[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, the value is 10 as we just input it.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And yeah, this can be very helpful in case that we don't want to mess around with a lot of console.logs or other stuff like that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Can also hover these here. So here we can see the whole object. Here we then can see just the property value. And now we can execute the rest of the function simply by hitting this step button here. So basically this will then go to the next line of code.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we have Kelvin set at 283, because now the previous line just executed, and here we are in the last line, and so now we can see here return value will be 283.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So with this one here, we can execute one line at a time. And for now, just ignore these three buttons here. You can explore them a little bit later. Okay, so we're almost done. Let's just click one more time.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so we're out of the function now, uh, and now processing this next line of code. Let's just continue.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now we went into some other stuff here and that's actually coming from the live server. So nevermind. We can just close this and now click here on resume script execution. And now we're done.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is not all super intuitive, I would say. So just experiment around a little bit with these different buttons.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, now we just need to get rid of this breakpoint here, otherwise the execution will always stop here in the future. So just click this red dot here again, and then it's gone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And that's how we launch and use the debugger in Google Chrome. Now let's quickly introduce a bigger bug here in our code and then fix it using the debugger. And for that, I'm simply going to go back to this function that we created before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And let's call this one here, uh, bug. So I will replace all the news with bug.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we have here cog, temp, amplitude, bug, and here we're calling that, and then we call the amplitude bag, and here as well, bug.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's come here and comment out this piece of code so that it doesn't annoy us all the time. And we can just set the value here manually to 10 raw. Okay. This way we preserve the code that we have and also keep it running or actually keep it working.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So here let's just say using a debugger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Then down here we are calling this function and here let's just change this to something else. Let's say.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, let's just run this now quickly. And so we see that the output at this point is still correct, because we didn't introduce any bug yet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The max is 9, the min is 1, and therefore the amplitude is 8. But now let's say that we did a mistake. And we might have thought intuitively that the max and min values would be good to have a starting point of 0.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] I think you can maybe see why that would make sense. So for example, we started the sum at zero before. So why not start the max and the minimum at zero too? Right? It would have been quite reasonable to think that. And so let's pretend that we did think that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But this will actually introduce a bug, because with this, this will not work.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So as you see, now here it says that the minimum value is zero, right? So that's coming from, from this console.log here, which says now that minimum is zero and that the amplitude therefore is nine minus zero, which is nine.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, we identified the bug here, okay? Let's again write that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Identify. And so let's now go back here to Chrome and to the debugger to try to find that bug. And the debugger is actually especially useful inside of a loop. And so that situation that we have right now


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we are in a loop. And so let's see here now why the maximum and minimum values are not being correctly set. Or actually it's just the minimum. The maximum is fine, but still we need to analyze both of them.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, what I'm going to do here is to set a breakpoint, uh, right here. Because that's where the maximum and the minimum are being computed. Okay? So let's reload. And right away we get to this point in the execution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So at this point, the temps variable has already been computed, so it's already this complete array. Max and min are at 0, and so now we are doing this. So we see that the current temperature is 3, that the maximum is 0, and so next step will end up here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or let's actually continue. And indeed, now we see that max is 3. And that makes sense, right? According to the rules that we described earlier. Okay, moving on here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, and we already moved on right to the next loop iteration. And that's because we don't have a breakpoint here. So let's just put another one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now we're in the second iteration. And so now i is 1, as you can see here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So the current temperature is 5, max is 3, so now the new max should become 5. And yes.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Oh, and again we jumped over this one, but let's just keep going.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so now the current temperature is 1, max is 5, and so this one will now not get executed.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now we can see this one. Current temperature is one, which is less than zero. And so nothing is going to happen, right? And so here we actually, uh, have the bug itself.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we know intuitively that 1 here is supposed to be our lowest number.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But the problem is that zero is even lower, and so it's impossible for any of these numbers here to be set as the minimum. Again, because the initial value that we set is already lower than any of the values that we have in the array.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now by analyzing this one by one in the debugger, we can really understand that is what happens. So again, in this situation is where we would like for this one to be set at a minimum, but it's not going to happen because one is not less than zero here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And so now there's not even a point to keep going. Well, we can still do that.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So now the current temperature is 4, which is this one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And just one more. So i is 5. So we're in the last iteration. And we see that the maximum is already correct.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now here we can actually also see the loop finishing, because we see that temps.length is 6, and i right now is also 6. So 6 is not less than 6, of course, and so the loop will now finish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, you see, now we jumped over the loop and we are finally here in this next line of code. Let's go to the next one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the value to return is 9, as we already know, because of our bug and the min.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, and that's it. Now we stepped over this entire function logic and saw exactly what happened line by line. And again, we're in the live server here. Let's just remove this and resume the script execution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, great. So I hope that got you an idea of how we can use the debugger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Just wanted to tell you that instead of going through the sources tab here, we can actually also call the debugger right from our code. And all we have to do for that is to write debugger right here.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So JavaScript has this debugger statement, and then when the browser sees this debugger, it will automatically open up the debugger tool. So when I give it a save now, you see that we are right at this point.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So it's like it put a breakpoint here in this point, and then we can do everything as we just saw before.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or actually, let's just get rid of this here, give it a save, or stop this and reload. And yeaah, then we exited that debugger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now this was of course just a small example, but again, this is an extremely powerful tool that you can now use whenever you run into a problem in the future.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So take a moment now to go through the steps again, maybe by yourself, and that will then help you make you a better developer. Because debugging really is an intrinsic part of the development process.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right. And we're also going to learn some language that you can use to describe, um, negative results, uh, things that happen that are bad.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we have two words for you that we're gonna hear in the dialogue. And the first one is constellation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, so a constellation is a group of stars that makes a shape and has a name.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So earthlings are people who live on planet earth.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So ambition is the desire or the want for things to be better, to improve, to get rich, to be technologically advanced.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you know what? This guy is, uhm, a great employee, but his lack of ambition was his downfall.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] To cause a lot of terrible emotional or physical pain.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Why don't we give a few examples? Uhm, the end of his marriage caused him great anguish.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, we're gonna look at three phrases that we heard in the dialogue and see how we can use them in different contexts. So the aliens, uhm, we're praising some of the masterpieces that the humans have created, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said, you humans create such wonders as the Taj Mahal, blah, blah, blah.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So let's look at this phrase, such wonders as.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, we can, uhm, we can replace that noun with anything. So why don't we hear a few examples?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So this is a really useful structure to use when you want to give examples of many different things.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So interesting phrase, what gives you the right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You're basically saying, you don't have the right to do this. You shouldn't do this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And you can use it in exactly the same way. Who are you to tell me what to do?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yes, and as we saw, these humans are pretty angry. So why don't we listen again as they're telling the aliens, who are you to do this to us?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, you know, when I was small, I used to have my vacations up in northern Canada, and because it was so far away from the city,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It was really dark and, and you could see all of these shooting stars, so these stars moving across the sky, uhm, and lighting up the whole sky with, with their brightness and it really is one of the most beautiful things I've ever seen.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, exactly. And I saw once, actually, I was in an astronomy class, uhm, and turned around and over the horizon, like at the end of the sky, where the sky meets the earth, I saw this huge ball of fire move across the sky, and it looked like it landed in the field next to us. It was so close.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Captain, we are under attack by an unidentified ship. Damage report.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Captain, we're under attack by an unidentified ship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We've sustained heavy damages to the engines. We've lost our warp drive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We are under attack by an unidentified ship.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or even if you're not looking for an apartment, this lesson will be useful because it can help you describe what your current apartment or house looks like.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're gonna hear these two words in the dialogue. The first one is landlord.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well it's pretty simple, a landlord is the person who owns the house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, uhm, and a landlord rents out the apartment to the tenants.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So why don't we take a listen to the dialogue now and we'll hear as a couple is checking out a new apartment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We're just gonna look at a bunch of vocabulary items related to apartments and, um, house hunting. So we've got a lot to cover here, so let's get started with the first one. Renovated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so, the verb to renovate. Uh, great word and I think some examples will help us understand the meaning. Example one.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, when you renovate a house or an apartment, uhm, you, you know, take everything down and build it back up again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yep, and also uhm, when you just do something really simple, like change the paint color, that's not a renovation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's redecoration. When you renovate, you have to like, you know, use a hammer and saw and lots of tools.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It has lots of space, lots of place to move around.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so we know square foot, right? So feet like, uhm, a measure of, of space. Right? Uh, the square footage is just basically the area. How big?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So like your TV, uhm, an iron, uh, vacuum cleaner.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, this is a great phrase and I want to break it down. So, a gas range, now this is basically a stove, right? Okay. Uhm, that uses gas instead of electricity. So I can have an electric range. Exactly. Now, professional grades, this is something that's really high quality.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] No, of course not, you can have a professional grade anything, like a professional grade carpet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Or you can even change this a little bit and say industrial grade.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, now just a note on the spelling here. Walk in are hyphenated.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sorry, another note on the spelling here. It's E-N.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So an en suite bathroom is a bathroom inside the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, uhm, and actually this is very uncommon in America, isn't it?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So after you've done your house hunting and found your apartment, uhm, you gotta set up the payment conditions.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You can also use some vocabulary in this dialogue to tell us about your


