[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and the way that we do this is we have an attribute called ID and then we put the name of the ID inside quotation marks for the element that we want to apply it to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then class, same thing, we have the element and then the attribute class. And we spes- er, we split the classes with spaces.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another property is that IDs must be unique in a given HTML document, so this is basically saying like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everyone has a different name. Uhm, you can't have like two elements with the same ID or the same name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Whereas classes can be used on multiple elements, so it's basically reusable, which is really handy because that way you can like define a class, uh, give it some like styling or like define some styling for a certain class and then like apply the same class to a lot of elements that like have the same style.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of a tangent, this isn't too important, but CSS uses a hierarchy to determine like what styles actually get applied to a certain element.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inline style, we haven't talked about this. Uh, this is because it's like pretty bad to use.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can search it up if you want to like learn more about it, but basically you're using like


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] CSS as an attribute to an HTML element instead of having it inside of a CSS file. Uhm, just ignore it in line style for now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we just talked about ID attributes. This is the highest specificity that you usually deal with. Uhm, and the more specific.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, something is, the higher priority it has when it, like, uh, for like what,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I just like, the more specific it is, the higher priority it has for certain styles. Or certain properties. So for example, if like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, of like my ID and then a class of like class 1 and then the ID tells it to be red but the class tells it to be blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And again, like, this isn't too important, but if you want to read about it more, you can go to the slides and read about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Key takeaway is we really want to use only classes for CSS styling because they're reusable. Uhm, IDs are pretty, like, not useful because you might as well write a class instead of an ID, uhm, if you're gonna, like, write all the code anyways because then you might use the class elsewhere.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we include this link between the two files inside the head or the metadata. So inside the head we have this element called link.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this link has two attributes, uh, atri, which is the, uh, file, the source, which is solid.css.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and then once you have this linked, you can start using these, uh, CSS classes or CSS, uh, rule sets inside your HTML Lifestyle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so just a quick demonstration because I think this is pretty useful. Uhm, if you open up your browser to any website, I'm just gonna type up, or I'm gonna open this website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you can see the HTML and the CSS being rendered on your website by right clicking and clicking inspect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so everything here is the HTML of this website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you can see that it has like the main HTML outside here. And then the head. Uhm, you can see like the title up here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the body contains all the content, uh, underneath here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, if you click on a specific element, uh, one way you can do that is you press this button and then click on


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some element here and then selects like what the corresponding HTML code is. I'll make this a bit bigger. You guys see in the back?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, yeah, so like you can click on this, uh, icon and then press some element and then you see the corresponding HTML element.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I think like this browser, this like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at the same time, uh, you actually see the CSS of these, uh, elements if you go to styles and then


