[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because this new object will be stored at a different position in memory and therefore the reference to that position in memory will have to change here in this variable. And therefore that does not work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because that is in the stack, and so since it is a constant, we cannot change that value in the stack. So we cannot change the value to a new memory address, and therefore, this does not work. If it was a let here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then, we could do this, what we have here. But since it's a constant, again, it is not allowed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as a conclusion, completely changing the object, so assigning a new object to it, is completely different than simply changing a property, as we did.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so it's a fundamental difference, so please make sure to really understand this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyway, what if we actually really wanted to copy the object so that we could then change one of them without changing the other? So let me show you a way in which we can do that. Let's first add some comments here once more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Objects. Alright. And actually let's create a new Jessica object. Let me in fact copy it from here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's say Jessica2. And so now, if we really wanted to copy this object, we could use a function called object.assign. And what this function does is to essentially merge two objects and then return a new one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, again, we can use this function to merge two objects. And so what we can do is to simply merge an empty new object with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Copy. And now let's say that Jessica Copy gets married. So the same situation as before, changing her last name to Davis.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now let's lock both to the console just like here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so it's these last two here from line 222 and 223.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? And so now indeed, we can preserve the original last name Williams after we changed the last name on this other object here. So this JessicaCopy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what this means is that this object now is indeed a real copy of the original. So all the properties were essentially copied from one object to the other.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so behind the scenes, what that means is that a new object was in fact created in the heap and Jessica Copy is now pointing to that object. So it has a reference to that new object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, there is still a problem, because using this technique of object.assign only works on the first level.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or in other words, if we have an object inside the object, then this inner object will actually still be the same.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it will still point to the same place in memory. And that's why we say that this object.assign only creates a shallow copy and not a deep clone, which is what we would like to have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, a shallow copy will only copy the properties in the first level, while a deep clone would copy everything. And to illustrate this, let me actually show you what I mean. And so let's add an array here in this original object. So an array of family.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this is going to work as an example because an array is really just an object behind the scenes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here I can prove my point to you with this. So we have now an array called family. Okay?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so you see that now this array here is indeed in both objects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so far so good. But now let's actually change that array in JessicaCopy. So in this one. Because, eh, as Jessica married, she also increased her family. And so let's now add some more, eh, family members there. So JessicaCopy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Family, and then let's use the push method to add a new element to the end of the array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's add John. So remember, here we are manipulating the copied object, which is actually a copy. But now here we are manipulating an object that's within the object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's this object. And so now as we save this,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It still looks the same, but that's because we need to log, of course, after this operation happens.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now we see that both the objects, uh, now have a family with four members.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's open this a little bit, give it some more space. And so indeed, now before the marriage and after the marriage, uh, the family has all these four members. Alright, so the last name was of course, as we already saw, preserved.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the name before the marriage is Williams and that was preserved because that's in the first level and object.assign here took care of copying that property. And so that was not changed as we changed the last name in the copy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, the family object is a deeply nested object, and so therefore object.assign did not really, behind the scenes, copy it to the new object. Alright?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in essence, both the objects Jessica2 and JessicaCopy have a property called family, which points at the same object in the memory heap. And that object is, uh, of course this array. And so when we change the array in one of them, it's also going to be changed in the other one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, a deep clone is what we would need here, but it is not easy to achieve. And it would actually be beyond the scope of this video to learn how to create a deep clone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Usually we do something like this, which is like really complex, using an external library, for example like Lodash. And this library has a ton of helpful tools, and one of them is for deep cloning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And actually we will do that in a later section, just so you see how we can include an external library to do this kind of stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and with this we actually finish this section about how JavaScript works behind the scenes. And it was a long one with so many things and so many new concepts to learn. And many of them were hard and probably confusing


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not a problem, though it's always a part of learning and even if you did not understand 100% of everything, you're still good to move on in the course to the next section now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But just reaching the end of this section already gave you a big advantage over many other developers, which have no idea about many of the things that I showed you here in this section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So congratulations for sticking with it to the end and for learning all of this valuable knowledge. And now I see you in the next section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It hurts to say it, but you're going home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're going to see how a master puts together nigiri sushi and it is a pleasure to watch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, here we are. This restaurant's actually called Kanda Matsuya. And it's been here for 130 years. That's how old the business is. So we're very, very privileged to have this masterclass here. This is Chef Kodaka and Nicky, who's gonna be our translator. So, little hello. Thank you, Chef.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And how much, how much liquid has gone into there now?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got such a large and beautifully square piece of noodle out of that soba noodle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Welcome to Masterclass and a beautiful day. We must have brought the weather all the way from Tokyo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Couldn't think of a more fitting place to have the masterclass at the week's end. And this is, if you look behind you, that's Tatayama Castle. There's been a castle on that site for 430 years. And the buds of the blossoms are just about to burst and you're going to get a whole day of fantastic recipes, lots of things to learn. Eliza, what are you going to take away from your time in Japan?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you know what? Your week in Japan is not over yet. It's gonna be a fantastic day. Make the most of your last hours in Japan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And his assistant and of course Nicky who's our translator. So what we're going to learn is a couple of very basic techniques and also you're going to see how a master really


