[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fact that she's sleepless means that she finally cracks and she becomes a good wife, as Petruchio thinks. And in the final scene, Petruchio wins his wager. Not only does Kate submit to her lord, she proudly philosophizes on the theme. She actually sort of


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Thy husband, she says, and this is a general rule, is thy lord, thy life thy keeper, thy head thy sovereign.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One that cares for thee and for thy maintenance commits his body to painful labor, both by sea and land, to watch the night in storms, the day in cold, whilst thou liest warm at home, secure and safe. He's, he's away sort of, uh, killing dragons while you're safe at home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One has to remember, of course, that at this period, and until quite recently, the marriage vows of the man and the woman were quite different. The man promised to love, honor, cherish, and the woman promised to love, honor, honor, cherish, and obey. And so, in fact, if you want to be


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you want to be sort of, uh, as it were, sort of, uh, defensive of Petruchio's action, you can say there is, there is some kind of, sort of, there's some kind of social warrant for the, the cruelty and, rather,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I say, sort of obnoxious way, uh, in which he acts towards his wife. More so, as I say, his motives in marrying her.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, it's fair to assume, I think, that most modern audiences of either sex find these two speeches, that's to say, the speech in which Petruchio lays out his intentions and the speech in which Catherine submits, they, we find them uncomfortable, very uncomfortable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A number of points which you guys should make. The Elizabethans, like all of us, at all historical periods, were quite capable of what George Orwell calls double think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They quite happily, for instance, indeed proudly, accepted that they themselves were ruled by a woman. Even if, as she boasted, she had the heart of a man.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It would have been a very brave man who tried to tame Elizabeth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first, or Elizabeth the second, come to that. Those that tried usually ended up like Lester swinging at the end of a rope or like Sir Walter Raleigh in The Tower.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are also other Shakespeare's comedies in which shrews are not tamed, where in fact they're triumphant. Beatrice in Much Ado About Nothing, for example. There are innumerable strong women


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sometimes for that reason bad women it should be added in Shakespeare's plays. Lady Macbeth, for instance. Volumnia in Coriolanus. Regan and Gonoril in Lear. And most magnificently, Cleopatra. Men kiss her foot as Kate kisses Petruchio's foot in the most


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are even obedient wives, like Hermione in A Winter's Tale, who prove themselves to be infinitely wilier than their spouses. So there are many kinds of women in the plays. Shakespeare is anything but rigid on the subject of gender.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when all the chips are down and all the counter arguments are made, we have to accept that on many matters the Elizabethans thought differently from us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now the last play of the early Shakespearean cycle, which I want to point to very briefly, is the first of his Roman plays. Shakespeare was fascinated by Rome. Why? Because it was a kingdom without kings. It was that most interesting thing, a republic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Julius Caesar, for example, is in one of its many facets, a meditation on how you can have a democracy without a strong man or a strong woman at its head. And the first of the Roman plays, Titus Andronicus.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, as she leads that way, it's fascinating, but it's anything but thoughtful on such matters. That's to say, Shakespeare began his Roman play with one which is rather different in mode. It's a bloody revenge play in the Seneca mode. Now revenge is very important, Hamlet is a revenger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And one can draw a line between Titus Andronicus and Hamlet. But there's a great difference in that Titus Andronicus is a work of horror. A terrible horror.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And terror, in fact. The action opens with Titus, a general, returning to Rome after ten years campaigning for the empire.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The emperor has died and there is a crisis of succession. This in fact is the perennial situation in Shakespeare's plays. Titus has brought with him captives, the goth queen Tamora and her lover, the Machiavellian Aaron, who is a Moor and is black.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the succeeding scene, Tamora's sons meet the noble Roman maiden Lavinia in a wood and they rape the poor woman over the body of her slain lover. That's horrible enough. But then they cut out her tongue and cut off her arm so she cannot identify her assailants by speech or by writing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Among other improbabilities in the play, Lavinia learns how to write, holding a stake between the stumps, which are all that survive of her arms, and she writes the names of her assailants. Incredibly!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The play gets even more violent, culminating in a thiestian scene, as it's called, in which Tamora is tricked into eating with great relish, a pie containing the meaty substance of these two rapist sons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As this summary suggests, Titus Andronica is a neplus ultra of violence. It's over the top. It's Shakespeare's slasher play.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And it's a vein of drama which the older Shakespeare did not care to pursue. In his later tragedies, there are certainly scenes of blood and horror. One thinks of Gloucester's being blinded on the stage, for example, out by a jelly, they say, as they pop out his eyeballs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the process by which tragedy unfolds, the quality of what Aristotle called the necessary and the probable which creates that climactic effect which Aristotle again called catharsis that interests Shakespeare. It's not the horror, it's the mechanical progression to the climax which interests Shakespeare and which creates, in his view, the finest kind of tragic effect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Titus is a young dramatist player, he's over the top, and he's exploring just how far his dramatic art could go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One, one should remember of course that one could be horrified by this play, but one should remember that members of the audience would


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you like to call it, there's a lot of kind of violence of a horrific kind in Shakespeare's world and so Titus Andronicus perhaps draws on that appetite for blood but Shakespeare becomes a much more sophisticated dramatist as his career


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Evolves as it moves forward, as it progresses. Few writers, I think, have developed as fast and as interestingly as Shakespeare. He had huge successes, very large successes from his earliest plays onward, but he never actually stayed in the same groove. He always moved on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, this in fact is one of the many kind of aspects of what makes him, as I said at the beginning of this lecture, our greatest ever author.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That, in fact, he moves through at least five or six kinds of mastery towards what will be, I think, regarded by posterity and by most readers of Shakespeare as his greatest achievement, the tragedies which we should be looking at in the next lecture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You did something today that I've never seen anywhere. The sauce is delicious. The sauce is as good as mine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nono, hai fatto proprio belle. Brava che è la figlia mia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the dish is birria. It's an emblem, it's a representation of the complexity of Mexican food. And of course, bone marrow and tostadas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These are my crunchy pork belly bao buns with a spicy hoisin sauce and a chilli caramel sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An advantage at this stage of the competition is everything. I mean, everyone has their sights on that end goal, that finale.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you can have something that will help you get closer to that goal, you need to go for it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really want this dish to be a MasterChef quality version of a chicken schnitzel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I love a schnitty so much. My partner and I get chicken schnitties pretty much every Saturday. It's just the best lunch.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've still got so many things to do. I've got to finish off my chicken, strain and reduce my sauce further. And I still haven't made my pickle yet. I've got so much to do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've got my mushroom puree. I'm just waiting for all that liquid to evaporate. Then I'm gonna puree it. Chicken's in the sous-vide. And then I'm gonna sear that off in the pan.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm trying to just think of this extra element, but I'm just really scrambling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm trying to rack my brain and I want my dish to be perfect so badly. There's a lot of richness going on with this dish. And I'm thinking and I'm thinking.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll need something to cut through all of those intense mushroom flavours. And I'm thinking I'm gonna go with a tarragon oil. It's gonna be really nice and vibrant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I get my purée and my chicken breast on. And I'm hearing five.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've based my dish on a chicken schnitty. I hope that's what the judges taste.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've done chicken breast with a black garlic and mushroom puree, a mushroom sauce and some pickled mushrooms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's one of my favourite things to eat, so I thought if I could do that in a nice, elegant way, then uhm, that would celebrate a dish that I love to eat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the previous video, we started thinking abstractly about the communications problem, and we drew this little diagram here to represent the sort of pipeline