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, so these are all the CSS rulesets being applied to, let me click this element.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it has, like they did, uh, ruleset being applied, uh, display block.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then as you go up, these rules are more and more specific. Uhm, so this has an ID of main page. Uhm, and then you see that this is the most specific, it's more specific than div. Uhm, and it's making like these properties being applied to this, uh, this element.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, one cool thing is that like inside here you can just, you may right click this and then inspect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can really change anything here and see what it looks like. You can type anything. Uhm, and at the same time, I can also modify the CSS. Uhm, if I don't see anything over here, I can, like, just say color is red. And then it changes the color to red.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you're ever in the situation where you don't want to go back to your code for some reason and like change the CSS, you can also do it in your browser once you've rendered it. Uhm, I think that's just pretty cool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In conclusion, uh, these are the main takeaways. Just know that HTML is like nested boxes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then CSS is a list of descriptions that style your HTML, make it look pretty, uh, make it more accessible to the user, uh, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We saw you in the wagon train, crossing the river at Cumberland Falls, and at the party you were upstairs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As my people, if we are even a people anymore, we've fought hard. We've made peace treaties and those treaties were broken and we've been moved and punished and punished and moved. I'm sure. And now I am told we are to be moved again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This will lead to war. No, my son, go not. We cannot fight another war. They have got stronger and we have become far weaker, Mr. Morgan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, yes, Arturo Bullard. At your service, sir. At your service. Arthur Morgan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's quite a scratch you got there. Never thought I'd say this, but good to see you Arthur Morgan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's seen me now, or what's left of me. What about you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners, welcome back to EnglishPod, my name is Marco. And I'm Erica.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today we are going to be talking about the weather.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, because if you ever travel abroad, you always want to know about the weather, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so we are going to be taking a look at the weather in the United States, but before we get started with the dialogue, let's take a look at vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. And we have one more word on vocabulary preview. A shower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very good. So it's very similar to a shower at home. Like a little bit of water.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, why don't we listen to our dialogue now? We are gonna be listening to the weatherman as he describes the weather in Utah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we listened to the weather forecast and it doesn't seem like nice weather in Utah, huh?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now I think it's time for us to take a look at some of those maybe difficult words that we may have listened to in this dialogue in Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, and we already talked about what showers were.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very good. To better understand when something is scattered, imagine that we are in a playground and the children are playing in the playground.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the children are scattered everywhere. Some of them are playing on the swing, some of them are playing, uh, on the grass or in the sandbox. So, children, a little bit of children in every different spot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Moving on to our second word, we have hovering.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Temperatures hovering around the 30 degree mark.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so they can move up and down, so maybe it'll be a little bit warmer than 30 degrees or a little bit colder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, very good. So why don't we listen to some more examples of how we could use hovering in different situations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. Now, let's move on to the next part. We saw that we're gonna have isolated downpours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A downpour is when you have a lot of rain, very strong rain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. So that's what a downpour is. And if we take a look at the first word, isolated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we have an isolated downpour. It'll be raining in one specific area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, so it'll be in a specific area only.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're gonna have gusts reaching 23 miles per hour.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so can you explain to our listeners what gusts are?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so maybe we'll have normal wind and all of a sudden it will get really windy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And for our final word on language takeaway today, we're gonna have sleet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So sleet is kind of this strange mix between ice and rain and snow. So just imagine it's not completely ice, so it's not solid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so that's all the words we have today for Language Takeaway. Let's move on now to Fluency Builder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so a very sudden amount of cold air that comes into a place. Right. So we say a cold front is moving in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so if I change the noun and I say, and I don't say wins anymore, but maybe I'll say my friends.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, they are arriving from Chicago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. So coming in from, you can change the noun a little bit and you can form these new sentences.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I have this phrase, it's gonna be a cold one. What do I mean by a cold one?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so the one represents the meeting. That's right. This is going to be a hard meeting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, I think this is a very good phrase and it's very commonly used, so why don't we listen to some more examples of how we can use it's gonna be a something one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so some great examples and I think it's time for us to listen to this dialogue again and now we can understand all these words and phrases that we just talked about.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly. That's a great way of starting a conversation and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] English-speaking people love to talk about the weather, as you say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, Erica and I are always there to answer any questions or doubts you may have. And also, if you have any stories about crazy weather maybe in the countries you're from, let us know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello, I'm Neil and welcome to 6 Minute English, where we vigorously discuss a new topic and six related items of vocabulary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh come on, you can track steps on your phone. I do ten thousand a day, which is the magic number for keeping fit and healthy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Never saunter, Rob. Saunter means to walk slowly and you'd have to make a lot of trips to the fridge to clock up 10,000 steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To get some vigorous exercise, you need to get out and about, round the park at a brisk pace.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you exercise, you stimulate the body's natural repair system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your body will actually stay younger if you exercise. That sounds good. Exercise also lowers your risk of developing illnesses such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now might be a good time to listen to Julia Bradbury. She's a TV presenter and outdoor walking enthusiast who will explain how she builds walking into her busy life.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Before you know it, you'd be doing 10,000 steps because the amount of walking you do in a day builds incrementally.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How many people aged between 40 and 60 do less than 10 minutes brisk walking every month?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a lot more people than I expected. But it isn't that surprising. People in all age groups are leading more sedentary lifestyles these days. Our job is very sedentary, which means it involves a lot of sitting and not much exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] First up, we heard vigorous, which means using a lot of energy to do something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great example. And good to see you taking some vigorous exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Number two. Saunter means to walk slowly in a relaxed way. When I saw Rob, I sauntered over to say hello. Hi Neil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. I think you've done enough jogging for today, Rob. You've probably done about a hundred steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Incremental is the adjective. The company has been making incremental changes to its pay structure. Does that mean we're getting a pay rise? I doubt it! And finally, number six, sedentary means sitting a lot and not taking much exercise. For example, it's bad for your health to lead such a sedentary lifestyle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, so we're gonna learn some 1970s slang, uhm, some phrases that were really popular back in the 70s but are also still in use today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we have two words for you in vocabulary preview and they're both found in the dialogue. The first one, roller rink.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so roller. We might recognize this from roller blades or roller skates.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And a block is a part of a city that is surrounded by four streets.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so some interesting language in here. Like we said, it sounds a bit strange, but a lot of this is still used today in modern English. So why don't we look at some of these words in Language Takeaway. Language Takeaway.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, foxy lady. Now, Marco, can we say a foxy man?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after he met up with the foxy lady, they both just decided to mellow out at her place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay. Alright, and so the response to that was...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so basically they're saying, okay, good, I agree.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so I think that's pretty clear. We can see how it means correct, or also, okay, good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeaah, interesting verb. It basically means to leave a place quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay great, so there's a lot of pretty cool phrases in this dialogue, pretty groovy phrases. Why don't we hear them again in context?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so at the start of the conversation, there was an interesting way he started talking to his friend, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so basically, how is it going?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, but usually you don't really pronounce the G in this context because it's very informal. So how's it hangin'?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when you chat someone up, uhm, you, you talk with them, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's the man who chats up the woman.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. And so they were talking about how Jim went to the roller rink, but he didn't have any money, right? Because Jim is always hitting his friends up for cash.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's break this one down. With the final word, grub, what are we talking about?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so to grab some grub is to get some food quickly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, that's right. Some of our more advanced users could even use a lot of these phrases in a kind of funny way to reference back to 1970.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And remember, if you have any questions about the language you hear in these lessons, check out our website at EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In which decade were the first electric guitars produced? Was it A. the 1920s, B. the 1930s or C. the 1940s?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Does violent music give people violent thoughts? Recent research claims to have found the answer. This is how the topic was introduced on BBC News. What was the conclusion?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They said that the lyrics of Death Metal include topics such as cannibalism, which is the practice of eating human flesh.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Listening to someone singing about eating people apparently didn't make them feel like snacking on their neighbours. Let's hear the introduction again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Professor Bill Thompson from Macquarie University in Sydney conducted this research. What does he say people don't feel when listening to this kind of music?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Music is certainly a powerful art form. Professor Thompson also said that fans have an aesthetic interest in it. This means that they appreciate it as an art form. Let's hear Professor Thompson again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Time to review our vocabulary, but first let's have the answer to the quiz question.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] B, the 1930s. C, the 1940s. What did you think, Rob? I took a guess at the 1920s. Well, electric guitars were early, but not quite that early, I'm afraid. The first ones were produced in the 1930s, so well done if, unlike Rob, you got that correct. Now on to the vocabulary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have a free app which you can find in the app stores. You'll be able to listen to 6 Minute English on the move. You just walk and we talk. Just search for BBC Learning English. Bye for now. Goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jenny was right when she told me she thought Rick was no good for me. I should have listened to her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, let me define the total variation in the data to be the average length squared of these, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On average, how far are my training examples from the vector, from just being all zeroes. So how far is, uh, how far on average are my training examples from the origin. When we're trying to choose k,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so range of values from, you know, 90, 95, 99, maybe as low as 85% of the variance retained would be a fairly typical range of values. And maybe a 95 to 99.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we run through PCA, you know, so we compute u-reduce, compute z1, z2, up to zm, compute all those x1 approach and so on, up to xm approach, and then we check if 99% of the variance is retained.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then we're good and we'll use k equals one, but if it isn't, then what we'll do is we'll next try k equals two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But as you can imagine, this procedure seems horribly inefficient. We're trying k equals 1, k equals 2, we're doing all these calculations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what S is, is going to be a square matrix, and an n by n matrix in fact.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is possible to show, and I won't prove this here, but it turns out that for a given value of k, this quantity over here,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can be computed much more simply. And that quantity can be computed as 1 minus sum from i equals 1 through k of s i i.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What we're going to do to compute the numerator is sum from 1, i equals 1 through 3 of s, i, i. So we just compute the sum of these first three elements. So that's the numerator.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then for the denominator, well that's the sum of all of these diagonal entries.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To see, uh, what is the smallest value of K that ensures that 99% of the variance is retained.