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're so perfect, aren't they? Beautiful. Finished? Yes. Beautiful. So, who wants to eat it? Sarah, do you want to come up?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't they look beautiful? Color changes, just in 30 seconds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, who wants to come up and try? Are you a quick on this one, Eloise? Come on, up you come.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the texture of the rice again, you can, you can understand now when chef's talking about, you know, a little bit of air between the rice that it just kinda, just disappears, doesn't it? Which is lovely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we've taken the fish off the bone and we've got two fillets essentially, the top quarter and the belly. Beautiful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a generally accepted pattern in this area. I would pick you up, take you to a restaurant, then we would see a movie, probably a romantic comedy featuring the talents of Hugh Grant or Sandra Bullock.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Mobi builds technologies that expand the human ability to navigate the world. Mobi's core ability is to model decision making through a planning platform to solve complex problems for the individual in a scale that the human brain can't solve alone. Mobi's AI planning platform integrates robust datasets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As well as guiding travelers to the tastiest meals and off the beaten path experiences worldwide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're proud to be backed by a standing group of investors, Firefly venture partners, RPM Ventures, and Enterprise Holdings, who share our commitment to building transformative travel technologies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The server is going to add new story wherever the stories are stored. We're kind of abstracting that away for now. But.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it adds it to the, er, to this field object named stories. So it's in some variable in the server.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And there are reasons why we won't like this, but we'll get offended at it. So there are a few things wrong with this. Uh, here's an example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The server is going to start up with no stories. Then, a few clients are going to send it some stories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's going to build up its local array of stories. And then something terrible happens. The server crashes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when the server crashes? Well, first off, it's going to be down for a while. So, a few hours later, after we figure out how to get the server back up, what is going to be in that stories variable? Well,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that story's variable is going to be empty. So we've lost everything the clients have given us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The clients probably don't want this and this is not how a lot of major applications like Facebook or other social media apps behave. They keep the data around and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Presumably the servers crash sometimes. Pretty rarely, but still sometimes. And they don't lose all the data in Facebook. So what's going on there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in general, the thing that's wrong with sorting data in a variable on the server is that if you do any of these things, if you close your terminal, if you change your code,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And when you run out of RAM, you're just going to cause a crash because your computer won't be able to do anything else and it will kill the process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, or the process of running your server. Because remember, er, because remember, servers are just processes. And ultimately, when they use too many resources, the computer will just kill them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You now lost all those thousands of users or all those very large stories. So it's not really going to work to store the data in a variable. We have to store it permanently somehow, and we can do that on our hard drives. So how can we do this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can use a text file and we can imagine that one simple way to do this is with two functions that read and write from a text file. So first we have read data from file. What it's going to do is first it's going to check if the file exists. If it doesn't, it'll just like exit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then it's going to read the file and once it's read all the data, it's going to parse it and set the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To the results of whatever it got, or whatever it parsed to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And similarly, to write the data to a file, we're going to change that data into a JSON string and write over the file with all the data. So, we can use readDataFromFile to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, restore our state from a file, and we can use writeData to file to store our current state to a file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the code changes look something like this. We're going to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they'll always be the same, so we'll never have any inconsistency.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we still have pretty quick access, like, because it's still stored in our, uhm, because it's like, still stored.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we've solved our persistence problem. Now our data stays around even when we crash.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And every time we have to save every story or comment, we're writing all the stories and comments that we've ever made.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This takes a really long time if we get lots of stories or lots of comments, or any of them are very big.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also still keep our stories and comments in memory, so we still have that same problem with crashing when we get too many stories and comments. Except now we're kind of stuck in this infinite loop, because once we crash, we'll try to read all that data in again, and it'll be too big to fit in memory again, and we'll still crash again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we'll like bring the server back up and it will crash again and so on forever until we delete data.txt or clear it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, it's really slow to find a story with a given ID because we have to search through all the stories. We don't have any way of quickly finding a story with a certain ID because we don't really use anything about the structure of our data to organize it more nicely.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, your laptop hard drive can still fail, and when it fails, you're going to lose all your data. So it turns out that text files are probably not a great solution. Additionally, if two users post at the same time, well, what's going to happen to our data?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Node.js documentation says that we can't write files multiple times on the same file without waiting for one of them to finish first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, if we have two writes that are happening at like the same time, because of two requests at the same time,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So because of that, we don't know what will actually be in data.txt, which is kind of scary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like, it's possible that we could get corrupted files, and we probably don't want that, because we're keeping them around forever, and we'll go around representing them to users.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are also more problems with this, but I think this is a pretty good summary of everything wrong with using a single file to store all of your data in an application.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we can fix a lot of these issues, and it turns out that these issues have been around for a while. So, since the early 1970s.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the solution that they also figured out in the early 70s was a thing called a database.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we'll get into like what we use in this class and why in a bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, a way you can query them. It's like a, another programming language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you also have MongoDB, which is a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you have many more, but we just wanted to highlight these because they represent like a pretty reasonable representation of like two different kinds of database.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what actually is a database? A database is like an organized collection of data. And we also have this notion of a database management system, which is sort of like a library of functions that let us modify our database or query it. So we can read data from it, we can add to it, or we can modify or delete data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But there are a few different kinds of them, and they worked, they work with differently structured databases. So it turns out there are a lot of choices when it comes to how you organize that collection of data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can, for example, like, store them in some sort of spreadsheet-like format, or you can store them as something sort of like JavaScript objects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, there are a few other options, but the point is there's lots of choice here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And usually when people talk about using a database, they really mean using a DBMS because you kind of need a DBMS to interact with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The database itself. It's pretty hard to directly use the database.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In short, a database is like data.txt, but significantly better. And the DBMS is like those operations read data from file and write data or write read data from file and write data to file, but significantly better because it's been like thought about. So how can you read from a database? We're going to go over, or yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it stores data mostly like a spreadsheet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you have these rows and you have these columns and columns are like attributes and rows are like a single, are like a single object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Relational databases don't usually support complicated types for columns, so you can't directly store something like a nested object inside of most relational databases.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So because of that, you'll often have lots of tables. And, wait.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we have, sorry, when we have lots of tables, it's...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we have lots of tables, we have to find some way of merging those tables to build together one object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What that specifically means is that we want to like construct an object representing, for example, a story.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or a comment. And to build a story or a comment, we might have to merge rows from multiple tables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It turns out that this requires a lot of thinking about how you structure your tables. And this means that a relational database can be pretty inflexible when you're trying to develop a new web app pretty quickly. So because of that, although there are lots of benefits to this nice structure, we're going to be using a different kind of database.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it turns out that the benefits are like performance related and like in terms of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, relational databases are very fast, first of all, for reading data, and also for writing data. And they provide nice guarantees about what they do when multiple people write at once. And...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they don't really matter as much when you're prototyping for a class like Buffalo. So instead, we're going to be using a document database called MongoDB.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A document database stores documents, and these are more or less JSON objects.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's pretty convenient because if a document database stores documents which are basically JSON objects, and JSON objects are basically objects in your code, then we have to do very little work


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To go between documents and objects that you can just use in your code directly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which is different from relational database because we don't have to do all that work of like merging together rows that are related.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, because of that, uhm, MongoDB is convenient for us because it'll be easier for you to use in terms of just setting it up and also using the things that MongoDB, er, using the like objects that MongoDB returns when you query it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lastly, I think the one reason why you might not want to use MongoDB in large-scale application


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that it doesn't behave super well when you have like conflicting actions. So you can kind of imagine that if two players do something in a game, you don't really know which state it will end up in or if it's like consistent with either of the two players actions. Like if a player, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lastly, Mongo is pretty expressive in terms of using objects. Like, it makes it much easier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fact that we use data like in JSON like documents also means that it's very convenient to, um, like, it's very convenient to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, view it through the web UI, like how you can delete documents or look at what's currently in your database compared to something like SQL, which is a little more inconvenient. And that's nice if you're debugging and want to see what's actually in your database so you can see what a query will do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So MongoDB works through this little hierarchy where first we have a database and within that database we have collections and inside of a collection we have documents and documents have fields. So for example, this document has a field ID, a field parent and a field content. Additionally, collections, at least as far as we'll use them, will typically have the exact same like structure of documents within a collection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, to replace data.txt on our hard drive, we're going to instead


