was the guy that could place you. RCA, Paladar, CBS Records, Epic, all that.


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[Assistant] We in fact owe our entire existence to this scaffolding that's set up of dark matter in the early universe.


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[Assistant] You probably gathered from the previous videos that often the data gathering we go through as marketing analysts has to do with connecting systems.


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[Assistant] That's because we want to measure the effectiveness of advertising along the customer journey and across platforms.


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[Assistant] Marketers want to influence behavior, but the data related to the marketing and the data related to the behavior aren't always easily connected.


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[Assistant] The marketing takes place using one system, like advertising using Google, for instance.


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[Assistant] But behavior we want to influence takes place on another. A purchase on a website, an app download, a purchase in a store and so on.


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[Assistant] Many of the systems we talked about so far will help marketers to make connections, but these systems often have dependencies that are a bit out of our control.


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[Assistant] We already saw how users can delete or block cookies, for instance, or how browsers may prevent certain data collection.


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[Assistant] That's why we'll often rely on making more direct connections through the use of APIs. Let's explore what those are.


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[Assistant] An API or an Application Programming Interface is a tool that establishes a connection between two pieces of software.


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[Assistant] An API allows two applications to talk to each other.


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[Assistant] The API is a little bit like a courier who transports information, requests and so on from one system to another.


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[Assistant] You are on the news article and you would like to share it on Twitter.


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[Assistant] An API will ensure that your request to share goes to Twitter, who will then in turn make sure the article appears on your Twitter feed.


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[Assistant] APIs really fuel our online experience today. Loads of connections are being made constantly between different websites and different systems online.


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[Assistant] So how exactly does the API play a role when it comes to data? Well.


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[Assistant] APIs make it possible to share data directly with certain marketing or advertising platforms.


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[Assistant] For instance, I can use the Facebook API to directly provide Facebook with data about what happened on my website, on my app, in my stores, and so on. Why does that matter?


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[Assistant] Well, I can send data to Facebook about purchases, for instance. Facebook can then help me figure out whether the ads I ran on their platform led to those purchases. I can use the API to pass on information about website purchases, but I can also pass on information from in-store purchases.


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[Assistant] Through an API, I can establish a connection and send the data that's relevant over that connection.


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[Assistant] Later in this program, we will dig deeper to see how APIs are relevant for marketers.


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[Assistant] To use an API, you would usually involve a developer who can help make the connection between your software and the software of the platform or tool you would like to connect with.


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[Assistant] Platforms like Facebook, Google, Twitter, and so on will provide the developer with all the information and code needed to integrate the API.


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[Assistant] APIs are an excellent tool for marketers to connect information from different platforms. They are especially powerful because they establish a direct connection between the publisher of a site or app and the platform it wants to connect to.


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[Assistant] Without depending on other tools like browsers or operating systems.


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[Assistant] As a marketing analyst using APIs to connect information from different platforms.


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[Assistant] We'll give you more reliable information and prevent broken data connections.


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[Assistant] There were two teams that didn't much like each other. They were trying to measure the rate at which the universe has been expanding at different times in the past and compare it with the rate at which it's


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[Assistant] Hello English learners. Welcome back to EnglishPod. My name is Marco. And I'm Erica. And today we're bringing you another sci-fi lesson for all of those fans out there of Star Trek and Star Wars.


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[Assistant] Okay, very good. So why don't we listen to a dialogue for the first time and we'll come back and look at all these phrases.


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[Assistant] Alright, very good. Star Trek fans, apparently they were trying to act out one of the famous episodes where the Klingons attack the Enterprise.


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[Assistant] Alright, so the first phrase that we have today on Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Unidentified ship. An unidentified ship. Unidentified ship. Unidentified ship. If we break it down and look at the first word, unidentified. You don't know which one it is. Okay, you don't know the identity. Yep. And a ship, I guess that's short for...


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[Assistant] A rocket ship. A rocket ship. Or a spaceship. Okay. So we're not talking boats here. Alright, we're not talking about boats. Very good. Now moving on to our second phrase. The Enterprise lost its warp drive. Warp drive. Warp drive. Warp drive.


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[Assistant] So the warp drive of the enterprise is actually something like an engine that allows it to go faster than the speed of light. So super fast. Super fast. But why warp?


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[Assistant] Alright, well if we take a look at the word warp, that actually means to bend. Yep, so like when you warp wood, it bends. Exactly, you bend wood or you warp metal.


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[Assistant] And, well, that's kind of the theory behind it is that they're going so fast that they bend or warp time.


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[Assistant] Right. Alright, and for our third phrase today, search party. Search party. A search party. A search party. Okay, so what is this? Are we having a party? What's going on?


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[Assistant] So a party would be a group of people. Exactly. So that also happens in restaurants, I think, right?


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[Assistant] In your party, very good. So party, group of people.


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[Assistant] Yeaah, he said that his voice is deeper.


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[Assistant] A deep voice. Alright, we're gonna hear an example of what a deep voice sounds like.


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[Assistant] Authentic. Authentic. Alright, so authentic, very easy word. Real, true to life. Real, true to life, right? Not fake.


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[Assistant] No it's not. But thank you for noticing. Alright, so, authentic. And our last word for today.


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[Assistant] Alright, now it's time for us to take a look at more phrases today in Fluency Builder.


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[Assistant] Attacked. Attacked. Someone is shooting guns at you or trying to hurt you or something like that. Okay, so we are under attack. Very popular phrase that you would hear in war movies or something.


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[Assistant] Alright, moving on to our second phrase. We've sustained heavy damage.


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[Assistant] So usually it's related to injury or to receiving some type of...


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[Assistant] Okay, so why don't we listen to some examples of how we could use sustain in context.


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[Assistant] Very good. And the last phrase for today.


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[Assistant] What is the nature of this attack? What is the nature of? What is the nature of?


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[Assistant] Right, why, what is the reason? What is the purpose? So again, we have some more examples of how you could use what is the nature of in different situations.


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[Assistant] Exactly. So why don't we listen now to the dialogue for the last time and then we'll come back and talk a little bit more.


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[Assistant] Well, it is a very popular show. I think it started around the 60s or 70s. Yep. The first version of Star Trek. And well, many, many people follow it now. They dress up. They know the secret language that is used on the show. They know the spaceships. It's a big culture.


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[Assistant] Very good, yeaah. So, if you have any other questions or comments related to, not only to science fiction, but anything in general, please come to the website EnglishPod.com and leave your questions or comments.


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[Assistant] This video is made possible by Skillshare. The first 1000 people to sign up using the link in the description will get their first two months for only 99 cents.


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[Assistant] The world seems like it's becoming a smaller and smaller place all the time. As technology has improved, the ability to travel around the world has gotten more and more easy to do. With that being said though, if you were absolutely determined to make a full circumnavigation around the planet today, what is the quickest time that you could possibly do it in?


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[Assistant] For a little bit of reference. Let's go back to the first time that anybody successfully did that. The men aboard Ferdinand Magellan's voyage back in 1519.


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[Assistant] Being a part of this voyage really, truly sucked. They started with five ships and 270 men, and took over three years to complete the trip. Magellan himself got killed in the Philippines along the way, and out of those 270 guys, only 18 of them managed to actually survive the journey back to Spain.


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[Assistant] Traveling around the world was a truly terrifying feat to attempt then, and still was for a long time.


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[Assistant] Everybody who tried it took somewhere between two to three years up until the 19th century. The first ship that got really close to circumnavigating the world in under a year was a confederate ship


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[Assistant] And basically on accident during the U.S. Civil War, the CSS Shenandoah left London to raid Union shipping lines across the world. And wanting to avoid piracy charges after the war ended, the crew sailed back to London to surrender to the British instead 12 and a half months after first departing from there.


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[Assistant] Building canals later in the Suez and Panama enabled people to not have to sail around the entire continents of Africa and South America, which allowed for much quicker travel times. As of the making of this video, the fastest that anybody has circumnavigated the world in a boat so far was just last year in 2017.


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[Assistant] Francis Joyon, along with a crew of five sailors, managed to sail around the world in just 40 days.


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[Assistant] So how quick can you get around while in the air? The first time anybody flew around the world happened back in 1924 by the US Army Air Service, and it took them 175 full days to complete, which is ludicrously slow. But it was still faster than any other alternative was at the time.


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[Assistant] Just a few years later, though, in 1929, that time was drastically improved by a zeppelin piloted by Hugo Echener, who managed to get around the world in a brisk 21 days. Two years later, in 1931, two pilots flying a Lockheed Vega smashed that record by flying around the world in just eight days,


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[Assistant] 15 hours and 51 minutes. Progress on getting this time down further continued through 1949, when the US Air Force flying a B-50 Superfortress made the first flight around the world without stopping to refuel.