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] By increasing the value of k in the numerator and so you don't need to keep on calling SVD over and over again to test out different values of k. So this procedure is much more efficient and this can allow you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To find the smallest value of k so that 99% of the variance is retained. So to summarize, the way that I often use, the way that I often choose k when I'm using PCA for compression is I would call SBD once on the covariance matrix and then I would use this formula and pick the value of, smallest value of k for which this expression is satisfied.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then if you want to explain to others what you just did, a good way to explain the performance of your implementation of PCA to them is actually to take this quantity and compute what this is, and that will tell you what was the percentage of variance retained. And if you report that number, then, you know, people that, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You often find that PCA will be able to retain 99% of the variance or retain 95, 99, some high fraction of the variance even while compressing the data by a very large factor.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I snuck into this fancy house, acted like a servant girl, usually works. Someone was saying her sister was taking a trip from New York or someplace. Train full of rich tourists heading to Saint-Denis and then cruising off to Brazil.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A train laden with baggage and passing through a bit of deserted country at night as to get to the docks in time for the tides in some place called Scarlet Meadows.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think at the hotel, they were picking up some drunken fellas that they was gonna rob.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Seemed easy. I have been gone for quite a while.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's Tilly over there. That does not look ideal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, uhm, we're gonna go ahead and get started with the workshop. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this is our first workshop. We'll have about ten workshops throughout the next two weeks. So our first workshop is going to be on HTML and CSS.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so during this workshop we're going to be making our catbook profile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So first, uhm, or I guess what Catbook is, it's our perfect social media website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so for this workshop we're going to need VS code and a terminal. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we go to, if you guys open up, if everyone opens up a terminal,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after opening, uh, your console, or the terminal,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna see, you want a CD into the directory that you actually want to store the code for this workshop. So uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you'll want to go to the browser and go to weblab.is slash catbook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this will take you to the repo for the workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what we're gonna wanna do is we're gonna wanna clone a repository. So first we can go to, uhm, click this green button here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once you have that copied, go back to the terminal, and just run, uhm, git clone, and then the URL.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if you do that, it should say it's cloning into Catbook React, and then it'll, uhm, actually clone the repository. The repository is pretty large, so it might take a second to clone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that'll be the, that's the actual, uhm, on this, we have the slides on the right, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, the first line will be actually what we're typing to clone, and then after you clone the repository, uh, we want to change directory or CD into the Catbook React folder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then once we're in the next, uhm, in the next slot, or into the Catbook React folder, we're going to want to type w, uh, we're going to want to type git checkout to actually get the workshop, and then w0-starter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And I'll give everyone a minute to like catch up and get there. And if you have any questions, uhm, just raise a hand for now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and, uhm, if you guys have any questions about the duration of the workshop, we have the questions doc, so weblab.is slash questions, and then we also have weblab.is slash queue, which is like kind of a help queue. So if you just go on the help queue, you can, uhm, uh, just put, put in your information and we'll, uhm, a staff member will come around to help you during the workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so next, uhm, we're gonna wanna open the workshop on, in VS Code. So, you can just go to VS Code, and press File, open Folder, and you'll wanna open up the Catbook Reacts folder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then once you have that open, you should have a few files on the left. Uhm, so, you'll have like index.html, mainly you'll have the index.html and the styles. Uhm, files and those are the ones we'll be mainly working in and the rest, uhm, we can just ignore those for now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, one other thing that we're going to want to do is uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With HTML, uhm, formatting is pretty hard. And indentation as well. So we're gonna actually install an extension to help us with this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, uhm, we're going to want to install the prettier VS Code extension. And, uh, what this, uh, formatter does is every time you press save it will reformat your code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to, in order to install this extension, you're going to want to press on these, uh, the little tiles here on the left.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then once you type, uh, then type in prettier. And that should be the first thing that pops up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, uhm, I already have it installed, but it should say, uhm, install or something like that. And then, uhm, you can go ahead and install that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, just again, the tile is on the left, prettier here, and then, uhm, you should be able to install it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you guys have any, uh, troubles with installation, feel free to join the queue. And someone can help as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after we have that installed, you're going to want to go to the settings in the bottom left and go to settings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the first thing we should get is, uh, it says editor with a default formatter. We're going to want to select prettier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We want to turn that on so every time we save the file, it'll reformat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, uhm, selecting prettier here in our default formatter and then turning on format on save.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you can't find format on save, you can also just search format on save in the search as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, it should be in the bottom left, at the wheel. And then just open that and setting should be there. Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, with the old code that we had, if we ran prettier, we would get something like this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's start looking at the code that we have. Uhm, so let's open up index.html.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so this is kind of our starter code. We have our, uhm, catbook title, which is inside of our head. So since this is inside of the head, this is kind of like the metadata of our website. So we actually will see here in our, uhm, on Chrome, we see our catbook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And for the body or the text of the website, we actually have Hello World, and that renders there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wherever you put the file and drag this index.html into your browser and it should load up the website. I think on Safari you can also just click it and it should open. Or like on Mac.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't run the VS code open index, the HTML file, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I don't think you can run VS Code. I think it's the drag drop from your terminal or your finder or file explorer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our goal for the website is going to actually create this, uhm, this website here. So we're gonna have some profile picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So our first step is going to be some of the bare bones HTML. And so this, uhm, you guys will get to kind of do this. So if you haven't already, uhm, run git reset dash dash hard, and then git checkout w0 dash starter, which will give us the starting code for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's start adding, let's try adding some text in the about us in the index.html. So recall we have our HTML tag, H1, P, and div tags, and maybe some others will be useful like section.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't have to really worry about this right now, but uhm, if you want to try using it, you can. And so we're going to want to try to create this website, uh, this layout here. So buka buka, and then an about me with some little text about us, and then another something else about you as well. And I'll give everyone about two to three minutes to try and do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing we were kind of wanting to do is actually add our title, Buka Buka. So...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To do this, maybe we want to create a header, h1, and we want to write buka buka inside of our opening and closing tags. And if we save our file and refresh our web browser, we should see that we get buka buka on the web browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now for like the rest, we would maybe want to create, uh, have a section where we're going to put our, uhm, maybe another header for our about me. So maybe we want to use h4. So the larger the number, the smaller the size. So maybe we want to have, uhm, about me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then maybe after that we're going to want to have something about us, so uhm, we can use just a paragraph.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we save that and refresh our browser, we should get an about me and whatever you wrote inside of the text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then lastly, we can maybe make another section, kind of just group these things together, and we'll want to maybe say, uh, my favorite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My favorite type of cat. Sorry, actually.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then maybe after that we'd want to have, uhm, some text about it, like, uh, I actually prefer turtles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we save that and refresh our browser, we should also get that, uhm, to render on the browser.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that is the end of exercise one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To actually, uh, catch up with us, if you, uh, haven't finished it, you can do run git reset dash dash hard, which clears your local changes. Make sure you save the file before you run this command. And then you can run git checkout w0 dash step one to catch up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So just a brief clarification and git review on why we're running these commands. So why do we keep running git reset dash dash hard and git checkout and then some thing? What do these commands even do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So git reset dash dash hard resets the local version of your code on your computer to match the last committed version of the code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, as we can kind of think about this using this diagram, so we have github, which is where our code is stored, and we also have our code locally stored. And like I said, we kind of have the code in the middle. And many minutes later, we're gonna work on our code, and our code's gonna become some, maybe some mess.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And maybe we want to actually restore our code to the work original version because we've made a lot of changes, maybe it doesn't work, but maybe we've made a lot of changes and we've, we have to undo a thousand times and VS Code actually won't even let us do this. So this is where this command comes in handy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After we run git reset dash dash hard, our code would be back into the original state of, uh, of what was on github in that repository, in that branch. So git checkout with, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The workshop number for, in our case, the workshop, uh, w for workshop, the number of the workshop and what step we're on. It retrieves the branch from, uh, github.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this, in the case that we had, we ran git reset dash dash hard to clear our local changes, and then git checkout w0 dash step one to git to the end of step one, which is the step that we just worked on. And the code will be the code to actually generate this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we ran git reset, dash, dash, hard, and then git checkout, w0, dash, sec1,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our code should be, uhm, what was on the, should be what's on the slide.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll give everyone a minute or so to catch up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I wanna add an image. So, the image we're gonna wanna add is like this image here, or any image you guys want. And so, uhm, recall the image tag and its attribute from earlier.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're gonna want to add the image tag, say, above the text that we just wrote. So I gave everyone a minute or two to do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We also provided an image, uhm, in the, uhm, there for you, if, uh, inside of the catbook react folder we have a cat.png, if you guys want to use that image as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so let's implement this. So we want to add the image above the text that we wrote earlier. So to actually add an image, we'll use the image tag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And since we don't want any text with the image tag, we can use a self-closing tag. So instead of having just the normal, uh, greater than sign, we can add a slash before it and we don't need the tag here at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the attribute for the image is a source, so src. And then we want to add the directory to our image. So we're in the catbook-react folder, which is where we're working. So we have our cat.png in that directory. So we can just enter cat.png.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And save the file, and then refresh the browser and we should get the image.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, we just added our image opening, er, image self-closing tag, our attribute src, and then cat.png for the image.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, to catch up, run git reset dash dash hard. After you save the file, and then git checkout w0 dash step two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guess just one note is if you make some changes to the file, and you don't save them, and you run get reset dash dash hard,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It will run the command, but then if you try to git checkout, uhm, the next step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you try to save. You're going to get this failed to save error because we have changes that weren't saved or put on the repo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, you should be able to just X this off, close out the changes, don't save them, and then just run get reset dash dash hard again, and then run the checkout command.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So with that, we're on to the next step. So for the next step, we're gonna wanna center some HTML.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We, right now we have our image and we have our text down here. We have Buka Buka and all of this left aligned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But what we're gonna want to do is we're gonna make it more stylish. So it's time to actually link our CSS spreadsheet to our HTML.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna want to, uhm, go into our CSS file, and right now we don't have any CSS, but we're gonna add some, uhm, now. Or actually in a second, sorry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then go back to the index.html file, and since this is kind of metadata for our website, like the styles, we're gonna go inside of our head tag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And uhm, underneath title, we're gonna use the link tag.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here the attribute is row. And the relationship here is just a style sheet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And here we can just use a self-closing tag because there's no text as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now that we've added this link, we actually have our style sheet linked to our HTML. So the next thing we're going to want to do is, uhm, create