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, and we'll see you guys there. Thanks for listening and until next time, goodbye!


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The city recently renovated the ceiling of the local church.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] If you multiply the width of the room by the length, you will have the square footage of the room.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He said, uh, this motherfucka, he sent me. What's that motherfucka's name?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Actually seeing and meeting the people who've worked really hard to bring us that produce, I think just makes you want to work even harder to make sure you do them proud.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People are being horribly disillusioned. I think people have also started to feel jaded. People are feeling that they're aware that these relationships are also very callous and that's to do with this sort of incredible sense of choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] People are being horribly disillusioned. I think people have also started to feel jaded. People are feeling that they're aware that these relationships are often very callous and that's to do with this sort of incredible sense of choice.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Dan. And hello, I'm Rob.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In today's program, we're going to be looking at what our brains are doing when we're using dating apps.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Now Rob, have you ever used a dating app? No way! I would never use one. So Rob, can you explain, when talking about dating apps, what we mean by swipe left and swipe right? Ah yes, these are not new words, but technology has given them new meaning.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In some dating apps, they show you pictures of people you might find attractive. If you do like them, you swipe right. If you don't like them, you swipe left. We will dig deeper into this topic shortly, but first a question. In the UK, approximately how many marriages start with the couple meeting online?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, all of those seem quite high to me, so I'm going to guess in the middle. One in four. Well, we'll find out if you're right later in the programme. Now, Alice Gray is a science communicator and blogger.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Recently she was a guest on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour programme and she was asked about what goes on in our brains when we use dating apps compared to when we meet people in real life. What difference does she say there is?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So, she says that what goes on in our brains is actually very similar. Online we make decisions very quickly about who we like. These decisions are almost immediate. She used the adjective instantaneous for this.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So we make these instantaneous decisions, then choose to swipe left or swipe right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In real life, we do the same thing. We know almost immediately when we see someone if we find them attractive or not.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Although of course in digital dating, once you've swiped left, you will never see that person again, and you won't have the chance to meet.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In the real world, you could meet someone you don't find attractive instantaneously and then get to know them and find that you do quite like them. Yes, this is true, but then possibly they won't like you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And then you have to deal with rejection. Rejection is when someone doesn't find you attractive and they don't want to spend time with you or get to know you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What's the difference in our brains between online rejection and real life rejection? Here's Alice Gray again.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So she says that our brain's response to real life and online rejection is quite similar, but in the digital world you can be rejected many more times. In real life you have a bit more time to recover from the rejection.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] When you get up, you might be covered in dust and dirt. You need to dust yourself off to make yourself ready again before you carry on. In the online world though, you don't have that time. Online dating apps can lead to many rejections and psychologically, that can be difficult to manage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Another way of saying difficult to manage is difficult to cope with.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, we don't want you to reject us, so time now to give you the answer to that quiz question before a recap of today's vocabulary.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So I said B, 1 in 4, you know, 25%. Was I right? Sorry, Rob. The answer is A, 1 in 3. Does that surprise you? Well, yes, it does. I didn't think it would be that high. It's a sign of the times, Rob. Digital world, digital dating.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Let's have a look at that vocabulary. Okay. Well, we started with the verb to swipe.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The movement of our finger on a smartphone or tablet screen to indicate whether we like someone or not. Swipe right for like, swipe left if you don't like. Our decisions on whether we find someone attractive or not are often instantaneous. This adjective means immediate – at once.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rejection is when you let someone know that you are not interested in them. You don't want to be romantically involved with them. If you are rejected, you might need some time to feel better. And for this, you can use the phrasal verb get over.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] It can take some time to get over a rejection. Yeah, I know. Now, being positive and optimistic after a rejection can be described as dusting yourself off.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But having many rejections can be difficult to cope with, which means it can be difficult to manage, difficult to keep positive. Well, we hope you don't swipe left on this programme and that you'll join us again next time. Remember you can find us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and of course our website bbclearningenglish.com


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And don't forget our new BBC Learning English app. Oh, good idea. See you soon. Bye. Bye-bye.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] He's the kingmaker and I think he not only is satisfied with that, he realizes that that's where he can be most effective and frankly where he's most comfortable.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Hello English learners, welcome back to EnglishPod, my name is Marco.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] That's right, so we're going to be looking at a lot of great stuff that can help you the next time you are at the airport at the check-in counter. So why don't we take a look at one word that we're going to preview today in vocabulary preview.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So when we talk about luggage, we can say, pieces of luggage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so three pieces of luggage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. Let's listen to our dialogue for the first time. We're gonna see what happens with this guy at the airport and with his pieces of luggage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well, I think it's a very common situation. I'm sure many of our listeners can relate to this situation.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, very similar. When you go to a hotel, you register at the hotel, you check in. In this case, you just check your luggage. You don't check in your luggage. Right.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So he wanted to check three pieces of luggage, and he also had carry-on luggage.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] We have two words there. Inter. Between. Between, right? And continental.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so he's traveling maybe from Asia.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so basically it means to... To get on. To get on.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And the train station, right? Exactly. All aboard. Okay, so, board a vehicle. And our last phrase for today. Overhead compartment.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right. So you have an overhead compartment, that big box where you put your bags and your purse or whatever on an airplane.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very similar to for example an overhead projector.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so I think it's a little bit more clear now, and with this, it's time for us to take a look at some great phrases in putting it together.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] How am I supposed to? Okay, so before we get into explaining this, why don't we listen to a couple of examples so we can try and understand what it means.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Yeah, exactly, you're maybe a little bit frustrated or you're maybe nervous of something that you can't do or don't know how.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Maybe, yeaah. Okay, so a good phrase that you can use in different situations and you can try and mix it up with different verbs, right?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] So basically the woman can't help the man even though he's insisting and he's pushing that he wants another solution.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right? So finally, she says, I'm sorry, there's nothing I can do.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Right, and you would use it only in that situation, towards the end, because it is a little bit... It's strong. It's not in plight, but it's just, you're saying, you know what, I'm sorry, there's, I can't do anything about it. Now let's move on to our third phrase. You charge next to nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Alright, so we're talking about charging, we're talking about money. Why don't we listen to some examples of what this next to nothing phrase means?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And now, for our last phrase, it's the complete opposite of next to nothing.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] An arm and a leg. Alright, so this means it's really expensive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Very good. So next to nothing, really cheap. An arm and a leg, really expensive.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Okay, so airline policies, luggage, it's always a problem, right? Most of the time you always end up paying overweight when you travel.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Well I'm sure many of our users probably suffered similar experiences like this, so please come to our website and share it with us at EnglishPod.com.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] In general, I think it's quite good. It has a very stabilizing effect on society, uhm, and it declares publicly, uh, to the world that you have found the right person for you.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] What? Why? I'm taking an intercontinental flight! I'm flying 16,000 kilometers! How am I supposed to take only two 20 kilo bags? That's absurd.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] You charge next to nothing for an international ticket.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] But when it comes to charging for any other small thing, you charge an arm and a leg. So tell me miss, how much will I have to pay for all this?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The real estate agent charged me next to nothing for his commission, so I got a really good deal.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] At their lab at the University of California Santa Cruz, they and their students work to understand how these animals' brains function.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Rio has been taught that certain sounds, like crickets,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Go with a particular number or letter, like D.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Sea lions like Rio are perfect for this kind of testing because they're like, well, a dog with a bone.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] And this kind of reasoning is also believed to be the basis for the most human of intellectual expressions, language.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Most mammals make particular sounds only in reaction to a specific situation. Like a dog that growls when it's threatened.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Barbie is a kind of persona non grata in our house.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This video was made possible by CuriosityStream. When you sign up at curiositystream.com slash real life lore, you'll also get access to Nebula, the streaming video platform that real life lore is a part of.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] This is Italy, or more specifically, the Italian peninsula. Like all civilizations in the real game of Civ IRL, Italy has been defined by her geographic reality and starting place. At first glance, Italy's position seems strong and easy to defend.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] She is surrounded by water on three sides in the west, south, and east, which leaves only the north to defend against land attacks from. Luckily, however,