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[Assistant] Relying instead on mid-air refuelings, the plane managed to fly around the world in just 94 hours and 1 minute. This was the first time that humans managed to travel around the world in less than a week.


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[Assistant] So now we can fully appreciate how easy and fast this is in the modern world. Air France flying the Concorde set the all-time record for the fastest time circumnavigating the world in a suborbital flight all the way back in 1992. They managed to get around the entire planet in just 32 hours.


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[Assistant] Nobody, even now, has managed to travel around the world in under a day without having gone to space.


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[Assistant] Going to space, though, changes both the rules and the times that are possible by a dramatic amount. If you're to believe Elon Musk's claims about what SpaceX's new rocket, the Interplanetary Transport System, will be capable of, it should be able to transport anybody on Earth from one place to any other place in under one hour.


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[Assistant] This guy, Yuri Gagarin, became the first human in space back in 1961 and completed his first full orbit of the Earth in just a tiny 108 minutes. But the astronauts onboard the International Space Station can do even better.


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[Assistant] The ISS makes a complete orbit around the Earth once every 92 minutes. Which if you can afford the 20 to 40 million dollar price tag to take a trip up, is the fastest way that you can move your body around the Earth. Well,


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[Assistant] Maybe. There are some satellites in LEO that can orbit the Earth quicker in 84 minutes. So you could possibly strap yourself onto one and ride it out. You'd probably die, of course, but nothing in the rules said that you needed to be alive to complete it.


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[Assistant] So, there you have it. 92 minutes if you want to stay alive, and 84 minutes if you don't. Or if you want to settle for traveling in a plane, just hope that the Concorde comes back and do it in about 32 hours.


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[Assistant] Of course, if you're like me though and waiting for anything for any amount of time bores you into oblivion, why not do something productive next and try out Skillshare?


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[Assistant] Skillshare has over 19,000 classes on anything from Python programming to 1930s character design illustrations. If there's any skill you want to learn, then there's a good chance that Skillshare has a class for it. The most frequent email that I get from you guys is how to start learning animations to create your own videos on your own channels. So if you want to learn today, they have a course on animation taught by the senior motion graphics designer of Kurtzgesagt.


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[Assistant] The greatest news about this, though, is that you don't need to spend much to start learning.


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[Assistant] By going to skl.sh slash RealLifeLore10 in the description, and being one of the first 1,000 people to sign up, you will get two full months of Skillshare premium for only 99 cents. Don't forget to subscribe by clicking here, and I'll see you next week for another brand new video then.


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[Assistant] Hello, and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Dan, and joining me is Rob. Hello!


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[Assistant] Here at BBC Learning English, we're always discussing diets. I am on a seafood diet. When I see food, I just have to eat it. I suppose there's no chance of converting you to a vegan diet, is there? That seems to be the most talked about food fad at the moment.


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[Assistant] A fad is something that is popular, but only for a short time.


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[Assistant] Of course, veganism – that's not eating or using any products that come from animals – may be more than a fad. It could be a lifestyle that improves our health and the planet and it could be here to stay.


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[Assistant] But personally, me becoming a vegan would take some persuading. I'm sure it would. And in this programme we'll be discussing the debate about veganism and how it's sometimes difficult to change people's minds. But first, a question to answer.


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[Assistant] I'll say B, they can eat fish. Well, you'll have to wait until the end of the programme to find out. But now, back to veganism.


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[Assistant] According to some national surveys, there are now around 3.5 million full-time vegans in the UK and the number is growing. And what was recently a radical lifestyle choice is slowly moving into the mainstream or has become accepted by most people as normal.


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[Assistant] Advocates of veganism say their healthy lifestyle would also free up space and resources for growing food, and it would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Yeah, but come on, Dan. Having a meat-free diet means you might not get all the nutrients you need. Well, this is all part of the debate, Rob.


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[Assistant] There's always two sides to an argument, and it's something that's been discussed on BBC Radio 4's Farming Today programme. They spoke to Dr Yuta Tobias Mortlock, a senior lecturer in organisational psychology at London City University, who explained why views about veganism are so polarised.


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[Assistant] That means causing people to divide into two groups with opposing views.


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[Assistant] So it seems, in the whole debate about veganism, we are basing our views on beliefs. A belief is something we feel is true or real.


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[Assistant] Our beliefs are based on our values. Those are the things we think are right and wrong.


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[Assistant] And when we argue over the rights and wrongs of veganism, we base it on our values, not hard facts. We talk about our view on what is immoral, so what society thinks is wrong or not acceptable. But basically there is no right or wrong answer. That's why we need facts, Rob.


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[Assistant] So Dan, what can I do if I want to win you over to becoming an omnivore like me? According to Dr Yuta, there are two main routes to winning someone over. A direct fact-based approach or a peripheral route which might be more effective. Let's hear her explain how it works.


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[Assistant] Interesting. This is a more subtle way of winning an argument. She says we should focus on the peripheral stuff. These are the things that are not as important as the main argument but are connected to it. So we could say we're looking for common ground. Things that both sides agree on or at least understand.


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[Assistant] Dr Yuta talked about making both sides feel connected. And it's a good point. Even if you don't want to be a vegan, you should respect someone's choice to be one. Yes, it's all about valuing someone as a decent human being. Decent means good and having good moral standards, like us, Dan. Well, they're wise words, Rob.


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[Assistant] Of course, it would be morally wrong, immoral, not to give you the answer to our quiz question. Earlier, I asked which one of these items can a lacto-ovo-vegetarian eat. I said be fish.


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[Assistant] A lacto-ovo-vegetarian is a person who eats vegetables, eggs and dairy products, but does not eat meat.


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[Assistant] No meat? No steak? How can they enjoy eating? Rob, remember as decent human beings we respect all views here. Just joking. But now I'm deadly serious about reviewing some of the vocabulary we've discussed today. Okay. Our first word was fad.


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[Assistant] A fad is something that's popular, but only for a short time.


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[Assistant] Next we mentioned mainstream. Something that is mainstream has become accepted by most people as normal.


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[Assistant] And immoral describes something that society thinks is wrong or not acceptable. We also mention peripheral, which relates to things that are not as important as the main argument but are connected to it. It also means situated on the edge.


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[Assistant] And finally, decent means good or good enough. Don't forget you can learn more English with us on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. Bye for now. Goodbye.


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[Assistant] If you wanted Jam and Lewis to produce you, they had to do at least five tracks. You got five songs, five more copyrights. Clarence spent a lot of time with them, schooling them, teaching them the business.


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[Assistant] Blue cheese ice cream, some almonds, some prosciutto, and braised wombok heart. Almost like a cheese plate, served with dish.


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[Assistant] caper berry pudding, some pickled roasted and raw turnips, and mushroom dipping sauce.


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[Assistant] He's got this instinct on young people, young executives.


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[Assistant] I don't know that it was a culture clash, I think we'd call it in medical terms, organ rejection.


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[Assistant] When Biggie died I saw another side of Clarence.


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[Assistant] We all trying to live by the example that he set, right? Which is, you know, share what you've learned with the next generation.


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[Assistant] I remember when he collected the million dollars for Bill Clinton, which was unprecedented.


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[Assistant] And what that was going to mean for the consolidation of a voice inside that. And this is how you really are heard. You know, this is how the game, he was, he was also completely unfiltered about this is how this game works.


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[Assistant] Love and marriage go together like a horse and carriage. That's right. And when was the last time you saw a horse and carriage? Well, that would have been quite a while ago. They're quite rare these days. Not an everyday


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[Assistant] Yes. According to the UK's Office for National Statistics, how many opposite-sex marriages were there in 2015? Was it a, 239,000, b, 309,000 or c, 339,000? Any idea, Neil?


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[Assistant] Okay, well we'll reveal the answer a little later in this programme. And whatever the correct number, the trend is downwards. Year on year, there are fewer opposite-sex couples getting married in the UK.


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[Assistant] So that was Tom there, not a fan of marriage, but what we're


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[Assistant] That was one of his problems with marriage. But he also said that he was a commitment-phobe. The suffix phobe means someone who is afraid of something. In some cases it can also be used as a standalone word, but it means the same. So a commitment-phobe is someone who is afraid of or doesn't like the idea of commitment.


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[Assistant] For commitment phobes, commitment means losing something.


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[Assistant] And that you're in a committed relationship. So Dan is a fan. He thinks marriage has a stabilising effect on society. He sees marriage as being good for society as a whole. It makes society stronger, more stable.