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The different parts in the process. And each of them was in one of these boxes. And we talked about the source channel separation theorem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which was a very tidy little result that allowed us to decouple the combined problem of source coding and channel coding into the, the separate problems of defining a source coder and a channel coder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in this video, we're going to take a look at some real world examples of, of this, this sort of pipeline and see what would go in each of these boxes to make this very sort of concrete in your mind.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I'll keep that there for reference and we're going to start off here with a nice little example from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The applications video, so our first example will be the pale blue dot image from Voyager.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have our source and in this case, the source is going to be the image of earth, that picture of earth on the Voyager vehicle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that image, while we're still on the vehicle, is going to go to a compression algorithm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so they're gonna compress that image, and one of the algorithms that they used is an algorithm called difference mapping.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now of course, you know, any real world, any real world example that I give in this little video is going to be grossly oversimplified. So there, there are many, many more parts that are, that are going on in this process, but just to give you a feel for, for the general big picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you're gonna pass this to some compression algorithm. This thing is gonna, it's gonna look at the image and it's gonna say, hey, that part looks a lot like that part. I'm gonna combine those two parts or something along those lines. So it's going to compress the image. And then still on the Voyager vehicle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is going to be passed to a Reed Solomon Viterbi encoder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Transforming that compressed image into a form that will be able to be transmitted very robustly


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Through the vastness of space. So the, the channel here, the noisy channel is space and it's, well it's electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves traveling through space.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know, of course, when the vehicle sent that image, it was beyond Neptune. So that was about, it was about 6 billion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] kilometers from earth at that point, roughly three and a half, roughly three and a half billion miles. And it took about five and a half hours just for those electromagnetic waves, those that signal to go from the Voyager vehicle back to earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's a lot of, lots of potential for errors to be introduced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And those errors were introduced, but then when the signal was received on Earth, it was passed to a...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Reed Solomon Viterbi Decoder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And from there, the output of that went to a decompression algorithm corresponding to this difference mapping thing. I'll just say decompression.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And by the way, I think that, you know, I've read that they use this on the Voyager 2 for their Uranus photos. I don't know about the Earth photos for sure, but anyway, you get the point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And finally, this ends up in a image file.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On somebody's computer on Earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we started out on Voyager and at long last we get back to our image on Earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's one example of this whole sort of process. And there's lots more going on in between, but just to give you a feel for it. Now here's another example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll do several examples here. Let's say, let's think about your internet connection. Your internet connection. Say you have a,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're say directly connected to a router or modem and you're getting your connection through that router. So you have your computer over here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's going to be a source and you're going to send a message. Your computer is sending messages.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now we're going to skip the compression part and jump straight to...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The error correction part, the channel coding part,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your computer, I'll just write it here, or maybe I'll put this, your computer is sending those messages


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In a, in a format which is encoded using the ethernet, ethernet protocols. So that when it gets sent over the cable, it's just going from one part of the room to the other. It's just going over a cable. Usually it's a cat five cable. Those, you know, those blue ethernet cables.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then when it gets to your router over here, your router or modem has a little ethernet decoding algorithm. Gonna take those ethernet packets and decode them. And then that all


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now we're, we're inside the router or modem, and now it's, well it's I guess, well it's finally at the router or modem.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now it's, it's ready to be sent somewhere else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you know, you may skip one or two, both of these parts. You may skip the compression part and you may skip the, uh, the, uh, error correction part.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In both of these, the source and the destination were different locations, but they could actually be essentially the same location. This channel doesn't have to be physically


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you know, it doesn't have to be physically moving messages or moving stuff through space. It could actually just be a single location. So for example, let's say you're, you're gonna rip a CD, rip a CD and play it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So in this case, you're, you know, you've got your CD in your computer and your computer is reading the CD. So you have the little CD reader.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then it goes to your, your, uh, you know, whatever program you have that, that, uh, looks at the CD and it's going to convert it to an MP3 format, say, for example.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then from the MP3, oop, I used the wrong color. I'm sorry. Try to be consistent here. MP3.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then, it's going to put the, then, it's going to write that to your disk. And to write to the disk,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna use Cyclic Redundancy Checks and Reed Solomon. Perhaps it'll use Reed Solomon Viterbi Codes if you've got a nice, nice, uh, you know, nice system.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It'll convert that MP3 file into a nice more robust file that can be stored on your disk and then read off again without making errors. So this will go to your disk drive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We'll get written to your hard disk. And that is the channel now. The hard disk is the channel. So it's just, it's not moving stuff around. The messages are just on there. And then we're gonna read them off again. So we're gonna read them off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're gonna undo what you did here with the CRC and the RSV. And by the way, CRCs are just used for error detection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They're very often used in this type of situation, but they only give you error detection. They don't actually give you error correction. So this is a slightly different, I mean this is slightly different from the forward error correction situation because you might actually, if you detect an error you might try to read it again or something like that. So it's maybe a little bit, little bit different than the


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you're gonna read that, that file off your disk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you're going to want to play it, so you need to, you need to go back from, this was a MP3 encoder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which took that original sort of sound that was, or you know, whatever the format, the sort of sound signals that the CD reader was reading and encoded them in MP3 and now you need to decode that MP3


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Back into sound signals, back to audio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that will go to your speakers or your headphones and then eventually to your ears.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's do one more example here. I think you're going to be very, very familiar with, with these ideas. So let's say you're going to talk over Skype.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe even over some 3G or 4G, let's say 4G, say you've got a nice 4G wireless connection. Maybe you're at the, at the cafe or something.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So over here, you've got your laptop and maybe you've got a little webcam on your laptop.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The little, little picture of you and you talking is getting converted into MPEG format.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you're using this application and actually, uh, for the audio.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Skype uses something, they have a little technology called Silk, which uses arithmetic coding for the audio, for the voice over IP.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you're, you're, you're using this 4G wireless connection. So this is going to make our green. So this is going to.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The, your MPEG has got to be transmitted over this 4G connection. So you need to make these 4G messages in the right 4G format. And in fact,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like we talked about 4G uses turbo code. So that's nice. That's kind of cool.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So you get your nice messages here and they are transmitted through electromagnetic waves. So we have electromagnetic waves.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Through the air to whatever the cell tower or whatever the, the, you know, hot spot or whatever that you're at.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At the tower or the, you know, the little receiver for that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That wireless connection, you have to have a 4G decoder. It's going to take those, those electromagnetic waves and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That were encoded in the 4G format. And they are going to decode them back into...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is, this, this example is to illustrate that of course, you know, it's not just this canonical sort of situation. You can have multiple sort of, you know, you can chain these things together. So now this is going to be encoded. Maybe I'll put it on another line. This is going to be now encoded. Actually, it's going to be green.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna have another step in the process. Now we have some internet, I don't know, whatever, some, whatever, some, some sort of format that's being sent over the internet. Uh, maybe this is internet encoder.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Some sort of packets. And then of course you have your internet itself. You know, it's being sent from


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Your friend's location, and finally it gets to your friend's location and it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe his router or something over here is decoding those messages. Router or modem on the other end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And at long last, it gets to displayed to your friend's screen and, and speaker and, and played on his speaker, his or her speakers. And he sees and hears you, your friend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So of course, you know, you can have, there can be many, many steps. And in fact, even in these, this, even though I put another step in here, there's,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are many many other steps in between all of these, probably, that are