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, first we're gonna get rid of it with Extreme Precious. And then, we're going to instead, use MongoDB.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's also on our hard drive. So we've solved most of our problems.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've improved our memory usage because we are no longer storing all of our state in some variable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our hardware can still break and we'll still lose all of our data, which is pretty annoying. So we want to figure out a way around this problem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it turns out that MongoDB has also more or less solved it for us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can instead run MongoDB somewhere else. And this, and in this case it's called MongoDB Atlas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This lets you run the database somewhere other than your laptop. It's managed for you, so you don't have to think about certain issues like just keeping it running or restarting it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can share data with your teammates easily because they can use the same MongoDB Atlas database as you. It's also more reliable than your laptop than your laptop SSD.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can imagine that the backend just accesses Wampadibi over the network. But what's actually happening inside of this little cloud?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The server is actually talking to what's called the primary MongoDB instance, and that's on some hard drive. And then...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The same data is copied to three different hard drives.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hard drive failures are pretty much independent, so it's pretty unlikely that they're all going to fail, which means that, well, even if the primary fails, we can still use one of the secondaries as our primary, and that means that we'll still have our data


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Has these documents in it. Each of these documents is, well, one document in your database. And we're inside of the comments collection. So.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd like it as close here as we can, when we walk under here, I would like just that canopy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're currently restoring this area. We're trying to keep it in with the spirit of the place. We haven't got a lot of history about some of the things, but we do know that ferns were in this area. Yeah, I think we'll have it back here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This top area has never ever been open to the public and we're looking to plant it up with ferns, get the bridge replaced and it'll be a nice addition to the garden and you've got some spectacular views across to the lily pond and also you do get a glimpse into the Chinese garden which is nice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've got some tree ferns, we are going to replace one of the tree ferns here. We've put one in there which creates a nice canopy for walking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Doesn't matter what the, the weather's like. It can be snowing, icy rain. Derrick will still be here. We can be there brushing steps off in the snow and Derrick comes round the corner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I use him a little bit as an advisor, really. He sort of gives me his opinion on the garden. Sometimes we sort of work to that. Sometimes I say, well, we're leaving that for whatever reason. But he wants to see Beardle at its best all the time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello everyone, welcome to another lesson at EnglishPod, my name is Marco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today we're gonna be talking about a popular topic all over the world and that is smoking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, that's the thing. In every country in the world, now they are becoming more strict on smoking and where you can smoke, so it's becoming very difficult for smokers nowadays.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so on vocabulary preview, we're gonna take a look at this word, pack of smokes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, but a pack is, you know, like 20 cigarettes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so, it is a little bit extreme though, I mean, he's divorcing her cause she won't quit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, well as he was complaining about all the negative effects and the negative aspects of smoking, he did mention, both of them mentioned a lot of great words and phrases, so why don't we take a look at them now in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the residue or the stuff that when you're smoking it comes out the grey, I don't know, like dust, it's called ash.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ashtray, alright. Well, and the guy was complaining, and he said, well, I thought you were gonna quit smoking, and she said, no, no. I said I was going to cut down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so if I say I'm gonna cut down on smoking, it's just I'm gonna smoke less.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like two or three? Through two or three? Instead of quitting, so if you quit smoking, that would mean zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. And I think we have a couple of examples of other ways we can use this phrase, cut down. So, let's listen to them now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so you want to light up with the lighter matches or some sort of fire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so you can't smoke in here. You can't smoke in here. It's another way of saying smoking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. And she was explaining, you know, how difficult it is and she's trying to quit, but she said I don't have the willpower to just quit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if I have willpower, I have strong willpower, what am I saying?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that happens, right? Sometimes you don't have strong enough willpower so you kind of eat a little bit of cake when nobody's watching.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright. And well, she said she had this urge to reach for her pack of smokes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cravings or urge to do something. Alright, interesting. So we've taken a look at these five great words and I think we should listen to our dialogue again. We're going to slow it down just a little bit and then we'll come back and talk some more.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so let's take a look at them now in Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So on Fluency Builder today, let's take a look at two different phrases and let's start with the first one. She mentions something about going cold turkey overnight. What is that phrase? Cold turkey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so if I say I'm going cold turkey, what is that?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, okay, going cold turkey. Alright, and well, he was explaining the different negative aspects of smoking. He said, well, you know, they spend a fortune on cigarettes every month, and he said, laws are cracking down. So, if the laws are cracking down, what is he trying to say there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so the government is cracking down. Laws are cracking down.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, great. So I think it's time for us to listen to this dialogue for one last time, and then we'll come back and talk a little bit more about this vice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really not, I'm the type of person that could maybe smoke socially, like if we go out to a bar with drinks, a social smoker like they call it, right? Yeaah, I'm jealous. But not really, you're a habitual smoker, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, it is interesting because, like we mentioned, laws are cracking down on where you can smoke, but also taxes and cigarettes are becoming much more expensive, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now another interesting thing and what I was reading recently is that you know those warnings that come on cigarette packs. Yeaah. That say, you know, smoking kills, smoking causes cancer. Actually a study has proven that it's not effective, that people don't mind it or even worry about the cautions on the cigarette packages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But it's actually gotten to the point where people choose the cigarette pack based on the picture, so it's like, oh yea, give me the one with the black lungs, or give me that one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it's interesting. So, it's not really working. I guess, uh, we're gonna have to find other ways to make people more conscious about this vice. We should, mhm. But, uh, come to our website at EnglishPod.com. Tell us what you think about this, uh, vice smoking. Is it good? Is it bad? Are you a habitual smoker or just a social smoker?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, there are other ways to quit. You can try the nicotine patch or nicotine chewing gum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We spend a fortune on cigarettes every month, and now laws are cracking down and not allowing smoking in any public place. It's not like you can just light up like before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can try the nicotine patch or nicotine chewing gum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We spend a fortune on cigarettes every month, and now laws are cracking down and not allowing smoking in any public place. It's not like you can just light up like before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Look, there are other ways to quit. You can try the nicotine patch or nicotine chewing gum.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We spend a fortune on cigarettes every month, and now laws are cracking down and not allowing smoking in any public place. It's not like you can just light up like before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But saying that, she's got a darker char on her marshmallow skins, which I think it'll give it a more flavour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, he's obviously had some problems plating it up. Uhm, his marshmallow skins, he wasn't really able to get quite a lot on there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have two words we're going to hear in the dialogue. Now the first one is a mall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a shopping mall is a big building with many stores inside.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so a gang is a group of people, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. Now we sometimes hear this word, uhm, to have, and it has a negative meaning, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so people who are, who fight and deal drugs and all that sort of stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, but they use some really great phrases and vocabulary words, so why don't we look at those now in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the guy was talking about his really cool new shoes, his new adidas, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So his friend said those are dope and he said you're gonna be getting mad props from the gang.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you can say, she has a mad amount of shoes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so, so his shoes are so cool that he's gonna get a lot of respect or a lot of compliments from his friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we might be more familiar with this, this word as in like a ball, right? A ball bounces off the floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so for our final word, now this guy who got a bad mark on his, his paper, he was nervous about what his dad would say, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I think that was a little easier to understand. You know, we've got a lot of pretty strange words and phrases, some interesting slang.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And his friend replied, don't even go there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He means don't talk about it. I don't want to talk about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Marco, what do you think about the new tax law?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I think that's a really actually quite helpful phrase, uhm, to avoid talking about an uncomfortable subject.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, I really like this phrase. Now, I want to focus on the first part. I was like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. So this actually is really common, especially with people under the age of 30. So why don't we hear a few more examples of how it's used now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I was like, it's super, super useful. So now our next word. Now they saw their friend who got the bad mark in school and the guy said, dude, get over it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and you, you commonly use this for uhm, when somebody is upset about a small thing, something they shouldn't worry about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. Now why don't we go on to our final word. At the end of the dialogue they said, I'm gonna open a can of whoop ass.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, I think we have to take one step back here. To whoop someone's ass is to beat them up, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some sort of small man is gonna jump out of the can and start hitting you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well Marco, in the dialogue, I heard one of the guys say, what's up? But he said it in a really strange way, didn't he?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And actually I remember this commercial during the Super Bowl. They had uhm, this big commercial where everyone was saying what's up in this really strange way, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So remember if you have any questions about this language or anything else about this lesson, come to our website at EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello, welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil. And hello, I'm Rob. Now Rob, how creative are you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You are what we could call a creative. A noun which means someone with a lot of imagination and ideas. In our job we have to create or make content that teaches English creatively.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we'll find out the answer later. But now back to our discussion about creativity. Experts say that students need to focus more on creativity to help them get a job. That's perhaps surprising in the UK, when some of our creative industries