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] The North is also easily protected and defensible by the Alps, which are a bunch of really, really big mountains.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Italy's geographic armor is amongst the strongest of any country in the world because she has full complete 360 degree coverage. But, there is a downside to what looks like nothing but upsides. Italy's geography stats have relatively recently been nerfed compared to how good they used to be, and Italy today in the late game just isn't as powerful as it used to be back in the early game. And here's how.


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[Assistant] The world's first civilizations that spawned into the world map began around here around 6,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, followed up quickly by several more across the Mediterranean, like Egypt, the Greek states, Carthage, and eventually a tiny little town called Rome.


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[Assistant] Now, the civilizations that started around the Mediterranean were still in the early game of world discovery. So most of the world's geography was still shrouded and unknown to any of them.


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[Assistant] Travel and mapping off lands was difficult, but it was least difficult across the Mediterranean Sea, because map makers could just sail around it and across it and draw out what it looked like. On most maps of the known world at the time, therefore, the Mediterranean was often at the center or at least the most prominent feature.


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[Assistant] Take a look at this early world map created by the Greeks in the 6th century BC, or this map created by the Greeks in the 5th century BC, and this map created by the Greeks after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Each iteration shows a slight evolution in the understanding of the region's geography, but each one is highly concentrated around the Mediterranean Sea, because that's what civilizations here at the time were familiar with.


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[Assistant] So if you wanted to dominate the Mediterranean region and the rest of the early civilizations and their populations that surrounded it, what geographic feature do you think would be the most


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[Assistant] Basically, at the center of the known world and in terms of population, Italy literally was at the administrative center for almost one out of every three living humans. But Italy's enormous wealth and strategic location has encouraged ambitious external invaders for


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[Assistant] So, after Byzantine Italy collapsed, the peninsula would remain divided between the city-states and external empires for over a thousand years before the pieces started coming back together again in the 19th century. But by then, Italy's geographic situation and reality had severely deteriorated.


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[Assistant] First of all, population. Italy's population today, in 2020, is 60.5 million. Which is almost the same as the population of the entire Roman Empire in the second century.


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[Assistant] Secondly, the knowledge of the world map has been dramatically expanded by this point in the late game, and everybody knows that the Mediterranean isn't at the center of everything.


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[Assistant] Nearly all of the modern world's great powers, after all, aren't even located within the region. Like the UK, Germany, Russia, India, China, Japan, and the United States. The Italian peninsula is still a strong geographic position to dominate the Mediterranean from.


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[Assistant] To illustrate this point even more, let's analyze Italy's geographic problems she encountered during the World Wars. In 1915, the recently unified Italy joined the Entente and declared war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Italian front line stretched across here, from Switzerland to the Adriatic Sea, and therefore was the only possible path for the Italian army to attack through over land. Switzerland was neutral and could not be passed, and naval assaults across the Adriatic Sea were complicated.


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[Assistant] So unfortunately for the Italians, the whole front ran through the gigantic mountains here and along the Isonzo River over here. Meaning that whenever they attacked, they had to either fight over mountains or across a river.


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[Assistant] The Austro-Hungarians just had to sit in their forts on the mountains or behind the river and let geography kill and slow the advancing Italians. And that is exactly what they did.


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[Assistant] 11 times in 11 separate battles the Italians attacked across the Isonzo River, and 11 times they made effectively no progress and lost hundreds of


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[Assistant] Thousands of men in the process. On the 12th battle, it was the Austro-Hungarians supported by the Germans who were the ones attacking. And they pushed the exhausted and demoralized Italians back over 100 kilometers near to Venice before they were finally stopped. Out of all of Italy's casualties in the war, half of them were spent just


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[Assistant] Part of the reason why Italian states never became world colonizers in the first place is also due to sheer geographic placement. It's no wonder that the European states who became the most successful colonizers were all located on the westernmost side of the continent, because they had the easiest access to launch ships out into the global ocean system.


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[Assistant] While Italy is well positioned to launch ships to dominate the Mediterranean, her access to the world ocean is more limited because the only way out, historically, was through the Strait of Gibraltar, which is only 11 kilometers wide at its narrowest point.


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[Assistant] And when an enemy is in control of the strait and chokes it off, Italian navies can't leave and they get trapped. And this is what happened during the Second World War. At this point, the British Empire controlled not only Gibraltar, but also the Suez Canal, which were the only two entrances and exits possible into the Mediterranean. And so, they could be used to contain the entire Italian navy inside like a big bathtub.


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[Assistant] Italy's navy couldn't break out to threaten the allies elsewhere unless they could take over one or the other, but they were never capable of it. Even further, Britain also controlled the island of Malta that's roughly at the halfway point between Sicily and North Africa. Malta was used as an outpost to harass Italy's shipping, logistics, and supplies that she was sending out to her overseas troops fighting in North Africa, and Italy was just never capable of dealing with it. Like a constant


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[Assistant] Couldn't replenish losses as easily, and by 1943, Italy was already defeated.


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[Assistant] And this is the largest plane that Italy has, and it's called the Po River Valley. So it should come as no surprise that this plane is home to some of Italy's most


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[Assistant] Powerful cities like Venice, Milan, and Turin.


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[Assistant] And there already exists two wholly independent states that are separate from Italy in the Italian peninsula. They never got San Marino. And Vatican City, which was given independence in 1929.


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[Assistant] The mountains across Italy have kept people separated and led to the development of strong regional identities and autonomy. And keeping the whole peninsula together and united has been a strong challenge for the Italian state ever since it was founded. And it continues to be a problem even today. While a developed country and a modern great power, Italy's geographic position is still good for regional domination in the Mediterranean.


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[Assistant] But it's no longer the ideal starting place for world domination like it was in the ancient.


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[Assistant] And so, that is how Italy's geography got nerfed in the late game of Civ IRL.


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[Assistant] Geography, however, is just one of many aspects about our planet that influences one civilization's success and another one's hardships. I could tell you all about how geology,


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[Assistant] Or, you could just watch the great documentary series that will explain all of that for me, Deep Time History, which is available right now on CuriosityStream.


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[Assistant] CuriosityStream is the streaming platform with thousands of top quality documentaries to watch from people like David Attenborough, Chris Hadfield, Stephen Hawking, Jane Goodall, and so many more. And it's only $20 a year for a subscription. It's not $20 per month, it's just $20 for a whole year.


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[Assistant] Plus, when you sign up for an annual subscription to CuriosityStream with the link in the description, or by going to curiositystream.com slash real life lore, you'll also get access to Nebula, the streaming platform made by myself and a bunch of your other favorite YouTube creators, which is filled with ad-free versions of all of our videos.