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That are, you know, more things along these lines, more compression and error correction and coding and decoding that are happening. Even inside the computer, you know, here as he's receiving this and he's probably writing it to the RAM and using some sort of encoding, error correction and coding there. So there's lots, even lots, lots more going on than even what I've drawn here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But hopefully this starts to give you a sense of, you know, so you can start to think a little more concretely about what each of these steps in the process are, what they are doing in sort of real life and to think about, uh, some, you know, some sort of, um, give you some concrete examples to understand what's going on at each of these steps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the world of math, many strange results are possible when we change the rules. But there's one rule that most of us have been warned not to break. Don't divide by zero.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How can the simple combination of an everyday number and a basic operation cause such problems?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Normally, dividing by smaller and smaller numbers gives you bigger and bigger answers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That may sound plausible, but all we really know is that if we divide 10 by a number that tends towards 0, the answer tends towards infinity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's not the same thing as saying that 10 divided by 0 is equal to infinity. Why not?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, let's take a closer look at what division really means.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] 10 divided by 2 could mean how many times must we add 2 together to make 10, or 2 times what equals 10. Dividing by a number is essentially the reverse of multiplying by it in the following way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we multiply any number by a given number x, we can ask if there's a new number we can multiply by afterwards to get back to where we started.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If there is, the new number is called the multiplicative inverse of x.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For example, if you multiply 3 by 2 to get 6, you can then multiply by 1 half to get back to 3. So the multiplicative inverse of 2 is 1 half, and the multiplicative inverse of 10 is 1 tenth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If we want to divide by 0, we need to find its multiplicative inverse, which should be 1 over 0. This would have to be such a number that multiplying it by 0 would give 1.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But because anything multiplied by zero is still zero, such a number is impossible. So zero has no multiplicative inverse. Does that really settle things, though?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] After all, mathematicians have broken rules before. For example, for a long time, there was no such thing as taking the square root of negative numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then mathematicians defined the square root of negative 1 as a new number called i, opening up a whole new mathematical world of complex numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if they can do that, couldn't we just make up a new rule? Say that the symbol infinity means 1 over 0, and see what happens?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's try it, imagining we don't know anything about infinity already. Based on the definition of a multiplicative inverse, 0 times infinity must be equal to 1. That means 0 times infinity plus 0 times infinity should equal 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now, by the distributive property, the left side of the equation can be rearranged to 0 plus 0 times infinity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And since 0 plus 0 is definitely 0, that reduces down to 0 times infinity. Unfortunately, we've already defined this as equal to 1, while the other side of the equation is still telling us it's equal to 2. So 1 equals 2.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oddly enough, that's not necessarily wrong. It's just not true in our normal world of numbers.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's still a way it could be mathematically valid if 1, 2, and every other number were equal to 0. But having infinity equal to 0 is ultimately not all that useful to mathematicians or anyone else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There actually is something called the Riemann sphere that involves dividing by zero by a different method, but that's a story for another day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the meantime, dividing by zero in the most obvious way doesn't work out so great. But that shouldn't stop us from living dangerously and experimenting with breaking mathematical rules to see if we can invent fun new worlds to explore.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For more mind-bending math, check out this playlist.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The question is, is this the dish that's going to win you the advantage?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, we want you to create a dish that features one of these five ingredients.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Coconut, flesh, milk, chilies, wonderful range, chipotle, jalapeno, long red, little habaneros or scotch bonnets, bacon, oranges or peanuts.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're really pleased to introduce to you someone who's going to be your mentor for the whole of the season. Please welcome, from Vietnam.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, you had 60 minutes. Shannon has given you an extra 15 minutes. That means you now have 75 minutes to cook that perfect dish. There's one other surprise today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we won't know which of you has cooked which dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The floor and these massively hopeful aspiring cooks are all yours.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The fact that you haven't made either noodles or the spring roll wrapper kinda makes me go, I wanna see that you've got those skills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Shannon, thank you. To all of you, thank you so much for, uhm, giving us so much to think about. So many different things, I think now running through all our heads.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Five sure aprons. Yea, super safe. Um, bit of confusion, I don't know about the middle. I think there are a couple of dishes that are very close. Yea, it's definitely an arm wrestle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A couple of dishes that nail the brief, but above all are so good we don't want to stop eating them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For me, the standout was that mirrored glaze. It looked beautiful. You deserve that apron. Well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's undoubtedly some great cooking, but we felt that not all of you had such a good day in the kitchen. Who cooked the profiteroles?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Naveen, the profiteroles themselves were a little bit eggy and that custard was slightly grainy. And so that's why today there's no, there's no apron for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Delicious as it was, we struggled to find any of those five ingredients intrinsically standing out in that dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It means that you missed the brief and that's why we can't give you the apron.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is also one of the most delicious. So that, stands you in good stead. Well done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Classic MasterChef stress. Uhm, but again, you push through, which is fantastic. Uhm, you had some elements to use. What's the dish?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We were unanimous in our choice of the best dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But for now, I'm sorry. It's time to say goodbye. Thank you so much for being part of Mass Chef 2018.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I studied education support, sign language, business admin. I didn't finish any of them, nursing or I finished some of them. But when I'm cooking, I feel happy. I can express myself in a creative way, which I can't do any other way. Hey Matt, what have we got on the board today?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have so much to give and I have so much to put into it that I can't wait for that day.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Having an ice cream on the dish is kind of essential, uhm, to bring that creamy element.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If I can nail this ice cream, I've got a good chance of getting an apron.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The cardamom ice cream is a bit of a feature of my dish and I don't know whether it's ready to be put into the freezer or not. I'm feeling under a lot of pressure at the moment to get this dish right. This ice cream needs to be perfect so I need to pull it out at the right time and put it into the freezer for it to work. Oh no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm flying by the seat of my pants here. I've never made an ice cream before. Okay, hurry!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's just over 20 minutes left on this cook and I'm only just getting my ice cream into the freezer. I'm hoping it will set in time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On the dish I've got the ricotta, orange and walnut cake, I've got the blood orange curd, I've got the pepita praline, the syrup on the side.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I gave everything in this first challenge. I'm exhausted. My head is all over the place. I cannot think clearly. My mind is just blank. I don't even know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't know what to cook. I'm really gonna have to get back in that headspace of just, just get it done and rely on adrenaline to get me through it. Go Bonnie!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I definitely didn't cool it down before I put it into the fridge. So I'm, I'm worried it's not gonna set.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this panna cotta isn't set, there's no apron.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You have, both of you, Michelle and Bonnie, 15 minutes. I really need to have something just in case this panna cotta doesn't work. Think about the elements you've already got. My whole future rests on this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm a fighter. If there's something that I want, I won't give up. I'm gonna get this apron. I'm gonna fight for it. My plan B is to whip up a chocolate mousse and have it with the raspberry coulis and the praline.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm worried that the panna cotta and the moose might clash. I'm worried that all the elements combined is maybe gonna be my letdown.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm really holding on to hope that that's gonna get me across the line. I've given everything that I could. I want that apron.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'll walk away with my head held high. I do believe I gave everything in that cook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you think about money and your dreams and you're looking at your account, you're like, my bank account does not align with my dream.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most people will say things like, I feel anxious. And so the insecurities come, the shame comes. I think we have a fraught relationship with money because it comes with judgment. When you're not able to pay your bills on time,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can personalize that. I don't want anyone to think that I'm not smart. I don't want anyone to know that I am very insecure with money. I don't want anyone to know that I am super stressed out. So now let's change the narrative.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can't do it alone. And that's when your squad has to come in. It's taboo. We typically don't talk about our stresses when it comes to money. We need to come together as a group of friends. No judgment, no shame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That we want to have a better relationship with money. That is worth applauding or snapping your fingers about. Once you've done that then you get real. Nothing should be off limits. Where does this relationship come from? Why am I spending all this money on things that don't align with my goals? What are your fears? What are your hopes? What are your dreams?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But then we start to take action. What can we do this week? Or what can we do this month?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Money is not the end all be all. It's the mechanism to accomplish whatever your goals are. It does not define you. It's just a mechanism to accomplish what matters to you most.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ask yourself one fundamental question. What are you saving for? If you're saving for a car, if you're saving to pay down your debt, if you're saving for that rainy day fund, it will include short term goals and it will include long term goals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if we break it down, go get a poster board. Get your markers, get your glitter, take magazine pictures, cut it all out. Have that picture of that great trip. Have the picture of you paying down your student debt.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's about understanding do I have the ability with what I'm making to take care of my basic needs? And if not, what adjustments do I need to make?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we start to break it down and talk about the tools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We start to say, do we have our savings account? Autosave. Set it and forget it. Or every day put a dollar a day. Whatever that rhythm is for you, the goal is the rhythm, not the amount. You can start slow.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go back and ask yourself, do I really need it? What about these items mapped to my goal? And if it's nothing, hit delete and you got your fix.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's also important to know that your self-worth is not determined by your network. This is something that we can do better about. You celebrate your wins and when you make that misstep, no judgment, no shame. Just get back at it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's an honour to be able to cook on the last night of the Press Club.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This restaurant has 22 chef's hats over its lifespan. It has accolades that are long within my arms.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These mushrooms are looking beautiful and now my brain is starting to work with ideas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we decide this is going to be a vegetarian dish, but I'm going to serve pork on the side. And so that means that they can choose whether they want to have meat or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The first thing I do is I start my mirepoix to cook the lentils in in the end. And that's just chopping up carrots, some celery, some onions, garlic and some fennel and putting it in a pot and sweating it down with some oil until they're nice and sweet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Watch your lentils! Got em, it's alright, they're still a bit soft. My ingredient is lentils, uh, which I'm really happy about. Absolutely adore them. Very versatile. My dish is lentils, mushrooms, and pork. The slippery jacks in these little field mushrooms are going to be done for the puree. I'm feeling confident, but, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The idea of this dish so far is to have a beautiful vegetable dish, but in the middle have a lovely bit of pork that when you lift a cloche up, smoke comes out. I think it's a great element of theatrics. I think this idea takes the dish to another level, takes it to that press club worthy level. Get your pork in the oven. I'm working fast because it's got to take a long time to cook. Pork's going in, and this is how I struggle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to get that pork cooked perfectly to have a chance to be in that top spot for the semi-final.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's important you gotta keep clean. If at all you make a mess, George is down your neck.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pork is out of the oven. It looks awesome. I can't wait to carve in and try it. I take the fat and the bone off that pork and I let it rest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If this pork is cooked perfectly, I think I'm in for a chance to be in that top spot for the semifinal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's definitely over. Oh my god. Right now, it's just pure panic.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As I'm cutting into the pork, it's definitely over. This is a disaster. Oh my god. I don't know what I've done wrong. Yeah, it's, it's pretty dry. But no, I'm not giving up. The rest of this dish needs to be amazing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I need to cram as much flavour into these lentils as possible and hope they carry me through. So on top of my puree. I'm also going to pickle some hind mushrooms as well. I'm going to pickle these because they will suck up a lot of flavour. And then fold through some roughly chopped up things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I smear the mushroom puree at the bottom of the plate and then I put on two big spoonfuls of the lentil mixture. Dress faster. Yep.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] On top of that I add some raw mushrooms. Beautiful picked herbs, let's go. Along with some native herbs. And we want to get those smokers up and ready to go as well, don't we? It's now time to prepare my smoked pork on the side. I sprinkle over some dukkah. A lentil dukkah. And then I pump it full of smoke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I know it's slightly overcooked, but I know the flavour is there and I hope presenting it in this way gives it that press cup theatre that I was after. Service please, thank you. Right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the previous video, we defined prefix codes and we saw that they were nice in terms of our criteria of speed and simplicity.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They were speedy because we could just instantaneously, so to speak, as we read each, you know, as we read the symbols, the encoded symbols, as soon as we got to the end of a, of an encoded code word, we could just immediately read off what the corresponding source symbol that generated it