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Inside of our H1, we can add our attribute class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then the name of the, uhm, the attribute. So we, we named it u-techcenter. So we wanna, uhm, have class equal to u dot, or u-techcenter.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once we do that, and we refresh our browser, the uhm, text that we centered should be centered.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, in styles.css we define some class, u-text-center, and we use its attribute text-text-align.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] With center, and then in our, uhm, html, we set our attribute, which was class, equal to the value u-tech center, which is the name of the class in our style sheet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you may be wondering why we used, uhm, the u. We call these kinds of classes that just apply one CS attribute called, they're called utility classes. And we denote that with that u dash.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This doesn't really change anything, it's just kind of a naming convention. So in this case we decided to use the utility class since we're just text aligning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so again, we'll just format that with that u dash in the front of our attribute or class that we defined.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's the end of that step. So next, uhm, we're going to have another exercise. So to catch up, uhm, run git reset dash dash hard, and then git checkout w0 dash step three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So again, this is what we kind of have now. We have our, uhm, our image, our cat.png, and then we have a centered title.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the exercise, the third exercise is going to be to use u-text center to center the rest of the text. So before we had


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Buka buka centered with our text here and we're gonna wanna move that text to the center. So now we have buka buka and the about us is also centered. So I give everyone about two minutes to do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And feel free if you have any questions about any of the steps to join, uh, weblab.is slash, or go to weblab.is slash q, and a staff member can help.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so now let's go ahead and center the rest of the text. So inside of our HTML file we have our first section here and our second section


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Underneath that. So for this first section, we're going to want to center that section to move it to the center. So we can just say class equals, and then name of our class, which is U dash text center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if we save that and refresh the browser, that text will get shifted over to the center.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so with that, we have, uhm, centered all of the text on our catbook profile.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, that's the end of that exercise. So now we can run git reset dash dash hard and git checkout w0 dash step four to get the code for the next step.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're centering it, we just added these class names to our sections to actually center the text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, maybe we want to actually change the font of those, uhm, headings. And that, uh, the text.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to actually import a font, we're gonna go to fonts.google.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once we're there, we're gonna search, uhm, for the font OpenSense.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then once we click on our Open Sans font, we're gonna get a menu that should look something similar to what's on the slide. Uhm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the first thing we're gonna do is we want to actually choose Lite 300 and Simibold 600.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's using Lite 300, so you can just click on that, and then click on Simibolt 600.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once that, once we click on those, a side panel should open. If it doesn't open, you can click on this icon here at the top right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're going to want to click on this import here. And copy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Everything between these, uh, the style, inside of the style tag here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And once we copy that, we're gonna go back to VS Code, and go into styles.css, and we're actually gonna import the font. So, to import the font, we can just copy-paste that the way that it is, and that'll have imported the font into our CSS, uhm, sheet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then after we do that, we're going to go down to this bottom here, this other thing, and we're just going to press copy on that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that should copy to your clipboard. And then go back to VS Code. And we're gonna define a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can just paste what we copied from the, uhm,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] From the browser. So again, click import, copy this into our style sheet, and then copy this into a body class.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that'll have imported the font. I'll give everyone a couple minutes to catch up with that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, yeaah, so whenever we selected the weights, uhm, back on the Google Font, it styled, it changed the URL here. So the URL, we're importing Open Sans.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh yeaah, so it comes from this import URL here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because we're actually importing the family with this link, it actually comes with that import. So since we're importing this Open Sans font, it comes with it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so with that, we can run git reset dash dash hard and git checkout w0 dash step 5. Just to catch up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after you run the checkout or have implemented that, the font should slightly change.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so next, the next step is, uhm, adding a nav bar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So to add a navbar, we're going to use the nav tag to add the navbar.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so the code on the screen is what we would use to add that. So in our index.html file above our, at the very top of our body.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're going to want to add in a navbar, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We can use our nav tag and then maybe we'll want to have some text in the nav bar called catbook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we want to have that as a header in our nav. So we're going to want to put that in, uh, h1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And maybe we actually want to style our navbar and make it more colorful. So first we're gonna actually need to define some colors to do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, there's a thing in CSS called CSS variables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we can define CSS variables and use them throughout our, uhm, CSS and HTML.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we're going to define our colors as those variables. So the way we can do that in CSS is use colon root.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Curl our braces and then, uhm, define our colors. So, root, to actually store our variables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And for each variable, we're gonna have to denote those with a double dash in the front of the variable name. So, two dashes, and then maybe we want our primary color, which is this shade of blue here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And set a primary, a variable called primary, and maybe we'll want to set it to