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[Assistant] Plus, a bunch of awesome original content, like the world's most useful airport by the guy behind Wendover Productions, as well as my car review show Grand Test Auto, hosted by myself and JT from Second Thoughts. You can get that bundle deal right now at curiositystream.com slash real-life lore. And as always, thank you so much for watching.


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[Assistant] Once you've got enough gas under there and it's leaking out, it could become a very serious problem.


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[Assistant] Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Neil. This is the programme where in just six minutes we discuss an interesting topic and teach them related English vocabulary. And joining me to do this is Rob. Hello.


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[Assistant] In this programme, we're discussing Schadenfreude. Uh, hold on, Neil. Schadenfreude. That's a German word. Schadenfreude is what we call a loanword – a word from one language that is used in another language without being changed.


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[Assistant] You're absolutely right, Rob. Imagine you're in a queue at the supermarket and someone pushes in. But when they got to pay, their credit card doesn't work. Think of the feeling you might get just seeing their misfortune. Another word for bad luck.


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[Assistant] It is, but we'll be discussing why that feeling could actually be good for us. But first, let's set a question for you, Rob, and our listeners at home to answer. This is about false cognates.


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[Assistant] Also called false friends. Words that look the same in two languages but have different meanings. So in English we have the word rat, but what does that mean in German? Is it a, a big mouse, b, annoyed or c, advice?


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[Assistant] Well, I'll have the answer later on. Now let's talk more about Schadenfreude. Enjoying someone's misfortune can certainly make us feel good.


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[Assistant] That's a good word, meaning a person's bad luck that is considered to be deserved punishment for something bad that they've done.


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[Assistant] Okay, so Wilco van Dyck's studies found we get joy when someone's misfortune is deserved. There is justice. In other words, the punishment someone receives is fair.


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[Assistant] Yes, and he also mentioned the type of people whose misfortune is just and deserved are hypocrites – people who claim to have certain moral beliefs but actually behave in a way that shows they are not sincere.


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[Assistant] Interesting stuff. She says when something goes wrong for someone, we have the ability to commiserate with them. That's the word for expressing sympathy to someone about their bad


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[Assistant] No way. I loved seeing Germany getting knocked out of last year's World Cup. Not really.


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[Assistant] Talking of Germany, earlier we mentioned false friends and I asked, in English we have the word rat, but what does that mean in German? Is it a…


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[Assistant] And Rob, you said? I said be annoyed. And that is the wrong answer, I'm afraid. The right answer is see advice. Well done if you knew that at home. Now on to the vocabulary we looked at in this programme.


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[Assistant] And that's an example of a loan word, a word from one language that is used in another language without being changed, in this case German.


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[Assistant] Next we mention justice. That's the punishment someone receives that is fair for what they've done. And the word just describes something that is fair and right.


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[Assistant] And finally, commiserate is a word that means expressing sympathy to someone about their bad luck. That's the verb. The noun form is commiseration.


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[Assistant] So Aron, you're first. Step up and have a look at the ingredient.


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[Assistant] Aram, because you incorrectly named the ingredient, that means it stays in play, guys. Zlana? Your turn.


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[Assistant] The first thing we're gonna do is cook these beautiful kifla potatoes. And we're gonna cook them for about two hours under coal. So really low and gentle. So you get this really lovely sweetness. It's a bit like a posh jack of potato.


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[Assistant] If those little sort of brown shallots use a couple, a little olive oil just to get it going.


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[Assistant] And what we've got here is some cream, some walnuts, and some kumandaria. This is a traditional spirit that comes from the island of Cyprus. While that's sweating our walnuts go in.


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[Assistant] This video is sponsored by Elysium Health, which produces a dietary supplement named Basis that's clinically proven to increase NAD levels in the body, and in collaboration with Miss Beautyphile.


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[Assistant] This is a picture of Jeanne Calment at the age of 22 in 1897. She was born in 1876. The same year as the Battle of the Little Bighorn that saw the U.S. Army defeated by Native American tribes on the western frontier.


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[Assistant] The next year of her life saw a samurai revolt against the Japanese government. And by the time she was 39, Archduke Franz Ferdinand had been assassinated, sparking the First World War.


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[Assistant] By the time she was 114, she witnessed the collapse of the Berlin Wall, and by the time of her death in 1997 at the age of 122 years, she achieved the longest lifespan of a human ever recorded.


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[Assistant] Everybody has dreamt at some point of living a long life or even an infinite life. And science has helped with this through the last century with inventions like vaccines and antibiotics. These have helped to dramatically raise humanity's life expectancy at birth across the world. Like in the United States, where between 1900 and 2010, life expectancy increased from just 47.3 years up to 78.7 years. But further improvements in life expectancy have been slowing lately as medicine has struggled to find cures for more complicated diseases.


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[Assistant] Even still, life expectancy in the long run is still increasing around the world and it's unknown currently how far the limit can be pushed.


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[Assistant] Scientists in search of increasing human lifespan point to other organisms with dramatically longer lifespans than our own.


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[Assistant] Like some giant tortoises that can reach near 200 years, and some small freshwater animals of the genus Hydra that appear not to age at all.


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[Assistant] One study from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine suggested that 125 years is the maximum age limit that a human could ever reach. While other scientists, like Aubrey de Grey, believe the limit could be pushed much further up to even 1,000 years. All of these claims have been met with a fair amount of skepticism, so it seems that nobody really knows just how far human lifespan can be pushed. Because of this uncertainty, what's become much more important lately to many scientists instead is focusing on an individual's health span.


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[Assistant] There is data that suggests that most people alive now would be content with having the current expected lifespan, but with an improved health span. Because chronic diseases become more common the older you get, increasing a person's lifespan alone likely won't do much to increase their quality of life. Instead, improving an individual's health span will add


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[Assistant] With that being said, one of these products is metformin, an FDA-approved drug that treats type 2 diabetes. When used in trials on mice and roundworms, the drug improved both their health spans and life spans, and it's currently undergoing human trials. But other ways supporting health span may not require medication at all, though. There are three interesting areas of research to highlight here.


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[Assistant] First, a recent study found that when mice were allowed to eat only at certain times during the day, their metabolisms became healthier. When this fasting diet was applied to humans who only consumed between 700 to 1100 calories for a period of time each month,


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[Assistant] It lowered blood pressure and reduced the hormone IGF-1, which is linked to both aging and disease. There's also the technology behind genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9, which is essentially capable of turning good genes on and bad ones off.


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[Assistant] If your genes are like a school essay assignment, then CRISPR-Cas9 is like the spell check that can edit and correct them.


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[Assistant] NAD is a coenzyme inside every cell of your body, which scientists believe is one of the most important factors for DNA health, energy creation, circadian rhythm regulation, and hundreds of other vital functions. They can be found in every living cell, but as you get older, your levels naturally begin to decline further and further.


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[Assistant] There are many preclinical and human trials being planned right now for the NAD pathway. But in order to try improving healthspan in the future, we'll need trials for additional methods as well. We don't know how far the limits are right now, but I think that's a cause for optimism because the answer might only be limited by our imagination.


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[Assistant] Everybody deserves to live as healthy a life as possible. So if you're interested in learning more about the in-depth science going on behind raising your NAD levels, you can do so by visiting ElysiumHealth.com and trying their dietary supplement, Basis. Based on human clinical trials, people that took the recommended dose of Basis saw their NAD levels increase by 40%. Basis is a supplement designed for long-term use, is third-party tested for purity, and is based on over 25 years worth of research. NAD is essential to the health of your skin.


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[Assistant] And please don't forget to check out the next part of this video by going over and checking out my friend MissBeautyphile's channel and her video here.


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[Assistant] Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course Literature, and today we're letting Virginia Woolf take us to the lighthouse. Well, assuming the weather holds and we don't get lost in our endless, spiraling contemplation of the ephemerality of all human life. We're gonna explore To the Lighthouse as a modernist novel, examine its form and style, and discuss its philosophy and also its thrilling plot, so get that rowboat ready.