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[Assistant] So for Dan, commitment and being in a committed relationship is a good thing.


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[Assistant] Now back to our question at the top of the programme. I asked how many opposite-sex couples got married in the UK in 2015?


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[Assistant] You are definitely right. The answer is 239,000 or 239,020 to be precise. That figure was 3.4% lower than 2014. So what do relationship experts think is the reason fewer


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[Assistant] A trend is the direction that something is changing over time. When it comes to marriage, the trend is for fewer marriages. And the trend for 6 minute listeners is the opposite, going up, particularly when you're presenting, Neil.


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[Assistant] Sorry about that, you know I don't mean it. In the interview, archaic was used to describe the concept of marriage, not your fashion sense. Concept is another word for an idea or belief, so an archaic concept is an old-fashioned idea.


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[Assistant] I took it apart and laid all the pieces on the table and fixed it. There were some parts left over, but it was working anyway, so I called it a day.


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[Assistant] I don't cook at all. My husband likes to say that I'm very good at preparing things, which means like heating them up.


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[Assistant] I'd like it to be that if you met me socially, you wouldn't necessarily know what I did until I told you.


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[Assistant] I got out the screwdriver and took it apart and laid all the pieces on the table.


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[Assistant] My mom was sort of ahead of her time. She was a really independent, strong woman. If I look back on it now, she arranged her life so that she could work and contribute and still be home for us when we came home from classes.


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[Assistant] You can't worry about the exam that's the next day because you're focusing in the moment on learning this move. And I think what emerged from it was this, this probably more balanced version of me.


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[Assistant] And I came to the lab one Saturday night at 3 a.m. And I noticed that the lab was full of people. And I had this moment where I realized that I didn't want to be there every Saturday night at 3 in the morning.


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[Assistant] When I was a first year graduate student, my advisor, Mehmet Toner, had what seemed like this fascinating project, which was to make an artificial liver.


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[Assistant] If you've ever seen a picture of a computer chip and it has all these networks of wires that make circuits, that technology that makes those patterns works by shining light on a surface.


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[Assistant] For about a year I tried this. It turned out for my liver cells, nothing actually worked.


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[Assistant] At one point in the process I started to think I was losing my mind because the experiment was you take this piece of glass that's clear and you shine light on it and it's still clear and you dip it in a bunch of clear solutions and you pour cells on it and at the end they're supposed to organize.


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[Assistant] The moment that I looked in the microscope and saw that this thing that I had invented in my head had actually come to fruition was amazing.


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[Assistant] I have a babysitter at home, an assistant at work, and somebody who helps run the lab, and a husband that's supportive, and parents that are nearby, so.


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[Assistant] It sort of takes a village to help me run my life.


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[Assistant] Exaggerated figure, the I don't like math. And so when I had girls, I really didn't want Barbies in the house. I didn't want that body image. I didn't want that focus on materialism. I just didn't, you know, like anything about Barbie.


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[Assistant] She was also the mother of two little girls, and her older daughter went on to win the Nobel Prize herself.


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[Assistant] I think that science is necessarily a career for everyone. I want to share with them


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[Assistant] A curiosity for the way the world works, and then I think whatever they want to be, they should be.


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[Assistant] Keys to Empowering Youth was an outreach organization that I


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[Assistant] It is a lot of work to be a mom, and it is a lot of work to run a lab, but I don't really think about the fact that it's a lot of work, I just try and figure out how to make them all fit together.


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[Assistant] It's just, uh, no, no, okay? Forget it! Forget it! Alright? Just forget it. I don't even wanna, just, I just wanna forget it! I just wanna forget it! I don't know, I don't know.


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[Assistant] Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course Literature, and I have some bad news. Disease is devastating the planet.


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[Assistant] Soon the global food supply will be compromised. Clean water will become scarce.


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[Assistant] Thankfully, but geez, I have never read a dystopia that feels more possible or more terrifying. And yet, it's also one of my favorite books and a genuinely hopeful one, the kind of hard-won, uneasy hope that actually means something.


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[Assistant] She died in 2006 at the age of 58. Growing up as a shy, only child in Pasadena, California, Butler spent a lot of time reading at her local library and telling herself her own stories. And then, when she was nine, she saw a movie and thought, I could write a better story than that.


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[Assistant] Lazyness, insecurity, certainty, and drive. Parable of the Sower is a coming-of-age story, one of the best of the past several decades. It's also a story about being black in America, and a feminist story, and a theological story, and a dystopian story, and in some ways maybe a bit of a utopian story. It takes its name from a Bible parable in which Jesus describes someone who goes out to distribute seed. Some of the seed falls on the path and is eaten up by birds.


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[Assistant] Some falls in a rocky place and can't grow, some falls near thorns, so that's no good, but some of it falls on fertile ground and grows beautifully.


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[Assistant] So before we talk about genre and theme, let's look briefly at the story of Parable of the Sower in the Thought Bubble. When the book begins, Laura Oya Olamina is a 15-year-old girl growing up in a small community outside of Los Angeles in 2024. She lives with her father, a professor and Baptist minister.


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[Assistant] Both Lauren and her father have become more and more worried about how long the community can survive and they prepare stashes of money and supplies so they can run away if they have to.


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[Assistant] All that you touch, you change. All that you change, changes you. The only lasting truth is change.


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[Assistant] Eventually, her walled community is overrun and unlike most of her family and friends, she manages to escape and then Warren meets up with other survivors. For a time, she disguises herself as a man and eventually begins walking north with a growing community, the first members of the Earthseed.


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[Assistant] Thanks, Thought Bubble. So there's a lot of death in this book, and like The Handmaid's Tale, the narrative voice is so strong that it all feels terrifyingly real. And yet,


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[Assistant] It is science fiction. It's set in the future, albeit barely, and there's speculation from 1993 about how climate change and wealth inequality and walls will shape the world of the future.


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[Assistant] Part of what makes Parable of the Sower and its sequel, Parable of the Talents, so powerful is how prophetic they seem. Another term for this kind of science fiction which is set on Earth and uses contemporary technology is mundane science fiction. Although, for the record, this is one of the least mundane books you'll ever read. In 1998, Butler told an audience that she liked to think of science fiction in terms of


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[Assistant] If this goes on story, and if it's true, if it's anywhere near true, we're all in trouble. Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to my future self, but first let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh look!


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[Assistant] It's the Sky Express rocket ship that I'm going to use to travel around the solar system in the future.


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[Assistant] You're watching this in 2024. How are we doing? Was Octavia Butler right that we were all in trouble because I'm concerned?


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[Assistant] So, Parable of the Sower is obviously an exploration of if this goes on, but it's also lots of other things. I want to look at two of the book's other genres, the book as a building's roman and also as a sacred text. So you might remember that building's roman is a long and fun to say German word that means a novel of education, a story in which a young person grows up and becomes more or less independent. At the beginning of the book, Lauren is a teenage girl who does what her family expects of her. She agrees to be baptized in a religion she doesn't believe because her father wants her to.


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[Assistant] But as the book goes on, she starts thinking for herself more and more. She establishes her own belief system and begins to study how to survive in case her community breaks down. After talking things over with her father, she also starts conveying some of that information to the children at the school, even though survival skills are definitely not in the curriculum.


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[Assistant] And we should mention here that Lauren's suffering and her escape, as well as her journey north, have led some critics to draw comparisons between Lauren's story and narratives of escape from slavery. And Lauren is an escapee and a leader, but she's also something else. In an interview, Butler explained that she wanted to tell the story of someone who, quote,


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[Assistant] Sometime after her death, after people have had time to forget how human she was,


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[Assistant] It's structured as a series of journal entries, but it also features these passages from what Lauren calls the Book of the Living, a devotional text that people in the future might read and interpret. And we learn a lot about the belief system of Earthseed in these beautiful little passages from the Book of the Living. Earthseed is focused on the inevitability of change. Several times, in fact, it says that God is change.


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[Assistant] It's probably not coincidental that Lauren's middle name, Oya, is the name of the goddess of the Niger River. But Lauren doesn't really believe in goddesses, as she says Earthsea deals with ongoing reality, not supernatural authority figures. And as a person, she isn't perfect or puritanical. She gets angry, she steals when she has to, she has sex when she wants to.


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[Assistant] She also isn't always certain about the moral choices she's making, some of which are influenced by her hyper-empathy, which she calls a biological conscience. But that's all part of what makes this portrait of a prophet so fascinating. Butler shows us how her actions and her beliefs might influence future generations. According to the verses, Lauren writes, Earthseed understands that quote,


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[Assistant] Power, infinite, irresistible, inexorable, and yet God is pliable, trickster, teacher, chaos.