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And they were simple because we could think about them in terms of, for example, in terms of their tree representation. And that's a nice visual way to sort of understand one of these prefix codes, or we could just, you know, just directly in terms of the prefix condition itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So those are, those are some nice properties of prefix codes. And maybe I should mention here in terms of the, the speed of decoding for a prefix code, it's, it's linear time. If you're a computer scientist, you may be interested to know. So it's linear time because once you, when you have this tree,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As you read each of the, the code, the symbols in the encoded message, you can just traverse down this tree. You start out at the root and you just traverse the tree and when you get to a leaf, then you spit out the source symbol at that leaf.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you go back to the root. And so the decoding time is very fast. Linear time is essentially the best that you could, I mean it's the best that you could possibly do. So, we know that it's speedy and simple.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is it efficient? Have we lost anything in the way of efficiency?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's, that's the next sort of thing that we're going to address, and the Kraft-McMillan inequality will be essential for us. And it turns out, fortunately and surprisingly perhaps, that the answer is no. We have not lost anything in terms of efficiency by focusing our attention only on prefix codes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's going to be a consequence of the Kraft-McMillan inequality, which is our next project. But before we, we get into all that, let me just maybe back up for a second and review the big picture of where we are. So let's go back up here. So we started out way back up here to Morse and Vale. So we, we had some terminology here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And we, you know, a source, a memoryless source, a discrete memoryless source, we define these things, a discrete memoryless source, was just a sequence of random variables that were iid, taking values in some source alphabet script x. And when they're discrete, then that source alphabet is countable. Typically, almost always it's going to be finite.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And, uh, and then we, we defined what a symbol code is, or a variable length code, and that was just a function c from our source alphabet to, to code words. We told, we called these, we referred to these, these, uh,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] These, the elements of A star in the image of C as code words. So these were the sequences of symbols, A1 up to AK.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Where each ai is in our code alphabet a. So those sequences of symbols, those strings are, those, all of them make up the set a star, and the ones that c maps to are the code words.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then we look at some examples and we had our A, B, and C. We define unique decodability, which was a key property. And then we'd started looking at these things, efficiency, speed, and simplicity. And we arrived at the notion of a prefix code. It was just a very nice, nice type of code that we found. So let's summarize the situation here. We can draw the picture. Let's draw a picture.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So picture is we have prefix codes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then I claim that every prefix code is uniquely decodable and you are going to prove that if you haven't already as an exercise. And then we have the set of all possible codes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I referred to in, in, in the, the nice fact about the Kraft, or one of the nice fact, there's other things too, one of the nice fact, facts about the Kraft-McMillan inequality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Is that it will allow us to focus only on prefix code. We can essentially ignore all these other uniquely decodable codes that are not prefix.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Because what the Kraft Macmillan inequality is going to tell us is that for any uniquely decodable code,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There is a prefix code which is just as good in terms of efficiency, in terms of our criterion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A here in terms of how good a compression it obtains.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for any uniquely decodable code, there's a prefix code that is just as good. So we're gonna, we're gonna, we're gonna start