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[Assistant] So, Virginia Stephen was born in 1882 to Julia Jackson Duckworth, a member of a publishing family, and Leslie Stephen, a literary critic and the founder of the Dictionary of National Biography. They were English, if you can't tell from their names and the idea of a dictionary of National Biography. Both her parents had been married before, Virginia had three full siblings and four half-siblings, and her most treasured childhood memories were of holidays spent in Cornwall.


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[Assistant] Virginia Woolf published her first novel. She also struggled with mental illness throughout most of her life, even as she became an acclaimed writer of fiction and nonfiction. And during the Second World War, she loaded her pockets with stones and walked into a river, drowning herself. Okay, so that's a bit about the author. Before we explore the form and themes of To the Lighthouse, let's review the plot. The Ramsey family and a few friends spend a day at their vacation home. They talk about going to the lighthouse, but don't. Ten years pass, and then they do go to the lighthouse.


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[Assistant] And then the book is over. No real need to go to the Thought Bubble for that plot, but even though not much happens, a lot is happening into the lighthouse. So this is a modernist novel. Broadly speaking, modernism was a philosophical and cultural movement that got going in the late 19th century and reached its apex just after World War I. Modernism encouraged the questioning and dismantling of institutions and concepts that were long thought to be stable. Government, the church,


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[Assistant] Social hierarchies, but also artistic concepts like the chromatic music scale or figurative painting. With 40 million people dead on the World War I battlefield, it was hard to go back to the same old pictures and tunes, but also changes in technology were reshaping the role that different forms of art could play in human life.


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[Assistant] Who needs to read a book to experience a thrilling, moving picture that takes place inside your mind when you can just like


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[Assistant] Watch an actual movie. So modernism sought to break with the past and search for new forms both because art needed to and because the old forms felt an insufficient response to a world that from machine guns to electricity seemed very new.


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[Assistant] Modernism was anti-enlightenment in its rejection of certainties, but it was also anti-romantic in that there was no great belief in nature or spirit to explain everything. Instead, modernism embraced subjectivity and fragmentation. It suggested that there's not one right way to see or know things, but a multiplicity of legitimate narratives. You can literally see this fragmentation in modern art. I mean, look at Gernica. And like Gernica, the great works of modernist literature suggest that if you put a lot of fragments and perspectives together,


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[Assistant] Nothing happens. And the one section where stuff does happen, like a bunch of characters get killed off, it's tucked away in brackets and written from the perspective of a house. Which is quite modernist, and I think quite interesting. But before we get to that, let's take a look at three of the human characters in this story with our two eyes. Take it away, Thought Bubble.


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[Assistant] First we have Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay, the parents of eight children, Andrew, Prue, Jasper, Roger, Nancy, Rose, Cam, and James. I hope you got that because there will be a quiz later. Mrs. Ramsay has kind of a mother goddess aura, even when she's worrying about how much it will cost to fix the greenhouse and whether her guests will like the beef stew.


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[Assistant] But she does it anyway, because that's what women are supposed to do. Mrs. Ramsey embraces conventional gender roles, believing that marriage and childbirth are the only really appropriate path for a woman to take. Mr. Ramsey, her husband, is a professor of metaphysical philosophy, and he can be tyrannical in his moods, and unlike his wife,


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[Assistant] He doesn't typically notice the wants and needs of the people around him. But he needs his wife's love desperately, even more than she needs his. He's anxious about his achievements as a philosopher and worried that his work won't last. And then there's Lily Briscoe, a friend of the family who lives with her widowed father. Mrs. Ramsey keeps trying to set her up with this guy William Banks, but Lily doesn't much want to get married. She wants to paint, and along with the journey to the lighthouse,


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[Assistant] It's her efforts to finish a painting of Mrs. Ramsay and James that draws the novel together. Lily isn't always certain about her choices, personal and artistic, but she comes to realize that making art, even if no one ever sees or likes or buys her artwork,


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[Assistant] Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, Virginia Woolf described the form of this novel as two blocks joined by a corridor. The blocks are, of course, the first and last sections, the window and the lighthouse, and the corridor is the middle section.


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[Assistant] The story is written in the third person, but it takes on the tone and thinking of the character that it's focusing on, which is constantly shifting. Spoiler alert, you will see more of that in our Jane Austen episodes in a couple weeks.


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[Assistant] Also see William Faulkner. But in the middle section, this style of narration, which is often known as free, indirect discourse, is at its most radical because the character driving the narrative isn't a Ramsay or a guest.


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[Assistant] It's the vacation house. The house has been left empty during and after the First World War and the war is described as a terrible storm surrounding the house. The nights now are full of wind and destruction.


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[Assistant] And they lie packed in gutters and choke rain pipes.


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[Assistant] People do appear in this section, but only briefly, and like I mentioned, their triumphs and deaths are discussed only in brackets, probably because what happens to individual humans doesn't really matter to a house. To the Lighthouse can also be described as a stream of consciousness novel, because it records the flow from one thought to the next, along with the emotions that go with those thoughts. And there's sometimes really intense emotions, even in response to very minor plot points,


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[Assistant] The critic Eric Auerbach wrote that the novel captures nothing less than the wealth of reality and depth of life in every moment to which we surrender ourselves without


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[Assistant] This combination of stream of consciousness and free indirect discourse is what gives the novel its sense of fracture and fragment. When you read it, the switch from head to head and thought to thought can feel sort of destabilizing. But it also makes the few moments of real communion among the characters that much more marvelous. Like when they all come together at dinner and wonder of wonders, they all like the beef stew. Also, the novel argues that this constantly shifting perspective is the only way to really understand the characters and their world comprehension.


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[Assistant] One wanted fifty pairs of eyes to see with.


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[Assistant] 50 pairs of eyes were not enough to get round that one woman.


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[Assistant] The novel also explores time and what it does to memory and houses and life. What is ephemeral and what is eternal? What we lose to time and the ways that we can or something of us can endure. A lot is lost to time in the story, but there are a few moments in which time seems to be suspended. The main one is at that beef stew dinner party when Mrs. Ramsay finally achieves a sense of


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[Assistant] She feels there is a coherence in things, a stability, something she meant is immune from change and shines out.


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[Assistant] The thing is made that endures. Mrs. Ramsay's genius is in bringing and holding people together so that for a few moments they feel that they are part of something greater than themselves. In that instant they can surrender their loneliness.


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[Assistant] Mrs. Ramsey also makes us stand against the ephemeral by having so many children. Even after her death, her children remain. Well, most of them anyway, which is a kind of immortality.


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[Assistant] Oh, it's time for the open letter? An open letter to immortality. But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Ah!


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[Assistant] Look, it's my bobblehead. I'm gonna live forever as a bobblehead. Unless people mistake this for ugly Justin Timberlake. Look, I wanna live for a very, very long time.


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[Assistant] But nobody wants to live forever. Have you ever read the literary classic Tuck Everlasting? Doesn't work out great. Being a vampire? Kind of a bummer. So I think the whole problem with immortality is that there is a huge difference between an extremely large number


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[Assistant] And an infinite number. An extremely large number. At least you know it will someday end with an infinite number.


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[Assistant] What, are you gonna somehow survive the heat death of the universe? That sounds like a terrible life. Oh yeah, I'm still here many billions of years later. I don't have a lot of friends. I don't just mean that like I don't have any like human friends. I mean that there is like nothing left in the universe. So may you live a long,


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[Assistant] Fascinating and fulfilling life and may it not last forever. Best wishes.


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[Assistant] Right, so the novel suggests there is one other path to immortality, which is through making art. Lily is haunted by the words of another party guest who says,


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[Assistant] But first off, she proves the critic wrong just by painting. And also, the painting itself, even if it isn't very good, even if it's just a purple triangle and a line in the middle, endures. It brings the novel full circle. And because it is a portrait, a very abstract one, but still a portrait, it's also capable of bringing Mrs. Ramsay back after she is gone, if only on canvas. Whether it's Mrs. Ramsay's party or Lily's painting or having a child, they all make of the moment something eternal.