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[Assistant] Change is the one inevitability in Parable of the Sower. It's the only constant in Lauren's trauma-filled life. In an essay on the book, the professor Philip H. Jost wrote that those who practice Earthseed must learn to respond positively to change. He writes,


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[Assistant] And I want to pause here and acknowledge that for a lot of its hardcore fans, Parable of the Sower


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[Assistant] Another way to look at Parable of the Sower is as a dystopian novel exploring a world gone very, very wrong. And if we read the novel this way, Lauren and her community's journey toward a safer place can make the end of the book seem a little


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[Assistant] Personally, I find utopias ridiculous. We're not going to have a perfect human society until we get a few perfect humans, and that seems unlikely. For Lauren and for Butler, the past, with legal racism and misogyny, wasn't ideal. And what's fascinating to me about Parable of the Sower is Lauren struggled to imagine a better world that is not based on past models, that isn't trying to go back in time,


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[Assistant] Or return to some imaginary golden age. The hope is less that Lauren's followers will create a utopia on Earth or elsewhere, and more that they will learn new and better forms of relating to each other and to the world around them, and that they will find something to unite them. Instead of a search for a paradise where nothing ever changes,


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[Assistant] They have to learn to embrace change and use that change to move forward and seek life among the stars. Whereas so many utopian and dystopian novels seem to argue for dismantling technology, Lauren sees this interstellar travel as a goal that can unite humanity. And as we come to the end of our miniseries on dystopias, although I suppose you could argue that Macbeth is fairly critical of traditional power structures, I think it's worth


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[Assistant] What forces or goals can unite and pacify us? We know how humans of the past have responded to resource pressures and deprivations. Is there a way that we can somehow avoid their mistakes when responding to the pressures and deprivations of a changing climate? And can we reconcile ourselves to change and live with it as the Book of the Living calls us to do?


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[Assistant] Parable of the Sower is so page turningly compulsively readable that it's easy to miss the moments where Warren and Butler speak directly to us and to our times.


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[Assistant] We make Crash Course with Adobe Creative Cloud. You can get a free trial at a link in the description. Thanks to everyone who supports us on Patreon and to all of you for watching. And as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.


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[Assistant] So one of the most remarkable things about Macbeth is that it presents us with a hero who is also a villain. Like, as we discussed last time, when we first meet Macbeth, he's just helped win a major battle for Scotland. The first time he's mentioned, a sergeant introduces him as


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[Assistant] I think, though, that our sympathies mostly stay with Macbeth even after the murder. We worry that someone is gonna find him out, maybe the same someone who's knocking so relentlessly on the gate, and we hope he gets away with it, even though we know it's horrible. Like, one of the ways Shakespeare gets us to empathize with Macbeth is by showing just how conflicted he is about this whole king-killing thing. I mean, it literally sickens him.


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[Assistant] And now he's the one encouraging murders, not his wife. He's gone from being a hero at the start of the play to being very much the anti-hero, a journey that has since been undertaken by everyone from Walter White to Tony Soprano to Pablo Escobar to Don Draper to Jamie Lannister.


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[Assistant] To that Hannibal Lecter guy in Westworld. I wonder if it's a coincidence that all those dudes are dudes. Probably not. But before we get there, let's examine how to understand Macbeth's choices in the Thought Bubble.


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[Assistant] As we saw, there are signs of his cruelty even from the beginning. Splitting open opponents from neck to belly is not the work of an especially meek and mild person. But then if Macbeth is inherently evil in the manner of some Shakespeare villains, then why do his actions trouble him so much?


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[Assistant] Almost immediately, Macbeth loses the ability to pray and sleep, and he even seems to envy Duncan. After life's fitful fever, he sleeps well.


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[Assistant] Neither suggests a man who is happy in his life choices. A sociopathic villain like I'd argue Iago is and Othello just wouldn't be haunted in that way. But for a guy who maybe isn't evil to begin with, he does keep getting a lot of people murdered. Or maybe, seeing that the murder of Duncan has already damned him for eternity,


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[Assistant] He figures there's no point repenting now. As he says to his wife, I am in blood, stepped in so far that should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go over.


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[Assistant] We've mostly stopped rooting for Macbeth and his wife to get away with their crimes. Instead, we're hoping they'll get their comeuppance, preferably before Macduff's wife and kids are brutally murdered in front of us. But alas, Shakespeare keeps the violence offstage until that scene, and then allows it full reign, which should shake anyone who still feels sympathy for Macbeth. Even the witches now acknowledge his evil. The next time he approaches them, they say, something wicked this way comes. And as for nameless Lady Macbeth, Holland's Head, the author of the play's source material, describes her as


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[Assistant] Stabbing a king is no big deal. She even offers to go frame the guards by smearing them with Duncan's blood, saying, And it's interesting to note the opposite effect the murder has on each of them. It hardens Macbeth into a serial murderer, but it softens Lady Macbeth into a victim. Her mind becomes disturbed, she begins to sleepwalk, miming, washing her hands over and over.


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[Assistant] Desperate for that little water that will clear her of the deed. But even endless water and washing can't get the spot of blood out, even after it's visibly gone. It's often been said that Lady Macbeth is the first character in English literature to have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and I have to say, as someone with OCD, that I can certainly see some similarities. Except for the record, I have never encouraged my spouse to kill the King of Scotland. Or anyone. To understand more about this dynamic, let's look at how the play treats masculinity and femininity.


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[Assistant] These are the weird sisters, which may be a corruption of the wayward sisters, and there's definitely a suggestion that characters who aren't identifiable as either male or female are destabilizing and upsetting.


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[Assistant] And Shakespeare's characters often play with traditional gender constructions. But we get another taste of how the play imagines masculinity when Lady Macbeth reads her husband's letter and starts worrying that he won't be man enough to get himself the crown.


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[Assistant] Okay, wow, so Lady Macbeth is saying stop me from menstruating, stop me from lactating, basically take everything about me that is liquid and feminine and pliable,


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[Assistant] And then it gets worse. She says that she's breastfed children, where those children have gone is the sort of problem that gives literary scholars fits, and loved those children, but that she would happily quote,


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[Assistant] Again, wow. And just a cool poetic meter note here, when they're having these kinds of arguments, especially the one about killing Duncan, many of Macbeth's lines have so-called feminine endings, which means an extra syllable in the line, and Lady Macbeth's


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[Assistant] Manning up. And maybe we can see this as another reason why Macbeth gets so murdery. Having committed to such a hard and unyielding version of masculinity like the kind his wife offers, he doesn't really know how to soften again.


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[Assistant] But that is not the only vision of masculinity that the play provides. There's a scene between Malcolm and Macduff where Malcolm tries to brag that he's really evil and greedy and lecherous, but then he takes it all back, suggesting that it's his innocence and even his virginity, his unmanliness,


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[Assistant] Dispute it like a man, Malcolm says. But here's the difference between Macduff and Macbeth. Instead of going along with this toxic vision of masculinity,


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[Assistant] Macduff, you'll recall, is not of woman-born, so you could argue he's the manliest of anyone in the play, and his definition of manliness is different. It involves fighting, but it also involves feeling and loving.


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[Assistant] And mourning. Of course none of that stops him from decapitating Macbeth in the end, but


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[Assistant] Macbeth deserves it. And let's take a quick look at that ending. So before the final battle, Macbeth receives the news that his wife has died, and he recites a soliloquy saying that to him, now, life means nothing. Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury.


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[Assistant] He just seems tired. The dagger, the line of kings, Banquo's ghost, even his wife's death.


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[Assistant] None of it matters. And yet, he doesn't let that stop him from going on one last murderous rampage before his own death. His humanity just seems gone, and it's almost as though he'd like someone to stop him, but he can't bring himself to commit suicide, and he's worried that no one equals him in battle, but then,


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[Assistant] There is the surprise of Macduff the C-section baby. But what I find fascinating is that even here at this revelation, Macbeth is still worrying about his manliness, saying,


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[Assistant] Grieving Macduff, meanwhile, is much more worried about cutting off Macbeth's head, which he does. Then, of course, being a Shakespearean tragedy, there must be a fond farewell, which comes from Malcolm, who talks about the dead butcher and his fiend like me.


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[Assistant] But none of those words, not dead, not butcher, not fiend-like, and not queen, describe the Macbeth and Lady Macbeth we meet early in the play. It's a short play that charts two extraordinary transformations of character. And at the end, we still don't know if Macbeth Small was inevitable, even divinely ordained, or whether he brought it on himself.


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[Assistant] But one of the reasons Shakespeare's plays have hung around is because the best characters in them aren't one thing or another. They aren't only good or only evil. They aren't only ambitious or only meek, only weak or only strong.