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Towards that result next, but first we're going to have to define what we mean by good. And that will come into, and that's where probabilities are going to come into play. And then, and we'll have to define the notion of the expected length of a code, expected codeword length of a code. So we'll start looking at that next.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's a little tomatoes. Well, I can't believe that I'm wearing an apron. Thank God.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's the first challenge in the Master Kitchen and I'm gonna cook cracking dish for the judges and it's pretty exciting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When the judges they say to cook a dish for a dinner party, I right away throw out a Sunday lunch on my known as balcony.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The only concern that I've got about this cook is getting the seafood cooked perfectly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This dish is coming from Manana, typical from Southern Italy, from Naples. My grandfather was a fisherman. My dad is a fisherman as well, so we always got fresh seafood at home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How are you, bello? Very well, grazie. Bravo, George. What's the dish? So the dish is gonna be seafood stew, calamari, mussels, scallops, and we'll be separating tomato paste.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Come on guys, push, push, push. Yeaah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's do this. Just cleaning up myself and getting ready to cook my seafood. Which is gonna be the key of the dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I played up all my seafoods and I tasted everything and I think that there is nothing better I could do. It's just great. That's great. You know, look at that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically this is a kind of seafood soup, typical from south of Italy, from Naples. It's a classic dish on a Sunday lunch, an honest place.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's probably why the emotional side of myself came up.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The problem with using breast meat is it can dry out really quickly. I can't serve dry chicken to the judges. And we have to watch this like a hawk.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is a horrible moment for me. I knew that using the breast was a really big risk. Now with 20 minutes to go, the main part of my dish, the chicken, the flavour, it's super dry.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm absolutely devastated. What the heck am I gonna do now?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Running out of time to do everything. I'm just gonna cut the tenderloins out so it's a nice juicy pit of the breast and I'm gonna roll them in the spice mix and I'm just gonna sear them off and that's just gonna sit in my taco at the bottom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I restarted my chicken with 20 minutes to go. Now I'm just wondering if there's enough flavor in there to impress the judges.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today I've cooked chicken tacos with mango jalapeno salsa, guacamole, grilled corn and pickled cabbage. I kinda had a brain fart with the chicken.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To do so poorly this early in the competition is really massive wake up call. But I feel like it gives me a chance now to actually prove myself and really show the judges that I deserve to be here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Spent the whole season coming to the MCG to watch The Mighty Tigers. So this is, this is really exciting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm the captain and I don't even know what my team is doing. We are in trouble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have some very nice big prawns. But they need a beautiful, flavorful sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When Loki put up his hand, I said, Loki, you are doing the sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have put in a lot of faith in loki sauce, but I'm not sure whether it goes well with prawn and rice paper.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For vegetarian canopy, Huda is making a filo pastry and she's turning them into a tart.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And Sarah is working on the filling. A tofu mousse with kombu and shiitake mushroom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We might be in big trouble if I'm not able to cook all the salmons on time. We gotta come up with another plan. Okay, I decided cook them in the oven and get the same result as Suvid.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Plating up every single element in the canapes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, for the seafood canopy, we have rice paper prawn with loki sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For vegetarian canopy, we have black sesame tart with tofu mousse with kombu and shiitake mushroom.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Originally we wanted to have sweet salmon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have cooked salmon so many times, but I never thought cooking in this environment would be so difficult.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we decide, we're gonna choose the best bits of the salmon, flake them up, and put on top of the soba noodles.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This dish is like a roller coaster. We have our ups, we have our downs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The beef is cooked well, but there is a big piece of fat in the center of the beef.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I really like the idea of being creative with food. However, you just never know what it's gonna be, so we're just all nervous at this stage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I've invented the taco, it's like a take on like a churros, which I kind of just shape like a taco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today I'm cooking an orange curd cupcake. He was very kind to us today, so uhm, I'm actually gonna give him a handshake when we get out of here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Next we're going to look at an easy application of sorting to a related problem called shuffling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, suppose you have a deck of cards. One of the things that you might want to try to do is to simply rearrange those cards into random order. That's called shuffling.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's a way to get shuffling done using a sort. It seems like the opposite. The idea is just generate a random real number for every array entry and then sort using those random numbers as the keys. That's an effective way to get things shuffled.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, and it's possible to prove that that produces a uniformly random permutation of the input if there's no duplicate values, assuming that you have real numbers that are generated uniformly at random. And that just means that it's well shuffled, that every possible way of shuffling the deck appears with equal, equal probability.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's fine, but it requires a sort, and the sort seems like a lot of work for this problem. And the question is, can we do better? Can we have a faster way to shuffle? Do we really need to pay the cost of a full sort?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The answer to that question is no. There's actually a very easy way to rearrange an array so that the result is a uniformly random permutation, uh, and only require linear time to get the job done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The idea is, uh, to, uh, pass through the array from left to right with an index i as we've been doing. Uh, but now we start with the array in order, uh, and, uh, actually it doesn't matter how we start the array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And every time we pick an integer between zero and i uniformly at random and, and swap, uh, a of i with that integer. So let's look at the beginning. We don't do anything. We just swap it with itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now with i equals 2, or i pointing to the second card, we generate a random integer between 0 and i. In this case, it's the one to the left. And we swap those.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Increment I, Generator Random Manager, this time it's going to be the first one again, swap them. Increment I, Generator Random Manager, swap them. Increment I, Generator Random Manager, swap them. And continue in that way, swap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So for every eye, we do exactly one swap. Now a card could be involved in more than one swap, uh, but that's not an issue. Uh, the point is that the cards to the left of eye are shuffled. They're, uh, uniform randomly shuffled. In this case, eye and eye are the same. There's no swap.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, increment i, generate a random r, swap them, and at the end, we have the deck shuffled. That's a linear time shuffling algorithm, making use of randomness.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was proved actually a long time ago, uh, even before computer implementations, that if you do that, uh, you get a uniformly random permutation, uh, and it only takes linear time. So that's definitely a way to get a deck shuffled quite easily.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Easy to implement. Now, it's key that the uniform random number be between 0 and i minus 1. You'll often see