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[Assistant] of being in a moment that felt infinite, whether you got there by art or by accident. And that's also what a novel does. The novel lasts. It says in the words of Mrs. Ramsay,


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[Assistant] And to that end, I want to leave you with one more passage from the novel, a passage that argues that maybe we're never going to create a great work of art or even host the perfect dinner party, but that we can all look for moments when we feel touched by the eternal and part of something greater than ourselves. Here's Lily Briscoe.


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[Assistant] Instead, there were little daily miracles, illuminations, matches struck unexpectedly in the dark. In short, go play with matches. Metaphorical ones. Thank you for watching. I'll see you next time.


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[Assistant] Crash Course is filmed here in the Chad and Stacey Emigholz Studio in Indianapolis, and it's made possible by your support at Patreon.


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[Assistant] Patreon's a voluntary subscription service where you can support Crash Course directly through a monthly donation to help us keep it free for everyone, forever. We make Crash Course with Adobe Creative Cloud. You can get a free trial at a link in the description. Thanks to everyone who supports us on Patreon and to all of you for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.


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[Assistant] Okay then, what are the different generations?


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[Assistant] Okay, let me guess. Generation Z. Born in the late 90s or early noughties. You're very smart. So which one are you? Ah, that would give away my age, wouldn't it? But okay, I have to confess, I am Generation X. And what about you, Neil? Yes, me too.


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[Assistant] And she describes Gen Z as being tech innate, hyper informed consumers.


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[Assistant] And this makes them extremely savvy. This adjective means smart and intelligent. In this context, it means they're able to make smart decisions about what to buy because they're connected to so many sources of information. And for Gen Z, this level of interaction and connectivity is the norm. It's what is normal, what is usual for them.


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[Assistant] So where I struggle sometimes with modern life and technology, for Gen Z it's easy.


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[Assistant] There's a lot to dig into on a Google Analytics dashboard, and many of the resources and insights can help you in your marketing efforts. We'll take a brief tour of the Google Analytics layout and where to find the most helpful elements. As we mentioned in the previous video,


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[Assistant] Anyone with a website can use Google Analytics for free as long as you place the necessary tags.


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[Assistant] Your Google Analytics home screen will default to an at-a-glance view of your website's performance for the past seven days, including the number of user visits, how many sessions there were, where users come from and which geographic region people are visiting from.


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[Assistant] Most data are compared week over the week. You will also find some real-time data as well as insights.


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[Assistant] If you want to see data for a different time frame, you can easily change this overview at the bottom to today, the past month or another custom time.


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[Assistant] Scroll down to find tiles with more useful data on your active users, user retention, top selling products and so on.


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[Assistant] Let's look more closely at what you can learn and explore the navigation bar here.


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[Assistant] The navigation bar will give you a good sense of what you can use Google Analytics for.


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[Assistant] First, there is a life cycle. Remember how we talked about the purchase funnel? Before people buy a product, they first become aware of that product, and they may engage with that product before they decide to convert or buy the product. You can see this visualization reflected here.


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[Assistant] By exploring the lifecycle data, you can find out how you acquire people to your website or app, how they engage with the content you provide, and whether they convert and thus whether you are monetizing your website visitors.


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[Assistant] The data also gives you more detail on whether you are retaining visitors or making them come back to visit you again.


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[Assistant] Studying life cycle data will help you understand whether there are certain parts of the funnel where people get stuck.


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[Assistant] You'll learn how many people visit your site and where they come from. But you might find that they don't engage much with your content, for instance. Or in other words, they may not be visiting as many sections of your website as you might like.


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[Assistant] And whether people who do engage also convert or take actions you want them to take on your website, like buying a product for instance.


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[Assistant] You can also assess whether people who come to your site once, come back again.


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[Assistant] The next section covers data that give you more insight into your users.


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[Assistant] You can learn more about their demographics, like age, gender, and where they're visiting from.


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[Assistant] And tech they are using, which devices, browsers, and so on. Insights about your user can be very helpful.


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[Assistant] Marketers can use this information to evaluate whether they are reaching their target audience and it can help you understand whether users are more likely to access your site from mobile devices or from their desktop or laptop.


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[Assistant] In the events section, you can find data about conversions that happened on your site, like the number of purchases you've had for a promotion and any important events that led up to a conversion.


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[Assistant] When you add the Google Analytics event tag to your site, you can specifically indicate which events you want to monitor.


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[Assistant] Then you can find the data about these events in Google Analytics.


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[Assistant] This part of the reporting is essential to get a good handle on the success of your marketing.


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[Assistant] You want to be able to monitor whether the event you would like to see happen actually happened.


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[Assistant] For instance, you want to monitor the purchases on your site. The events area is where you will do that.


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[Assistant] Under the explore link in the navigation, you will find more options to analyze your data.


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[Assistant] There's a template library that will help you through common analysis like funnel analysis to better understand how people move through the sales funnel or flow analysis to help you evaluate how people flow through your site or what their most common navigation patterns look like.


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[Assistant] You'll also find templates for segmentation, for instance.


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[Assistant] As I'm sure you can imagine, the most interesting insights come from customized analyses of your data.


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[Assistant] This part of Google Analytics is designed to help you with that.


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[Assistant] Finally, the configure section lets you explore audiences, custom dimensions, and metrics that are specific to your account and that you have defined to help you analyze the data.


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[Assistant] As you can see from just this overview, Google Analytics is a very rich tool. It gives you many ways to slice your data and to develop an understanding of the behavior on your website and app.


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[Assistant] In our next video, we'll look at how a business can use some of these Google Analytics data points to help them in their marketing efforts.


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[Assistant] Oh yes, yes, I know that. But to be honest, I'll just be taking a passing interest. I've got better things to do.


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[Assistant] But let's start with a question for you to answer, Neil, to see how much you really know. Now, the mascot for Russia 2018 is a wolf called Zabivarka. What does his name mean in English? Is it… a. The winner b. The one who scores c.


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[Assistant] It was Germany, Neil, and they beat Lionel Messi's Argentina in the final. Both teams are among the favourites again this time, but there'll be lots of countries who fancy their chances of lifting the World Cup trophy. That means they think they're likely to succeed, even though they might not.


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[Assistant] Well, my home team is England, but I'm not confident they'll do well.


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[Assistant] That doesn't matter to Jane though. She said it's fun to see the underdogs do well. The underdog here means the team considered to be the weakest and the least likely to win.


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[Assistant] You could say Iceland are the underdogs in this tournament. Maybe Rob. So you can see why everyone's excited by the World Cup. Not everyone, Neil. For many people, they're not bothered by the tournament. We could say it's not their thing.


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[Assistant] And there are different reasons for it. Let's hear from some other people, Geoff and Inga.


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[Assistant] And Inge thinks there's too much hype. This means there's a lot of talk and publicity to make people interested in something.


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[Assistant] Well, there is certainly a lot of talk about the World Cup, but we have to remember it's not everybody's cup of tea. Well, it is my cup of tea, Rob. Now, can we have the answer to that question, please? Yes. Earlier I said the mascot for Russia 2018 is a wolf called Zabivarka.


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[Assistant] What does his name mean in English? Was it a the winner?


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[Assistant] B, the one who scores, or C, fair play. And I said A, the winner, because football's all about winning, isn't it? It's the taking part that's important, Neil, and you took part in my quiz and got it wrong.


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[Assistant] The answer is B, the one who scores. Now let's have a brief reminder of the vocabulary we've discussed today, starting with world class.


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[Assistant] Next we had fancy their chances. If someone fancies their chances, they think they're likely to succeed.


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[Assistant] And finally, we talked about hype, which means lots of talking and publicity to make people interested in something.


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[Assistant] Well, we've had enough hype about the World Cup today and we're out of time.


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[Assistant] In this program, we're talking about buying clothes and only wearing them a few times before buying more clothes.


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[Assistant] Which is why lots of people this year are pledging or promising publicly to buy no new clothes.


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[Assistant] But first, let's test your knowledge of fast fashion with a question.