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Businesses that make music, art and TV, for example, are world famous. We're creative people, Rob!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Bernadette feels we teach skills in a way that can be easily measured and tested. She says we teach these skills legitimately, which here means fairly and reasonably, but she feels we don't teach a creative approach to learning skills. So we mean things like problem-solving.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bernadette thinks we should move away from just learning skills and start using these skills creatively. She used the expression redress the balance, which means change things to make them fairer and more equal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rob, I can see creativities in your blood, but on an everyday level, how can we all improve our creativity and be more like you?


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[Assistant] So we need free time to collect all our different thoughts in our head. What Nick calls disparate ideas to create new and amazing ideas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you certainly don't get your ideas sitting at a desk focusing on one task. We all need some downtime to get creative.


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[Assistant] But children going into school now will grow up to do a job that doesn't yet exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Balloon girl with red balloon or sea balloon girl?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, it was a girl and a balloon. Not quite right, Rob. The artwork is titled Girl with Balloon. This was recently auctioned in London but amazingly shredded in its frame as someone's winning bid was accepted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we mentioned legitimately which describes doing something fairly and reasonably. Next we heard the expression redress the balance. This means to make things fairer and more equal. We also talked about creativity being the lifeblood of the BBC.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lifeblood here means the most important thing to make something a success. And I know creativity is running through your veins, Rob. Thanks, Neil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before we head off to find some headspace, don't forget to visit our website at bbclearningenglish.com for more great learning English content. That's all we have time for now. Do join us again though. Goodbye. Bye-bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nowadays, a lot of people are looking for ways to eat less meat and other animal products because of either ethical or environmental concerns. The good news is that there's a ton of plant-based alternatives from just straight-up plants like chickpeas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Lab-grown meat, also known as cultured meat or cellular agriculture. With this technology, you can make things like protein mixes and chicken nuggets. And this isn't just a potential dream for the future. Some of these things are already hitting the shelves. Firstly, let's talk about


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are already dairy alternatives, like soy milk, almond milk, there's


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dairy. Instead of using cows, they use transgenic microbes, microorganisms with foreign genetic instructions to make


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Proteins. Scientists already know the amino acid sequence for casein and whey proteins, so it's pretty easy to turn that into a genetic sequence and add it into a microbe like a yeast cell. These microbes are then grown in a reactor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kinda like beer fermenting in a vat. When the company's ready to make some milk, they filter the casein and whey proteins out of the brew, and then those are mixed with other ingredients like fat and sugar. What you end up with is something that apparently looks a great deal like the kind of milk you would get from a cow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One company has already turned this into commercial products like ice cream. And milk isn't the only product companies might be able to make this way. Another company is using a similar process to make transgenic egg whites. So that's cool, but while those are definitely animal products, they are not


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Meat is, after all, not just protein. It's traditionally, at least, actually a part of an animal. Largely the animal's muscles. But there are a number of companies that are looking for ways to grow animal cells without needing the entire animal. In fact, the first lab-grown meat has already hit the market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In 2020, Singapore approved the sale of lab-grown chicken. To do this, scientists take stem cells from an animal, obtained by a small tissue sample. Stem cells are a kind of cell that can turn into many different types of cells, including, for our purposes,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Help give the cells something to grow on. When enough cells have been grown, they're harvested, and in the Singapore example, they have so far been turned into chicken nuggets. Though you could conceivably turn it into other products as well. The company, in that case, has said the process takes about 14 days. The taste is, apparently, drumroll please,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, like chicken. Though the texture apparently doesn't quite match and is closer to firm tofu than chicken. Texture, it turns out, is hard to pull off. That's because meat also contains things like fat, connective tissue, and, like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tapillaries and veins, but also importantly, the muscle cells aren't just


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In real tissue, muscle cells are packed into long fibers, the grain of the meat. This kind of structure is hard to mimic. That's why a lot of the focus so far has been on things like ground meat, because the texture isn't quite as important.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But researchers have been making breakthroughs. Playing around with different scaffolding designs, like long strings, has yielded some promising results. And in early 2021, for example, a Japanese team announced that they had success with a method that combined both a


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To make the muscle cells contract. That combination made the individual cells actually come together into the proper muscle fibers that impart so much of the texture to meat. They were using cow stem cells, and so they tested their results by cooking teeny tiny steak strips. That technique is still small-scale, and they're only one of many different groups working on this in different ways. But they think this technique could be a way forward. These inventions mean that we may soon see animal-free,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Animal products on our grocery shelves that provide us ways to eat less meat without


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eating less meat! Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow. We've made thousands


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thousands of educational videos over the years and we've been able to offer them for free because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of our patrons on Patreon. So to all of our patrons, thank you on behalf of us and also all of the people who have been able to benefit from that content. If you're not a patron, but you want to learn about what that means, you can go to patreon.com slash SciShow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, the MasterChef Kitchen, I've had a few good cooks here, so I hope to have a good cook today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've done a short crust Dutch beef croquette with a broccoli and horseradish puree and pickled cauliflower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But few elections have been as controversial as this November's contest between current President Trump and his Democratic rival, Joe Biden.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this program, we'll be hearing about plans to prevent election cyber attacks, which involve election officials working with a very unusual group of people, volunteer hackers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Volunteers are people who work willingly without being paid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But cyber attacks from hackers are not the only threat to fair and democratic elections.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The BBC World Service programme Digital Planet met up with project organiser Maya Warman to discuss the importance of keeping the election free from interference.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's up to each of the 8,000 local jurisdictions around the United States to keep their area free from cyber attacks and misinformation.