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, you could do, uh, the items between i and n minus 1, the ones that you haven't seen yet, and that would also work. Uh, but doing the whole array doesn't give you a uniformly random result.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is just an example about software security. There's a lot of difficult and deep issues to worry about in software security, and we're not going to worry about all of them. But one thing that we can do is make sure that our algorithms work as advertised.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here's the code that you can find on the web for how to shuffle a deck of cards. That's pretty similar to our code, but it's actually got a few bugs, more than a few bugs.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, uh, first one is, uh, the way that random works, it, it actually, uh, never gets to 52, uh, which means that the last card just, uh, stays, uh, it, it can't end up in the last place. So it's definitely not shuffled because of that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe that one's minor, but it also is picking a random card from the whole deck. And as we just pointed out, that's not uniform. Should be between 1 and i, or between i plus 1 and 52.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another problem is, in this implementation, the random uses just a 32-bit seed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, if you do that, uh, there's not enough possible shuffles. The number of possible shuffles is, uh, is, is much more if, and if, and it's 52, it's 52 factorial, which is a lot bigger than 2 to the 32nd. So it's not close to, uh, random or uniform.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the other thing is that the seed is just the number of milliseconds since midnight and that cuts down the number of shuffles even more. And in fact,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It didn't take that much hacking for someone to realize that after seeing five cards and figuring out what the server clock was doing, uh, you could get all the future cards, uh, in real time in a program, uh, and that's, uh, a pretty tough thing to have happen, uh, if you're implementing online poker.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A famous quote, and there's many similar quotes, the generation of random numbers is too important to be left to chance.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So if your business does depend on shuffling, people have looked at all sorts of options, including using hardware, random number generators, and there's various tests available.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uh, to make sure that it's random. Uh, and you better use, uh, good shuffling code. Uh, that's our topic. Uh, but the bottom line is don't think that it's easy to shuffle a deck of cards.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So that's shuffling our first non-trivial sorting application.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's gonna be a day that you're gonna tell your grandchildren about. It's gonna be a day that all of you remember for the rest of your lives. Oh my god.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Margella, it's so good to have you back. We've got to address the thing that happened there. On the mention of your name, Reese started to go red and explode and then he went to another place. Reese!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's the reason why you do Master. It's for moments like this, not just for you, but for us.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're excited. We're obviously excited. It's fantastic to have Nigella here. But the really, really, really, really, really exciting thing is she's not just here for today. She's here all week.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right Nigella, if there's one bit of advice you could give the contestants, what would it be?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Each dish showed us something about each of you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Which I think is a wonderful thing to do so early on in the competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There was however one dish that, that just nudged itself over the line, nudged itself down the companion way towards the aeroplane, towards London, towards Fortnum & Mason, towards a cup of tea with Nigella.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think of the bright snap of perfectly tempered chocolate. The crunch of poor crackle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Even before you take a mouthful. And that's what we want you to do today. Bring us a dish that snaps, crackles or pops.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] One of my favourite things to make at home is prawns, because I love a well cooked prawns pot.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's wonderful about this dish is you got total silence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And all you can hear is the sound of sucking and slurping and cracking of the crab shells.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The intense dessert without being heavy. That lovely crispiness which nails the brief and gives us a surprise and puts a smile on our face. Genius, Reece.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You've got a great crack in the temper of the white chocolate. And that sesame nougatine is a genius.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Great idea. Obviously it's near and edible because the nougatine hasn't set. Dishes like this are what got you in the bottom three.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If a dish inspired by your son takes you through to immunity, who can stop you?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's absolutely delicious. I love it. I love everything about it. If you've got something better than that in the rest of the competition, even if you make it and win this thing, I'll be surprised. That is 10 out of 10, everything perfect. Gee, one of the best things we've eaten in this kitchen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Congratulations to you three, they were spectacular dishes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And because of that, we have to give props to some of the rest of you who put up food that was really top drawer. Lisa, that chicken. Just spectacular.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're sorry Jenny Chloe Adele, but you're on tomorrow's pressure test.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh my god. It was beautiful, and it went very well with my surest. It was so good.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] See, I warned you. Will you listen to me now?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Therefore, in order to hear two distinct sounds or an echo, the time gap between the original sound and the reflected sound or echo should be at least 0.1 seconds. This is the first condition for an echo to be heard.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do you know when the time gap will be more than 0.1 seconds?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then the time interval between the reflected sound and the original sound will be equal to 0.1 seconds. As a result, we will be able to hear an echo.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, now let us try and hear an echo in this room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They absorb most of the sound waves. As the sound waves do not get reflected. We are not able to hear an echo in this room. Hence, one more thing to consider, if we want to hear an echo. Is that there should be minimal use of such sound absorbing materials.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today, you'll be cooking my Apple and Rosemary Tatata.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Today one get eliminated, but it's not my time to leave. I think that I've got much more to give to this competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm going to make salty coconut panna cotta with macadamia praline, mango puli and fresh mango. It's not definitely an Italian dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being Italian, my mom, she keep asking me, are you cooking just Italian, Aldo? I keep saying, mom, I can't cook just Italian. I gotta push myself in this competition. I'm doing it in a Thai version because something there I learned when I went to Thailand.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just trying to do a really precise job. I wonder everything will be spot on. Algar keep pushing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just waking up, like, in a beautiful, tight beach and having breakfast with the sticky mango rice pudding. Super happy, super super.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I got under my mango coulis, as well as, uh, Russian macadamia praline, the missing just the panna cotta.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm so relieved. We love the wobbly. The panacote's got the beautiful wobble that I was looking for.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If Manon has to see this, she'll be really proud. She'll be nailing these.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm so happy for everything. The plate is looking amazing. I'm on MasterChef. I'm putting the dessert up there. I'm not really strong in desserts, so are you for real?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Salted coconut panna cotta with rossi macadamia praline. Mango coulis and fresh mango.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I fell in love with the Thai flavors. I put my old memory in there and my new fresh memory that I'm really powerful to embrace. I think we need to do some hating. Do us a favor. Don't change. We love you. Always. Thanks guys. Enjoy.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think I panicked when I first got into the kitchen yesterday. I'm feeling much better today.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The reason why I'm taking my time reading the recipe is because I need to understand what I'm making. If I start too early and not understanding the recipe, it could mean a disaster in the end and all the elements cannot come together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I manage multi-million dollar projects in banking industry. It can be very, very stressful. Food and cooking, it helps me to relax.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ice cream is no problem for me, and I'm trying to keep up with the other two in front of me.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The ice cream is on end. I've done the apple, so it's time to make the caramel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My concern is the apple may not be as cooked as I want it to be, but I have to make sure to give it sufficient time for it to bake.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Making custard is very similar to making ice cream, except it doesn't go into the churner, so I know I'm gonna nail it. I caught up, I caught up!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I'm very proud I finished making the tart on time. Good afternoon. Good afternoon.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] My concern is the apple may not be as cooked as I want it to be.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It smells beautiful, so I'm hoping that the taste is good enough to let me stay in the competition.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] All that, uh, pressure, what have you, got me all excited. I'm not a baker at home. I usually cook, uh, home cooked meals.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, I am. I'm very proud of my Hakka heritage because there's not many Hakka dishes or restaurants in Australia and not many people know about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I say, congratulations Samira, and Michelle, keep fighting on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm competing against some really, really good cooks in the house. They've put up some really fantastic dishes in the last few rounds and I'm going to try my best because having an immunity pin, this is what I want.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being a butcher, everyone thinks that my first inkling is to cook meat.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To have an immunity pin is just one of those things that gives you a lot of confidence.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The pin in itself is only really small, but what it signifies is massive. I just hope I can get it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Controversial, right? I know. I always wanted to experiment with fish sauce and a caramel. So I'm making a, just a simple generalized sponge with a fish sauce caramel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I start off by adding sugar to the pan, getting a nice dry caramel, adding the cream, and then putting in the fish sauce.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm just wary that the issues might be too overwhelming for the caramel and so I want to make sure it's nice and subtle.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I tasted the fish sauce caramel. It's nice and subtle. I'm gonna have a little bit of sponge on the plate. I'm really happy with the dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So today I've made a genoa sponge with a fish sauce caramel. What are we going to love about the dish? I'm hoping you guys enjoy the fish sauce caramel. I didn't want to overpower it with fish sauce. I just wanted you guys to get a bit of a funky hit at the end.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is exactly how I cook it at home. From my mother that taught me to cook the pasta all the way down to my grandson.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There are many rivers between here and the west, said Wukong. We'll have to cross them all.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Am I imagining things or is the canoe sinking? Ask the monkey. Wujing looked. You're not imagining things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Good morning, welcome back to the MasterChef kitchen. Nothing like cooking in black to sharpen the senses, is it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Being part of MasterChef is a special thing. It's a food bubble.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You get to enjoy and indulge in your pleasure of food 24-7. But it is a competition. And today, one of you is going home.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Brett, you had a tough few years a while back. Tell us why you're here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Janine, it's a very special thing to be part of MasterChef. Was it tougher than you thought?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Amazing. Jess, you grew up watching MasterChef?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's a few pictures up here, so it looks like Bret's. Definitely mine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Woah, woah, woah, hang on a minute. What have you got there? What's that? Brett's got one too. Stop the clock. Stop the clock. What's that, Brett?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's hope everybody's packed your favourite ingredients inside those pantry boxes. We'll put the time back on the clock and kick you off. Your time starts now.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Best that you come up with the idea, and then go with it. You've got some lovely ingredients, but you haven't quite figured out what the dish is.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Jess, doing something sweet, playing to her strengths. A little tidier than she was yesterday. Actually, a lot tidier than she was yesterday. So hopefully she's got some clarity of thought.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I guarantee you if you don't pay attention like that it's going to overcook. Guarantee you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just careful how hot that is. That fish is going to cook so quickly. Yea, I know. I guarantee you if you don't pay attention that that is going to overcook. Guarantee you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was a dish that took some time to come to terms with, wasn't it? Yeah, it did a little bit.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But you had your own fridge, you had your own pantry, I mean you should have had a hundred ideas pop into your head what was going on at the beginning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you reckon? I like the idea of a spiced carrot puree with roasted chick peas.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think he's cooked the salmon really, really well, so as a pressure point, that's something that we were watching him.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Do and think he could get it wrong and could be the thing that sent him home. Uhm, I think it's good dish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What do you think boys? What I was worried about here was that exactly what she's done, she just puts three up rather than five or six and I bet you the dumplings that she puts around the family table, you know, there's plenty of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What she's missing out on is the kind of generosity of spirit, the description of cooking at home and, you know,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Talking about her boys and feeding them, that's the only bit I'm missing. She just puts three up. Which is a shame.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And if you looked at her pantry, it was covered in all those food colorings and bits and bobs. So she plays around with this stuff at home. Obviously loves decorating and all this kind of thing. So it's great that she got the opportunity to put up something that she loves to cook.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just from a chef's perspective, I like to show off, you know, use of skills. There's some great techniques in there. I mean, getting the little domes out of the molds, being able to glaze it properly and have an understanding of that glaze. Knowing why it's elastic, knowing, you know, what consistency is and getting them glazed perfectly.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Eliminations are never going to be easy, especially when it's only your second cook in the MasterChef kitchen. So to give you the best chance, we got your fridges and your pantries from your homes and brought them right here. And it worked. This early in the competition, it's great to see that you put up three delicious dishes with so few errors.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'd be delighted if I'd made that. Looks extraordinary. It's truly amazing. I haven't eaten something quite so dreamily perfect.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] of the 1960s, I believe, concerning, uh, Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra at the time, so this author takes this event and then places it in.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I would more prefer like more focus on the kind of emotional and character elements of the book, but so far I'm really enjoying it. Yeah. So that is everything I'm currently reading and yeah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She does like paint pouring, so she made me a bookmark out of one of her canvases. And then it says I love you to the moon and back, so that's the one that I'm using.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] There's this like, uncanny repetition that keeps occurring. There's a lot of repeated phrases that are used and people that we thought were one distinct character.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It feels like vertigo, it feels like deja vu, it feels like this like rebound of everything and like you're not sure.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Person like it goes from third person to second person and it's just really interesting. So this one just is like so cool and I love how like this book just like plays with so much of your senses because like it starts off in an audio theater, right? Where it's very dark. It's just an audio production. You're just using your ears.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then from there we go to this restaurant, uhm, where Yami goes with her director, like her boss. And it's called like a blackout restaurant, so the restaurant is completely pitch black, you can't see anything, and the waiters like, guide you around. You're not supposed to leave your table, and you eat in complete darkness. So it's just like this really, it's just so cool, like you, this book does so many things. Uhm, but I thought this was really interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The DNA sequences coding sleep cellular identity unraveled and dreams mingled with comatose states as cell membranes disintegrated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The midsummer metropolis was a temple of benumbed Langer, the home of long-vanished, cult-worshipping tribes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At night time, in the summer, in the sticky, sultering heat, which is exactly what's going on today because we have another heat wave coming, there's a heat warning. Thank goodness I live in a place with air conditioning now because my other place did not and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So yea, literally when I went to bed last night, all of my bedroom windows were fogged. Fogged up because like, it's around 25 degrees in here, but outside it's so much hotter, so.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, anyway, I'm loving this book so much and I'm just, yeah, I'm getting really into it. So I only have about a hundred pages left. So I have no idea what's going to happen. Like there's definitely a plot. It's definitely a quest.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, because we're finding some people. Ayami is now out of a job, since like I said, the audio theater is closed, so she's trying to find a new job, but like, I just, I don't know how much of this is a dream, and...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very, very excited. Wow, this book is just incredible. So that is Untold Night and Day. Uhm, I listened a bit more to War Girls last night as well. One thing I want to say, this book, I think I was saying how much plot, uhm, and how plot-driven this book is, but like, it's like a little bit too much because