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, three six, uh, three nine six, DFL.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then maybe we also want to add a couple other colors, so maybe we want a gray.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think it shouldn't, I mean you can choose whatever colors you want, but in this case we'll just use F7, F7, F7.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, maybe we want to actually style our nav bar using our primary color, so we'll have to create a new class, nav title, and to use the variable,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll have what you want to change with the font color, and we want to use var to denote that it's a variable, and then dash dash primary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And maybe we also want to define the font size of the text, and maybe we'll want to use, uhm, 20 pixels.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so, at the bottom we have, uhm, a margin zero and a font weight, uh, that's normal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we're going to want to use these as well just to cancel out some of the styling that comes with the default h1 tag that we use for our catbook. So we use h1, but it has styling already applied to h1. So in order to cancel that out, we're going to actually add some other stylings. So we'll add margin.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Zero margins, and we'll actually want to change the font weight to be normal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So uhm, another exercise is to try changing the color in root and see the color change whenever we actually refresh the webpage. So now whenever we refresh the webpage, we have Catbook, should be blue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, sorry, actually. In our index.html, we actually have to, uhm, style our navbar, so we need to add our navtitle class as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after we add our NavTidal class into our HTML,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, it will apply to styles that we define in our CSS sheet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now, uhm, you can try changing the color that we used in root to see the color change of the website.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they will change the title of cat book from blue to grey.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So with that, that finishes adding an avatar. So to catch up, you can run git reset dash dash hard, and then git checkout w0 dash step six to catch up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Exactly, yes, he's a pussy cat. Ain't that so, Arthur? Whatever you say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're a great man, Arthur Morgan. The kind of young whippersnapper I can really admire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, come on. Have I got stories for you? Yeah, I can't wait. I imagine y'all miss me a lot. But fear not, the joy's back in your lives now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I will get there. That is a very unusual way of asking for a loan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you can. So old David Geddes told you I'm the kind of man to loan a man with two names money so he can buy a rundown farm on account of his lack of farming skills, huh?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry to waste your time, sir. Oh, sit down. I'm sure we can figure something out. Now, of course, we'll be expecting you to make regular payments, and given a lack of much evidence you got any means of repaying, the terms won't be too great. But if my cousin vouches for you, it'll be okay with the bank. Really? Absolutely. Thank you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now of course, we'll be expecting our money back regulars' clockwork until the debt's settled, otherwise the farm reverts to the bank, no matter how much you paid. I understand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, I heard there's squatters up there. We've been having so many problems recently they'll need clearing on. Sure. Come back when you're done and we'll fix up the paperwork.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ah, it's you, the man with two names and no past. Come on in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I got your paperwork ready. Now you sure about buying this place? It's really run down and the price isn't too great. I think it would mean a lot for my wife. At least mean I was listening to her. Okay. Well, sign here and here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we own you, Mr. Marston, and we own Mr. Milton, too, and we own your property. But, you can buy your freedom each week. Eventually, you will be a homeowner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I understand. Congratulations, you are now a real American, indebted and owned by the bank.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm joking. They own me. They just own your property. Now you can also use this line of credit for any home improvements you need to make, of course. I can? Sure. Be good, Mr. Marston. Welcome to home ownership. It's a beautiful thing. Let your wife know what to complain about. I'm just joking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, well I never liked him much. Aight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] During a long day spent roaming the forest in search of edible grains and herbs, the weary divine farmer Shen Nong accidentally poisoned himself 72 times. But before the poisons could end his life, a leaf drifted into his mouth. He chewed on it, and it revived him. And that is how we discovered tea. Or so an ancient legend goes, at least.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tea doesn't actually cure poisonings, but the story of Shen Nong, the mythical Chinese inventor of agriculture, highlights tea's importance to ancient China.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Archaeological evidence suggests tea was first cultivated there as early as 6,000 years ago.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or 1500 years before the pharaohs built the Great Pyramids of Giza.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That original Chinese tea plant is the same type that's grown around the world today, yet it was originally consumed very differently. It was eaten as a vegetable or cooked with grain porridge.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tea only shifted from food to drink 1500 years ago, when people realized that a combination of heat and moisture could create a complex and varied taste out of the leafy green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After hundreds of years of variations to the preparation method, the standard became to heat tea, pack it into portable cakes, grind it into powder, mix with hot water, and create a beverage called 抹茶 or matcha.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Matcha became so popular that a distinct Chinese tea culture emerged.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Tea was the subject of books and poetry, the favorite drink of emperors, and a medium for artists.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The Japanese eventually developed their own unique rituals around tea, leading to the creation of the Japanese tea ceremony.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in the 14th century, during the Ming dynasty, the Chinese emperor shifted the standard from tea pressed into cakes to loose-leaf tea.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At that point, China still held a virtual monopoly on the world's tea trees, making tea one of three essential Chinese export goods, along with porcelain and silk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This gave China a great deal of power and economic influence as tea drinking spread around the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That spread began in earnest around the early 1600s when Dutch traders brought tea to Europe in large quantities.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many credit Queen Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese noblewoman, for making tea popular with the English aristocracy when she married King Charles II in 1661.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the time, Great Britain was in the midst of expanding its colonial influence and becoming the new dominant world power.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And as Great Britain grew, interest in tea spread around the world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The tea trade was so lucrative that the world's fastest sailboat, the Clipper Ship, was born out of intense competition between Western trading companies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All were racing to bring their tea back to Europe first to maximize their profits.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At first, Britain paid for all this Chinese tea with silver.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When that proved too expensive, they suggested trading tea for another substance, opium.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This triggered a public health problem within China, as people became addicted to the drug.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then in 1839, a Chinese official ordered his men to destroy massive British shipments of opium as a statement against Britain's influence over China.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This act triggered the first opium war between the two nations.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fighting raged up and down the Chinese coast until 1842, when the defeated Qing dynasty ceded the port of Hong Kong to the British and resumed trading on unfavorable terms. The war weakened China's global standing for over a century.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The British East India Company also wanted to be able to grow tea themselves and further control the market.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He disguised himself and took a perilous journey through China's mountainous tea regions, eventually smuggling tea trees and experienced tea workers into Darjeeling, India. From there, the plants spread further still.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Helping drive T's rapid growth as an everyday commodity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world, after water. And from sugary Turkish Risa tea to salty Tibetan butter tea, there are almost as many ways of preparing the beverage as there are cultures on the globe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You walk into my city stinking of shit and looking like this and you come into my house before you have a bath and you tell me how to act?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You asked me to show compassion. Have I not shown you almost infinite compassion already by simply allowing you to breathe in my presence?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Have a son. Of course, of course.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But, uh, should I be out of pocket over, uh, misunderstanding? Of course I know you wouldn't want that, huh?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. No, no, no. So, how about this? You perform a simple job for me and you get your song back. What is it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See, they've taken not only to desecrating the dead, but they've done so without paying a tribute to the living.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thing is, they see my men, of course they run a mile, so maybe you two head off, huh? And you, Mr. van der Linde, you tell me more about my manners.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, yes, of course. Uh, I have something for you. One moment, uh...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, we're heading to the mountains today to take a skiing lesson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we're gonna hear these two words in our dialogue. The first one is fresh powder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, but here we're talking about, uh, fresh, light snow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we're also going to meet a four-time Giant Slalom Champion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. Now, four time Giant Slalom champion means he won the Giant Slalom four times.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I think there's a lesson in that for all of us, but uhm, what the real lesson is today is language. So why don't we start with language takeaway?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Bindings are sort of like a lock that attaches your boot to your ski.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But goggles are kind of like imagine a big pair of glasses that you wear when you ski.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and you'll also see safety goggles, which you might wear if you are a mechanic fixing a car or someone working with wood or chemicals or what have you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So moving on to our next key word. They said, uh, you should wear the goggles so that you don't accidentally go over the moguls.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, basically these are the bumps that are in a ski hill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, since these guys are beginner skiers, they're starting out on the bunny hill.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and our final words, actually we're gonna look at two words here because they mean almost exactly the same thing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, gnarly. So an interesting word, it's spelled G-N-A-R-L-E-Y.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, and actually, skier slang. Both of these words, I think, originated with skiers, snowboarders, skateboarders, gnarly dudes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Rick invited everyone to start skiing by saying, let's hit the slopes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can, you can change it for a lot of other different nouns. Uhm, and why don't we hear some examples of how you can do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, Rick warned Bob that he might take a few spills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, uh, you might take a spill when you catch some major air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, imagine if you're jumping and your skis are catching the air.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, when you catch some air, basically it's like you're flying for a couple seconds.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you'll hear this phrase, uhm, when you're, you know, not only when you're talking about skiing, but also maybe if you're, you know, you're driving your car really fast and it sort of jumps up in the air for a minute, well, not a minute, a second, that would be catching air as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But not before we go to our next word, uh, to grab some freshies.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Remember we talked about fresh powder? Mhm. It's that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well we heard the guys, uh, talk about apres ski and actually this is one of my favourite parts of skiing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, so you finished, you finished your ski day, you called it a day, you've, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep. And you know what, if it's with your friends, it's gonna last until late into the night.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, you'll sound pretty, pretty dialed. Pretty cool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Marco and I are always around to answer your questions and well, thanks for downloading. Until next time, goodbye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, maybe after all this is over, I'll go pay her a call. And the boy. Whatever you say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Dutch and I are teaming up once more. We got money. We got dreams. Join us, John. Join us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I can't do that, John.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Join us! Join us, John!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A species of adorable, wallaby-like creatures. And if you've never heard of them before, you're welcome. This is a familiar story. Mistaken claims of thylacine sightings are a tradition going back nearly a century. People really want to find these animals alive. And it's hard to blame them. Thylacines are awesome.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But unfortunately, they're probably gone for good. We know more than you might expect about thylacines, since they lived alongside humans up until the early 1900s. We even have video footage! Scientifically known as thylacinus sinocephalus,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thylacines were marsupials, like kangaroos, koalas, and Tasmanian devils. Like other marsupials, they're young, developed in pouches. Though, if you're imagining a cute little thylacine joey peeking out under mama's belly, think again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For one thing, they're the largest marsupial carnivores to live in modern times, reaching up to 35 kilograms. And as their tiger and wolf nicknames imply, they had a few things in common with other mammalian carnivores. Their faces are famously wolf-like, a classic case of convergent evolution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although, without retractable claws, thylacines didn't have quite the same grappling ability. And their teeth are cat-like as well, mainly shaped for slicing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They might have had a unique hunting style all their own. Some research suggests they were specialists for hunting smaller prey, since their jaws don't seem strong enough to grapple with large animals. Although, back in the day, they had a reputation for hunting sheep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, whether that was true or not, it spelled bad news for the thylacines. See, we know from the fossil record that thylacines once lived on the Australian mainland.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But they disappeared around 3000 years ago. That may be due in part to humans introducing dingoes to the continent, which might have competed with thylacines for food. For a long time, thylacines lived on in Tasmania.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But more trouble came in the late 1800s to early 1900s after the arrival of European colonizers. Due to the thylacine's reputation as pests, they were heavily persecuted.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The government even put bounties out on them, and hunters were happy to oblige. Other factors have been considered in their downfall, such as habitat loss and disease, but it's pretty clear that human hunting had a major impact. The last known thylacine died in Tasmania's Hobart Zoo in 1936. And since then, there have been lots of alleged sightings of thylacines, but none of the evidence has been confirmed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thylacines were officially declared extinct in 1986. But with so many alleged sightings, some people hold out hope that thylacines still might be out there. Studies have estimated, based on historical sightings and what we know of thylacine habitats,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That they may have held on longer than we thought. Some models suggest they may have made it to the 1940s or 50s. But the general consensus among experts is that thylacines, sadly, are long gone. And yet, this hasn't stopped enthusiasts from looking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even in recent years, alleged thylacine sightings are pretty common. Although, again, none have turned up definitive evidence like clear video footage or an identifiable carcass. It could be that our hope gets the better of us. There's a psychological phenomenon known as confirmation bias, where when you really want to find something, you're more likely to see it even if it isn't there.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And lots of people really want to see thylacines. Some think this could be hope born from guilt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we can find living thylacines, it means we humans didn't wipe them out after all. And others wonder if it's just that we long to see these weird and beautiful creatures in person. And still others think that some people get caught up in the excitement of trying to prove the unlikely existence of mysterious creatures.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The same excitement that drives people to search for Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. Either way, it seems unlikely that we'll ever see living thylacines again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we do, we need to balance our excitement with the need to protect them. If we don't, then this species will stand as a reminder that the actions of our species can have permanent consequences, no matter how much we wish they didn't.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wait, wait, wait, wait. I don't think we can do that because let's consider the following example. Let's say that Tisau and I are working on some project and Tisau is working on the home page and I'm working on something that the home page needs to run.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one day I decided to improve that feature. Now all of a sudden, because I'm trying to work on the same feature, and all the code is on one giant Google Doc, or one giant server, T-Style is now unable to work on his code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So he's gonna be like, bro, what just happened? Why is my homepage not working? And it's because I'm working on the feature that a homepage needs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The big problem we need to solve is we need to have independent copies of the code so that people can work without disrupting one another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we can copy and paste everything, and also we can just have a group chat together where we just copy and paste things in sequence, you know? So we have a log of everything we copy and paste.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, okay, maybe there is an issue if we're trying to find something that broke somewhere and we have to look all the way back up our message history. But let's say that TSA- TSA and I are absolute homies. That we're perfectly in sync and we can just have this system between us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We need independent copies in order to keep our changes from interfering with one another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we have independent copies, we run into a bunch of issues. How do we actually merge the changes that we have with one another? How do we keep version control or keep running versions and have a proper history of all the code that we ever write? And how do we agree on which code is the most up to date? Oh, I know, we can use something called Git.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, first of all, uhm, this might be a little too introductory for some of you, but we want everyone to start off the same step. So we're first going to start off with a little bit, little bit of terminal fluency.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we're on my Mac. I'm on a Mac. I'm going to use a terminal. If you're on Windows, you're going to use git bash. Hopefully you have it installed. If not, it's really fast to catch up on, so it's okay. So on my Mac, I'm going to do command space, and it's going to bring up something called the spotlight, where I can look for the terminal and open it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now I have this Terminal that can interact with the file systems on my computer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first command that we're going to learn is called cd, also known as change directory. This basically moves us from one folder into another.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hopefully that's big enough. So CD will be able to let us change from one directory to another. Another thing that we would need to learn how to do is make folders. So I can do something called makedir or make directory and I can call this maybe like web lab example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now something else we could do is list all of the current files in our directory, and we're gonna do that with ls. I think, yeaah, I'm gonna do that with ls, and we see that there are a lot of different things here. We have my school stuff, we have, I don't know, personal diaries, some examples, and then we can still change into that new web lab directory that we have made.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as you can see, if we type ls in it, it's empty because we made an empty folder. Some other special characters that we need to know is dot dot. Dot dot basically refers to the parent directory, or the folder that's containing the folder that I'm currently in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we do cd dot dot, I go back one step. So if I go back one step, I'm going to go into my original folder. If I list again, I can see that I can start up where I originally was.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I could also have the original one dot character. One dot just means the current directory that I am currently in. Which means if I change to the current directory, nothing's gonna happen, since I'm just staying exactly where I am at. So I'm going to go into the WebAuth example that I have, and I'm going to type get init.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What Git and Net does, it creates a Git repository for us in this folder. Basically an environment where we can finally start using Git.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hopefully, hopefully we also have Visual Studio Code opened up, uhm, or downloaded. So if I open Visual Studio Code, on the top left, you can open a certain folder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can actually select the folder that you created and we have ourselves a little