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[Assistant] Risks which have increased because the coming election is so high profile, attracting a lot of attention and interest from newspapers and the public.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Suppose I'm a troublemaker who wants to influence the election result, so I sign up as a volunteer and gain access to all kinds of information. How do we know that the volunteers who sign up are trustworthy?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Volunteers are carefully selected according to their experience and skills in cyber security. Measures that help organisations and countries keep their computer information safe against crimes and attacks carried out through the internet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, you mean our quiz question, Rob, about the 2000 US presidential election which George W. Bush won despite securing fewer votes than his opponent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this program we've been looking ahead to the US presidential elections and its cyber security, measures taken to protect countries and their computer information against online crimes and attacks.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the idea isn't to commit election crime, rather to prevent it by making sure only those who are eligible or qualified to vote do so.


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[Assistant] And of course, the volunteers themselves are carefully chosen to be impartial experts who give advice without holding the keys to the castle, an idiom about possessing information which gives access to power.


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[Assistant] And remember to join us again soon. Bye for now!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually, this might not work right now because the Mongo dated. Oh, it does. Okay, sweet. So go ahead and check that out. And yeah, we'll just dive into it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So our root component is the app that we've been working through, uhm, as part of our login and authentication lectures. And this kind of branches out into a bunch of different child components, uh, that we've built out over the past week. So this is, uh, like the feed page, the profile page, uh, the not found page and the nav bar that we just implemented.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So over the next few workshops, we're going to be building out a new page, Chatbook, which will host, uh, that live chat feature you were just demoing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the right, there'll be a chat component, which will kind of display all of the chats that we wish to show the user. And these will show messages in chronological order, as well as have a input bar at the bottom for users to send new messages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at the bottom we'll have a new message component where users will be able to input new messages and send them to others.


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[Assistant] Kind of zooming in on how exactly we plan to design this bright half chat component. Again, we'll have the app which has the chatbook page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And from there, we'll store a state called ChatData. And this ChatData will essentially consist of the recipient, which is the current recipient of who we're chatting with. And it will also have an array of message objects. Each of these message objects will contain the sender, so this will be a user object.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it will also have the component or the content of the message that I wish to display to the user.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each of these user objects will have an ID that we can use to refer to it, as well as a name, uh, to kind of display to the user as a human readable format.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Secondarily, there'll be a post endpoint at slash message, which the user will use in order to send you messages to the server and then which will then be distributed to all the clients.


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[Assistant] Previously, we explained how reflecting on your objective and articulating a SMART goal before starting any data analysis is really helpful.


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[Assistant] In this video, I want to explain one more concept before delving deeper into using the awesome framework. And that is Key Performance Indicators, or KPIs.


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[Assistant] Let's say it is your New Year's resolution to focus on your overall fitness and you set yourself the following goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By the end of this year, I want to run the Honolulu Marathon in under four hours. That's a smart goal. In other words, it's specific because you know which marathon. It's measurable because a marathon is 26.2 miles and you want to do it in under four hours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's achievable if you train, of course, and it's relevant because it's a goal that relates to your plan to focus on your overall fitness.


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[Assistant] And it's time bound. You have until December to get ready because that is when the Honolulu Marathon is scheduled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You decide to train for the marathon using Strava, an app that helps runners track their running progress. You have a plan and you gradually increase your mileage towards your goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's a report you get for one of your practice runs on Strava.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It gives you the distance you ran, the time it took you, your pace, some data on elevation gain and calories burned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of this information is interesting, but the most important information here is pace. You see that you're running at a pace of 11 minutes and 49 seconds per mile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to complete a marathon in under four hours, you'll need to run at approximately nine minutes per mile. So you have a bit of training to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pace is a key metric for you to track to assess whether you are making progress towards your goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All the other data available is interesting and related to your goal, but they're not as crucial as space when it comes to achieving your goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] KPIs are measurable values that can help you track your progress towards a goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In order to be helpful, KPIs are usually quantitative, meaning that they can be measured.


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[Assistant] They're also directional. In other words, they go up or down. They should also have a direct relationship to your goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For analysts, KPIs are an important tool to help identify the metrics that really matter and distinguish them from the data that are interesting, but that don't necessarily tell you whether or not you are achieving your goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's look at how you can determine your KPIs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kalle and Ivy is a flower business in Amsterdam. Imra is the owner. The business started with a physical location, a flower boutique in Amsterdam. And now Imra has created a website and is planning on selling her famed bouquets online as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Emrah established this SMART goal to help her kickstart that initiative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Get 10,000 website visits during the month of May.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A key performance indicator for Imra will be the number of monthly website visits. It's measurable because you can quantify the number of website visitors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's directional because visitors to the site can increase or decrease over a period of time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it is directly related to her goal of increasing traffic to her new site.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The software Imra uses to manage her website also provides her with a dashboard that includes metrics like number of pages viewed, average time spent per visit and number of transactions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All of these are interesting metrics and they relate to the website and Imra's marketing activity, but they're not key to evaluating success for Imra's specific goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The key performance indicator or KPI for her to track is the number of monthly website visits. Another way to look at the metrics Imra has is that some are primary KPIs and some are secondary KPIs. A primary KPI directly measures whether you are on track to reach your goal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a secondary KPI is a metric that directly correlates to your primary KPI, but does not fully allow you to confirm that you reached your goal. For Imra's goal, primary KPI is the number of monthly website visits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a secondary KPI could be the brand awareness for Kala and Ivy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The higher the awareness of the brand, the higher the chances that people will visit her website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But awareness alone won't make her achieve her goal of actually attracting website visits. So awareness is correlated to the number of visits, but it doesn't allow us to conclude the goal is reached. It is a secondary KPI.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Throughout this course, it will become clear that a lot of data is available for most data analytics tasks. And the amount of data can quickly become overwhelming.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] KPIs are helpful to prevent that. And if you set your KPIs related to your goal ahead of time, you will protect yourself from getting lost in the data.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With your goals and KPIs set, you are ready to start your analysis. Later, I'll walk you through an example of what this could look like if you use the awesome framework.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and in order to do this, we're going to take two steps. The first is remember to actually omit this socket event on the back end. So in order to do that, we're going to look at...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] API dot JS so we can all navigate to that file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I'm just going to type this out real quick and then walk through what exactly is happening here. But it's going to be socketmanager.getio.emits.message.message.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what this is going to be doing is it's going to be using that socket manager package that the staff has actually written for you. It's not super important to know the details behind this, but if you're interested, come talk to us later. And essentially it just allows us to manage all socket connections on the server side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then this .emits syntax that we've been talking about is what allows the server to actually broadcast that a new event has just occurred.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first argument is going to be the name of that event. So in this case, we're just going to call it message because it's when we receive a new message on the server.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the second argument is going to be the data that's passed alongside that message to all the clients listening to this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, in the next steps we'll see how to do that to like individual clients.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. So now that we've actually implemented this ability to broadcast from the server, we're going to now instruct the client on how to react when they listen or when they receive that broadcast. So to do that, we're going to go to chatbook.js.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're gonna have this funny looking return statement here, but I'll get into what exactly is happening as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To kind of walk through exactly what we want, what we're doing here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The second argument is going to be a callback function that's executed whenever that event is heard. In this case, we're executing this add messages callback function that we've actually already defined for you up here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. Yeah, yeah, yeah. So that's a great question. The question was like, we define this user