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You know when you read a book and you're just like, okay, can we slow down? Can we slow down a little bit? Can we get a break? Can we just take a little pause? Can we have a slow scene for once? But this book is literally just like,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You feel like you're out of breath the whole time you're reading this book because it just seems to be action scene after action scene. There's so many battles, there's so many conflicts that are happening both like physical and technology wise and it's just like a lot to the point where it's too much now because we're not taking


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But I am learning tons about the Civil War, like I think, like I basically went into this book with hardly any knowledge next to no knowledge, and I think like you can definitely do that because the author does a great job of creating this futuristic world.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and like really filling it with of course these real events that happened and like letting you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I cannot wait to come back and say more about this because I'm sure more is gonna happen. Uhm, we just got swept into either like a flashback scene or a scene from the past, which I usually don't like, but I don't think that's what's actually going on in this book. So, anyway. Those are my thoughts on this. I am...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, and just keep reading, cause like, I'm in the mood to read. It's around, I think, six? Yea, it's six o'clock, so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And wow. I think I was talking a lot about it yesterday. It actually got a lot better. I was listening to it tons last night and today just while I was working and doing some chores and stuff.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The book, I think, I really liked the closing act the most in this. I think it was just, it was super compelling because, like, we get a lot of, like, people coming back together and there's so much conflict and so many parts that happen that I was just, like, really, really invested in at the end. And like I said, I think yesterday,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Like there's these giant mechs and like giant robot machines which like I felt like I had a really vague concept of and


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When a lot of these sci-fi technologies are like literally what is being able to fuel the plot and make things happen, it just takes so much of that believability out, so I just didn't really love.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Gave, especially jumping back and forth from the perspective of Onyi and Ife, the two sisters on the two different sides with Nigeria and Biafra and just like really letting you know.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We finished a book in this reading vlog and I'm now 63 pages through Untold Night and Day. Still absolutely loving this. I'm gonna be reading some more of this tonight and I don't have too many more updates on this so far because we just got to like chapter 2. I guess maybe it's part 2 because they're kind of long but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, so we're actually going to be picking another audiobook now because I finished War Girls. So I currently have in Beyond Good and Evil, which is on my August TBR. Really want to start this. I also have in This Accident of Being Lost by Leanne Batasameke Simpson. I've read a work from her before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] For the last few days, I've just been picking up this book. In the nighttime, it's the perfect book to read at night as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Parallel lives and different things that intersect and intertwine. How people's lives intersect and intertwine. How people's dreams do the same thing. And it's just like, ah, it's so...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Challenging, it's like a book that's like a really really fun challenge and definitely one that like if you want I think the most out of it, definitely