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[Assistant] But Macbeth endures because ambition and its cost endure, and because we are still asking that old question. Was I doomed to this, or did I choose it? Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week.


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[Assistant] Crash Course is filmed here in the Chad and Stacey Emigholz Studio in Indianapolis and it's made possible by your support at Patreon.


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[Assistant] We're trying to mimic what a tree can do and these are the leaves of that tree.


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[Assistant] Some people would say this can't possibly be done, but then on the other hand every tree can do it.


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[Assistant] I was looking for ways of doing experiments, and just about that time,


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[Assistant] Uh, Claire came to me in the study at home and said she is looking for an experiment to do for her science fair.


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[Assistant] I was surprised that she pulled this off as well as she did, which made me feel that it could be easier than I thought.


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[Assistant] The first reaction of most people is, why take CO2 out of the air where it's more dilute than in any other place? Clearly it must be easier to get it out of a power plant. But not all of the CO2 comes out of a power plant.


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[Assistant] We needed to come up with a shape where you don't have to have an aquarium fish pump driving all the air through the system, but to have the wind just deliver the air and pass it through the collector.


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[Assistant] Sodium hydroxide is great to prove that it can be done, but it has so many disadvantages.


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[Assistant] She is sitting on this pedestal of serpentine rock. This serpentine has absorbed CO2, probably out of rainwater. It's known as geological weathering, and if you wait long enough, that's what will happen to all of the CO2 we make.


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[Assistant] I believe that it is impossible to stop people from using the fossil fuels, so we need to develop technologies which allow us to use them without creating environmental havoc on the planet.


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[Assistant] Hey man, I really like your pad. Those lava lamps are far out. Thanks for letting me crash here tonight.


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[Assistant] Hey man, I really like your pad. Those lava lamps are far out. Thanks for letting me crash


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[Assistant] Hey man, I really like your pad. Those lava lamps are far out. Thanks for letting me crash here tonight.


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[Assistant] Today's challenge is going to take place over two rounds. The first round is going to test your knowledge of ingredients.


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[Assistant] So, the rules are very simple. If you guess your chosen ingredient correctly, you stay in the game.


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[Assistant] The first three of you to guess an ingredient incorrectly are going to round two.


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[Assistant] Well, you push those. Did you want your apples to be as dark as that?


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[Assistant] A lot of debate, but there was only one dish that we could agree unanimously on, deserve to keep its maker in the competition.


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[Assistant] Great cooking this week. You get to sit back, you get to see a fantastic recipe, learn some tips and tricks from George and Gary End. You also get the man himself to show you a couple of his signature dishes I think you're going to absolutely love. So special day. What have you got planned for them?


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[Assistant] Those wonderful aubergine scotch eggs. You've seen George make the codalia, which is one of my favorite comfort foods. And of course, you've seen Gary made a beautiful shortcrust pastry with the thyme, coriander seeds, parmesan.


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[Assistant] I think as Adam says, there's really, one of the toughest things about MasterChef is the departures, but the great reward is memories and memories like this amazing week.


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[Assistant] Heya Tracy, how are you doing?


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[Assistant] Hey listen, you wanna go to the sock hop with me this Friday? It'll be a blast!


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[Assistant] Oh right, so when are you gonna ask me? I've had my eye on you for a while. Hey buddy, ease off my girl man, or do you want a knuckle sandwich?


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[Assistant] This video is made possible by CuriosityStream and Nebula. Watch another full-length companion video to this one that explains the most recent Israel-Palestine crisis exclusively on Nebula, which you can access by signing up for the CuriosityStream-Nebula bundle deal for just $15 a year at curiositystream.com slash real-life lore.


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[Assistant] While thousands of rockets were fired from within into Israel. If you watched any of these events happening on the news, you probably saw some of these incredible images of many of these rockets lighting up the night sky over Israel. These astonishing sights are, in fact, demonstrations of what Israel calls their Iron Dome.


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[Assistant] Well, in order to understand how the system protects Israel like a giant shield, you first have to understand the problem that the Iron Dome system solved. Beginning in the 1990s, Hezbollah, a militant Islamist group based in Lebanon, began firing rockets into northern Israeli population centers.


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[Assistant] During the 2006 Second Lebanon War, 4,000 rockets fired from Hezbollah landed in northern Israel, including Israel's third largest city, Haifa.


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[Assistant] While to the south, more than 8,000 additional projectiles were fired over a period of several years into Israel from within the Gaza Strip.


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[Assistant] Primarily by Hamas. Between Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in the Gaza Strip, nearly 2 million Israeli citizens were within direct range of these rocket attacks, posing a massive security risk to the Israeli state.


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[Assistant] And so, in 2007, the Israeli military began developing what would eventually be called the Iron Dough.


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[Assistant] A missile defense system intended to cover the entire country and designed to give the Israeli government crucial time deciding what to do during future conflicts without being forced into another ground invasion.


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[Assistant] Eventually, and of course, the United States got involved with the funding and development of the system under the Obama administration, and within just a few years, Iron Dome shot down its first missile in 2010, and was deployed for the first time near the town of Beersheba in 2011.


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[Assistant] A typical air defense missile battery consists of three primary components. A radar unit to initially locate and detect threats. A missile control unit that decides when to fire interceptor missiles, and essentially acts as the brains. And additionally, several launchers themselves, all located at the same site.


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[Assistant] Conversely, an Iron Dome battery is deployed in a scattered pattern. Each Iron Dome launcher contains 20 interceptor missiles, which are each independently deployed and operated via a secure wireless connection that can protect an area up to 75 kilometers away in every direction. Okay, so here's how the system works live in action.


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[Assistant] Imagine a rocket has just been fired from within Gaza and is heading into Israel. Most of the time, these rockets are classified as dumb rockets, meaning that it has no internal guidance system and is simply just fired into the air at an angle and wherever it lands is largely just based upon the laws of physics.


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[Assistant] Shortly after the rocket is first launched, the Iron Dome radar system detects it and begins to track the threat and where it might land.


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[Assistant] One single Iron Dome system is advanced enough to simultaneously track 1000 rockets or projectiles at the same time. Now, shortly after beginning to track the incoming threat,


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[Assistant] The second step of the process requires that the Iron Dome system begin to implement a complex series of algorithms used to determine more about the rocket and its trajectory. Essentially, it's just using the laws of physics, but has to also constantly adjust for all sorts of external and variable factors. Like wind, weather, and more, but it doesn't just stop there.


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[Assistant] From here, the system also analyzes the probable landing location and determines whether or not it is located in a populated area or near a military base.


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[Assistant] If the rocket is determined to just be heading for an empty field in the middle of nowhere, then it doesn't really make any sense to fire a precious missile in order to intercept it.


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[Assistant] Especially when you consider the fact that each of these interceptor missiles can cost as much as $100,000 a piece. On the other hand though,


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[Assistant] If the projectile is calculated to be heading for a city or a military base, then the system kicks in a gear and will deploy a missile to go and destroy it.


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[Assistant] These interceptor missiles have a 90-95% success rate with destroying their targets, which effectively looks like this in action.


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[Assistant] In 2006, before the system was developed and deployed across Israel, 34 days of fighting with Hezbollah in Lebanon resulted in 4,000 rockets striking Israel and 53 Israeli fatalities.


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[Assistant] Fast forward to 2014, after the Iron Dome system was developed and deployed. After 50 days of fighting with Hamas in Gaza.


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[Assistant] The massive success of the Iron Dome system is completely unprecedented in the history of modern warfare, and is widely considered by many to be the most advanced and the most successful missile shield ever developed in the world.


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[Assistant] But it still isn't completely perfect. Before the 2021 fighting, the Iron Dome system proved to intercept nearly every rocket or projectile that was launched at Israel because the numbers of launches were relatively low.


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[Assistant] In May of 2018, about 20 rockets were fired from Syria that were all either intercepted or missed their targets. In May 2019, 690 rockets were fired from Gaza and 240 of them were intercepted.


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[Assistant] But the most recent fighting in 2021 was different. In several of these barrages, as many as 140 rockets were fired towards Israel within just a few minutes.


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[Assistant] Within the first 24 hours of the conflict beginning, Hamas managed to fire 470 rockets into Israel, a much higher rate than had ever been achieved in any of the previous conflicts. And many of these were much more sophisticated, long-range missiles that were capable of striking Tel Aviv and even Jerusalem.


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[Assistant] In the 11 days the fighting went on for, there were approximately 4,340 rockets fired towards Israel from within the Gaza Strip. An average of nearly 400 a day. This represents the highest concentration of rocket fire that Israel has ever experienced. And it also revealed some of the Iron Dome's inherent weaknesses.