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now it's your turn. So in your terminal, try creating a new directory.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Changing cd into that directory and basically going into it and try turning that directory into a git repository using git init. We'll give everyone about one minute to do this and it's pretty necessary for the rest of the workshop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, so the new directory command, so we have all the commands referenced on this right hand side. CD for change directory, LS for listing the directories, MKDIR for making the directories, and git init for turning the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Director, you are inside into git repository. So we will want to make a directory, see the inside of it, and then type git init.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Looks like we're good to move on. So now we're going to actually talking about making changes and tracking changes using git, using the commitment history, the working copy, and the staging area. So let's say that I am a course 6 student and I'm just making some code changes here and there. So maybe in a certain file, in cat.py, I'm going to delete the line, I like cats.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How dare he. Now I'm going to go into another file called whoop.py and add I like corgis. And then I'm going to go into another file or the same file and I'm going to add I like huskies. And then in another file called ponytony.js, I'm going to add something like I like Andrew. So we basically have a bunch of code changes that we're working with here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're also going to have something called a commit history. You can think about this as developer checkpoints as you are making your code. So we can have also some messages that describe what these code changes are about. These are going to be the main thing that's going to help us maintaining version control.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now how do we actually take these code changes and actually contribute to the commit history? Well, we're going to have something called the staging area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The staging area is essentially a makerspace for these commits in order to make these checkpoints for ourselves. So I'm able to take any subset of the code changes that I've made,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Put them into the staging area and then box it all up and put it into a commit and maybe adding some package or some message to it that will describe what that commit is about. So I had some, like the code I wrote was about liking corgis and liking huskies. So the commit I wrote