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I don't, well, like, there are some that are very much like, it's poetry, there's poems, but most of it is, you know, stories. Like, it's raw, it's kind of this unedited, undisguised call.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And today I do want to also pick up I think Beyond Good and Evil on audiobook because I have this in and then I also have instructions for dancing. We're putting our feet in different worlds in this vlog but


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, kind of thing, so. I've read... What have I read? I've read The Birth of Tragedy for Uni by Nietzsche. Don't think I've read anything else.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Was thinking about this book for a very, very long time, like, it starts to get...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When I'm reading it, it starts to get like a little kind of bogged down and I'm like, okay, wait, is this like, what is actually going on? But then like I stop and think about it and I'm like, wait, this is freaking phenomenal. So uhm, I'm 125 pages through. Like I said, I have about 25 pages left, so I think.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's what she's doing in the book as well, like her vocation and her, uhm, job.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] is also a very important part of herself because in this book she plays a whole bunch of different roles and seemingly so do other people the way that they swap roles or seem


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The descriptive language is very much the same for other characters, to the point where you can't distinguish anyone from anyone. Uhm, recently there's also been a lot of Korean history, South Korean history and different incidences worked into the book, whether that's things with North Korea or threats of war.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Wow, it still like packed so many different punches in so many different ways. I ended up giving it three stars just because like the style of the writing isn't entirely what just I personally enjoy, but as well.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Collapsed on the floor and stared out the window for like a good hour, just...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It is very much like, it kind of reads like a crossword or I keep saying deja vu, which is a good word.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, anyway, I hope you guys are doing so well. Please let me know what you're reading.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why do we love junk food? Cause it looks cool bro.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Besides this, if we compare these foods, the quantity of healthy food looks small, right? But surprisingly, they both contain the same number of calories.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Yes. Now, since healthy food also contains fiber and water, they add up to the volume, thus filling our stomach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What is a stroke, huh? It is a new style of haircut.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No. Through a complex system of arteries, our brain gets a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients with the help of blood. The cells of our brain alone use more than 20% of oxygen in our blood. Hence, if the blood doesn't reach the brain cells, they can begin to die, thus giving us a stroke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hence, lymphocytes overreact and produce antibodies which start attacking the allergen. Besides this, as a protective response. Some immune cells also trigger production of excess mucus, resulting in running nerves. They even give rise to itching throat and watery eyes, thus causing an allergy. How do igloos keep you warm?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I'm a little busy, so I'll tell you later. Alright, I'll explain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hence, the heat given off by our body does not get lost from the igloo. It stays in the igloo, thus keeping us warm.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What causes wrinkles? A witch's potion.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Nah. Our skin consists of two important proteins called collagen and elastin. Collagen keeps our skin firm and tight.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] While elastin gives our skin flexibility and elasticity. It allows our skin to stretch, twist and contract. Just like an elastic rubber band right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Absolutely. But as we age, our skin produces less collagen and elastin. Hence, our skin no longer remains firm. It begins to lose elasticity. As a result, our skin droops, thus causing wrinkles. Moreover, there are some factors that can cause early wrinkling. One of them is UV radiation of the sun.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What I really love about these contestants and what they've given us so far in terms of food is a really well balanced palette.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And on top of that, just enough push to go wild enough to make you think, oh well this is a bit different and I love this. Really, I would say, solid talent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I have to say, I love all pancakes. I love eating pancakes in whatever country I go to because pancakes do allow for an awful lot of variation and most cultures have a form of pancake. I don't know that I've ever met a pancake I don't like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I mean, I think, Kristen, you know you're an exceptional cook. I think this isn't exceptional. It's a nice breakfast. But don't despair, because you've got to make mistakes to learn things. It's only because you're more than good that we're saying this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, I think maybe putting orange juice on top took away the crunch of the brulee.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I see Gordon Ramsay in his chef whites and I'm thinking, oh, oh no.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. It's gonna be him at the pass today and I'm freaking out.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So Rich joins me in the task and he's going to be the director of the dessert.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To taste the swallowed burger again. No.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Our heart rate and breathing increases as we wrench. Finally, the stomach and other abdominal muscles forcefully push the contents upwards and we puke.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Pregnancy, etc. However, there are some other reasons as well, such as overeating, stress, head injury, ear problems, excess consumption of alcohol, drugs, etc.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's you and I now, yeah? Yes. Okay. Channel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I like your attitude, look at that smile. We're ready to go.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Ready to bring out the Loki that is now going to impress those judges, impress me. Yes. Yeah. Brilliant.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes. You have, like a southern Indian style dish. Correct. I've never tried that, a spiced lemon broth before. Sounds very interesting.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alana, Loki chose lemons. They have to be used as a key ingredient in the dish that you choose. Any ideas?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How you going? How you going? Yeah, good. What is she gonna do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] True little careful. That lemon has to be used as a core ingredient.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How long are you allowing for the fish to cook, Loki?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, they look so pretty, guys. Jenny, you're wrapping them so good. It's teamwork. We're working so well together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Here I was, I was a brand new doctor with all these skills, but I couldn't cure my patients who had chronic diseases. Illnesses like ...


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Heart disease, asthma, diabetes. It needed more than just handing them a prescription or providing brief counseling in the office to get the job done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Fast forward 15 years later, I'm in Atlanta, Georgia. It's a different world, but it was deja vu all over again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] As doctors, we see our patients who have chronic illnesses in an episodic way.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In between, the patients have to learn how to make a lot of decisions for themselves. I'll give you examples.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you have medications you're supposed to take every day, what do you do when you're sick?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Are you still supposed to take it? How do you recognize a complication when it happens? How do you recognize a side effect when it happens? What do you do with it? In addition to all of this, they're dealing with the inevitable loneliness, isolation and anxiety that people who have chronic illnesses deal with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] A recent report from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation showed that health habits account for 50 percent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Of the health outcomes that people experience, while medical care only accounts for 20 percent.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In fact, the Centers for Disease Control says that if we could eliminate smoking, physical inactivity and poor nutrition,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But we also know that changing health behaviors is very difficult.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we asked the question, what if? What if we could create a resource?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That could motivate people to change health behavior.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The truth is there are a lot of these resources out there that help people acquire these so-called self-management skills.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But many a time, they're not easily accessible or relatable, particularly to individuals within minority and underserved communities who face bias in addition to barriers like language and culture and inadequate health insurance coverage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so in the last 12 years, my colleagues in that Morehouse School of Medicine have created a technology-based application to assist with chronic illness care.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It's freely available on the web and as an app. And what we do is we get people to track variables, blood pressure, blood sugar, and they report it back to them in a color-coded format. So green would indicate a healthy range, and red would indicate a problem that needs something done about it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We link these stats to a curriculum. The curriculum helps the individual learn about their health condition, whatever it is, whatever the chronic illness is. They also work with a health coach.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To learn self-management skills. Skills that have helped them prevent complications of their illness. In order for the coach to be successful,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] They have to be able to gain the trust of the individual that they're working with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We tested this application in clinics where the health coaches were medical assistants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And in a large urban church where the health coaches were volunteers from the health ministry. A year later, a third


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] ...of the participants were able to acquire three new self-management skills and maintain them to the extent that it was able to improve their blood pressures, their blood sugar and their exercise.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now what was simple yet fascinating to us was that the group from the church did just as well or even better


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Than the group that were under purely medical care. And we wanted to learn why that was.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we looked a little further into the research. 400 hours of recorded conversation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And what we learned was that the cultures from the church