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[Assistant] Even with a 90-95% success rate, more than 60 of these rockets were still able to penetrate the Israeli defenses and hit their intended targets.


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[Assistant] This reveals that the Iron Dome isn't perfect, and it has a critical weakness that can be exploited. It can simply be overwhelmed by concentrated sheer numbers of rocket fire.


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[Assistant] But that's not the only serious weakness.


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[Assistant] Iron dome batteries and the missiles they fire aren't endless. And they're prohibitively expensive.


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[Assistant] Just one of these interceptor missiles can cost the Israeli government upwards of $100,000. While a crudely manufactured rocket fired from Hamas within Gaza may only cost $800. With even the more advanced longer range missiles being only a couple thousand.


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[Assistant] While firing 4,000 rockets will cost Hamas maybe only 3 or 4 million dollars, which is quite the difference. This has led some to speculate that rather than targeting lives or infrastructure, Hamas can still be capable of severely targeting Israel's finances by making them spend so much more money on their defense.


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[Assistant] But, despite these weaknesses, Iron Dome batteries have been deployed across the country and even out at sea to protect Israel's offshore gas platforms from attack. And it's still, by far, the most effective system of its kind and has saved numerous lives.


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[Assistant] The system has been so successful that the Israeli government now considers it a core part of their national defense, and have agreed to even sell the systems to other countries to use as well.


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[Assistant] In 2016, Israel began selling the Iron Dome defense technology to Azerbaijan.


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[Assistant] Who went on to effectively use it themselves in their 2020 war with Armenia. Other customers of the system include India, Romania, the United States, NATO, South Korea, and even Singapore. The US has already begun deploying their purchased Iron Dome systems in Iraq and Afghanistan.


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[Assistant] For two weeks last month, the Iron Dome network blocked thousands of rockets that were launched at Israel. But that doesn't mean that the violence was stopped. Israel conducted hundreds of airstrikes upon the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.


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[Assistant] Hundreds of Hamas-fired rockets still found their way through the Iron Dome and into Israel. The conflict was important, bloody, and not acceptable for me to cover on YouTube due to their terms of service.


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[Assistant] But the moment I really start diving into the most recent conflict, why it began, how it went, and how it all ended, it's a guarantee that this video will be censored and you won't get to see it.


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[Assistant] So instead, I created a full length companion video to this one with all of that controversial but important information included and uploaded that version you can go watch right now to Nebula.


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[Assistant] As well as other episodes detailing the 2020 Armenia-Azerbaijan War and the ongoing Russo-Ukraine War in the Donbass.


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[Assistant] It's just a platform about great and unique content made by great and independent educational creators.


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[Assistant] Nebula's ecosystem enables all of us to take big risks with expensive projects, like America's biggest ghost town.


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[Assistant] The best way to get access to Nebula and all of this awesome content is definitely through the pretty amazing CuriosityStream Nebula bundle deal. With its current sales price, it's less than $15 a year to get access to both sites. And CuriosityStream has some phenomenal stuff too.


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[Assistant] One of my favorites has been the grim but nonetheless interesting terror series, with six episodes chronicling some of history's most significant terror attacks, complete with survivor testimonies, including the 1972 Munich Olympic Games Israeli hostage crisis. I genuinely don't know about a better deal in streaming.


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[Assistant] Two streaming sites, both with stuff you'll actually watch, and all for less than $15 a year at the current sales price.


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[Assistant] The anxiety of the unknown for the first pressure test is obviously gone, but emotionally it gets a little bit harder because it's a constant reminder that you've just had a bad cook and that you're in the bottom.


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[Assistant] This video is made possible by Audible. Get a free audiobook of your choice from Audible exclusively by going to audible.com slash real life lore in the description.


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[Assistant] This is a map of the United States and hundreds of years of colonization and laws has made the country's geography pretty weird in more than just a few places. Today, I'm going to show you a few maps that will change your perception of how you see this country and its place in the world.


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[Assistant] First of all, this town that nobody has ever heard of called Dalhart. This town is located 485 miles away from the Texan state capital of Austin. Which means that Dalhart is actually closer to the state capitals of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming. Six other different states. Another way to understand just how big Texas actually is is by taking a look at the city of El Paso located in the westernmost edge of the state.


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[Assistant] Reno, Nevada is actually located further west than LA is, which you can see when a line is drawn from Reno southwards.


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[Assistant] Minneapolis is close to Venice, Vancouver is almost equal to Paris, and Calgary in Canada is almost equal to London. The North American continent has much cooler temperatures on average than Europe does at higher latitudes like this, which is why this is a little confusing. But perhaps equally confusing is what happens when you look at a globe and flip it on its side. If you start at Mexico City and draw a straight line out in this direction,


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[Assistant] From Mexico City, the line also goes through Atlanta, Washington DC, New York City, Paris, and eventually Izmir and Turkey. The perception is weird because we usually think of the world in terms of a map and not in terms of its true spherical shape.


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[Assistant] The final geographic oddities in America that I'll be discussing in this video are located around the northernmost parts of the country. First up in this region is Detroit, where if you start in the downtown region and travel south, you'll end up pretty quickly in Canada. If you head east, you'll also end up in Canada. If you go north, you'll end up in Lake Huron, and then eventually, Canada again.


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[Assistant] It's easy to end up in Canada while in Detroit, but it's even easier while in Point Roberts, an exclave of the United States south of Vancouver.


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[Assistant] The only way to get from this part of America to the other part of America is by driving 25 miles through Canada, using their very small airport or taking a boat across the bay. There's over 1300 people that live here, and only one school that only provides education up to fourth grade.


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[Assistant] The Dateline causes another weird situation here, though, on the Diomede Islands, where it crosses between one island owned by Russia and another island owned by the United States. The result is that despite only being just a couple miles away from one another, the Russian island is 21 hours ahead in time from the American island.


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[Assistant] Once you try out your free book, membership includes one free title each month and 30% off everything else. I love listening to audiobooks while I'm driving or when I'm exercising and I'm sure you will too, so it's worth going and trying out a book for free with their 30 day free trial by clicking the link in the description at audible.com slash real life lore or by texting real life lore to 500-500.


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[Assistant] Well, you might be in a minority now, as it seems we British are complaining more than we used to. We'll look at this topic a little more after this week's quiz question. The oldest recorded complaint is on a stone tablet in the British Museum. It's nearly four thousand years old.


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[Assistant] Okay, well, I will reveal the answer later in the programme and don't complain if you get it wrong.


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[Assistant] You and Yours is a BBC radio programme about consumer affairs. On a recent programme, they discuss the topic of complaining and customer service with Giles Hawke from an organisation called the Institute of Customer Service. He talks about different sectors.


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[Assistant] A sector is a particular area of business. Which sectors does he say have most problems when it comes to keeping the complaining customers satisfied?


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[Assistant] So, which sectors are not keeping the customer satisfied?


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[Assistant] And he says that these sectors may have inherent challenges. And what does he mean by that?


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[Assistant] So those sectors are not performing well. We usually think of the word perform when we're talking about actors or musicians, but in a business sense to perform well or badly means to be successful or not. And according to Giles Hawke,


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[Assistant] Travel and retail are performing well in terms of customer service.


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[Assistant] Giles Hawke goes on to talk about how people are actually making their complaints but are modern methods taking over from the traditional letter of phone call.


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[Assistant] So are people using modern methods more than traditional ones?


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[Assistant] Where people are turning to social media is if their complaint is not dealt with. To deal with something means to sort it, to fix it. And if you complain and it's not dealt with, then, he says, people turn to social media as a form of escalation.


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[Assistant] Right, well, before we receive any complaints, let's review today's vocabulary after the answer to the question, which was about a four thousand year old complaint. Was the complaint about?


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[Assistant] A. An incorrect number of goats that were delivered after being bought at market B. The quality of copper bars that were supplied


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[Assistant] Sorry. It was actually a complaint about the quality of copper ingots or bars that were supplied. If you knew that, very well done. If you guessed right, also very well done. No shame to get that one wrong.


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[Assistant] We had sectors, which are particular areas of business in the economy.


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[Assistant] How successful a company is can be described as how well it's performing. And if something is dominant, it means it is the strongest or most used.


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[Assistant] Thank you, Rob. That's all from 6 Minute English this time. Do join us again soon and don't forget to check us out online. Bye bye!


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Rob. And hello, I'm Neil. And Rob, I have to say, I am very, very excited.


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[Assistant] Why's that, Neil? Are you going on holiday? Ah, come on, Rob. You know why. The 2018 World Cup is about to start in Russia. Four weeks of world-class football to watch. By world-class I mean some of the best.