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, we define this use effect with the empty dependencies, uhm, so like doesn't that mean that it will only execute when the page first runs?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now to kind of talk about what's happening here, if you recall from like a few lectures ago, we talked about something called a cleanup function. And that's essentially a.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Kind of line of code that executes whenever a component is dismounted. So that could be like when the user navigates away from the page or closes the browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Again, the way this would work is a client would post a message to this slash message endpoint whenever they want to send a new message. The message would be saved to the database. And then the server would emit this socket event called message along with the new message.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The clients will be listening for that message event and whenever they receive it, they would call this addMessages callback function that will add the new message to the list of messages to be displayed on the page.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, when the client disconnects from this page, we will turn the socket off to prevent any unnecessary lag or anything.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great. And we can actually demo this. So if we go to our, uh, catbook page and we log in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Navigate to chat, and I say, this should use sockets. And we can see that it shows up without having to refresh the page. And similarly, like if we also logged in with a different account.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cool, is everyone able to see like the live updates? I guess like thumbs down if you're not. Okay, uhm, if you're...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, maybe like one of you could like just shout out what's, if you have an error or something now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I guess if there's any conceptual questions about sockets, now would be a good time to ask as well, because again, like, this is the core functionality that we'll be working with for the rest of the workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, kind of essentially everything you'll need if you use software on your own website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You kind of see like how the components are broken down in this image. We have again a big chat list that has a list of single user objects inside of it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I wanted to call attention to like a particular prop, which is like the setActiveUsers function, callback function, and we'll need to pass that down in order to change who the active chat is, uhm, all the way down from like the single user buttons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The recipient was always All Chat, but in this workshop we'll kind of extend that out to the individual users as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once we do this, we'll be able to emit to like specific users as well as an active users, like a total list of active users to display on the client.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So could everyone, uh, git reset hard and actually git pull at the step two. There were some like mongo issues we needed to resolve. That should all be resolved. Just remember to pull. Um, and then check out step one. So I'll also go ahead and do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And ideally you'll see that there have been some changes made, uhm, if not, I guess, add yourself to the help here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to do this, we can first open up API.js where we define all of our API endpoints.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we want to do is use that socket manager package again in order to store mapping between all the users that are connected and their socket. And I'll, again, I'll type this out and then walk through it afterwards. So don't worry if this doesn't make sense at first.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, to kind of step through what this is doing, this socket manager is again a package we've written for you that has a bunch of utility functions to help manage sockets on the server side. One of those functions is add user and this will essentially


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which expects a socket ID as an input.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As with all API endpoints, the next step is to actually call this on the client side. So to that, we're going to navigate to app.js.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here's like actually that handle logging we were discussing in that earlier workshop today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And right after we log in, as we said, we want to call the, uh, init socket endpoint in order to associate that socket with the user that just logged in. So to do that, we're going to, uh, call that endpoint we just defined.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it has a field called socket ID and the data there will be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, what's going to happen here is once we log in, once the user logs in, we'll make this post request in its socket and pass in the socket ID. On the server side,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll use this addUser function to associate the user that just called the endpoint with its socket that we can find using the socket ID we passed to the server.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I think today, uhm, that's all we have time for, but we'll continue and kind of work out the rest of the DMs tomorrow morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's been a leader in his field for 25 years and his preeminence has never been questioned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And thank you. And we're going to continue talking about gratitude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, at the same time she refused to ignore the positive. In other words, what she insisted on was staying real.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being real, being connected to what was around her. And when there was evil and bad, she was connected to that. And at the same time, she was also connected to the good. Benefit Finder is not about being a detached Pollyanna. Far from it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The question that we asked last time, and I want to end the lecture today on gratitude before we move on to change, was one, why?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are not more people benefit finders? Why are more people not optimistic? I mean, you saw the research. People live longer, they're happier, healthier, more successful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why isn't everyone a benefit finder? Why aren't we all optimists if it pays in both the ultimate currency, the currency of happiness, as well as in hard currency, success currency?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why are more, not more people, uh, benefit finders? And the answer to that was to a great extent because of the media.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we have in the media is magnifying, zooming in, magnifying the negative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maximizing it, having it take the entire screen, the entire page, while minimizing the positives. And in many ways the media makes fault-finders out of us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we need to counter that. How do we counter that? On the macro level, by having good news channels, for example. On the macro level, by having more inspiring art. You know, art throughout history has, has changed the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whether it was during the dark ages and the transition to the renaissance. Whether it was during the 18th and 19th century with the romantic artists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And paving the road to freedom, whether it was in mid or...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 1930s and 40s with the renaissance in many ways of Hollywood bringing more hope to people. So art plays a very important role and hopefully will continue to do so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not waiting for bad things to happen, for a tragedy, for something external to happen, for us to be grateful. Because when we're grateful,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By definition, we don't take something for granted. And then we shared in you also reading the research on, on gratitude.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The key when doing it, when doing this exercise, and as I said, I do it every single day. I've done it since the 19th of September 1999. Every single day, religiously.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The key to doing it and not taking this exercise for granted is by maintaining freshness through


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want doing it once a week, it's better to do it once a week mindfully than doing it everyday and just take it for granted. Okay, check. Did that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But ideally you want to do it every day because by doing it every day that's when you form a habit, that's when you transform.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maintaining mindfulness, focusing on different things that you didn't notice before, creating novel distinctions, as Alan Langer would say,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And visualize. So when you were thinking about, you know, your girlfriend or boyfriend, and writing your gratitude,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Visualize them when you're thinking about the meal that you just had in your dining hall which was delicious.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think about it. Visualize. Make it as real as possible. That's how children think. And that's why children have this freshness on a day to day. They don't take anything for granted. They see life as a miracle. You know, Emerson once said,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If the stars would shine once in a thousand years, we would all look up and praise the glory of this world. But because they shine every day, we take them for granted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For children that doesn't exist and part of the reason why it doesn't exist is because they don't think automatically conceptually. They think more perceptually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or sensually. And they remain connected to, to the, to the real.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can do it simply by visualising. This is the wonderful research down here. William James Hall, 8th floor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The key to this as to any change that we're talking about and we're going to devote more than two lectures to change today as well as the whole of next week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The key is to do it. To just do it. There are no shortcuts. It's not because you've been through a lecture on


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gratitude and you understand, you really understand what a benefit finder means. That doesn't, that will not in and of itself make you a benefit finder. You need to do it, you need to experience it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's only through that, that over time, over time, you will begin to see more and more of the positive in the world and counter