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The commit message I wrote, or the little sticky note on top of it I had, is about dogs. So, I'm going to demonstrate this real quick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, I'm going to go into VS Code and create a new terminal. So this will be at the top and right here, your terminal. Uhm, I'm gonna make this also a little bigger so, oh my gosh, we can see, maybe resize some of this real quick.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in Visual Studio Code, we're allowed to make new files. So I'm just going to create an example file here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the first thing I would do is make some code changes. So I'm going to be some making some code changes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I'm going to do command s to save these code changes into my working directory. Now, if I type something like git status, what git status does is it gives us a broad overview of what this current picture looks like. So if I type git status, the things in red are things that code the changes that I made over here that are not in the staging area. To put them inside of the staging area, I do git


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I see that it is now in green. That means that I have taken...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The code changes that I made, and I put them inside this open box of the staging area.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if I feel like I'm confident that I want to create a check, like a checkpoint or a timestamp right here, I need to yet commit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then dash m per message, and write a little memo about what this is going to be about. So, made some code changes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if I do git status, I notice that there's nothing to commit. Because everything that I boxed up and put in the staging area, I have transformed into a closed box made into commit and put it onto the commit history. So if I say something like git log,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I can see that there is now a log of the commits and there is a commit right here on the bottom. That says, made some code changes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'm going to give us some time, uhm, to try this yourselves. So try making a new file and making some code changes, stating those changes, and creating commit and see what the resulting log looks like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, be sure to use git status whenever you can, uhm, to see the actual process of this being happening. I'll give us probably around


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Also, all the commands that you need are on this side over here. All the handy commands. So, diff status add and commit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Don't worry about getdiff for now. I guess for now all you really need is add commit and status on the way. Or, and checking the log of getlog.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Anyways, so we're going to have this timeline of like your checkpoints, your developer checkpoints of commits and abstract this set of packages and messages into something called an object graph. So each commit, instead of looking like a box, is actually going to look like a little circle or node.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And each commit has some properties to it. First, it has something unique.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As we could see in our git log, it has these two properties. It has a really long commit ID.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That looks a little scrambled and also has our little message to it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's say that I am just vibing and I'm working on my new and improved homepage. And all of a sudden, Andrew wants me to fix a bug somewhere, maybe on like another homepage. And me being the absolute simp I am for Andrew says, anything for you, Andrew, of course I'll help you fix your bug.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then let's say that Abby just for some reason just got dumped recently. And for some reason she's really mad at me. And she says, Tony, guess what? We need a web lab Tinder feature tomorrow. And you're the one that has to do it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So all of a sudden, I'm just really stressed because I have to use this object graph and use version history and version control, but how do I work on multiple features at once?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, I'm going to introduce the concept of branching. Uhm, so I'm going to make a demonstration about branching. I'm going to teach you how to create a new branch and how to switch between branches.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we do something like git branch, we can see all the branches that we currently have. Currently we only have a branch called main. Uhm, I'm gonna make this a little bigger for you guys. Main right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, green highlights means that we are currently on that one, and then it lists all the ones, and we only have one so far. And to create a new branch, let's say I want to create a new branch called WebLab Tinder, I can do git checkout-b, and then the name of the new branch, such as WebLab Tinder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, if I type git branch again, I can see that there are now two branches that I have, one called main, and the one highlighted in green called web app tinder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now to switch between branches, I'm able to say checkout and any of the other branch names. So I could be back at main.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, it's your turn. Try creating a new branch and maybe even try staging and adding and making some code changes and making some commits and check the log.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then try checking out back to the main branch and check the log again and compare the two.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And think about and explain to your partner, what do you think the optograph actually looks like?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Once again, we have all the handy commands on that side, git branch, git checkout, git checkout b, and some of the previous commands that we have used.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So master is the old name for, so whenever we create a git repository, there is a default branch that we have. Master is just what they used to call it and main is what they currently call it. Does that answer your question?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ideally we would have, I think it's ideal just so you don't run into problems later to have a newer version that has main as your default.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My goal is to create some type of version history. Like a sequence of checkpoints such that I can always look at my code and see what I have. So the commits are the solidified checkpoints that I have made.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Staging is what I do to, in trying to make a commit, what changes do I throw in there?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So what git add does, it adds code changes into the staging area. And what git commit does, it takes all those code changes in git that is staged, closes the box, and adds it at the end of here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What exactly is happening in the object graph? Well, we see, I think Abby's going to show us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, first I'm going to go into my WebLab Tinder feature branch. And I'm going to make some sequence of commits here. So let's say I have Tinder.txt. And I'm going to say this is about WebLab Tinder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nice, do git status and see that I have some uncommitted changes. So I do git add and the filename, tinder.txt to stage it. And then I'm gonna do git commit-m, added tinder things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what this does, it emerges Wob Lab Tinder into the branch that I'm currently on. So now,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even though I'm in the main branch, I have all the changes from WebLab Tinder. And if I do git log again, I see that the WebLab changes from WebLab Tinder is now moved onto the main branch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is just a preview of Friday's lecture of Git for collaboration. So this is not enough explanation. This is just an idea of what's going on and just a preview. So let's say that TSAL has this object graph and he adds it into GitHub. And I want the same exact copy so that I can cooperate with him and keep in sync with him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I have a command called git clone, which basically takes the object graph on the remote server and I basically clone it onto my own computer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now let's say that I want to contribute to this basically centralized shared object graph. Then I can maybe make some code changes, do get at to stage it, get commit to commit the stage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He looks there, he looks back, he looks there, he looks back, and you're like, oh, I think I know what the difference is. And then he does get pulled to finally get those changes that I made back into his computer.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's say that he messes up real hard. So we do something called git reset hard to basically wipe everything we have done up to the latest commit. We will go much more into depth about git for collaboration on Friday, so stay tuned.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is very difficult to understand the first time you touch it, but you will pick it up throughout the first two weeks of BlaBla.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As, as time goes on. Please come to office hours or post a piazza. Please talk to us if you are confused about anything that we have said so far. So that we can help you and get your project going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I will. Thank you, Arthur. You wanna ride with me now or meet me up at Hanging Dog Ranch when you can?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think there's a bunch of them down there. I'm mostly drunk. But one of them is a fat fella with a beard. Him? He's mine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Arthur, there's no time!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a chest in them caves, in the back to the left, hidden under a wagon. Dutch's chest. All our money. I know John told you I knew where it was.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, just as a reminder, we have milestone zero due tonight, so if you haven't