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[Assistant] Well, I'm going to be glued to my TV to watch the 32 countries compete for the title of World Cup Champions. And if you love football, or not, we've got


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[Assistant] Fair play. Uh, well my Russian is a little rusty, so I'll go for A, the winner. Okay, I'll reveal the answer later. Okay, but now I have a question for you, Rob. Who won the last World Cup in Brazil in 2014?


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[Assistant] Football, Rob. Anyway, the final will take place in the revamped, or much improved, Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on July 15th 2018. Did I say I was very excited?


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[Assistant] Well, I'm not the only one. We asked some people what they think about the World Cup and here are Keith and Jane describing their


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[Assistant] So two football fans there. Keith used some good alliteration. That's words beginning with the same letter. Four week festival of fun.


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[Assistant] I'm not sure about that, Rob, but maybe he's right about the tournament becoming very corporate, which means it's sponsored by big companies who like to decide how the tournament's


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[Assistant] That means some of the best in the world. We should see some world-class football in Russia. If we're watching it, Neil.


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[Assistant] Let's move on to get behind. If we get behind someone, like our national football team, we support them. Are you getting behind our national team, Neil? No, I'm supporting the underdog Iceland, Rob. That's a word to describe the team or person least likely to win.


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[Assistant] Next, we discussed sportsmanship. That describes fair and honest


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[Assistant] Yes, but don't forget to join us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube for more learning English fun. Thanks for joining us and goodbye. Bye-bye.


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[Assistant] This video is made possible by Skillshare. Start learning anything for free for two months at skl.sh slash real life lore 16.


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[Assistant] Nature is still the queen of our planet, and one of the greatest displays of her raw power can be found in the form of hurricanes. These huge and often disastrous storms are a well-known fact of life to sailors and coastal communities the world over. But these storms are called different things depending on where you are.


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[Assistant] In the Atlantic and Northeastern Pacific, they are hurricanes. In the Northwestern Pacific, they are typhoons. While in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, they are known as cyclones. Whatever name they go by, they're nothing to take lightly.


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[Assistant] But how large and how powerful can these storms actually get? Let's start by explaining the Saphir-Simpson scale, which you've probably already seen used. It measures hurricanes on a scale between category 1 on the low end and category 5 on the high end.


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[Assistant] To help you visualize what each level of the scale means, let's begin with the smallest known cyclone ever on record, Tropical Storm Marco.


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[Assistant] To be classified as a category 1 hurricane, a storm needs to have wind speeds of at least 74 miles per hour. And so since Marco only had a maximum speed of 65 miles per hour, it wouldn't even register on the scale. The storm was about the same size as Rhode Island, and the damage it caused when it impacted Mexico was minimal.


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[Assistant] But obviously, actual hurricanes can get much nastier than this. Even on the low end at a Category 1 storm, Hurricane Nate in 2017 became the costliest natural disaster in the history of Costa Rica, causing 787 million dollars in damage and claiming the lives of 48 people.


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[Assistant] This is fast enough to damage roofs and windows of homes, uproot some trees and destroy mobile homes. Hurricane Arthur is a recent example of this type which grew to about the size of Montenegro.


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[Assistant] Once we reach category 3, these and all further storms are considered to be major hurricanes. To be considered a category 3, a storm needs to have wind speeds between 111 and 129 miles per hour.


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[Assistant] Hurricane Otto in 2016 was a good example of this type, which grew to have a max wind speed of 115 miles per hour and became close in size to the Netherlands. Hurricanes start getting extremely terrifying when they reach category 4, though.


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[Assistant] The deadliest natural disaster in all of American history was because of a category 4 hurricane that struck the city of Galveston in 1900. With wind speeds approaching 145 miles per hour, the hurricane basically destroyed the entire city and left somewhere between 6,000 and 12,000 people dead.


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[Assistant] But that's nowhere near the deadliest cyclone in world history. That unfortunate honor goes to the 1970 Bhola Cyclone that smashed into a place that used to be called East Pakistan, and now it's called Bangladesh. The storm was about the size of Albania and claimed the lives of over 500,000 people.


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[Assistant] More than all American fatalities during the Second World War combined.


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[Assistant] Another horrible record set by a category 4 hurricane was by Harvey in 2017. Approaching the size of Hungary, it slammed into the coast of Texas in 2017 and became the costliest hurricane in history, causing over 125 deaths.


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[Assistant] 5 billion dollars in damage, which is also close to Hungary's total GDP. So you could maybe call Harvey a hungry missile. But that missile's record is technically tied with an even more ferocious storm back from 2005.


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[Assistant] Katrina, which became a monster close in size to Poland with wind speeds of 175 miles per hour.


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[Assistant] As it stands now, as of the making of this video, Hurricane Florence has not yet made landfall in the Carolinas, but it's looking like a true monster that's approaching the size of France.


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[Assistant] John holds the record for being the longest lasting hurricane at 31 days and the furthest distance traveled by one. 11,530 kilometers, or about 29% of the way around the entire planet.


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[Assistant] Tiny handful of hurricanes have ever been bigger than this, but one of them was Sandy, which became the biggest hurricane to ever strike the US.


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[Assistant] It was about half the size of Australia, which looks horrific on a map by the East Coast. But with a wind speed of only 115 miles per hour, it was actually classified as just a category 3 storm, so the damage it caused wasn't as bad as it could have been if it had been upgraded.


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[Assistant] But by far the biggest and most terrifying storm our planet is known to have ever experienced was Typhoon Tip back in 1979. Growing in the Northwestern Pacific, Tip reached a size comparable to the entire country of India and maintained wind speeds of 190 miles per hour.


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[Assistant] Thankfully, TIP weakened before it eventually hit Japan, but imagine the damage it could have caused if it had hit somewhere at its peak strength. If the Hungary missile caused 125 billion dollars of damage in Texas, imagine what an India missile could have done to Japan.


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[Assistant] The warmer that ocean water gets, the stronger that a hurricane's winds can become. Noah estimates that because of climate change,


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[Assistant] Hurricane intensity will increase 2 to 11 percent by 2100, which doesn't sound like a lot until you remember that 2 to 11 percent of wind speeds close to 200 miles per hour is close to 4 to 22 additional miles per hour, which is fast enough over a speed limit to get you a ticket pretty much anywhere.


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[Assistant] In fact, Skillshare has over 20,000 classes, so if there's something you want to learn, then Skillshare probably has a class on it.


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[Assistant] Best of all, you can start learning with Skillshare for free for two entire months and support real life lore by signing up today by clicking the link in the description at skl.sh slash real life lore 16.


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[Assistant] The film depicts the realities of war very accurately.


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[Assistant] Somehow, Jim got the impression that I was gay. Did you tell him that?


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[Assistant] Really? That's not what I was told. Oh, hold on, you're lying.


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[Assistant] I could tell from the smirk on your face that you were telling a fib. That's the word for a small, inoffensive lie.


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[Assistant] Well, I'd be lying if I said I knew, but based on personal experience, I'd say estate agents. They'd find it too easy.


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[Assistant] But I can see how easy lying can be, and that's what neuroscientist Sophie Scott thinks. Here she is on BBC Radio 4's Seriously Podcast, explaining how we sometimes lie just to be nice.


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[Assistant] Hmm, that's like you getting me to pay £10 for a cinema ticket, when actually they were only £5.


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[Assistant] That's just dishonest, but there are also what we like to call white lies. Small lies we tell to avoid upsetting someone.


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[Assistant] Those are lies that aren't intended to give you an advantage.


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[Assistant] So we want to make conversation polite because we want to cooperate with each other. She says cooperation is at the heart. Something that's at the heart is the most important or essential part.


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[Assistant] But if you really want to know if someone is lying, maybe we should listen to Richard Wiseman, a psychologist at the University of Hertfordshire, here he is speaking on the Seriously Podcast.


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[Assistant] Sort of, Rob. Richard also suggests we focus on or concentrate on what and how people are saying things to. There's probably more to it than just that.


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[Assistant] Fascinating stuff, Rob, and that's no lie. But now, shall we recap some of the vocabulary we've heard today?


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[Assistant] A white lie is also a small lie told to avoid upsetting someone.


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[Assistant] When something is at the heart of something, it is the most important or essential part of it. And we heard about response latency, a term used in psychology to describe the time taken between a stimulus or question and a response to it.


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[Assistant] It's fine. I am actually from Mexico. I was in China on a business trip, visiting some local companies that manufacture bathroom products.


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[Assistant] Well, thank you. In that case, I am 26 years old, and what about you yourself?