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] William James, in 1890, said that it takes about 21 days to change a habit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's probably a little bit optimistic, may take a little bit longer, but try it for 21 days, see what happens. You know, there are some people, and I know some of you have already started this, uh, after last class, some people see the benefits immediately, and then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But try, try for at least 21 days, at least a month. Next week is also going to be, uhm, your task as part of your, uh, part of your, uhm, your weekly assignment. Start today, don't wait.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is gradually chipping away the excess stone. That excess stone, the limitation that has been put on us by the schemas that are all around us, by the news that you read this morning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember, people who do it regularly and mindfully are happier, healthier, are more generous and benevolent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason why it works is because what you're doing is chisel by chisel, chipping away the excess stone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In my book I talk about Ohat Kamin, my teacher, and I've spoken to him about him a few times in the class. He told me a story once when he was not much older than most of you. He was in his mid-twenties, left Israel to, was living in Europe for a few years, ended up in Holland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, after a while he found himself homeless, literally living under a tree, cold was the winter, penniless, didn't have any money, and without any friends, absolutely miserable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Somehow, for some reason, he said, okay, he was in this depression for a few weeks and then he said, well, let me try something. Took out a piece of paper and on this piece of paper simply wrote,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything for which he's grateful. So the kind of things that he wrote there, as he told me, Beethoven's fifth. He loves music.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He wrote his parents who were in Israel. He wrote vanilla ice cream, which until today is his favorite. He thought about his friends back home. All the things that made a long list of all the things in the world for which he's grateful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And he credits this experience as the turning point in his life. Why? Because he started to focus on something else. Not just on the impossibilities, on the terrible, but on the possibilities, the wonderful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do this experiment, and by the way, he has this, he's now 55 years old. He has this piece of paper with him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Crumbled but still there in his wallet, reminding him that there is so much, so much, so many wonderful things in the world. Just think about the kind of life that we're leading. Back only 200 years ago, who could afford


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To listen to their favorite musicians or to watch their favorite actors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Favorite plays. Who could afford to do it? Only royalty, and even then they were limited. In terms of which musician was in town, or what players were in town.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, we have it literally at the tip of our finger, whether it's on our, uhm, MP3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or on our DVD player. Imagine, just think about the luxury that we're living in. Kings and Queens did not live that kind of luxury.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] However, we get used to it, we adapt. And sometimes it's a good thing, because we also adapt to difficult experiences. And the question is, how do we learn?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a sense to eat the cake and leave it whole, meaning to adapt to the painful, but not to remain impervious or to become impervious. To become indifferent to the privilege that we have.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How do we maintain the gratefulness? And it's by being mindful, by thinking about those wonderful things that we have. Whether it's in a friend, whether it's in a movie we watch, whether it's in the lunch that we're gonna have, serve, serve to us in our house later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The gratitude exercise, one of the reasons why it's so powerful, because what we're doing is we're co-creating our reality. Most of the questions that we ask or are asked of us is, what's wrong? What needs to be improved? What are my weakness areas? Important questions, not enough.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If these are the only questions that we ask, as far as we're concerned, the good does not exist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bless you. That in and of itself creates a new reality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I go for a drive and see a sunny, nice mountain in the Hampshire's. Oh, I'm gonna write this down later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's a, and I wouldn't have noticed it. And as far as I was concerned, these things did not exist, just like the children on the bus did not exist, when you were not asking also the right question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's important to express gratitude obviously not just to ourselves, but also to others.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A lot of research on that too. This was done by, and you're reading or you have read the paper by Seligman talking about expressing gratitude to others, whether it's in the form of a letter or a visit or a phone call. And the key with expressing gratitude, this is not just a thank you note. Dear mom, thank you for being so great. Love me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's not just a thank you note, it's sitting down and thinking,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What can I be grateful for? For my mom? What has she done for me? What has she-


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Given me throughout all these years and really thinking about it, or it's really thinking and saying, what did this teacher from third grade


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Not just talking to my friends about how I had a wonderful English teacher in third grade, but sitting down and thinking, what am I grateful for? What did she or he do for me?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That has contributed so much to my life, to who I am today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or my roommate, who always goes out of his or her way to help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really grateful and to think about it, not just to, you know, at the end of the year over the summer, oh you're great, you're terrific. Really think about what these people, the important people in your life are doing for you and express it. Don't take that for granted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't take for granted the fact that they know how grateful you are. Yea, of course mom knows, of course dad knows that I'm grateful. And they're terrific. Don't take it for granted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Express it, again, either in a letter or by phone or in person. One of the most effective interventions out there today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's expressing gratitude to others, especially this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Writing a letter of gratitude and then visiting the person to whom you're writing and reading them the letter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Little bit embarrassing sometimes, you cannot imagine the kind of results that people get when doing just this gratitude visit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And whether it's to your parents, whether it's to your friends, whether it's to your first grade teacher, just do it. Whether it's to your coach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you think about it further, it is a win-win. Because, obviously, you get the benefit. This is what the research shows. We feel good when we express it. And the other person feels good too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They benefit a great deal, so you're creating a win-win. An upward spiral, because that person...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is then more likely to express gratitude to others. The best way to lead is by example, be the change you want to see in the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you want people to be more grateful, express gratitude to yourself, they're more likely to then take it on and express gratitude to others. So not only are you starting an upward spiral between you and that person,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But also potentially between that person as well as others. Paying it forward, paying it forward.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The downside of this intervention is that while it leads to a spike in well-being, that spike usually goes away after about a month. It varies, it can go away after a week or after three months, but the average it goes away after about a month, the spike to our well-being. So the key if you want to maintain the spike is to do it regularly, either once a week,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once every two weeks, once a month, do it. You can do, you know, one week a gratitude phone call and make it a ritual.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The next week gratitude letter, the week after that a gratitude visit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or something like that. Again, variety, variety really helps here. But do it regularly as a ritual, and when we talk about change next week, we'll talk about the importance of rituals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Cause in many ways that's the only change for real lasting change.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's one of the surprising findings that Sonia Lubomirski found, which she found that if we write that letter,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We get a spike in our well-being even if we don't send it. Obviously if we send it and we get feedback.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The spike is even higher, but just the act of writing it, of being grateful, of being open.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That in and of itself contributes to well-being. Next week, your response paper is going to be a letter of gratitude, which we will highly recommend you visit the person and read it to them or at the very least send it if you're not close to them now, physically.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I want to go a little bit more in depth into how we express gratitude and in general how we deal with painful and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Positive emotions. Once again Sonia Lubomirski did research where she invited participants to talk about or to share