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Locked in your team yet, team of up to 3, and submitted your 10 project ideas, please do so by tonight, it is due tonight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, also, our recordings are up at weblab.is-recordings, but as you can tell, we are having a lot of difficulty trying to find what is the best way to record everything for you guys. Uhm, we heard that the Git lecture was a little blurry and hard to see, and on certain times, you switched around and tried it around different systems. So,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are certain lectures too blurry to rewatch? Uhm, please tell us on what live it is slash milk and cookies. Tell us if you would want to benefit, if you would benefit a lot from some of the recordings.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This episode is supported by Himalaya Learning, an audio-first education platform with courses taught by world-class experts and industry leaders. Go to himalaya.com slash SciShow to sign up for a 90-day free membership.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Many creatures in the world can fly. And some have that sleek aerodynamic shape that tells you they were destined to soar through the clouds. Birds look like flyers. But there are also a bunch of flying critters that do not seem like they could even, like, jump.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let alone fly. Bumblebees, I'm looking at you. Achieving aerodynamic flight isn't always about being torpedo-shaped. Sometimes, unique body plans make for some fantastic fliers, or at least gliders. And researchers can learn a lot about flight and aerodynamics


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[Assistant] from these unusual creatures. Here are five examples of unexpectedly good flyers that are inspiring innovative inventions. And spoiler alert!


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[Assistant] Is, you know, a fish out of water. It's not supposed to be a good thing. Underwater flying fish are some of the fastest swimmers capable of reaching speeds close to 60 kilometers per hour. And they use that speed


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[Assistant] To propel themselves out of the ocean and into the air, where they glide along using their unusually large pectoral and pelvic fins, like wings. Gliding is a more efficient way of flying than flapping would be. It helps them travel long distances and stay airborne for up to four


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[Assistant] Same effect. These fish can also get an extra boost by dipping their tails into the water and pushing off mid-glide whenever they get too low. That behavior is known as taxiing, which is another term we associate with airplanes. Except, luckily, airplanes


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[Assistant] Still, researchers are eager to learn more about how flying fish glide, so they can apply those strategies to make better boats, planes,


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[Assistant] Actually, they're boatplanes. Specifically, they're craft that use the ground effect to travel over water, just like flying fish. These boatplanes would cruise just above the water's surface, which reduces their drag in order to maximize their speed and fuel efficiency. So understanding the aerodynamics of flying fish


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[Assistant] The squid can even control direction using their siphon, so they can propel themselves in whichever direction they choose, both beneath and above the waves. Once airborne, they spread out their fins and arms, which generates lift and helps them glide in a graceful arc. Now, for a long time, it was believed these creatures were just launching themselves out of the water.


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[Assistant] But research published in 2013 suggests they're also using this strategy


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[Assistant] The researchers put the butterflies in a wind tunnel. Not to blow the poor things away, just to more easily study how they flew. And they found that as the insects lift their wings, the wings bend and cup.


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[Assistant] Literally. As it flaps in a figure eight motion, the angle of its wing changes and catches the wake of the previous wing stroke. This generates a whole new series of low-pressure vortices that


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[Assistant] Stealth robots. If these robots could use a similar technique, it could help them land and take off without detection, which is key to accomplishing a covert mission. Now, as weird as this may seem, animals aren't the only ones taken to the sky.


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[Assistant] Always have 90 to 110 filaments, and this turns out to be a very important component to their successful flight. When researchers mimicked the design of a dandelion seed, they found that deviating too much from that general pattern would make the vortices unstable. Interestingly, many insects also have these filament-like structures on their wings or legs,


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[Assistant] Which suggests they may be using this same technique as they fly. All of these things — seeds, squid, fish, and insects — evolved incredible strategies that challenge current ideas of what flight should look like. So when it comes to developing flight technologies, some researchers are thinking outside the box by remembering that the greatest innovator in the universe


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[Assistant] Thanks to Himalaya Learning for supporting this episode of SciShow.


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[Assistant] They offer audio courses that are all about personal growth in 10-minute, bite-sized pieces that you can take in on your commute or before you head to bed. We really liked their course, Relating to One Another, with Alan Alda, who's super enthusiastic about building bridges between science and the rest of the world.


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[Assistant] It's focused on becoming a better communicator. Their courses are taught by world-class experts and industry leaders, and are designed to help you learn more in less time. You get access to all of Himalaya's content with a membership, and right now you can use the link himalaya.com slash SciShow


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[Assistant] To sign up for an exclusive 90-day free membership to Himalaya Learning. And if you use the promo code size show at checkout, you'll be supporting us, too. So thanks.


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[Assistant] But if I were to plot a histogram of my data, and if it was to look like this, well this doesn't look at all like a bell-shaped curve, right? This is a very asymmetric distribution, it has a peak way off to one side.


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[Assistant] So what I mean by taking the law of transform is really that if I have some feature x1 and then the histogram of x1 looks like this.


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[Assistant] Plus some constant c, and this constant could be something that I play with to try to make it look as Gaussian as possible. Or for a different feature, x3, maybe I'll replace it with, you know, x3, uhm.


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[Assistant] And, uh, this one half is another example of a parameter I can play with. So I might have, you know, x4, maybe I'll instead replace that with x4 to the power of something else, maybe to the power of, uh, one third.


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[Assistant] And okay, looks a little bit more Gaussian, but not quite there. So let's play it to 0.5 per round. So let's set this to 0.2. Looks a little bit more Gaussian. Let's, let's reduce a little bit more, 0.1.