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[Assistant] Crenshaw and Hawthorne at the Holiday Inn that is on that corner.


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[Assistant] It's fine. I am actually from Mexico. I was in China on a business trip, visiting some local companies that manufacture bathroom products.


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[Assistant] Don't you know it's rude to ask a lady her age?


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[Assistant] Well, thank you. In that case, I am 26 years old. And what about yourself?


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[Assistant] Really? That's great! Do you speak some Spanish?


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[Assistant] ¡Que bien! Entonces podemos hablar en español.


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[Assistant] It's fine. I am actually from Mexico. I was in China on a business trip, visiting some local companies that manufacture bathroom products.


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[Assistant] Well, thank you. In that case, I am 26 years old, and what about you yourself?


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[Assistant] What now? Uh, uh, what now? What do you mean, what now? I mean, we're headed back to Le Moyne again, and we're all wanted men.


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[Assistant] I believe we've met. We have? At that Gastly party. Who?


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[Assistant] Evelyn Miller. Unfortunately so, mister, uh.


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[Assistant] Arthur Morgan at least, sometimes.


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[Assistant] This is Rainsfall, the Great Chief, and his son, Eagle Flies.


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[Assistant] Clearly, contravening the peace treaty signed three years ago.


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[Assistant] Well, it's a bad business. It's to do with oil. I know it is, but I need the proof.


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[Assistant] I believe there were some prospectors who were on their land a few months ago.


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[Assistant] Listen, I realize that it is a ridiculous request, but we're very desperate.


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[Assistant] Gentlemen, that appointment with the Senator, we should head over there.


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[Assistant] We've been waiting, I don't know how long. Or next month, if you'd like to reschedule. Come. Perhaps the Senator won't mind waiting.


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[Assistant] We can't stay here. That much is obvious.


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[Assistant] Yes. You okay to ride on my horse a little? I'll keep you safe.


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[Assistant] Oh, that's okay, man. You just keep her warm and keep her safe.


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[Assistant] Seems as what began happening in Blackwater began happening years ago, maybe. Slow decline, I guess.


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[Assistant] Alright, we're in the clear now, Mr. Bullard. Get up. Good Lord!


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[Assistant] No. You put the gun down. Now!


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[Assistant] Let me see them papers. It's more attention we don't need. Feels like the whole world's closing in on us. Dutch!


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[Assistant] Hello. Hello. Dutch. This is Eagle Flies.


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[Assistant] His father is a great chief. Charles and I, we, uh...


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[Assistant] Now take care of him. No, I'm the better shot. And you, you're the better actor. No, you play dead and I'll cover you. I got that.


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[Assistant] I got your things, I think.


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[Assistant] He ain't been seen in days. And weather ain't let up. He's strong and he's smart. Strong at least. Hello Arthur.


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[Assistant] I need you to- I'm sorry, I'm sorry to ask, but-


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[Assistant] He ain't been seen in two... two days.


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[Assistant] Enough of this. We'll go find something. Come on, Arthur.


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[Assistant] Here, you take this. I can't use it and you'll have to. Oh, you're joking. Use a gun, and we'll scare off every animal for miles around.


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[Assistant] What do you think? If they wanted trouble, we wouldn't have seen them.


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[Assistant] Where is that little Irish bastard? I'm not quite sure. Trelawny's off trying to find out.


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[Assistant] And what we do is we take these examples and we project them onto this one dimensional surface and then now we need to use only a real number, say z1, uh, to specify the location of these points after they've been projected onto this one dimensional surface. So, given a point like this, given a point z1,


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[Assistant] ureduce is going to be an n by k dimensional vector, z is going to be a k by 1 dimensional vector, so when you multiply these out that's going to be n by 1, and so exit props.


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[Assistant] That's going to be an n-dimensional vector. And so the intent of PCA, that is if the square projection error is not too big, is that this x-approx will be close to whatever was the original value of x that you had used to derive z in the first place.


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[Assistant] And we got this value of z1. If you plug z1,


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[Assistant] Through this formula to get x1 at props, then this point here, that would be x1 at props.


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[Assistant] Aristotle famously said, Nature fears of empty space, when he claimed that a true vacuum, a space devoid of matter, could not exist because the surrounding matter would immediately fill it. Fortunately, he turned out to be wrong.


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[Assistant] A vacuum is a key component of the barometer, an instrument for measuring air pressure. And because air pressure correlates to temperature and rapid shifts in it can contribute to hurricanes, tornadoes, and other extreme weather events, a barometer is one of the most essential tools for weather forecasters and scientists alike.


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[Assistant] How does a barometer work, and how was it invented? Well, it took a while. Because the theory of Aristotle and other ancient philosophers regarding the impossibility of a vacuum seemed to hold true in everyday life, few seriously thought to question it for nearly 2,000 years until necessity raised the issue.


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[Assistant] In the early 17th century, Italian miners faced a serious problem when they found that their pumps could not raise water more than 10.3 meters high.


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[Assistant] Some scientists of the time, including one Galileo Galilei,


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[Assistant] proposed that sucking air out of the pipe was what made water rise to replace the void, but that its force was limited and could lift no more than 10.3 meters of water. However, the idea of a vacuum existing at all was still considered controversial.


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[Assistant] And the excitement over Galileo's unorthodox theory led Gasparo Berti to conduct a simple but brilliant experiment to demonstrate that it was possible.


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[Assistant] A long tube was filled with water and placed standing in a shallow pool with both ends plugged.


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[Assistant] The bottom end of the tube was then opened and water poured out into the basin until the level of the water remaining in the tube was 10.3 meters. With a gap remaining at the top and no air having entered the tube, Bertie had succeeded in directly creating a stable vacuum.


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[Assistant] But even though the possibility of a vacuum had been demonstrated, not everyone was satisfied with Galileo's idea that this empty void was exerting some mysterious yet finite force on the water.


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[Assistant] Evangelista Torricelli, Galileo's young pupil and friend, decided to look at the problem from a different angle.


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[Assistant] Instead of focusing on the empty space inside the tube, he asked himself what else could be influencing the water. Because the only thing in contact with the water was the air surrounding the pool, he believed the pressure from this air could be the only thing preventing the water level in the tube from dropping further.


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[Assistant] He realized that the experiment was not only a tool to create a vacuum, but operated as a balance between the atmospheric pressure on the water outside the tube and the pressure from the water column inside the tube.


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[Assistant] The water level in the tube decreases until the two pressures are equal, which just happens to be when the water is at 10.3 meters. This idea was not easily accepted, as Galileo and others had traditionally thought that atmospheric air has no weight and exerts no pressure.


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[Assistant] Torricelli decided to repeat Bertie's experiment with mercury instead of water.


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[Assistant] Because mercury was denser, it fell farther than the water, and the mercury column stood only about 76 centimeters tall.


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[Assistant] Not only did this allow Torricelli to make the instrument much more compact, it supported his idea that weight was the deciding factor.


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[Assistant] A variation on the experiment used two tubes, with one having a large bubble at the top. If Galileo's interpretation had been correct, the bigger vacuum in the second tube should have exerted more suction and lifted the mercury higher, but the level in both tubes was the same.


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[Assistant] The ultimate support for Torricelli's theory came via Blaise Pascal, who had such a mercury tube taken up a mountain and showed that the mercury level dropped as the atmospheric pressure decreased with altitude.


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[Assistant] Mercury barometers based on Torricelli's original model remained one of the most common ways to measure atmospheric pressure until 2007, when restrictions on the use of mercury due to its toxicity led to them no longer being produced in Europe.


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[Assistant] Nevertheless, Torricelli's invention, born of the willingness to question long-accepted dogmas about vacuums and the weight of air, is an outstanding example of how thinking outside of the box or the tube can have a heavy impact.


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[Assistant] Right on, right on. Well, Jim went to the rink with Sherry, and he said it was dynamite! He was low on bread, but Sherry paid for everything.


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[Assistant] Right on, right on. Well, Jim went to the rink with Sherry, and he said it was dynamite. He was low on bread, but Sherry paid for everything.


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[Assistant] Right on, right on. Well, Jim went to the rink with Sherry, and he said it was dynamite! He was low on bread, but Sherry paid for everything.


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[Assistant] That's more important. Ah, maybe you're right, but... You want the money? You head down. I gotta go to my family.


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[Assistant] Here we go. We ain't got time for this, not now.


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[Assistant] Help you, son? Uhm, hoping I can help you.


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[Assistant] I ain't too proud to do nothing. As long as it's honest. And it pays.


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[Assistant] Yeah, my wife and I, and our boy, we was robbed a few days ago. Lucky to get out with our lives, we was. Now, uh, well,