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The worst experiences of their lives and the best experiences of their lives. And what she did was divide them actually into four groups. One group, write about it. Write about the ABC, the effect, the emotion, the behavior, what you did then, and the cognition, what you thought then. Three times in three consecutive days for 15 minutes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First group just wrote about it. The second group talked about it to a tape recorder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Third group, just think about it, ruminate. For fifteen minutes also, on three consecutive days.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What she looked at was physical and mental health. She looked at how healthy they were, she looked at their physical, how they perceived themselves, as healthy or not, how many symptoms they actually had, and then she looked at their mood, how happy they were.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before the experiment and four weeks later. After that, three days, fifteen minutes each day intervention. There was also a fourth group which was a control group.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Three or four by two. Writing, talking and thinking. Study one worst experiences. Study two best experiences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those who wrote, let me just explicate this, those who wrote about the worst experiences actually felt better and were physically healthier compared to the control group four weeks later. Those who talked about it to a tape recorder


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember what they felt, about what they've been through, about...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What they thought at the time what they're thinking now, 15 minutes, 3 days, actually felt better after talking about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Who thought about it, who ruminated about it, without talking, without writing about it, actually felt worse and were physically less healthy a month later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In other words, those who wrote about it, on what they experienced, how they experienced it, what they learned from it, on three days, for 15 minutes each time, actually felt worse physically, as well as mentally. After a month.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Those who talked about it, also about the ABC, the effect, the behavior and the cognition, also felt better and were less healthy a month later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On three consecutive days, fifteen minutes each day, actually felt better and were healthier a month later, four weeks later.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So she ran a third study to understand the mechanism, what is going on here. Why is it that when we write and talk,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whereas when we just think about it, ruminate it, what's going on here? Whereas the exact opposite is the case with


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Positive emotions and what she found was that there was a distinction between analyzing and replaying.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Helps. And what helps in therapy more than anything is less the technique,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Less the years of study that the uhm, that the therapist had. Less the experience that the therapist has. These things matter. But not that much. What matters most is are they empathic? In other words, are they good listeners?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we simply sit down and ruminate about painful emotions,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Without making sense of it, we get very often into a downward spiral.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We narrow and constrict. We feel more sad. We narrow and constrict even more. Remember the Barbara Fredrickson studies and so on and so on. In contrast, we're not sure why.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When we analyze a positive experience, really analyze it and try to understand why it happened and so on, and we do it three consecutive days, it actually doesn't help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then it contributes to our wellbeing. The gratitude exercise is about replaying the experience. It's exactly that. In other words, it's thinking about our happiest experiences of the day, which leads ultimately to positive outcome. So what is this saying about the permission to be human?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How is it different? Because the permission to be human is also very much related to being happier and healthier in the long term. Well here is the difference. With the permission to be human, we give ourselves the permission to experience the emotions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For as long as necessary, if we just lost someone, it will be much longer than if we just didn't perform so well on a test.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We give ourselves the permission to experience the experience. And then we ask ourselves, so what would be the most effective way to act now? And one of the most effective ways to act would be to share that experience. One of the most effective acts would be to just write in our journal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That is active acceptance, not just ruminating and staying there with this painful emotion. Now one of the things that I thought about it also in the context of my grandmother's experience is why is it that


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll talk about PTSD in a few minutes. Why is it that so many people in the United States coming back from Vietnam, 30% of Vietnam vets, experience post-traumatic stress disorder? It affected their entire lives. Whereas people who have been through the Holocaust,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, no less terrible experiences. Very often much worse experiences. People who have been through the Holocaust


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Percentage wise, there are far less people who have PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder. Why this difference? I mean, you know, I know in Israel, in Israel...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 50% of the older population, you know, when I was born, 50% of the population.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're holocaust survivors. I didn't see much post-traumatic stress disorder there. Whereas again, 30% of Vietnam vets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have PTSD. You know, the jury's still out to see how many of the second Iraq war will come back with PTSD. But the numbers are going to be staggering too.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why? What's the difference? And I think this explains the difference. You see, Vietnam


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was not a popular war. Many of the vets who came back to their homes, to their country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Didn't talk about it openly. They kept it inside them. And what they did was they were right here. They were thinking about some of their worst experiences. Replaying it in their minds. Over and over and over again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the situation just got worse and worse and worse. In contrast, people coming from, again, no less terrible experiences in the Holocaust. They came back to their village, they came back to their country.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They came to Israel, and what did they do there? They talked about it. They talked about their experiences, most of them, not all, most of them talked about their experiences with their friends, with their family, constantly talked about it. They were here. And over time, it helped them move on and continue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In this course, I just want to remind you how helpful it is to have a support group. How helpful it is to share with friends, with family, with a therapist, with a journal in writing. We'll talk about journaling next week. One of the most effective interventions, both for positive as well as


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And negative experiences. Only we write in a different way. One we analyze, the other we simply replay.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We shouldn't wait for Thanksgiving. We shouldn't wait for just once a year, that November date, when we express gratitude, when we go around the table and say what we're grateful for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It should be a habit. A, because it works, it helps, and B, because it's moral. This gets to a point that I'll repeat throughout the course where the moral is also the practical. The practical, in most cases, is also the moral. They go hand in hand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] David Stangle Rust, the book that I mentioned last time. We live in a given world. What brings fulfillment is gratefulness. The simple response of our heart to this given life in all its fullness. Again, just like a child.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we're not grateful, then we take things for granted. If we're not grateful for the good things in our lives, it means we're taking them for granted. And then, we're blind to them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the good, and if there is no good in our world, then that takes away the virtue from being virtuous. That is why I think what Cicero was talking about when he meant it is the parent of all virtues.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Helen Keller. Helen Keller can quite literally open our eyes and get us to appreciate what is all around us. She tells a story in her wonderful


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Autobiography about a friend who came to visit her once in Cambridge. There were many more woods at the time and the friend


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When walked around the woods and when her friend came back Helen Keller asked her, So, what did you see? What did you note?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To which her friend responded, well, nothing in particular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Helen Keller responds to that nothing in particular inner autobiography. Let me read.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wondered how it was possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing of note. I, who cannot see, find hundreds of things. The delicate symmetry of a leaf, the smooth skin of a silver birch, the rough shaggy bark of a pine. I, who am blind, can give one hint to those who see.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Use your eyes as if tomorrow you will have been stricken blind. Hear the music of voices, the songs of a bird, the mighty strains of an orchestra as if you would be stricken deaf tomorrow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Touch each object as if tomorrow your tactile sense would fail. Smell the perfume of flowers. Taste with relish each morsel as if tomorrow you could never taste or smell again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Make the most of every sense. Glory in all the facets and pleasures and beauty which the world reveals to you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take a minute twice a day to focus on what is going on around you. Take a minute when on your way to class to look at the beautiful grass, at the beautiful trees, at the beautiful snow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Take a minute in the evening to reflect and think about the day you had and to write down the things for which you're grateful.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A day over lunch, just bite a little bit slower than you do normally. And taste, experience the taste, because it is a privilege to have the food that we have. It is a privilege to have the friends that we have, the family that we have, and we shouldn't take that privilege for granted.