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[Assistant] Do you know how many items of clothing were sent to landfill in the UK in 2017?


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[Assistant] Let's talk more about fast fashion, which is being blamed for contributing to global warming.


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[Assistant] It's not great and I've heard the average time someone wears something is just seven. So why is this and what is driving our desire to keep buying more clothes?


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[Assistant] Right, so clothes, in the developed world at least, have become cheaper because they are produced in developing countries.


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[Assistant] These are countries which are trying to become more advanced economically and socially.


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[Assistant] Lauren used an interesting expression, chasing the cheapest needle. So the fashion industry is always looking to find the company which can make clothes cheaper.


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[Assistant] A company that can undercut another one means they can do the same job cheaper.


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[Assistant] Okay, so it might be good to be able to buy cheaper clothes, but why do we have to buy more and only wear items a few times?


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[Assistant] Lauren makes some interesting points. Firstly, for some generations there is just a trend for buying things.


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[Assistant] She describes the social pressure of needing to be seen wearing new clothes on Instagram. And the availability of cheap clothes means it's possible to post new images of yourself wearing new clothes very regularly.


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[Assistant] That's a strong negative reaction to what is happening. Some people are now promising to buy second hand clothes or vintage clothes or make do with the clothes they have and mend the ones they need. It could be the start of a new fashion trend.


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[Assistant] Yes, I asked you if you knew how many items of clothing


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[Assistant] It's actually 234 million items. That's according to the Enviro audit committee.


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[Assistant] It also found that 1.2 billion tons of carbon emissions is released by the global fashion industry.


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[Assistant] That means publicly promising to do something. You can make a pledge to do something.


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[Assistant] And if one company undercuts another, it charges less to do that job than its competitor.


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[Assistant] So it seems unreasonable, not sensible, and more driven by emotions rather than any practical reason.


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[Assistant] And that brings us to the end of our discussion about fast fashion. Please join us again next time. Bye!


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[Assistant] Start your day by catching up on the top news in business, finance, and tech in 5 minutes by subscribing with the link down in the description.


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[Assistant] A few weeks ago, something incredibly unusual happened in the United States.


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[Assistant] This pipeline, which transports roughly half of all the oil consumed on the US East Coast, was the successful target of a cyberattack by a group of hackers in Russia. For nearly a week.


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[Assistant] The entire pipeline was shut down and the price of gas across dozens of US states skyrocketed to their highest prices seen in years, as their main supply source was cut off.


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[Assistant] People began hoarding gas in plastic bags. Flights were cancelled or rescheduled. While the company that operates the pipeline agreed to pay a ransom of 75 bitcoins to the hackers in order to get everything back to normal again. It was all complete chaos. So let's go over how this all happened.


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[Assistant] Half a century ago, back in 1973, a similar event happened to Americans. That year, OPEC, an organization of mostly Middle Eastern oil-producing countries, decided to issue a complete oil embargo on the United States in response to American support for Israel.


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[Assistant] Within five months of the embargo beginning, the price of oil worldwide spiked by nearly 300%.


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[Assistant] And it got so bad in America that the US government began to introduce nationwide fuel rations.


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[Assistant] Gas stations stopped selling any gas on Sundays or Saturday evenings, while panic-induced hoard buying made the situation even worse. Eventually, 20% of all gas stations in the country ran completely out of fuel.


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[Assistant] And Americans were forced to endear hours-long lines every time they went up to fill up their cars for months.


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[Assistant] Around the time the embargo began, America was importing roughly 50% of the oil they were consuming from abroad.


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[Assistant] And after it ended, Richard Nixon made a promise to make the United States completely energy independent by the end of the decade. So that something like this would never happen again.


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[Assistant] In reality, it took more than 40 years to finally accomplish.


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[Assistant] With the help of a booming fracking industry that accesses domestic shale oil and natural gas deposits, along with more heavy reliance on green energy sources, the United States is, finally, largely energy independent today, which has kept energy prices low both at home and abroad.


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[Assistant] But in a weird sorta twist, America's quest to become energy independent left some parts of the country vulnerable in other ways.


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[Assistant] Over the last few years, around half a dozen oil refineries across the US East Coast


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[Assistant] have had to shut down their activities because they couldn't keep competing with the more advanced refineries along the Gulf Coast region, which geographically benefit from their close proximity to the cheap and abundant oil and gas that's located across the state of Texas.


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[Assistant] In the 1960s, construction began on the Colonial Pipeline, the target of the cyberattack later on this year.


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[Assistant] The pipeline begins in Houston and transports oil and gas from Texas through 13 states to the Port of New York and New Jersey. And as more and more local refineries on the East Coast shut down,


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[Assistant] These states found themselves more and more reliant on the colonial pipeline for their oil and gas needs coming from Texas. Which eventually made the colonial pipeline the single largest and most important pipeline in the entire United States.


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[Assistant] Today, the pipeline can carry 3 million barrels of fuel every day between Texas and New York.


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[Assistant] When hurricanes have hit the gulf coast in the past and forced refineries there to close, it almost always causes gas prices on the east coast to also increase.


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[Assistant] Normally though, that's not a huge problem, because companies will store lots of extra fuel close by, and a hurricane's disruptive impact on the supply chain is always temporary.


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[Assistant] But the hack was much more disruptive than even a hurricane would have been, because nobody exactly knew how long it was going to keep the pipeline that provides for half the East Coast's fuel closed.


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[Assistant] It all started on the 6th of May, when the Russian hacking group calling itself Darkside breached the Colonial Pipeline's servers and stole approximately 100 gigabytes of data. Initially, nobody noticed this actually happening.


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[Assistant] But on the following day, Darkseid initiated a massive malware attack on the Colonial Pipeline itself.


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[Assistant] The company that owns the pipeline freaked out, and as a precaution to contain the hack from spreading, they completely shut the entire pipeline down.


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[Assistant] The following day on the 8th, the Colonial Pipeline Company couldn't confirm when the pipeline would resume its normal delivery functions. Panic on the East Coast began to set in.


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[Assistant] Meanwhile, the hackers were blackmailing the company with the 100 gigabytes of data they had stolen from them a couple days ago. Unless the company paid up a ransom of 75 bitcoins, they would release all 100 gigabytes onto the internet.


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[Assistant] So, allegedly within hours of the hack and the shutdown taking place, the company agreed to pay the ransom to the hackers in full. This was a controversial decision.


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[Assistant] Colonial's CEO would later go on to say in an interview that he made the call to pay the ransom because it was the right thing to do for the country.


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[Assistant] After making the Bitcoin payments, DarkSight sent over a decryption tool for them to get everything back online. But it proved to be brutally slow.


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[Assistant] By the end of the 9th, two days after the pipeline shut down, Colonial was saying that they planned to restore the pipeline's operations by the end of the week.


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[Assistant] But that hardly did anything to stop the panic that was now sweeping across the southeastern United States.


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[Assistant] In response to fuel shortages, American airlines temporarily changed their flight schedules out of Charlotte, and many flights had fuel stops tacked onto their journeys, inconveniencing thousands of people.


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[Assistant] On the 9th, three days after the pipeline had shut down,


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[Assistant] President Joe Biden declared a national state of emergency that removed limitations on the transport of fuel by road. Four days into the pipeline's shutdown on the 10th,


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[Assistant] Fuel shortages at gas stations rapidly became apparent across Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina as panic buying really began to set in across these states.


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[Assistant] Nobody really knew if the pipeline was going to be opened up in a week or a month.


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[Assistant] Which is why you have the goofy photos and videos of people buying up all the gas they could in trash bags and hoarding them inside of their cars.


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[Assistant] The area between Northern South Carolina and Southern Virginia was the hardest hit in the country.


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[Assistant] 71% of all the gas stations in the Charlotte metropolitan area were out of fuel by the 11th.


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[Assistant] So as a result, average fuel prices in the United States skyrocketed to over $3 a gallon, their highest level seen in nearly seven years since 2014.


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[Assistant] But the massive hoarding and panic buying made the situation much worse than it would have been otherwise. On the 12th, U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg even told people to stop putting gasoline into plastic bags.


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[Assistant] But it was on this exact day later on at 5pm that Colonial announced the restarting of the pipeline's operations, ending a 6-day total shutdown of the pipeline's activities. But it took several more days for operations to return fully back to normal. You see, oil and gas travels through the Colonial pipeline very slowly.


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[Assistant] By the 18th of May, 11 days after the shutdown and 6 days after the pipeline came back online, about 10,600 gas stations across the southeastern United States were still left without any fuel.


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[Assistant] In the end, it wasn't any kind of turmoil in the Middle East or inadequate American energy production which led to the week-long gas crisis. It was merely a small group of hackers and the collective panic of Americans themselves.


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[Assistant] Darkseid themselves even felt pretty bad about the whole thing.


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[Assistant] They released this public statement espousing their apolitical nature and that their goal was only to make some money, not to create any problems for society.


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[Assistant] A lot of what's happening today is based on what happened yesterday or last week.


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[Assistant] The fuel shortages in the southeast are just now starting to end. And as a resident who lives in the southeast, these events were directly impacting my daily life.


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[Assistant] I went to go fill up my car one day and was shocked to see that it cost me over $50, when it's usually hardly even $30. I wanted to understand why.


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[Assistant] And so, I began keeping up with the events by reading the frequent short articles that were being posted to Morning Brew every morning.


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[Assistant] This is why I really love using Morning Brew. Because their free, daily newsletter gets you up to speed on the news you need to know in business, finance, and tech in just five minutes and in a way that's way more witty, relevant, and informative than traditional news is.


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[Assistant] For example, while I was writing this script that was inspired from their previous articles on the Colonial Pipeline hack, I also got to read about the plane that Belarus' dictator forced to land in order to arrest a journalist on board, the ongoing trial between Epic Games and Apple, and the surging air travel anticipating the European Union's reopening announcements.


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[Assistant] Since you watch real life lore, I know that you like getting a bit smarter and staying better informed. And regular, repeatable patterns of learning are exactly the best way to do that.


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[Assistant] So go ahead and start your mornings with Morning Brew by subscribing completely for free when using the link down below in the description.


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[Assistant] It's one of the best ways you can help support this channel for free, and you get to stay up to date with fantastic articles on current events.


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[Assistant] It's seriously a win-win, and as always, thank you so much for watching.


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[Assistant] I don't know how to say it. Thank you. I understand. Come on.


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[Assistant] Do as Dutch says. Go be with your family.


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[Assistant] So, no regrets? Regrets for what? Oh, for joining this band of maniacs.


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[Assistant] Well, if she didn't love me enough, I guess. Or... I wouldn't change.


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[Assistant] Well she put a lot of good years in on an outlaw. She definitely was a fool.


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[Assistant] It don't matter what you thought, it's okay. Alright, let's go.


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[Assistant] Now you think you can do that, Anthony? Or should I slit your throat and just save us all the bother? I'll leave you alone.


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[Assistant] Pretty drunk. Thank you sir.


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[Assistant] I'm not a do-gooder, Mr. Miller. Gentlemen, I'm very sorry for your predicament, but I'm a working man, I got problems of my own.


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[Assistant] Forgive my lack of discretion, but uhm, where might I find this watch? It's upstairs.


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[Assistant] Apparently it's worth a bunch of, uh, Swiss, uh, a Reutlinger or something. Nice watch.


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[Assistant] Yes, it's alright, Lingo, alright. We'll give it back there. Alright, come on, let's get outta here.


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[Assistant] Ah. You must be Dan Barry. Hoop.


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[Assistant] He saved my life and I could not save his. Mrs. Adler fought braver than any of us. She


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[Assistant] Is driven by powerful forces I scarcely understand. That's what love has done to her, I guess.


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[Assistant] I guess he thinks he's the king around here. He don't want the likes of you.


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[Assistant] Hey, you did real good there Lenny. Just wish it could've turned out better. Well...


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[Assistant] We linger around here, we know we're dead. But the plan? We got a decent bunch. We know how to fight.


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[Assistant] The city cops don't seem so tough as long as we move fast.


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[Assistant] Don't get me wrong, I think John's a nice guy. He's just a bit disorganized.


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[Assistant] So CSS is cascading cell sheets, and it basically tells you the rules for like, how to format stuff, or how to make stuff look.


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[Assistant] HTML is pretty much like the bare bones, the skeleton, CSS is like the flesh, uhm, really the appearance.


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[Assistant] So if you have one takeaway today, uh, just know that CSS is like a list of descriptions. Uhm, even like in the code itself, it looks like a list of descriptions. Uhm, and it's used to style markup languages, uh, primarily HTML, but also other, uh, markup languages that you don't really need to know like XML.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so like any website that's rendered on your browser is consisting of both HTML and CSS. And if we strip the CSS away,


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[Assistant] We see a very plain website that's not only, uhm, not pretty, but it's also sort of functionally not great.


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[Assistant] Because CSS adds a lot of like organization that makes a website much easier to use.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so even if you just think like, this isn't just, uh, like making it prettier, it actually does add like, uhm,


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[Assistant] Uh, so again, just saying one more time, HTML is like your skeleton.


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[Assistant] With CSS, you're making like a styled skeleton.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so fully functioning website once you add JavaScript with it.


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[Assistant] So CSS consists of a lot of rule sets, or we might call them ruled. And there's three key properties in a rule set. Uhm, so we see over here div. We just learned what div is. It's like a block element.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and this is what's called the selector in the CSS ruleset.


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[Assistant] And then inside these curly braces we see three pairs of properties and values.


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[Assistant] These properties are predefined, so if you go online and search up like CSS properties, then you'll find a lot of properties like color, font family, display, width, height, stuff like that.


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[Assistant] It's like too much of a task or too much of a burden to memorize all of these. Uhm, as always, Google is your friend. Uhm, it's really not like


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[Assistant] Alright, all these predefined properties and values. So always just Google when you're, uh, when you're in depth.


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[Assistant] Uhm, just going back here, like, what exactly is, like, I guess, we'll see you later.


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[Assistant] We're going back to the HTML file that we left off with, hello.html. And on the right, this is just the bare bones displaying of these two elements, the heading and the div.


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[Assistant] Uh, so we'll just take away the rest, uhm, sort of attract it a bit. And then let's add another div called info.


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[Assistant] Uh, or I guess with the text info, uhm, and this is just for demonstration purposes.


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[Assistant] So if I wanted to style both these divs, I would use the div selector.


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[Assistant] Uhm, and then put whatever styling I want inside these curly braces and


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[Assistant] Uh, assuming that these two files are somehow linked, uhm, this is also sort of black box, uh, for now.


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[Assistant] Assuming that solid.css and hello.html are linked, then...


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[Assistant] Uhm, this selector will apply to any div element within this file. Uhm, so that means that these two texts are gonna be read.


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[Assistant] Now, what if we just want to apply this red coloring to, uh, this info div? Well, we can do this using the concept called the class.


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[Assistant] So if we add class equals info inside these quotation marks to this div.


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[Assistant] Uh, now we can specify a selector that only applies to this class, uhm, this class info. We do this using the, uh, period. So we put a period, then the name of the class, so period info.


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[Assistant] Uh, this div, the paragraph div is also red. Now it's not because it's plus. Uh, this style is only applied to the input class.


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[Assistant] Uhm, so now the code has changed a bit, but it's doing the same thing. We used the ID instead of plus.


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[Assistant] Uhm, here we're doing the same thing. We have a string that's the name of the ID called Unique.


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[Assistant] Uhm, the only difference here is that we're using a hashtag instead of a period.


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Uhm, but it's still doing the same thing because it's like only making the info, uh, red. So what exactly is the difference between ID and class then?


[User] Please transcribe this text

[Assistant] Think of the idea as like a name. Uhm, you can only have one name. Uh, like, you can't have multiple names.